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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>5.8. Text Processing</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="..//docbook.css" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="shell,bash,zsh, awk,sed,curl,expect, grep,sort" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Netkiller Shell 手札" /><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="第 5 章 Shell command" /><link rel="prev" href="numeric.html" title="5.7. Numeric" /><link rel="next" href="grep.html" title="5.9. grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep - print lines matching a pattern" /></head><body><a xmlns="" href="//www.netkiller.cn/">Home</a> |
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<a xmlns="" href="//www.netkiller.cn/home/about.html">About</a><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">5.8. Text Processing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numeric.html">上一页</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">第 5 章 Shell command</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="grep.html">下一页</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><table xmlns=""><tr><td><iframe src="//ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=netkiller&repo=netkiller.github.io&type=watch&count=true&size=large" height="30" width="170" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" style="width:170px; height: 30px;" allowTransparency="true"></iframe></td><td><iframe src="//ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=netkiller&repo=netkiller.github.io&type=fork&count=true&size=large" height="30" width="170" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" style="width:170px; height: 30px;" allowTransparency="true"></iframe></td><td><iframe src="//ghbtns.com/github-btn.html?user=netkiller&type=follow&count=true&size=large" height="30" width="240" frameborder="0" scrolling="0" style="width:240px; height: 30px;" allowTransparency="true"></iframe></td></tr></table><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="text"></a>5.8. Text Processing</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="iconv"></a>5.8.1. iconv - Convert encoding of given files from one encoding to another</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp77"></a>5.8.1.1. cconv - A iconv based simplified-traditional chinese conversion tool</h4></div></div></div>
<p>cconv是建立在iconv之上，可以UTF8编码直接转换，并增加了词转换。</p>
<pre class="screen">
sudo apt-get install cconv
</pre>
<p>使用cconv进行简繁转换的方法为：</p>
<pre class="screen">
cconv -f UTF8-CN -t UTF8-HK zh-cn.txt -o zh-hk.txt
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp78"></a>5.8.1.2. uconv - convert data from one encoding to another</h4></div></div></div>
<p>安装</p>
<pre class="screen">
sudo apt-get install libicu-dev
</pre>
<p>例子</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ uconv -f cp1252 -t UTF-8 -o file_in_utf8.txt file_in_cp1252_encoding.txt
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="expr"></a>5.8.2. 字符串处理命令expr</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
字符串处理命令expr用法简介:
名称：expr
用途:求表达式变量的值。
语法: expr Expression
实例如下:
例子1:字串长度
shell>> expr length "this is a test content";
22
例子2:求余数
shell>> expr 20 % 9
2
例子3:从指定位置处截取字符串
shell>> expr substr "this is a test content" 3 5
is is
例子4:指定字符串第一次出现的位置
shell>> expr index "testforthegame" s
3
例子5:字符串真实重现
shell>> expr quote thisisatestformela
thisisatestformela
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="cat"></a>5.8.3. cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
-b 不对空白行编号。
-e 使用 $ 字符显示行尾。
-n 从 1 开始对所有输出行编号。
-q 使用静默操作（禁止错误消息）。
-r 将所有多个空行替换为单行（“压缩”空白）。
-t 将制表符显示为 ^I。
-u 不对输出进行缓冲。
-v 可视地显示非打印控制字符。
</pre>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp79"></a>5.8.3.1. -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines</h4></div></div></div>
<p>-S 将多个空白行压缩到单行中（与 -r 相同）</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ cat >> /tmp/test <<EOF
Line1
Line2
Line3
Line4
Line5
EOF
$ cat -s /tmp/test
Line1
Line2
Line3
Line4
Line5
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp80"></a>5.8.3.2. -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB</h4></div></div></div>
<p>显示控制字符。例如Tab等，下面例子查看文件结尾换行符类型</p>
<pre class="screen">
[neo@netkiller ~]# cat -v file.txt
GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'esauser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY xxxxxxx; ^M
^M
file^M
2059^M
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="nl"></a>5.8.4. nl - number lines of files</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
$ nl /etc/issue
1 CentOS release 5.4 (Final)
2 Kernel \r on an \m
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="tr"></a>5.8.5. tr - translate or delete characters</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
[:alnum:] ：所有字母字符与数字
[:alpha:] ：所有字母字符
[:blank:] ：所有水平空格
[:cntrl:] ：所有控制字符
[:digit:] ：所有数字
[:graph:] ：所有可打印的字符(不包含空格符)
[:lower:] ：所有小写字母
[:print:] ：所有可打印的字符(包含空格符)
[:punct:] ：所有标点字符
[:space:] ：所有水平与垂直空格符
[:upper:] ：所有大写字母
[:xdigit:] ：所有 16 进位制的数字
</pre>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp81"></a>5.8.5.1. 替换字符</h4></div></div></div>
<p>":"替换为"\n"</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ cat /etc/passwd |tr ":" "\n"
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp82"></a>5.8.5.2. 英文大小写转换</h4></div></div></div>
<p>使用 tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' 将小写字母替换成大写字母</p>
<pre class="screen">
[root@localhost ~]# echo "Helloworld" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
HELLOWORLD
</pre>
<p>替换整段文字</p>
<pre class="screen">
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core)
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
CENTOS LINUX RELEASE 7.5.1804 (CORE)
</pre>
<p></p>
<pre class="screen">
[root@localhost ~]# echo "Netkiller" | tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’
NETKILLER
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp83"></a>5.8.5.3. [CHAR*] 和 [CHAR*REPEAT]</h4></div></div></div>
<p></p>
<pre class="screen">
[root@localhost ~]# echo "1234567890" | tr ‘1-5′ ‘[A*]‘
AAAAA67890
[root@localhost ~]# echo "1234567890" | tr ‘1-9′ ‘[A*5]BCDE’
AAAAABCDE0
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="tr.squeeze"></a>5.8.5.4. -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character</h4></div></div></div>
<p>删除重复的字符</p>
<pre class="screen">
[root@localhost ~]# echo "My nickname is netkiller." | tr -s ' '
My nickname is netkiller.
[root@localhost ~]# echo "aaaabbbbccccdddd." | tr -s 'a'
abbbbccccdddd.
[root@localhost ~]# echo "aaaabbbbccccdddd." | tr -s 'a-z'
abcd.
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="tr.delete"></a>5.8.5.5. -d, --delete
delete characters in SET1, do not translate</h4></div></div></div>
<p>删除字符</p>
<pre class="screen">
[root@localhost ~]# echo "My nickname is netkiller" | tr -d ' '
Mynicknameisnetkiller
[root@localhost ~]# md5sum /etc/issue | tr -d [0-9]
ffedfcfbdcaebdec /etc/issue
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="cut"></a>5.8.6. cut - remove sections from each line of files</h3></div></div></div>
<p>列操作</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ last | grep 'neo' | cut -d ' ' -f1
</pre>
<pre class="screen">
$ cat /etc/passwd | cut -d ':' -f1
root
daemon
bin
sys
sync
games
man
lp
mail
news
uucp
proxy
$ cat /etc/passwd | cut -d ':' -f1,3,4
# cat /etc/passwd | cut -d ':' -f1,6
root:/root
bin:/bin
daemon:/sbin
adm:/var/adm
lp:/var/spool/lpd
sync:/sbin
shutdown:/sbin
halt:/sbin
mail:/var/spool/mail
uucp:/var/spool/uucp
operator:/root
games:/usr/games
gopher:/var/gopher
ftp:/var/ftp
nobody:/
vcsa:/dev
saslauth:/var/empty/saslauth
postfix:/var/spool/postfix
sshd:/var/empty/sshd
rpc:/var/cache/rpcbind
rpcuser:/var/lib/nfs
nfsnobody:/var/lib/nfs
ntp:/etc/ntp
nagios:/var/log/nagios
</pre>
<p>行操作</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ cat /etc/passwd | cut -c 1-4
root
daem
bin:
sys:
sync
game
man:
$ echo "No such file or directory"| cut -c4-7
such
$ echo "No such file or directory"| cut -c -8
No such
$ echo "No such file or directory"| cut -c-8
No such
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="printf"></a>5.8.7. printf - format and print data</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
printf "%d\n" 1234
</pre>
<pre class="screen">
$ printf "\033[1;33m TEST COLOR \n\033[m"
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="recode"></a>5.8.8. Free `recode' converts files between various character sets and surfaces.</h3></div></div></div>
<p>Following will convert text files between DOS, Mac, and Unix line ending styles:</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ recode /cl../cr <dos.txt >mac.txt
$ recode /cr.. <mac.txt >unix.txt
$ recode ../cl <unix.txt >dos.txt
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="urandom"></a>5.8.9. /dev/urandom 随机字符串</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c 8`
GidAuuNN
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c 8`
UyGaWSKr
</pre>
<p>我常常使用这样的随机字符初始化密码</p>
<pre class="screen">
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:alnum:] | head -c 8`
xig8Meym
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:alnum:] | head -c 8`
23Ac1vZg
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:digit:] | head -c 8`
73652314
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:graph:] | head -c 8`
GO_o>OnJ
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:graph:] | head -c 10`
iGy0FS/aO5
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:graph:] | head -c 50`
;`E^{5(T4v~5$YovW.?%_?9la<`+qPcRh@7mD\!Whx;MJZVQ\K
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:print:] | head -c 50`
fy$[#:'(')jt'gp1/g-)d~p]8 :r9i;MO2d!8M<?Qs3t:QgK$O
[neo@test .deploy]$ echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc [:graph:] | head -c 50`
6SivJ5y$/FTi8mf}rrqE&s0"WkA}r;uK-=MT!Wp0UlL_lF0|bL
</pre>
<p>批量生成</p>
<pre class="screen">
for i in {1..10}
do
echo `< /dev/urandom tr -dc A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c 8`
done
</pre>
<pre class="screen">
# cat /dev/urandom | tr -cd [:alnum:] | fold -w30 | head -n 20
AVqROzjF6ZATJGv2J6PzDHp3jLpKV4
ONt68UFNDwgXpSnLBV7oRDX3VLRYsX
EZTWCGvZc3mIEeuw9sxMtV8ZkzVRJv
BhUiv0a7utsjZFLYpKGZrY5aDXcZL4
5YfUl2hmDT1O9X61DRYg4wSp4lXoXX
ykyPJxH47PzxnNGlujIUF98ZtB01H0
QyP53mksQN8bCNNo1fSD3RtqhhEGfa
u2RkT1M9GUQF4a6O18tG5WD97OOXze
Whm5X7398Q8L9BONN8k2oLy9CL37JO
TmGQz7WB6WnkjhyB4wrBHBJ3HMIRyf
hww43yvddUDYUnbNOKjhv3sLhCA4YD
uY6zQtBC6miwLUl3jkCVVA0Xu8ASgj
jv58qu46VW7LvRIq4txNE8bG9NBlZl
pzaMkydAiCHCF5H2oQVqMn4DTTYgNL
yoN2A9LyrCwLfjP1ad9HMAwxExJL5i
J27iy2L90m9dpcPLJ8tl46GGb9xqmQ
6YwFCvuPHyyEwnctUTpqLFcvUafVZ2
Nuq9XgIgRQGynjlVqGLMOpO0MkGpsn
tChkRG7eoRuKVXgW7ccTGx45E54K3Y
qPv48XqdGlOrdULCOGZ45kwJ1v5kVX
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="col"></a>5.8.10. col - filter reverse line feeds from input</h3></div></div></div>
<p>清除 ^M 字符</p>
<pre class="screen">
$ cat oldfile | col -b > newfile
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="apg"></a>5.8.11. apg - generates several random passwords</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
sudo apt-get install apg
$ apg
Please enter some random data (only first 16 are significant)
(eg. your old password):>
imlogNukcel5 (im-log-Nuk-cel-FIVE)
Drocdaf1 (Droc-daf-ONE)
fagJook0 (fag-Jook-ZERO)
heabugJer4 (heab-ug-Jer-FOUR)
5OsEsudy (FIVE-Os-Es-ud-y)
IrjOgneagOc9 (Irj-Og-neag-Oc-NINE)
$ apg -M SNCL -m 16
WoidWemFut6dryn,
byRowpEus-Flutt0
|QuogCagFaycsic0
ojHoadCyct4Freg_
Vir9blir`orhohoo
bapOip?Ibreawov2
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="head"></a>5.8.12. head/tail</h3></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
head -c 17 | tail -c 1
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="rev"></a>5.8.13. 反转字符串或文件内容</h3></div><div><h4 class="subtitle">rev - reverse lines of a file or files</h4></div></div></div>
<p>反转字符串 </p>
<pre class="screen">
# echo hello | rev
olleh
# echo "hello world" | rev
dlrow olleh
</pre>
<p>反转文件内容 </p>
<pre class="screen">
# rev /etc/passwd
hsab/nib/:toor/:toor:0:0:x:toor
nigolon/nibs/:nib/:nib:1:1:x:nib
nigolon/nibs/:nibs/:nomead:2:2:x:nomead
nigolon/nibs/:mda/rav/:mda:4:3:x:mda
nigolon/nibs/:dpl/loops/rav/:pl:7:4:x:pl
cnys/nib/:nibs/:cnys:0:5:x:cnys
nwodtuhs/nibs/:nibs/:nwodtuhs:0:6:x:nwodtuhs
tlah/nibs/:nibs/:tlah:0:7:x:tlah
nigolon/nibs/:liam/loops/rav/:liam:21:8:x:liam
nigolon/nibs/:pcuu/loops/rav/:pcuu:41:01:x:pcuu
nigolon/nibs/:toor/:rotarepo:0:11:x:rotarepo
nigolon/nibs/:semag/rsu/:semag:001:21:x:semag
nigolon/nibs/:rehpog/rav/:rehpog:03:31:x:rehpog
nigolon/nibs/:ptf/rav/:resU PTF:05:41:x:ptf
nigolon/nibs/:/:ydoboN:99:99:x:ydobon
nigolon/nibs/:ved/:renwo yromem elosnoc lautriv:96:96:x:ascv
nigolon/nibs/:ptn/cte/::83:83:x:ptn
nigolon/nibs/:htualsas/ytpme/rav/:"resu dhtualsaS":67:994:x:htualsas
nigolon/nibs/:xiftsop/loops/rav/::98:98:x:xiftsop
nigolon/nibs/:dhss/ytpme/rav/:HSS detarapes-egelivirP:47:47:x:dhss
hsab/nib/:lqsym/bil/rav/:revres LQSyM:994:894:x:lqsym
hsab/nib/:www/:noitacilppA beW:08:08:x:www
nigolon/nibs/:xnign/ehcac/rav/:resu xnign:894:794:x:xnign
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="expand"></a>5.8.14. TAB符号与空格处理</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="idp84"></a>5.8.14.1. expand - convert tabs to spaces</h4></div><div><h5 class="subtitle">转换 TAB 字符为空格</h5></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
root@netkiller /var/log % yum --showduplicates list httpd | expand
Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
httpd.x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos os
httpd.x86_64 2.4.6-67.el7.centos.2 updates
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="unexpand"></a>5.8.14.2. unexpand - convert spaces to tabs</h4></div><div><h5 class="subtitle">转换空格为TAB符</h5></div></div></div>
<pre class="screen">
root@netkiller /var/log % cat /etc/fstab | unexpand -t 16
/dev/vda1 / ext3 noatime,acl,user_xattr 1 1
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs noauto 0 0
debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs noauto 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts mode=0620,gid=5 0 0
</pre>
<p>将16个空格替换为一个TAB符</p>
</div>
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