perf: faster regex on Python 3.11+ by henryiii · Pull Request #988 · pypa/packaging

henryiii · 2025-11-25T03:01:53Z

This uses possessive qualifiers on 3.11+ to reduce backtracking. This makes the total time of my version creating benchmark 10-17% faster (that's everything, not just the regex!).

(These plots were from an earlier version, doing slightly better now)

Before:

After:

henryiii · 2025-11-25T16:10:57Z

(CC @mattip) PyPy isn't working the same way as CPython with the new (in 3.11) atomics and possessives:

$ uv run --python=3.11 python
Using CPython 3.11.14
Removed virtual environment at: .venv
Creating virtual environment at: .venv
Installed 9 packages in 16ms
Python 3.11.14 (main, Nov 19 2025, 23:12:58) [Clang 21.1.4 ] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from packaging.version import VERSION_PATTERN
>>> import re
>>> _regex = re.compile(VERSION_PATTERN, re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
>>> version = "1!3.0.0.rc2"
>>> _regex.fullmatch(version).groups()
('1', '3.0.0', '.rc2', 'rc', '2', None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None)

$ uv run --python=pypy3.11 python
Using PyPy 3.11.13
Removed virtual environment at: .venv
Creating virtual environment at: .venv
Installed 9 packages in 13ms
Python 3.11.13 (413c9b7f57f5, Jul 03 2025, 18:04:06)
[PyPy 7.3.20 with GCC Apple LLVM 16.0.0 (clang-1600.0.26.6)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>> from packaging.version import VERSION_PATTERN
>>>> import re
>>>> _regex = re.compile(VERSION_PATTERN, re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
>>>> version = "1!3.0.0.rc2"
>>>> _regex.fullmatch(version).groups()
('1', '3.0.0.', 'rc2', None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None)

Small MWE of this do seem to be working. version = "3.0.0.rc2" has the same behavior as above. I can reproduce it with just possessives. It specifically is the possessive on the number inside the release segment. It seems that it also matches a dot (only in PyPy) if that possessive is present.

mattip · 2025-11-25T17:07:40Z

PyPy isn't working the same way as CPython

What was the regex when they were different?

henryiii · 2025-11-25T17:17:34Z

The current regex still differs:

_VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
    v?+                                                   # optional leading v
    (?:
        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
        (?P<release>[0-9]++(?:\.[0-9]++)*+)               # release segment
        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
            [._-]?+
            (?P<pre_l>alpha|a|beta|b|preview|pre|c|rc)
            [._-]?+
            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]++)?
        )?
        (?P<post>                                         # post release
            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
            |
            (?:
                [._-]?
                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
                [._-]?
                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
            )
        )?
        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
            [._-]?+
            (?P<dev_l>dev)
            [._-]?+
            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]++)?
        )?
    )
    (?:\+                                                 # local version
        (?P<local>
            [a-z0-9]++
            (?:[._-][a-z0-9]++)*+
        )
    )?
"""

If you remove just one possessive, then it almost works, but still differs in one test:

diff --git a/src/packaging/version.py b/src/packaging/version.py
index 6a07c2b..3abff64 100644
--- a/src/packaging/version.py
+++ b/src/packaging/version.py
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ _VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
     v?+                                                   # optional leading v
     (?:
         (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
-        (?P<release>[0-9]++(?:\.[0-9]++)*+)               # release segment
+        (?P<release>[0-9]++(?:\.[0-9]+)*+)                # release segment
         (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
             [._-]?+
             (?P<pre_l>alpha|a|beta|b|preview|pre|c|rc)

    def test_invalid_versions(self, version: str) -> None:
>       with pytest.raises(InvalidVersion):
E       Failed: DID NOT RAISE <class 'packaging.version.InvalidVersion'>

self       = <tests.test_version.TestVersion object at 0x0000000122f70790>
version    = '1.0+_foobar'

henryiii · 2025-11-25T17:24:26Z

If I remove all instances of ++ it works the same as CPython. I think it fails to match CPython only when it's nested inside *+ (or maybe ?+).

henryiii · 2025-11-25T17:41:19Z

The nested possessives don't really affect performance, so the current version is quite fast. I've added the failing example to my perf test.

Before: 1.6288 s After: 1.4862 s (CPython 3.14 homebrew)
Before: 1.3448 s After: 1.2080 s (CPython 3.14 uv)
Before: 1.3120 s After: 1.1164 s (CPython 3.11 uv)
Before: 0.5370 s After: 0.4658 s (PyPy3.11 uv)

mattip · 2025-11-25T17:48:05Z

If I remove all instances of ++ it works the same as CPython. I think it fails to match CPython only when it's nested inside *+ (or maybe ?+).

Thanks. It would be nice if you could reduce it to a smaller reproducer and open an issue at https://github.com/pypy/pypy/issues. Although it doesn't look like there will be another PyPy release at this point, so don't go to a lot of effort.

henryiii · 2025-11-25T19:55:05Z

Testing this on every version ever uploaded to PyPI, I get identical valid/invalid versions count, and get a 10% speedup on Python 3.13:

Before:

Loaded 8,168,377 valid versions
Time: 106.9584 seconds
Per version: 2.618840778 µs

After:

Loaded 8,168,377 valid versions
Time: 96.4139 seconds
Per version: 2.360663026 µs

(PyPy3.11 takes 25 seconds)

tasks/benchmark_versions.py:

# benchmark_versions.py
import sqlite3
import timeit
from packaging.version import Version, InvalidVersion

# Get data with:
# curl -L https://github.com/pypi-data/pypi-json-data/releases/download/latest/pypi-data.sqlite.gz | gzip -d > pypi-data.sqlite

def valid_version(v: str) -> bool:
    try:
        Version(v)
    except InvalidVersion:
        return False
    return True


with sqlite3.connect("pypi-data.sqlite") as conn:
    TEST_ALL_VERSIONS = [row[0] for row in conn.execute("SELECT version FROM projects") if valid_version(row[0])]

def bench():
    for v in TEST_ALL_VERSIONS:
        Version(v)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print(f"Loaded {len(TEST_ALL_VERSIONS):,} valid versions")
    t = timeit.timeit("bench()", globals=globals(), number=5)
    print(f"Time: {t:.4f} seconds")
    print(f"Per version: {1_000_000 * t / len(TEST_ALL_VERSIONS) / 5:.9f} µs")

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryfs@princeton.edu>

This PR contains the following updates: | Package | Type | Update | Change | |---|---|---|---| | [packaging](https://github.com/pypa/packaging) | packages | major | `==25.0` → `==26.0` | --- ### Release Notes <details> <summary>pypa/packaging (packaging)</summary> ### [`v26.0`](https://github.com/pypa/packaging/releases/tag/26.0) [Compare Source](pypa/packaging@25.0...26.0) Read about the performance improvements here: <https://iscinumpy.dev/post/packaging-faster>. #### What's Changed Features: - PEP 751: support pylock by [@sbidoul](https://github.com/sbidoul) in [#900](pypa/packaging#900) - PEP 794: import name metadata by [@brettcannon](https://github.com/brettcannon) in [#948](pypa/packaging#948) - Support writing metadata by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#846](pypa/packaging#846) - Support `__replace__` for `Version` by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1003](pypa/packaging#1003) - Support positional pattern matching for `Version` and `Specifier` by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1004](pypa/packaging#1004) Behavior adaptations: - PEP 440 handling of prereleases for `Specifier.contains`, `SpecifierSet.contains`, and `SpecifierSet.filter` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#897](pypa/packaging#897) - Handle PEP 440 edge case in `SpecifierSet.filter` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#942](pypa/packaging#942) - Adjust arbitrary equality intersection preservation in `SpecifierSet` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#951](pypa/packaging#951) - Return `False` instead of raising for `.contains` with invalid version by [@Liam-DeVoe](https://github.com/Liam-DeVoe) in [#932](pypa/packaging#932) - Support arbitrary equality on arbitrary strings for `Specifier` and `SpecifierSet`'s `filter` and `contains` method. by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#954](pypa/packaging#954) - Only try to parse as `Version` on certain marker keys, return `False` on unequal ordered comparsions by [@JP-Ellis](https://github.com/JP-Ellis) in [#939](pypa/packaging#939) Fixes: - Update `_hash` when unpickling `Tag()` by [@dholth](https://github.com/dholth) in [#860](pypa/packaging#860) - Correct comment and simplify implicit prerelease handling in `Specifier.prereleases` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#896](pypa/packaging#896) - Use explicit `_GLibCVersion` `NamedTuple` in `_manylinux` by [@cthoyt](https://github.com/cthoyt) in [#868](pypa/packaging#868) - Detect invalid license expressions containing `()` by [@bwoodsend](https://github.com/bwoodsend) in [#879](pypa/packaging#879) - Correct regex for metadata `'name'` format by [@di](https://github.com/di) in [#925](pypa/packaging#925) - Improve the message around expecting a semicolon by [@pradyunsg](https://github.com/pradyunsg) in [#833](pypa/packaging#833) - Support nested parens in license expressions by [@Liam-DeVoe](https://github.com/Liam-DeVoe) in [#931](pypa/packaging#931) - Add space before at symbol in `Requirements` string by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#953](pypa/packaging#953) - A root logger use found by ruff LOG, use `packaging` logger instead by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#965](pypa/packaging#965) - Better support for subclassing `Marker` and `Requirement` by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1022](pypa/packaging#1022) - Normalize all extras, not just if it comes first by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1024](pypa/packaging#1024) - Don't produce a broken repr if `Marker` fails to construct by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1033](pypa/packaging#1033) Performance: - Avoid recompiling regexes in the tokenizer for a 3x speedup by [@hauntsaninja](https://github.com/hauntsaninja) in [#1019](pypa/packaging#1019) - Improve performance in `_manylinux.py` by [@cthoyt](https://github.com/cthoyt) in [#869](pypa/packaging#869) - Minor cleanups to `Version` by [@bearomorphism](https://github.com/bearomorphism) in [#913](pypa/packaging#913) - Skip redundant creation of `Version`s in specifier comparison by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#986](pypa/packaging#986) - Cache `Specifier`'s Version by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#985](pypa/packaging#985) - Make `Version` a little faster by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#987](pypa/packaging#987) - Minor `Version` regex cleanup by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#990](pypa/packaging#990) - Faster regex on Python 3.11.5+ by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#988](pypa/packaging#988) and [#1055](pypa/packaging#1055) - Lazily calculate `_key` in `Version` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#989](pypa/packaging#989) and regression for `packaging_legacy` fixed by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1048](pypa/packaging#1048) - Faster `canonicalize_version` by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#993](pypa/packaging#993) - Use `fullmatch` in a couple more places by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#992](pypa/packaging#992) - Use `fullmatch` for markers too by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1029](pypa/packaging#1029) - Use `map` instead of generator by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#996](pypa/packaging#996) - Deprecate `._version` (`_Version`, a `NamedTuple`) by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#995](pypa/packaging#995) and [#1062](pypa/packaging#1062) - Avoid duplicate `Version` creation in `canonicalize_version` by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#994](pypa/packaging#994) - Add `__slots__` to `Version` by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1001](pypa/packaging#1001) - Add `__slots__` to `Specifier`s by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1002](pypa/packaging#1002) - Add `__slots__` to `Node`s by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1032](pypa/packaging#1032) - Use `version.__replace__` in specifier comparison by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#999](pypa/packaging#999) - Use `_get_spec_version` in more places in `Specifier` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#1005](pypa/packaging#1005) - 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Update changelog with recent additions by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1034](pypa/packaging#1034) - Publish to PyPI via GitHub CI by [@EpicWink](https://github.com/EpicWink) in [#893](pypa/packaging#893) - Use prek for faster pre-commit lint step by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1037](pypa/packaging#1037) - Add help text to noxfile by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1038](pypa/packaging#1038) - Update licenses to 3.27 by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1036](pypa/packaging#1036) - Use relative import in `packaging.licenses` by [@notatallshaw](https://github.com/notatallshaw) in [#1039](pypa/packaging#1039) - Add zizmor and tighten up CI by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1035](pypa/packaging#1035) - Fix release script by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1040](pypa/packaging#1040) - Fix using a dev version (again) by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1041](pypa/packaging#1041) - Fix type hint of function used with `contextlib.contextmanager` by [@SpecLad](https://github.com/SpecLad) in [#1046](pypa/packaging#1046) - 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[@dholth](https://github.com/dholth) made their first contribution in [#860](pypa/packaging#860) - [@trim21](https://github.com/trim21) made their first contribution in [#908](pypa/packaging#908) - [@yarikoptic](https://github.com/yarikoptic) made their first contribution in [#910](pypa/packaging#910) - [@cthoyt](https://github.com/cthoyt) made their first contribution in [#868](pypa/packaging#868) - [@bwoodsend](https://github.com/bwoodsend) made their first contribution in [#879](pypa/packaging#879) - [@stefan6419846](https://github.com/stefan6419846) made their first contribution in [#921](pypa/packaging#921) - [@bearomorphism](https://github.com/bearomorphism) made their first contribution in [#913](pypa/packaging#913) - [@EpicWink](https://github.com/EpicWink) made their first contribution in [#922](pypa/packaging#922) - [@Liam-DeVoe](https://github.com/Liam-DeVoe) made their first contribution in [#932](pypa/packaging#932) - [@subhajitsaha01](https://github.com/subhajitsaha01) made their first contribution in [#930](pypa/packaging#930) - [@ncoghlan](https://github.com/ncoghlan) made their first contribution in [#973](pypa/packaging#973) - [@zahlman](https://github.com/zahlman) made their first contribution in [#1008](pypa/packaging#1008) - [@JP-Ellis](https://github.com/JP-Ellis) made their first contribution in [#939](pypa/packaging#939) #### Since last RC Fixes: - Restore `._version` as a compat shim by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1062](pypa/packaging#1062) Performance: - Dual replace by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1064](pypa/packaging#1064) Documentaiton: - Prepare for 26.0 final by [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii) in [#1063](pypa/packaging#1063) **Full Changelog**: <pypa/packaging@26.0rc3...26.0> </details> --- ### Configuration 📅 **Schedule**: Branch creation - At any time (no schedule defined), Automerge - At any time (no schedule defined). 🚦 **Automerge**: Disabled by config. Please merge this manually once you are satisfied. ♻ **Rebasing**: Whenever PR becomes conflicted, or you tick the rebase/retry checkbox. 🔕 **Ignore**: Close this PR and you won't be reminded about this update again. --- - [ ] If you want to rebase/retry this PR, check this box --- This PR has been generated by [Renovate Bot](https://github.com/renovatebot/renovate).  Reviewed-on: https://kubara.git.onstackit.cloud/STACKIT/kubara/pulls/280

henryiii force-pushed the henryiii/perf/regex branch from f4f85c5 to c33d6d4 Compare November 25, 2025 14:42

henryiii mentioned this pull request Nov 25, 2025

chore: minor cleanup to regex code #990

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henryiii force-pushed the henryiii/perf/regex branch 3 times, most recently from 609b1e5 to 3bf4a59 Compare November 25, 2025 17:00

henryiii force-pushed the henryiii/perf/regex branch from 811ea93 to 9137a14 Compare November 25, 2025 17:35

henryiii force-pushed the henryiii/perf/regex branch from 9137a14 to b91cc16 Compare November 25, 2025 18:58

henryiii marked this pull request as ready for review November 25, 2025 19:02

henryiii force-pushed the henryiii/perf/regex branch from b91cc16 to ee37416 Compare November 25, 2025 19:05

henryiii changed the title ~~perf: faster regex~~ perf: faster regex on Python 3.11+ Nov 25, 2025

henryiii added 5 commits November 25, 2025 22:16

WIP: faster regex on 3.11+

7bd1493

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryfs@princeton.edu>

fix: drop atomics, leave only possessives

dbb1f40

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryfs@princeton.edu>

refactor: only possessives

8b92b3c

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryfs@princeton.edu>

fix: support PyPy

da26e99

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryfs@princeton.edu>

perf: restore ?+ which does work on PyPy

1ccede1

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryfs@princeton.edu>

henryiii force-pushed the henryiii/perf/regex branch from ee37416 to 1ccede1 Compare November 26, 2025 03:16

brettcannon approved these changes Nov 26, 2025

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henryiii merged commit f67a11e into pypa:main Nov 26, 2025
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henryiii deleted the henryiii/perf/regex branch November 26, 2025 18:27

github-actions Bot mentioned this pull request Feb 12, 2026

Bump packaging from 25.0 to 26.0 senzing-factory/dockerhub-util#176

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perf: faster regex on Python 3.11+#988

perf: faster regex on Python 3.11+#988
henryiii merged 5 commits intopypa:mainfrom
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