googleapis · keshavdandeva · Aug 11, 2026
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ protected SQLException createCoercionException(
             cause));
   }
 
-  private StandardSQLTypeName getStandardSQLTypeName(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
+  protected StandardSQLTypeName getStandardSQLTypeName(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
     checkClosed();
     if (isNested) {
       if (columnIndex == 1) {

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 import com.google.cloud.bigquery.FieldValue.Attribute;
 import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Job;
 import com.google.cloud.bigquery.Schema;
+import com.google.cloud.bigquery.StandardSQLTypeName;
 import com.google.cloud.bigquery.exception.BigQueryJdbcRuntimeException;
 import java.sql.ResultSet;
 import java.sql.SQLException;
@@ -214,6 +215,23 @@ public boolean next() throws SQLException {
     }
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public String getString(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
+    checkClosed();
+    StandardSQLTypeName type = getStandardSQLTypeName(columnIndex);
+    if (type != StandardSQLTypeName.TIMESTAMP) {
+      return super.getString(columnIndex);
+    }
+    FieldValue value = getObjectInternal(columnIndex);
+    if (value == null || value.isNull()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (value.getAttribute() == Attribute.REPEATED || value.getAttribute() == Attribute.RECORD) {
+      return super.getString(columnIndex);
+    }
+    return BigQueryTemporalUtility.formatTimestampString(value.getStringValue());
+  }
+
   @Override
   public Object getObject(int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
     // columnIndex is SQL index starting at 1

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 
 package com.google.cloud.bigquery.jdbc;
 
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.RoundingMode;
 import java.sql.Date;
 import java.sql.Time;
 import java.sql.Timestamp;
@@ -24,6 +27,8 @@
 import java.time.LocalDateTime;
 import java.time.LocalTime;
 import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
 import java.util.Calendar;
 
 /**
@@ -32,6 +37,9 @@
  */
 final class BigQueryTemporalUtility {
 
+  private static final DateTimeFormatter UTC_FORMATTER =
+      DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").withZone(ZoneOffset.UTC);
+
   private BigQueryTemporalUtility() {}
 
   /**
@@ -89,6 +97,28 @@ public static Time boxTime(String val, ZoneId zoneId) {
     return new Time(targetCal.getTimeInMillis());
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Truncates a BigQuery timestamp string to 9 fractional digits (nanoseconds) because
+   * Instant.parse throws DateTimeParseException for >9 digits, and java.sql.Timestamp maxes out at
+   * nanos anyway.
+   */
+  private static String truncateToNanoseconds(String iso) {
+    int dotIdx = iso.indexOf('.');
+    // Fast path: if there is no dot or at most 9 fractional digits after the dot, return as-is.
+    if (dotIdx == -1 || iso.length() - dotIdx <= 10) {
+      return iso;
+    }
+
+    int fractionEnd = dotIdx + 1;
+    while (fractionEnd < iso.length() && Character.isDigit(iso.charAt(fractionEnd))) {
+      fractionEnd++;
+    }
+    if (fractionEnd - dotIdx - 1 > 9) {
+      return iso.substring(0, dotIdx + 10) + iso.substring(fractionEnd);
+    }
+    return iso;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Converts a BigQuery absolute TIMESTAMP string into a legacy Timestamp. Because it is absolute,
    * the Calendar timezone is explicitly ignored per JDBC 4.2 spec.
@@ -105,11 +135,109 @@ public static Timestamp boxTimestamp(String val) {
       iso = iso.substring(0, 10) + 'T' + iso.substring(11);
     }
 
+    iso = truncateToNanoseconds(iso);
+
     try {
       return Timestamp.from(Instant.parse(iso));
     } catch (java.time.format.DateTimeParseException e) {
       // Fallback for non-standard formats
-      return Timestamp.valueOf(val);
+      return Timestamp.valueOf(truncateToNanoseconds(val));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses a numeric epoch decimal string (e.g. from BigQuery REST JSON) into a JSR-310 {@link
+   * Instant}. Sub-nanosecond precision is deterministically truncated (floor/down) rather than
+   * rounded to avoid boundary rollovers.
+   */
+  public static Instant parseEpochDecimalToInstant(String epochDecimal) {
+    if (epochDecimal == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    BigDecimal bd = new BigDecimal(epochDecimal);
+    long seconds = bd.setScale(0, RoundingMode.FLOOR).longValue();
+    long nanos =
+        bd.subtract(BigDecimal.valueOf(seconds))
+            .movePointRight(9)
+            .setScale(0, RoundingMode.DOWN)
+            .longValue();
+    return Instant.ofEpochSecond(seconds, nanos);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Formats a numeric epoch decimal string into standard SQL timestamp string format ("yyyy-MM-dd
+   * HH:mm:ss.ffffff"). Sub-microsecond precision is deterministically truncated (down) to prevent
+   * timestamp boundary rollovers.
+   */
+  public static String formatTimestampString(String epochDecimal) {
+    return formatTimestampString(epochDecimal, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Formats a numeric epoch decimal string into standard SQL timestamp string format ("yyyy-MM-dd
+   * HH:mm:ss.ffffff[ffffff]"). Sub-microsecond / sub-picosecond precision is deterministically
+   * truncated (down) to prevent timestamp boundary rollovers.
+   */
+  public static String formatTimestampString(String epochDecimal, boolean enableTimestampPicos) {
+    if (epochDecimal == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    BigDecimal bd = new BigDecimal(epochDecimal);
+    long seconds = bd.setScale(0, RoundingMode.FLOOR).longValue();
+    BigDecimal fractionalSeconds = bd.subtract(BigDecimal.valueOf(seconds));
+
+    int originalScale = bd.scale() > 0 ? bd.scale() : 0;
+    int scale = enableTimestampPicos ? Math.max(6, Math.min(12, originalScale)) : 6;
+
+    String fraction =
+        fractionalSeconds.setScale(scale, RoundingMode.DOWN).toPlainString().substring(2);
+
+    Instant instant = Instant.ofEpochSecond(seconds);
+    return UTC_FORMATTER.format(instant) + "." + fraction;
+  }
+
+  public static String formatTimestampStringFromMicroseconds(long microseconds) {
+    long seconds = Math.floorDiv(microseconds, 1000000L);
+    long micros = Math.floorMod(microseconds, 1000000L);
+
+    String fraction = Strings.padStart(Long.toString(micros), 6, '0');
+    Instant instant = Instant.ofEpochSecond(seconds);
+    return UTC_FORMATTER.format(instant) + "." + fraction;
+  }
+
+  public static String formatTimestampStringFromIso(
+      String isoString, boolean enableTimestampPicos) {
+    if (isoString == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    String s = isoString;
+    if (s.endsWith(" UTC")) {
+      s = s.substring(0, s.length() - 4);
+    } else if (s.endsWith("Z")) {
+      s = s.substring(0, s.length() - 1);
     }
+
+    if (s.length() > 10 && s.charAt(10) == 'T') {
+      s = s.substring(0, 10) + ' ' + s.substring(11);
+    }
+
+    int dotIdx = s.indexOf('.');
+    if (dotIdx == -1) {
+      return s + ".000000";
+    }
+
+    String base = s.substring(0, dotIdx);
+    String fraction = s.substring(dotIdx + 1);
+
+    int maxScale = enableTimestampPicos ? 12 : 6;
+    if (fraction.length() > maxScale) {
+      fraction = fraction.substring(0, maxScale);
+    } else if (fraction.length() < 6) {
+      fraction = Strings.padEnd(fraction, 6, '0');
+    }
+
+    return base + "." + fraction;
   }
 }
@@ -182,6 +182,12 @@ static Timestamp convertTimestampWithCalendar(Timestamp timestamp, Calendar cal)
                 LocalDateTime.class,
                 Timestamp.class)
             .registerTypeCoercion(Text::toString, Text.class, String.class)
+            .registerTypeCoercion(
+                text -> BigQueryTemporalUtility.boxTimestamp(text.toString()),
+                Text.class,
+                Timestamp.class)
+            .registerTypeCoercion(
+                BigQueryTemporalUtility::boxTimestamp, String.class, Timestamp.class)
             .registerTypeCoercion(new TextToInteger())
             .registerTypeCoercion(new LongToTimestamp())
             .registerTypeCoercion(new LongToTime())
@@ -438,9 +444,9 @@ public Timestamp coerce(FieldValue fieldValue) {
         // Timestamp.valueOf() expects "yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.fffffffff" format.
         return Timestamp.valueOf(rawValue.replace('T', ' '));
       } else {
-        // It's a TIMESTAMP numeric string.
-        long microseconds = fieldValue.getTimestampValue();
-        Instant instant = Instant.EPOCH.plus(microseconds, ChronoUnit.MICROS);
+        // Numeric epoch decimal string from BigQuery JSON (e.g. "1775642400.123456789123" or
+        // "1.6905474E9")
+        Instant instant = BigQueryTemporalUtility.parseEpochDecimalToInstant(rawValue);
         // Timezone-agnostic conversion preserving exact point in time as mandated by JDBC spec
         return Timestamp.from(instant);
       }

@@ -127,10 +127,10 @@ public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
             TIMESTAMP,
             arraySchemaAndValue(
                 TIMESTAMP,
-                "1680174859.8202269",
-                "1680261259.8202269",
-                "1680347659.8202269",
-                "1680434059.8202269"),
+                "1680174859.820227",
+                "1680261259.820227",
+                "1680347659.820227",
+                "1680434059.820227"),
             new Timestamp[] {
               Timestamp.valueOf(aTimeStamp), // 2023-03-30 16:44:19.82
               Timestamp.valueOf(aTimeStamp.plusDays(1)),

@@ -247,6 +247,8 @@ public void testIteration() throws SQLException {
       assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getFloat(3)).isEqualTo(1.5f);
       assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString("fourth")).isEqualTo(STRING_VAL);
       assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString(4)).isEqualTo(STRING_VAL);
+      assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString("fifth")).isEqualTo("2023-03-30 11:14:19.820000");
+      assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString(5)).isEqualTo("2023-03-30 11:14:19.820000");
       assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getTimestamp("fifth"))
           .isEqualTo(Timestamp.valueOf(aTimeStamp));
       assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getTimestamp(5)).isEqualTo(Timestamp.valueOf(aTimeStamp));
@@ -506,6 +508,24 @@ public void testGetObjectWithType_failure(Object column, Class<?> type) throws S
     }
   }
 
+  @Test
+  public void testGetString_timestamp() throws SQLException {
+    assertThat(resetResultSet()).isTrue();
+    bigQueryJsonResultSet.next();
+    assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString("fifth")).isEqualTo("2023-03-30 11:14:19.820000");
+    assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString(5)).isEqualTo("2023-03-30 11:14:19.820000");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testGetString_structAndArray() throws SQLException {
+    assertThat(resetResultSet()).isTrue();
+    bigQueryJsonResultSet.next();
+    assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString("eight")).isEqualTo("[10, 20]");
+    assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString(8)).isEqualTo("[10, 20]");
+    assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString("ninth")).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(bigQueryJsonResultSet.getString(9)).isNotNull();
+  }
+
   private int resultSetRowCount(BigQueryJsonResultSet resultSet) throws SQLException {
     int rowCount = 0;
     while (resultSet.next()) {