Patch Changes

• db4f940: Fix test performance regression in 6.3.x by eliminating double style rendering in createGlobalStyle and removing unnecessary DOM queries during cleanup in client/test environments.
• 1203f80: Fix React Native crash caused by document references in the native build. The native bundle no longer includes DOM code, resolving compatibility with RN 0.79+ and Hermes.
• 5ef3804: Gracefully handle CSS syntax errors in React Native instead of crashing. Missing semicolons and other syntax issues now log a warning in development and produce an empty style object instead of throwing a fatal error.
• a777f5a: Preserve explicitly passed undefined props instead of stripping them. This fixes compatibility with libraries like MUI and Radix UI that pass undefined to reset inherited defaults (e.g., role={undefined}). Props set to undefined via .attrs() are still stripped as before.