python · vstinner · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_object.h b/Include/internal/pycore_object.h
@@ -1037,6 +1037,10 @@ static inline Py_ALWAYS_INLINE void _Py_INCREF_MORTAL(PyObject *op)
  * references. */
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_VisitType(PyObject *op, visitproc visit, void *arg);
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+extern void _Py_CheckSingletons(void);
+#endif
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif

diff --git a/Lib/test/pythoninfo.py b/Lib/test/pythoninfo.py
@@ -611,14 +611,6 @@ def collect_sysconfig(info_add):
         value = normalize_text(value)
         info_add('sysconfig[%s]' % name, value)
 
-    PY_CFLAGS = sysconfig.get_config_var('PY_CFLAGS')
-    NDEBUG = (PY_CFLAGS and '-DNDEBUG' in PY_CFLAGS)
-    if NDEBUG:
-        text = 'ignore assertions (macro defined)'
-    else:
-        text= 'build assertions (macro not defined)'
-    info_add('build.NDEBUG',text)
-
     for name in (
         'WITH_DOC_STRINGS',
         'WITH_DTRACE',
@@ -844,6 +836,8 @@ def collect_support(info_add):
              support.check_sanitizer(memory=True))
     info_add('support.check_sanitizer(ub=True)',
              support.check_sanitizer(ub=True))
+    info_add('support.built_with_c_assertions',
+             support.built_with_c_assertions())
 
 
 def collect_support_os_helper(info_add):

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -3492,3 +3492,13 @@ def check_immutable_type(testcase, type):
     else:
         flags = type_getflags(type)
         testcase.assertTrue(flags & Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE)
+
+
+def built_with_c_assertions():
+    # Check if Python was built in debug mode or using --with-assertions
+    if MS_WINDOWS:
+        return Py_DEBUG
+
+    PY_CFLAGS = sysconfig.get_config_var('PY_CFLAGS')
+    NDEBUG = (PY_CFLAGS and '-DNDEBUG' in PY_CFLAGS)
+    return (not NDEBUG)
@@ -3094,5 +3094,61 @@ def test_ceval_decref(self):
         self.assertEqual(lines.count("DESTROY list"), 2)
 
 
+# _Py_CheckSingletons() is only built if the NDEBUG macro is not defined
+@unittest.skipUnless(support.built_with_c_assertions(),
+                     'Python built without C assertions')
+class TestCheckSingleton(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Test _Py_CheckSingletons() which is called by gc.collect()
+    #
+    # Corrupt some singleton objects and make sure that the data corruption
+    # is detected.
+
+    def check(self, func):
+        code = f"""if 1:
+            import _testcapi
+            from test import support
+            support.SuppressCrashReport().__enter__()
+            _testcapi.{func}()
+        """
+        proc = assert_python_failure("-c", code)
+        return proc.err
+
+    def test_corrupt_bytes_singleton(self):
+        stderr = self.check("corrupt_bytes_singleton")
+
+        # In fact, it's the character b'a' which is corrupted
+        self.assertIn(b"object repr     : b'A'", stderr)
+        self.assertIn((b'check_singleton_bytes: '
+                       b'Assertion "str[0] == ch" failed'),
+                      stderr)
+
+    def test_corrupt_unicode_singleton(self):
+        stderr = self.check("corrupt_unicode_singleton")
+
+        # In fact, it's the character b'a' which is corrupted
+        self.assertIn(b"object repr     : 'A'", stderr)
+        self.assertIn((b'check_singleton_unicode: Assertion '
+                       b'"PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(((PyObject*)((obj))), (0))'
+                       b' == ch" failed'),
+                      stderr)
+
+    def test_corrupt_bool_singleton(self):
+        stderr = self.check("corrupt_bool_singleton")
+
+        self.assertIn(b"object repr     : True", stderr)
+        self.assertIn((b'check_singleton_long: '
+                       b'Assertion "compact == value" failed'),
+                      stderr)
+
+    def test_corrupt_long_singleton(self):
+        stderr = self.check("corrupt_long_singleton")
+
+        # In fact, it's the number 5 which is corrupted
+        self.assertIn(b"object repr     : 42", stderr)
+        self.assertIn((b'check_singleton_long: '
+                       b'Assertion "compact == value" failed'),
+                      stderr)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-08-14-16-21-47.gh-issue-155742.Xjqupt.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-08-14-16-21-47.gh-issue-155742.Xjqupt.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+If Python is built in debug mode or with assertions, the garbage collector
+now checks singletons consistencty to detect data corruption in C extension.
+Patch by Victor Stinner.
diff --git a/Modules/_testcapi/bytes.c b/Modules/_testcapi/bytes.c
@@ -351,12 +351,25 @@ byteswriter_highlevel(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 }
 
 
+static PyObject *
+corrupt_bytes_singleton(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    PyObject *obj = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize("a", 1);
+    assert(obj != NULL);
+    PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj)[0] = 'A';
+
+    PyGC_Collect();
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
 static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
     {"bytes_resize", bytes_resize, METH_VARARGS},
     {"bytes_join", bytes_join, METH_VARARGS},
     {"byteswriter_abc", byteswriter_abc, METH_NOARGS},
     {"byteswriter_resize", byteswriter_resize, METH_NOARGS},
     {"byteswriter_highlevel", byteswriter_highlevel, METH_NOARGS},
+    {"corrupt_bytes_singleton", corrupt_bytes_singleton, METH_NOARGS},
     {NULL},
 };
 

diff --git a/Modules/_testcapi/long.c b/Modules/_testcapi/long.c
@@ -281,6 +281,29 @@ get_pylong_layout(PyObject *module, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 }
 
 
+static PyObject *
+corrupt_bool_singleton(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    PyObject *obj = Py_True;
+    ((PyLongObject*)obj)->long_value.ob_digit[0] = 0;
+
+    PyGC_Collect();
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject *
+corrupt_long_singleton(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(5);
+    assert(obj != NULL);
+    ((PyLongObject*)obj)->long_value.ob_digit[0] = 42;
+
+    PyGC_Collect();
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
 static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
     _TESTCAPI_CALL_LONG_COMPACT_API_METHODDEF
     {"pylong_fromunicodeobject",    pylong_fromunicodeobject,   METH_VARARGS},
@@ -295,6 +318,8 @@ static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
     {"pylong_ispositive",           pylong_ispositive,          METH_O},
     {"pylong_isnegative",           pylong_isnegative,          METH_O},
     {"pylong_iszero",               pylong_iszero,              METH_O},
+    {"corrupt_bool_singleton",      corrupt_bool_singleton,    METH_NOARGS},
+    {"corrupt_long_singleton",      corrupt_long_singleton,    METH_NOARGS},
     {NULL},
 };
 

diff --git a/Modules/_testcapi/unicode.c b/Modules/_testcapi/unicode.c
@@ -563,6 +563,19 @@ static PyType_Spec Writer_spec = {
 };
 
 
+static PyObject *
+corrupt_unicode_singleton(PyObject *Py_UNUSED(module), PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
+{
+    PyObject *obj = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal('a');
+    assert(obj != NULL);
+    assert(PyUnicode_KIND(obj) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
+    PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(obj)[0] = 'A';
+
+    PyGC_Collect();
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
 static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
     {"unicode_new",              unicode_new,                    METH_VARARGS},
     {"unicode_fill",             unicode_fill,                   METH_VARARGS},
@@ -572,6 +585,7 @@ static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
     {"unicode_asutf8",           unicode_asutf8,                 METH_VARARGS},
     {"unicode_copycharacters",   unicode_copycharacters,         METH_VARARGS},
     {"unicode_GET_CACHED_HASH",  unicode_GET_CACHED_HASH,        METH_O},
+    {"corrupt_unicode_singleton", corrupt_unicode_singleton,     METH_NOARGS},
     {NULL},
 };
 

@@ -3526,3 +3526,140 @@ Py_ssize_t Py_REFCNT(PyObject *ob) { return _Py_REFCNT(ob); }
 Py_ssize_t Py_SIZE(PyObject *o) { return _Py_SIZE_impl(o); }
 int Py_IS_TYPE(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *t) { return _Py_IS_TYPE_impl(o, t); }
 void Py_SET_SIZE(PyVarObject *o, Py_ssize_t s) { _Py_SET_SIZE_impl(o, s); }
+
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+static void
+check_singleton(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type)
+{
+    // Check PyObject.ob_refcnt
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, _Py_IsImmortal(obj));
+
+    // Check PyObject.ob_type
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, Py_TYPE(obj) == type);
+}
+
+
+static void
+check_singleton_long(PyObject *obj, long value, int is_bool)
+{
+    PyTypeObject *type = is_bool ? &PyBool_Type : &PyLong_Type;
+    check_singleton(obj, type);
+
+    // Check _PyLong_CompactValue()
+    Py_ssize_t compact = _PyLong_CompactValue((const PyLongObject *)obj);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, compact == value);
+
+    // Check tv_tag and ob_digit[0]
+    _PyLongValue *long_value = &((PyLongObject*)obj)->long_value;
+    int sign = (value == 0) ? 0 : ((value < 0) ? -1 : 1);
+    uintptr_t lv_tag = TAG_FROM_SIGN_AND_SIZE(sign, (value == 0) ? 0 : 1);
+    if (!is_bool) {
+        lv_tag |= IMMORTALITY_BIT_MASK;
+    }
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, long_value->lv_tag == lv_tag);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, long_value->ob_digit[0] == Py_ABS(value));
+}
+
+
+static void
+check_singleton_bytes(PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t size, unsigned char ch)
+{
+    check_singleton(obj, &PyBytes_Type);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj) == size);
+    const unsigned char *str = (const unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, str[0] == ch);
+    if (size > 0) {
+        _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, str[1] == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void
+check_singleton_unicode(PyObject *obj, Py_ssize_t length, Py_UCS4 ch)
+{
+    check_singleton(obj, &PyUnicode_Type);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(obj, 1));
+
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(obj) == length);
+
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(obj, 0) == ch);
+    if (length > 0) {
+        _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(obj, 1) == 0);
+    }
+}
+
+
+// Check singletons consistency: try to detect if a C extension modified a
+// singleton by mistake.
+//
+// Since the hash is computed lazily, don't check the hash, except for empty
+// tuple.
+void
+_Py_CheckSingletons(void)
+{
+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
+    PyObject *obj;
+    long ival;
+
+    // None
+    obj = Py_None;
+    check_singleton(obj, &_PyNone_Type);
+
+    // Ellipsis (...), Py_NotImplemented
+    obj = Py_Ellipsis;
+    check_singleton(obj, &PyEllipsis_Type);
+
+    obj = Py_NotImplemented;
+    check_singleton(obj, &_PyNotImplemented_Type);
+
+    // False, True
+    check_singleton_long(Py_False, 0, 1);
+    check_singleton_long(Py_True, 1, 1);
+
+    // Small integers
+    for (ival=-_PY_NSMALLNEGINTS; ival < _PY_NSMALLPOSINTS; ival++) {
+        obj = (PyObject *)&_PyLong_SMALL_INTS[_PY_NSMALLNEGINTS + ival];
+        check_singleton_long(obj, ival, 0);
+    }
+
+    // Empty bytes string (b'')
+    obj = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES);
+    check_singleton_bytes(obj, 0, '\0');
+
+    // 1-character bytes strings
+    for (ival=0; ival <= 255; ival++) {
+        obj = (PyObject*)&_Py_SINGLETON(bytes_characters)[ival];
+        check_singleton_bytes(obj, 1, (unsigned char)ival);
+    }
+
+    // Empty Unicode string ('')
+    obj = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR);
+    check_singleton_unicode(obj, 0, 0);
+
+    // Do not tests _Py_STR() strings since there is no API to list them
+
+    // 1-character Unicode strings
+    for (ival=0; ival <= 255; ival++) {
+        obj = _Py_LATIN1_CHR(ival);
+        check_singleton_unicode(obj, 1, ival);
+    }
+
+    // Empty tuple (())
+    obj = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE);
+    check_singleton(obj, &PyTuple_Type);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(obj) == 0);
+    _PyObject_ASSERT(obj, ((PyTupleObject*)obj)->ob_hash == _PyTuple_HASH_EMPTY);
+
+    // Do not test less commoly used singletons to reduce the overhead
+    // of calling _Py_CheckSingletons():
+    //
+    // - PyDateTime_TimeZone_UTC
+    // - context_token_missing
+    // - hamt_bitmap_node_empty
+    // - interp hamt_empty
+    // - interp last_resort_memory_error
+
+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/Python/gc.c b/Python/gc.c
@@ -1643,6 +1643,12 @@ gc_collect_main(PyThreadState *tstate, int generation, _PyGC_Reason reason)
         invoke_gc_callback(tstate, "stop", generation, &stats);
     }
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    // Checking singletons consistency is unrelated to a garbage collection.
+    // Using a garbage collection to trigger this function is just convenient.
+    _Py_CheckSingletons();
+#endif
+
     assert(!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate));
     gcstate->frame = NULL;
     _Py_atomic_store_int(&gcstate->collecting, 0);

diff --git a/Python/gc_free_threading.c b/Python/gc_free_threading.c
@@ -2313,6 +2313,12 @@ gc_collect_main(PyThreadState *tstate, int generation, _PyGC_Reason reason)
         invoke_gc_callback(tstate, "stop", generation, m, n, state.candidates, duration);
     }
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    // Checking singletons consistency is unrelated to a garbage collection.
+    // Using a garbage collection to trigger this function is just convenient.
+    _Py_CheckSingletons();
+#endif
+
     assert(!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate));
     gcstate->frame = NULL;
     _Py_atomic_store_int(&gcstate->collecting, 0);