python · nascheme · Jul 22, 2026
diff --git a/Doc/library/threading.rst b/Doc/library/threading.rst
@@ -545,6 +545,16 @@ since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
    current context, pass the value from :func:`~contextvars.copy_context`. The
    flag defaults true on free-threaded builds and false otherwise.
 
+   On GIL-enabled builds, when the flag has its default value of false and
+   *context* is ``None``, looking up a context variable that was set in the
+   caller of :meth:`~Thread.start` but is absent from the new thread's context
+   emits a :exc:`DeprecationWarning`.  In a future release, the flag will
+   default to true on all builds, so threads will inherit context by default.
+   Set
+   :option:`-X thread_inherit_context <-X>` or
+   :envvar:`PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT`, or pass an explicit *context*, to
+   select the behavior now and suppress this warning.
+
    If the subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure to invoke the
    base class constructor (``Thread.__init__()``) before doing anything else to
    the thread.

diff --git a/Doc/using/cmdline.rst b/Doc/using/cmdline.rst
@@ -678,8 +678,14 @@ Miscellaneous options
      to, by default, use a copy of context of the caller of
      ``Thread.start()`` when starting.  Otherwise, threads will start
      with an empty context.  If unset, the value of this option defaults
-     to ``1`` on free-threaded builds and to ``0`` otherwise.  See also
-     :envvar:`PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT`.
+     to ``1`` on free-threaded builds and to ``0`` otherwise.  On GIL-enabled
+     builds, leaving the option and :envvar:`PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT`
+     unset can cause an implicitly empty thread context to emit a
+     :exc:`DeprecationWarning` when a context variable lookup would differ
+     under inheritance.  In a future release, this option will default to
+     ``1`` on all builds.  Setting either configuration option, or passing an explicit
+     ``context=`` to :class:`~threading.Thread`, selects the behavior without a
+     warning.
 
      .. versionadded:: 3.14
 

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ struct _pycontextobject {
     PyHamtObject *ctx_vars;
     PyObject *ctx_weakreflist;
     int ctx_entered;
+    // used to emit warnings about thread_inherit_context
+    PyHamtObject *ctx_starter_vars;
 };
 
 
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@ struct _pycontexttokenobject {
 // _testinternalcapi.hamt() used by tests.
 // Export for '_testcapi' shared extension
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyContext_NewHamtForTests(void);
+PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) _PyContext_NewForThread(void);
 
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyContext_Enter(PyThreadState *ts, PyObject *octx);
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyContext_Exit(PyThreadState *ts, PyObject *octx);

@@ -179,6 +179,7 @@ extern PyStatus _PyConfig_SetPyArgv(
     PyConfig *config,
     const _PyArgv *args);
 extern PyObject* _PyConfig_CreateXOptionsDict(const PyConfig *config);
+extern int _PyConfig_ThreadInheritContextWarn(const PyConfig *config);
 
 extern void _Py_DumpPathConfig(PyThreadState *tstate);
 

diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_interp_structs.h b/Include/internal/pycore_interp_structs.h
@@ -998,6 +998,9 @@ struct _is {
     // One bit is set for each non-NULL entry in code_watchers
     uint8_t active_code_watchers;
     uint8_t active_context_watchers;
+    // True if we should warn about threads not inheriting context from the
+    // starting thread.
+    bool thread_inherit_context_warn;
 
     struct _py_object_state object_state;
     struct _Py_unicode_state unicode;

@@ -4,19 +4,31 @@
 import contextvars
 import functools
 import gc
+import os
 import random
 import time
 import unittest
+import warnings
 import weakref
 from test import support
-from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support import script_helper, threading_helper
 
 try:
     from _testinternalcapi import hamt
 except ImportError:
     hamt = None
 
 
+THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT_WARNING = (
+    not support.Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    and not sys.flags.thread_inherit_context
+    and "thread_inherit_context" not in sys._xoptions
+    and (sys.flags.ignore_environment
+         # An empty value is treated as unset, as in Python/initconfig.c.
+         or not os.environ.get("PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT"))
+)
+
+
 def isolated_context(func):
     """Needed to make reftracking test mode work."""
     @functools.wraps(func)
@@ -400,12 +412,12 @@ def test_context_thread_inherit(self):
 
         cvar = contextvars.ContextVar('cvar')
 
+        results = []
+
         def run_context_none():
-            if sys.flags.thread_inherit_context:
-                expected = 1
-            else:
-                expected = None
-            self.assertEqual(cvar.get(None), expected)
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+                results.append((cvar.get(None), len(caught)))
 
         # By default, context is inherited based on the
         # sys.flags.thread_inherit_context option.
@@ -420,6 +432,12 @@ def run_context_none():
         thread.start()
         thread.join()
 
+        if sys.flags.thread_inherit_context:
+            self.assertEqual(results, [(1, 0), (1, 0)])
+        else:
+            warning_count = int(THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT_WARNING)
+            self.assertEqual(results, [(None, warning_count)] * 2)
+
         # An explicit Context value can also be passed
         custom_ctx = contextvars.Context()
         custom_var = None
@@ -447,6 +465,220 @@ def run_empty():
         thread.start()
         thread.join()
 
+    @isolated_context
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @unittest.skipUnless(THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT_WARNING,
+                         "requires the warning-enabled GIL-build default")
+    def test_context_thread_inherit_warning(self):
+        import threading
+
+        call_default = contextvars.ContextVar("call_default")
+        var_default = contextvars.ContextVar("var_default", default="variable")
+        missing = contextvars.ContextVar("missing")
+        other = contextvars.ContextVar("other")
+        for var in (call_default, var_default, missing, other):
+            var.set("starter")
+
+        results = []
+
+        def target():
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+                # Explicit nested contexts and copies of the child context do
+                # not retain the compatibility metadata.
+                values = [
+                    contextvars.Context().run(call_default.get, "nested"),
+                    contextvars.copy_context().run(call_default.get, "copy"),
+                    call_default.get("argument"),
+                    var_default.get(),
+                ]
+                try:
+                    missing.get()
+                except LookupError:
+                    values.append("LookupError")
+                # The snapshot is detached after the first mismatch, including
+                # for repeated lookups and other variables.
+                values.extend((call_default.get("again"), other.get(None)))
+                results.append((values, caught))
+
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
+        thread.start()
+        thread.join()
+
+        values, caught = results[0]
+        self.assertEqual(values, [
+            "nested", "copy", "argument", "variable", "LookupError",
+            "again", None,
+        ])
+        self.assertEqual(len(caught), 1)
+        self.assertIs(caught[0].category, DeprecationWarning)
+        message = str(caught[0].message)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "threads will inherit context by default", message)
+
+    @isolated_context
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.thread_inherit_context,
+                     "requires the non-inheriting thread default")
+    def test_context_thread_inherit_warning_not_emitted(self):
+        import threading
+
+        unbound = contextvars.ContextVar("unbound")
+        bound = contextvars.ContextVar("bound")
+        bound.set("starter")
+        results = []
+
+        def no_starter_binding():
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+                results.append((unbound.get(None), len(caught)))
+
+        def child_binding():
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+                bound.set("child")
+                results.append((bound.get(), len(caught)))
+
+        def explicit_empty():
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+                results.append((bound.get(None), len(caught)))
+
+        threads = [
+            threading.Thread(target=no_starter_binding),
+            threading.Thread(target=child_binding),
+            threading.Thread(target=explicit_empty,
+                             context=contextvars.Context()),
+        ]
+        for thread in threads:
+            thread.start()
+            thread.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(results, [(None, 0), ("child", 0), (None, 0)])
+
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    def test_context_thread_inherit_warning_explicitly_disabled(self):
+        code = """
+import contextvars
+import threading
+import warnings
+
+var = contextvars.ContextVar('var')
+var.set('starter')
+result = []
+
+def target():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+        warnings.simplefilter('always', DeprecationWarning)
+        result.append((var.get(None), len(caught)))
+
+thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
+thread.start()
+thread.join()
+assert result == [(None, 0)], result
+"""
+        script_helper.assert_python_ok(
+            "-X", "thread_inherit_context=0", "-c", code)
+        script_helper.assert_python_ok(
+            "-c", code, PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT="0")
+
+    @isolated_context
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.thread_inherit_context,
+                     "requires the non-inheriting thread default")
+    def test_context_thread_warning_snapshot_at_start(self):
+        import threading
+
+        var = contextvars.ContextVar("var")
+        # Keep another variable bound so the starter context is non-empty at
+        # start() and a snapshot is retained.
+        keep = contextvars.ContextVar("keep")
+        keep.set("starter")
+        token = var.set("during construction")
+        results = []
+
+        def target():
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
+                warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+                results.append((var.get(None), len(caught)))
+
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
+        var.reset(token)
+        thread.start()
+        thread.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(results, [(None, 0)])
+
+    @isolated_context
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @unittest.skipUnless(THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT_WARNING,
+                         "requires the warning-enabled GIL-build default")
+    def test_context_thread_inherit_warning_as_error(self):
+        import threading
+
+        var = contextvars.ContextVar("var")
+        var.set("starter")
+        results = []
+
+        def target():
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter("error", DeprecationWarning)
+                try:
+                    var.get()
+                except DeprecationWarning as exc:
+                    results.append(str(exc))
+
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
+        thread.start()
+        thread.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "threads will inherit context by default",
+            results[0])
+
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.Py_GIL_DISABLED,
+                     "the free-threaded default inherits context")
+    def test_context_thread_inherit_warning_context_aware(self):
+        code = """
+import contextvars
+import threading
+import warnings
+
+var = contextvars.ContextVar('var')
+var.set('starter')
+result = []
+
+def target():
+    try:
+        var.get()
+    except DeprecationWarning:
+        result.append('warning')
+
+with warnings.catch_warnings():
+    warnings.simplefilter('error', DeprecationWarning)
+    thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
+    thread.start()
+    thread.join()
+
+assert result == ['warning'], result
+"""
+        # An empty value is treated as unset; this shields the subprocess from
+        # any PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT in the test environment.
+        script_helper.assert_python_ok(
+            "-W", "error::DeprecationWarning",
+            "-X", "context_aware_warnings=1", "-c", code,
+            PYTHON_THREAD_INHERIT_CONTEXT="")
+
+    def test_private_thread_start_context(self):
+        import _contextvars
+
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(contextvars, "_thread_start_context"))
+        ctx = _contextvars._thread_start_context()
+        self.assertIs(type(ctx), contextvars.Context)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx.run(lambda: "result"), "result")
+
     def test_token_contextmanager_with_default(self):
         ctx = contextvars.Context()
         c = contextvars.ContextVar('c', default=42)

diff --git a/Lib/threading.py b/Lib/threading.py
@@ -1133,8 +1133,10 @@ def start(self):
                 # start with a copy of the context of the caller
                 self._context = _contextvars.copy_context()
             else:
-                # start with an empty context
-                self._context = _contextvars.Context()
+                # Start with an empty context while retaining the context that
+                # would be inherited.  This retained context is used to warn
+                # about the future default setting of thread_inherit_context.
+                self._context = _contextvars._thread_start_context()
 
         try:
             # Start joinable thread
@@ -1218,6 +1220,9 @@ def _bootstrap_inner(self):
                 self._context.run(self.run)
             except:
                 self._invoke_excepthook(self)
+            finally:
+                # Free context, we don't need it anymore.
+                self._context = None
         finally:
             self._delete()
 

diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-23-10-16-59.gh-issue-154549.Ulgmsd.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-07-23-10-16-59.gh-issue-154549.Ulgmsd.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+On GIL-enabled builds, emit a :exc:`DeprecationWarning` when the default
+implicitly empty :class:`threading.Thread` context causes a context variable
+lookup to differ from the context that a future release will inherit by
+default.  Setting ``thread_inherit_context`` selects the desired behavior
+without a warning.