DeepLabCut · C-Achard · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026 · Aug 14, 2026
diff --git a/deeplabcut/generate_training_dataset/frame_extraction.py b/deeplabcut/generate_training_dataset/frame_extraction.py
@@ -9,9 +9,28 @@
 # Licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0
 #
 
+from typing import Collection, Iterable
 from pathlib import Path
 
 
+def _filter_config_videos(
+    configured_videos: Iterable[str | Path],
+    selected_videos: Collection[Path] | None,
+) -> list[str | Path]:
+    """Return config video keys matching the selected video paths.
+
+    The original config keys are returned so they remain valid for subsequent
+    config dictionary lookups.
+    """
+    configured_videos = list(configured_videos)
+
+    if selected_videos is None:
+        return configured_videos
+
+    selected = set(selected_videos)
+    return [video for video in configured_videos if Path(video) in selected]
+
+
 def select_cropping_area(config: str | Path, videos=None):
     """Interactively select the cropping area of all videos in the config. A user
     interface pops up with a frame to select the cropping parameters. Use the left click
@@ -71,7 +90,7 @@ def extract_frames(
     slider_width=25,
     config3d=None,
     extracted_cam=0,
-    videos_list=None,
+    videos_list: list[str | Path] | None = None,
 ):
     """Extracts frames from the project videos.
 
@@ -229,15 +248,23 @@ def extract_frames(
     from skimage.util import img_as_ubyte
 
     from deeplabcut.utils import auxiliaryfunctions, frameselectiontools
+
+    videos_list = (
+        None if videos_list is None else [Path(video) for video in videos_list]
+    )
 
     config_file = Path(config)
     cfg = auxiliaryfunctions.read_config(config_file)
     print("Config file read successfully.")
 
-    if videos_list is None:
-        videos = list(cfg.get("video_sets_original") or cfg["video_sets"])
-    else:  # filter video_list by the ones in the config file
-        videos = [v for v in cfg["video_sets"] if v in videos_list]
+    configured_videos = list(cfg.get("video_sets_original") or cfg["video_sets"])
+    videos = _filter_config_videos(configured_videos, videos_list)
+
+    if videos_list is not None and not videos:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "None of the selected videos matched the videos in the project "
+            "configuration. Selected videos may use a different path representation."
+        )
 
     if mode == "manual":
         from deeplabcut.gui.widgets import launch_napari
@@ -407,7 +434,11 @@ def extract_frames(
             else:  # NO!
                 has_failed.append(False)
 
-        if all(has_failed):
+        if not has_failed:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "No videos were processed. Check that the selected video paths match the entries in config.yaml"
+            )
+        elif all(has_failed):
             print("Frame extraction failed. Video files must be corrupted.")
             return has_failed
         elif any(has_failed):
@@ -427,9 +458,14 @@ def extract_frames(
         config_file = Path(config)
         cfg = auxiliaryfunctions.read_config(config_file)
         print("Config file read successfully.")
-        videos = sorted(cfg["video_sets"].keys())
-        if videos_list is not None:  # filter video_list by the ones in the config file
-            videos = [v for v in videos if v in videos_list]
+
+        videos = _filter_config_videos(sorted(cfg["video_sets"]), videos_list)
+        if videos_list is not None and not videos:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "None of the selected videos matched the videos in the project "
+                "configuration. Selected videos may use a different path representation."
+            )
+
         project_path = Path(config).parents[0]
         labels_path = project_path / "labeled-data"
         try:

diff --git a/deeplabcut/gui/tabs/extract_frames.py b/deeplabcut/gui/tabs/extract_frames.py
@@ -51,24 +51,32 @@ def select_cropping_area(config, videos=None):
     for video in videos:
         fc = FrameCropper(video)
         coords = fc.draw_bbox()
-        if coords:
-            temp = {
-                "crop": ", ".join(
-                    map(
-                        str,
-                        [
-                            int(coords[0]),
-                            int(coords[2]),
-                            int(coords[1]),
-                            int(coords[3]),
-                        ],
-                    )
+        if not coords:
+            continue
+
+        temp = {
+            "crop": ", ".join(
+                map(
+                    str,
+                    [
+                        int(coords[0]),
+                        int(coords[2]),
+                        int(coords[1]),
+                        int(coords[3]),
+                    ],
                 )
-            }
-            try:
-                cfg["video_sets"][video] = temp
-            except KeyError:
-                cfg["video_sets_original"][video] = temp
+            )
+        }
+
+        video_sets_name = "video_sets_original" if cfg.get("video_sets_original") else "video_sets"
+        video_sets = cfg[video_sets_name]
+
+        matching_keys = [key for key in video_sets if Path(key) == Path(video)]
+
+        if not matching_keys:
+            raise KeyError(f"Video is not present in the project configuration: {video}")
+
+        video_sets[matching_keys[0]] = temp
 
     auxiliaryfunctions.write_config(config, cfg)
     return cfg
@@ -222,7 +230,11 @@ def extract_frames(self):
             cluster_color=False,
             slider_width=slider_width,
             userfeedback=False,
-            videos_list=self.video_selection_widget.files or None,
+            videos_list=(
+                [str(video) for video in self.video_selection_widget.files]
+                if self.video_selection_widget.files
+                else None
+            ),
         )
 
         self.worker, self.thread = move_to_separate_thread(func, capture_outputs=True)

diff --git a/tests/generate_training_dataset/test_frame_extraction.py b/tests/generate_training_dataset/test_frame_extraction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from skimage import io
+
+from deeplabcut.generate_training_dataset.frame_extraction import _filter_config_videos, extract_frames
+from deeplabcut.utils import auxfun_videos, auxiliaryfunctions, frameselectiontools
+
+
+def test_extract_frames_accepts_path_videos_list(tmp_path, monkeypatch):
+    video = tmp_path / "videos" / "video.mp4"
+    video.parent.mkdir()
+    video.touch()
+
+    cfg = {
+        "video_sets": {
+            str(video): {"crop": "0, 100, 0, 100"},
+        },
+        "numframes2pick": 1,
+        "start": 0.0,
+        "stop": 1.0,
+    }
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        auxiliaryfunctions,
+        "read_config",
+        lambda _: cfg,
+    )
+
+    processed = []
+
+    class FakeVideoWriter:
+        def __init__(self, path):
+            processed.append(path)
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return 10
+
+        def set_to_frame(self, index):
+            pass
+
+        def read_frame(self, crop=True):
+            return np.zeros((100, 100, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+
+        def close(self):
+            pass
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        auxfun_videos,
+        "VideoWriter",
+        FakeVideoWriter,
+    )
+
+    # Isolate path filtering from frame-selection behavior.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        frameselectiontools,
+        "UniformFramescv2",
+        lambda *args, **kwargs: [0],
+    )
+
+    # Avoid writing an actual PNG.
+    monkeypatch.setattr(io, "imsave", lambda *args, **kwargs: None)
+
+    result = extract_frames(
+        tmp_path / "config.yaml",
+        mode="automatic",
+        algo="uniform",
+        videos_list=[video],
+        userfeedback=False,
+    )
+
+    assert processed == [str(video)]
+    assert result == [False]
+
+
+class TestFilterConfigVideos:
+    def test_filter_config_videos_matches_path_to_string(self):
+        configured = [r"C:\project\videos\video.mp4"]
+        selected = [Path(r"C:\project\videos\video.mp4")]
+
+        result = _filter_config_videos(configured, selected)
+
+        assert result == configured
+        assert isinstance(result[0], str)
+
+    def test_filter_config_videos_matches_string_to_path(self):
+        configured = [Path(r"C:\project\videos\video.mp4")]
+        selected = [r"C:\project\videos\video.mp4"]
+
+        result = _filter_config_videos(configured, selected)
+
+        assert result == configured
+        assert isinstance(result[0], Path)
+
+    def test_filter_config_videos_preserves_original_config_key(self):
+        configured = [r"C:\project\videos\video.mp4"]
+        selected = [Path(r"C:\project\videos\video.mp4")]
+
+        result = _filter_config_videos(configured, selected)
+
+        assert result[0] is configured[0]
+
+    def test_filter_config_videos_returns_all_when_selection_is_none(self):
+        configured = ["video-a.mp4", "video-b.mp4"]
+
+        assert _filter_config_videos(configured, None) == configured
+
+    def test_filter_config_videos_returns_empty_for_nonmatching_selection(self):
+        configured = ["video-a.mp4"]
+        selected = [Path("video-b.mp4")]
+
+        assert _filter_config_videos(configured, selected) == []
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(os.name != "nt", reason="Windows path semantics")
+    def test_filter_config_videos_is_case_insensitive_on_windows(self):
+        configured = [r"C:\Project\Videos\VIDEO.MP4"]
+        selected = [Path(r"c:\project\videos\video.mp4")]
+
+        assert _filter_config_videos(configured, selected) == configured