diff --git a/.agent/CODING_TASTE.md b/.agent/CODING_TASTE.md
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+# Coding Taste Guide
+
+Conventions and design taste for contributing code and PRs to dstack. The first half is
+distilled from the project's code-review history and security-advisory responses — PR
+numbers reference the real discussions where each rule was set. The second half — project
+structure, design patterns, readability — is distilled from the codebase itself, with file
+references pointing at canonical examples. When in doubt, read the cited example.
+
+The short version: dstack review optimizes for **small maintainable surface area, backward
+compatibility, security reasoned from the threat model, and claims backed by evidence**.
+Speculative complexity gets rejected; pragmatic imperfection is accepted when the risk is
+quantified and bounded.
+
+## API and interface design
+
+- **Use builder patterns for argument lists that will grow.** A function taking positional
+  bools (`get_tls_key(None, None, true, true, true)`) breaks every caller when a parameter
+  is added and is unreadable at the call site. Use a config struct with `bon::Builder`
+  and defaults, so adding a field is non-breaking (#161 has the full rationale).
+- **Prefer generics over dynamic typing.** `send_rpc_request<S: Serialize, D: DeserializeOwned>`
+  instead of passing `serde_json::Value` around (#161).
+- **Use `anyhow::Error`, not `Box<dyn Error>`** (#161).
+- **Every new API endpoint is a liability** — another path to audit, keep in sync with policy
+  changes, and reason about in security reviews. Converge on one model instead of forking
+  parallel paths (a separate `GetAppKeyAmd` was rejected on these grounds, #630). When an
+  existing API is the wrong shape, add a purpose-built one rather than overloading a return
+  value (`is_app_allowed` returning policy → add `auth_api.get_app_policy` instead, #538).
+- **Names must say what the thing does.** `GetQuote` for an app key → `GetAttestationForAppKey`
+  (#360). An RPC named `ComposeHash` that returns an `app_id` is wrong (#181).
+- **Avoid enums in protobuf APIs** that surface as JSON — proto has no way to express
+  snake_case serde renaming, so use strings (#241).
+- **SDK parity is mandatory.** A new guest-agent API means updating the Rust, Python, Go,
+  and JS SDKs. A `Sign()` needs a `Verify()` counterpart (#360). Keep names and semantics
+  consistent across language implementations — renaming the `dstack-sdk` crate was rejected
+  for exactly this reason (#161, #272).
+
+## Backward compatibility
+
+This is close to absolute. Assume any observable behavior is load-bearing.
+
+- **Never change key derivation, hashes, or measurements** without a migration story.
+  Cryptographic-hygiene improvements (domain-separated KDF contexts, salt changes) have
+  been rejected because they'd silently change all derived keys in existing deployments
+  (see the responses in #605, #552). Compatibility special cases are acceptable — all-zero
+  `mr_config_id` means "unset" to avoid breaking old quotes (#559).
+- **Pin encodings that feed key derivation.** When a derived secret depended on a library's
+  DER serialization, the fix was a fixed, dstack-defined layout plus a regression test
+  proving old and new outputs are identical (#553 → #603).
+- **Wire formats and URL schemes are frozen.** `*-8080-h2` was rejected as breaking;
+  keep deprecated aliases (`TappdClient`) alongside new clients (#292, #306).
+- **New endpoints ship behind a config gate**, so operators opt in and existing deployments
+  are unaffected (metrics endpoint in #657).
+
+## Security reasoning
+
+Argue from dstack's threat model, not from generic best practices.
+
+- **Attestation is the trust boundary — not TLS, not the network, not URLs.** Endpoints
+  (KMS URL, PCCS, registry) are untrusted transport; the remote party's identity is verified
+  cryptographically (RA-TLS quote verification, Intel signatures, image digests). Proposals
+  to "measure the URL" or pin transport add no security and reduce flexibility (#615, #616).
+- **Runtime config measured into RTMRs beats compile-time cargo features.** Features are
+  additive and invisible at runtime; a measured config flag is auditable by any verifier.
+  This is the project's standard response to `#[cfg(feature = "dev-mode")]`-style gating
+  proposals (#608, #609).
+- **The CVM is single-tenant.** All containers in a CVM share one trust domain; file
+  permissions between them are not a security boundary. Don't add intra-CVM isolation
+  machinery (#606, #617).
+- **Fail closed on unknown variants.** A Go `switch` on a string type without a `default`
+  silently passes validation for new types — Rust exhaustive `match` is the model; in other
+  languages, add the explicit error case (#512).
+- **Validate early with explicit checks.** Constraints enforced implicitly deep in the stack
+  (a `try_into::<[u8; 20]>()`) should also be checked explicitly at the entry point with a
+  clear error (#554 → #604).
+- **Cheap, bounded hardening is always welcome** even when no realistic attack exists:
+  0600 file permissions, a 16 KiB cap on decompressed cert extensions, `MAX_LEN` bounds on
+  length-prefixed decoding, path normalization before deletion (#557, #566, #567, #558).
+  The line: hardening with no downside → yes; complexity for a hypothetical attacker who
+  already breached the trust boundary → no.
+- **Attestation payloads need content-type discipline.** Prefix `report_data` so external
+  verifiers can parse it unambiguously (#360, the `dip1:` proposal in #330). Don't spam
+  runtime events — "emitting many events in the application is a disaster for the verifier;
+  in most scenarios, you only need report_data" (#273).
+
+## Performance and pragmatism
+
+- **Quantify before adding machinery.** A bounded channel + semaphore was rejected because
+  the computed worst case was ~80 KB of memory and tens of tasks: "not adding speculative
+  complexity now… easy to add later without API changes" (#361 replies). If you propose a
+  limit, pool, or backpressure mechanism, bring the numbers that make it necessary.
+- **Never block the hot path.** No blocking commands or syscalls under a lock (`wg show`
+  under `ProxyState` — #740); no `reqwest::blocking` inside async contexts spawning nested
+  runtimes (#750); reuse clients/resolvers instead of constructing per-connection (#741).
+  Snapshot behind `Arc` instead of cloning big maps while holding a lock (#740).
+- **Caches are bounded and TTL'd** (moka with size limits, TTL-aware DNS caching; #741, #750).
+- **Know your data structures.** Don't linear-scan something that's already a map (#33).
+- **Dependencies: judge by maturity and removability, not fashion.** An archived-but-mature
+  crate is fine if dropping it later is a one-line change (#207 on jemallocator).
+
+## Code organization
+
+- **Workspace-managed dependencies.** Declare versions in `dstack/Cargo.toml`, reference
+  with `foo.workspace = true` (#161, #360).
+- **One source of truth.** Shared logic used by two components lives in one crate
+  (`dstack-mr::sev` used by both KMS and verifier). Duplicated blocks get extracted —
+  contract logic into `_registerApp` (#182), repeated fetch/parse into `http_get`/`http_post`
+  helpers that unify error context in one place (#525), shared lookup between `list_vms`
+  and `get_vm` (#33). Duplicated magic numbers become constants (#541).
+- **Generic mechanics go in small reusable crates; domain logic stays in the service.**
+  `TtlCell` owns caching/refresh mechanics; the gateway only defines how to fetch
+  WireGuard handshakes (#740).
+- **Delete, don't accumulate.** Remove functions that lost their purpose (#538), stray
+  `println!` debugging (#525), obsolete Dockerfiles superseded by better infrastructure
+  (#311). Avoid `unsafe` when a safe construction exists (#360).
+- **Config over hardcoding.** Defaults belong in the embedded base config layer
+  (`load_config` figment merge), not scattered in code (#646). Operator-facing values —
+  DNS servers, TTLs, ports — are configurable, never hardcoded (#409, #436).
+
+## Errors and logging
+
+- **Lowercase log and error messages** — `bail!("failed to connect to server")`, never
+  capitalized (`.cursorrules`, enforced).
+- **Errors speak the caller's language.** If the caller passed raw bytes, the size-limit
+  error talks about bytes — not the hex-encoded internal representation (#47).
+- **Include actionable context, bounded.** URL, status, and response body truncated to
+  ~512 bytes so an HTML error page can't blow up the logs (#525).
+- **Don't skip silently.** If code ignores malformed input to stay lenient, log a warning —
+  silent skips hide corruption (#541).
+
+## Scope and diffs
+
+- **One concern per PR.** Unrelated changes get called out immediately ("It shouldn't be
+  in this PR", #301).
+- **Never remove existing behavior without saying why** ("Why removing the entire resizing
+  logic?", #251).
+- **`cargo fmt` and clippy-clean before pushing**; preserve surrounding blank-line structure
+  rather than reflowing untouched code (#251).
+
+## Commits and PR descriptions
+
+Commits are **subject-only conventional commits**, one logical change each:
+`fix(gateway): reuse app address DNS resolver`, `refactor(snp): split ovmf parsing helpers`,
+`test: add SEV-SNP verifier fixture`. Big features arrive as a stack of small,
+independently-readable commits (see the #703 follow-up series). Lowercase after the colon.
+
+PR descriptions follow **Problem → Fix**, and the problem section names the root cause,
+not just the symptom:
+
+- Lead with what's broken and why, with the failing behavior shown concretely (error
+  output, wrong digest, stale tag) — see #722, #723, #654.
+- Explain the mechanism: #688 traces a package drift to deb822 sources on trixie bypassing
+  the snapshot pin, then fixes the cause instead of bumping pinned versions — "the version
+  bumps only paper over a bug".
+- **State how you verified it, specifically.** Not "tested locally" but "verified inside
+  both `rust:1.92.0` (trixie) and `debian:bookworm`: `apt-get update` only contacts
+  `snapshot.debian.org`" (#688), or a full end-to-end deployment table with real endpoints
+  and observed client IPs (#361). For infra/measurement changes, capture fixtures from real
+  CVMs (#678).
+- Use evidence when making performance or behavioral claims: measurements, strace output,
+  before/after tables (#410 is the canonical example — IPI counts, futex timing, per-config
+  pull times).
+- When choosing between designs, show the alternatives and the trade-offs briefly, then
+  commit to one (#353's stateful-RPC vs URL-flag comparison).
+
+## Responding to review
+
+- **When you fix it:** reply "Addressed in `<commit>`" plus one sentence on what changed —
+  precise enough that the reviewer needn't re-read the diff (#740, #678).
+- **When you disagree:** push back with numbered, quantified reasons grounded in the threat
+  model or measured behavior, and end with a decision: "Going to leave this as-is" (#361),
+  "we do not think the security benefit justifies that operational cost" (#552). Never
+  silently ignore a comment.
+- **When the reviewer is right:** say so plainly — "Good catch — updated the doc to spell
+  out the difference" (#678) — and fix it in the same round.
+
+---
+
+# How the code itself is written
+
+## Tooling constraints (non-negotiable)
+
+- **CI rejects `.unwrap()` and `.expect()` in non-test code**: clippy runs with
+  `-D clippy::unwrap_used -D clippy::expect_used` (`.github/workflows/rust.yml`). The house
+  replacement for "this cannot fail" is the `or-panic` crate with a terse lowercase reason:
+  `self.state.lock().or_panic("mutex poisoned")`. Tests are exempt and unwrap freely.
+- **Stock `cargo fmt`** — there is no rustfmt.toml, clippy.toml, or `[workspace.lints]`.
+  Toolchain is pinned in `rust-toolchain.toml`.
+- **Every source file starts with a 3-line SPDX header** (REUSE-compliant).
+- `.cursorrules`: log and error messages start lowercase. The old code is ~50/50 on this;
+  new code must follow the rule, but don't mass-fix existing strings in unrelated diffs.
+
+## Project structure
+
+- **One workspace, ~54 crates, every dependency version declared once** in root
+  `[workspace.dependencies]` (grouped under comment banners: `# Core dependencies`,
+  `# Cryptography/Security`, …) and consumed via `foo.workspace = true`. Internal RPC
+  crates live at `<service>/rpc` but are aliased to `dstack-<service>-rpc` package names.
+- **Extract a crate when a utility is reusable across binaries, independently publishable,
+  or has a distinct dependency footprint — and keep it tiny.** `serde-duration` is 54
+  lines; `cached-cell` is one `TtlCell<T>` (263 lines); `load_config` is one function.
+  Otherwise stay a module: `ra-tls` keeps cert/kdf/oids as sibling modules. The `dstack-`
+  name prefix is reserved for published or product-facing crates.
+- **All four services share one bootstrap skeleton**: clap `Args { config: Option<String> }`
+  → `load_config` figment layering (Rocket defaults → embedded default TOML via
+  `include_str!` → `/etc/<name>/` → cwd → `--config` file) → tracing `EnvFilter` defaulting
+  to `info` → `rocket::custom(figment)` mounting `ra_rpc::prpc_routes!` → `anyhow::Result`
+  main. Each defines `app_version()` from `CARGO_PKG_VERSION` + `git_version!` and attaches
+  an `X-App-Version` response header. Follow this skeleton exactly when adding a service.
+- **Module layout**: the core RPC surface lives in `main_service.rs` (or `rpc_service.rs`
+  in guest-agent). When a module grows subordinate concerns, promote it to `foo.rs` + a
+  `foo/` directory of submodules (`dstack/gateway/src/proxy.rs` + `proxy/{sni,tls_terminate,...}`).
+  Core files routinely run 800–1500+ lines before splitting — don't over-fragment into
+  many small files.
+- **Config conventions**: each service embeds its default TOML (`include_str!`), extracts
+  the app config from the `[core]` section, and adding an option means: add a field with
+  `#[serde(default)]` (or `default = "default_true"` free fns), then document it with a
+  comment in the embedded TOML. Variant config uses `#[serde(tag = "type")]` enums.
+
+## Design patterns
+
+- **Shared state is a `Clone` newtype over `Arc<Inner>` with `Deref`**: `KmsState {
+  inner: Arc<KmsStateInner> }`, `Proxy { _inner: Arc<ProxyInner> }`. Immutable-after-boot
+  state needs no lock; mutable parts sit behind a std `Mutex` (not tokio, not parking_lot)
+  accessed through a `fn lock(&self)` helper that `or_panic`s. Critical sections are
+  short and block-scoped — snapshot what you need, drop the guard, then do the work.
+- **RPC handler pattern**: a per-request `RpcHandler` struct holds a clone of the state
+  plus request auth context (`attestation`, `remote_app_id`). It implements the generated
+  `*Rpc` trait (methods take `self` by value, return `anyhow::Result<Resp>`) plus
+  `RpcCall<State>::construct`. Method bodies start with `ensure_*` guard calls; the ra-rpc
+  layer maps any `Err` to HTTP 400 with the `{err:#}` context chain — handlers never build
+  HTTP responses. Multiple handlers over one state model multiple trust surfaces
+  (internal/external/admin/guest-api).
+- **Builder-config-then-convert**: structs with several optional fields get
+  `#[derive(bon::Builder)]` with `#[builder(default = ...)]` field defaults, and a
+  conversion to the live object (`RaClientConfig::builder()...build().into_client()`).
+  Constructors: `new` for the common case, named alternates (`from_parts`, `load`,
+  `new_mtls`) for the rest.
+- **Static dispatch over trait objects**: closed sets of implementations are enums —
+  hand-rolled (`CertRequestClient::{Local, Kms}`, `KeyProvider::{None,Local,Tpm,Kms}`) or
+  via `enum_dispatch` (`Dns01Client`). `dyn` is reserved for user-supplied callbacks
+  (`Box<dyn Fn(...) + Send + Sync>`). Traits define a minimal required core and layer
+  convenience as default methods (`CertExt`, `Csr`).
+- **Wire format ≠ public type**: on-wire layouts get their own mirror structs with a
+  `version` field and explicit `From` conversions (`CborTdxOsImageMeasurement`). Formats
+  that must evolve are versioned enums (`VersionedAttestation::{V0,V1}`) with sniffing
+  decoders and upcast methods. Anything decoded from untrusted input carries an explicit
+  size bound (`VecOf<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize>`, `MAX_ATTESTATION_BYTES`).
+- **Serde house rules**: byte fields are hex via `use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;` +
+  `#[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]`; large blobs are `serde_human_bytes::base64`. Renames keep
+  `#[serde(alias = "old_name")]`. New fields use `#[serde(default,
+  skip_serializing_if = ...)]` so legacy configs serialize byte-identically. Enums are
+  strings with `rename_all = "snake_case"`.
+- **Feature flags gate capabilities, not variants**: `quote` threads through the
+  attestation stack to separate quote *generation* (needs TDX device) from verification;
+  `serde`/`std` are optional on leaf type crates (`no_std_check` compile-guards the SDK
+  types). Defaults are what the main binaries need.
+
+## Readability and idioms
+
+- **Errors**: `anyhow` everywhere in services — `thiserror` only in library crates whose
+  callers match on error variants. `bail!` inside an `if` is the guard idiom; **`ensure!`
+  is never used in this codebase** (0 occurrences) and reads as foreign. `let ... else
+  { bail!("...") }` is the standard Option guard. `.context("static string")` by default;
+  `.with_context(|| format!(...))` only when interpolating runtime values. Non-fatal
+  errors are logged, not propagated: `if let Err(err) = ... { warn!("...: {err:?}") }`.
+  The error binding is named `err`, logged as `{err:?}` internally or `{err:#}` when
+  surfaced to users. Use `fs_err as fs` instead of `std::fs`.
+- **Naming**: validation guards are `ensure_*` returning `Result` and bailing inside
+  (`ensure_attested`, `ensure_admin`, `ensure_app_boot_allowed`); conditional actions take
+  `_if_needed`/`_if_exists` suffixes (`renew_cert_if_needed`); the common verb prefixes
+  are `get_`, `verify_`, `parse_`, `build_`, `derive_`. Descriptive names, minimal
+  abbreviation.
+- **Functions are 20–40 lines, guard-clause style, shallow nesting.** When a wrapper needs
+  cleanup or retry around a `?`-heavy core, split into `foo` + `foo_inner` (`renew_inner`,
+  `handle_prpc_impl`). Iterator chains for pure transforms; plain `for` loops when the body
+  awaits or side-effects; `match` over if-let chains at 3+ arms.
+- **Comments are earned.** They explain threat models, compat rationale, and protocol
+  steps — not mechanics: the 20-line doc on `platform_instance_binding()` explaining
+  VM-clone identity attacks (`dstack-util/src/system_setup.rs`), numbered step comments in
+  ACME flows (`certbot/src/acme_client.rs`). Field-level doc comments on config/wire
+  structs explain semantics and compat implications (`dstack-types/src/lib.rs`). TODO is
+  rare (4 in the tree); never leave commented-out code.
+- **Formatting details**: inline format args for simple identifiers (`bail!("invalid app
+  id: {app_id}")`), positional `{}` only for expressions. Derives in the order `Debug,
+  Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize`. `pub(crate)` for
+  intra-crate visibility (258 uses; `pub(super)` nearly never). Pragmatic `.clone()` of
+  `Arc`s/`String`s is normal — don't contort code to avoid a clone off the hot path.
+- **`unsafe` is FFI-only** (~15 sites: ioctl/flock/daemon/fd-borrowing). Business logic
+  never needs it; if you think it does, redesign (see #360: "avoid unnecessary unsafe").
+- **Docs discipline scales with audience**: `ra-tls` enforces `#![deny(missing_docs)]`;
+  published crates get READMEs and doctests; internal crates get module-level `//!` docs
+  stating the responsibility split (see `cached-cell`).
+
+## Testing
+
+- **Inline `#[cfg(test)] mod tests` is the default**; `tests/` directories only when
+  fixtures or integration binaries are involved. Plain `#[test]` preferred; `#[tokio::test]`
+  when async is unavoidable.
+- **Golden vectors over mocks**: real captured binary fixtures embedded with
+  `include_bytes!("../samples/...")`, asserted against inline hex literals or `insta`
+  snapshots (`dstack/cc-eventlog`, `dstack/dstack-attest/tests/`). Fixture provenance gets its own
+  README (`sev_snp_fixture.README.md`). When changing an encoding, add a regression test
+  proving old and new outputs match (#603).
+- **Test names are snake_case behavior statements**: `enforces_ttl`,
+  `returns_empty_before_first_set`, `http_transport_honors_requested_method`.
diff --git a/.agent/GPU_TEE_DEPLOYMENT.md b/.agent/GPU_TEE_DEPLOYMENT.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff664eaea
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+++ b/.agent/GPU_TEE_DEPLOYMENT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# GPU TEE Deployment Guide
+
+Learnings from deploying GPU workloads to Phala Cloud TEE infrastructure.
+
+## Instance Types
+
+Query available instance types:
+```bash
+curl -s "https://cloud-api.phala.network/api/v1/instance-types" | jq
+```
+
+### CPU-only (Intel TDX)
+- `tdx.small` through `tdx.8xlarge`
+
+### GPU (H200 + TDX)
+- `h200.small` — Single H200 GPU, suitable for inference
+- `h200.16xlarge` — Multi-GPU for larger workloads
+- `h200.8x.large` — High-memory configuration
+
+## Deployment Commands
+
+### GPU Deployment
+```bash
+phala deploy -n my-app -c docker-compose.yaml \
+  --instance-type h200.small \
+  --region US-EAST-1 \
+  --image dstack-nvidia-dev-0.5.4.1
+```
+
+Key flags:
+- `--instance-type h200.small` — Required for GPU access
+- `--image dstack-nvidia-dev-0.5.4.1` — NVIDIA development image with GPU drivers
+- `--region US-EAST-1` — Region with GPU nodes (gpu-use2)
+
+### Debugging
+```bash
+# Check CVM status
+phala cvms list
+
+# View serial logs (boot + container output)
+phala cvms serial-logs <app_id> --tail 100
+
+# Delete CVM
+phala cvms delete <name-or-id> --force
+```
+
+## Docker Compose GPU Configuration
+
+GPU devices must be explicitly reserved in docker-compose.yaml:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  my-gpu-app:
+    image: my-image
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        reservations:
+          devices:
+            - driver: nvidia
+              count: all
+              capabilities: [gpu]
+```
+
+Without the `deploy.resources.reservations.devices` section, the container will fail with:
+```
+libcuda.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
+```
+
+## vLLM Example
+
+Working docker-compose.yaml for vLLM inference:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  vllm:
+    image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    environment:
+      - NVIDIA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=all
+      - HF_TOKEN=${HF_TOKEN:-}
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+    command: >
+      --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct
+      --host 0.0.0.0
+      --port 8000
+      --max-model-len 4096
+      --gpu-memory-utilization 0.8
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        reservations:
+          devices:
+            - driver: nvidia
+              count: all
+              capabilities: [gpu]
+```
+
+## Endpoint URLs
+
+After deployment, the app is accessible at:
+```
+https://<app_id>-<port>.dstack-pha-<region>.phala.network
+```
+
+Example for vLLM on port 8000:
+```bash
+# List models
+curl https://<app_id>-8000.dstack-pha-use2.phala.network/v1/models
+
+# Chat completion
+curl -X POST https://<app_id>-8000.dstack-pha-use2.phala.network/v1/chat/completions \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"model": "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}]}'
+```
+
+## vllm-proxy (Response Signing)
+
+vllm-proxy provides response signing and attestation for vLLM inference. It sits between clients and vLLM, signing responses with TEE-derived keys.
+
+### Configuration
+
+**IMPORTANT**: The authentication environment variable is `TOKEN`, not `AUTH_TOKEN`.
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  vllm:
+    image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
+    environment:
+      - NVIDIA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=all
+    command: >
+      --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct
+      --host 0.0.0.0
+      --port 8000
+      --max-model-len 4096
+      --gpu-memory-utilization 0.8
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        reservations:
+          devices:
+            - driver: nvidia
+              count: all
+              capabilities: [gpu]
+
+  proxy:
+    image: phalanetwork/vllm-proxy:v0.2.18
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock  # Required for TEE key derivation
+    environment:
+      - VLLM_BASE_URL=http://vllm:8000
+      - MODEL_NAME=Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct
+      - TOKEN=your-secret-token    # NOT AUTH_TOKEN
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+    depends_on:
+      - vllm
+```
+
+### API Endpoints
+
+```bash
+# List models (no auth required)
+curl https://<endpoint>/v1/models
+
+# Chat completion (requires auth)
+curl -X POST https://<endpoint>/v1/chat/completions \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer your-secret-token" \
+  -d '{"model": "Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}]}'
+
+# Get response signature
+curl https://<endpoint>/v1/signature/<chat_id> \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer your-secret-token"
+
+# Attestation report
+curl https://<endpoint>/v1/attestation/report \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer your-secret-token"
+```
+
+### Tested Configuration
+
+- Image: `phalanetwork/vllm-proxy:v0.2.18`
+- Instance: `h200.small`
+- Region: `US-EAST-1`
+- Model: `Qwen/Qwen2.5-1.5B-Instruct`
+
+### vllm-proxy Issues
+
+**"Invalid token" error**:
+- Check that you're using `TOKEN` environment variable, not `AUTH_TOKEN`
+- Verify the token value matches your request header
+
+**"All connection attempts failed" from proxy**:
+- vLLM is still loading the model (takes 1-2 minutes after container starts)
+- Wait for vLLM to show "Uvicorn running on" in serial logs
+
+**NVML error on attestation**:
+- GPU confidential computing attestation may not be fully available
+- This doesn't affect inference or response signing
+
+## Common Issues
+
+### "No available resources match your requirements"
+- GPU nodes are limited. Wait for other CVMs to finish or try a different region.
+- Ensure you're using the correct instance type (`h200.small`).
+
+### Container crashes with GPU errors
+- Add `deploy.resources.reservations.devices` section to docker-compose.yaml.
+- Verify using NVIDIA development image (`dstack-nvidia-dev-*`).
+
+### Image pull takes too long
+- Large images (5GB+ for vLLM) take 3-5 minutes to download and extract.
+- Check serial logs for progress.
+
+## Testing Workflow
+
+1. Deploy: `phala deploy -n test -c docker-compose.yaml --instance-type h200.small --region US-EAST-1 --image dstack-nvidia-dev-0.5.4.1`
+2. Wait for status: `phala cvms list` (wait for "running")
+3. Check logs: `phala cvms serial-logs <app_id> --tail 100`
+4. Test API: `curl https://<app_id>-<port>.dstack-pha-use2.phala.network/...`
+5. Cleanup: `phala cvms delete <name> --force`
+
+## GPU Wrapper Script
+
+For repeated GPU deployments, use a wrapper script:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# phala-gpu.sh
+source "$(dirname "$0")/.env"
+export PHALA_CLOUD_API_KEY=$PHALA_CLOUD_API_GPU
+phala "$@"
+```
+
+This allows maintaining separate API keys for CPU and GPU workspaces.
diff --git a/.agent/WRITING_GUIDE.md b/.agent/WRITING_GUIDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaf28fef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.agent/WRITING_GUIDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# Documentation Writing Guide
+
+Guidelines for writing dstack documentation, README, and marketing content.
+
+## Writing Style
+
+- **Don't over-explain** why a framework is needed — assert the solution, hint at alternatives being insufficient
+- **Avoid analogies as taglines** (e.g., "X for Y") — if it's a new category, don't frame it as a better version of something else
+- **Problem → Solution flow** without explicit labels like "The problem:" or "The solution:"
+- **Demonstrate features through actions**, not parenthetical annotations
+  - Bad: "Generates quotes (enabling *workload identity*)"
+  - Good: "Generates TDX attestation quotes so users can verify exactly what's running"
+
+## Procedural Documentation (Guides & Tutorials)
+
+### Test Before You Document
+- **Run every command** before documenting it — reading code is not enough
+- Commands may prompt for confirmation, require undocumented env vars, or fail silently
+- Create a test environment and execute the full flow end-to-end
+
+### Show What Success Looks Like
+- **Add sample outputs** after commands so users can verify they're on track
+- For deployment commands, show the key values users need to note (addresses, IDs)
+- For validation commands, show both success and failure outputs
+
+### Environment Variables
+- **List all required env vars explicitly** — don't assume users will discover them
+- If multiple tools use similar-but-different var names, clarify which is which
+- Show the export pattern once, then reference it in subsequent commands
+
+### Avoid Expert Blind Spots
+- If you say "add the hash", explain how to compute the hash
+- If you reference a file, explain where to find it
+- If a value comes from a previous step, remind users which step
+
+### Cross-Reference Related Docs
+- Link to prerequisite guides (don't repeat content)
+- Link to detailed guides for optional deep-dives
+- Use anchor links for specific sections when possible
+
+## Security Documentation
+
+### Trust Model Framing
+
+**Distinguish trust from verification:**
+- "Trust" = cannot be verified, must assume correct (e.g., hardware)
+- "Verify" = can be cryptographically proven (e.g., measured software)
+
+**Correct framing:**
+- Bad: "You must trust the OS" (when it's verifiable)
+- Good: "The OS is measured during boot and recorded in the attestation quote. You verify it by..."
+
+### Limitations: Be Honest, Not Alarmist
+
+State limitations plainly without false mitigations:
+- Bad: "X is a single point of failure. Mitigate by running your own X."
+- Good: "X is protected by [mechanism]. Like all [category] systems, [inherent limitation]. We are developing [actual solution] to address this."
+
+Don't suggest mitigations that don't actually help. If something is an inherent limitation of the technology, say so.
+
+## Documentation Quality Checklist
+
+From doc-requirements.md:
+
+1. **No bullet point walls** — Max 3-5 bullets before breaking with prose
+2. **No redundancy** — Don't present same info from opposite perspectives
+3. **Conversational language** — Write like explaining to a peer
+4. **Short paragraphs** — Max 4 sentences per paragraph
+5. **Lead with key takeaway** — First sentence tells reader why this matters
+6. **Active voice** — "TEE encrypts memory" not "Memory is encrypted by TEE"
+7. **Minimal em-dashes** — Max 1-2 per page, replace with "because", "so", or separate sentences
+
+### Redundancy Patterns to Avoid
+
+These often say the same thing:
+- "What we protect against" + "What you don't need to trust"
+- "Security guarantees" + "What attestation proves"
+
+Combine into single sections. One detailed explanation, brief references elsewhere.
+
+## README Structure
+
+### Order Matters
+- **Quick Start before Prerequisites** — Lead with what it does, not setup
+- **How It Works after Quick Start** — Users want to run it first, understand later
+- Cleanup at the end, Further Reading last
+
+### Don't Duplicate
+- Link to conceptual docs instead of repeating content
+- If an overview README duplicates an example README, cut the overview
+- One detailed explanation, brief references elsewhere
+
+### Remove Unrealistic Sections
+- If most users can't actually do something (e.g., run locally without special hardware), don't include it
+- Don't document workflows that require resources users don't have
+
+### Match the Workflow to the User
+- Use tools your audience already knows (e.g., Jupyter for ML practitioners)
+- Prefer official/existing images when they exist — don't reinvent
+- Make the correct path the default, mention alternatives briefly
+
+## Code Examples
+
+### Question Every Snippet
+- Does this code actually demonstrate something meaningful?
+- Would a reader understand what it does without the prose?
+- `do_thing(b"magic-string")` means nothing — show real use or remove it
+
+### Diagrams
+- Mermaid over ASCII art — GitHub renders it nicely
+- Keep diagrams simple — 3-5 nodes max
+- Label edges with actions, not just arrows
+
+## Conciseness
+
+### Less is More
+- 30 lines beats 150 if it says the same thing
+- Cut sections that don't help users accomplish their goal
+- Tables for reference, prose for explanation — don't over-table
+
+### Performance and Benchmarks
+- One memorable number + link to full report
+- Don't overwhelm with data the reader didn't ask for
+
+### Reader-First Writing
+- Ask "what does the reader want to know?" not "what do I want to say?"
+- If a section answers a question nobody asked, cut it
+
+## Maintenance
+
+### Consistency Checks
+- After terminology changes, grep for related terms across all files
+- Use correct industry/vendor terminology (e.g., "Confidential Computing" not "Encrypted Computing")
+
+### Clean Up Old Files
+- When approach changes, delete orphaned files (old scripts, Dockerfiles)
+- Don't leave artifacts from previous implementations
diff --git a/.claude/agents/sdk-sync-checker.md b/.claude/agents/sdk-sync-checker.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..794123da8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.claude/agents/sdk-sync-checker.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+---
+name: protobuf-sdk-validator
+description: Validates that SDK implementations are synchronized with Protocol Buffer schema definitions. Use when protobuf files change, SDKs need verification, or you suspect schema drift.
+tools: Bash, Glob, Grep, Read, TodoWrite
+model: sonnet
+color: yellow
+---
+
+You validate SDK implementations against protobuf schemas to ensure synchronization.
+
+## Process
+
+### 1. Discovery
+- Find all `.proto` files in `dstack/guest-agent/rpc/proto/`
+- Identify SDK implementations in `sdk/` (python, go, rust, js, curl docs)
+- Extract services, RPCs, and message types from proto files
+
+### 2. Extract Schema
+For each message type, extract:
+- Field names, types, and numbers
+- Required/optional/repeated modifiers
+- Nested types and enums
+- Service method signatures
+
+### 3. Compare SDKs
+For each SDK, verify message/response types contain:
+- All proto fields (accounting for naming conventions)
+- Correct type mappings (bytes→hex string, string→string, repeated→array)
+- Proper optionality markers
+
+### 4. Report
+
+```markdown
+# SDK Sync Report
+
+## Summary
+Status: ✅/❌ | Protos: X | SDKs: Y | Issues: Z
+
+## Findings
+
+### [SDK Name] (path/to/file.ext)
+| Proto Message | Status | Missing Fields |
+|---------------|--------|----------------|
+| MessageName   | ❌     | field1, field2 |
+
+Details:
+- ❌ MessageName.field1: missing (proto line X, expected in SDK)
+- ❌ MessageName.field2: missing (proto line Y, expected in SDK)
+
+## Action Items
+1. [SDK]: Add field X to MessageY (file.ext:lineN)
+2. [SDK]: Fix type mismatch for field Z
+```
+
+## Type Mappings
+- `bytes` → hex `string` (Python/Go/JS/Rust), `string` JSON (cURL docs)
+- `string` → `string` (all)
+- `repeated X` → array/list/vec (language-specific)
+- `int32/uint32` → number/int types
+
+## Naming Conventions
+- Python: `snake_case`
+- Go: `PascalCase` (exported fields)
+- Rust: `snake_case`
+- JavaScript: `camelCase`
+- cURL docs: `snake_case` (JSON wire format)
+
+## Locations
+- Protos: `dstack/guest-agent/rpc/proto/*.proto`
+- Python: `sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/dstack_client.py`
+- Go: `sdk/go/dstack/client.go`
+- Rust: `sdk/rust/types/src/dstack.rs`
+- JS: `sdk/js/src/index.ts`
+- Docs: `sdk/curl/api.md`, `sdk/curl/api-tappd.md`
+
+Focus on API surface differences. Provide specific file paths and line numbers.
diff --git a/.cursorrules b/.cursorrules
index be2db8368..b03e196fc 100644
--- a/.cursorrules
+++ b/.cursorrules
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Don't capitalize the first letter for log messages and error messages.
\ No newline at end of file
+Don't capitalize the first letter for log messages and error messages.
diff --git a/.github/scripts/cargo-publish-idempotent.sh b/.github/scripts/cargo-publish-idempotent.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..118b10da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/scripts/cargo-publish-idempotent.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Wraps `cargo publish -p $1` so that "already exists on crates.io" is treated
+# as success. Lets a partially-failed release be retried by pushing the same
+# tag, without getting stuck on the first crate.
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+crate=${1:?missing crate name}
+
+if output=$(cargo publish --manifest-path sdk/rust/Cargo.toml -p "$crate" 2>&1); then
+    echo "$output"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+echo "$output"
+
+if grep -q "already exists on crates.io index" <<<"$output"; then
+    echo "::notice::$crate is already published at this version; treating as success"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+exit 1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker-build-check.yml b/.github/workflows/docker-build-check.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fabe7f698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-build-check.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Docker Build Check
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+
+env:
+  DSTACK_REV: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha || github.sha }}
+  DSTACK_SRC_URL: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.clone_url || format('{0}/{1}', github.server_url, github.repository) }}
+
+jobs:
+  gateway:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Build Gateway Docker image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        with:
+          context: dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder
+          push: false
+          load: true
+          tags: dstack-gateway-check:latest
+          provenance: false
+          build-contexts: |
+            build-shared=dstack/build/shared
+          build-args: |
+            DSTACK_REV=${{ env.DSTACK_REV }}
+            DSTACK_SRC_URL=${{ env.DSTACK_SRC_URL }}
+
+      - name: Verify pinned packages
+        run: |
+          dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh dstack-gateway-check:latest \
+            dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt
+
+      - name: Build gateway-builder target
+        run: |
+          docker buildx build \
+            --load \
+            --target gateway-builder \
+            --tag gateway-builder-check:latest \
+            --provenance=false \
+            --build-context build-shared=dstack/build/shared \
+            --build-arg "DSTACK_REV=${DSTACK_REV}" \
+            --build-arg "DSTACK_SRC_URL=${DSTACK_SRC_URL}" \
+            dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder
+
+      - name: Verify builder pinned packages
+        run: |
+          dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh gateway-builder-check:latest \
+            dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
+
+  kms:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Checkout KMS contract dependencies
+        run: |
+          git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1 -- \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Build KMS Docker image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        with:
+          context: dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder
+          push: false
+          load: true
+          tags: dstack-kms-check:latest
+          provenance: false
+          build-contexts: |
+            build-shared=dstack/build/shared
+          build-args: |
+            DSTACK_REV=${{ env.DSTACK_REV }}
+            DSTACK_SRC_URL=${{ env.DSTACK_SRC_URL }}
+
+      - name: Build kms-builder target
+        run: |
+          docker buildx build \
+            --load \
+            --target kms-builder \
+            --tag kms-builder-check:latest \
+            --provenance=false \
+            --build-context build-shared=dstack/build/shared \
+            --build-arg "DSTACK_REV=${DSTACK_REV}" \
+            --build-arg "DSTACK_SRC_URL=${DSTACK_SRC_URL}" \
+            dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder
+
+      - name: Verify builder pinned packages
+        run: |
+          dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh kms-builder-check:latest \
+            dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
+
+      - name: Install Foundry
+        uses: foundry-rs/foundry-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Build KMS contracts
+        run: |
+          cd dstack/kms/auth-eth
+          forge build
+
+  verifier:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Build Verifier Docker image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        with:
+          context: dstack/verifier
+          file: dstack/verifier/builder/Dockerfile
+          push: false
+          load: true
+          tags: dstack-verifier-check:latest
+          provenance: false
+          build-contexts: |
+            build-shared=dstack/build/shared
+          build-args: |
+            DSTACK_REV=${{ env.DSTACK_REV }}
+            DSTACK_SRC_URL=${{ env.DSTACK_SRC_URL }}
+
+      - name: Verify pinned packages (runtime)
+        run: |
+          dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh dstack-verifier-check:latest \
+            dstack/verifier/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt
+
+      - name: Build verifier-builder target
+        run: |
+          docker buildx build \
+            --load \
+            --target verifier-builder \
+            --tag verifier-builder-check:latest \
+            --provenance=false \
+            --file dstack/verifier/builder/Dockerfile \
+            --build-context build-shared=dstack/build/shared \
+            --build-arg "DSTACK_REV=${DSTACK_REV}" \
+            --build-arg "DSTACK_SRC_URL=${DSTACK_SRC_URL}" \
+            dstack/verifier
+
+      - name: Verify builder pinned packages
+        run: |
+          dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh verifier-builder-check:latest \
+            dstack/verifier/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
diff --git a/.github/workflows/foundry-test.yml b/.github/workflows/foundry-test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..715431aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/foundry-test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: KMS Auth-ETH Foundry Tests
+
+on:
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - 'dstack/kms/auth-eth/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/foundry-test.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - 'dstack/kms/auth-eth/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/foundry-test.yml'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+env:
+  FOUNDRY_PROFILE: ci
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    name: Foundry project
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: dstack/kms/auth-eth
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Checkout contract dependencies
+        working-directory: .
+        run: |
+          git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1 -- \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
+
+      - name: Install Foundry
+        uses: foundry-rs/foundry-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Show Forge version
+        run: |
+          forge --version
+
+      - name: Run Forge fmt
+        run: |
+          forge fmt --check
+        id: fmt
+
+      - name: Run Forge build
+        run: |
+          forge build --sizes
+        id: build
+
+      - name: Install OpenZeppelin upgrades validator
+        run: npm install --no-save --package-lock=false @openzeppelin/upgrades-core@^1.37.0
+
+      - name: Run Forge tests
+        run: |
+          forge test --ffi -vvv
+        id: test
diff --git a/.github/workflows/gateway-proxy-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/gateway-proxy-tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..48b56e528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/gateway-proxy-tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Gateway proxy tests
+
+# The gateway's proxy data path has two opt-in optimisations (`tcp_splice`,
+# `ktls`) whose behaviour depends on kernel capabilities and on a per-connection
+# gate. Unit tests cover the relay functions; this runs a real gateway process
+# and asserts on what actually reaches the wire.
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+    paths:
+      - 'dstack/gateway/**'
+      - 'dstack/vendor/ktls/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/gateway-proxy-tests.yml'
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+    paths:
+      - 'dstack/gateway/**'
+      - 'dstack/vendor/ktls/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/gateway-proxy-tests.yml'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  proxy-integration:
+    runs-on: ${{ vars.CI_RUNNER || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    # Each of the ~25 arms restarts the gateway, and the idle-timeout arms wait
+    # out a real timeout, so this is minutes rather than seconds.
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.92.0
+
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cargo/registry
+            ~/.cargo/git
+            dstack/target
+          key: gateway-proxy-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('dstack/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: gateway-proxy-${{ runner.os }}-
+
+      - name: Build the gateway
+        working-directory: dstack
+        run: cargo build --release -p dstack-gateway
+
+      - name: Record kernel capabilities
+        # The suite adapts to what the kernel offers, so the log needs to say
+        # what it had: a run that skipped kTLS looks the same as one that
+        # covered it otherwise.
+        run: |
+          echo "kernel: $(uname -r)"
+          sudo modprobe tls 2>&1 || echo "no TLS ULP available"
+          echo "tls module loaded: $(lsmod | grep -c '^tls ' || true)"
+          grep -B2 -A3 'gcm(aes)' /proc/crypto | grep -E '^(driver|priority)' \
+            | paste - - | sort -u || true
+
+      - name: Proxy integration tests
+        working-directory: dstack/gateway/test-run
+        env:
+          GATEWAY_BIN: ${{ github.workspace }}/dstack/target/release/dstack-gateway
+        run: ./test_proxy.sh
+
+      - name: Upload logs on failure
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: gateway-proxy-test-logs
+          path: /tmp/dstack-gw-proxy-test.*/logs/
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
+          retention-days: 7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/gateway-release.yml b/.github/workflows/gateway-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07d12796f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/gateway-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Gateway Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'gateway-v*'
+permissions:
+  attestations: write
+  id-token: write
+  contents: write
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+  build-and-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Parse version from tag
+        run: |
+          # Extract version from tag (e.g., gateway-v1.2.3 -> 1.2.3)
+          VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/gateway-v}
+          echo "VERSION=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "Parsed version: $VERSION"
+
+      - name: Log in to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Get Git commit timestamps
+        run: |
+          echo "TIMESTAMP=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "GIT_REV=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker image
+        id: build-and-push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        env:
+          SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: ${{ env.TIMESTAMP }}
+        with:
+          context: dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-gateway:${{ env.VERSION }}
+          platforms: linux/amd64
+          provenance: false
+          build-contexts: |
+            build-shared=dstack/build/shared
+          build-args: |
+            DSTACK_REV=${{ env.GIT_REV }}
+            SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=${{ env.TIMESTAMP }}
+
+      - name: Generate artifact attestation
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v1
+        with:
+          subject-name: "docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-gateway"
+          subject-digest: ${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}
+          push-to-registry: true
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          name: "Gateway Release v${{ env.VERSION }}"
+          body: |
+            ## Docker Image Information
+
+            **Image**: `docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-gateway:${{ env.VERSION }}`
+
+            **Digest (SHA256)**: `${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}`
+
+            **Verification**: [Verify on Sigstore](https://search.sigstore.dev/?hash=${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }})
diff --git a/.github/workflows/guest-os.yml b/.github/workflows/guest-os.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0431877d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/guest-os.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Build Guest Images (Yocto)
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      tag:
+        description: 'Tag to create and release (e.g. guest-os-v0.6.0). Leave empty to build only.'
+        required: false
+        default: ''
+        type: string
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: yocto-builder
+    timeout-minutes: 480
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Build production guest OS
+        run: make os-image
+
+      - name: Upload artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: guest-images
+          path: |
+            os/yocto/repro-build/dist/*.tar.gz
+            os/yocto/repro-build/dist/reproduce.sh
+          retention-days: 30
+
+  release:
+    if: inputs.tag != '' && github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch)
+    needs: build
+    runs-on: yocto-builder
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    environment: release
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout default branch
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.repository.default_branch }}
+
+      - name: Download artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: guest-images
+          path: os/yocto/repro-build/dist
+
+      - name: Validate release tag
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
+        run: |
+          echo "$TAG" | grep -Eq '^guest-os-v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+([-.][0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$'
+          VERSION="${TAG#guest-os-v}"
+          python3 - "$VERSION" <<'PY'
+          import re
+          import sys
+
+          match = re.match(r"^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)", sys.argv[1])
+          if not match or tuple(map(int, match.groups())) < (0, 6, 0):
+              raise SystemExit("guest OS versions below 0.6.0 belong in Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack")
+          PY
+          BARE="os/yocto/repro-build/dist/dstack-${VERSION}.tar.gz"
+          UKI="os/yocto/repro-build/dist/dstack-${VERSION}-uki.tar.gz"
+          test -f "$BARE"
+          test -f "$UKI"
+
+          read -r IMAGE_VERSION IMAGE_REVISION < <(
+            tar -xOf "$BARE" "dstack-${VERSION}/metadata.json" |
+              python3 -c 'import json, sys; data=json.load(sys.stdin); print(data["version"], data["git_revision"])'
+          )
+          test "$IMAGE_VERSION" = "$VERSION"
+          test "$IMAGE_REVISION" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
+          tar -tzf "$UKI" | grep -Fx "dstack-${VERSION}/disk.raw"
+
+      - name: Create tag and release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          TAG: ${{ inputs.tag }}
+        run: |
+          git tag "$TAG"
+          git push origin "$TAG"
+          gh release create "$TAG" \
+            os/yocto/repro-build/dist/*.tar.gz \
+            os/yocto/repro-build/dist/reproduce.sh \
+            --title "$TAG" --generate-notes
diff --git a/.github/workflows/js-sdk-release.yml b/.github/workflows/js-sdk-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97148f390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/js-sdk-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Publish JS SDK to npm
+on:
+  push:
+    tags: ['js-sdk-v*']
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      npm_tag:
+        description: 'npm dist-tag (latest, beta, canary)'
+        required: true
+        default: 'latest'
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - latest
+          - beta
+          - canary
+
+permissions:
+  id-token: write
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  publish:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        with:
+          node-version: '20'
+          registry-url: 'https://registry.npmjs.org'
+
+      - name: Upgrade npm for trusted publishers support
+        run: |
+          npm install -g npm@latest
+          echo "npm: $(npm --version)"
+
+      - name: Verify OIDC token availability
+        run: |
+          if [ -n "${ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_URL}" ] && [ -n "${ACTIONS_ID_TOKEN_REQUEST_TOKEN}" ]; then
+            echo "OIDC token available"
+          else
+            echo "OIDC token NOT available"
+            echo "Check workflow permissions include 'id-token: write'"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+      - name: Verify repository configuration
+        working-directory: sdk/js
+        run: |
+          echo "Checking repository consistency..."
+          GIT_REPO=$(git remote get-url origin | sed 's/.*github.com[/:]//; s/.git$//')
+          PKG_REPO=$(node -e "console.log(require('./package.json').repository?.url || '')" | sed 's|https://github.com/||; s|git+||; s|.git$||')
+          echo "Git remote:   $GIT_REPO"
+          echo "package.json: $PKG_REPO"
+          if [ "$GIT_REPO" != "$PKG_REPO" ]; then
+            echo "Repository mismatch!"
+            echo "This will cause 422 error during publish"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Repositories match"
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        working-directory: sdk/js
+        run: npm install
+
+      - name: Build
+        working-directory: sdk/js
+        run: npm run build
+
+      - name: Determine version and npm dist-tag
+        id: tag
+        working-directory: sdk/js
+        run: |
+          PKG_VERSION=$(node -e "console.log(require('./package.json').version)")
+          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
+            VERSION="$PKG_VERSION"
+            echo "tag=${{ github.event.inputs.npm_tag }}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          else
+            TAG_VERSION="${GITHUB_REF_NAME#js-sdk-v}"
+            if [ "$TAG_VERSION" != "$PKG_VERSION" ]; then
+              echo "::error::tag version ($TAG_VERSION) does not match package.json version ($PKG_VERSION)"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            VERSION="$TAG_VERSION"
+            # auto-detect from git tag: js-sdk-v0.5.8-beta.1 -> beta
+            if echo "$VERSION" | grep -qiE '(beta|alpha|rc|preview)'; then
+              echo "tag=beta" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            else
+              echo "tag=latest" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            fi
+          fi
+          echo "version=$VERSION" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: Publish to npm
+        working-directory: sdk/js
+        run: |
+          NPM_TAG="${{ steps.tag.outputs.tag }}"
+          echo "Publishing with dist-tag: $NPM_TAG"
+          npm publish --access public --provenance --tag "$NPM_TAG"
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          name: "JS SDK v${{ steps.tag.outputs.version }}"
+          body: |
+            ## npm Package
+
+            **Package**: `@phala/dstack-sdk@${{ steps.tag.outputs.version }}`
+
+            **Install**: `npm install @phala/dstack-sdk@${{ steps.tag.outputs.version }}`
+
+            **Dist-tag**: `${{ steps.tag.outputs.tag }}`
+
+            **Registry**: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@phala/dstack-sdk/v/${{ steps.tag.outputs.version }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/kms-release.yml b/.github/workflows/kms-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b33c5f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/kms-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: KMS Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'kms-v*'
+permissions:
+  attestations: write
+  id-token: write
+  contents: write
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+  build-and-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Checkout contract dependencies
+        run: |
+          git submodule update --init --recursive --depth 1 -- \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable \
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
+
+      - name: Parse version from tag
+        run: |
+          # Extract version from tag (e.g., kms-v1.2.3 -> 1.2.3)
+          VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/kms-v}
+          echo "VERSION=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "Parsed version: $VERSION"
+
+      - name: Log in to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Get Git commit timestamps
+        run: |
+          echo "TIMESTAMP=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "GIT_REV=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker image
+        id: build-and-push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        env:
+          SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: ${{ env.TIMESTAMP }}
+        with:
+          context: dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-kms:${{ env.VERSION }}
+          platforms: linux/amd64
+          provenance: false
+          build-contexts: |
+            build-shared=dstack/build/shared
+          build-args: |
+            DSTACK_REV=${{ env.GIT_REV }}
+            DSTACK_SRC_URL=${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}
+            SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=${{ env.TIMESTAMP }}
+
+      - name: Generate artifact attestation
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v1
+        with:
+          subject-name: "docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-kms"
+          subject-digest: ${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}
+          push-to-registry: true
+
+      - name: Install Foundry
+        uses: foundry-rs/foundry-toolchain@v1
+
+      - name: Compile contracts with Foundry
+        run: |
+          cd dstack/kms/auth-eth
+          forge install
+          forge build
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          name: "KMS Release v${{ env.VERSION }}"
+          files: |
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/out/DstackKms.sol/DstackKms.json
+            dstack/kms/auth-eth/out/DstackApp.sol/DstackApp.json
+          body: |
+            ## Docker Image Information
+
+            **Image**: `docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-kms:${{ env.VERSION }}`
+
+            **Digest (SHA256)**: `${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}`
+
+            **Verification**: [Verify on Sigstore](https://search.sigstore.dev/?hash=${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }})
+
+            ## Contract ABIs
+
+            This release includes the compiled contract ABIs:
+            - `DstackKms.json` - Main KMS contract ABI
+            - `DstackApp.json` - Application contract ABI
diff --git a/.github/workflows/local-key-provider-release.yml b/.github/workflows/local-key-provider-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8c028189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/local-key-provider-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Local Key Provider Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      version:
+        description: Release version without the local-key-provider-v prefix
+        required: true
+        type: string
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'local-key-provider-v*'
+
+permissions:
+  attestations: write
+  id-token: write
+  contents: write
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+  build-and-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+      - name: Parse version from tag
+        env:
+          DISPATCH_VERSION: ${{ inputs.version }}
+        run: |
+          if [[ "$GITHUB_REF" == refs/tags/local-key-provider-v* ]]; then
+            VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/local-key-provider-v}
+          else
+            VERSION=$DISPATCH_VERSION
+          fi
+          echo "VERSION=$VERSION" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "Parsed version: $VERSION"
+
+      - name: Log in to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        with:
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker image
+        id: build-and-push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        with:
+          context: dstack
+          file: dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.key-provider
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/local-key-provider:${{ env.VERSION }}
+          platforms: linux/amd64
+          provenance: false
+
+      - name: Generate artifact attestation
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v4
+        with:
+          subject-name: "docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/local-key-provider"
+          subject-digest: ${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}
+          push-to-registry: true
+
+      - name: Export enclave measurements
+        env:
+          IMAGE_DIGEST: ${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}
+          IMAGE_NAME: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/local-key-provider
+        run: |
+          docker pull "${IMAGE_NAME}@${IMAGE_DIGEST}"
+          docker run --rm \
+            --entrypoint gramine-sgx-sigstruct-view \
+            "${IMAGE_NAME}@${IMAGE_DIGEST}" \
+            --output-format json \
+            /dstack/local-key-provider/build/local-key-provider.sig \
+            | tee local-key-provider.sig.json
+
+          MRENCLAVE=$(jq -er .mr_enclave local-key-provider.sig.json)
+          MRSIGNER=$(jq -er .mr_signer local-key-provider.sig.json)
+          echo "MRENCLAVE=$MRENCLAVE" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "MRSIGNER=$MRSIGNER" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v3
+        with:
+          name: "Local Key Provider Release v${{ env.VERSION }}"
+          tag_name: local-key-provider-v${{ env.VERSION }}
+          files: local-key-provider.sig.json
+          body: |
+            ## Docker Image Information
+
+            **Image**: `docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/local-key-provider:${{ env.VERSION }}`
+
+            **Digest (SHA256)**: `${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}`
+
+            **MRENCLAVE**: `${{ env.MRENCLAVE }}`
+
+            **MRSIGNER**: `${{ env.MRSIGNER }}`
+
+            **Verification**: [Verify on Sigstore](https://search.sigstore.dev/?hash=${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }})
+
+            The enclave signing key is generated for each build. Pin the
+            release's image digest and MRENCLAVE rather than expecting MRSIGNER
+            to remain stable across releases.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mkosi-build.yml b/.github/workflows/mkosi-build.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29ed2b074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mkosi-build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Build Guest Images (mkosi)
+
+# Publishing is bound to the tag, not to a workflow input: pushing
+# mkosi-os-v<version> is the only event that creates a GitHub Release. Every
+# other trigger builds and reports the hashes without publishing anything, so a
+# dry run can never be mistaken for a release.
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      repro_check:
+        description: 'Build twice with different job counts and compare byte-for-byte (roughly doubles the run time)'
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - 'os/**'
+      - '.github/workflows/mkosi-build.yml'
+  # No paths filter here on purpose. GitHub ANDs the path filter with the ref
+  # filter, so a release tag placed on a commit that happens not to touch os/**
+  # would be silently dropped. The static job costs seconds and the image build
+  # is gated by its own `if`, so an unfiltered push trigger is cheap.
+  push:
+    branches: [next, 'release/**']
+    tags: ['mkosi-os-v*']
+
+concurrency:
+  group: mkosi-build-${{ github.ref }}
+  # A release build must never be cancelled by a later push.
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
+
+jobs:
+  static:
+    name: Static contract
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      # Runs in seconds and covers the whole os/mkosi static contract, so it
+      # gates every change rather than waiting for a manual dispatch.
+      - name: Check the static contract
+        run: ./os/mkosi/build.sh lint
+
+  build:
+    name: Build guest images
+    # The full image build takes ~40 minutes, so keep it off the PR path.
+    if: >-
+      github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' ||
+      startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/mkosi-os-v')
+    needs: static
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 360
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    outputs:
+      version: ${{ steps.hashes.outputs.version }}
+      os_image_hash: ${{ steps.hashes.outputs.os_image_hash }}
+      bare_sha256: ${{ steps.hashes.outputs.bare_sha256 }}
+      uki_sha256: ${{ steps.hashes.outputs.uki_sha256 }}
+
+    steps:
+      # GitHub-hosted runners have enough CPU and memory for this build, but
+      # their preinstalled SDKs consume most of the available disk. Remove only
+      # those unused SDKs before checkout; the OS build itself remains hermetic.
+      - name: Reclaim runner disk space
+        run: |
+          sudo rm -rf \
+            /opt/ghc \
+            /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+            /usr/local/.ghcup \
+            /usr/local/lib/android \
+            /usr/local/share/boost \
+            /usr/share/dotnet
+          df -h /
+
+      # Check out the dispatched ref, not a hardcoded revision. Pinning a
+      # revision here meant the job could never validate the branch it ran on,
+      # and the pinned commit becomes unreachable once the branch is squashed
+      # or rebased, which would break the job outright.
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Set up Python for mkosi
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.13'
+
+      - name: Install pinned mkosi
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          # Take the revision from versions.env so CI and the container builder
+          # in os/mkosi/repro-build cannot drift onto different mkosi builds.
+          # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+          source os/mkosi/versions.env
+          python3 -m venv "$RUNNER_TEMP/mkosi-venv"
+          "$RUNNER_TEMP/mkosi-venv/bin/pip" install --disable-pip-version-check \
+            "mkosi @ git+https://github.com/systemd/mkosi.git@${MKOSI_REVISION}"
+          echo "$RUNNER_TEMP/mkosi-venv/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
+
+      - name: Install mkosi host dependencies
+        run: |
+          mapfile -t dependencies < <(mkosi --directory os/mkosi dependencies)
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install --yes --no-install-recommends "${dependencies[@]}"
+
+      - name: Build guest images
+        id: build
+        env:
+          # ubuntu-latest currently provides four vCPUs and 16 GiB of RAM.
+          # Do not oversubscribe either the CPU or compiler memory.
+          JOBS: '4'
+          REPRO_CHECK: ${{ inputs.repro_check }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          # GitHub-hosted Ubuntu runners restrict unprivileged user namespaces.
+          # Run mkosi as root instead of weakening the runner's AppArmor policy.
+          # Keep setup-python out of the build PATH because Ubuntu's lddtree
+          # expects the distro Python and its python3-pyelftools module.
+          ci_bin="$RUNNER_TEMP/mkosi-ci-bin"
+          mkdir -p "$ci_bin"
+          ln -s "$(command -v mkosi)" "$ci_bin/mkosi"
+          build_dir="$RUNNER_TEMP/mkosi-build"
+          if [ "$REPRO_CHECK" = "true" ]; then
+            # repro-check builds prod twice with different job counts and
+            # compares the release tarballs byte for byte. It leaves leg a in
+            # $build_dir/a, which is the same release contract as `image`.
+            action=repro-check
+            dist_dir="$build_dir/a"
+          else
+            action=image
+            dist_dir="$build_dir/out/prod"
+          fi
+          # A release build never reuses the component cache. The runner is
+          # fresh, so this costs nothing here, but it keeps the published
+          # artifacts a product of the cold path the repro check verifies.
+          sudo --set-home env \
+            "PATH=$ci_bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" \
+            "JOBS=$JOBS" \
+            ./os/mkosi/build.sh --no-cache "$action" "$build_dir"
+          sudo chown -R "$USER:$USER" "$build_dir"
+          echo "dist_dir=$dist_dir" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          df -h /
+
+      - name: Build dstack-mr
+        # Only needed to decode the measurement CBOR for the report below. The
+        # image build produces its own copy under a scratch directory that
+        # mkosi.postoutput deletes, and this target directory stays outside the
+        # work tree so it cannot perturb a later source-tree build.
+        env:
+          CARGO_TARGET_DIR: ${{ runner.temp }}/dstack-mr-target
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          # Take the toolchain from versions.env rather than pinning it again
+          # here, so this stays the same rustc the image build itself used.
+          # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+          source os/mkosi/versions.env
+          rustup toolchain install "$RUST_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION" --profile minimal
+          cargo "+$RUST_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION" build --release --locked \
+            --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml -p dstack-mr
+
+      - name: Report image hashes
+        id: hashes
+        env:
+          DIST_DIR: ${{ steps.build.outputs.dist_dir }}
+          DSTACK_MR: ${{ runner.temp }}/dstack-mr-target/release/dstack-mr
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+          source os/mkosi/versions.env
+          version="$DSTACK_VERSION"
+          bare="$DIST_DIR/dstack-$version.tar.gz"
+          uki="$DIST_DIR/dstack-$version-uki.tar.gz"
+          test -f "$bare"
+          test -f "$uki"
+
+          # Read the identity out of the published tarball rather than the
+          # staging tree beside it, so the reported hashes describe exactly what
+          # ships.
+          work=$(mktemp -d)
+          tar -xzf "$bare" -C "$work"
+          img="$work/dstack-$version"
+          os_image_hash=$(cat "$img/digest.txt")
+
+          # digest.txt is the release's claim; recompute it. os_image_hash is
+          # sha256(sha256sum.txt), the identity registered on chain and enforced
+          # by dstack-kms, so a mismatch here is a corrupt release.
+          computed=$(sha256sum "$img/sha256sum.txt" | awk '{print $1}')
+          if [ "$os_image_hash" != "$computed" ]; then
+            echo "::error::digest.txt says $os_image_hash but sha256sum.txt hashes to $computed"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          # Both packages describe one image and must carry one identity.
+          uki_digest=$(tar -xOf "$uki" "dstack-$version/digest.txt")
+          if [ "$uki_digest" != "$os_image_hash" ]; then
+            echo "::error::UKI package digest $uki_digest does not match bare-metal $os_image_hash"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          bare_sha256=$(sha256sum "$bare" | awk '{print $1}')
+          uki_sha256=$(sha256sum "$uki" | awk '{print $1}')
+          git_revision=$(python3 -c 'import json,sys; print(json.load(open(sys.argv[1]))["git_revision"])' "$img/metadata.json")
+          mrtd=$("$DSTACK_MR" inspect-measurement "$img/measurement.tdx.cbor" \
+            | python3 -c 'import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin)["tdvf"]["mrtd"]["single_pass"])')
+          uki_auth=$("$DSTACK_MR" inspect-measurement "$img/measurement.gcp.cbor" \
+            | python3 -c 'import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin)["uki_auth"])')
+          aws_pcr=$("$DSTACK_MR" inspect-measurement "$img/measurement.aws.cbor" \
+            | python3 -c 'import json,sys; print(json.load(sys.stdin)["boot_pcr_digest"])')
+
+          {
+            echo "version=$version"
+            echo "os_image_hash=$os_image_hash"
+            echo "bare_sha256=$bare_sha256"
+            echo "uki_sha256=$uki_sha256"
+          } >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+          # os_image_hash is the value operators need most, so surface it in the
+          # log, in the job summary, and as a downloadable record.
+          echo "::notice title=os_image_hash::$os_image_hash"
+          {
+            echo "### dstack guest OS \`$version\` (mkosi backend)"
+            echo
+            echo '| Field | Value |'
+            echo '| --- | --- |'
+            echo "| \`os_image_hash\` | \`$os_image_hash\` |"
+            echo "| Git revision | \`$git_revision\` |"
+            echo "| TDX \`MRTD\` | \`$mrtd\` |"
+            echo "| GCP \`uki_auth\` | \`$uki_auth\` |"
+            echo "| AWS \`boot_pcr_digest\` | \`$aws_pcr\` |"
+            echo "| \`dstack-$version.tar.gz\` | \`$bare_sha256\` |"
+            echo "| \`dstack-$version-uki.tar.gz\` | \`$uki_sha256\` |"
+            echo
+            echo '<details><summary>sha256sum.txt (os_image_hash preimage)</summary>'
+            echo
+            echo '```'
+            cat "$img/sha256sum.txt"
+            echo '```'
+            echo
+            echo '</details>'
+            echo
+            echo '<details><summary>metadata.json</summary>'
+            echo
+            echo '```json'
+            cat "$img/metadata.json"
+            echo '```'
+            echo
+            echo '</details>'
+          } >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
+
+          {
+            echo "os_image_hash    $os_image_hash"
+            echo "git_revision     $git_revision"
+            echo "tdx_mrtd         $mrtd"
+            echo "gcp_uki_auth     $uki_auth"
+            echo "aws_boot_pcr     $aws_pcr"
+            echo "$bare_sha256  dstack-$version.tar.gz"
+            echo "$uki_sha256  dstack-$version-uki.tar.gz"
+          } | tee "$DIST_DIR/image-hashes.txt"
+
+      - name: Upload guest images
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: mkosi-guest-images
+          path: |
+            ${{ steps.build.outputs.dist_dir }}/dstack-*.tar.gz
+            ${{ steps.build.outputs.dist_dir }}/image-hashes.txt
+          retention-days: 30
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+  release:
+    name: Publish release
+    # The tag is the publish decision. Nothing else reaches this job.
+    if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/mkosi-os-v')
+    needs: build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    environment: release
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Download guest images
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: mkosi-guest-images
+          path: dist
+
+      - name: Validate the release tag against the built image
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+          OS_IMAGE_HASH: ${{ needs.build.outputs.os_image_hash }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          echo "$TAG" | grep -Eq '^mkosi-os-v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+([-.][0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$'
+          version="${TAG#mkosi-os-v}"
+          # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+          source os/mkosi/versions.env
+          if [ "$version" != "$DSTACK_VERSION" ]; then
+            echo "::error::tag $TAG does not match DSTACK_VERSION=$DSTACK_VERSION in os/mkosi/versions.env"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          bare="dist/dstack-$version.tar.gz"
+          uki="dist/dstack-$version-uki.tar.gz"
+          test -f "$bare"
+          test -f "$uki"
+
+          read -r image_version image_revision < <(
+            tar -xOf "$bare" "dstack-$version/metadata.json" |
+              python3 -c 'import json, sys; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(d["version"], d["git_revision"])'
+          )
+          test "$image_version" = "$version"
+          # A release must be reproducible from the tagged tree, so the revision
+          # baked into the measured metadata.json has to be the tagged commit.
+          # build.sh appends -modified when it builds a dirty work tree, which
+          # this equality also rejects.
+          if [ "$image_revision" != "$GITHUB_SHA" ]; then
+            echo "::error::image was built from $image_revision but the tag points at $GITHUB_SHA"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          # The UKI package is the GCP/AWS delivery path; assert its payload.
+          tar -tzf "$uki" | grep -Fx "dstack-$version/disk.raw"
+          test "$(tar -xOf "$bare" "dstack-$version/digest.txt")" = "$OS_IMAGE_HASH"
+
+      - name: Create the release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          TAG: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.build.outputs.version }}
+          OS_IMAGE_HASH: ${{ needs.build.outputs.os_image_hash }}
+          BARE_SHA256: ${{ needs.build.outputs.bare_sha256 }}
+          UKI_SHA256: ${{ needs.build.outputs.uki_sha256 }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          {
+            echo "Guest OS image \`$VERSION\`, built by the experimental Debian/mkosi backend."
+            echo
+            echo "Register \`os_image_hash\` on chain to authorize this image; see"
+            echo "[docs/onchain-governance.md](https://github.com/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/blob/${TAG}/docs/onchain-governance.md)."
+            echo
+            echo '| Field | Value |'
+            echo '| --- | --- |'
+            echo "| \`os_image_hash\` | \`$OS_IMAGE_HASH\` |"
+            echo "| Git revision | \`$GITHUB_SHA\` |"
+            echo "| \`dstack-$VERSION.tar.gz\` | \`$BARE_SHA256\` |"
+            echo "| \`dstack-$VERSION-uki.tar.gz\` | \`$UKI_SHA256\` |"
+            echo
+            echo "\`image-hashes.txt\` additionally records the TDX \`MRTD\`, the GCP"
+            echo "\`uki_auth\` hash and the AWS \`boot_pcr_digest\` for this image."
+          } > release-notes.md
+          # --verify-tag: the tag is the publish trigger, so it must already
+          # exist. This job never creates one.
+          #
+          # --prerelease tracks the backend's own status: os/mkosi is still
+          # experimental, and its packages are Debian rather than Yocto even
+          # though the release contract is shared. Drop the flag once the
+          # backend is declared stable.
+          gh release create "$TAG" \
+            "dist/dstack-$VERSION.tar.gz" \
+            "dist/dstack-$VERSION-uki.tar.gz" \
+            dist/image-hashes.txt \
+            --title "$TAG" \
+            --notes-file release-notes.md \
+            --verify-tag \
+            --prerelease
diff --git a/.github/workflows/prek-check.yml b/.github/workflows/prek-check.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41454bd16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/prek-check.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Prek checks
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  prek:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN: 1.92.0
+
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 0
+
+    - name: Install Rust
+      uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
+      with:
+        toolchain: 1.92.0
+        components: rustfmt
+
+    - name: Set up Python
+      uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      with:
+        python-version: '3.12'
+
+    - name: Set up Go
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      with:
+        go-version: '1.22'
+
+    - name: Install prek
+      run: pip install prek
+
+    - name: Run prek checks (PR)
+      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+      run: prek run --from-ref ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }} --to-ref ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }} --show-diff-on-failure
+
+    - name: Run prek checks (push)
+      if: github.event_name == 'push'
+      run: prek run --from-ref ${{ github.event.before }} --to-ref ${{ github.event.after }} --show-diff-on-failure
diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-sdk-release.yml b/.github/workflows/python-sdk-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3aec79f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/python-sdk-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Publish Python SDK to PyPI
+on:
+  push:
+    tags: ['python-sdk-v*']
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      target:
+        description: 'Publish target'
+        required: true
+        default: 'pypi'
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - pypi
+          - testpypi
+
+permissions:
+  id-token: write
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  publish:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.11'
+
+      - name: Install PDM
+        run: pip install pdm
+
+      - name: Build distribution
+        working-directory: sdk/python
+        run: pdm build
+
+      - name: Parse and verify version
+        id: version
+        working-directory: sdk/python
+        run: |
+          PKG_VERSION=$(python -c "
+          import re
+          with open('pyproject.toml') as f:
+              m = re.search(r'^version\s*=\s*\"([^\"]+)\"', f.read(), re.M)
+              print(m.group(1) if m else '')
+          ")
+          if [ -z "$PKG_VERSION" ]; then
+            echo "::error::failed to parse version from pyproject.toml"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
+            VERSION="$PKG_VERSION"
+          else
+            TAG_VERSION="${GITHUB_REF_NAME#python-sdk-v}"
+            if [ "$TAG_VERSION" != "$PKG_VERSION" ]; then
+              echo "::error::tag version ($TAG_VERSION) does not match pyproject.toml version ($PKG_VERSION)"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            VERSION="$TAG_VERSION"
+          fi
+          echo "version=$VERSION" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: Publish to PyPI
+        if: github.event_name == 'push' || github.event.inputs.target == 'pypi'
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          packages-dir: sdk/python/dist
+
+      - name: Publish to TestPyPI
+        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.target == 'testpypi'
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        with:
+          repository-url: https://test.pypi.org/legacy/
+          packages-dir: sdk/python/dist
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        if: github.event_name == 'push'
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          name: "Python SDK v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
+          body: |
+            ## PyPI Package
+
+            **Package**: `dstack-sdk ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}`
+
+            **Install**: `pip install dstack-sdk==${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}`
+
+            **Registry**: https://pypi.org/project/dstack-sdk/${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}/
diff --git a/.github/workflows/qemu-acpi-differential.yml b/.github/workflows/qemu-acpi-differential.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de8dea222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/qemu-acpi-differential.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: QEMU ACPI differential tests
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [next]
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/qemu-acpi-differential.yml
+      - dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/**
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      seed:
+        description: Random seed accepted by Python int(value, 0)
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      cases:
+        description: Number of random cases in addition to boundary cases
+        required: false
+        default: "32"
+        type: string
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  differential:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: dstack
+    env:
+      REFERENCE_IMAGE: kvin/dstack-acpi-tables@sha256:54e692d8c68c6f02dd7c655bf6de6e7f3ad7a43fded6ca00d8e998918108a3b4
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.92.0
+
+      - name: Build Rust ACPI generator
+        run: cargo build -p qemu-acpi --example dump
+
+      - name: Run boundary and seeded random differential tests
+        env:
+          INPUT_SEED: ${{ inputs.seed }}
+          INPUT_CASES: ${{ inputs.cases }}
+        run: |
+          seed="${INPUT_SEED:-0x$(git rev-parse --short=16 HEAD)}"
+          cases="${INPUT_CASES:-32}"
+          echo "ACPI differential seed: $seed"
+          echo "Random case count: $cases"
+          crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-random.py \
+            --image "$REFERENCE_IMAGE" \
+            --rust-dump target/debug/examples/dump \
+            --seed "$seed" \
+            --cases "$cases" \
+            --failure-dir qemu-acpi-failure
+
+      - name: Upload failing blobs
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: qemu-acpi-differential-failure
+          path: dstack/qemu-acpi-failure
+          if-no-files-found: ignore
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-sdk-release.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-sdk-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..207c2bee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-sdk-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Publish SDK to crates.io
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags: ['dstack-sdk-v*']
+
+jobs:
+  publish:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    environment: sdk-release
+    permissions:
+      id-token: write
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Extract version from tag
+        id: ver
+        run: |
+          tag="${GITHUB_REF_NAME}"
+          version="${tag#dstack-sdk-v}"
+          if [[ -z "$version" || "$version" == "$tag" ]]; then
+            echo "::error::tag '$tag' does not start with 'dstack-sdk-v'"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "version=$version" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo "Publishing version: $version"
+
+      - name: Verify Cargo.toml versions match tag
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.ver.outputs.version }}
+        run: |
+          python3 <<'PY'
+          import os, sys, tomllib
+
+          want = os.environ["VERSION"]
+
+          def pkg_version(path):
+              with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                  return tomllib.load(f)["package"]["version"]
+
+          def ws_dep_version(path, name):
+              with open(path, "rb") as f:
+                  dep = tomllib.load(f)["workspace"]["dependencies"][name]
+              return dep["version"] if isinstance(dep, dict) else dep
+
+          checks = [
+              ("sdk/rust/types/Cargo.toml [package.version]",
+                  pkg_version("sdk/rust/types/Cargo.toml")),
+              ("sdk/rust/Cargo.toml [package.version]",
+                  pkg_version("sdk/rust/Cargo.toml")),
+              ("sdk/rust/Cargo.toml [workspace.dependencies.dstack-sdk-types.version]",
+                  ws_dep_version("sdk/rust/Cargo.toml", "dstack-sdk-types")),
+          ]
+
+          fail = False
+          for label, got in checks:
+              ok = got == want
+              fail = fail or not ok
+              print(f"  {'OK ' if ok else 'BAD'}  {label}: {got}")
+
+          if fail:
+              print(f"\ntag is dstack-sdk-v{want}; bump SDK package versions to {want} before tagging.",
+                    file=sys.stderr)
+              sys.exit(1)
+          PY
+
+      - uses: rust-lang/crates-io-auth-action@v1
+        id: auth
+
+      - name: Publish dstack-sdk-types
+        env:
+          CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ steps.auth.outputs.token }}
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.ver.outputs.version }}
+        run: .github/scripts/cargo-publish-idempotent.sh dstack-sdk-types
+
+      - name: Publish dstack-sdk
+        env:
+          CARGO_REGISTRY_TOKEN: ${{ steps.auth.outputs.token }}
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.ver.outputs.version }}
+        run: .github/scripts/cargo-publish-idempotent.sh dstack-sdk
+
+      - name: Create GitHub Release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+          VERSION: ${{ steps.ver.outputs.version }}
+        run: |
+          if gh release view "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" --repo "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo "::notice::GitHub Release $GITHUB_REF_NAME already exists; skipping"
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          gh release create "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" \
+            --title "dstack-sdk $VERSION" \
+            --notes "Published to crates.io: [dstack-sdk@$VERSION](https://crates.io/crates/dstack-sdk/$VERSION), [dstack-sdk-types@$VERSION](https://crates.io/crates/dstack-sdk-types/$VERSION)" \
+            --verify-tag
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust.yml b/.github/workflows/rust.yml
index fb0e6a780..f028ea67e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust.yml
@@ -1,30 +1,37 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 name: Rust checks
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
   pull_request:
-    branches: [ master ]
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
 
 jobs:
   rust-checks:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    runs-on: ${{ vars.CI_RUNNER || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    defaults:
+      run:
+        working-directory: dstack
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
     - name: Install Rust
-      uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.92.0
       with:
-        components: clippy
-    
+        components: clippy, rustfmt
+
     - name: Run Clippy
-      run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings --allow unused_variables 
-    
+      run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings -D clippy::expect_used -D clippy::unwrap_used --allow unused_variables
+
     - name: Cargo fmt check
       run: cargo fmt --check --all
 
     - name: Run tests
-      run: cargo test
\ No newline at end of file
+      run: ./run-tests.sh
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sdk.yaml b/.github/workflows/sdk.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..906192202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/sdk.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: SDK tests
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [next, 'release/**']
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [next, 'release/**']
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  sdk-tests:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Install Rust
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.92.0
+        with:
+          components: clippy, rustfmt
+          # This additional target is needed for wasm32 compatibility check.
+          targets: wasm32-unknown-unknown, thumbv6m-none-eabi
+
+      - name: SDK tests
+        run: cd sdk && ./run-tests.sh
+
+      - name: Verify WASM compilation
+        # Ensures SDK types can be used in smart contracts
+        run: cargo check --manifest-path sdk/rust/Cargo.toml --target=wasm32-unknown-unknown -p dstack-sdk-types
+
+      - name: Verify no_std compatibility
+        run: |
+          cargo test --manifest-path sdk/rust/Cargo.toml -p dstack-sdk-types --test no_std_test --no-default-features
+          cargo check --manifest-path sdk/rust/Cargo.toml -p no_std_check --target thumbv6m-none-eabi
diff --git a/.github/workflows/simulator-release.yml b/.github/workflows/simulator-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79c5a267d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/simulator-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Simulator Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      version:
+        description: 'Release version (for example: 0.5.8)'
+        required: true
+        type: string
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'simulator-v*'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  build-and-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      TARGET_TRIPLE: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Resolve version and tag
+        run: |
+          if [[ "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME}" == "workflow_dispatch" ]]; then
+            VERSION="${{ github.event.inputs.version }}"
+          else
+            VERSION="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/simulator-v}"
+          fi
+          VERSION="${VERSION#simulator-v}"
+          TAG="simulator-v${VERSION}"
+          echo "VERSION=${VERSION}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "TAG=${TAG}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          echo "Resolved release version: ${VERSION}"
+
+      - name: Install musl toolchain
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y musl-tools
+
+      - name: Set up Rust toolchain
+        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          targets: ${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}
+
+      - name: Cache Rust build artifacts
+        uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          workspaces: dstack -> target
+
+      - name: Build musl simulator binary
+        run: cargo build --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --locked --release --target "${TARGET_TRIPLE}" -p dstack-guest-agent-simulator
+
+      - name: Package release bundle
+        run: ./dstack/guest-agent-simulator/package-release.sh "${VERSION}" "${TARGET_TRIPLE}"
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          tag_name: ${{ env.TAG }}
+          name: "Simulator Release v${{ env.VERSION }}"
+          files: |
+            dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dist/dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}.tar.gz
+            dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dist/dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}.tar.gz.sha256
+            dstack/guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd.sh
+          body: |
+            ## Release Assets
+
+            - `dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}.tar.gz`
+            - `dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}.tar.gz.sha256`
+            - `install-systemd.sh`
+
+            The tarball contains the musl-linked `dstack-simulator` binary together with the default
+            simulator config, fixture data, and a systemd unit template.
+
+            ## Quick Start
+
+            Download and run directly:
+
+            ```bash
+            curl -LO https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/releases/download/${{ env.TAG }}/dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}.tar.gz
+            tar -xzf dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}.tar.gz
+            cd dstack-simulator-${{ env.VERSION }}-${{ env.TARGET_TRIPLE }}
+            ./dstack-simulator -c dstack.toml
+            ```
+
+            Install to systemd:
+
+            ```bash
+            curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${{ github.repository }}/${{ env.TAG }}/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd.sh | sudo bash -s -- --version ${{ env.VERSION }}
+            ```
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spdx-check.yml b/.github/workflows/spdx-check.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc24dfd08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/spdx-check.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: SPDX License Check
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+
+jobs:
+  reuse-lint:
+    runs-on: ${{ vars.CI_RUNNER || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+    - name: REUSE Compliance Check
+      uses: fsfe/reuse-action@v5
+      with:
+        args: lint
diff --git a/.github/workflows/verifier-release.yml b/.github/workflows/verifier-release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d02d5b3c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/verifier-release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: Verifier Release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'verifier-v*'
+permissions:
+  attestations: write
+  id-token: write
+  contents: write
+  packages: write
+
+jobs:
+  build-and-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+      - name: Parse version from tag
+        run: |
+          VERSION=${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/verifier-v}
+          echo "VERSION=$VERSION" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "Parsed version: $VERSION"
+
+      - name: Log in to Docker Hub
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Get Git commit timestamps
+        run: |
+          echo "TIMESTAMP=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "GIT_REV=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+      - name: Build and push Docker image
+        id: build-and-push
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        env:
+          SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: ${{ env.TIMESTAMP }}
+        with:
+          context: dstack/verifier
+          file: dstack/verifier/builder/Dockerfile
+          push: true
+          tags: |
+            ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-verifier:${{ env.VERSION }}
+            ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-verifier:latest
+          platforms: linux/amd64
+          provenance: false
+          build-contexts: |
+            build-shared=dstack/build/shared
+          build-args: |
+            DSTACK_REV=${{ env.GIT_REV }}
+            DSTACK_SRC_URL=${{ github.server_url }}/${{ github.repository }}.git
+            SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=${{ env.TIMESTAMP }}
+
+      - name: Generate artifact attestation
+        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@v1
+        with:
+          subject-name: "docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-verifier"
+          subject-digest: ${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}
+          push-to-registry: true
+
+      - name: GitHub Release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          name: "Verifier Release v${{ env.VERSION }}"
+          body: |
+            ## Docker Image Information
+
+            **Image**: `docker.io/${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_ORG }}/dstack-verifier:${{ env.VERSION }}`
+
+            **Digest (SHA256)**: `${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }}`
+
+            **Verification**: [Verify on Sigstore](https://search.sigstore.dev/?hash=${{ steps.build-and-push.outputs.digest }})
diff --git a/.github/workflows/vmm-ui.yml b/.github/workflows/vmm-ui.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2abda43db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/vmm-ui.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: VMM UI build
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [ next, 'release/**' ]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ vars.CI_RUNNER || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+
+    - name: Install Node.js
+      uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+      with:
+        node-version: '20'
+
+    - name: Build vmm UI
+      run: |
+        npm ci
+        npm run build
+      working-directory: dstack/vmm/ui
+
+    - name: Ensure vmm UI build is clean
+      run: |
+        if [ -n "$(git status --porcelain)" ]; then
+          echo "VMM UI build produced uncommitted changes."
+          echo "Run: cd dstack/vmm/ui && npm ci && npm run build"
+          echo "Then commit the updated build output dstack/vmm/src/console_v1.html"
+          git status --porcelain
+          exit 1
+        fi
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 22f88f8a6..b40b898a3 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
-/target
+/dstack/target
+/dstack/local-key-provider/build/target
 /certs
 /build-config.sh
-/build
-generated/
+/build/*
+/images
+/run
+/rust-target
+**/generated/*
+!**/generated/mod.rs
+node_modules/
+/.cargo
+.venv
+/tmp
+.claude/settings.local.json
+__pycache__
+/.ruff_cache/
+.planning/
+/dstack/vmm/src/console_v1.html
+.claude/worktrees/
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05449f8bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[submodule "dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std"]
+	path = dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std
+	url = https://github.com/foundry-rs/forge-std
+[submodule "dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable"]
+	path = dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable
+	url = https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable
+[submodule "dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades"]
+	path = dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
+	url = https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/bitbake"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/bitbake
+	url = https://git.openembedded.org/bitbake
+	branch = 2.18
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core
+	url = https://git.openembedded.org/openembedded-core
+	branch = wrynose
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto
+	url = https://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-yocto
+	branch = wrynose
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute
+	url = https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-confidential-compute.git
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization
+	url = https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-virtualization.git
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded
+	url = https://github.com/openembedded/meta-openembedded
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin
+	url = https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-rust-bin
+
+[submodule "os/yocto/deps/meta-security"]
+	path = os/yocto/deps/meta-security
+	url = https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-security.git
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dfeddeabd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Phala Network contributors
+Kevin Wang <kvinwang@phala.network> Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>
+Yan Yan <leechael@phala.network> Leechael Yim <yanleech@gmail.com>
+Yan Yan <leechael@phala.network> Leechael <yanleech@gmail.com>
+Hang Yin <hangyin@phala.network> h4x3rotab <h4x3rotab@gmail.com>
+Hang Yin <hangyin@phala.network> Hang Yin <h4x3rotab@gmail.com>
+Jianwei Zhu <jianweiz@phala.network> Jianwei Zhu <jianweiz@phala.network>
+Joshua Waller <hashwarlock@phala.network> Joshua <64296537+HashWarlock@users.noreply.github.com>
+Shawn Tian <shawn@phala.network> Shawn TIAN <hightian@gmail.com>
+Shelven Zhou <shelvenzhou@phala.network> Shelven Zhou <favoring.zhou49@gmail.com>
+Shelven Zhou <shelvenzhou@phala.network> Shunfan Zhou <favoring.zhou49@gmail.com>
+Wenfeng Wang <wfwang@phala.network> Wenfeng Wang <kalot.wang@gmail.com>
+
+# Other contributors
+Andrew MacPherson <github@andrewmohawk.com> Andrew MacPherson <github@andrewmohawk.com>
+Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org> Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+Franco Barpp Gomes <franco@nethermind.io> Franco Barpp Gomes <franco.b.gomes@gmail.com>
+Franco Barpp Gomes <franco@nethermind.io> Franco Barpp Gomes <franco@nethermind.io>
+Nitanshu Lokhande <nitanshu@rizelabs.io> nlok5923 <nlokhande5923@gmail.com>
+Nitanshu Lokhande <nitanshu@rizelabs.io> Nitanshu Lokhande <56120084+nlok5923@users.noreply.github.com>
+Pierre Le Guen <pierre.leguen@near.ai> Pierre Le Guen <26087574+PierreLeGuen@users.noreply.github.com>
+Tei Im <tei.im@testinprod.io> Tei Im <40449056+ImTei@users.noreply.github.com>
+Tei Im <tei.im@testinprod.io> Tei Im <tei.im@testinprod.io>
+Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com> Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+crStiv <cryptostiv7@gmail.com> crStiv <cryptostiv7@gmail.com>
+near-bookrock <near.polka513@slmail.me> near-bookrock <near.polka513@slmail.me>
+Olexandr88 <radole1203@gmail.com> Olexandr88 <radole1203@gmail.com>
+tuddman <tuddman@users.noreply.github.com> tuddman <tuddman@users.noreply.github.com>
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d712eb28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1292 @@
+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+
+## [Unreleased]
+
+### Added
+- shared API authentication (`dstack-api-auth`) protecting the full VMM HTTP/pRPC/UI surface and unifying Gateway/KMS admin auth: bearer/`X-Admin-Token`/HTTP Basic/bcrypt htpasswd, constant-time verification (#796)
+
+## [0.5.5] - 2025-10-20
+
+### Added
+- SDK sync agent for automated protobuf schema synchronization (#366)
+- dstack-verifier CLI tool with OS image hash verification (#341)
+- built-in swap configuration support for CVMs (#348, #357, #358)
+- support for ext4 filesystem type on storage (#348)
+- size-parser crate for handling size configurations (#355)
+- init_script support in app-compose.json (#337)
+- cache for verifier (#341)
+- Add QEMU version and image name in VmConfig (#340)
+- documentation for minimum version of each compose field (#363)
+
+### Changed
+- max app compose size increased to 256K (#349)
+- default timeout increased to 3 secs for python SDK (#339)
+- auto reconnect when WireGuard gets stuck (#350)
+- put filesystem type in RTMR3 event log (#348)
+- read QEMU path from /etc/dstack/client.conf (#332)
+- refactor sys-config generation code (#351)
+- when formatting app_url, skip port if it's 443 (#326)
+- update docker organization references (#342, #343)
+- RA-TLS: add KeyCertSign and CrlSign usages for CA cert (#320)
+
+### Fixed
+- guest-agent: request demo cert lazily
+- VmConfig decode error (#347)
+- potential panic due to int overflow in dstack-mr (#345)
+- SDK issues - marked rootfs_hash optional (#339)
+
+### Removed
+- docker_config field from app-compose.json (#374)
+
+## [0.5.4] - 2025-09-01
+
+### Security
+- Fixed LUKS header validation security vulnerability (GHSA-jxq2-hpw3-m5wf)
+
+### Added
+- Support for generating borsh schema for public types (#302)
+- Python SDK v0.5.0 with async support
+- Auth backend examples (auth-mock, auth-eth-bun)
+- Support for passt as network egress
+- Support for more than 255 CPUs
+- SPDX license annotations
+- Security audit report and documentation
+- Media kit and branding updates
+- gRPC proxy support for gateway
+- Browser compatibility for JS SDK
+- git-cliff based changelog generation
+- CONTRIBUTING.md documentation
+
+### Changed
+- Better error reporting for TDX quote errors
+- Moved generated prpc files to OUT_DIR
+- Refactored dstack-sdk into two crates for no_std support
+- Updated various dependencies (sha.js, elliptic, tokio, etc.)
+- Improved vmm with one-shot support
+- Updated documentation for non-KMS app access
+- Consolidated dstack branding capitalization
+
+### Fixed
+- Warnings and clippy issues
+- Networking configuration issues
+- Typing errors in Python SDK
+- Compilation errors in supervisor
+- Reserved IP allocation issues
+
+### Contributors
+New contributors in this release:
+- @DSharifi
+- @pbeza
+- @bravesasha
+- @Olexandr88
+- @crStiv
+
+## [0.5.3] - 2025-06-24
+
+### Added
+- Add doc design-and-hardening-decisions.md by @kvinwang
+- Add doc cvm-boundaries.md by @kvinwang
+- Add ERC-165 support with hardcoded interface IDs by @Leechael
+- Add warning for dev kms by @kvinwang
+- Add script to config firewall for qemu by @kvinwang
+
+### Changed
+- Bump version to 0.5.3 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #225 from Dstack-TEE/license by @h4x3rotab in [#225](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/225)
+- Create LICENSE by @h4x3rotab
+- Merge pull request #221 from Dstack-TEE/doc-harden by @kvinwang in [#221](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/221)
+- Update dcap-qvl to 0.3.0 by @kvinwang
+- Default max disk size to 10T by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #220 from Dstack-TEE/feat-gateway-admin-rpc-get-meta-v05x by @Leechael in [#220](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/220)
+- Merge pull request #216 from Dstack-TEE/doc-cvm-boundaries by @kvinwang in [#216](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/216)
+- Merge pull request #215 from Dstack-TEE/sec-guide by @kvinwang in [#215](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/215)
+- Merge branch 'master' into sec-guide by @kvinwang
+- Add security guide by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #217 from Dstack-TEE/add-reprobuid-note by @kvinwang in [#217](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/217)
+- Add link to reproducible build by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #213 from Dstack-TEE/kms-erc-165-support by @Leechael in [#213](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/213)
+- Remove duplicate code. by @Leechael
+- Update kms auth related docs by @Leechael
+- Commands in hardhat.config.ts by @Leechael
+- Build error. by @Leechael
+- Update typechain-types. by @Leechael
+- Add C code source URL by @kvinwang
+- Add security guide by @kvinwang
+- Better deployment script by @kvinwang
+- Don't copy symbol link files by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #212 from Dstack-TEE/impl-up-user-config by @kvinwang in [#212](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/212)
+- Implement update user_config in UI and CLI by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #199 from Dstack-TEE/config-fw by @Leechael in [#199](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/199)
+- Update comments by @kvinwang
+- Correct checking symlink existance by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #207 from Dstack-TEE/gw-rt by @kvinwang in [#207](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/207)
+- Seperate proxy runtime from Rocket by @kvinwang
+- Use jemalloc by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #210 from Dstack-TEE/vmm-gpu-attach-all-opt by @kvinwang in [#210](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/210)
+- Optional disable attach all gpus by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #204 from Dstack-TEE/gw-reload-cert by @kvinwang in [#204](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/204)
+- Fix unit tests by @kvinwang
+- Hot reload TLS certificate by @kvinwang
+- Add helper function reload_certs by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #203 from Dstack-TEE/gw-health by @kvinwang in [#203](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/203)
+- Add health check endpoint by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #202 from Dstack-TEE/config-tls-ver by @kvinwang in [#202](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/202)
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Configrable tls version and crypto provider by @kvinwang
+- Extract create acceptor to a function by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #205 from Dstack-TEE/vmm-cfg-id by @kvinwang in [#205](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/205)
+- Only set mr_config_id for supported images by @kvinwang
+- Update dstack version to 0.5.2 in docs by @kvinwang
+- Merge branch 'gw-no-status' by @kvinwang in [#198](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/198)
+- Move rpc status/info to admin port by @kvinwang
+- Fix tboot.service in dep by @kvinwang
+
+### Fixed
+- Move get_meta to admin API. by @Leechael
+- Fix test cases for AppAuth test. by @Leechael
+
+### Removed
+- Remove unused field bootstraped from InstanceInfo by @kvinwang
+- Remove head from dstack-util show by @kvinwang
+
+## [0.5.2] - 2025-06-04
+
+### Added
+- Add optional appAuthImplementation setting in initialize by @Leechael
+- Add AI generated cheatsheet. by @Leechael
+- Add add deploy factory support to KmsAuth by @Leechael
+- Add initializeWithData to AppAuth by @Leechael
+- Add debug hints for download_image by @Leechael
+- Add gateway_app_id to KMS.GetMetaResponse by @Leechael
+- Add get_compose_hash endpoint for compose-hash check. by @Leechael
+- Added detail in error message for destination issue debugging. by @Leechael
+- Adds docstrings by @tuddman
+
+### Changed
+- Dstack v0.5.2 by @kvinwang in [#196](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/196)
+- Merge pull request #195 from Dstack-TEE/mr_config_id_v2 by @kvinwang in [#195](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/195)
+- Better way to get td report by @kvinwang
+- Implement mr_config_id v2 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #181 from Dstack-TEE/feat/gateway-rpc-domain-and-kms-info-enhancements by @kvinwang in [#181](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/181)
+- Merge pull request #182 from Dstack-TEE/imp-app-auth-contract by @Leechael in [#182](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/182)
+- Code review feedback. by @Leechael
+- Update typechain-types by @Leechael
+- Update deploy script & cheatsheet docs. by @Leechael
+- _registerAppInternal. by @Leechael
+- Remove redundant initialization code. by @Leechael
+- Expose app implementation address by @Leechael
+- Update generated assets. by @Leechael
+- Clippy by @Leechael
+- Chore（gateway): Add debug log for AcmeClient. by @Leechael
+- Expose more metadata in GetMeta API. by @Leechael
+- Fmt by @Leechael
+- Allows to configure RPC_DOMAIN optionally by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #177 from Dstack-TEE/cvm-kms-url by @kvinwang in [#177](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/177)
+- Merge pull request #179 from Dstack-TEE/fix-vmm-cli by @Leechael in [#179](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/179)
+- Update_vm_env with custom kms_urls by @Leechael
+- Support for set kms/gw urls for individual CVM by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #193 from near-bookrock/master by @kvinwang in [#193](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/193)
+- Merge branch 'master' into master by @near-bookrock
+- Merge pull request #194 from tuddman/rust-sdk-docstrings by @kvinwang in [#194](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/194)
+- Vmm ui: Fix gpu mode display in upgrade panel by @kvinwang
+- Use rbind mount by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #192 from Dstack-TEE/fix-log-span by @kvinwang in [#192](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/192)
+- Fix bug in log span by @kvinwang
+- Make all fields public by @near-bookrock
+- Make tcb_info public by @near-bookrock
+
+### Fixed
+- Clippy by @Leechael
+- Abi in factory method is incorrect. by @Leechael
+- Set ensure_ascii=False when generated compose-hash by @Leechael
+- Compatible with custom kms-url and gateway-url by @Leechael
+
+## New Contributors
+* @near-bookrock made their first contribution
+## [0.5.1] - 2025-05-29
+
+### Added
+- Support for enforce key provider id in compose by @kvinwang
+- Add deepwiki badge by @h4x3rotab
+- Add option to hide tcbinfo from 8090 port by @kvinwang
+- Add repobeats analytics by @h4x3rotab
+
+### Changed
+- Merge branch 'configid' by @kvinwang in [#190](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/190)
+- Support for bind key provider by @kvinwang
+- Set compose hash to mr_config_id by @kvinwang
+- Validate compose_hash according to configid by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #191 from Dstack-TEE/rm-mr-kp by @kvinwang in [#191](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/191)
+- Fix typo by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #187 from Dstack-TEE/kms-clear-cache by @kvinwang in [#187](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/187)
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Add ensure_admin by @kvinwang
+- Add RPC to clear image cache by @kvinwang
+- Update to v0.5.1 in README by @kvinwang
+- Merge branch 'up-md' by @kvinwang in [#189](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/189)
+- Update build steps in README by @kvinwang
+- Update build steps in README by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #188 from Dstack-TEE/readme by @h4x3rotab in [#188](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/188)
+- Merge pull request #186 from Dstack-TEE/rpc-req-id by @kvinwang in [#186](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/186)
+- Add request id by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #180 from Dstack-TEE/gw-app-auth by @kvinwang in [#180](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/180)
+- Add LAUNCH TOKEN by @kvinwang
+- Add auth API by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #183 from Dstack-TEE/md-custom-domain by @kvinwang in [#183](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/183)
+- Update Custom Domain in README by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #184 from Dstack-TEE/public-tcbinfo by @kvinwang in [#184](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/184)
+- Merge pull request #185 from Dstack-TEE/readme by @h4x3rotab in [#185](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/185)
+- Merge pull request #178 from Dstack-TEE/metrics by @Leechael in [#178](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/178)
+- Add prometheus metrics API by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #176 from Dstack-TEE/fix-subvar by @kvinwang in [#176](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/176)
+- More for the rename by @kvinwang
+- Rename mr_image to os_image_hash by @kvinwang
+- Update deployment doc by @kvinwang
+- Update kms compose file by @kvinwang
+- Fix mr_image verification issues by @kvinwang
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Support for the new mr_image model by @kvinwang
+- Add mr_image in sys-config.json by @kvinwang
+- Update CI config by @kvinwang
+- Bump versio to 0.5.1 by @kvinwang
+- Auto setulimit by @kvinwang
+- Remove dep on openssl by @kvinwang in [#174](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/174)
+
+### Fixed
+- Missed subvar in deploy-to-vmm.sh script by @Leechael
+
+### Removed
+- Remove the unused mr_key_provider by @kvinwang
+
+## [0.5.0] - 2025-05-15
+
+### Added
+- Add extend_rtmr3 in tdx-attest by @kvinwang
+- Support verity based rootfs by @kvinwang
+- Adds build-able TlsKeyConfig by @tuddman
+- Add rust client for dstack by @Created-for-a-purpose
+- Add extend_rtmr3 in tdx-attest by @kvinwang
+- Add inspect API for kms/auth-api by @Leechael
+- Added requirements.txt by @Leechael
+
+### Changed
+- Fix update compose file by @kvinwang
+- Fix mount path by @kvinwang
+- Update rust in tproxy docker image to 1.86 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #173 from Dstack-TEE/sodiumbox by @kvinwang in [#173](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/173)
+- Implement sodiumbox by @kvinwang
+- Better layout for upgrade pannel by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #171 from Dstack-TEE/dev-0.5.0 by @kvinwang in [#171](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/171)
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Add venv.sh by @kvinwang
+- Upgraded test kms contract by @kvinwang
+- Auto update certs on start by @kvinwang
+- Rm gpus section when no GPUs by @kvinwang
+- Mount overlayfs on /home/root by @kvinwang
+- Allow null gpu config by @kvinwang
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Use 0.5.0 base image by @kvinwang
+- Allow non-zero mr_config_id by @kvinwang
+- Add tproxy_app_id for compatibility by @kvinwang
+- Merge remote-tracking branch 'ds/master' into dev-0.5.0 by @kvinwang
+- Better layout for Features by @kvinwang
+- Fix gpu config issues by @kvinwang
+- New gpu config format by @kvinwang
+- Load tdx-guest.ko in prepare.sh by @kvinwang
+- Fix invalid config in dstack-prepare.service by @kvinwang
+- Run dstack-prepare service after chronyd by @kvinwang
+- Use ZFS for data partition by @kvinwang in [#159](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/159)
+- Optional secure time by @kvinwang
+- Use extend_rtmr3 from tdx-attest by @kvinwang
+- Rename tdxctl to dstack-util by @kvinwang
+- Bump version to 0.5.0 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #170 from Dstack-TEE/rust-1.86 by @kvinwang in [#170](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/170)
+- Use rust 1.86 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #169 from Dstack-TEE/fix-rust-sdk by @kvinwang in [#169](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/169)
+- Fix incorrect args in rust-sdk by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #161 from RizeLabs/feat/dstack-sdk-rust by @kvinwang in [#161](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/161)
+- Merge pull request #6 from tuddman/rust-sdk-addendum-4 by @nlok5923
+- Merge pull request #5 from tuddman/rust-sdk-addendum-3 by @nlok5923
+- Merge pull request #4 from tuddman/rust-sdk-addendum-2 by @nlok5923
+- Merge pull request #3 from tuddman/rust-sdk-addendum by @nlok5923
+- Replace evidence-api with dcap-qvl by @Created-for-a-purpose
+- Replace ethers with alloy by @Created-for-a-purpose
+- Crate renaming + add readme by @nlok5923
+- Merge pull request #1 from Created-for-a-purpose/dstack-sdk-rust by @nlok5923
+- Minor cleanup by @Created-for-a-purpose
+- Merge pull request #168 from Dstack-TEE/rust-1.86 by @kvinwang in [#168](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/168)
+- Update Rust in CI to 1.86 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #165 from Dstack-TEE/fix-upgrade-btn by @kvinwang in [#165](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/165)
+- Fix disappeared [Upgrade] button by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #164 from Dstack-TEE/agent-start-order by @kvinwang in [#164](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/164)
+- Ensure agent starts before docker by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #166 from Dstack-TEE/rm-command by @kvinwang in [#166](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/166)
+- Remove command from the api by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #160 from Dstack-TEE/api-extend-rtmr3 by @h4x3rotab in [#160](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/160)
+- Add API EmitEvent by @kvinwang
+- Add API EmitEvent by @kvinwang
+- Optimize vmm firewall rules by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #156 from Dstack-TEE/fix-phala-cloud-integration by @Leechael in [#156](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/156)
+- Gateway app: Optional turning on sync mode by @kvinwang
+- Fmt(tdxctl) by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #155 from Dstack-TEE/docs by @h4x3rotab in [#155](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/155)
+- Update docs by @h4x3rotab
+- Merge pull request #154 from Dstack-TEE/app-deploy by @h4x3rotab in [#154](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/154)
+- [doc] Add app deployment section in deployment.md by @kvinwang
+
+### Fixed
+- Ordering and unnecessary import by @tuddman
+- Suggested changes by @tuddman
+- Fixes PR feedback by @tuddman
+- Allowed_app_id comparation for gateway should be case insensitive. by @Leechael
+- Deploy scripts. by @Leechael
+- Tappd.sock has been rename to dstack.sock by @Leechael
+- Use up-to-date package name in docker-compose.yml by @Leechael
+- Typechain-types by @Leechael
+
+### Removed
+- Remove sodiumoxide from Cargo.toml by @kvinwang
+
+## New Contributors
+* @nlok5923 made their first contribution
+* @tuddman made their first contribution
+* @Created-for-a-purpose made their first contribution
+## [0.4.2] - 2025-04-18
+
+### Added
+- Support https for prpc client by @kvinwang
+- Add client agent API docs by @kvinwang
+- Add signature verification in go tests by @kvinwang
+- Add back the previous go sdk implementation by @kvinwang
+- Add dstack simulator config by @kvinwang
+- Add a note on how to access info about Dstack by @HashWarlock
+- Add unknown-2035.json by @kvinwang
+- Add mr_system by @kvinwang
+- Add info API. by @Leechael
+- Add ethereum Account transform. by @Leechael
+- Add optional dependencies solders & keypair generate support by @Leechael
+- Add encryptEnvVars by @Leechael
+- Add docs/deployment.md by @kvinwang
+- Added view stderr in teepod's builtin console by @Leechael
+- Add note about how to view stderr by @Leechael
+- Add tproxy setup guide & faq by @Leechael
+- Add script to deploy kms to teepod by @kvinwang
+- Support ACME_STAGING for the docker by @kvinwang
+- Add --build to docker compose by @kvinwang
+- Add dbg log by @kvinwang
+- Add example code by @kvinwang
+- Add Attestation doc by @kvinwang
+
+### Changed
+- V0.4.2 by @kvinwang in [#153](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/153)
+- Merge pull request #152 from Dstack-TEE/fix-status by @kvinwang in [#152](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/152)
+- Fix status display after CVM updated by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #149 from Dstack-TEE/pccs_url by @kvinwang in [#149](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/149)
+- Read pccs_url from env var by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #150 from Dstack-TEE/prpc-client-https by @kvinwang in [#150](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/150)
+- Merge pull request #151 from Dstack-TEE/api-doc by @kvinwang in [#151](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/151)
+- Better config fallback for tproxy_enabled by @kvinwang
+- Don't include compose file in brief mode by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #148 from Dstack-TEE/rename-tapp by @kvinwang in [#148](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/148)
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Rename tapp to app or /dstack by @kvinwang
+- Unify dstack agent address getter by @kvinwang
+- Rename run_as_tapp to run_in_dstack by @kvinwang
+- Rename _tapp-address to _dstack-app-address by @kvinwang
+- Fix default agent_port and gateway_urls alias by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #146 from Dstack-TEE/auto-restart by @kvinwang in [#146](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/146)
+- Auto restart exited VMs by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #147 from Dstack-TEE/error-on-wrong-contract by @kvinwang in [#147](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/147)
+- Kms script: Throw error if app auth not found by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #145 from Dstack-TEE/cross-tdx-attest by @kvinwang in [#145](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/145)
+- Make tdx-attest compile on non-linux by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #144 from Dstack-TEE/rename-sdk by @kvinwang in [#144](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/144)
+- Js sdk: Warn for  simulator endpoint by @kvinwang
+- Refactor python SDK by @kvinwang
+- Refactor js sdk by @kvinwang
+- Refactor go sdk by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #142 from Dstack-TEE/renaming by @kvinwang in [#142](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/142)
+- Merge pull request #143 from Dstack-TEE/simulator by @kvinwang in [#143](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/143)
+- Use app key to sign the derived key by @kvinwang
+- Rename more tappd in comments to guest agent by @kvinwang
+- Always generate random tls key by @kvinwang
+- One more rename by @kvinwang
+- Rename get_eth_key to get_key by @kvinwang
+- API backward compatibility for vmm and gw by @kvinwang
+- Set mime application/json by @kvinwang
+- Rename kms to dstack-kms by @kvinwang
+- Rename teepod to dstack-vmm by @kvinwang
+- Rename tproxy to dstack-gateway by @kvinwang
+- Different handler for v0 and latest by @kvinwang
+- Fix service name emittion by @kvinwang
+- Add report_data in GetQuote response by @kvinwang
+- Rename tappd to dstack-guest-agent by @kvinwang
+- Fix file existance check by @kvinwang
+- Update safe-write to 0.1.2 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #140 from Dstack-TEE/tappd-health by @kvinwang in [#140](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/140)
+- Don't reuse connections in healthy check client by @kvinwang
+- Persistent iptalbes rules by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #139 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-compat by @kvinwang in [#139](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/139)
+- Compatible older images by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #138 from HashWarlock/patch-1 by @h4x3rotab in [#138](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/138)
+- Merge pull request #137 from Dstack-TEE/gpu-include by @kvinwang in [#137](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/137)
+- Add gpu whitelist by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #135 from Dstack-TEE/mr-kms by @kvinwang in [#135](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/135)
+- Add mr-kms to RTMR3 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #134 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-ui-opt by @kvinwang in [#134](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/134)
+- Auto close dropdown by @kvinwang
+- Store page size to localStorage by @kvinwang
+- More efficient pagination by @kvinwang
+- Add pagination/search and optimize net traffic by @kvinwang
+- Support for updating port mapping by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #133 from Dstack-TEE/cvm-fw by @kvinwang in [#133](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/133)
+- Add script setting the user net firewall by @kvinwang
+- Update deployment.md by @kvinwang
+- Validate TCB attributes by @kvinwang
+- Default memory size to 2048 by @kvinwang
+- Show compose hash in the UI by @kvinwang
+- Print watchdog error detail by @kvinwang
+- Default max_disk_size to 500GB by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #132 from Dstack-TEE/vec-reserved-net by @kvinwang in [#132](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/132)
+- Turns reserved-net into an array by @kvinwang
+- Fix used slots detect by @kvinwang
+- Update unknown-2035.json by @kvinwang
+- Release GPU for exited instances by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #131 from Dstack-TEE/kms-tcb by @kvinwang in [#131](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/131)
+- Reject to send keys to outdated TCB nodes by @kvinwang
+- Add tcbStatus and advisoryIds to BootInfo by @kvinwang
+- Update unknown-2035.json by @kvinwang
+- Fix missing mrImage in BootInfo by @kvinwang
+- V0.4.1 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #130 from Dstack-TEE/refactor-contracts by @kvinwang in [#130](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/130)
+- Refactor KMS contracts to support the new MRs by @kvinwang
+- Add device control by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #128 from Dstack-TEE/det-rtmr3 by @kvinwang in [#128](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/128)
+- Teepod ui: no_instance_id if no tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Rename fn by @kvinwang
+- Support for --no-instance-id by @kvinwang
+- Optional instance-id by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #129 from Dstack-TEE/up-deps by @kvinwang in [#129](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/129)
+- Update dependencies by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #110 from Dstack-TEE/sdk-updates by @Leechael in [#110](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/110)
+- Doc update & release. by @Leechael
+- Bump py sdk to 0.1.6 & js sdk to 0.1.11 by @Leechael
+- Info API & update docs. by @Leechael
+- Udpate sdk docs. by @Leechael
+- V0.1.10 by @Leechael
+- V0.1.8 by @Leechael
+- Helper function for solana Keypair by @Leechael
+- Update README.md by @Leechael
+- TappdInfo API. by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #127 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-gpu by @kvinwang in [#127](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/127)
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Show slot or product_id for associated device by @kvinwang
+- Refresh gpus status while opening deploy panel by @kvinwang
+- Filter started vm while restore devices by @kvinwang
+- Also release devices after shutdown by @kvinwang
+- Auto start vm after created by @kvinwang
+- Store allocated device id to instance state by @kvinwang
+- Add pin-numa and hugepages by @kvinwang
+- Add slot in gpu list by @kvinwang
+- Support to start CVM with GPUs by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #126 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-foreground by @kvinwang in [#126](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/126)
+- Support for non-detached supervisor by @kvinwang
+- Add #[serde(default)] by @kvinwang
+- Fix compilation error by @kvinwang
+- Add secret pubkey verification by @kvinwang
+- Fix pubkey in GetMeta by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #124 from Dstack-TEE/docs-deployment by @kvinwang in [#124](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/124)
+- Merge pull request #123 from Dstack-TEE/docs by @kvinwang in [#123](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/123)
+- Merge branch 'deploy-script' by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #122 from Dstack-TEE/deploy-script by @kvinwang in [#122](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/122)
+- Update contracts DB by @kvinwang
+- Kms cli: Remove salt from app:deploy by @kvinwang
+- Add update-env by @kvinwang
+- Better deployment script by @kvinwang
+- Support for UDS by @kvinwang
+- Refactor kms deployment script by @kvinwang
+- Add nextAppId by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #121 from Dstack-TEE/set-caa by @kvinwang in [#121](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/121)
+- Recreate acme account if the stored url doesn't matches by @kvinwang
+- Add rpc set CAA by @kvinwang
+- Support allowed_envs by @kvinwang
+- Show mrs after got key if the provider is not KMS by @kvinwang
+- Don't compile contracts in docker by @kvinwang
+- Use lkp for kms by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #120 from Dstack-TEE/kp-dockerfile by @kvinwang in [#120](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/120)
+- Refactor key-provider docker files by @kvinwang
+- Update hardhat config by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #119 from Dstack-TEE/sign-pubkey by @kvinwang in [#119](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/119)
+- Sign env encrypt pubkey by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #118 from Dstack-TEE/env-whitelist by @kvinwang in [#118](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/118)
+- Only allow wihtelisted envs by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #117 from Dstack-TEE/refactor-shared by @kvinwang in [#117](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/117)
+- Fix unit tests by @kvinwang
+- Only allow wihtelisted envs by @kvinwang
+- Refactor host shared files by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #116 from Dstack-TEE/multiple-urls by @kvinwang in [#116](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/116)
+- Support for multiple kms and tproxy URLs as fallback by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #111 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-p2p by @kvinwang in [#111](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/111)
+- Degrade some logs to debug level by @kvinwang
+- Fix bad wg config by @kvinwang
+- Event channel buffer size=1 by @kvinwang
+- Switch to use wg pubkey as internal map key by @kvinwang
+- Dedup nodes when updating by @kvinwang
+- Broadcast sync when CVM registered by @kvinwang
+- Add broadcast syncing by @kvinwang
+- Always sync self config to node list by @kvinwang
+- Recycle staled nodes by @kvinwang
+- Move dashboard to admin port by @kvinwang
+- Avoid using unsafe port by @kvinwang
+- Cert renew timeout 5mins by @kvinwang
+- Fix NODE_URL in deploy script by @kvinwang
+- Fix host_address parsing by @kvinwang
+- Print unsettled challenges by @kvinwang
+- Add SUBNET_INDEX in compose file by @kvinwang
+- Refactor deploy script by @kvinwang
+- Allow multiple tproxy appid by @kvinwang
+- Support for config subnet index by @kvinwang
+- Exclude broadcast ip by @kvinwang
+- Add wg info in net info rpc by @kvinwang
+- Show number of connections for cvm by @kvinwang
+- Implement new tproxy reg protocol by @kvinwang
+- Send all wg servers to client by @kvinwang
+- Refactor the config file by @kvinwang
+- Fix nodes update by @kvinwang
+- Refacto certbot task creation by @kvinwang
+- Don't abort on state loading failure by @kvinwang
+- Remove app cert from dashboard by @kvinwang
+- Add upgrading flag file by @kvinwang
+- Better instance-id handling by @kvinwang
+- Add connections counter by @kvinwang
+- Add proxy nodes info in dashboard by @kvinwang
+- Implement sync client by @kvinwang
+- Rename tls_domain to rpc_domain by @kvinwang
+- Add API update_state by @kvinwang
+- Fix dashboard layout by @kvinwang
+- Support for multiple servers in the protocol by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #107 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-dev by @kvinwang in [#107](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/107)
+- Add USE_HEAD option by @kvinwang
+- Update compose rev by @kvinwang
+- User letsencrypt prod api by @kvinwang
+- Refine deploy script by @kvinwang
+- Add teepod-cli.py by @kvinwang
+- Add host_address in portmap RPC by @kvinwang
+- Support for localhost by @kvinwang
+- Enable certbot by @kvinwang
+- Better log by @kvinwang
+- Built-in certbot by @kvinwang
+- Tune tproxy config by @kvinwang
+- Remove debug log by @kvinwang
+- Fix default rocket config by @kvinwang
+- Add renew hook by @kvinwang
+- Add admin RPC by @kvinwang
+- Wip by @kvinwang
+- Add tappd client by @kvinwang
+- Add tapp for tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #91 from Dstack-TEE/kms-onchain by @kvinwang in [#91](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/91)
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Fix unittests by @kvinwang
+- Adjust the deployment scripts by @kvinwang
+- Support Upgrade for AppAuth by @kvinwang
+- Add proxy deployment script by @kvinwang
+- Implement OwnableUpgradable by @kvinwang
+- Add fn initialize by @kvinwang
+- Append some RPC description by @kvinwang
+- RPC Comment by @kvinwang
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Refined key derivation by @kvinwang
+- Update README.md by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #99 from Dstack-TEE/attestation-doc by @kvinwang in [#99](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/99)
+- Merge pull request #98 from 0xshawn/key-provider-enhancement by @kvinwang in [#98](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/98)
+- Make docker restart always and run as daemon by @0xshawn
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix sig verification by @kvinwang
+- Parse failed on tcb_info by @Leechael
+- Test case for solana. by @Leechael
+- ToKeypair failed by @Leechael
+- Fix typo in doc. by @Leechael
+- Fix js test case. by @Leechael
+- Fixed image url by @Leechael
+
+### Removed
+- Remove examples by @kvinwang
+- Remove service namespace from the RPC by @kvinwang
+- Remove /etc in compose file by @kvinwang
+
+## New Contributors
+* @HashWarlock made their first contribution
+* @0xshawn made their first contribution
+## [dev-v0.4.0.0] - 2025-01-17
+
+### Added
+- Add kms compose-dev.yaml by @kvinwang
+- Add eventlog in KmsInfo by @kvinwang
+- Add event digest validation in event logs replay by @kvinwang
+- Add kms/README.md by @kvinwang
+- Add transfer ownership to AppAuth.sol by @kvinwang
+- Add demo cert in tappd by @kvinwang
+- Add random seed for DeriveKey by @kvinwang
+- Support for escape ansi color for docker logs by @kvinwang
+- Add kms tapp by @kvinwang
+- Add workaround for the network issue of the keyprovider by @kvinwang
+- Add ci for next branch by @kvinwang
+- Support for local key provider by @kvinwang
+- Add key-provider build files by @kvinwang
+- Add example of using prelaunch script by @kvinwang
+- Add apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns troubleshooting. by @PierreLeGuen
+
+### Changed
+- Use intermediate cert to sign app certs by @kvinwang
+- Merge remote-tracking branch 'master' into kms-onchain by @kvinwang
+- Update kms/tapp/compose-dev.yaml by @kvinwang
+- Rename mr_enclave to mr_aggregated by @kvinwang
+- Update dependency versions by @kvinwang
+- Validate kms cert by @kvinwang
+- Fix cargo clippy by @kvinwang
+- Update contract address by @kvinwang
+- Add function to set quote and eventlog by @kvinwang
+- Store bootstrap info on disk by @kvinwang
+- Fix ts error in unittest by @kvinwang
+- Show deploy tx hash by @kvinwang
+- Update hardhat config by @kvinwang
+- Add eventlog in bootstrap result by @kvinwang
+- Default to 50 lines of log by @kvinwang
+- Show tx hash by @kvinwang
+- Better mrs display in the log by @kvinwang
+- Fix response data schema by @kvinwang
+- Hide Upgrade button for local instances by @kvinwang
+- Add tasks by @kvinwang
+- Use string as type of tproxyAppId by @kvinwang
+- Auto apply certs from tappd by @kvinwang
+- Add optional app_id set in UI by @kvinwang
+- No default pccs_url by @kvinwang
+- Add option tls_no_check_hostname by @kvinwang
+- Better auto cert gen for kms & tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Update typechain types by @kvinwang
+- Update contract deployment script by @kvinwang
+- Add api get_root_ca by @kvinwang
+- Fix potential start failure by @kvinwang
+- Update README.md by @kvinwang
+- Update kms app compose by @kvinwang
+- Update README by @kvinwang
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Layout adjustment for README by @kvinwang
+- Fix cargo clippy and warnings by @kvinwang
+- Remove a debug print by @kvinwang
+- Print error log to console by @kvinwang
+- Update .gitignore by @kvinwang
+- Remove certs copying by @kvinwang
+- Support for auto-bootstrap by @kvinwang
+- Auto generate certs for dev by @kvinwang
+- Fix cert issue in tproxy setup by @kvinwang
+- Extract cert-client to seperate crate by @kvinwang
+- Max cert chain len = 2 by @kvinwang
+- Wip by @kvinwang
+- Fix cert chain in derived key by @kvinwang
+- Root-ca default filename by @kvinwang
+- Write full certchain in cert by @kvinwang
+- No short arg for certgen by @kvinwang
+- Providing trusted tproxy id by @kvinwang
+- Use mr-kp instead of kp-info to calc mr_enclave by @kvinwang
+- Print key provider MR by @kvinwang
+- Default kms port 8000 by @kvinwang
+- Change default onboard port by @kvinwang
+- Consistent appid by @kvinwang
+- Optimize onboard UI by @kvinwang
+- Fix 0x prefix when checking App authority by @kvinwang
+- Better error report by @kvinwang
+- Fix boot auth url path by @kvinwang
+- Update kms config by @kvinwang
+- Fix minor issues by @kvinwang
+- Fix rootfs_hash parsing in tdxctl by @kvinwang
+- Fix hardhat typechain error by @kvinwang
+- Display compose hash by @kvinwang
+- Kms contracts: Remove appController method by @kvinwang
+- Refactor the contracts by @kvinwang
+- Update kms Config by @kvinwang
+- Tested by @kvinwang
+- Auth-eth in ts by @kvinwang
+- Add test for contract by @kvinwang
+- Derive k256 keys by @kvinwang
+- Onboard by @kvinwang
+- Add more fields in AppInfo by @kvinwang
+- Add ecdsa key provision by @kvinwang
+- Support for webhook by @kvinwang
+- Put rootfs_hash to kernel args by @kvinwang
+- Update Cargo.lock by @kvinwang
+- Merge remote-tracking branch 'ds/master' into next by @kvinwang
+- Don't redirect stderr to /dev/null by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #87 from Dstack-TEE/kp-compose by @kvinwang in [#87](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/87)
+- Update .gitignore by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #81 from Dstack-TEE/key-provider by @kvinwang in [#81](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/81)
+- Add device-id in RTMR3 by @kvinwang
+- KMS key provider takes precedence by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #112 from AndrewMohawk/patch-1 by @kvinwang in [#112](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/112)
+- Update README.md by @AndrewMohawk
+- Merge pull request #105 from Dstack-TEE/prune-images by @kvinwang in [#105](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/105)
+- Pruning unused images by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #100 from Dstack-TEE/prelaunch-demo by @kvinwang in [#100](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/100)
+- Merge pull request #106 from Dstack-TEE/fix-clippy by @kvinwang in [#106](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/106)
+- Fix cargo clippy errors by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #104 from Dstack-TEE/disk-req by @kvinwang in [#104](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/104)
+- Add RAM and disk requirement by @kvinwang
+- Update prerequisite dependencies by @nanometerzhu
+- Merge pull request #95 from Dstack-TEE/remove-orphans by @kvinwang in [#95](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/95)
+- Implement tdxctl remove-orphans by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #94 from Dstack-TEE/pre_launch_script by @kvinwang in [#94](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/94)
+- Add pre_launch_script in app-compose by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #90 from PierreLeGuen/master by @kvinwang in [#90](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/90)
+
+### Removed
+- Remove mr ca-cert-hash by @kvinwang
+
+## New Contributors
+* @AndrewMohawk made their first contribution
+* @PierreLeGuen made their first contribution
+## [0.3.4] - 2025-01-04
+
+### Changed
+- Update Cargo.lock by @nanometerzhu
+- Bump version to v0.3.4 by @nanometerzhu
+
+## [0.3.4-beta] - 2025-01-02
+
+### Changed
+- No default not_before by @kvinwang
+- Don't redirect stderr to /dev/null by @kvinwang
+- Update .gitignore by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #86 from Dstack-TEE/oom-protect by @kvinwang in [#86](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/86)
+- Prevent tappd from be killed by OOM-killer by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #85 from Dstack-TEE/fix-tproxy-conn by @Leechael in [#85](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/85)
+- Fix bug in connection choosing by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #84 from Dstack-TEE/readme by @h4x3rotab in [#84](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/84)
+- Improve readme, address both code contrib and community by @h4x3rotab
+- Fix a warning by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #83 from Dstack-TEE/json-prpc by @kvinwang in [#83](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/83)
+- Choose json codec in prpc clients by @kvinwang
+- Move docker-daemon.json to meta repo by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #82 from Dstack-TEE/safe-remove-orphans by @kvinwang in [#82](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/82)
+- A better way to remove orphans by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #46 from Dstack-TEE/feat-get-meta-api by @Leechael in [#46](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/46)
+- Inspect public_logs and public_sysinfo option in Worker.Info by @Leechael
+- Format by @Leechael
+- Rename 'id' to 'instance_id' to avoid potential confusion by @Leechael
+- Add GetMeta API for heartbeat. by @Leechael
+- Add GetMeta API for heartbeat. by @Leechael
+- Add GetMeta API for heartbeat. by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #80 from Dstack-TEE/tboot-no-shutdown by @kvinwang in [#80](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/80)
+- Don't shutdown when tboot.sh fail by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #79 from Dstack-TEE/remove-orphans by @kvinwang in [#79](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/79)
+- Add --remove-orphans to docker compose up by @kvinwang
+- Correct check for kmsEnabled in secrets reset by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #78 from Dstack-TEE/wdg-tappd by @kvinwang in [#78](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/78)
+- No hardcoded port for watchdog by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #77 from Dstack-TEE/raw-quote by @kvinwang in [#77](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/77)
+- Add standalone RawQuote API by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #76 from Dstack-TEE/quote-prefix by @kvinwang in [#76](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/76)
+- Add `prefix` for TdxQuote API by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #74 from Dstack-TEE/confirm-rm by @kvinwang in [#74](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/74)
+- Comfirm on removal by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #75 from Dstack-TEE/git-ver by @kvinwang in [#75](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/75)
+- Add git rev in Version rpc by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #72 from Dstack-TEE/prpc-query-params by @kvinwang in [#72](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/72)
+- Eliminates prpc routes file by @kvinwang
+- Make the ra_rpc more easier to use by @kvinwang
+- Support for reading args from url query by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #73 from Dstack-TEE/e2fsck-no-reboot by @kvinwang in [#73](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/73)
+- Don'nt reboot if the e2fsck corrected the fs errors by @kvinwang
+- Better logs by @kvinwang
+- Show compose file in tcb info by @kvinwang
+- Display app name by @kvinwang
+- Extract config loading logic to crate load_config by @kvinwang
+- Add qmp sock by @kvinwang
+- Better status display by @kvinwang
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix rev display by @kvinwang
+
+## [0.3.3] - 2024-12-19
+
+### Added
+- Add service wg-checker by @kvinwang
+- Support for upgrade image by @kvinwang
+- Support for disk resizing by @kvinwang
+- Add log config by @kvinwang
+- Add default docker daemon config by @kvinwang
+- Support for boot progress report by @kvinwang
+- Add endpoint to ra-rpc server-side by @kvinwang
+- Add crate http-client by @kvinwang
+- Add crate host-api by @kvinwang
+- Add rocket-vsock-listener by @kvinwang
+- Add load file button to reset secret panel by @kvinwang
+
+### Changed
+- Make some codes more clear using cmd_lib by @kvinwang in [#71](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/71)
+- Fix dev image does not upgrade by @kvinwang
+- Remove since=1d from default logs url by @kvinwang
+- Dstack v0.3.3 by @kvinwang in [#70](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/70)
+- Merge pull request #69 from Dstack-TEE/kms-up by @kvinwang in [#69](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/69)
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Allow upgrade base image by @kvinwang
+- Fix first boot failure by @kvinwang
+- Show version info on page by @kvinwang
+- Fix error in console.html by @kvinwang
+- Fix error removing .rootfs_hash in upgrading by @kvinwang
+- Fix error in e2fsck by @kvinwang
+- Fix error: missing bootstrapped when upgraded from old instance by @kvinwang
+- Don't run docker compose pull by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #68 from Dstack-TEE/wg-fix by @kvinwang in [#68](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/68)
+- Set iptables to reject arbitray ip to send packets to wg port by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #55 from Dstack-TEE/tappd-api by @kvinwang in [#55](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/55)
+- Teepod & tappd: Default logs tail=20 by @kvinwang
+- Handle app compose versioning by @kvinwang
+- Support for optional logs/sysinfo API by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #67 from Dstack-TEE/up-img by @kvinwang in [#67](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/67)
+- Allow upgrade in 'exited' state by @kvinwang
+- Sync dynamic config on start vm by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #66 from Dstack-TEE/resize-disk by @kvinwang in [#66](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/66)
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Turnneournald config by @kvinwang
+- Web display by @kvinwang
+- Only refress netinfo when running by @kvinwang
+- Fix watchdog issue by @kvinwang
+- Better status display by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #64 from Dstack-TEE/tappd-wd by @kvinwang in [#64](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/64)
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Add systemd watchdog by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #65 from Dstack-TEE/docker-cfg by @kvinwang in [#65](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/65)
+- Merge pull request #63 from Dstack-TEE/tappd-vsock by @kvinwang in [#63](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/63)
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Adjust buttons layout by @kvinwang
+- Reuse the same proto of guest api for teepod and tappd by @kvinwang
+- Delegate tappd RPCs by @kvinwang
+- Add guest api by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #62 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-vsock by @kvinwang in [#62](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/62)
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Accept boot progress report by @kvinwang
+- Add client code in by @kvinwang
+- Add prpc support by @kvinwang
+- Impl host-api by @kvinwang
+- Rename upgraded-app-id to compose-hash by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #61 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-url-rule by @kvinwang in [#61](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/61)
+- The ending `s` in the url must be on the port part by @kvinwang
+- Change logs since=1h to 0 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #60 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-multi-connect by @kvinwang in [#60](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/60)
+- Connect to multiple hosts by @kvinwang
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Update prpc-build to 0.3.6 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #59 from Dstack-TEE/fix-app-id-on-reset by @kvinwang in [#59](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/59)
+- Fix incorrect app-id on reset by @kvinwang
+- Better logs filter by @kvinwang in [#58](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/58)
+- Config for overall timeout for a connection by @kvinwang in [#57](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/57)
+- Auto set ulimit -n by @kvinwang in [#56](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/56)
+- Upgrade prpc-build to 0.3.5 by @kvinwang
+- Upgrade to prpc-build 0.3.4 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #54 from Dstack-TEE/disable-scale-ext by @kvinwang in [#54](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/54)
+- Disable scale ext for protos by @kvinwang
+- Add load from file for secrets by @kvinwang
+- Fix clippy by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #52 from Dstack-TEE/vm-pty by @kvinwang in [#52](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/52)
+- Open a pty for vm console by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #51 from Dstack-TEE/cert-sign by @kvinwang in [#51](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/51)
+- Add subcommand to sign a single cert by @kvinwang
+- Use safe-write to store the state by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #50 from Dstack-TEE/setup-wg by @kvinwang in [#50](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/50)
+- Auto setup wg interface if not already by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #49 from Dstack-TEE/fix-sdk-hint by @Leechael in [#49](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/49)
+- Release js sdk 0.1.7 & python sdk 0.1.5 by @Leechael
+- The length hint for raw report data in JS/TS SDK by @Leechael
+- The length hint for raw report data in Python SDK by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #47 from Hyodar/feat/go-sdk by @kvinwang in [#47](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/47)
+- Add package summary and author by @Hyodar
+- Mention report data size and padding for raw hashing by @Hyodar
+- Avoid unnecessary string operations by @Hyodar
+- Add DeriveKeyWithSubject and DeriveKeyWithSubjectAndAltNames by @Hyodar
+- Add TdxQuoteWithHashAlgorithm by @Hyodar
+- Fix typo by @Hyodar
+- Improve report data size check error on raw report by @Hyodar
+- Add installation instructions and snippet by @Hyodar
+- Add constructor options by @Hyodar
+- Mention when altNames is included in the request by @Hyodar
+- Avoid extra hex decoding in go SDK by @Hyodar
+- Add logger to Tappd client creation in go SDK by @Hyodar
+- Use info log instead of warn by @Hyodar
+- Add RTMR replay to go SDK by @Hyodar
+- Add hash algorithms support to go SDK by @Hyodar
+- Add Go SDK README by @Hyodar
+- Rename go package to tappd by @Hyodar
+- Add Golang SDK by @Hyodar
+- Simplify the syntax in Cargo.toml by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #48 from Dstack-TEE/abspath by @kvinwang in [#48](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/48)
+- Use path-absolutize instead of canonicalize by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #45 from Dstack-TEE/sysinfo by @kvinwang in [#45](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/45)
+- Fix cargo clippy by @kvinwang
+- Add API SysInfo by @kvinwang
+
+### Fixed
+- Keep js sdk padding behavior consistent to python sdk by @Leechael
+- Fix raw hashing test using SHA512 by @Hyodar
+- Parse RTMRs manually and remove go-tdx-qpl dependency by @Hyodar
+- Move tests to test package by @Hyodar
+- Test parsing TDX quotes by @Hyodar
+- Add go SDK unit tests by @Hyodar
+- Add Go SDK unit tests by @Hyodar
+
+## New Contributors
+* @Hyodar made their first contribution
+## [0.3.2] - 2024-12-09
+
+### Added
+- Add support for deriving an app instance by @kvinwang
+- Add test case for reportdata check by @Leechael
+- Add cargo test in action by @kvinwang
+- Add github action clippy by @kvinwang
+- Python SDK: add fn info() by @kvinwang
+- Add killswitch contract by @kvinwang
+- Add example crypt-kv by @kvinwang
+
+### Changed
+- V0.3.2 by @kvinwang in [#44](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/44)
+- Merge pull request #43 from Dstack-TEE/custom-appid by @kvinwang in [#43](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/43)
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Teepod ui: Support for updating vcpu and memory by @kvinwang
+- Support custom app-id by @kvinwang
+- Validate the compose file when upgrading by @kvinwang
+- Only list loadable images by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #42 from Dstack-TEE/sdk-test-case-for-reportdata-verification by @Leechael in [#42](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/42)
+- Fix clippy warnings for latest Rust by @kvinwang
+- Fix tests by @kvinwang
+- Cargo clippy by @kvinwang
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Format code by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #41 from Dstack-TEE/cert-time by @kvinwang in [#41](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/41)
+- Set the default certificate validity period to 1 year by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #11 from Dstack-TEE/killswitch by @kvinwang in [#11](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/11)
+- Update notebook by @kvinwang
+- Add client code by @kvinwang
+- Allow owner to ban self by @kvinwang
+- Add info for internal RPC by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #10 from Dstack-TEE/crypt-kv by @kvinwang in [#10](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/10)
+- Add ipynb by @kvinwang
+- Reduce directory level by @kvinwang
+
+## [0.3.1] - 2024-12-05
+
+### Added
+- Add connect timeout & read first byte timeout for proxy by @Leechael
+- Add hash_algorithm support python sdk by @Leechael
+- Add VmMonitor.get_vm and VmInfo.to_pb by @Leechael
+- Add Teepod.GetInfo & Teepod.ResizeVm by @Leechael
+- Add TProxy.GetInfo by @Leechael
+- Add supervisor by @kvinwang
+- Add git rev to apps by @kvinwang
+- Add cargo-check-all.sh by @kvinwang
+- Support for docker login and registry mirror by @kvinwang
+- Support for encrypted env vars by @kvinwang
+- Add doc comment for tdxctl by @kvinwang
+- Support for no KMS mode by @kvinwang
+- Add tappd python client by @kvinwang
+- Support for verify quote with PCCS by @kvinwang
+- Add instance ID by @kvinwang
+- Support to tls passthrough on common domain by @kvinwang
+- Support for App Upgrade by @kvinwang
+- Add contributors by @h4x3rotab
+- Add troubleshooting by @h4x3rotab
+- Add LICENSE by @kvinwang
+- Support for dev version of image by @kvinwang
+- Support for strip ansi colors by @kvinwang
+- Add .cursorrules by @kvinwang
+- Add certbot-cli by @kvinwang
+- Add cert_bot and tests by @kvinwang
+- Add Rust version ct_monitor by @kvinwang
+- Add ct_monitor.py by @kvinwang
+- Add certbot by @kvinwang
+- Add user to libvirt group by @kvinwang
+- Add external rpc for tappd by @kvinwang
+- Add build script by @kvinwang
+- Add list page for tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Add --config for commands by @kvinwang
+- Add vsock modules by @kvinwang
+- Add missing cargo feature by @kvinwang
+- Add test-scripts by @kvinwang
+- Add tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Add README.md by @kvinwang
+- Support to install image by @kvinwang
+- Add default config dir by @kvinwang
+- Add teepod by @kvinwang
+- Add tappd/tappd-rpc by @kvinwang
+- Add mkguest by @kvinwang
+- Add tdx-attest/tdxctl/iohash by @kvinwang
+- Add tdx-attest-sys by @kvinwang
+- Add kms-rpc,rarpc by @kvinwang
+- Add kms by @kvinwang
+- Add ratls by @kvinwang
+
+### Changed
+- Bump version to 0.3.1 by @kvinwang in [#39](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/39)
+- Merge pull request #32 from Leechael/feat-tproxy-timeouts by @kvinwang in [#32](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/32)
+- Fix jupyter notebook not work when the browser using a proxy network by @kvinwang
+- More flex timeout config and other refactor by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #38 from Dstack-TEE/universion by @kvinwang in [#38](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/38)
+- Extract dependencies to workspace level by @kvinwang
+- Use universe version for all Rust crates by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #36 from Leechael/feat-sdk-and-quote by @kvinwang in [#36](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/36)
+- Update js sdk by @Leechael
+- Update python sdk by @Leechael
+- Copy sdk codes from tappd-simulator by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #37 from Dstack-TEE/nanometerzhu-readme-mkisofs by @kvinwang in [#37](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/37)
+- Mkisofs is also essential by @nanometerzhu
+- Add app version header by @kvinwang
+- Fix cid already in use by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #33 from Leechael/feat-apis by @kvinwang in [#33](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/33)
+- Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into mrg-master by @kvinwang
+- Comment on the resize disk size behavior by @Leechael
+- Merge pull request #35 from Dstack-TEE/raw-report-data by @kvinwang in [#35](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/35)
+- Default to sha512 by @kvinwang
+- Support for chosing hash for quote by @kvinwang
+- Log by @kvinwang
+- Use abspath for supervisor bin by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #34 from Dstack-TEE/supervisor by @kvinwang in [#34](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/34)
+- Rm comment by @kvinwang
+- Update tests by @kvinwang
+- Rename by @kvinwang
+- Fix a deadlock by @kvinwang
+- Fix the broken default log level by @kvinwang
+- Extract process management to a standalone process by @kvinwang
+- Add probe based client creation by @kvinwang
+- Add client lib by @kvinwang
+- Support for redirect log file by @kvinwang
+- Expose some process structs by @kvinwang
+- Support daemonize self and --pid-file by @kvinwang
+- Add config and cmd args by @kvinwang
+- Update rocket-apitoken by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #31 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-auth by @kvinwang in [#31](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/31)
+- Support for bearer auth by @kvinwang
+- Fix Upgrade failure by @kvinwang
+- Show qemu log in serial.log by @kvinwang
+- Disable buffering for nginx by @kvinwang
+- Extract cc-eventlog as a crate by @kvinwang
+- Fix reboot issue for no-fde instance by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #30 from Dstack-TEE/opt-fde by @kvinwang in [#30](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/30)
+- Support for opt-out disck encryption by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #29 from Dstack-TEE/docker-login by @kvinwang in [#29](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/29)
+- Merge pull request #28 from Dstack-TEE/up-rustls by @kvinwang in [#28](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/28)
+- Update rustls to 0.23.19 by @kvinwang
+- Fix console crash if vm files are removed by @kvinwang
+- No ca cert if kms is disabled by @kvinwang
+- Custom event type by @kvinwang in [#27](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/27)
+- Show event log in tappd dashboard by @kvinwang
+- Define RTMR3 digest format by @kvinwang
+- Update dcap-qvl to 0.1.6 by @kvinwang
+- Prpc returns non Result by @kvinwang
+- Better event log format by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #26 from Dstack-TEE/tboot-rs by @kvinwang in [#26](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/26)
+- Fix tproxy crash by @kvinwang
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Configurable dir for tboot by @kvinwang
+- Use Rust client instead of curl by @kvinwang
+- Update prpc to 0.3 by @kvinwang
+- Fix qemu net args by @kvinwang
+- Fix pubkey update issue after instance reboot by @kvinwang
+- Cargo fmt by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #25 from Dstack-TEE/tboot-rs by @kvinwang in [#25](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/25)
+- Rewrite tboot.sh in Rust by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #24 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-update-pubkey by @kvinwang in [#24](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/24)
+- Reject register without pubkey by @kvinwang
+- Don't allocate new ip for rebooted instance by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #23 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-loadbalance by @kvinwang in [#23](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/23)
+- Load balance by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #22 from Dstack-TEE/tproxy-persistent by @kvinwang in [#22](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/22)
+- Show latest handshake by @kvinwang
+- Save/Load state by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #21 from Dstack-TEE/recycle by @kvinwang in [#21](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/21)
+- Recycle stale instances by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #19 from Dstack-TEE/custom-net by @kvinwang in [#19](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/19)
+- Support for custom netdev by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #18 from Dstack-TEE/sec-env by @kvinwang in [#18](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/18)
+- Derive for env encrypt key by @kvinwang
+- Break on io error by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #17 from Dstack-TEE/rm-build-sh by @kvinwang in [#17](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/17)
+- Move build.sh to repo meta-dstack by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #16 from Dstack-TEE/tailf by @kvinwang in [#16](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/16)
+- Workaround for client disconnect issue for logs by @kvinwang
+- Use tailf instead of linemux for log tailling by @kvinwang
+- Move some basefiles from meta-dstack to this repo by @kvinwang
+- Bump version to dstack-0.2.0 by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #15 from Dstack-TEE/teepod-show-detail by @kvinwang in [#15](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/15)
+- Show vm instance detail information by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #14 from Dstack-TEE/no-kms by @kvinwang in [#14](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/14)
+- Merge pull request #13 from Dstack-TEE/port_map by @kvinwang in [#13](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/13)
+- Support for mapping host port to CVM by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #12 from Dstack-TEE/rm-mkguest by @kvinwang in [#12](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/12)
+- Fix compilation error by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #9 from Dstack-TEE/py-tappd by @kvinwang in [#9](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/9)
+- Support for setting alt names in derive_key by @kvinwang
+- Add fn derive_key by @kvinwang
+- Update README by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #8 from Dstack-TEE/ccel by @kvinwang in [#8](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/8)
+- Handle eventlogs by @kvinwang
+- Support for parsing CCEL logs by @kvinwang
+- Set default PCCS URL to PCS by @kvinwang
+- Update dcap-qvl by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #7 from Dstack-TEE/ratls-verify by @kvinwang in [#7](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/7)
+- Add subcommand rand by @kvinwang
+- Auto refresh by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #6 from Dstack-TEE/instance-id by @kvinwang in [#6](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/6)
+- Update README for address by instance id and passthrough by @kvinwang
+- Use instance url instead of app url for dashboard by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #5 from Dstack-TEE/passthrough by @kvinwang in [#5](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/5)
+- Better base domain striping from SNI by @kvinwang
+- Fix IPs in build.sh by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #4 from Dstack-TEE/define-report-data by @kvinwang in [#4](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/4)
+- Define quote report_data format and check the cert pubkey by @kvinwang
+- Remove app id preview by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #3 from Dstack-TEE/app-compose by @kvinwang in [#3](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/3)
+- Switch to App compose format by @kvinwang
+- Turn deploy into dialog by @kvinwang
+- Check config by @kvinwang
+- Better error message by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #2 from Dstack-TEE/upgrade-app by @kvinwang in [#2](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/2)
+- Support for App Upgrade by @kvinwang
+- Store issued certs to fs by @kvinwang
+- Merge pull request #1 from Dstack-TEE/contributors by @kvinwang in [#1](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/1)
+- Update repo URL by @kvinwang
+- Update README.md by @kvinwang
+- Remove rproxy and implement our own by @kvinwang
+- Fix md syntax by @kvinwang
+- Update Cargo.lock by @kvinwang
+- Update README.md by @kvinwang
+- Fix utf8 decoding error in log by @kvinwang
+- Default to show 1 hour logs by @kvinwang
+- Implement TLS passthrough by @kvinwang
+- Move deployed containers up by @kvinwang
+- Optimiza tappd dashboard by @kvinwang
+- Sort by create time by @kvinwang
+- Support for start/remove by @kvinwang
+- Support for reloading VMs by @kvinwang
+- Modify manifest when stop vm by @kvinwang
+- Use vm name and image name by @kvinwang
+- Pretify console.html by @kvinwang
+- Add link to tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Support for bare log lines by @kvinwang
+- Fix cvm log lines by @kvinwang
+- Default to use dstack-0.1.0-dev by @kvinwang
+- Add CID pool by @kvinwang
+- Streaming API for CVM logs by @kvinwang
+- Fix v9 mount name by @kvinwang
+- Minor log fix by @kvinwang
+- Add api to get Docker logs by @kvinwang
+- Add subcommand add-caa by @kvinwang
+- Don't add wg if exists by @kvinwang
+- Better log by @kvinwang
+- Soundness CAA setting by @kvinwang
+- Support for adding CAA by @kvinwang
+- Refine logs by @kvinwang
+- Report error when CT log missing by @kvinwang
+- CT log support for tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Minor refactor by @kvinwang
+- Use fs_err by @kvinwang
+- Add auto renew feature by @kvinwang
+- Add some doc comments by @kvinwang
+- Adapt yocto by @kvinwang
+- Make tdx-guest compatible with kernel 6.6 by @kvinwang
+- Make mod tdx-guest compatible with yocto by @kvinwang
+- Move tdx-guest src to root by @kvinwang
+- Use syncconf instead of setconf by @kvinwang
+- Use rinja for tproxy page by @kvinwang
+- Use rinja instead of minijinja by @kvinwang
+- Fix tests by @kvinwang
+- Simplify the config file format by @kvinwang
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Mod default build config values by @kvinwang
+- Minor HTML label change by @kvinwang
+- Truncate rootfs hash to 64 by @kvinwang
+- Better permission require in prepare_env.sh by @kvinwang
+- Turn /tapp/config to /tapp by @kvinwang
+- Show containers in Tappd by @kvinwang
+- Fix invalid url by @kvinwang
+- Fix incomplate build.sh by @kvinwang
+- Fix empty attestation in CaCert by @kvinwang
+- Enable ssh passwd login by @kvinwang
+- Fix run scripts by @kvinwang
+- Portmap for tproxy by @kvinwang
+- Move the rpc crates into it's main crate by @kvinwang
+- Use rproxy as a library by @kvinwang
+- Change default config for kms by @kvinwang
+- Teepod can run CVMs now by @kvinwang
+- Add rpc List by @kvinwang
+- Reconfig wg and proxy on startup by @kvinwang
+- Truncate app id to 40 chars by @kvinwang
+- Fix wg config issues by @kvinwang
+- Optimize makefile by @kvinwang
+- Fix a warning by @kvinwang
+- Update ubuntu to 20240911 by @kvinwang
+- Initramfs works now by @kvinwang
+- Update kmfs by @kvinwang
+- Update README.md by @kvinwang
+- Refactor initrd by @kvinwang
+- Create certgen by @kvinwang
+- Implement derive key by @kvinwang
+- Fix wg & rproxy config issues by @kvinwang
+- Gen cert signed by ca file by @kvinwang
+- Record empty app-id in MR by @kvinwang
+- Fix panic in gen-ra-cert by @kvinwang
+- Remvoe ifname from config by @kvinwang
+- Use wg-quick to config wg interface by @kvinwang
+- Exclude self-ip from the client pool by @kvinwang
+- Add tests by @kvinwang
+- Add EventLog by @kvinwang
+- Better logs display by @kvinwang
+- Fix mutlpile instance start failure by @kvinwang
+- Fix initramfs hooks by @kvinwang
+- Implement vm deployment by @kvinwang
+- Port teepod to prpc by @kvinwang
+- Add rpc TdxQuote by @kvinwang
+- Implement rpc DeriveKey for tappd by @kvinwang
+- Implement kdf for rcgen::KeyPair by @kvinwang
+- Load app key by @kvinwang
+- Use fs-err for better error message by @kvinwang
+- Minor rename by @kvinwang
+- Refactor kms-rpc file structure by @kvinwang
+- Add --get-ra-cert by @kvinwang
+- Implement RA RPC by @kvinwang
+- Add Attestation extractor by @kvinwang
+
+### Removed
+- Remove a todo comment by @kvinwang
+- Remove ubuntu-based image making by @kvinwang
+- Remove app_info from cert by @kvinwang
+- Remove deps on openssl by @kvinwang
+- Remove the account_id workaround by @kvinwang
+- Remove error in build.sh by @kvinwang
+- Remove unused code by @kvinwang
+- Remove certs dir by @kvinwang
+
+## New Contributors
+* @Leechael made their first contribution
+* @nanometerzhu made their first contribution
+* @h4x3rotab made their first contribution
+[unreleased]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.5.5..HEAD
+[0.5.5]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.5.4..v0.5.5
+[0.5.4]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.5.3..v0.5.4
+[0.5.3]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.5.2..v0.5.3
+[0.5.2]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.5.1..v0.5.2
+[0.5.1]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.5.0..v0.5.1
+[0.5.0]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.4.2..v0.5.0
+[0.4.2]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/dev-v0.4.0.0..v0.4.2
+[dev-v0.4.0.0]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.3.4..dev-v0.4.0.0
+[0.3.4]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.3.4-beta..v0.3.4
+[0.3.4-beta]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.3.3..v0.3.4-beta
+[0.3.3]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.3.2..v0.3.3
+[0.3.2]: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/compare/v0.3.1..v0.3.2
+
+<!-- generated by git-cliff -->
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..beb9d19df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# CLAUDE.md
+
+This file provides guidance to Claude Code (claude.ai/code) when working with code in this repository.
+
+## Project Overview
+
+dstack is a developer-friendly, security-first framework for deploying containerized applications into Intel TDX (Trust Domain Extensions) Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). The system provides end-to-end security through hardware-rooted attestation, automated key management, and zero-trust networking.
+
+The monorepo keeps core services and the Rust workspace in `dstack/`, public
+SDKs in `sdk/`, guest-OS builders in `os/`, documentation in `docs/`, and
+standalone utilities in `tools/`.
+
+## Architecture
+
+dstack consists of several core components that interact to provide TEE-based container deployment:
+
+### Core Components
+
+- **`dstack-vmm`** (`dstack/vmm/`): Virtual Machine Manager that runs on bare-metal TDX hosts. Orchestrates CVM lifecycle, manages QEMU processes, allocates resources, parses docker-compose files, and provides a web UI (port 9080) for deployment.
+
+- **`dstack-kms`** (`dstack/kms/`): Key Management System that handles cryptographic key provisioning after TDX quote verification. Derives keys deterministically per application identity and enforces authorization policies defined in smart contracts on Ethereum.
+
+- **`dstack-gateway`** (`dstack/gateway/`): Reverse proxy providing zero-trust network access. Handles TLS termination, automated ACME certificate provisioning, and traffic routing via ingress mapping rules.
+
+- **`dstack-guest-agent`** (`dstack/guest-agent/`): Runs inside each CVM to provide runtime services including Docker Compose lifecycle management, TDX quote generation, key provisioning from KMS, and log aggregation. Exposes API via Unix socket at `/var/run/dstack.sock`.
+
+### Communication Protocols
+
+- **RA-TLS**: Remote Attestation TLS used for all inter-CVM communication, embedding TDX quotes in X.509 certificates for mutual authentication
+- **`prpc`**: Protocol Buffers-based RPC framework used across all service APIs
+- **`vsock`**: Host-guest communication channel for metadata and configuration
+- **Unix Domain Sockets**: Used for local management (e.g., `vmm.sock`)
+
+### Additional Components
+
+- **`certbot`** (`dstack/certbot/`): Automated ACME DNS-01 certificate management
+- **`ct_monitor`** (`dstack/ct_monitor/`): Certificate Transparency log monitoring
+- **`verifier`** (`dstack/verifier/`): TDX quote verification service using `dcap-qvl`
+- **`supervisor`** (`dstack/supervisor/`): Process supervision inside CVMs
+- **SDKs** (`sdk/`): Client SDKs in Rust, Python, Go, and JavaScript for interacting with guest-agent APIs
+
+## Build Commands
+
+### Rust Components
+
+```bash
+cd dstack
+
+# Build all components
+cargo build --release
+
+# Build specific components
+cargo build --release -p dstack-vmm
+cargo build --release -p dstack-kms
+cargo build --release -p dstack-gateway
+cargo build --release -p dstack-guest-agent
+cargo build --release -p dstack-guest-agent-simulator
+
+# Check code
+cargo check --all-features
+
+# Format code
+cargo fmt --all
+
+# Lint with Clippy
+cargo clippy -- -D warnings --allow unused_variables
+```
+
+### Ethereum Smart Contracts (KMS Auth)
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/kms/auth-eth
+npm install       # Install Node.js dependencies for bootAuth server
+forge install     # Install Foundry dependencies (submodules)
+
+# Build
+forge build       # Compile smart contracts
+npm run build     # Build TypeScript server
+
+# Test
+forge test --ffi      # Run Foundry contract tests
+npm test              # Run TypeScript server tests
+npm run test:coverage # Run TypeScript tests with coverage
+
+# Local development
+anvil             # Start local Ethereum node
+```
+
+### Python SDK
+
+```bash
+cd sdk/python
+make install  # Install dependencies
+make test     # Run tests
+```
+
+## Test Commands
+
+### Running All Tests
+
+```bash
+# Run all Rust tests (requires simulator)
+./dstack/run-tests.sh
+```
+
+This script:
+1. Builds the SDK simulator (`sdk/simulator/`)
+2. Starts the simulator in background
+3. Sets `DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT` and `TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT`
+4. Runs `cargo test --all-features -- --show-output`
+
+### Running Specific Tests
+
+```bash
+cd dstack
+
+# Run tests for a specific package
+cargo test -p dstack-kms --all-features
+
+# Run a specific test
+cargo test --all-features test_name
+
+# Run tests with output
+cargo test --all-features -- --show-output --test-threads=1
+```
+
+### Foundry Tests (Ethereum Contracts)
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/kms/auth-eth
+
+# Run all Foundry tests
+forge test
+
+# Run with verbosity
+forge test -vv
+
+# Run specific test contract
+forge test --match-contract UpgradesWithPluginTest -vv
+
+# Clean build artifacts
+forge clean
+```
+
+## Code Style Guidelines
+
+### Logging and Error Messages
+
+- Start log messages and error messages with lowercase text
+- Preserve the conventional capitalization of identifiers and acronyms when they
+  begin a message (for example, `RIM`, `OCSP`, or `HTTP`)
+- Example: `log::info!("starting server on port {}", port);`
+- Example: `anyhow::bail!("failed to connect to server");`
+- Example: `log::warn!("RIM upstream is unavailable");`
+
+## Key Security Concepts
+
+### Attestation Flow
+
+1. **Quote Generation**: Applications request TDX quotes via `getQuote()` with reportData (up to 64 bytes)
+2. **Quote Verification**: `dstack-verifier` validates quotes using `dcap-qvl`, verifies OS image hash, and replays RTMRs from event logs
+3. **RTMR Replay**: Compute Runtime Measurement Register values by applying SHA384 hashing to event log entries
+
+### Key Management
+
+- **Deterministic Keys**: `getKey(path, purpose)` derives secp256k1 keys using HKDF, with signature chains proving TEE origin
+- **TLS Keys**: `getTlsKey()` generates fresh X.509 certificates with optional RA-TLS support
+- **Environment Encryption**: Client-side encryption using X25519 ECDH + AES-256-GCM, decrypted only in TEE
+
+### Smart Contract Integration
+
+- **DstackKms**: Main KMS contract managing OS image whitelist and app registration
+- **DstackApp**: Per-app authorization contract controlling device IDs and compose hash whitelist
+- Deployed on Ethereum-compatible networks (Phala Network)
+
+## Development Workflow
+
+### Local Development Setup
+
+1. Build guest-OS artifacts through `os/build.sh` (see `os/README.md`)
+2. Download or build guest OS image
+3. Run components in separate terminals:
+   - KMS: `./dstack-kms -c kms.toml`
+   - Gateway: `sudo ./dstack-gateway -c gateway.toml`
+   - VMM: `./dstack-vmm -c vmm.toml`
+
+### Deploying Apps
+
+- Via Web UI: `http://localhost:9080` (or configured port)
+- Via CLI: `./vmm-cli.py` (see `docs/vmm-cli-user-guide.md`)
+- Requires:
+  1. On-chain app registration (see `docs/onchain-governance.md`)
+  2. Adding compose hash to whitelist
+  3. Deploying via VMM with App ID
+
+### Accessing Deployed Apps
+
+Ingress mapping pattern: `<id>[-[<port>][s|g]].<base_domain>`
+- Default: TLS termination to TCP
+- `s` suffix: TLS passthrough
+- `g` suffix: HTTP/2 with TLS termination (gRPC)
+
+## Important Files
+
+- `dstack/Cargo.toml`: Workspace configuration with all Rust crates
+- `dstack/vmm/vmm.toml`: VMM configuration (CID pool, port mapping, KMS/gateway URLs)
+- `dstack/kms/kms.toml`: KMS configuration (contract addresses, RPC endpoints)
+- `dstack/gateway/gateway.toml`: Gateway configuration (domain, certificates, WireGuard)
+- `docker-compose.yaml`: App deployment format (normalized to `.app-compose.json`)
+
+## Common Tasks
+
+### Adding a New Rust Crate
+
+1. Create crate directory and `Cargo.toml`
+2. Add to workspace members in `dstack/Cargo.toml`
+3. Add workspace dependency if it will be used by other crates
+
+### Modifying RPC APIs
+
+RPC definitions use `prpc` framework with Protocol Buffers:
+- Define `.proto` files in `*/rpc/proto/`
+- Use `prpc-build` in `build.rs` to generate Rust code
+- Implement service traits in main crate
+
+### Working with TDX Quotes
+
+- Pure Rust API: `dstack/tdx-attest/`
+- Verification: `dstack/verifier/` using `dcap-qvl`
+- Event log parsing: `dstack/cc-eventlog/`
+
+## Documentation
+
+- Main README: `README.md`
+- Deployment guide: `docs/deployment.md`
+- VMM CLI guide: `docs/vmm-cli-user-guide.md`
+- Security guide: `docs/security-guide/security-guide.md`
+- Design decisions: `docs/design-and-hardening-decisions.md`
+
+When need more detailed info, try to use deepwiki mcp.
+
+## Agent Resources
+
+The `.agent/` directory contains AI assistant resources:
+- `CODING_TASTE.md` — dstack code and PR conventions (API design, compat, security reasoning, code style, project structure, PR style)
+- `WRITING_GUIDE.md` — Documentation and README writing guidelines (messaging, style, audiences)
+- `GPU_TEE_DEPLOYMENT.md` — GPU deployment to Phala Cloud (instance types, docker-compose config, debugging)
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c0d186a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our
+community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
+identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
+nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity
+and orientation.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
+diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
+community include:
+
+* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
+* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
+* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
+* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
+  and learning from the experience
+* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the
+  overall community
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or
+  advances of any kind
+* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email
+  address, without their explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
+
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
+acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
+or harmful.
+
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
+comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
+not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
+decisions when appropriate.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when
+an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
+Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
+posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
+dstack@phala.network.
+All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
+reporter of any incident.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
+the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
+unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
+clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
+behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series
+of actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
+interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
+those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This
+includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels
+like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or
+permanent ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
+sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public
+communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or
+private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
+with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
+Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
+standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior,  harassment of an
+individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within
+the community.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
+version 2.0, available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
+
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct
+enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6cf272d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# Contributing
+
+Thank you for your interest in contributing to this project!
+
+## Branches
+
+- `next` is the integration mainline and the default branch. Open every pull
+  request against it unless a maintainer asks otherwise.
+- `release/v<major>.<minor>.x` carries a released line — `release/v0.5.x` is
+  the current one. It only takes fixes cherry-picked back from `next`; do not
+  develop on it directly. Patch tags are cut here.
+
+Name a working branch whatever describes it. CI runs on pull requests, so a
+branch gets its checks once a PR is open rather than on every push.
+
+The default branch was renamed from `master` to `next`. Web links, raw file
+URLs, and the REST API redirect, but the old ref name is gone at the git
+level: `git fetch origin master` and `git clone -b master` now fail. Update an
+existing clone with:
+
+```bash
+git branch -m master next
+git fetch origin
+git branch -u origin/next next
+git remote set-head origin -a
+```
+
+## Development
+
+1. Fork the repository
+2. Create a feature branch (`git checkout -b feature/amazing-feature`)
+3. Make your changes
+4. Commit your changes using conventional commits
+5. Push to the branch (`git push origin feature/amazing-feature`)
+6. Open a Pull Request
+
+## Repository layout
+
+- `dstack/` contains the core Rust workspace and component-owned assets. Keep a
+  component's build, deployment, test, and API documentation next to that
+  component when it is not useful outside the component.
+- `sdk/` contains the public language SDKs and simulator.
+- `os/` contains the backend-neutral guest-OS contract, image assembly, common
+  guest payload, and backend implementations. A file under `os/<backend>/`
+  must be specific to that backend.
+- `docs/` contains repository-wide developer, operator, architecture, and
+  security documentation. Do not put a product guide at the repository root.
+- `examples/` contains supported end-user examples.
+- `tools/` contains cross-component developer/operator utilities. Put a script
+  here instead of under an OS backend when it also builds or configures the
+  host, deploys services, or operates on multiple components.
+- `.github/` contains GitHub Actions workflows and workflow-only helpers.
+
+Use the narrowest owning directory. Fixture explanations and component
+READMEs should stay with their fixtures/components; general guides should be
+linked from the root README and live under `docs/`.
+
+## Test a guest without TEE hardware
+
+Development images include the extensible `dstack-tee-simulator`. Its default
+platform backend is TDX. On a VM launched with `no_tee`, that backend exposes
+the Linux interfaces used by the normal guest software:
+
+- configfs-tsm quote generation under `/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report`;
+- RTMR extension files used by `tdx-attest`;
+- a CCEL boot-event fixture.
+
+This keeps `dstack-prepare`, measurement, encrypted-storage setup, the guest
+agent, and attestation APIs on their production code paths. The generated quote
+has an intentionally invalid signature, so a production verifier or KMS must
+reject it.
+
+The service uses the default TDX backend. For direct simulator development, the
+same selection can be made explicitly with `dstack-tee-simulator --platform
+tdx`. New TEE platforms are implemented as separate backends behind the shared
+simulator lifecycle.
+
+Build or install a `dstack-dev-*` image, then deploy without KMS or gateway:
+
+```bash
+dstack deploy ./docker-compose.yml \
+  --name no-tee-dev \
+  --image dstack-dev-VERSION \
+  --no-kms \
+  --no-tee
+```
+
+To exercise persistent TPM-backed app keys as well, install `swtpm` on the VMM
+host and select `key_provider=tpm` in the VMM console (or pass `--key-provider
+tpm` in tooling that exposes the compose option). The VMM keeps the software
+TPM state in the VM work directory so that seal/unseal survives guest restarts.
+The software TPM is host-controlled and does not provide hardware isolation.
+
+The simulator package is installed only in development images. This mode
+provides no hardware isolation and must never be used with production
+workloads or secrets. Real quote generation, hardware isolation, and KMS
+authorization still require TDX or another supported TEE.
+
+## Commit Convention
+
+This project uses [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/). Please format your commit messages as:
+
+```
+<type>: <description>
+
+[optional body]
+```
+
+Examples:
+- `feat: add user authentication`
+- `fix: resolve memory leak in worker process`
+- `docs: update API documentation`
+
+## Changelog
+
+The changelog is automatically generated using [git-cliff](https://git-cliff.org/). To update the changelog:
+
+```bash
+git-cliff --output CHANGELOG.md
+```
+
+The changelog follows the [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/) format and includes GitHub integration for PR links and contributor recognition.
+
+## License
+
+This project uses SPDX headers for license compliance. You should add appropriate SPDX headers to all your source files.
+
+We have a script to automatically add SPDX headers based on git blame data:
+
+```bash
+python3 tools/add-spdx-attribution.py --file path/to/file.rs
+```
+
+Before submitting your changes, verify SPDX compliance using the [REUSE tool](https://github.com/fsfe/reuse-tool):
+
+```bash
+reuse lint
+```
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- "cfg-if",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-
-[[package]]
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-dependencies = [
- "tap",
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-
-[[package]]
-name = "x25519-dalek"
-version = "2.0.1"
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-checksum = "c7e468321c81fb07fa7f4c636c3972b9100f0346e5b6a9f2bd0603a52f7ed277"
-dependencies = [
- "curve25519-dalek",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
- "serde",
- "zeroize",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-dependencies = [
- "const-oid",
- "der",
- "spki",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "x509-parser"
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-checksum = "fcbc162f30700d6f3f82a24bf7cc62ffe7caea42c0b2cba8bf7f3ae50cf51f69"
-dependencies = [
- "asn1-rs",
- "data-encoding",
- "der-parser",
- "lazy_static",
- "nom",
- "oid-registry",
- "ring",
- "rusticata-macros",
- "thiserror 1.0.65",
- "time",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "yansi"
-version = "1.0.1"
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-checksum = "cfe53a6657fd280eaa890a3bc59152892ffa3e30101319d168b781ed6529b049"
-dependencies = [
- "is-terminal",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "yasna"
-version = "0.5.2"
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-checksum = "e17bb3549cc1321ae1296b9cdc2698e2b6cb1992adfa19a8c72e5b7a738f44cd"
-dependencies = [
- "time",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.7.35"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "zerocopy-derive",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.7.35"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.87",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zeroize"
-version = "1.8.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ced3678a2879b30306d323f4542626697a464a97c0a07c9aebf7ebca65cd4dde"
-dependencies = [
- "zeroize_derive",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zeroize_derive"
-version = "1.4.2"
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-checksum = "ce36e65b0d2999d2aafac989fb249189a141aee1f53c612c1f37d72631959f69"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
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diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4195deb3b..000000000
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-[workspace.package]
-version = "0.3.4"
-authors = ["Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>", "Leechael <Leechael@github.com>"]
-edition = "2021"
-license = "MIT"
-
-[workspace]
-members = [
-    "kms",
-    "kms/rpc",
-    "ra-rpc",
-    "ra-tls",
-    "tdx-attest-sys",
-    "tdx-attest",
-    "tdxctl",
-    "iohash",
-    "tappd",
-    "tappd/rpc",
-    "teepod",
-    "teepod/rpc",
-    "tproxy",
-    "tproxy/rpc",
-    "certgen",
-    "certbot",
-    "certbot/cli",
-    "ct_monitor",
-    "cc-eventlog",
-    "supervisor",
-    "supervisor/client",
-    "rocket-vsock-listener",
-    "http-client",
-    "host-api",
-    "guest-api",
-    "load_config",
-]
-resolver = "2"
-
-[workspace.dependencies]
-# Internal dependencies
-ra-rpc = { path = "ra-rpc", default-features = false }
-ra-tls = { path = "ra-tls" }
-tproxy-rpc = { path = "tproxy/rpc" }
-kms-rpc = { path = "kms/rpc" }
-tappd-rpc = { path = "tappd/rpc" }
-teepod-rpc = { path = "teepod/rpc" }
-cc-eventlog = { path = "cc-eventlog" }
-supervisor = { path = "supervisor" }
-supervisor-client = { path = "supervisor/client" }
-tdx-attest = { path = "tdx-attest" }
-tdx-attest-sys = { path = "tdx-attest-sys" }
-certbot = { path = "certbot" }
-rocket-vsock-listener = { path = "rocket-vsock-listener" }
-host-api = { path = "host-api", default-features = false }
-guest-api = { path = "guest-api", default-features = false }
-http-client = { path = "http-client", default-features = false }
-load_config = { path = "load_config" }
-
-# Core dependencies
-anyhow = "1.0.94"
-chrono = "0.4.38"
-clap = { version = "4.5.22", features = ["derive", "string"] }
-dashmap = "6.1.0"
-fs-err = "3.0.0"
-path-absolutize = "3.1.1"
-futures = "0.3.31"
-git-version = "0.3.9"
-libc = "0.2.167"
-log = "0.4.22"
-notify = "7.0.0"
-rand = "0.8.5"
-tracing = "0.1.40"
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
-safe-write = "0.1.1"
-nix = "0.29.0"
-sd-notify = "0.4.3"
-
-# Serialization/Parsing
-bon = "3.2.0"
-base64 = "0.22.1"
-hex = "0.4.3"
-hex_fmt = "0.3.0"
-prost = "0.13.3"
-scale = { version = "3.6.12", package = "parity-scale-codec", features = ["derive"] }
-serde = { version = "1.0.210", features = ["derive"] }
-serde-human-bytes = "0.1.0"
-serde_json = "1.0"
-toml = "0.8.19"
-toml_edit = { version = "0.22.22", features = ["serde"] }
-yasna = "0.5.2"
-bytes = "1.9.0"
-figment = "0.10.19"
-
-# Networking/HTTP
-bollard = "0.18.1"
-http = "1.2.0"
-http-body-util = "0.1.2"
-hyper = { version = "1.5.1", features = ["client", "http1"] }
-hyper-util = { version = "0.1.10", features = ["client", "client-legacy", "http1"] }
-hyperlocal = "0.9.1"
-ipnet = { version = "2.10.1", features = ["serde"] }
-reqwest = { version = "0.12.9", default-features = false, features = ["json", "rustls-tls", "charset", "hickory-dns"] }
-rocket = { git = "https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket", branch = "master", features = ["mtls"] }
-rocket-apitoken = { git = "https://github.com/kvinwang/rocket-apitoken", branch = "dev" }
-tokio = { version = "1.42.0" }
-tokio-vsock = "0.6.0"
-sysinfo = "0.33.0"
-default-net = "0.22.0"
-
-# Cryptography/Security
-aes-gcm = "0.10.3"
-curve25519-dalek = "4.1.3"
-dcap-qvl = "0.1.6"
-elliptic-curve = { version = "0.13.8", features = ["pkcs8"] }
-getrandom = "0.2.15"
-hkdf = "0.12.4"
-p256 = "0.13.2"
-ring = "0.17.8"
-rustls = "0.23.19"
-rustls-pki-types = "1.8.0"
-schnorrkel = "0.11.4"
-sha2 = "0.10.8"
-sha3 = "0.10.8"
-blake2 = "0.10.6"
-tokio-rustls = { version = "0.26.0", features = ["ring"] }
-x25519-dalek = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["static_secrets"] }
-
-# Certificate/DNS
-hickory-resolver = "0.24.1"
-instant-acme = "0.7.2"
-rcgen = { version = "0.13.1", features = ["pem"] }
-x509-parser = "0.16.0"
-
-# RPC/Protocol
-prpc = "0.5.0"
-prpc-build = "0.5.1"
-
-# Development/Testing
-bindgen = "0.70.1"
-cc = "1.2.2"
-documented = "0.9.1"
-enum_dispatch = "0.3.13"
-insta = "1.41.1"
-num_enum = "0.7.3"
-thiserror = "2.0.4"
-derive_more = "1.0.0"
-tempfile = "3.14.0"
-
-# Utilities
-dirs = "5.0.1"
-humantime = "2.1.0"
-parcelona = "0.4.3"
-pin-project = "1.1.7"
-regex = "1.11.1"
-rinja = "0.3.5"
-shared_child = "1.0.1"
-strip-ansi-escapes = "0.2.0"
-tailf = "0.1.2"
-time = "0.3.37"
-uuid = { version = "1.11.0", features = ["v4"] }
-which = "7.0.0"
-smallvec = "1.13.2"
-cmd_lib = "1.9.5"
-
-[patch.crates-io]
-tokio-vsock = { git = "https://github.com/kvinwang/tokio-vsock", branch = "shared-self-accept" }
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..261eeb9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
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+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
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+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
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+      source, and configuration files.
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+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
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+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
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+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
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+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
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+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
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+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
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diff --git a/LICENSES/Apache-2.0.txt b/LICENSES/Apache-2.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d64569567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSES/Apache-2.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
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+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
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+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
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+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
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+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
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+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/LICENSES/BSD-2-Clause-Patent.txt b/LICENSES/BSD-2-Clause-Patent.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31de6e498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSES/BSD-2-Clause-Patent.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright (c) <YEAR> <COPYRIGHT HOLDERS>
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+Subject to the terms and conditions of this license, each copyright holder and contributor hereby grants to those receiving rights under this license a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except for failure to satisfy the conditions of this license) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer this software, where such license applies only to those patent claims, already acquired or hereafter acquired, licensable by such copyright holder or contributor that are necessarily infringed by:
+
+(a) their Contribution(s) (the licensed copyrights of copyright holders and non-copyrightable additions of contributors, in source or binary form) alone; or
+
+(b) combination of their Contribution(s) with the work of authorship to which such Contribution(s) was added by such copyright holder or contributor, if, at the time the Contribution is added, such addition causes such combination to be necessarily infringed. The patent license shall not apply to any other combinations which include the Contribution.
+
+Except as expressly stated above, no rights or licenses from any copyright holder or contributor is granted under this license, whether expressly, by implication, estoppel or otherwise.
+
+DISCLAIMER
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/LICENSES/BSD-3-Clause.txt b/LICENSES/BSD-3-Clause.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..086d3992c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSES/BSD-3-Clause.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Copyright (c) <year> <owner>.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt b/LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e259d42c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSES/CC0-1.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+Creative Commons Legal Code
+
+CC0 1.0 Universal
+
+    CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE
+    LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT DOES NOT CREATE AN
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+
+Statement of Purpose
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+The laws of most jurisdictions throughout the world automatically confer
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+For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any
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+
+1. Copyright and Related Rights. A Work made available under CC0 may be
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+vii. other similar, equivalent or corresponding rights throughout the
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+
+2. Waiver. To the greatest extent permitted by, but not in contravention
+of, applicable law, Affirmer hereby overtly, fully, permanently,
+irrevocably and unconditionally waives, abandons, and surrenders all of
+Affirmer's Copyright and Related Rights and associated claims and causes
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+
+3. Public License Fallback. Should any part of the Waiver for any reason
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+Related Rights in the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the
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+"License"). The License shall be deemed effective as of the date CC0 was
+applied by Affirmer to the Work. Should any part of the License for any
+reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under applicable law, such
+partial invalidity or ineffectiveness shall not invalidate the remainder
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+
+4. Limitations and Disclaimers.
+
+ a. No trademark or patent rights held by Affirmer are waived, abandoned,
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diff --git a/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt b/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17cb28643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSES/GPL-2.0-only.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+Version 2, June 1991
+
+Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+Preamble
+
+The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
+
+When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
+
+To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
+
+For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
+
+We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
+
+Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
+
+Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
+
+The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
+
+0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
+
+Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
+
+1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
+
+You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
+
+2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
+
+     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
+
+     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.
+
+     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
+
+These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
+
+Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
+
+In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
+
+3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
+
+     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
+
+     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
+
+     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
+
+The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
+
+If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
+
+4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
+
+5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
+
+6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
+
+7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
+
+If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
+
+It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
+
+This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
+
+8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
+
+9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
+
+Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
+
+NO WARRANTY
+
+11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+     one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does. Copyright (C) yyyy name of author
+
+     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
+
+You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
+
+     Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
+
+signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice
diff --git a/LICENSES/MIT.txt b/LICENSES/MIT.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d817195da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSES/MIT.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holders>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and
+associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
+following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial
+portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO
+EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE
+USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f7947f667..30b2cc777 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,18 +1,64 @@
-DOMAIN := local
-TO := ./certs
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-.PHONY: clean run all certs
+OS_YOCTO_SUBMODULES := \
+	os/yocto/deps/bitbake \
+	os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core \
+	os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto \
+	os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute \
+	os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization \
+	os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded \
+	os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin \
+	os/yocto/deps/meta-security
 
-all:
+.PHONY: help core core-check core-test sdk-test os os-yocto os-deps os-image os-repro-check \
+	os-image-mkosi os-repro-check-mkosi
 
-certs: ${TO}
+help:
+	@echo "dstack monorepo targets:"
+	@echo "  core        build the Rust workspace"
+	@echo "  core-check  check the Rust workspace"
+	@echo "  core-test   test the Rust workspace with the simulator"
+	@echo "  sdk-test    run all public SDK tests"
+	@echo "  os          build the guest OS natively with the default backend"
+	@echo "  os-yocto    build the guest OS natively with Yocto"
+	@echo "  os-deps     initialize only the Yocto dependency submodules"
+	@echo "  os-image    build one production guest image in the pinned container"
+	@echo "  os-repro-check  build twice and compare reproducible outputs"
+	@echo "  os-image-mkosi  build one production guest image with the mkosi backend"
+	@echo "  os-repro-check-mkosi  build twice with mkosi and compare outputs"
 
-${TO}:
-	mkdir -p ${TO}
-	cargo run --bin certgen -- generate --domain ${DOMAIN} --output-dir ${TO}
+core:
+	cargo build --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml
 
-run:
-	$(MAKE) -C mkguest run
+core-check:
+	cargo check --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --workspace
 
-clean:
-	rm -rf ${TO}
+core-test:
+	./dstack/run-tests.sh
+
+sdk-test:
+	cd sdk && ./run-tests.sh
+
+os:
+	./os/build.sh
+
+os-yocto:
+	./os/build.sh --backend yocto
+
+os-deps:
+	git submodule update --init --depth 1 -- $(OS_YOCTO_SUBMODULES)
+
+os-image: os-deps
+	cd os/yocto/repro-build && ./repro-build.sh -n
+
+os-repro-check: os-deps
+	cd os/yocto/repro-build && ./repro-build.sh
+
+# The mkosi backend vendors no submodules, so these do not depend on os-deps.
+os-image-mkosi:
+	./os/mkosi/repro-build/repro-build.sh
+
+os-repro-check-mkosi:
+	./os/mkosi/repro-build/repro-build.sh -c
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f2e6daefa..0419cb498 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,426 +1,265 @@
-# Dstack
+<div align="center">
 
-Dstack is a **developer friendly** and **security first** SDK to simplify the deployment of arbitrary Docker-based apps into TEE.
+![dstack](./dstack-logo.svg)
 
-Main features:
+### The open framework for confidential AI.
 
-- 🔒 Deploy Docker apps securely in TEE in minutes
-- 🛠️ Use familiar tools - just write a docker-compose.yaml
-- 🔑 Safely manage secrets and sensitive data
-- 📡 Expose services via built-in TLS termination
+[![GitHub Stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/dstack-tee/dstack?style=flat-square&logo=github)](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/stargazers)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/dstack-tee/dstack?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/blob/next/LICENSE)
+[![REUSE status](https://api.reuse.software/badge/github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)](https://api.reuse.software/info/github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+[![Ask DeepWiki](https://deepwiki.com/badge.svg)](https://deepwiki.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+[![Telegram](https://img.shields.io/badge/Telegram-2CA5E0?style=flat-square&logo=telegram&logoColor=white)](https://t.me/+UO4bS4jflr45YmUx)
 
-Dstack is community driven. Open sourced and built by [Kevin Wang](https://github.com/kvinwang) and many others from [Phala Network](https://github.com/Phala-Network), inspired by [Andrew Miller](https://github.com/amiller) (Flashbots & Teleport), and contributed by [Neithermind](https://github.com/neithermind) and [many others](#contributors).
+Original Contributors: Hang Yin, Kevin Wang, Andrew Miller
 
-![](./docs/assets/org-contributors-2024-12-26.png)
+[Documentation](https://docs.phala.com/dstack) · [Security](./SECURITY.md) · [Examples](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples) · [Community](https://t.me/+UO4bS4jflr45YmUx)
 
-# Overview
+</div>
 
-Components in Dstack:
+---
 
-- `teepod`: A service running in bare TDX host to manage CVMs
-- `tproxy`: A reverse proxy to forward TLS connections to CVMs
-- `kms`: A KMS server to generate keys for CVMs
-- `tappd`: A service running in CVM to serve containers' key derivation and attestation requests
-- `meta-dstack`: A Yocto meta layer to build CVM guest images
+## What is dstack?
 
-The overall architecture is shown below:
-![arch](./docs/assets/arch.png)
+dstack is the open framework for confidential AI — deploy AI applications with cryptographic privacy guarantees.
 
-# Directory structure
+AI providers ask users to trust them with sensitive data. But trust doesn't scale, and trust can't be verified. With dstack, your containers run inside confidential VMs (Intel TDX) with native support for NVIDIA Confidential Computing (H100, Blackwell). Users can cryptographically verify exactly what's running: private AI with your existing Docker workflow.
 
-```text
-dstack/
-    kms/                         A prototype KMS server
-    tappd/                       A service running in CVM to serve containers' key derivation and attestation requests.
-    tdxctl/                      A CLI tool getting TDX quote, extending RTMR, generating cert for RA-TLS, etc.
-    teepod/                      A service running in bare TDX host to manage CVMs
-    tproxy/                      A reverse proxy to forward TLS connections to CVMs
-    certbot/                     A tool to automatically obtain and renew TLS certificates for tproxy
-    ra-rpc/                      RA-TLS support for pRPC
-    ra-tls/                      RA-TLS support library
-    tdx-attest/                  Guest library for getting TDX quote and extending RTMR
-```
-
-# Build and play locally
-
-## Prerequisites
-
-- A TDX host machine setup following [canonical/tdx](https://github.com/canonical/tdx)
-- Public IPv4 address assigned to the machine
-- A domain name you can modify DNS records
-
-## Install dependencies
-
-```bash
-# for Ubuntu 24.04
-sudo apt install -y build-essential chrpath diffstat lz4 wireguard-tools mkisofs
-# install rust
-curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
-```
+## Supported Platforms
 
-## Build and run
+| Platform | Status | Attestation |
+|----------|--------|-------------|
+| **Bare metal TDX** | Available | TDX |
+| **Bare metal AMD SEV-SNP** | Host support; requires an SNP-capable guest image | SEV-SNP |
+| **[Phala Cloud](https://cloud.phala.network)** | Available | TDX |
+| **GCP Confidential VMs** | Available | TDX + TPM |
+| **AWS Nitro Enclaves** | Available | NSM |
 
-```bash
-git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack.git --recursive
-cd meta-dstack/
-source dev-setup
+## Features
 
-mkdir build
-cd build
-../build.sh
-# This outputs the following message:
-# Config file ../build-config.sh created, please edit it to configure the build
+**Zero friction onboarding**
+- **Docker Compose native**: Bring your docker-compose.yaml as-is. No SDK, no code changes.
+- **Encrypted by default**: Network traffic and disk storage encrypted out of the box.
 
-vim ../build-config.sh
-```
+**Hardware-rooted security**
+- **Private by hardware**: Data encrypted in memory, inaccessible even to the host.
+- **Reproducible OS**: Deterministic builds mean anyone can verify the OS image hash.
+- **Workload identity**: Every app gets an attested identity users can verify cryptographically.
+- **Confidential GPUs**: Native support for NVIDIA Confidential Computing (H100, Blackwell).
 
-Now edit the config file. The following configurations values must be changed properly according to your environment:
-
-```bash
-# The internal port for teepod to listen to requests from you
-TEEPOD_RPC_LISTEN_PORT=9080
-# The start CID for teepod to allocate to CVMs
-TEEPOD_CID_POOL_START=20000
-
-# The internal port for kms to listen to requests from CVMs
-KMS_RPC_LISTEN_PORT=9043
-# The internal port for tproxy to listen to requests from CVMs
-TPROXY_RPC_LISTEN_PORT=9070
-
-# WireGuard interface name for tproxy
-TPROXY_WG_INTERFACE=tproxy-kvin
-# WireGuard listening port for tproxy
-TPROXY_WG_LISTEN_PORT=9182
-# WireGuard server IP for tproxy
-TPROXY_WG_IP=10.0.3.1
-# WireGuard client IP range
-TPROXY_WG_CLIENT_IP_RANGE=10.0.3.0/24
-# The public port for tproxy to listen to requests that would be forwarded to app in CVMs
-TPROXY_SERVE_PORT=9443
-
-# The public domain name for tproxy. Please set a wildacard DNS record (e.g. *.app.kvin.wang in this example)
-# for this domain that points the IP address of your TDX host.
-TPROXY_PUBLIC_DOMAIN=app.kvin.wang
-# The path to the TLS certificate for tproxy's public endpoint
-TPROXY_CERT=/etc/rproxy/certs/cert.pem
-# The path to the TLS key for tproxy's public endpoint
-TPROXY_KEY=/etc/rproxy/certs/key.pem
-```
+**Trustless operations**
+- **Isolated keys**: Per-app keys derived in TEE. Survives hardware failure. Never exposed to operators.
+- **Code governance**: Updates follow predefined rules (e.g., multi-party approval). Operators can't swap code or access secrets.
 
-Run build.sh again to build the artifacts.
+## Getting Started
 
-```bash
-../build.sh
+**Try it now:** Chat with LLMs running in TEE at [chat.redpill.ai](https://chat.redpill.ai). Click the shield icon to verify attestations from Intel TDX and NVIDIA GPUs.
 
-# If everything is okay, you should see the built artifacts in the `build` directory.
-$ ls
-certs  images  kms  kms.toml  run  teepod  teepod.toml  tproxy  tproxy.toml
+**Deploy your own:**
 
-# The wireguard interface should be set up:
-$ ifconfig tproxy-kvin
-tproxy-kvin: flags=209<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP>  mtu 1420
-        inet 10.0.3.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  destination 10.0.3.1
-        unspec 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00  txqueuelen 1000  (UNSPEC)
-        RX packets 4839  bytes 839320 (839.3 KB)
-        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
-        TX packets 3836  bytes 507540 (507.5 KB)
-        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yaml
+services:
+  vllm:
+    image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
+    runtime: nvidia
+    command: --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
 ```
 
-Now you can open 3 terminals to start the components:
-
-1. Run `./kms`
-2. Run `sudo ./tproxy`
-3. Run `./teepod`
-
-## Deploy an App
-Open the teepod webpage [http://localhost:9080](http://localhost:9080)(change the port according to your configuration) on your local machine to deploy a `docker-compose.yaml` file:
-
-![teepod](./docs/assets/teepod.png)
-
-After the container deployed, it should need some time to start the CVM and the containers. Time would be vary depending on your workload.
+Deploy to a self-hosted TDX machine with the `dstackup install` -> `dstack deploy` workflow, or use [Phala Cloud](https://cloud.phala.network) for managed infrastructure. AMD SEV-SNP hosts use the same workflow when the selected guest image includes `digest.txt`.
 
-- Click the [Logs] button to see the logs of the CVM, you can see if the container is finished starting there.
+Setting up dstack on your own hardware? Start with the [self-hosted quick onboarding guide](./docs/onboarding.md)
 
-- Once the container is running, you can click the [Dashboard] button to see some information of the container. And the logs of the containers can be seen in the [Dashboard] page.
+Building or customizing the guest OS itself? Follow the [guest-OS build guide](./docs/building-guest-os.md).
 
-    ![tappd](./docs/assets/tappd.png)
+Developing without TEE hardware? Use a development image with
+[no-TEE mode and swtpm](./docs/development-without-tee.md).
 
-- You can open tproxy's dashboard at [https://localhost:9070](https://localhost:9070) to see the CVM's wireguard ip address, as shown below:
+## Architecture
 
-![tproxy](./docs/assets/tproxy.png)
+![Architecture](./docs/assets/arch.png)
 
-## Pass Secrets to Apps
-When deploying a new App, you can pass private data via Encrypted Environment Variables. These variables can be referenced in the docker-compose.yaml file as shown below:
+### Repository layout
 
-![secret](./docs/assets/secret.png)
-
-The environment variables will be encrypted in the client-side and decrypted in the CVM before being passed to the containers.
-
-## Access the App
-
-Once the app is deployed and listening on an HTTP port, you can access the HTTP service via tproxy's public domain. The ingress mapping rules are:
-
-- `<id>[s].<base_domain>` maps to port `80` or `443` if with `s` in the CVM.
-- `<id>-<port>[s].<base_domain>` maps to port `<port>` in the CVM.
-
-For example, `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577-8080.app.kvin.wang` maps to port `8080` in the CVM.
-
-Where the `<id>` can be either the app id or the instance id. If the app id is used, one of the instances will be selected by the load balancer.
-If the `id-port` part ends with `s`, it means the TLS connection will be passthrough to the app rather than terminating at tproxy.
-
-You can also ssh into the CVM to inspect more information, if your deployment uses the image `dstack-x.x.x-dev`:
-
-```bash
-# The IP address of the CVM can be found in the tproxy dashboard.
-ssh root@10.0.3.2
+```text
+dstack/  Core services, Rust crates, host and guest runtime code
+sdk/     Stable public SDK paths
+os/      Guest-OS payload, image contract, and build backends
+docs/    User and operator documentation
+tools/   Standalone development and security tools
 ```
 
-## Getting TDX quote in docker container
+The currently implemented OS backend is Yocto under `os/yocto/`. Shared rootfs
+payload and release assembly stay outside that backend so another builder can
+be added later without duplicating them. See [`os/README.md`](./os/README.md).
 
-To get a TDX quote within app containers:
+Scripts follow the same ownership boundaries: component-specific helpers stay
+beside their component under `dstack/`; files installed into every guest live
+in `os/common/rootfs/`; backend-neutral image tooling lives in `os/image/`;
+Yocto-only helpers live in `os/yocto/scripts/`; and repository-wide standalone
+utilities live in `tools/`.
 
-1. Mount `/var/run/tappd.sock` to the target container in `docker-compose.yaml`
+Your container runs inside a Confidential VM, such as Intel TDX or AMD SEV-SNP, with optional GPU isolation via NVIDIA Confidential Computing. The CPU TEE protects application logic; the GPU TEE protects model weights and inference data.
 
-    ```yaml
-    version: '3'
-    services:
-    nginx:
-        image: nginx:latest
-        volumes:
-        - /var/run/tappd.sock:/var/run/tappd.sock
-        ports:
-        - "8080:80"
-        restart: always
-    ```
+**Core components:**
 
-2. Execute the quote request command in the container.
+- **Guest Agent**: Runs inside each CVM. Generates TDX attestation quotes so users can verify exactly what's running. Provisions per-app cryptographic keys from KMS. Encrypts local storage. Apps interact via `/var/run/dstack.sock`.
 
-    ```bash
-    # The argument report_data accepts binary data encoding in hex string.
-    # The actual report_data passing the to the underlying TDX driver is sha2_256(report_data).
-    curl -X POST --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock -d '{"report_data": "0x1234deadbeef"}' http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote?json | jq .  
-    ```
+- **KMS**: Runs in its own TEE. Verifies TDX quotes before releasing keys. Enforces authorization policies defined in on-chain smart contracts — operators cannot bypass these checks. Derives deterministic keys bound to each app's attested identity.
 
-## Container logs
+- **Gateway**: Terminates TLS at the edge and provisions ACME certificates automatically. Routes traffic to CVMs. All internal communication uses RA-TLS for mutual attestation.
 
-Container logs can be obtained from the CVM's `dashboard` page or by curl:
+- **VMM**: Runs on bare-metal TDX hosts. Parses docker-compose files directly — no app changes needed. Boots CVMs from a reproducible OS image. Allocates CPU, memory, and confidential GPU resources.
 
-```bash
-curl 'http://<appid>.app.kvin.wang:9090/logs/<container name>?since=0&until=0&follow=true&text=true&timestamps=true&bare=true'
-```
+[Full security model →](./docs/security/security-model.md)
 
-Replace `<appid>` and `<container name>` with actual values. Available parameters:
+## Security and Trust
 
-- since=0: Starting Unix timestamp for log retrieval
-- until=0: Ending Unix timestamp for log retrieval
-- follow: Enables continuous log streaming
-- text: Returns human-readable text instead of base64 encoding
-- timestamps: Adds timestamps to each log line
-- bare: Returns the raw log lines without json format
+Security docs are linked here so deployers and reviewers can quickly find the trust model, production guidance, audit, and the status of already-answered public findings.
 
-The response of the RPC looks like:
-```
-$ curl 'http://0.0.0.0:9190/logs/zk-provider-server?text&timestamps'
-{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209507046Z Initializing Rust backend...\n"}
-{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209543047Z Calling Rust function: init\n"}
-{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209544957Z [2024-09-29T03:05:44Z INFO  rust_prover] Initializing...\n"}
-{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209546381Z [2024-09-29T03:05:44Z INFO  rust_prover::groth16] Starting setup process\n"}
-```
+- [Security Overview](./docs/security/) - entry point for users, operators, researchers, and AI agents
+- [Security Model](./docs/security/security-model.md) - threat model, trust boundaries, and verification checklist
+- [Public Security Reports](./docs/security/public-security-reports.md) - public status for security reports and related hardening work
+- [Security Best Practices](./docs/security/security-best-practices.md) - production settings and hardening guidance
+- [Security Audit](./docs/security/dstack-audit.pdf) - third-party audit by zkSecurity
+- [Report a Vulnerability](./SECURITY.md) - use GitHub's private security reporting path
 
-## Reverse proxy: TLS Passthrough
+Please do not disclose exploitable vulnerabilities in public GitHub issues. Use the private reporting path in [SECURITY.md](./SECURITY.md).
 
-The build configuration for TLS Passthrough is:
+## SDKs
 
-```bash
-TPROXY_LISTEN_PORT_PASSTHROUGH=9008
-```
+Apps communicate with the guest agent via HTTP over `/var/run/dstack.sock`. Use the [HTTP API](./sdk/curl/api.md) directly with curl, or use a language SDK:
 
-With this configuration, tproxy listens port `9008` for incoming TLS connections and forwards them to the appropriate Tapp based on `SNI`, where SNI represents your custom domain and the forwarding destination is determined by your DNS records.
+| Language | Install | Docs |
+|----------|---------|------|
+| Python | `pip install dstack-sdk` | [README](./sdk/python/README.md) |
+| TypeScript | `npm install @phala/dstack-sdk` | [README](./sdk/js/README.md) |
+| Rust | `cargo add dstack-sdk` | [README](./sdk/rust/README.md) |
+| Go | `go get github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go` | [README](./sdk/go/README.md) |
 
-For example, assuming I've deployed an app at `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577`, as shown below:
+## Documentation
 
-![appid](./docs/assets/appid.png)
+**For Developers**
+- [Confidential AI](./docs/confidential-ai.md) - Inference, agents, and training with hardware privacy
+- [Usage Guide](./docs/usage.md) - Deploying and managing apps
+- [Verification](./docs/verification.md) - How to verify TEE attestation
 
-Now, I want to use my custom domain `tapp-nginx.kvin.wang` to access the Tapp. I need to set up two DNS records with my DNS provider (Cloudflare in my case):
+**For Operators**
+- [Hardware Enablement](./docs/hardware-enablement.md) - Prepare a TDX or AMD SEV-SNP host
+- [AMD SEV-SNP](./docs/amd-sev-snp.md) - Image, attestation, and key-release requirements
+- [Self-hosted Quick Onboarding](./docs/onboarding.md) - First app on one host
+- [Build the Guest OS](./docs/building-guest-os.md) - Build and verify bootable images from source
+- [Deployment](./docs/deployment.md) - Self-hosting on TDX or AMD SEV-SNP hardware
+- [On-Chain Governance](./docs/onchain-governance.md) - Smart contract authorization
+- [Gateway](./docs/dstack-gateway.md) - Gateway configuration
 
-1. `A` or `CNAME` record to point the domain to the tdx machine:
+**Reference**
+- [App Compose Format](./docs/normalized-app-compose.md) - Compose file specification
+- [Intel TDX Attestation](./docs/attestation-tdx.md) - Measurement and runtime-event verification
+- [Native TEE Interfaces](./docs/native-tee-interfaces.md) - Advanced compatibility with Linux TEE devices and configfs-tsm
+- [VMM CLI Guide](./docs/vmm-cli-user-guide.md) - Command-line reference
+- [Design Decisions](./docs/design-and-hardening-decisions.md) - Architecture rationale
+- [FAQ](./docs/faq.md) - Frequently asked questions
 
-    ![tapp-dns-a](./docs/assets/tapp-dns-a.png)
+## FAQ
 
-2. `TXT` record to instruct the Tproxy to direct the request to the specified Tapp:
+<details>
+<summary><strong>Why not use AWS Nitro / Azure Confidential VMs / GCP directly?</strong></summary>
 
-    ![tapp-dns-txt](./docs/assets/tapp-dns-txt.png)
+You can — but you'll build everything yourself: attestation verification, key management, Docker orchestration, certificate provisioning, and governance. dstack provides all of this out of the box.
 
-Where
+| Approach | Docker native | GPU TEE | Key management | Attestation tooling | Open source |
+|----------|:-------------:|:-------:|:--------------:|:-------------------:|:-----------:|
+| **dstack** | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
+| AWS Nitro Enclaves | - | - | Manual | Manual | - |
+| Azure Confidential VMs | - | Preview | Manual | Manual | - |
+| GCP Confidential Computing | - | - | Manual | Manual | - |
 
-`_tapp-address.tapp-nginx.kvin.wang` means configuring the tapp destination address of domain `tapp-nginx.kvin.wang`.
+Cloud providers give you the hardware primitive. dstack gives you the full stack: reproducible OS images, automatic attestation, per-app key derivation, TLS certificates, and smart contract governance. No vendor lock-in.
 
-The TXT record value `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577:8043` means that requests sent to `tapp-nginx.kvin.wang` will be processed by Tapp `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577` on port `8043`
+</details>
 
-Given the config `TPROXY_LISTEN_PORT_PASSTHROUGH=9008`, now we can go to [`https://tapp-nginx.kvin.wang:9008`](https://tapp-nginx.kvin.wang:9008) and the request will be handled by the service listening on `8043` in Tapp `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577`.
+<details>
+<summary><strong>How is this different from SGX/Gramine?</strong></summary>
 
-## Upgrade an App
+SGX requires porting applications to enclaves. dstack uses full-VM isolation (Intel TDX) — bring your Docker containers as-is. Plus GPU TEE support that SGX doesn't offer.
 
-Got to the teepod webpage, click the [Upgrade] button, select or paste the compose file you want to upgrade to, and click the [Upgrade] button again.
-Upon successful initiation of the upgrade, you'll see a message prompting you to run the following command in your terminal to authorize the upgrade through KMS:
+</details>
 
-```shell
-./kms-allow-upgrade.sh <app_id> <upgraded_app_id>
-```
-
-The app id does not change after the upgrade. Stop and start the app to apply the upgrade.
+<details>
+<summary><strong>What's the performance overhead?</strong></summary>
 
-## HTTPS Certificate Transparency
+Minimal. Intel TDX adds ~2-5% overhead for CPU workloads. NVIDIA Confidential Computing has negligible impact on GPU inference. The main cost is memory encryption, which is hardware-accelerated on supported CPUs.
 
-In the tutorial above, we used a TLS certificate with a private key external to the TEE (Tproxy-CVM here). To establish trust, we need to generate and maintain the certificate's private key within the TEE and provide evidence that all TLS certificates for the domain were originate solely from Tproxy-CVM.
+</details>
 
-By combining Certificate Transparency Logs and CAA DNS records, we can make best effort to minimize security risks. Here's our approach:
+<details>
+<summary><strong>Is this production-ready?</strong></summary>
 
-- Set CAA records to allow only the account created in Tproxy-CVM to request Certificates.
-- Launch a program to monitor Certificate Transparency Log and give alarm once any certificate issued to a pubkey that isn’t generated by Tproxy.
+Yes. dstack powers production AI infrastructure at [OpenRouter](https://openrouter.ai/provider/phala) and [NEAR AI](https://x.com/ilblackdragon/status/1962920246148268235). The framework has been [audited by zkSecurity](./docs/security/dstack-audit.pdf) and is a Linux Foundation Confidential Computing Consortium project.
 
-### Configurations
+</details>
 
-To launch Certbot, you need to own a domain hosted on Cloudflare. Obtain an API token with DNS operation permissions from the Cloudflare dashboard. Configure it in the `build-config.sh`:
+<details>
+<summary><strong>Can I run this on my own hardware?</strong></summary>
 
-```bash
-# The directory to store the auto obtained TLS certificate and key
-TPROXY_CERT=${CERBOT_WORKDIR}/live/cert.pem
-TPROXY_KEY=${CERBOT_WORKDIR}/live/key.pem
+Yes. dstack runs on supported TEE-capable servers, including Intel TDX-capable hardware. See the [deployment guide](./docs/deployment.md) for self-hosting instructions. You can also use [Phala Cloud](https://cloud.phala.network) for managed infrastructure.
 
-# for certbot
-CF_ZONE_ID=cc0a40...
-CF_API_TOKEN=g-DwMH...
-# ACME_URL=https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
-ACME_URL=https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
-```
+</details>
 
-Then re-run the ../build.sh:
+<details>
+<summary><strong>What TEE hardware is supported?</strong></summary>
 
-```bash
-../build.sh
-```
+- **GCP**: Intel TDX (Confidential VMs)
+- **AWS**: Nitro Enclaves (NSM attestation)
+- **Bare metal**: Intel TDX (4th/5th Gen Xeon) and AMD SEV-SNP on supported dstack OS images. Intel TDX is the production path; AMD SEV-SNP is new and experimental.
+- **GPUs**: NVIDIA Confidential Computing (H100, Blackwell)
 
-### Launch certbot
-
-Then run the certbot in the `build/` and you will see the following log:
-```text
-$ RUST_LOG=info,certbot=debug ./certbot renew -c certbot.toml
-2024-10-25T07:41:00.682990Z  INFO certbot::bot: creating new ACME account
-2024-10-25T07:41:00.869246Z  INFO certbot::bot: created new ACME account: https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/acct/168601853
-2024-10-25T07:41:00.869270Z  INFO certbot::bot: setting CAA records
-2024-10-25T07:41:00.869276Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: setting guard CAA records for app.kvin.wang
-2024-10-25T07:41:01.740767Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: removing existing CAA record app.kvin.wang 0 issuewild "letsencrypt.org;validationmethods=dns-01;accounturi=https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/acct/168578683"
-2024-10-25T07:41:01.991298Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: removing existing CAA record app.kvin.wang 0 issue "letsencrypt.org;validationmethods=dns-01;accounturi=https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/acct/168578683"
-2024-10-25T07:41:02.216751Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: setting CAA records for app.kvin.wang, 0 issue "letsencrypt.org;validationmethods=dns-01;accounturi=https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/acct/168601853"
-2024-10-25T07:41:02.424217Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: setting CAA records for app.kvin.wang, 0 issuewild "letsencrypt.org;validationmethods=dns-01;accounturi=https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/acct/168601853"
-2024-10-25T07:41:02.663824Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: removing guard CAA records for app.kvin.wang
-2024-10-25T07:41:03.095564Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: generating new cert key pair
-2024-10-25T07:41:03.095678Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: requesting new certificates for *.app.kvin.wang
-2024-10-25T07:41:03.095699Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: creating new order
-2024-10-25T07:41:03.250382Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: order is pending, waiting for authorization
-2024-10-25T07:41:03.283600Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: creating dns record for app.kvin.wang
-2024-10-25T07:41:04.027882Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenge not found, waiting 500ms tries=2 domain="_acme-challenge.app.kvin.wang"
-2024-10-25T07:41:04.600711Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenge not found, waiting 1s tries=3 domain="_acme-challenge.app.kvin.wang"
-2024-10-25T07:41:05.642300Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenge not found, waiting 2s tries=4 domain="_acme-challenge.app.kvin.wang"
-2024-10-25T07:41:07.715947Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenge not found, waiting 4s tries=5 domain="_acme-challenge.app.kvin.wang"
-2024-10-25T07:41:11.724831Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenge not found, waiting 8s tries=6 domain="_acme-challenge.app.kvin.wang"
-2024-10-25T07:41:19.815990Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenge not found, waiting 16s tries=7 domain="_acme-challenge.app.kvin.wang"
-2024-10-25T07:41:35.852790Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: setting challenge ready for https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/chall-v3/14584884443/mQ-I2A
-2024-10-25T07:41:35.934425Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: challenges are ready, waiting for order to be ready
-2024-10-25T07:41:37.972434Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: order is ready, uploading csr
-2024-10-25T07:41:38.052901Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: order is processing, waiting for challenge to be accepted
-2024-10-25T07:41:40.088190Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: order is valid, getting certificate
-2024-10-25T07:41:40.125988Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: removing dns record 6ab5724e8fa7e3e8f14e93333a98866a
-2024-10-25T07:41:40.377379Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: stored new cert in /home/kvin/codes/meta-dstack/dstack/build/run/certbot/backup/2024-10-25T07:41:40.377174477Z
-2024-10-25T07:41:40.377472Z  INFO certbot::bot: checking if certificate needs to be renewed
-2024-10-25T07:41:40.377719Z DEBUG certbot::acme_client: will expire in Duration { seconds: 7772486, nanoseconds: 622281542 }
-2024-10-25T07:41:40.377752Z  INFO certbot::bot: certificate /home/kvin/codes/meta-dstack/dstack/build/run/certbot/live/cert.pem is up to date
-```
+</details>
 
-Where the command did are:
+<details>
+<summary><strong>How do users verify my deployment?</strong></summary>
 
-- Registered to letsencrypt and got a new account `https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/acme/acct/168601853`
-- Auto set CAA records for the domain on cloudflare, you can open the CF dashboard to see the record:
+Your app exposes attestation quotes via the SDK. Users verify these quotes using [dstack-verifier](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/tree/next/dstack/verifier), [dcap-qvl](https://github.com/Phala-Network/dcap-qvl), or the [Trust Center](https://trust.phala.com). See the [verification guide](./docs/verification.md) for details.
 
-    ![certbot-caa](./docs/assets/certbot-caa.png)
+</details>
 
-- Auto requested a new certificate from Let's Encrypt. Automatically renews the certificate to maintain its validity
+## Trusted by
 
-### Launch Tproxy
+- [OpenRouter](https://openrouter.ai/provider/phala) - Confidential AI inference providers powered by dstack
+- [NEAR AI](https://x.com/ilblackdragon/status/1962920246148268235) - Private AI infrastructure powered by dstack
 
-Execute tproxy with `sudo ./tproxy`, then access the web portal to check the Tproxy-CVM managed Let's Encrypt account. The account's private key remains securely sealed within the TEE.
+dstack is a Linux Foundation [Confidential Computing Consortium](https://confidentialcomputing.io/2025/10/02/welcoming-phala-to-the-confidential-computing-consortium/) open source project.
 
-![tproxy-accountid](./docs/assets/tproxy-accountid.png)
-
-## Certificate transparency log monitor
-
-To enhance security, we've limited TLS certificate issuance to Tproxy via CAA records. However, since these records can be modified through Cloudflare's domain management, we need to implement global CA certificate monitoring to maintain security oversight.
-
-`ct_monitor` tracks Certificate Transparency logs via [https://crt.sh](https://crt.sh/?q=app.kvin.wang), comparing their public key with the ones got from Tproxy RPC. It immediately alerts when detecting unauthorized certificates not issued through Tproxy:
-
-```text
-$ ./ct_monitor -t https://localhost:9010/prpc -d app.kvin.wang
-2024-10-25T08:12:11.366463Z  INFO ct_monitor: monitoring app.kvin.wang...
-2024-10-25T08:12:11.366488Z  INFO ct_monitor: fetching known public keys from https://localhost:9010/prpc
-2024-10-25T08:12:11.566222Z  INFO ct_monitor: got 2 known public keys
-2024-10-25T08:12:13.142122Z  INFO ct_monitor: ✅ checked log id=14705660685
-2024-10-25T08:12:13.802573Z  INFO ct_monitor: ✅ checked log id=14705656674
-2024-10-25T08:12:14.494944Z ERROR ct_monitor: ❌ error in CTLog { id: 14666084839, issuer_ca_id: 295815, issuer_name: "C=US, O=Let's Encrypt, CN=R11", common_name: "kvin.wang", name_value: "*.app.kvin.wang", not_before: "2024-09-24T02:23:15", not_after: "2024-12-23T02:23:14", serial_number: "03ae796f56a933c8ff7e32c7c0d662a253d4", result_count: 1, entry_timestamp: "2024-09-24T03:21:45.825" }
-2024-10-25T08:12:14.494998Z ERROR ct_monitor: error: certificate has issued to unknown pubkey: 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
-```
+## Community
 
-# Troubleshooting
+[Telegram](https://t.me/+UO4bS4jflr45YmUx) · [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/discussions) · [Examples](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples)
 
-### Error from teepod: qemu-system-x86_64: -device vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid=<id>: vhost-vsock: unable to set guest cid: Address already in use
+For enterprise support and licensing, [book a call](https://cal.com/team/phala/founders) or email us at support@phala.network.
 
-`teepod` may throw this error when creating a new VM if the [Unix Socket CID](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/vsock.7.html) is occupied. To solve the problem, first, you should list the occupied CID:
+[![Repobeats](https://repobeats.axiom.co/api/embed/0a001cc3c1f387fae08172a9e116b0ec367b8971.svg)](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pulse)
 
-```bash
-ps aux | grep 'guest-cid='
-```
+## Cite
 
-Then choose a new range of the CID not conflicting with the CID in use. You can change `build/teepod.toml` file and restart `teepod`. This error should disappear. For example, you may find 33000-34000 free to use:
+If you use dstack in your research, please cite:
 
-```toml
-[cvm]
-cid_start = 33000
-cid_pool_size = 1000
+```bibtex
+@article{zhou2025dstack,
+  title={Dstack: A Zero Trust Framework for Confidential Containers},
+  author={Zhou, Shunfan and Wang, Kevin and Yin, Hang},
+  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.11555},
+  year={2025}
+}
 ```
 
-When building the dstack from scratch, you should change the CID configs in `build-config.sh` instead, because `teepod.toml` file is generated by `build.sh`. Its content is derived from `build-config.sh`.
-
-You may encounter this problem when upgrading from an older version of dstack, because CID was introduced in `build-config.sh` in later versions. In such case, please follow the docs to add the missing entries in `build-config.sh` and rebuild dstack.
-
-# Contributors
-
-Dstack is proudly built by open source and Pi-rateship contributors:
-
-- Phala Network: [Kevin Wang](https://github.com/kvinwang), [Shelven Zhou](https://github.com/shelvenzhou), [Leechael](https://github.com/leechael)
-- Teleport: [Andrew Miller](https://github.com/amiller), [Sxy Sun](https://github.com/sxysun)
-- Flashbots: [Tina](https://github.com/CarboClanC), [Mateusz](https://github.com/Ruteri), [Dmarz](https://github.com/dmarzzz), [Moe](https://github.com/MoeMahhouk)
-- Ithaca: [Georgios](https://github.com/gakonst)
-- Fabric: [@gaoist](https://x.com/gaoist)
-- And many more...
-
-The inspiration for this work stems from [Andrew Miller](https://github.com/amiller)’s pioneering concept of a [Docker-based P2P TEE SDK](https://collective.flashbots.net/t/dstack-speedrunning-a-p2p-confidential-vm/3876).
-
-This project cannot be built without standing on the shoulders of giants:
-
-- [konvera/meta-confidential-compute](https://github.com/konvera/meta-confidential-compute)
-
-Special acknowledgment to [Flashbots](https://github.com/flashbots) for building a community around TEE. The TEE Hacker House initiative, organized by [Flashbots](https://github.com/flashbots) and led by [Tina](https://github.com/CarboClanC), has brought together TEE builders to develop tools for TEE-Web3 integration. This collaborative journey has generated invaluable insights for advancing secure, confidential environments within Web3.
-
-Together, we’re shaping the future of TEE in Web3, paving the way for more secure and developer-accessible confidential computing!
-
-For a full list of the direct contributors to this repo, see [Contributors](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/contributors) on GitHub.
-
-
-# License
+## Media Kit
 
-Copyright 2024 Phala Network and Contributors.
+Logo and branding assets: [dstack-logo-kit](./docs/assets/dstack-logo-kit/)
 
-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+## License
 
-[http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0](http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
+The dstack-owned source, SDKs, documentation, tools, guest OS backend, and
+image-assembly code are Apache-2.0. Embedded and third-party components retain
+their own license declarations and notices. See file-level SPDX declarations
+and [`REUSE.toml`](./REUSE.toml) for the exact scope.
diff --git a/REUSE.toml b/REUSE.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3be5549c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/REUSE.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+version = 1
+SPDX-PackageName = "dstack"
+SPDX-PackageSupplier = "Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>"
+SPDX-PackageDownloadLocation = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack"
+
+# Non source files
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "*.md",
+    ".agent/**/*.md",
+    ".claude/**/*.md",
+    "docs/**/*.md",
+    "dstack/**/*.md",
+    "examples/**/*.md",
+    "sdk/**/*.md",
+    "tools/**/*.md",
+    "os/README.md",
+    "os/common/**/*.md",
+    "os/image/**/*.md",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "**/requirements.txt"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "**/package.json",
+    "**/openapi.json",
+    "**/tsconfig.json",
+    "**/tsconfig.node.json",
+    "**/tsconfig.browser.json",
+    "dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/.oxlintrc.json",
+    "dstack/kms/auth-eth/slither.config.json",
+    "**/package-lock.json",
+    "dstack/kms/auth-eth/.openzeppelin/unknown-2035.json",
+    "dstack/kms/auth-mock/.oxlintrc.json",
+    "dstack/kms/auth-simple/.oxlintrc.json",
+    "dstack/kms/auth-simple/auth-config.example.json",
+    "tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/config.json",
+    "tools/sca/examples/hello-c/config.json",
+    "tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/heartbeat/interval",
+    "sdk/simulator/*.json",
+    "sdk/go/go.sum",
+    "sdk/go/ratls/go.sum",
+    "dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt",
+    "dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt",
+    "dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "dstack/gateway/templates/wg.conf",
+    "dstack/guest-agent/templates/metrics.tpl",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    ".cursorrules",
+    ".mailmap",
+    ".gitignore",
+    "dstack/**/.gitignore",
+    "dstack/**/.npmignore",
+    "docs/**/.gitignore",
+    "examples/**/.gitignore",
+    "os/common/**/.gitignore",
+    "os/image/**/.gitignore",
+    "sdk/**/.gitignore",
+    "sdk/**/.npmignore",
+    "tools/**/.gitignore",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "os/common/rootfs/**",
+    "os/common/scripts/**",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "docs/security/dstack-audit.pdf",
+    "dstack_Technical_Charter_Final_10-17-2025.pdf",
+    "sdk/simulator/quote.hex",
+    "sdk/simulator/attestation.bin",
+    "dstack/ra-tls/assets/tdx_quote",
+    "dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/ccel.bin",
+    "dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin",
+    "dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.bin",
+    "dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/gcp-root-ca.pem",
+    "dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin",
+    "dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation_dbg.bin",
+    "dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_attestation.bin",
+    "dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_ask.pem",
+    "dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_vcek.pem",
+    "dstack/nsm-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin",
+    "dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.bin",
+    "dstack/nsm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem",
+    "dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+# Backend-neutral OS contract
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "os/spec/*.json"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2026 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+# dstack-owned OS backend
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "os/yocto/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+# Experimental Debian/mkosi guest OS backend. Supplies the copyright for the
+# formats that cannot carry a header; everything that can now does. It is
+# deliberately not precedence = "override", so a patch backported from an
+# upstream project keeps that project's license instead of being relabelled
+# Apache-2.0.
+[[annotations]]
+path = "os/mkosi/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "© 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+# Legacy cross-component tools kept outside the Yocto backend.
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "tools/vm-runner/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+# Artworks
+
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "docs/assets/**",
+    "docs/security-guide/assets/**",
+    "dstack-logo.svg",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+
+# Scripts with SPDX-like content (false positive prevention)
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "tools/add-spdx-attribution.py"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "© 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+precedence = "override"
+
+# Vendor code
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2016-2025 Zeppelin Group Ltd"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "MIT"
+precedence = "override"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "MIT"
+precedence = "override"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "Apache-2.0"
+precedence = "override"
+
+# ktls 6.0.2 plus rustls/ktls#70; see dstack/vendor/README.md.
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/vendor/ktls/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "Copyright (c) 2022 Amos Wenger <amos@bearcove.net>"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+precedence = "override"
+
+# Generated files
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/kms/auth-eth/typechain-types/**"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "**/*.lock"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "**/*.lockb"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "**/*.snap"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "**/src/generated.rs"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "**/src/generated/*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/gateway/assets/*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/guest-api/src/generated/*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/verifier/fixtures/*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/verifier/builder/shared/*.txt"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/guest-agent/fixtures/*"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = [
+    "dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/certs/*",
+    "dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/*",
+    "dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/pebble-config.json",
+]
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
+
+[[annotations]]
+path = "dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/fixtures/*.bin"
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText = "NONE"
+SPDX-License-Identifier = "CC0-1.0"
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb28c40a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Security
+
+Use this file for vulnerability reports. For the security model, production guidance, audit, and already-answered public findings, start with [Security Documentation](./docs/security/).
+
+## Report a vulnerability
+
+If you believe you found a vulnerability, please use [GitHub's private security reporting features](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/how-tos/report-and-fix-vulnerabilities/report-privately) for this repository. If GitHub private reporting is unavailable, contact security@phala.network.
+
+Do not open public GitHub issues for exploitable vulnerabilities or details that could help exploit production deployments.
+
+Use private reporting for issues that could expose secrets, bypass attestation or authorization, compromise KMS keys, weaken workload isolation, or enable unauthorized code or configuration changes in production deployments.
+
+## Public security questions
+
+Use public issues only for questions about documented behavior, documentation gaps, already-public findings, or hardening ideas that do not include an exploit path.
+
+Before opening a public security question, check [Public Security Reports](./docs/security/public-security-reports.md). It records public report status and related hardening or roadmap work.
+
+## Production trust boundary
+
+Development settings are not production-safe merely because they are present in the codebase. Production deployments must rely on measured configuration, expected TEE measurements, authorization policy, and attestation verification. The [Security Model](./docs/security/security-model.md#development-modes-are-auditable-not-production-safe) is the source of truth for what dstack treats as a production guarantee.
diff --git a/basefiles/app-compose.service b/basefiles/app-compose.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a14bb2f9..000000000
--- a/basefiles/app-compose.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=App Compose Service
-Wants=docker.service
-After=docker.service tboot.service
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-RemainAfterExit=true
-EnvironmentFile=-/tapp/env
-WorkingDirectory=/tapp
-ExecStart=/bin/app-compose.sh
-ExecStop=/bin/docker compose stop
-StandardOutput=journal+console
-StandardError=journal+console
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/basefiles/app-compose.sh b/basefiles/app-compose.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f6c39479..000000000
--- a/basefiles/app-compose.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-tdxctl notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "starting containers" || true
-
-docker compose up --remove-orphans -d || true
-chmod +x /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2
-systemctl restart docker
-
-if ! docker compose up --remove-orphans -d; then
-    tdxctl notify-host -e "boot.error" -d "failed to start containers"
-    exit 1
-fi
-tdxctl notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "done" || true
diff --git a/basefiles/journald.conf b/basefiles/journald.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index a0c19b17e..000000000
--- a/basefiles/journald.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[Journal]
-Storage=persistent
-SystemMaxUse=1G
-SystemKeepFree=2G
-SystemMaxFileSize=100M
-SystemMaxFiles=10
-RuntimeMaxUse=0
-ReadKMsg=yes
diff --git a/basefiles/llmnr.conf b/basefiles/llmnr.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b0ccf845..000000000
--- a/basefiles/llmnr.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-[Resolve]
-LLMNR=no
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/basefiles/tappd.init b/basefiles/tappd.init
deleted file mode 100644
index c27ee3cbb..000000000
--- a/basefiles/tappd.init
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
-#
-
-### BEGIN INIT INFO
-# Provides:          tappd
-# Required-Start:    $network $local_fs
-# Required-Stop:     $network $local_fs
-# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
-# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
-# Short-Description: Start tappd daemon
-# Description:       Start the tappd daemon
-### END INIT INFO
-
-# Source function library.
-. /etc/init.d/functions
-
-prog="tappd"
-exec="/usr/bin/$prog"
-pidfile="/var/run/$prog.pid"
-lockfile="/var/lock/subsys/$prog"
-logfile="/var/log/$prog"
-
-[ -e /etc/default/$prog ] && . /etc/default/$prog
-
-start() {
-    [ -x $exec ] || exit 5
-
-    printf "Starting $prog:\t"
-    if ! [ -f $pidfile ]; then
-        $exec $DAEMON_OPTS &
-        echo $! > $pidfile
-        touch $lockfile
-        success
-        echo
-    else
-        failure
-        echo
-        printf "$pidfile still exists...\n"
-        exit 7
-    fi
-}
-
-stop() {
-    echo -n "Stopping $prog: "
-    killproc $prog
-    retval=$?
-    echo
-    [ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
-    return $retval
-}
-
-restart() {
-    stop
-    start
-}
-
-rh_status() {
-    status $prog
-}
-
-rh_status_q() {
-    rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
-}
-
-case "$1" in
-    start)
-        rh_status_q && exit 0
-        $1
-        ;;
-    stop)
-        rh_status_q || exit 0
-        $1
-        ;;
-    restart)
-        $1
-        ;;
-    status)
-        rh_status
-        ;;
-    *)
-        echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart}"
-        exit 2
-esac
-
-exit $?
diff --git a/basefiles/tappd.service b/basefiles/tappd.service
deleted file mode 100644
index 1027992e5..000000000
--- a/basefiles/tappd.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=Tappd Service
-After=network.target tboot.service
-
-[Service]
-OOMScoreAdjust=-1000
-ExecStartPre=-/bin/rm -f /var/run/tappd.sock
-ExecStart=/bin/tappd --watchdog
-Restart=always
-User=root
-Group=root
-Type=notify
-WatchdogSec=30s
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/basefiles/tboot.service b/basefiles/tboot.service
deleted file mode 100644
index a3d67e1d3..000000000
--- a/basefiles/tboot.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=Guest Boot Service
-After=network.target
-Before=app-compose.service tappd.service
-
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/bin/tboot.sh
-RemainAfterExit=yes
-StandardOutput=journal+console
-StandardError=journal+console
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/basefiles/tboot.sh b/basefiles/tboot.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 857e31266..000000000
--- a/basefiles/tboot.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-# Temporarily disable container auto-start
-# This will be re-enabled later by app-compose.sh
-chmod -x /usr/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2
-
-tdxctl tboot
diff --git a/basefiles/tdx-attest.conf b/basefiles/tdx-attest.conf
deleted file mode 100644
index d7c6361ae..000000000
--- a/basefiles/tdx-attest.conf
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-port=4050
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/basefiles/wg-checker.service b/basefiles/wg-checker.service
deleted file mode 100644
index eac7b6075..000000000
--- a/basefiles/wg-checker.service
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=WireGuard Endpoint Checker Service
-After=network-online.target tboot.service
-Wants=network-online.target
-
-[Service]
-Type=simple
-ExecStart=/bin/wg-checker.sh
-Restart=always
-RestartSec=10
-StandardOutput=journal+console
-StandardError=journal+console
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/basefiles/wg-checker.sh b/basefiles/wg-checker.sh
deleted file mode 100644
index ab72ec789..000000000
--- a/basefiles/wg-checker.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-get_conf_endpoint() {
-    grep "Endpoint" /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf | awk "{print \$3}"
-}
-
-get_current_endpoint() {
-    wg show wg0 endpoints | awk "{print \$2}"
-}
-
-check_endpoint() {
-    CONF_ENDPOINT=$(get_conf_endpoint)
-    CURRENT_ENDPOINT=$(get_current_endpoint)
-
-    if [ "$CURRENT_ENDPOINT" != "$CONF_ENDPOINT" ]; then
-        echo "Wg endpoint changed from $CONF_ENDPOINT to $CURRENT_ENDPOINT."
-        wg syncconf wg0 <(wg-quick strip wg0)
-    fi
-}
-
-while true; do
-    if [ -f /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf ]; then
-        check_endpoint
-    fi
-    sleep 10
-done
diff --git a/cargo-check-all.sh b/cargo-check-all.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index caf0e2ec4..000000000
--- a/cargo-check-all.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-find . -name Cargo.toml -exec dirname {} \; | while read dir; do
-    echo "Checking $dir..."
-    (cd "$dir" && cargo check)
-done
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/Cargo.toml b/cc-eventlog/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index f8269275f..000000000
--- a/cc-eventlog/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "cc-eventlog"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-scale.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-sha2.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-insta.workspace = true
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/src/codecs.rs b/cc-eventlog/src/codecs.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index de5438ec5..000000000
--- a/cc-eventlog/src/codecs.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-use std::ops::Deref;
-
-use scale::{Decode, Input};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct VecOf<I, T> {
-    len: I,
-    inner: Vec<T>,
-}
-
-impl<I: Default, T> Default for VecOf<I, T> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            len: I::default(),
-            inner: Vec::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I: Decode + Into<u32> + Copy, T: Decode> Decode for VecOf<I, T> {
-    fn decode<In: Input>(input: &mut In) -> Result<Self, scale::Error> {
-        let decoded_len = I::decode(input)?;
-        let len = decoded_len.into() as usize;
-        let mut inner = Vec::with_capacity(len);
-        for _ in 0..len {
-            inner.push(T::decode(input)?);
-        }
-        Ok(Self {
-            len: decoded_len,
-            inner,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I, T> VecOf<I, T> {
-    pub fn into_inner(self) -> Vec<T> {
-        self.inner
-    }
-
-    pub fn length(&self) -> I
-    where
-        I: Clone,
-    {
-        self.len.clone()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I, T> Deref for VecOf<I, T> {
-    type Target = Vec<T>;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I, T> From<(I, Vec<T>)> for VecOf<I, T> {
-    fn from((len, vec): (I, Vec<T>)) -> Self {
-        Self { len, inner: vec }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I, T> AsRef<[T]> for VecOf<I, T> {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
-        &self.inner
-    }
-}
-
-impl<I, T> From<VecOf<I, T>> for Vec<T> {
-    fn from(value: VecOf<I, T>) -> Self {
-        value.inner
-    }
-}
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/src/lib.rs b/cc-eventlog/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fc189695..000000000
--- a/cc-eventlog/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-use crate::codecs::VecOf;
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use scale::Decode;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use tcg::{TcgDigest, TcgEfiSpecIdEvent};
-
-mod codecs;
-mod tcg;
-
-/// The path to the userspace TDX event log file.
-pub const RUNTIME_EVENT_LOG_FILE: &str = "/run/log/tdx_mr3/tdx_events.log";
-/// The path to boottime ccel file.
-const CCEL_FILE: &str = "/sys/firmware/acpi/tables/data/CCEL";
-
-/// This is the common struct for tcg event logs to be delivered in different formats.
-/// Currently TCG supports several event log formats defined in TCG_PCClient Spec,
-/// Canonical Eventlog Spec, etc.
-/// This struct provides the functionality to convey event logs in different format
-/// according to request.
-#[derive(Clone, scale::Decode)]
-pub struct TcgEventLog {
-    /// IMR index, starts from 1
-    pub imr_index: u32,
-    /// Event type
-    pub event_type: u32,
-    /// List of digests
-    pub digests: VecOf<u32, TcgDigest>,
-    /// Raw event data
-    pub event: VecOf<u32, u8>,
-}
-
-/// This is the TDX event log format that is used to store the event log in the TDX guest.
-/// It is a simplified version of the TCG event log format, containing only a single digest
-/// and the raw event data. The IMR index is zero-based, unlike the TCG event log format
-/// which is one-based.
-///
-/// As for RTMR3, the digest extended is calculated as `sha384(event_type.to_ne_bytes() || b":" || event || b":" || event_payload)`.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct TdxEventLog {
-    /// IMR index, starts from 0
-    pub imr: u32,
-    /// Event type
-    pub event_type: u32,
-    /// Digest
-    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
-    pub digest: [u8; 48],
-    /// Event name
-    pub event: String,
-    /// Event payload
-    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
-    pub event_payload: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-fn event_digest(ty: u32, event: &str, payload: &[u8]) -> [u8; 48] {
-    use sha2::Digest;
-    let mut hasher = sha2::Sha384::new();
-    hasher.update(ty.to_ne_bytes());
-    hasher.update(b":");
-    hasher.update(event.as_bytes());
-    hasher.update(b":");
-    hasher.update(payload);
-    hasher.finalize().into()
-}
-
-impl TdxEventLog {
-    pub fn new(imr: u32, event_type: u32, event: String, event_payload: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        let digest = event_digest(event_type, &event, &event_payload);
-        Self {
-            imr,
-            event_type,
-            digest,
-            event,
-            event_payload,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn new_str(imr: u32, event_type: u32, event: &str, event_payload: &str) -> Self {
-        Self::new(
-            imr,
-            event_type,
-            event.to_string(),
-            event_payload.as_bytes().to_vec(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        if self.imr != 3 {
-            // TODO: validate other imrs
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let digest = event_digest(self.event_type, &self.event, &self.event_payload);
-        if digest != self.digest {
-            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("invalid digest"));
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFrom<TcgEventLog> for TdxEventLog {
-    type Error = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn try_from(value: TcgEventLog) -> Result<Self> {
-        if value.digests.len() != 1 {
-            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
-                "expected 1 digest, got {}",
-                value.digests.len()
-            ));
-        }
-        let digest = value
-            .digests
-            .into_inner()
-            .into_iter()
-            .next()
-            .context("digest not found")?
-            .hash
-            .try_into()
-            .ok()
-            .context("invalid digest size")?;
-        Ok(TdxEventLog {
-            imr: value
-                .imr_index
-                .checked_sub(1)
-                .context("invalid imr index")?,
-            event_type: value.event_type,
-            digest,
-            event: Default::default(),
-            event_payload: value.event.into(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl core::fmt::Debug for TcgEventLog {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("TcgEventLog")
-            .field("imr_index", &self.imr_index)
-            .field("event_type", &self.event_type)
-            .field(
-                "digests",
-                &self
-                    .digests
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|d| hex::encode(&d.hash))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            )
-            .field("event", &hex::encode(&self.event))
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-const fn alg_id_to_digest_size(alg_id: u16) -> Option<u8> {
-    use tcg::*;
-    match alg_id {
-        TPM_ALG_SHA1 => Some(20),
-        TPM_ALG_SHA256 => Some(32),
-        TPM_ALG_SHA384 => Some(48),
-        TPM_ALG_SHA512 => Some(64),
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct EventLogs {
-    pub spec_id_header_event: TcgEfiSpecIdEvent,
-    pub event_logs: Vec<TcgEventLog>,
-}
-
-impl scale::Decode for TcgDigest {
-    fn decode<I: scale::Input>(input: &mut I) -> Result<Self, scale::Error> {
-        let algo_id = u16::decode(input)?;
-        let digest_size =
-            alg_id_to_digest_size(algo_id).ok_or(scale::Error::from("Unsupported algorithm ID"))?;
-        let mut digest_data = vec![0; digest_size as usize];
-        input
-            .read(&mut digest_data)
-            .map_err(|_| scale::Error::from("failed to read digest_data"))?;
-        Ok(TcgDigest {
-            algo_id,
-            hash: digest_data,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl EventLogs {
-    pub fn decode(input: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        let (_spec_id_header, spec_id_header_event) =
-            parse_spec_id_event_log(input).context("Failed to parse spec id event")?;
-        let mut event_logs = vec![];
-        loop {
-            // A tmp head_buffer is used to peek the imr and event type
-            let head_buffer = &mut &input[..];
-            let imr = u32::decode(head_buffer).context("failed to decode imr")?;
-            if imr == 0xFFFFFFFF {
-                break;
-            }
-            let event_log = TcgEventLog::decode(input).context("Failed to parse event log")?;
-            event_logs.push(event_log);
-        }
-        Ok(EventLogs {
-            spec_id_header_event,
-            event_logs,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn decode_from_ccel_file() -> Result<Self> {
-        let data = fs_err::read(CCEL_FILE).context("Failed to read CCEL")?;
-        Self::decode(&mut data.as_slice())
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_tdx_event_logs(self) -> Result<Vec<TdxEventLog>> {
-        self.event_logs
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(TdxEventLog::try_from)
-            .collect()
-    }
-
-    pub fn to_tdx_event_logs(&self) -> Result<Vec<TdxEventLog>> {
-        self.event_logs
-            .iter()
-            .cloned()
-            .map(TdxEventLog::try_from)
-            .collect()
-    }
-}
-
-fn parse_spec_id_event_log<I: scale::Input>(
-    input: &mut I,
-) -> Result<(TcgEventLog, TcgEfiSpecIdEvent)> {
-    #[derive(Decode)]
-    struct Header {
-        imr_index: u32,
-        header_event_type: u32,
-        digest_hash: [u8; 20],
-        header_event: VecOf<u32, u8>,
-    }
-
-    let decoded_header = Header::decode(input).context("failed to decode log_item")?;
-    // Parse EFI Spec Id Event structure
-    let input = &mut decoded_header.header_event.as_slice();
-    let spec_id_event =
-        TcgEfiSpecIdEvent::decode(input).context("failed to decode TcgEfiSpecIdEvent")?;
-
-    let digests = vec![TcgDigest {
-        algo_id: tcg::TPM_ALG_ERROR,
-        hash: decoded_header.digest_hash.to_vec(),
-    }];
-    let spec_id_header = TcgEventLog {
-        imr_index: decoded_header.imr_index,
-        event_type: decoded_header.header_event_type,
-        digests: (digests.len() as u32, digests).into(),
-        event: decoded_header.header_event,
-    };
-    Ok((spec_id_header, spec_id_event))
-}
-
-fn read_runtime_event_logs() -> Result<Vec<TdxEventLog>> {
-    let data = match fs_err::read_to_string(RUNTIME_EVENT_LOG_FILE) {
-        Ok(data) => data,
-        Err(e) => {
-            if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
-                return Ok(vec![]);
-            }
-            return Err(e).context("Failed to read user event log");
-        }
-    };
-    let mut event_logs = vec![];
-    for line in data.lines() {
-        if line.trim().is_empty() {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let event_log =
-            serde_json::from_str::<TdxEventLog>(line).context("Failed to decode user event log")?;
-        event_logs.push(event_log);
-    }
-    Ok(event_logs)
-}
-
-/// Read both boottime and runtime event logs.
-pub fn read_event_logs() -> Result<Vec<TdxEventLog>> {
-    let mut event_logs = EventLogs::decode_from_ccel_file()?.to_tdx_event_logs()?;
-    event_logs.extend(read_runtime_event_logs()?);
-    Ok(event_logs)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn parse_ccel() {
-        let boot_time_data = include_bytes!("../samples/ccel.bin");
-        let event_logs = EventLogs::decode(&mut boot_time_data.as_slice()).unwrap();
-        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(&event_logs.event_logs);
-        let tdx_event_logs = event_logs.to_tdx_event_logs().unwrap();
-        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&tdx_event_logs).unwrap();
-        insta::assert_snapshot!(json);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/src/tcg.rs b/cc-eventlog/src/tcg.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c18714a51..000000000
--- a/cc-eventlog/src/tcg.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(dead_code)]
-
-use crate::codecs::VecOf;
-
-pub const TPM_ALG_ERROR: u16 = 0x0;
-pub const TPM_ALG_RSA: u16 = 0x1;
-pub const TPM_ALG_SHA1: u16 = 0x4;
-pub const TPM_ALG_SHA256: u16 = 0xB;
-pub const TPM_ALG_SHA384: u16 = 0xC;
-pub const TPM_ALG_SHA512: u16 = 0xD;
-pub const TPM_ALG_ECDSA: u16 = 0x18;
-
-pub const TCG_PCCLIENT_FORMAT: u8 = 1;
-pub const TCG_CANONICAL_FORMAT: u8 = 2;
-
-// digest format: (algo id, hash value)
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub struct TcgDigest {
-    pub algo_id: u16,
-    pub hash: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-// traits a Tcg IMR should have
-pub trait TcgIMR {
-    fn max_index() -> u8;
-    fn get_index(&self) -> u8;
-    fn get_tcg_digest(&self, algo_id: u16) -> TcgDigest;
-    fn is_valid_index(index: u8) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error>;
-    fn is_valid_algo(algo_id: u16) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error>;
-}
-
-/***
-    TCG EventType defined at
-   https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/PC-Client-Platform-Firmware-Profile-Version-1.06-Revision-52_pub.pdf
-*/
-pub const EV_PREBOOT_CERT: u32 = 0x0;
-pub const EV_POST_CODE: u32 = 0x1;
-pub const EV_UNUSED: u32 = 0x2;
-pub const EV_NO_ACTION: u32 = 0x3;
-pub const EV_SEPARATOR: u32 = 0x4;
-pub const EV_ACTION: u32 = 0x5;
-pub const EV_EVENT_TAG: u32 = 0x6;
-pub const EV_S_CRTM_CONTENTS: u32 = 0x7;
-pub const EV_S_CRTM_VERSION: u32 = 0x8;
-pub const EV_CPU_MICROCODE: u32 = 0x9;
-pub const EV_PLATFORM_CONFIG_FLAGS: u32 = 0xa;
-pub const EV_TABLE_OF_DEVICES: u32 = 0xb;
-pub const EV_COMPACT_HASH: u32 = 0xc;
-pub const EV_IPL: u32 = 0xd;
-pub const EV_IPL_PARTITION_DATA: u32 = 0xe;
-pub const EV_NONHOST_CODE: u32 = 0xf;
-pub const EV_NONHOST_CONFIG: u32 = 0x10;
-pub const EV_NONHOST_INFO: u32 = 0x11;
-pub const EV_OMIT_BOOT_DEVICE_EVENTS: u32 = 0x12;
-pub const EV_POST_CODE2: u32 = 0x13;
-
-pub const EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE: u32 = 0x80000000;
-pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_DRIVER_CONFIG: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x1;
-pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_BOOT: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x2;
-pub const EV_EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_APPLICATION: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x3;
-pub const EV_EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_DRIVER: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x4;
-pub const EV_EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES_DRIVER: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x5;
-pub const EV_EFI_GPT_EVENT: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x6;
-pub const EV_EFI_ACTION: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x7;
-pub const EV_EFI_PLATFORM_FIRMWARE_BLOB: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x8;
-pub const EV_EFI_HANDOFF_TABLES: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x9;
-pub const EV_EFI_PLATFORM_FIRMWARE_BLOB2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xa;
-pub const EV_EFI_HANDOFF_TABLES2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xb;
-pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_BOOT2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xc;
-pub const EV_EFI_GPT_EVENT2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xd;
-pub const EV_EFI_HCRTM_EVENT: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x10;
-pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_AUTHORITY: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe0;
-pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_FIRMWARE_BLOB: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe1;
-pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_FIRMWARE_CONFIG: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe2;
-pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_DEVICE_POLICY: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe3;
-pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_DEVICE_AUTHORITY: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe4;
-
-pub const IMA_MEASUREMENT_EVENT: u32 = 0x14;
-
-/***
-    TCG IMR Event struct defined at
-    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_EFI_Platform_1_22_Final_-v15.pdf.
-    Definition:
-    typedef struct tdTCG_PCR_EVENT2{
-        UINT32 pcrIndex;
-        UINT32 eventType;
-        TPML_DIGEST_VALUES digests;
-        UINT32 eventSize;
-        BYTE event[eventSize];
-    } TCG_PCR_EVENT2;
-*/
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct TcgImrEvent {
-    pub imr_index: u32,
-    pub event_type: u32,
-    pub digests: Vec<TcgDigest>,
-    pub event_size: u32,
-    pub event: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-impl std::fmt::Debug for TcgImrEvent {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("TcgImrEvent")
-            .field("imr_index", &self.imr_index)
-            .field("event_type", &self.event_type)
-            .field(
-                "digests",
-                &self
-                    .digests
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|d| hex::encode(&d.hash))
-                    .collect::<Vec<String>>(),
-            )
-            .field("event", &hex::encode(&self.event))
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-/***
-    TCG TCG_PCClientPCREvent defined at
-    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_PCClientSpecPlat_TPM_2p0_1p04_pub.pdf.
-    Definition:
-    typedef tdTCG_PCClientPCREvent {
-        UINT32 pcrIndex;
-        UINT32 eventType;
-        BYTE digest[20];
-        UINT32 eventDataSize;
-        BYTE event[eventDataSize]; //This is actually a TCG_EfiSpecIDEventStruct
-    } TCG_PCClientPCREvent;
-*/
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct TcgPcClientImrEvent {
-    pub imr_index: u32,
-    pub event_type: u32,
-    pub digest: [u8; 20],
-    pub event_size: u32,
-    pub event: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-/***
-    TCG TCG_EfiSpecIDEventStruct defined at
-    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EFI-Protocol-Specification-rev13-160330final.pdf.
-    Definition:
-    typedef struct tdTCG_EfiSpecIdEventStruct {
-        BYTE[16] signature;
-        UINT32 platformClass;
-        UINT8 specVersionMinor;
-        UINT8 specVersionMajor;
-        UINT8 specErrata;
-        UINT8 uintnSize;
-        UINT32 numberOfAlgorithms;
-        TCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize[numberOfAlgorithms] digestSizes;
-        UINT8 vendorInfoSize;
-        BYTE[VendorInfoSize] vendorInfo;
-    } TCG_EfiSpecIDEventStruct;
-*/
-#[derive(Clone, scale::Decode, Debug)]
-pub struct TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
-    pub signature: [u8; 16],
-    pub platform_class: u32,
-    pub spec_version_minor: u8,
-    pub spec_version_major: u8,
-    pub spec_errata: u8,
-    pub uintn_ize: u8,
-    pub digest_sizes: VecOf<u32, TcgEfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize>,
-    pub vendor_info: VecOf<u8, u8>,
-}
-
-impl Default for TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}
-
-impl TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
-    pub fn new() -> TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
-        TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
-            signature: [0; 16],
-            platform_class: 0,
-            spec_version_minor: 0,
-            spec_version_major: 0,
-            spec_errata: 0,
-            uintn_ize: 0,
-            digest_sizes: Default::default(),
-            vendor_info: Default::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/***
-    TCG TCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize defined at
-    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EFI-Protocol-Specification-rev13-160330final.pdf.
-    Definiton:
-    typedef struct tdTCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize {
-        UINT16 algorithmId;
-        UINT16 digestSize;
-    } TCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize;
-*/
-#[derive(Clone, scale::Decode, Debug)]
-pub struct TcgEfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize {
-    pub algo_id: u16,
-    pub digest_size: u16,
-}
diff --git a/certbot/Cargo.toml b/certbot/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 207fb4281..000000000
--- a/certbot/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "certbot"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-bon.workspace = true
-enum_dispatch.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-hickory-resolver.workspace = true
-instant-acme.workspace = true
-path-absolutize.workspace = true
-rcgen.workspace = true
-reqwest.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-time.workspace = true
-tokio.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-x509-parser.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-rand.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
diff --git a/certbot/cli/Cargo.toml b/certbot/cli/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index e37bb4c57..000000000
--- a/certbot/cli/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "certbot-cli"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[[bin]]
-name = "certbot"
-path = "src/main.rs"
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-certbot.workspace = true
-clap.workspace = true
-documented.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-toml_edit.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-rustls.workspace = true
diff --git a/certbot/cli/src/main.rs b/certbot/cli/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 01af5ed40..000000000
--- a/certbot/cli/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,185 +0,0 @@
-use std::{path::PathBuf, time::Duration};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use certbot::{CertBotConfig, WorkDir};
-use clap::Parser;
-use documented::DocumentedFields;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use toml_edit::ser::to_document;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-enum Command {
-    /// Automatically renew certificates if they are close to expiration
-    Renew {
-        /// Path to the configuration file
-        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certbot.toml")]
-        config: PathBuf,
-        /// Run only once and exit
-        #[arg(long)]
-        once: bool,
-    },
-    /// Initialize the configuration file
-    Init {
-        /// Path to the configuration file
-        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certbot.toml")]
-        config: PathBuf,
-    },
-    /// Set CAA record for the domain
-    SetCaa {
-        /// Path to the configuration file
-        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certbot.toml")]
-        config: PathBuf,
-    },
-    /// Generate configuration template
-    Cfg {
-        /// Write to file
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        write_to: Option<PathBuf>,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-struct Args {
-    #[command(subcommand)]
-    command: Command,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, DocumentedFields)]
-struct Config {
-    /// Path to the working directory
-    workdir: PathBuf,
-    /// ACME server URL
-    acme_url: String,
-    /// Cloudflare API token
-    cf_api_token: String,
-    /// Cloudflare zone ID
-    cf_zone_id: String,
-    /// Auto set CAA record
-    auto_set_caa: bool,
-    /// Domain to issue certificates for
-    domain: String,
-    /// Renew interval in seconds
-    renew_interval: u64,
-    /// Number of days before expiration to trigger renewal
-    renew_days_before: u64,
-    /// Renew timeout in seconds
-    renew_timeout: u64,
-}
-
-impl Default for Config {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            workdir: ".".into(),
-            acme_url: "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory".into(),
-            cf_api_token: "".into(),
-            cf_zone_id: "".into(),
-            auto_set_caa: true,
-            domain: "example.com".into(),
-            renew_interval: 3600,
-            renew_days_before: 10,
-            renew_timeout: 120,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Config {
-    fn to_commented_toml(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        let mut doc = to_document(self)?;
-
-        for (i, (mut key, _value)) in doc.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            let decor = key.leaf_decor_mut();
-            let docstring = Self::FIELD_DOCS[i];
-
-            let mut comment = String::new();
-            for line in docstring.lines() {
-                let line = if line.is_empty() {
-                    String::from("#\n")
-                } else {
-                    format!("# {line}\n")
-                };
-                comment.push_str(&line);
-            }
-            decor.set_prefix(comment);
-        }
-        Ok(doc.to_string())
-    }
-}
-
-fn load_config(config: &PathBuf) -> Result<CertBotConfig> {
-    let config: Config = toml_edit::de::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(config)?)?;
-    let workdir = WorkDir::new(&config.workdir);
-    let renew_interval = Duration::from_secs(config.renew_interval);
-    let renew_expires_in = Duration::from_secs(config.renew_days_before * 24 * 60 * 60);
-    let renew_timeout = Duration::from_secs(config.renew_timeout);
-    let bot_config = CertBotConfig::builder()
-        .acme_url(config.acme_url)
-        .cert_dir(workdir.backup_dir())
-        .cert_file(workdir.cert_path())
-        .key_file(workdir.key_path())
-        .auto_create_account(true)
-        .cert_subject_alt_names(vec![config.domain])
-        .cf_zone_id(config.cf_zone_id)
-        .cf_api_token(config.cf_api_token)
-        .renew_interval(renew_interval)
-        .renew_timeout(renew_timeout)
-        .renew_expires_in(renew_expires_in)
-        .credentials_file(workdir.account_credentials_path())
-        .auto_set_caa(config.auto_set_caa)
-        .build();
-    Ok(bot_config)
-}
-
-async fn renew(config: &PathBuf, once: bool) -> Result<()> {
-    let bot_config = load_config(config).context("Failed to load configuration")?;
-    let bot = bot_config
-        .build_bot()
-        .await
-        .context("Failed to build bot")?;
-    if once {
-        bot.run_once().await?;
-    } else {
-        bot.run().await;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-    rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider()
-        .install_default()
-        .expect("Failed to install default crypto provider");
-
-    let args = Args::parse();
-    match args.command {
-        Command::Renew { config, once } => {
-            renew(&config, once).await?;
-        }
-        Command::Init { config } => {
-            let config = load_config(&config).context("Failed to load configuration")?;
-            // The build_bot() will trigger the initialization and create Account if not exists
-            let _bot = config.build_bot().await.context("Failed to build bot")?;
-        }
-        Command::SetCaa { config } => {
-            let bot_config = load_config(&config).context("Failed to load configuration")?;
-            let bot = bot_config
-                .build_bot()
-                .await
-                .context("Failed to build bot")?;
-            bot.set_caa().await?;
-        }
-        Command::Cfg { write_to } => {
-            let toml_str = Config::default().to_commented_toml()?;
-            match write_to {
-                Some(path) => fs::write(path, toml_str)?,
-                None => println!("{}", toml_str),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/certbot/src/acme_client/tests.rs b/certbot/src/acme_client/tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index be6beffbd..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/acme_client/tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(not(test))]
-
-use super::*;
-
-async fn new_acme_client() -> Result<AcmeClient> {
-    let dns01_client = Dns01Client::new_cloudflare(
-        std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID").expect("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID not set"),
-        std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN").expect("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN not set"),
-    );
-    let credentials =
-        std::env::var("LETSENCRYPT_CREDENTIAL").expect("LETSENCRYPT_CREDENTIAL not set");
-    AcmeClient::load(dns01_client, &credentials).await
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_request_new_certificate() {
-    tracing_subscriber::fmt::try_init().ok();
-
-    let test_domain = std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set");
-    let domains = vec![test_domain.clone(), format!("*.{}", test_domain)];
-    let bot = new_acme_client().await.unwrap();
-    println!("account credentials: {}", bot.dump_credentials().unwrap());
-    let key = KeyPair::generate().unwrap();
-    let key_pem = key.serialize_pem();
-    let cert = bot
-        .request_new_certificate(&key_pem, &domains)
-        .await
-        .expect("Failed to get cert");
-    println!("key:\n{}", key_pem);
-    println!("cert:\n{}", cert);
-}
diff --git a/certbot/src/bot.rs b/certbot/src/bot.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b73c5ee93..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/bot.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeSet,
-    io::ErrorKind,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    time::Duration,
-};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use tokio::time::sleep;
-use tracing::{error, info};
-
-use crate::acme_client::read_pem;
-
-use super::{AcmeClient, Dns01Client};
-
-#[allow(clippy::duplicated_attributes)]
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, bon::Builder)]
-#[builder(on(String, into))]
-#[builder(on(PathBuf, into))]
-pub struct CertBotConfig {
-    acme_url: String,
-    auto_set_caa: bool,
-    credentials_file: PathBuf,
-    auto_create_account: bool,
-    cf_zone_id: String,
-    cf_api_token: String,
-    cert_file: PathBuf,
-    key_file: PathBuf,
-    cert_dir: PathBuf,
-    cert_subject_alt_names: Vec<String>,
-    renew_interval: Duration,
-    renew_timeout: Duration,
-    renew_expires_in: Duration,
-}
-
-impl CertBotConfig {
-    pub async fn build_bot(&self) -> Result<CertBot> {
-        CertBot::build(self.clone()).await
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct CertBot {
-    acme_client: AcmeClient,
-    config: CertBotConfig,
-}
-
-impl CertBot {
-    /// Build a new `CertBot` from a `CertBotConfig`.
-    pub async fn build(config: CertBotConfig) -> Result<Self> {
-        let dns01_client =
-            Dns01Client::new_cloudflare(config.cf_zone_id.clone(), config.cf_api_token.clone());
-        let acme_client = match fs::read_to_string(&config.credentials_file) {
-            Ok(credentials) => AcmeClient::load(dns01_client, &credentials).await?,
-            Err(e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {
-                if !config.auto_create_account {
-                    return Err(e).context("credentials file not found");
-                }
-                info!("creating new ACME account");
-                let client = AcmeClient::new_account(&config.acme_url, dns01_client)
-                    .await
-                    .context("failed to create new account")?;
-                let credentials = client
-                    .dump_credentials()
-                    .context("failed to dump credentials")?;
-                if let Some(credential_dir) = config.credentials_file.parent() {
-                    fs::create_dir_all(credential_dir)
-                        .context("failed to create credential directory")?;
-                }
-                fs::write(&config.credentials_file, credentials)
-                    .context("failed to write credentials")?;
-                info!("created new ACME account: {}", client.account_id());
-                if config.auto_set_caa {
-                    info!("setting CAA records");
-                    client
-                        .set_caa_records(&config.cert_subject_alt_names)
-                        .await?;
-                }
-                client
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                return Err(e).context("failed to read credentials file");
-            }
-        };
-        Ok(Self {
-            acme_client,
-            config,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Get the ACME account ID.
-    pub fn account_id(&self) -> &str {
-        self.acme_client.account_id()
-    }
-
-    /// List all issued certificates.
-    pub fn list_certs(&self) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
-        list_certs(&self.config.cert_dir)
-    }
-
-    /// List all public keys.
-    pub fn list_cert_public_keys(&self) -> Result<BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>> {
-        list_cert_public_keys(&self.config.cert_dir)
-    }
-
-    /// Run the certbot.
-    pub async fn run(&self) {
-        loop {
-            match tokio::time::timeout(self.config.renew_timeout, self.run_once()).await {
-                Ok(Ok(_)) => {}
-                Ok(Err(e)) => {
-                    error!("failed to run certbot: {e:?}");
-                }
-                Err(_) => {
-                    error!("certbot timed out");
-                }
-            }
-            sleep(self.config.renew_interval).await;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Run the certbot once.
-    pub async fn run_once(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.acme_client
-            .create_cert_if_needed(
-                &self.config.cert_subject_alt_names,
-                &self.config.cert_file,
-                &self.config.key_file,
-                &self.config.cert_dir,
-            )
-            .await?;
-        info!("checking if certificate needs to be renewed");
-        let renewed = self
-            .acme_client
-            .auto_renew(
-                &self.config.cert_file,
-                &self.config.key_file,
-                &self.config.cert_dir,
-                self.config.renew_expires_in,
-            )
-            .await;
-        match renewed {
-            Ok(true) => {
-                info!(
-                    "renewed certificate for {}",
-                    self.config.cert_file.display()
-                );
-            }
-            Ok(false) => {
-                info!(
-                    "certificate {} is up to date",
-                    self.config.cert_file.display()
-                );
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                return Err(e);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Set CAA record for the domain.
-    pub async fn set_caa(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.acme_client
-            .set_caa_records(&self.config.cert_subject_alt_names)
-            .await
-    }
-}
-
-fn read_pubkey(cert_pem: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let cert = read_pem(cert_pem)?;
-    let public_key = cert.parse_x509().context("failed to parse x509 cert")?;
-    Ok(public_key.tbs_certificate.public_key().raw.to_vec())
-}
-
-pub fn list_certs(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
-    let mut certs = vec![];
-    let cert_dir = Path::new(workdir.as_ref());
-    for entry in fs::read_dir(cert_dir)? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        let path = entry.path();
-        let cert_path = path.join("cert.pem");
-        if path.is_dir() && cert_path.exists() {
-            certs.push(cert_path);
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(certs)
-}
-
-pub fn list_cert_public_keys(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>> {
-    list_certs(workdir)?
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|cert_path| {
-            let cert_pem = fs::read_to_string(&cert_path).context("failed to read cert")?;
-            read_pubkey(&cert_pem).context("failed to parse cert")
-        })
-        .collect::<Result<_>>()
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests;
diff --git a/certbot/src/bot/tests.rs b/certbot/src/bot/tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cd5ed07f..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/bot/tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#![cfg(not(test))]
-
-use instant_acme::LetsEncrypt;
-
-use super::*;
-
-async fn new_certbot() -> Result<CertBot> {
-    let cf_zone_id = std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID").expect("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID not set");
-    let cf_api_token = std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN").expect("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN not set");
-    let domains = vec![std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set")];
-    let config = CertBotConfig::builder()
-        .acme_url(LetsEncrypt::Staging.url())
-        .auto_create_account(true)
-        .credentials_file("./test-workdir/credentials.json")
-        .cf_zone_id(cf_zone_id)
-        .cf_api_token(cf_api_token)
-        .cert_dir("./test-workdir/backup")
-        .cert_file("./test-workdir/live/cert.pem")
-        .key_file("./test-workdir/live/key.pem")
-        .cert_subject_alt_names(domains)
-        .renew_interval(Duration::from_secs(30))
-        .renew_timeout(Duration::from_secs(120))
-        .renew_expires_in(Duration::from_secs(7772187))
-        .auto_set_caa(false)
-        .build();
-    config.build_bot().await
-}
-
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn test_certbot() {
-    tracing_subscriber::fmt::try_init().ok();
-
-    let bot = new_certbot().await.unwrap();
-    bot.run().await;
-}
diff --git a/certbot/src/dns01_client.rs b/certbot/src/dns01_client.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ae447593d..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/dns01_client.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use cloudflare::CloudflareClient;
-use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-mod cloudflare;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-/// Represents a DNS record
-pub(crate) struct Record {
-    /// Unique identifier for the record
-    pub id: String,
-    /// The name of the DNS record (e.g., "_acme-challenge.example.com")
-    pub name: String,
-    /// The content of the DNS record (e.g., the TXT value for ACME challenges)
-    pub content: String,
-    /// The type of DNS record (e.g., "TXT" for ACME challenges)
-    pub r#type: String,
-}
-
-#[enum_dispatch]
-pub(crate) trait Dns01Api {
-    /// Creates a TXT DNS record with the given domain and content.
-    ///
-    /// Returns the ID of the created record.
-    async fn add_txt_record(&self, domain: &str, content: &str) -> Result<String>;
-
-    /// Add a CAA record for the given domain.
-    async fn add_caa_record(
-        &self,
-        domain: &str,
-        flags: u8,
-        tag: &str,
-        value: &str,
-    ) -> Result<String>;
-
-    /// Remove a DNS record.
-    ///
-    /// Deletes a DNS record using its unique identifier.
-    async fn remove_record(&self, record_id: &str) -> Result<()>;
-
-    /// Get all records for a domain.
-    async fn get_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>>;
-
-    /// Remove TXT DNS records by domain.
-    ///
-    /// Deletes all TXT DNS records matching the given domain.
-    async fn remove_txt_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        for record in self.get_records(domain).await? {
-            if record.r#type == "TXT" {
-                self.remove_record(&record.id).await?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// A DNS-01 client.
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[enum_dispatch(Dns01Api)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
-pub enum Dns01Client {
-    Cloudflare(CloudflareClient),
-}
-
-impl Dns01Client {
-    pub fn new_cloudflare(zone_id: String, api_token: String) -> Self {
-        Self::Cloudflare(CloudflareClient::new(zone_id, api_token))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/certbot/src/dns01_client/cloudflare.rs b/certbot/src/dns01_client/cloudflare.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b574f6514..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/dns01_client/cloudflare.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use reqwest::Client;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use serde_json::json;
-
-use crate::dns01_client::Record;
-
-use super::Dns01Api;
-
-const CLOUDFLARE_API_URL: &str = "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4";
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct CloudflareClient {
-    zone_id: String,
-    api_token: String,
-}
-
-impl CloudflareClient {
-    pub fn new(zone_id: String, api_token: String) -> Self {
-        Self { zone_id, api_token }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Dns01Api for CloudflareClient {
-    async fn add_txt_record(&self, domain: &str, content: &str) -> Result<String> {
-        let client = Client::new();
-        let url = format!("{}/zones/{}/dns_records", CLOUDFLARE_API_URL, self.zone_id);
-        let response = client
-            .post(&url)
-            .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
-            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
-            .json(&json!({
-                "type": "TXT",
-                "name": domain,
-                "content": content,
-                "ttl": 120
-            }))
-            .send()
-            .await?;
-
-        if !response.status().is_success() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "failed to create acme challenge: {}",
-                response.text().await?
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        struct Response {
-            result: ApiResult,
-        }
-
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        struct ApiResult {
-            id: String,
-        }
-
-        let response: Response = response.json().await.context("failed to parse response")?;
-
-        Ok(response.result.id)
-    }
-
-    async fn remove_record(&self, record_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let client = Client::new();
-        let url = format!(
-            "{}/zones/{}/dns_records/{}",
-            CLOUDFLARE_API_URL, self.zone_id, record_id
-        );
-
-        let response = client
-            .delete(&url)
-            .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
-            .send()
-            .await?;
-
-        if !response.status().is_success() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "failed to remove acme challenge: {}",
-                response.text().await?
-            );
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn add_caa_record(
-        &self,
-        domain: &str,
-        flags: u8,
-        tag: &str,
-        value: &str,
-    ) -> Result<String> {
-        let client = Client::new();
-        let url = format!("{}/zones/{}/dns_records", CLOUDFLARE_API_URL, self.zone_id);
-        let response = client
-            .post(&url)
-            .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
-            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
-            .json(&json!({
-                "type": "CAA",
-                "name": domain,
-                "ttl": 120,
-                "data": {
-                    "flags": flags,
-                    "tag": tag,
-                    "value": value
-                }
-            }))
-            .send()
-            .await?;
-        if !response.status().is_success() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "failed to create acme challenge: {}",
-                response.text().await?
-            );
-        }
-
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        struct Response {
-            result: ApiResult,
-        }
-
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        struct ApiResult {
-            id: String,
-        }
-
-        let response: Response = response.json().await.context("failed to parse response")?;
-
-        Ok(response.result.id)
-    }
-
-    async fn get_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
-        let client = Client::new();
-        let url = format!("{}/zones/{}/dns_records", CLOUDFLARE_API_URL, self.zone_id);
-
-        let response = client
-            .get(&url)
-            .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
-            .send()
-            .await?;
-
-        if !response.status().is_success() {
-            anyhow::bail!("failed to get dns records: {}", response.text().await?);
-        }
-
-        #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
-        struct CloudflareResponse {
-            result: Vec<Record>,
-        }
-
-        let response: CloudflareResponse =
-            response.json().await.context("failed to parse response")?;
-
-        let records = response
-            .result
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|record| record.name == domain)
-            .collect();
-        Ok(records)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    #![cfg(not(test))]
-
-    use super::*;
-
-    impl CloudflareClient {
-        #[cfg(test)]
-        async fn get_txt_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
-            Ok(self
-                .get_records(domain)
-                .await?
-                .into_iter()
-                .filter(|r| r.r#type == "TXT")
-                .collect())
-        }
-
-        #[cfg(test)]
-        async fn get_caa_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
-            Ok(self
-                .get_records(domain)
-                .await?
-                .into_iter()
-                .filter(|r| r.r#type == "CAA")
-                .collect())
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn create_client() -> CloudflareClient {
-        CloudflareClient::new(
-            std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID").expect("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID not set"),
-            std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN").expect("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN not set"),
-        )
-    }
-
-    fn random_subdomain() -> String {
-        format!(
-            "_acme-challenge.{}.{}",
-            rand::random::<u64>(),
-            std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set"),
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn can_add_txt_record() {
-        let client = create_client();
-        let subdomain = random_subdomain();
-        println!("subdomain: {}", subdomain);
-        let record_id = client
-            .add_txt_record(&subdomain, "1234567890")
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(record[0].id, record_id);
-        assert_eq!(record[0].content, "1234567890");
-        client.remove_record(&record_id).await.unwrap();
-        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        assert!(record.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn can_remove_txt_record() {
-        let client = create_client();
-        let subdomain = random_subdomain();
-        println!("subdomain: {}", subdomain);
-        let record_id = client
-            .add_txt_record(&subdomain, "1234567890")
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(record[0].id, record_id);
-        assert_eq!(record[0].content, "1234567890");
-        client.remove_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        assert!(record.is_empty());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn can_add_caa_record() {
-        let client = create_client();
-        let subdomain = random_subdomain();
-        let record_id = client
-            .add_caa_record(&subdomain, 0, "issue", "letsencrypt.org;")
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-        let record = client.get_caa_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(record[0].id, record_id);
-        assert_eq!(record[0].content, "0 issue \"letsencrypt.org;\"");
-        client.remove_record(&record_id).await.unwrap();
-        let record = client.get_caa_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
-        assert!(record.is_empty());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/certbot/src/lib.rs b/certbot/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fde2a6a7..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-//! A CertBot client for requesting certificates from Let's Encrypt.
-//!
-//! This library provides a simple interface for requesting and managing SSL/TLS certificates
-//! using the ACME protocol with Let's Encrypt as the Certificate Authority.
-//!
-//! # Features
-//!
-//! - Automatic certificate issuance and renewal
-//! - DNS-01 challenge support (currently implemented for Cloudflare)
-//! - Easy integration with existing Rust applications
-//!
-//! For more detailed information on the available methods and their usage, please refer
-//! to the documentation of individual structs and functions.
-
-pub use acme_client::AcmeClient;
-pub use bot::{CertBot, CertBotConfig};
-pub use dns01_client::Dns01Client;
-pub use workdir::WorkDir;
-
-mod acme_client;
-mod bot;
-mod dns01_client;
-mod workdir;
diff --git a/certbot/src/workdir.rs b/certbot/src/workdir.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 47f20e273..000000000
--- a/certbot/src/workdir.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeSet,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-use crate::acme_client::Credentials;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct WorkDir {
-    workdir: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl WorkDir {
-    pub fn new(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            workdir: workdir.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn workdir(&self) -> &PathBuf {
-        &self.workdir
-    }
-
-    pub fn account_credentials_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("credentials.json")
-    }
-
-    pub fn backup_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("backup")
-    }
-
-    pub fn live_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("live")
-    }
-
-    pub fn cert_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.live_dir().join("cert.pem")
-    }
-
-    pub fn key_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.live_dir().join("key.pem")
-    }
-
-    pub fn list_certs(&self) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
-        crate::bot::list_certs(self.backup_dir())
-    }
-
-    pub fn acme_account_uri(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        let encoded_credentials = fs::read_to_string(self.account_credentials_path())?;
-        let credentials: Credentials = serde_json::from_str(&encoded_credentials)?;
-        Ok(credentials.account_id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn list_cert_public_keys(&self) -> Result<BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>> {
-        crate::bot::list_cert_public_keys(self.backup_dir())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/certgen/Cargo.toml b/certgen/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 24f93ce8d..000000000
--- a/certgen/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "certgen"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-clap.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-ra-tls.workspace = true
diff --git a/certgen/src/main.rs b/certgen/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 192b57b32..000000000
--- a/certgen/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use ra_tls::{
-    cert::{CaCert, CertRequest},
-    rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256},
-};
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about)]
-struct Args {
-    #[command(subcommand)]
-    command: Commands,
-}
-
-#[derive(clap::Subcommand)]
-enum Commands {
-    /// Generate certificates for the KMS system
-    Generate {
-        /// Domain name for the generated certificates
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        domain: String,
-
-        /// Output directory for the generated certificates
-        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certs")]
-        output_dir: String,
-    },
-    /// Sign a certificate using an existing CA
-    Sign {
-        /// Domain name for the generated certificate
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        domain: String,
-
-        /// CA key file
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        ca_key: String,
-
-        /// CA cert file
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        ca_cert: String,
-
-        /// Output cert file
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        cert: String,
-
-        /// Output key file
-        #[arg(short, long)]
-        key: String,
-    },
-}
-
-fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let args = Args::parse();
-
-    match args.command {
-        Commands::Generate { domain, output_dir } => {
-            generate_and_store_certificates(&domain, &output_dir)?;
-        }
-        Commands::Sign {
-            domain,
-            ca_key,
-            ca_cert,
-            cert,
-            key,
-        } => {
-            sign_certificate(&domain, &ca_key, &ca_cert, &cert, &key)?;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn generate_and_store_certificates(domain: &str, output_dir: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let tmp_ca_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let ca_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let kms_rpc_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let tproxy_rpc_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-
-    let tmp_ca_cert = CertRequest::builder()
-        .org_name("Phala Network")
-        .subject("Phala KMS Client Temp CA")
-        .ca_level(1)
-        .key(&tmp_ca_key)
-        .build()
-        .self_signed()?;
-
-    // Create self-signed KMS cert
-    let ca_cert = CertRequest::builder()
-        .org_name("Phala Network")
-        .subject("Phala KMS CA")
-        .ca_level(3)
-        .key(&ca_key)
-        .build()
-        .self_signed()?;
-
-    let kms_domain = format!("kms.{domain}");
-    // Sign WWW server cert with KMS cert
-    let kms_rpc_cert = CertRequest::builder()
-        .subject(&kms_domain)
-        .alt_names(&[kms_domain.clone()])
-        .key(&kms_rpc_key)
-        .build()
-        .signed_by(&ca_cert, &ca_key)?;
-
-    let tproxy_domain = format!("tproxy.{domain}");
-    let tproxy_rpc_cert = CertRequest::builder()
-        .subject(&tproxy_domain)
-        .alt_names(&[tproxy_domain.clone()])
-        .key(&tproxy_rpc_key)
-        .build()
-        .signed_by(&ca_cert, &ca_key)?;
-
-    store_cert(
-        output_dir,
-        "tmp-ca",
-        &tmp_ca_cert.pem(),
-        &tmp_ca_key.serialize_pem(),
-    )?;
-    store_cert(
-        output_dir,
-        "root-ca",
-        &ca_cert.pem(),
-        &ca_key.serialize_pem(),
-    )?;
-    store_cert(
-        output_dir,
-        "kms-rpc",
-        &kms_rpc_cert.pem(),
-        &kms_rpc_key.serialize_pem(),
-    )?;
-    store_cert(
-        output_dir,
-        "tproxy-rpc",
-        &tproxy_rpc_cert.pem(),
-        &tproxy_rpc_key.serialize_pem(),
-    )?;
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn store_cert(path: &str, name: &str, cert: &str, key: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let cert_path = format!("{}/{}.cert", path, name);
-    let key_path = format!("{}/{}.key", path, name);
-    fs::write(cert_path, cert)?;
-    fs::write(key_path, key)?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn sign_certificate(
-    domain: &str,
-    ca_key_path: &str,
-    ca_cert_path: &str,
-    cert_path: &str,
-    key_path: &str,
-) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    let ca_key = fs::read_to_string(ca_key_path)?;
-    let ca_cert = fs::read_to_string(ca_cert_path)?;
-    let ca = CaCert::new(ca_cert, ca_key)?;
-    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-
-    let cert = CertRequest::builder()
-        .subject(domain)
-        .alt_names(&[domain.to_string()])
-        .key(&key)
-        .build()
-        .signed_by(&ca.cert, &ca.key)?;
-
-    fs::write(cert_path, cert.pem())?;
-    fs::write(key_path, key.serialize_pem())?;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/cliff.toml b/cliff.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..167ef9f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cliff.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# git-cliff ~ configuration file
+# https://git-cliff.org/docs/configuration
+
+[changelog]
+# A Tera template to be rendered as the changelog's header.
+# See https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
+header = """
+# Changelog\n
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).\n
+"""
+# A Tera template to be rendered for each release in the changelog.
+# See https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
+body = """
+{%- macro remote_url() -%}
+  https://github.com/{{ remote.github.owner }}/{{ remote.github.repo }}
+{%- endmacro -%}
+
+{% if version -%}
+    ## [{{ version | trim_start_matches(pat="v") }}] - {{ timestamp | date(format="%Y-%m-%d") }}
+{% else -%}
+    ## [Unreleased]
+{% endif -%}
+
+{% for group, commits in commits | group_by(attribute="group") %}
+    ### {{ group | upper_first }}
+    {%- for commit in commits %}
+        - {{ commit.message | split(pat="\n") | first | upper_first | trim }}\
+            {% if commit.remote.username %} by @{{ commit.remote.username }}{%- endif -%}
+            {% if commit.remote.pr_number %} in \
+            [#{{ commit.remote.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ commit.remote.pr_number }}) \
+            {%- endif -%}
+    {% endfor %}
+{% endfor %}
+
+{%- if github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) | length != 0 %}
+  ## New Contributors
+{%- endif -%}
+
+{% for contributor in github.contributors | filter(attribute="is_first_time", value=true) %}
+  * @{{ contributor.username }} made their first contribution
+    {%- if contributor.pr_number %} in \
+      [#{{ contributor.pr_number }}]({{ self::remote_url() }}/pull/{{ contributor.pr_number }}) \
+    {%- endif %}
+{%- endfor %}\n
+"""
+# A Tera template to be rendered as the changelog's footer.
+# See https://keats.github.io/tera/docs/#introduction
+footer = """
+{%- macro remote_url() -%}
+  https://github.com/{{ remote.github.owner }}/{{ remote.github.repo }}
+{%- endmacro -%}
+
+{% for release in releases -%}
+    {% if release.version -%}
+        {% if release.previous.version -%}
+            [{{ release.version | trim_start_matches(pat="v") }}]: \
+                {{ self::remote_url() }}/compare/{{ release.previous.version }}..{{ release.version }}
+        {% endif -%}
+    {% else -%}
+        [unreleased]: {{ self::remote_url() }}/compare/{{ release.previous.version }}..HEAD
+    {% endif -%}
+{% endfor %}
+<!-- generated by git-cliff -->
+"""
+# Remove leading and trailing whitespaces from the changelog's body.
+trim = true
+
+[git]
+# Parse commits according to the conventional commits specification.
+# See https://www.conventionalcommits.org
+conventional_commits = true
+# Exclude commits that do not match the conventional commits specification.
+filter_unconventional = false
+# An array of regex based parsers to modify commit messages prior to further processing.
+commit_preprocessors = [
+  # Remove issue numbers.
+  { pattern = '\((\w+\s)?#([0-9]+)\)', replace = "" },
+]
+# An array of regex based parsers for extracting data from the commit message.
+# Assigns commits to groups.
+# Optionally sets the commit's scope and can decide to exclude commits from further processing.
+commit_parsers = [
+  { message = "^[a|A]dd", group = "Added" },
+  { message = "^[s|S]upport", group = "Added" },
+  { message = "^[r|R]emove", group = "Removed" },
+  { message = "^.*: add", group = "Added" },
+  { message = "^.*: support", group = "Added" },
+  { message = "^.*: remove", group = "Removed" },
+  { message = "^.*: delete", group = "Removed" },
+  { message = "^test", group = "Fixed" },
+  { message = "^fix", group = "Fixed" },
+  { message = "^.*: fix", group = "Fixed" },
+  { message = "^.*", group = "Changed" },
+]
+# Exclude commits that are not matched by any commit parser.
+filter_commits = false
+# Order releases topologically instead of chronologically.
+topo_order = false
+# Order of commits in each group/release within the changelog.
+# Allowed values: newest, oldest
+sort_commits = "newest"
diff --git a/ct_monitor/Cargo.toml b/ct_monitor/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1eda4eaa2..000000000
--- a/ct_monitor/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "ct_monitor"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-hex_fmt.workspace = true
-regex.workspace = true
-reqwest = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["json", "rustls-tls", "charset", "hickory-dns"] }
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-x509-parser.workspace = true
-
-tproxy-rpc.workspace = true
-ra-rpc = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["client"] }
diff --git a/ct_monitor/src/main.rs b/ct_monitor/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2762c92cc..000000000
--- a/ct_monitor/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use clap::Parser;
-use ra_rpc::client::RaClient;
-use regex::Regex;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tproxy_rpc::tproxy_client::TproxyClient;
-use tracing::{debug, error, info};
-use x509_parser::prelude::*;
-
-const BASE_URL: &str = "https://crt.sh";
-
-struct Monitor {
-    tproxy_uri: String,
-    domain: String,
-    known_keys: BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>,
-    last_checked: Option<u64>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct CTLog {
-    id: u64,
-    issuer_ca_id: u64,
-    issuer_name: String,
-    common_name: String,
-    name_value: String,
-    not_before: String,
-    not_after: String,
-    serial_number: String,
-    result_count: u64,
-    entry_timestamp: String,
-}
-
-impl Monitor {
-    fn new(tproxy_uri: String, domain: String) -> Result<Self> {
-        validate_domain(&domain)?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            tproxy_uri,
-            domain,
-            known_keys: BTreeSet::new(),
-            last_checked: None,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn refresh_known_keys(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("fetching known public keys from {}", self.tproxy_uri);
-        let todo = "Use RA-TLS";
-        let tls_no_check = true;
-        let rpc = TproxyClient::new(RaClient::new(self.tproxy_uri.clone(), tls_no_check));
-        let info = rpc.acme_info().await?;
-        self.known_keys = info.hist_keys.into_iter().collect();
-        info!("got {} known public keys", self.known_keys.len());
-        for key in self.known_keys.iter() {
-            debug!("    {}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(key));
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn get_logs(&self, count: u32) -> Result<Vec<CTLog>> {
-        let url = format!(
-            "{}/?q={}&output=json&limit={}",
-            BASE_URL, self.domain, count
-        );
-        let response = reqwest::get(&url).await?;
-        Ok(response.json().await?)
-    }
-
-    async fn check_one_log(&self, log: &CTLog) -> Result<()> {
-        let cert_url = format!("{}/?d={}", BASE_URL, log.id);
-        let cert_data = reqwest::get(&cert_url).await?.text().await?;
-
-        let pem = Pem::iter_from_buffer(cert_data.as_bytes())
-            .next()
-            .transpose()
-            .context("failed to parse pem")?
-            .context("empty pem")?;
-        let cert = pem.parse_x509().context("invalid x509 certificate")?;
-
-        let pubkey = cert.public_key().raw;
-        if !self.known_keys.contains(pubkey) {
-            error!("❌ error in {:?}", log);
-            bail!(
-                "certificate has issued to unknown pubkey: {:?}",
-                hex_fmt::HexFmt(pubkey)
-            );
-        }
-        info!("✅ checked log id={}", log.id);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn check_new_logs(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let logs = self.get_logs(10000).await?;
-        debug!("got {} logs", logs.len());
-        let mut found_last_checked = false;
-
-        for log in logs.iter() {
-            let log_id = log.id;
-
-            if let Some(last_checked) = self.last_checked {
-                if log_id == last_checked {
-                    found_last_checked = true;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            debug!("🔍 checking log id={}", log_id);
-            self.check_one_log(log).await?;
-        }
-
-        if !found_last_checked && self.last_checked.is_some() {
-            bail!("last checked log not found, something went wrong");
-        }
-
-        if !logs.is_empty() {
-            let last_log = &logs[0];
-            debug!("last checked: {}", last_log.id);
-            self.last_checked = Some(last_log.id);
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn run(&mut self) {
-        info!("monitoring {}...", self.domain);
-        loop {
-            if let Err(err) = self.refresh_known_keys().await {
-                error!("error refreshing known keys: {}", err);
-            }
-            if let Err(err) = self.check_new_logs().await {
-                error!("error: {}", err);
-            }
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(60)).await;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn validate_domain(domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    let domain_regex =
-        Regex::new(r"^(?:[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}$").unwrap();
-    if !domain_regex.is_match(domain) {
-        bail!("invalid domain name");
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-struct Args {
-    /// TProxy URI
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    tproxy_uri: String,
-    /// Domain name to monitor
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    domain: String,
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-    let args = Args::parse();
-    let mut monitor = Monitor::new(args.tproxy_uri, args.domain)?;
-    monitor.run().await;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/docs/amd-sev-snp.md b/docs/amd-sev-snp.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30da7ed40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/amd-sev-snp.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# AMD SEV-SNP Support
+
+This document describes how dstack uses AMD SEV-SNP on self-hosted bare-metal
+systems. AMD SEV-SNP support is currently **experimental**; Intel TDX remains
+the production bare-metal path.
+
+For platform firmware, kernel, QEMU, and OVMF preparation, start with
+[Hardware Enablement](./hardware-enablement.md). This document covers the
+dstack-specific image, installation, attestation, and key-release requirements.
+
+## Supported image line
+
+dstack OS 0.6.0 and later use one `dstack-<version>` guest image for both Intel
+TDX and AMD SEV-SNP. The unified Yocto machine includes both platform kernel
+feature sets and detects the active TEE at runtime. Do not change the Yocto
+`MACHINE` to a platform-specific value.
+
+Guest OS releases are split at the monorepo boundary:
+
+- versions below 0.6.0 are archived in
+  [`Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack`](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases)
+  under tags such as `v0.5.11`;
+- versions 0.6.0 and later are in
+  [`Dstack-TEE/dstack`](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases?q=guest-os-v)
+  under tags such as `guest-os-v0.6.0`.
+
+The 0.5.x images are legacy TDX images, not the current unified SEV-SNP image
+line. Use a 0.6.0-or-later image for SEV-SNP. The image must include
+`digest.txt`, `sha256sum.txt`, and the SNP measurement material.
+
+## Host requirements
+
+The host must provide:
+
+- an SEV-SNP-capable AMD processor and current platform firmware;
+- SEV-SNP and the Reverse Map Table (RMP) enabled by the host kernel;
+- `/dev/sev`;
+- a QEMU and OVMF build with SEV-SNP support.
+
+After following the host platform's enablement procedure, check:
+
+```bash
+test -e /dev/sev
+sudo dmesg | grep -e SEV-SNP -e RMP
+cat /sys/module/kvm_amd/parameters/sev_snp
+```
+
+The last command should print `Y`. `dstackup` checks `/dev/sev`, but that
+preflight does not replace firmware, kernel, QEMU, or OVMF validation.
+
+## Install dstack on an SNP host
+
+Pull a current unified image and select the platform explicitly:
+
+```bash
+VERSION=0.6.0
+sudo dstackup image pull --version "$VERSION"
+sudo dstackup install --platform amd-sev-snp --image "dstack-$VERSION"
+sudo dstackup status
+```
+
+The default `--platform auto` mode also selects SEV-SNP when the host CPU flags
+advertise `sev_snp`. Explicit selection is preferable while commissioning a
+host because it fails immediately when the required SNP device is absent.
+
+Unlike the TDX path, SEV-SNP does not use the local SGX key provider.
+
+## Attestation and image identity
+
+The guest collects an SNP attestation report through Linux configfs-tsm when
+available, with `/dev/sev-guest` extended-report collection as the fallback.
+See [Native TEE Interfaces](./native-tee-interfaces.md) before exposing either
+kernel interface directly to an application container.
+
+Verification is fail-closed and includes:
+
+1. the AMD ARK/ASK/VCEK certificate chain and report signature;
+2. the requested `REPORT_DATA` challenge binding and SNP policy fields;
+3. the launch `MEASUREMENT` recomputed from the VMM's firmware, kernel,
+   initramfs, command line, and launch inputs;
+4. the MrConfigV3 `HOST_DATA` application-identity binding;
+5. the unified OS image identity, `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`, which must match
+   `digest.txt` and the SNP measurement document.
+
+For a GPU VM, the optional `MrConfigV3.gpu_policy_hash` field contains
+`SHA-256(JCS(requirements.gpu_policy))`. The signed SNP report binds the exact
+MrConfigV3 document through `HOST_DATA`, so a verifier can validate the report
+and document binding and then compare this field with the expected GPU policy
+digest. If the field is absent, this optional check is not asserted. This binds
+the GPU policy, but not the later `gpu-attestation` runtime event or the
+`GpuInfo` output: the current SEV-SNP path has no quote-bound runtime
+measurement register.
+
+The verifier supports the AMD Milan, Genoa, and Turin KDS product families.
+Bergamo and Siena are handled through AMD's canonical Genoa KDS product path.
+
+`BootInfo.tcb_status` is `UpToDate` only when the current, reported, committed,
+and launch TCB versions agree; otherwise it is `OutOfDate`. Authorization
+policy should remain strict for non-up-to-date TCB values. The verifier
+currently reports an explicit empty advisory-ID list because the SNP report
+and VCEK evidence do not directly carry an advisory list.
+
+## KMS key-release policy
+
+SEV-SNP key and certificate release has two independent gates:
+
+1. the external KMS authorization policy must accept the verified `BootInfo`;
+2. the local KMS operator must explicitly enable SNP release.
+
+The local gate is disabled by default:
+
+```toml
+[core]
+sev_snp_key_release = false
+```
+
+After the host, image, attestation, and external authorization policy have been
+validated, enable it deliberately in the KMS configuration:
+
+```toml
+[core]
+sev_snp_key_release = true
+```
+
+This gate covers application keys, KMS key transfer, application certificate
+signing, and self-authorized temporary CA material. Enabling it does not bypass
+the external authorization decision. Keep `enforce_self_authorization = true`
+for production TEE deployments.
+
+## AMD KDS collateral
+
+The verifier obtains AMD certificate collateral from the built-in AMD KDS URL
+when the attestation evidence does not already contain the required chain. An
+operator can set an AMD-KDS-compatible mirror or cache:
+
+```toml
+[core]
+amd_kds_base_url = "https://mirror.example.com/vcek/v1"
+```
+
+Leave the value empty to use the built-in default. A custom endpoint is part of
+the verification trust and availability boundary: use a controlled mirror,
+preserve TLS validation, and do not make verification succeed without valid
+AMD signatures.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+- **`/dev/sev` is missing:** finish host firmware/kernel enablement before
+  running `dstackup install`.
+- **The guest resets before Linux starts:** verify that the selected QEMU,
+  OVMF, and unified dstack OS image all support SNP. Do not debug KMS policy
+  until the guest boots reliably.
+- **Image identity files are missing:** use a 0.6.0-or-later unified image.
+  `dstackup install` rejects an SNP image without `digest.txt`.
+- **KDS requests fail:** check host time, DNS, outbound HTTPS, and KDS or mirror
+  availability. Do not disable certificate or signature verification.
+- **Attestation succeeds but key release fails:** check both the external auth
+  response and `core.sev_snp_key_release`; either gate can deny the request.
+- **TCB is `OutOfDate`:** update platform firmware and re-evaluate the reported,
+  committed, current, and launch TCB versions before changing auth policy.
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4365f9ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/assets/dstack-logo-kit/01 Horizontal/01 Dstack _Horizontal_primary.svg	
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
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diff --git a/docs/attestation-gcp.md b/docs/attestation-gcp.md
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+++ b/docs/attestation-gcp.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Dstack GCP Attestation Flow (GCP TDX + TPM)
+
+This document describes how dstack produces and verifies attestation on GCP using
+TDX plus a TPM quote. It follows the implementation in `dstack-attest`.
+
+## Components
+- TDX quote generator: `tdx-attest::get_quote`
+- TDX event log reader: `cc-eventlog::tdx::read_event_log`
+- TPM quote generator: `tpm-attest::TpmContext::create_quote`
+- Verifier: `dstack-attest` + `dcap-qvl` + `tpm-qvl`
+
+## Attestation Creation (guest side)
+1. **Collect report_data** (64 bytes), optionally bound to RA TLS pubkey.
+2. **Generate TDX quote** via `tdx-attest::get_quote(report_data)`.
+3. **Read TDX event log** via `cc-eventlog::tdx::read_event_log()`.
+4. **Compute TPM qualifying data** as `sha256(tdx_quote)`.
+5. **Create TPM quote** with qualifying data and dstack PCR policy:
+   `tpm_attest::TpmContext::create_quote(qualifying_data, policy)`.
+6. **Bundle** into `DstackGcpTdxQuote { tdx_quote, tpm_quote }`.
+7. **Include config** from `/dstack/.host-shared/.sys-config.json`.
+
+## Attestation Verification (verifier side)
+Verification runs in `Attestation::verify_with_time` and splits into TDX + TPM.
+
+### TDX verification
+1. **Fetch TDX collateral** and verify quote:
+   `dcap_qvl::collateral::get_collateral_and_verify(quote, pccs_url)`.
+2. **Validate TCB**:
+   - Debug mode must be off.
+   - `mr_signer_seam` must be all-zero.
+3. **Replay runtime events** to compute RTMR3 and compare with quote RTMR3.
+4. **Check report_data** in TD report equals the attestation `report_data`.
+
+### TPM verification
+1. **Fetch TPM collateral** and verify quote:
+   `tpm_qvl::get_collateral_and_verify(tpm_quote)`.
+2. **Replay runtime events** to compute runtime PCR and compare with quoted PCR.
+3. **Check qualifying data** equals `sha256(tdx_quote)`.
+4. **Bind the OS image identity**:
+   `vm_config.os_image_hash` is the unified image digest
+   `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`. The verifier requires `vm_config.gcp_measurement`,
+   checks that `sha256sum.txt` commits to `measurement.gcp.cbor`, then compares
+   the UKI Authenticode hash inside that CBOR file with the GCP TPM PCR2 UKI
+   event.
+
+### Optional RA TLS binding
+If the verifier provides a RA TLS pubkey, it enforces:
+`report_data == QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(pubkey)`.
+
+## Output
+The verifier returns `DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx` containing:
+- `tdx_report` (verified TDX report and collateral info)
+- `tpm_report` (verified TPM quote and PCRs)
+
+## Relevant Code
+- `dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs`
diff --git a/docs/attestation-nitro-enclave.md b/docs/attestation-nitro-enclave.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1173cb758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/attestation-nitro-enclave.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Dstack Nitro Enclave Attestation Flow (NSM)
+
+> **AWS Nitro Support:** Attestation verification is fully implemented. For AWS deployment options, [book a call](https://calendly.com/aspect-ux/30min) with our team.
+
+This document describes how dstack produces and verifies attestation on AWS
+Nitro Enclaves using the NSM attestation document. It follows the
+implementation in `dstack-attest` and `nsm-qvl`.
+
+## Components
+- NSM attestation generator: `nsm-attest::get_attestation`
+- Verifier: `dstack-attest` + `nsm-qvl`
+
+## Attestation Creation (enclave side)
+1. **Collect report_data** (64 bytes), optionally bound to RA TLS pubkey.
+2. **Request NSM attestation** with user_data = report_data:
+   `nsm_attest::get_attestation(report_data)`.
+3. **Bundle** into `DstackNitroQuote { nsm_quote }`.
+4. **Include config** derived from PCRs:
+   `os_image_hash = sha256(PCR0 || PCR1 || PCR2)` (all zeros if PCRs are zero).
+
+The NSM attestation document (COSE_Sign1 payload) includes:
+- `module_id`, `digest`, `timestamp`
+- `pcrs` map
+- signing `certificate` and `cabundle`
+- optional `user_data`, `nonce`, `public_key`
+
+## Attestation Verification (verifier side)
+Verification runs in `Attestation::verify_with_time`:
+
+### COSE and document checks (nsm-qvl)
+1. **Parse COSE_Sign1** and require `alg = ES384 (-35)`.
+2. **Validate COSE critical headers** (`crit`) if present.
+3. **Parse attestation document** from payload and enforce:
+   - `digest == "SHA384"`
+   - PCR lengths are 48 bytes
+   - freshness window against `now`
+
+### Certificate chain and signature
+4. **Verify cert chain** to `AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1`.
+5. **Verify COSE signature** using the leaf certificate P-384 key.
+6. **Key usage sanity** on leaf cert (if present):
+   - must allow `digitalSignature`
+   - must not allow `keyCertSign` or `cRLSign`
+
+### Optional CRL verification
+`nsm-qvl` exposes async CRL verification via:
+`verify_attestation_with_crl(..., enable_crl, ...)`.
+This is **disabled by default** in `dstack-attest` because CRL fetch from
+S3 may return 403. The caller can enable CRL explicitly.
+
+### Dstack-specific checks
+7. **Match user_data** to `report_data`.
+8. **Decode PCRs** and return verified report.
+
+## Output
+The verifier returns `DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave` containing:
+- `module_id`
+- `pcrs` (PCR0/1/2)
+- `user_data` (report_data)
+- `timestamp`
+
+## Relevant Code
+- `dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs`
+- `nsm-qvl/src/verify.rs`
diff --git a/docs/attestation-tdx.md b/docs/attestation-tdx.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a71533ef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/attestation-tdx.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# Intel TDX Attestation Guide for dstack Applications
+
+This document outlines the process of verifying the authenticity and integrity of data produced by dstack Applications running within Intel TDX environments.
+
+## 1. Review code safety
+
+- Review the Application code to ensure its logic is correct.
+- Review the App Compose file to confirm it uses the specified source code or its compiled outputs.
+- Review the runtime environment codebase, including virtual firmware, linux kernel, initrd, and rootfs. Verify the correctness of each component.
+
+## 2. Validate data origin authenticity
+### 2.1 Understanding tdx quote measurements
+
+Applications generate a tdx quote using dstack's API given the data they want to prove.
+
+The quote signature can be verified using dcap-qvl to confirm its generation by a legitimate TDX CVM and environment trustworthiness.
+Following signature verification, examine MRTD and RTMRs to confirm the CVM is executing the verified code.
+
+The MR register values indicate the following:
+
+- MRTD: Contains the virtual firmware measurement, taken by TDX-module in SEAM mode. Virtual firmware (OVMF in dstack's case) is the first code executed post-CVM startup, serving as the App code's trust anchor. Intel signs and guarantees TDX-module integrity.
+
+- RTMR: Measurements recorded by code executing within the CVM. In dstack OS, these measurements are defined as:
+
+    - RTMR0: OVMF records CVM's virtual hardware setup, including CPU count, memory size, and device configuration. While dstack uses fixed devices, CPU and memory specifications can vary. RTMR0 can be computed from these specifications.
+    - RTMR1: OVMF records the Linux kernel measurement.
+    - RTMR2: Linux kernel records kernel cmdline (including rootfs hash) and initrd measurements.
+    - RTMR3: initrd records dstack App details, including compose hash, GPU policy and attestation events, instance id, app id, and key provider.
+
+MRTD, RTMR0, RTMR1, and RTMR2 can be pre-calculated from the built image (given CPU+RAM specifications). Compare these with the verified quote's MRs to confirm correct base image code execution.
+
+RTMR3 differs as it contains runtime information like compose hash and instance id. Verify this by replaying the event log - if the calculated RTMR3 matches the quote's RTMR3, the event log information is valid. Then verify the compose hash, key provider, and other event log details match expectations.
+
+After `compose-hash`, each configured init script produces an ordered
+`init-script-hash` event whose payload is the SHA-256 digest of the exact UTF-8
+script bytes. The event order matches the script array order. These events let
+an infrastructure provider contribute initialization code approved by
+multiple parties and let each party verify its code independently without
+reconstructing the complete compose document.
+
+For a GPU launch, any `init-script-hash` events are followed by
+`gpu-policy-hash` and, after successful NVIDIA attestation and policy
+evaluation, `gpu-attestation`. The `gpu-policy-hash` payload is
+`SHA-256(JCS(requirements.gpu_policy))`, using `{}` when the field is omitted.
+The `gpu-attestation` payload is JSON containing the verified device count,
+CC/DevTools state, and `evidence_sha256`.
+
+The guest-agent `GpuInfo` API returns the complete `nvattest` JSON captured during boot. It is not trustworthy by itself. After verifying the TDX quote and replaying the event log to RTMR3, hash the exact UTF-8 bytes of `GpuInfo.attestation` and require the result to equal the `gpu-attestation` event's `evidence_sha256`. See [GPU Security for AI Workloads](./security/security-model.md#gpu-security-for-ai-workloads) for the event schema, ordering, Rego example, and platform differences.
+
+### 2.2. Determining expected MRs
+MRTD, RTMR0, RTMR1, and RTMR2 correspond to the image. dstack OS builds all related software from source.
+Build the exact image revision you intend to verify. See
+[Build the dstack guest OS](./building-guest-os.md) for prerequisites and the
+reproducible build workflow. At a high level:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack
+git checkout <release-revision>
+make os-image
+```
+
+The resulting `dstack-<version>.tar.gz` contains:
+
+- ovmf.fd: virtual firmware
+- bzImage: kernel image
+- initramfs.cpio.gz: initrd
+- rootfs.img.parted.verity: partitioned dm-verity root filesystem
+- metadata.json: image metadata, including kernel boot cmdline
+
+Calculate image MRs using [dstack-mr](../dstack/dstack-mr/):
+```bash
+VERSION=0.6.0 # replace with the image version being verified
+cargo run --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --bin dstack-mr measure \
+  -c 4 -m 4G "dstack-$VERSION/metadata.json"
+```
+
+Once these verification steps are completed successfully, the report_data contained in the verified quote can be considered authentic and trustworthy.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+To verify dstack App data trustworthiness:
+
+- Review source code for correctness and safety.
+- Build image from source.
+- Calculate MRTD, RTMR0, RTMR1, and RTMR2 values using [dstack-mr](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/tree/next/dstack/dstack-mr).
+- Verify quote measurements:
+    - Confirm MRTD, RTMR0, RTMR1, and RTMR2 match pre-calculated values.
+    - Verify RTMR3 matches the event log replay result.
+    - Confirm event log details (compose hash, instance id, app id, rootfs hash, key provider) match expectations.
diff --git a/docs/auth-simple-operations.md b/docs/auth-simple-operations.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..416df9e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/auth-simple-operations.md
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# auth-simple Operations Guide
+
+> **This guide is for self-hosted deployments** on your own TDX hardware. For cloud deployments, see [Quickstart](./quickstart.md).
+
+This guide covers day-to-day operations for managing apps and devices with auth-simple.
+
+For initial deployment setup, see [Deployment Guide](./deployment.md).
+
+## Overview
+
+auth-simple uses a JSON config file to whitelist:
+- **OS images** - Which guest OS versions can boot
+- **KMS nodes** - Which KMS instances can onboard (mrAggregated, devices)
+- **Apps** - Which applications can boot (appId, composeHash, devices)
+
+The config is re-read on each request, so changes take effect immediately without restart.
+
+---
+
+## Config File Structure
+
+```json
+{
+  "osImages": ["0x..."],
+  "gatewayAppId": "0x...",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x..."],
+    "devices": ["0x..."],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {
+    "0x<app-id>": {
+      "composeHashes": ["0x..."],
+      "devices": ["0x..."],
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **Note:** `osImages` is always required. For KMS authorization, you must also populate `kms.mrAggregated`; if it is left empty, auth-simple denies all KMS boots. Add `gatewayAppId` after deploying the Gateway. Add `apps` entries as you deploy applications.
+
+---
+
+## Adding an App
+
+### Step 1: Generate App ID
+
+App IDs are typically the contract address (for on-chain) or a unique identifier you choose.
+
+For auth-simple, you can use any unique hex string (40 characters / 20 bytes):
+
+```bash
+# Generate a random app ID
+openssl rand -hex 20
+# Output: 7a3b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0c1d2e3f4a5b
+```
+
+### Step 2: Get Compose Hash
+
+The compose hash is computed from the normalized docker-compose file. The VMM displays it when deploying:
+
+```
+Docker compose file:
+...
+Compose hash: 0x700a50336df7c07c82457b116e144f526c29f6d8...
+```
+
+Or query from a running CVM:
+
+```bash
+curl -s --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://localhost/Info | \
+  jq -r '"0x" + (.tcb_info | fromjson | .compose_hash)'
+```
+
+> **Note:** The VMM normalizes YAML to JSON before hashing. For exact hash, use the value shown during deployment.
+
+### Step 3: Add to Config
+
+Edit your `auth-config.json`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "0x7a3b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0c1d2e3f4a5b": {
+      "composeHashes": [
+        "0x700a50336df7c07c82457b116e144f526c29f6d8..."
+      ],
+      "devices": [],
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Step 4: Deploy via VMM
+
+Use the App ID when deploying through VMM:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --app-id 7a3b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0c1d2e3f4a5b \
+  --compose docker-compose.yaml \
+  ...
+```
+
+---
+
+## Updating an App
+
+When you change your docker-compose.yaml, a new compose hash is generated.
+
+### Add New Hash (Keep Old Running)
+
+Add the new hash to the `composeHashes` array:
+
+```json
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "0x<app-id>": {
+      "composeHashes": [
+        "0x<old-hash>",
+        "0x<new-hash>"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Replace Hash (Force Upgrade)
+
+Remove the old hash to prevent old versions from booting:
+
+```json
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "0x<app-id>": {
+      "composeHashes": [
+        "0x<new-hash>"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Device Management
+
+Devices are identified by their TDX device ID (hardware-specific).
+
+### Get Device ID
+
+The `deviceId` is sent by the booting app/KMS in its auth request. Check auth-simple logs:
+
+```
+app boot auth request: { appId: '0x...', deviceId: '0x...', ... }
+```
+
+> **Tip:** Use `allowAnyDevice: true` initially, then restrict to specific devices after capturing IDs from logs.
+
+### Restrict App to Specific Devices
+
+```json
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "0x<app-id>": {
+      "composeHashes": ["0x..."],
+      "devices": [
+        "0xe5a0c70bb6503de2d31c11d85914fe3776ed5b33a078ed856327c371a60fe0fd"
+      ],
+      "allowAnyDevice": false
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Allow Any Device
+
+For initial testing or when device restriction isn't needed:
+
+```json
+{
+  "apps": {
+    "0x<app-id>": {
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Removing an App
+
+Delete the app entry from the `apps` object:
+
+```json
+{
+  "apps": {
+    // "0x<removed-app-id>": { ... }  <- deleted
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Running instances will continue until restarted. New boot requests will be rejected.
+
+---
+
+## Setting the Gateway App (After Gateway Deployment)
+
+The `gatewayAppId` field is **optional** during initial KMS deployment. Add it after deploying the Gateway.
+
+The Gateway is a special app that routes traffic to other apps. Once deployed, add its App ID to your config:
+
+```json
+{
+  "gatewayAppId": "0x75537828f2ce51be7289709686A69CbFDbB714F1",
+  "apps": {
+    "0x75537828f2ce51be7289709686A69CbFDbB714F1": {
+      "composeHashes": ["0x..."],
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The `gatewayAppId` is returned in boot responses and used by KMS for key derivation.
+
+---
+
+## KMS Onboarding (Multi-Node)
+
+To allow additional KMS nodes to onboard (receive root keys from the primary KMS), whitelist their `mrAggregated` value.
+
+### Get mrAggregated
+
+The `mrAggregated` is sent by the booting KMS in its auth request. To get this value:
+
+1. **From auth-simple logs**: When a KMS boots, auth-simple logs the mrAggregated:
+   ```
+   KMS boot auth request: { osImageHash: '0x...', mrAggregated: '0x...', ... }
+   ```
+
+2. **Initial setup**: capture the first KMS measurement with `Onboard.GetAttestationInfo` or from auth logs, then add it to `kms.mrAggregated` before bootstrap. An empty array now denies all KMS boots.
+
+### Add to Config
+
+```json
+{
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x<mr-aggregated-hash>"],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **Note:** All KMS nodes using the same OS image and compose will have the same mrAggregated, so you only need to capture it once.
+
+---
+
+## Verification
+
+### Check Config is Valid
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://localhost:3001/ | jq
+```
+
+Returns current config status including `gatewayAppId`.
+
+### Test Boot Authorization
+
+```bash
+# Test app boot
+curl -s -X POST http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "appId": "0x<app-id>",
+    "composeHash": "0x<compose-hash>",
+    "osImageHash": "0x<os-image-hash>",
+    "deviceId": "0x<device-id>",
+    "mrAggregated": "0x...",
+    "instanceId": "0x...",
+    "tcbStatus": "UpToDate"
+  }' | jq
+```
+
+Expected responses:
+- `{"isAllowed": true, ...}` - App is authorized
+- `{"isAllowed": false, "reason": "app not registered", ...}` - App ID not in config
+- `{"isAllowed": false, "reason": "compose hash not allowed", ...}` - Hash not whitelisted
+
+---
+
+## See Also
+
+- [Deployment Guide](./deployment.md) - Initial setup
+- [auth-simple README](../dstack/kms/auth-simple/README.md) - Developer reference
+- [On-Chain Governance](./onchain-governance.md) - Smart contract-based alternative
diff --git a/docs/aws-attested-instance-security-evaluation.md b/docs/aws-attested-instance-security-evaluation.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f3ca9682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/aws-attested-instance-security-evaluation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# AWS EC2 Instance Attestation Security Evaluation
+
+This document evaluates dstack attestation on AWS EC2 with NitroTPM
+(Attestable AMIs) under the account-admin-untrusted threat model. It states
+the security properties dstack requires from a platform and how the AWS
+NitroTPM path satisfies them in the current implementation. For the
+operational relying-party workflow (verifier deployment, allowlists, key
+release), see `docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md`.
+
+The threat model is:
+
+- Trusted root: AWS Nitro system and NitroTPM attestation signing
+  infrastructure.
+- Verified, not blindly trusted: dstack OS images, dstack KMS instances,
+  dstack verifier code, and governance policy. The relying party accepts these
+  only after checking reproducible build outputs, attested measurements, event
+  logs, and policy state. A published AMI ID or a running KMS endpoint is not
+  sufficient evidence by itself.
+- Untrusted: the workload AWS account administrator/operator. They may launch,
+  stop, replace, snapshot, reconfigure, and network-interpose EC2 resources in
+  their account. AWS KMS keys controlled by that account are also untrusted for
+  secret authority because the account administrator may be able to change key
+  policy, create grants, or route secret-bearing calls through policies they
+  control.
+- Out of scope: availability. The operator can always deny service.
+
+## Platform Security Property Spec
+
+The following properties are the readiness gates for any platform claiming the
+same security level as dstack under this threat model, and how the AWS
+NitroTPM path meets them today.
+
+| ID | Required property | dstack mechanism | AWS NitroTPM status |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| P1 | Verifiable platform root of trust | TDX/SNP/Nitro quote verification against vendor root; debug rejected; TCB surfaced | NitroTPM Attestation Documents are verified against the AWS Nitro Attestation PKI, including document timestamp sanity. AWS exposes no TDX/SNP-style TCB advisory field, so a verified attestation is normalized to `tcbStatus = "UpToDate"` and passes the standard authorization gate unchanged. |
+| P2 | Reproducible or independently computable base image measurement | meta-dstack rebuild plus `dstack-mr` computes `MRTD`/`RTMR0-2` | The unified `os/build.sh` flow emits the AWS image archive with `sha256sum.txt`, `digest.txt`, and `measurement.aws.cbor`; its output directory also contains the reference-PCR side-car `aws-pcrs.json`. `os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)` is the same identity used on all platforms; the verifier recomputes it from the downloaded image directory (`dstack/verifier/src/verification.rs`). The hardening audit script `os/yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh` checks the image for operator mutation channels. |
+| P3 | Boot command line and root filesystem integrity are measured | `RTMR1/2`, rootfs hash, dm-verity, measured initrd/cmdline | The UKI commits kernel, initrd, and embedded cmdline into `PCR4`; the rootfs is dm-verity-protected. `VmConfig.aws_measurement` is required and must bind `boot_pcr_digest = sha256(PCR4||PCR7||PCR12)` to the attested PCRs, so `PCR12` (external cmdline) is always part of the bound digest — a missing-PCR12 bypass is not expressible. Enforced in guest quote generation (`dstack/dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs`), `verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm` (`dstack/verifier/src/verification.rs`), and the KMS pipeline via the same verifier check. |
+| P4 | Runtime application identity is cryptographically bound | RTMR3 `compose-hash`, `app-id`, `instance-id`, `key-provider`; event log replay | SHA384 `PCR14` event-log replay is the authoritative binding (RTMR3 analogue; non-resettable). Launch events: `system-preparing`, `app-id`, `compose-hash`, zero or more ordered `init-script-hash` events, `instance-id`, `boot-mr-done`, `key-provider`, `storage-fs`, `system-ready` (`dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup.rs`). GPU launches also include `gpu-policy-hash` and `gpu-attestation` before `instance-id`. `dstack-attest`, `dstack-verifier`, and KMS reject missing/mismatched PCR14 and bad replay. Optionally, the guest extends the raw `MrConfig` V2 `config_id` into `PCR8` once (`PCR8 = sha384(0^48 || config_id)`) so a lightweight third-party verifier can check compose hash + key provider without event-log replay; dstack's own verifier and KMS do not check PCR8. |
+| P5 | Challenge/liveness and caller key binding | `report_data` challenge or RA-TLS public key hash in quote | RA-TLS binds `report_data` to the TLS certificate public key. KMS key release is bound to the live RA-TLS handshake; external `/verify` callers supply and check their own `report_data` challenge. The low-level NitroTPM document verifier also rejects stale or far-future document timestamps. |
+| P6 | Secret release only to attested code | dstack KMS verifies attestation, checks auth policy, derives per-app keys | dstack KMS verifies the NitroTPM attestation, runs the same `verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm` binding check as the verifier, builds `BootInfo` from verified boot PCRs plus PCR14 launch events, and checks auth policy before deriving app keys (`dstack/kms/src/main_service.rs`). AWS NitroTPM key release is gated behind the opt-in `aws_nitro_tpm_key_release` flag (default false in `kms.toml`). |
+| P7 | Key-release policy is not controlled by the untrusted account admin | KMS runs inside TEE; policy from auth API/contracts; KMS identity measured | Satisfied with dstack KMS or another verifiable secret authority outside the untrusted AWS account admin's control. A NitroTPM-backed dstack KMS keeps root material out of account-admin snapshots and clones. The policy backend (auth-simple in a trusted control plane, or on-chain `DstackKms`/`DstackApp`) must be outside the workload account admin's control. Same-account AWS KMS fails this property if the admin can change key policy, create grants, or call secret-bearing operations through a policy they control. |
+| P8 | Operator cannot inject boot-time or runtime inputs that affect secrets without detection | Host-shared files are measured or independently authenticated; KMS URLs not trusted, KMS key identity measured | App TPM access is enforced by measurement, not by a container sandbox: `init_script`, `pre_launch_script`, and the docker-compose are measured into the app-compose hash, hence into the governed app identity, and replayed into non-resettable `PCR14`, so an operator cannot alter app inputs without changing the measured identity and being denied key release. Production dstack-os AWS images exclude SSH, cloud-init, SSM, EC2 Instance Connect, and serial login (checked by `audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh`). IMDS/operator-provided config must not be a secret-affecting input unless measured or authenticated. |
+| P9 | Persistent state confidentiality from account admin | dstack disk key derived after attestation; encrypted env vars decrypted only inside CVM | The local TPM key provider seals the disk seed under a SHA384 PCR policy over `[4, 7, 8, 12, 14]` (`AWS_NITRO_PCRS` in `dstack/tpm-attest/src/lib.rs`), so the sealed seed survives same-instance stop/start but does not transfer with cloned EBS volumes to another instance. EBS snapshots and volumes remain account-admin visible at the AWS control plane, so persisted confidential state must stay encrypted inside the instance and AMIs must contain no secrets. |
+| P10 | Network and TLS endpoint identity is attestation-bound | RA-TLS / Zero Trust HTTPS / gateway attestation; TLS keys generated in TEE | The Rust RA-TLS verifier exposes `verify_der`/`verify_pem`, which extract the certificate's embedded attestation, verify it with the platform verifier (including AWS NitroTPM), and require `report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert(SubjectPublicKeyInfo)`. `dstack-verifier --verify-cert` provides an operator/relying-party certificate evidence path that also binds `os_image_hash`. AWS attestation alone does not protect DNS, load balancers, or admin-controlled proxies; clients must require this RA-TLS check, signed responses, or an attested gateway. |
+| P11 | Upgrade governance is explicit and non-bypassable | DstackApp/DstackKms whitelists compose hashes, OS images, KMS aggregate MRs | auth-simple and the unchanged on-chain `DstackKms`/`DstackApp` contracts pin OS image hash, app compose hash, device ID, and KMS identity. KMS auth pins the early `mrAggregated` (the `boot-mr-done` launch-event snapshot). AWS reuses the standard gate via `tcbStatus = "UpToDate"` normalization with no AWS-specific on-chain field, plus the opt-in `aws_nitro_tpm_key_release` KMS flag. Secure Boot PCR7 certificate policies need explicit rotation/revocation handling so old AMIs do not remain authorized. |
+| P12 | Verifier is independent and complete | `dstack-verifier`, DCAP/QVL, RTMR replay, KMS/app/governance checks | `dstack-verifier` verifies the NitroTPM document against the AWS Nitro PKI, enforces the required `aws_measurement`/`boot_pcr_digest` binding against the unified `os_image_hash`, replays the PCR14 launch-event chain, and emits the canonical auth-policy object as `details.boot_info` for the same policy logic used by `/bootAuth/app` and `/bootAuth/kms`. The relying-party deployment workflow is `docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md`; each deployment must instantiate it with real OS-image, PCR, and compose-hash allowlists. |
+
+## Sources
+
+- AWS EC2 instance attestation:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/nitrotpm-attestation.html
+- AWS Attestable AMIs:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/attestable-ami.html
+- AWS custom AMI PCR computation:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/create-pcr-compute.html
+- AWS NitroTPM Attestation Document:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/attestation-get-doc.html
+- AWS NitroTPM Attestation Document validation:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/nitrotpm-attestation-document-validate.html
+- AWS NitroTPM Attestation Document contents:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/nitrotpm-attestation-document-content.html
+- AWS KMS attested calls:
+  https://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/attested-calls.html
+- AWS NitroTPM samples:
+  https://github.com/aws/nitrotpm-attestation-samples
+- AWS advisory on PCR12:
+  https://github.com/aws/nitrotpm-attestation-samples/security/advisories/GHSA-xrv8-2pf5-f3q7
+- dstack security model: `docs/security/security-model.md`
+- dstack TDX attestation guide: `docs/attestation-tdx.md`
+- dstack KMS protocol: `dstack/kms/README.md`
+- dstack Nitro Enclave flow: `docs/attestation-nitro-enclave.md`
+- dstack GCP TDX + TPM flow: `docs/attestation-gcp.md`
+- AWS EC2 production verifier runbook:
+  `docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md`
diff --git a/docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md b/docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b9f4ab98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# AWS EC2 Production Verifier Runbook
+
+This runbook describes the verifier-side workflow for AWS EC2 NitroTPM dstack
+deployments under the account-admin-untrusted threat model.
+
+The relying party must not trust an AMI ID, DNS name, load balancer, AWS KMS
+key, or dstack KMS endpoint by itself. It should accept a workload only after
+checking the release evidence, NitroTPM challenge binding, policy `BootInfo`,
+and endpoint identity.
+
+## Inputs
+
+- The release image package for the exact release candidate, produced by the
+  unified build entrypoint `os/build.sh` (the `<name>-<version>-uki.tar.gz`
+  dist archive). It contains `disk.raw`, `sha256sum.txt`, `digest.txt`, and
+  `measurement.{gcp,aws}.cbor`. The build output also contains an
+  `aws-pcrs.json` side-car, but that file is not part of the archive.
+- The dstack monorepo sources pinned at the exact release revision, for the
+  reproducible rebuild.
+- A dstack verifier built from this repository.
+- The production auth policy backend: `auth-simple`, auth-eth contracts, or an
+  equivalent verifier-controlled service.
+- For public services, the endpoint's RA-TLS certificate.
+
+## 1. Verify Release Evidence
+
+The release evidence is the image package itself: every measured file is
+listed in `sha256sum.txt`, and the unified image identity is
+`os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)` (also recorded as `digest.txt`).
+There is no separately generated release manifest; the same `os/build.sh`
+flow produces both the image and its evidence.
+
+Rebuild from clean, pinned sources and require a byte-identical result:
+
+```bash
+git status --porcelain   # must be empty at the pinned release revision
+./os/build.sh            # reproducible Yocto backend; emits images/<name>-<version>-uki.tar.gz
+```
+
+Compare the rebuilt package against the published one. `sha256sum.txt` lists
+the full build inputs, not only the files in the UKI archive, so do not run
+`sha256sum -c` inside the extracted UKI package:
+
+```bash
+mkdir published rebuilt
+tar -xzf published-<name>-<version>-uki.tar.gz -C published --strip-components=1
+tar -xzf rebuilt-<name>-<version>-uki.tar.gz -C rebuilt --strip-components=1
+
+cmp published/sha256sum.txt rebuilt/sha256sum.txt
+cmp published/measurement.aws.cbor rebuilt/measurement.aws.cbor
+cmp published/disk.raw rebuilt/disk.raw
+
+expected=$(sha256sum published/sha256sum.txt | awk '{print $1}')
+test "$expected" = "$(cat published/digest.txt)"
+```
+
+BitBake enforces per-recipe input checksums during the rebuild; for full
+supply-chain independence, mirror the Yocto `downloads/` input cache by
+content hash.
+
+Run the hardening audit against the release kernel config and rootfs; it must
+exit zero with `failures=0`:
+
+```bash
+os/yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh \
+  --kernel-config <kernel .config> \
+  --rootfs-manifest <rootfs package manifest> \
+  --rootfs-squashfs <rootfs squashfs>
+```
+
+## 2. Register the AMI and deploy with `dstack-cloud`
+
+Apply the EC2 and EBS Direct IAM policy in the AWS prerequisites of
+[`quickstart.md`](quickstart.md). `iam:PassRole` is needed only when
+`aws_config.iam_instance_profile` is configured.
+
+After the release artifact hashes and AWS PCR references match the published
+release evidence, deploy with **`dstack-cloud`** (`platform: aws`). The CLI
+uploads the local UKI `disk.raw` directly to an EBS snapshot and registers an
+Attestable AMI (UEFI + NitroTPM v2.0) when `aws_config.ami_id` is empty, builds
+the shared config disk with
+`aws_measurement` from `measurement.aws.cbor`, writes a minimal GPT data-disk
+template whose partition is labeled `dstack-data`, and launches the instance.
+
+```bash
+# one-time: install CLI
+export PATH="$PATH:$(pwd)/dstack/scripts/bin"
+
+# project for AWS
+dstack-cloud new my-aws-app --platform aws --region us-west-2
+cd my-aws-app
+# configure subnet/security groups; no S3 bucket or vmimport role is required
+# pull or place the UKI package (must include measurement.aws.cbor) under image_search_paths
+
+dstack-cloud pull dstack-0.6.0   # UKI package must include assemble-time measurement.aws.cbor
+dstack-cloud prepare             # embeds fixed os_image_hash + aws_measurement (no PCR recompute)
+dstack-cloud deploy              # create EBS snapshots directly, register AMI, run-instances
+
+dstack-cloud status
+dstack-cloud logs --follow
+```
+
+Record the resulting AMI id, shared/data snapshots, and instance id from
+`state.json` / `dstack-cloud status` in the release review package.
+
+Recompute AWS reference PCRs and the UKI AuthentiCode hash from the release
+UKI with version-pinned host tools (do not rely on an unpinned container
+toolchain for reference measurements):
+
+```bash
+cargo install --git https://github.com/aws/NitroTPM-Tools \
+  --rev d76d6eeebd4169b00a3c3af9858852d48f40e748 \
+  --locked nitro-tpm-pcr-compute   # aws/NitroTPM-Tools v1.1.2
+# The UKI is EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI in the 256 MiB EFI partition at 1 MiB.
+dd if=published/disk.raw of=efi.img bs=1M skip=1 count=256 status=none
+mcopy -i efi.img ::EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI dstack-uki.efi
+nitro-tpm-pcr-compute --image dstack-uki.efi
+pesign -h -P -i dstack-uki.efi   # UKI AuthentiCode SHA256
+```
+
+The PCRs must match the build-output `aws-pcrs.json` side-car when it is
+published with the release, and their digest
+`sha256(PCR4 || PCR7 || PCR12)` must equal the `boot_pcr_digest` committed in
+`measurement.aws.cbor`. For the generic hardened UKI this is the boot PCR set
+plus the UKI hash:
+
+```text
+dstack_os_image_hash: <os-image-hash>
+PCR4: <pcr4>
+PCR7: <pcr7>
+PCR12: 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+UKI AuthentiCode SHA256: <uki-authenticode-sha256>
+```
+
+For a dynamic app package, the **UKI/AMI stays generic**. App/config identity
+is not embedded in the UKI cmdline; the guest computes the `MrConfig` **V2**
+config id from its measured app identity (compose hash, app id, key-provider
+kind, deploy-time key-provider pin from `app-compose.json`) and extends the
+raw config id into **PCR8** at guest setup. Record the expected config id in
+the deployment-specific release package:
+
+```text
+dstack_os_image_hash: <os-image-hash>   # prefer sha256(sha256sum.txt) + aws_measurement
+PCR4/PCR7/PCR12: <boot PCRs for the AMI UKI>
+PCR8: sha384(0^48 || <MrConfig V2 config id>)
+PCR14: <event-log replay; early pin uses boot-mr-done cutoff>
+expected MrConfig V2 config id: <mr-config-id>
+```
+
+## 3. Verify the Attestation
+
+Challenge binding uses **report_data → NitroTPM user_data** (same role as
+TDX/GCP): the relying party embeds its own challenge in `report_data` and
+checks it against `details.report_data` in the verifier result.
+
+Example verifier request shape:
+
+```json
+{
+  "attestation": "hex-encoded-dstack-attestation"
+}
+```
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+cargo run --bin dstack-verifier -- --verify request.json
+```
+
+Require:
+
+```bash
+# from the release package: os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)
+expected_os_image_hash=$(sha256sum published/sha256sum.txt | awk '{print $1}')
+# exact 64-byte challenge used when collecting this attestation, as hex
+expected_report_data="<128-hex-characters>"
+
+jq -e \
+  --arg expected_os_image_hash "$expected_os_image_hash" \
+  --arg expected_report_data "$expected_report_data" '
+  .is_valid == true and
+  .details.quote_verified == true and
+  .details.report_data == $expected_report_data and
+  .details.boot_info.teeVariant == "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm" and
+  .details.boot_info.tcbStatus == "UpToDate" and
+  .details.boot_info.osImageHash == $expected_os_image_hash
+' request.json.verification.json
+```
+
+NitroTPM has no TDX/SNP-style TCB surface, so the verifier and KMS normalize a
+verified NitroTPM attestation to `tcbStatus = "UpToDate"`. This lets AWS reuse
+the standard authorization contract and auth policy unchanged, with no
+AWS-specific on-chain fields.
+
+The relying party should then check `details.boot_info` against its auth policy.
+
+## 4. Configure Auth Policy
+
+For AWS NitroTPM, the policy must require:
+
+- accepted `tcbStatus` (`UpToDate` by default, matching the normalized value);
+- accepted `osImageHash` (unified `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`; `aws_measurement`
+  is required and must bind the attested boot PCRs);
+- accepted app `composeHash` and `appId`;
+- accepted KMS identity via **early `mrAggregated`** (boot-mr-done), same as
+  bare TDX;
+- verified PCR14 event-log replay (single event lane; no PCR23 runtime split) —
+  this is the authoritative app-identity binding (`composeHash`, `appId`,
+  `instance-id`, `key-provider`);
+- a `report_data` challenge for external verifier flows that need liveness.
+
+For GPU workloads, PCR14 also contains `gpu-policy-hash` immediately after
+`compose-hash`. Its 32-byte payload must equal
+`SHA-256(JCS(requirements.gpu_policy))`, using `{}` when the policy is omitted.
+Because the verifier replays the event chain against the signed NitroTPM
+Attestation Document, this validates `gpu_policy_hash` on AWS. A successful GPU
+launch also adds `gpu-attestation`; its `evidence_sha256` can be compared with
+the exact UTF-8 bytes returned by `GpuInfo.attestation` after PCR14 replay.
+
+The guest also extends a `MrConfig` V2 **config commitment** into **PCR8**
+(`PCR8 = sha384(0^48 || config_id)`). This is **optional** and exists only to
+let a lightweight third-party verifier confirm `composeHash` + key-provider
+*without* implementing PCR14 event-log replay: recompute
+`expected_aws_config_pcr(MrConfig::V2 { compose_hash, app_id, key_provider,
+key_provider_id })` and compare it to PCR8. dstack's own verifier and KMS do
+**not** check PCR8 — they rely on PCR14 replay — so it is not part of the
+required policy above.
+
+The `teeVariant` field is carried in the verified boot info for
+observability; a relying party may additionally assert
+`teeVariant == "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm"` against the verifier output, but the
+authorization contract itself keys on the standard fields above.
+
+Same-account AWS KMS is not a trusted secret authority in this threat model if
+the untrusted account admin can alter key policy, grants, or secret-bearing
+operations. Use dstack KMS or another verifier-controlled KMS.
+
+## 5. Verify Endpoint Identity
+
+AWS EC2 attestation does not authenticate DNS, load balancers, or
+admin-controlled proxies. Public clients must verify an attestation-bound
+endpoint.
+
+For RA-TLS endpoints, capture the server certificate:
+
+```bash
+openssl s_client -connect HOST:PORT -servername HOST -showcerts </dev/null \
+  2>/dev/null |
+  awk '/BEGIN CERTIFICATE/{p=1} p{print} /END CERTIFICATE/{exit}' \
+  > endpoint-cert.pem
+```
+
+Verify it:
+
+```bash
+cargo run --bin dstack-verifier -- --verify-cert endpoint-cert.pem
+```
+
+Require the generated `endpoint-cert.pem.ratls-verification.json` to contain:
+
+```bash
+jq -e '
+  .is_valid == true and
+  .details.tee_variant == "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm" and
+  .details.app_info.os_image_hash_verified == true
+' endpoint-cert.pem.ratls-verification.json
+```
+
+On AWS NitroTPM the `os_image_hash` binding is self-contained, so
+`os_image_hash_verified` is `true` here; only then should you trust
+`.details.app_info.os_image_hash`. Then apply the same allowlist policy to the
+verified app identity (including `os_image_hash`). If the
+deployment uses signed responses or an attested gateway instead of direct
+RA-TLS, the response-signing key or gateway certificate must be bound to
+verified NitroTPM evidence with equivalent policy checks.
+
+## 6. Release Decision
+
+An AWS EC2 NitroTPM deployment can be promoted only when:
+
+1. a reproducible rebuild from the clean, pinned release sources yields a
+   byte-identical `sha256sum.txt` (and therefore the same `os_image_hash`);
+2. Yocto input content is mirrored or otherwise available by content hash;
+3. independently recomputed AWS PCRs and the UKI AuthentiCode hash match the
+   published build-output `aws-pcrs.json` side-car (when provided) and the
+   `boot_pcr_digest` in `measurement.aws.cbor`;
+4. the hardening audit has zero failures and zero warnings, or every warning has
+   a documented release exception;
+5. the registered AMI has a live EC2 smoke record for the exact AMI ID and
+   root snapshot in the release review package;
+6. `/verify` returns a valid AWS `BootInfo`;
+7. auth policy accepts only the intended OS, app, and KMS state;
+8. endpoint identity is RA-TLS, signed-response, or attested-gateway bound.
diff --git a/docs/bridge-networking.md b/docs/bridge-networking.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d16fd476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/bridge-networking.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# Bridge Networking for VMM
+
+By default, dstack-vmm uses **user** networking (QEMU's built-in SLIRP stack, no host setup required). Bridge networking is an alternative that provides better performance for high-connection workloads by using kernel-level bridging with TAP devices.
+
+## When to use bridge networking
+
+- High connection concurrency (passt becomes CPU-bound at ~25K+ concurrent connections)
+- Workloads that need full L2 network access
+- Environments where VMs need to be directly reachable on the LAN
+
+## Configuration
+
+### VMM global config (`vmm.toml`)
+
+```toml
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "bridge"
+bridge = "virbr0"
+```
+
+### Per-VM override
+
+Individual VMs can override the global networking mode via:
+- **CLI**: `vmm-cli.py deploy --net bridge` or `--net passt`
+- **Web UI**: Networking dropdown in the deploy dialog
+- **API**: `networking: { mode: "bridge" }` in `VmConfiguration`
+
+Only the mode is per-VM; the bridge interface name always comes from the global config.
+
+## Host setup
+
+### Option A: Using libvirt default network
+
+libvirt's default network provides a bridge (`virbr0`) with DHCP (dnsmasq) and NAT out of the box.
+
+```bash
+# Install libvirt (if not already present)
+sudo apt install -y libvirt-daemon-system
+
+# Ensure default network is active
+sudo virsh net-start default 2>/dev/null
+sudo virsh net-autostart default
+```
+
+Verify:
+```bash
+ip addr show virbr0
+# Should show 192.168.122.1/24
+
+virsh net-dhcp-leases default
+# Lists DHCP leases for connected VMs
+```
+
+### Option B: Manual bridge without libvirt
+
+Create a bridge with systemd-networkd and run a standalone DHCP server.
+
+**1. Create the bridge:**
+
+```bash
+# /etc/systemd/network/10-dstack-br.netdev
+[NetDev]
+Name=dstack-br0
+Kind=bridge
+
+# /etc/systemd/network/11-dstack-br.network
+[Match]
+Name=dstack-br0
+
+[Network]
+Address=10.0.100.1/24
+ConfigureWithoutCarrier=yes
+IPMasquerade=both
+```
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
+```
+
+**2. Enable IP forwarding:**
+
+```bash
+echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward=1" | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-dstack-bridge.conf
+sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-dstack-bridge.conf
+```
+
+**3. Run a DHCP server (dnsmasq):**
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install -y dnsmasq
+```
+
+Create dnsmasq config:
+
+```ini
+# /etc/dnsmasq.d/dstack-br0.conf
+interface=dstack-br0
+bind-interfaces
+dhcp-range=10.0.100.10,10.0.100.254,255.255.255.0,12h
+dhcp-option=option:router,10.0.100.1
+dhcp-option=option:dns-server,8.8.8.8,1.1.1.1
+```
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq
+```
+
+**4. Firewall rules (nftables):**
+
+When the host firewall has a restrictive INPUT policy (e.g. `drop`), the bridge's DHCP and DNS traffic will be silently blocked. libvirt handles this automatically for virbr0, but a standalone bridge needs explicit rules.
+
+```bash
+BRIDGE=dstack-br0
+SUBNET=10.0.100.0/24
+
+# Allow DHCP and DNS from VMs (INPUT/OUTPUT)
+sudo nft add rule ip filter INPUT iifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 67 counter accept
+sudo nft add rule ip filter INPUT iifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 53 counter accept
+sudo nft add rule ip filter INPUT iifname "$BRIDGE" tcp dport 53 counter accept
+sudo nft add rule ip filter OUTPUT oifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 68 counter accept
+sudo nft add rule ip filter OUTPUT oifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 53 counter accept
+
+# Allow forwarding for VM traffic
+sudo nft add rule ip filter FORWARD ip saddr "$SUBNET" iifname "$BRIDGE" counter accept
+sudo nft add rule ip filter FORWARD ip daddr "$SUBNET" oifname "$BRIDGE" ct state related,established counter accept
+sudo nft add rule ip filter FORWARD iifname "$BRIDGE" oifname "$BRIDGE" counter accept
+
+# NAT masquerade for outbound traffic
+sudo nft add rule ip nat POSTROUTING ip saddr "$SUBNET" ip daddr 224.0.0.0/24 counter return
+sudo nft add rule ip nat POSTROUTING ip saddr "$SUBNET" ip daddr 255.255.255.255 counter return
+sudo nft add rule ip nat POSTROUTING ip saddr "$SUBNET" ip daddr != "$SUBNET" counter masquerade
+```
+
+If the host uses libvirt, nftables rules may be in custom chains (`LIBVIRT_INP`, `LIBVIRT_FWO`, etc.) instead of the default `INPUT`/`FORWARD` chains. Adjust the chain names accordingly.
+
+To make these rules persistent across reboots, save them with `nft list ruleset > /etc/nftables.conf` or add them to a systemd service.
+
+**5. Update vmm.toml:**
+
+```toml
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "bridge"
+bridge = "dstack-br0"
+```
+
+### QEMU bridge helper setup (required for both options)
+
+The bridge helper allows QEMU to create and attach TAP devices without VMM needing root privileges.
+
+```bash
+# Allow QEMU to use the bridge
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/qemu
+echo "allow virbr0" | sudo tee /etc/qemu/bridge.conf
+# Or for manual bridge: echo "allow dstack-br0" | sudo tee /etc/qemu/bridge.conf
+
+# Set setuid on bridge helper
+sudo chmod u+s /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper
+```
+
+## How it works
+
+- VMM passes `-netdev bridge,id=net0,br=<bridge>` to QEMU
+- QEMU's bridge helper (setuid) creates a TAP device and attaches it to the bridge
+- Guest MAC address is derived from SHA256 of the VM ID, with an optional configurable prefix (stable across restarts for DHCP IP consistency)
+- The host DHCP server (dnsmasq) assigns an IP to the VM
+- When QEMU exits, the TAP device is automatically destroyed
+- VMM does not need root or `CAP_NET_ADMIN`
+
+### MAC address prefix
+
+You can configure a fixed MAC address prefix (0–3 bytes) in vmm.toml:
+
+```toml
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "bridge"
+bridge = "dstack-br0"
+mac_prefix = "52:54:00"
+```
+
+The remaining bytes are derived from the VM ID hash. The prefix applies to all networking modes, not just bridge. The locally-administered bit is always set on the first byte.
+
+## Operational notes
+
+### Do not restart the bridge while VMs are running
+
+`virsh net-destroy`/`net-start` (or removing/recreating the bridge) will detach all TAP interfaces from the bridge, breaking VM networking. If this happens, affected VMs must be restarted.
+
+### Firewall considerations
+
+- libvirt automatically injects nftables rules for INPUT (DHCP/DNS), FORWARD, and NAT masquerade into its own chains (`LIBVIRT_INP`, `LIBVIRT_FWO`, `LIBVIRT_FWI`, `LIBVIRT_PRT`)
+- A standalone bridge requires **all** of these rules to be added manually (see Option B step 4 above). The most common failure mode is a restrictive INPUT policy silently dropping DHCP requests from VMs — if VMs on a custom bridge don't get an IP, check `sudo nft list chain ip filter INPUT` first
+- Docker's nftables chains (`DOCKER-FORWARD`) run before libvirt's but do not block virbr0 traffic
+- Use `setup-bridge.sh check --bridge <name>` to diagnose missing rules
+
+### Mixing networking modes
+
+Bridge and passt VMs can coexist. Set the global default in `vmm.toml` and override per-VM as needed:
+
+```bash
+# Global default is bridge, but deploy this VM with passt
+vmm-cli.py deploy --name my-vm --image dstack-0.5.6 --compose app.yaml --net passt
+```
+
+### vhost-net and TDX
+
+vhost-net (kernel data plane offload for virtio-net) is **not enabled** for bridge mode. TDX encrypts guest memory, which prevents the host kernel from performing DMA-based packet offload. The default QEMU userspace virtio backend is used instead.
diff --git a/docs/building-guest-os.md b/docs/building-guest-os.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f783ac327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/building-guest-os.md
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# Build the dstack guest OS
+
+This guide builds the bootable dstack guest-OS release artifacts from source.
+It is for OS developers, release maintainers, and operators who want a custom
+image. You do **not** need to build an image for normal self-hosted onboarding:
+`dstackup install` downloads and verifies a published guest-OS release by
+default.
+
+## What the build produces
+
+The default `prod` build produces:
+
+- a bare-metal/CVM bundle for Intel TDX and, when the SEV firmware artifact is
+  available, AMD SEV-SNP;
+- a UKI disk-image bundle for the GCP confidential-VM boot path;
+- dm-verity rootfs data, launch-measurement material, checksums, and the unified
+  `digest.txt` OS identity.
+
+Yocto is currently the only implemented OS backend. Backend-independent rootfs
+payload, artifact contract, measurement, and release packaging live outside
+`os/yocto/`; see [`../os/README.md`](../os/README.md).
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Use an x86-64 Linux host with:
+
+- Git;
+- Docker Engine, usable by the current user;
+- outbound HTTPS access for Git, Yocto source archives, and Rust crates;
+- substantial free disk space for Yocto downloads, work directories, and
+  shared-state cache.
+
+TEE hardware is not required to build the image. It is required only when you
+boot and attest the resulting image on the corresponding platform.
+
+Check the basics before starting:
+
+```bash
+docker version
+git --version
+df -h .
+```
+
+## Quick build
+
+From a fresh checkout:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack
+make os-image
+```
+
+`make os-image` initializes only the eight Yocto dependency submodules and
+runs one complete production image build in the pinned Ubuntu builder
+container. It is equivalent to:
+
+```bash
+git submodule update --init --depth 1 -- \
+  os/yocto/deps/bitbake \
+  os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-security
+
+cd os/yocto/repro-build
+./repro-build.sh -n
+```
+
+The first build downloads and compiles the complete Yocto toolchain and guest
+userspace, so it is much slower than an incremental rebuild. The `-n` option
+means “build once”; it does not skip BitBake or image assembly.
+
+## Outputs
+
+Release archives are written under:
+
+```text
+os/yocto/repro-build/dist/
+├── dstack-<version>.tar.gz
+├── dstack-<version>-uki.tar.gz
+└── reproduce.sh
+```
+
+`reproduce.sh` is emitted when the source tree is clean. The unpacked build
+tree and caches remain under `os/yocto/repro-build/build-a/`.
+
+The bare-metal archive includes the kernel, initramfs, OVMF firmware,
+partitioned dm-verity rootfs, platform measurement CBOR files,
+`sha256sum.txt`, `digest.txt`, and `metadata.json`. The UKI archive
+includes the bootable `disk.raw` plus its identity and measurement files.
+
+Inspect and verify an archive with:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p /tmp/dstack-image
+tar -xzf os/yocto/repro-build/dist/dstack-<version>.tar.gz \
+  -C /tmp/dstack-image
+cd /tmp/dstack-image/dstack-<version>
+sha256sum -c sha256sum.txt
+test "$(sha256sum sha256sum.txt | awk '{print $1}')" = "$(cat digest.txt)"
+```
+
+## Build both production and development flavors
+
+Production is the default. To build both variants once:
+
+```bash
+cd os/yocto/repro-build
+RELEASE_FLAVORS="prod dev" ./repro-build.sh -n
+```
+
+The development archive is named `dstack-dev-<version>.tar.gz` and records
+`"is_dev": true` in `metadata.json`.
+
+## Check reproducibility
+
+For a release candidate, omit `-n`:
+
+```bash
+make os-repro-check
+```
+
+This builds independent `build-a` and `build-b` trees and compares the
+release-relevant output allowlist. It takes roughly twice the resources of a
+single build. Remove both ignored build trees if you specifically need a
+from-scratch comparison:
+
+```bash
+rm -rf os/yocto/repro-build/build-a \
+       os/yocto/repro-build/build-b \
+       os/yocto/repro-build/dist
+make os-repro-check
+```
+
+## Incremental backend development
+
+The reproducible wrapper is the recommended release path. On a host with the
+packages listed in `os/yocto/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro`, the generic
+backend entrypoint can also be used directly from the repository root:
+
+```bash
+./os/build.sh \
+  --backend yocto \
+  --flavors prod \
+  --build-dir "$PWD/os/yocto/bb-build"
+```
+
+This keeps the native BitBake cache in `os/yocto/bb-build/` and writes
+assembled images under the repository-root `images/` directory. Build both
+flavors with `--flavors "prod dev"`.
+
+The generic entrypoint dispatches to `os/<backend>/build.sh`. A future
+backend such as mkosi can implement the same artifact-manifest contract without
+changing the common assembler or release consumers.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### A dependency directory is empty
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+make os-deps
+git submodule status -- os/yocto/deps
+```
+
+Every listed dependency should start with a space, not `-`.
+
+### Docker permission is denied
+
+Ensure `docker version` works as the same non-root user that owns the
+checkout. Do not run only part of the build as root; mixed ownership in
+`build-a/` makes incremental builds difficult to repair.
+
+### A fetch task fails
+
+Yocto fetches many upstream sources. Preserve `build-a/`, confirm outbound
+network and DNS access, then rerun `make os-image`; completed downloads and
+tasks are reused.
+
+### `docker-compose do_fetch` repeatedly shows 0–100%
+
+This is not one archive being downloaded in a loop. Docker Compose has hundreds
+of independently checksummed Go-module sources, while BitBake's terminal
+percentage describes only the current source URL. The percentage therefore
+returns to zero for every module even though the task timer and PID stay the
+same.
+
+Let the first fetch finish. If it is interrupted, rerun the same command;
+completed files have `.done` markers in the build directory's `downloads/`
+cache and are not downloaded again. To confirm which URL is currently being
+fetched during a native `make os` build, inspect the latest task log:
+
+```bash
+find os/yocto/bb-build/tmp-mc-* -path '*docker-compose/*/temp/log.do_fetch' \
+  -print -exec tail -n 5 {} \;
+```
+
+### The disk fills up
+
+The largest disposable directories are:
+
+```text
+os/yocto/repro-build/build-a/
+os/yocto/repro-build/build-b/
+os/yocto/bb-build/
+```
+
+They are ignored by Git and can be removed when no build is running. Keep
+`dist/` separately if you need the release archives.
+
+### `reproduce.sh` is missing
+
+The image archives are still valid. The wrapper intentionally skips generating
+`reproduce.sh` when `git status --porcelain` reports a dirty source tree,
+because that script can reproduce only committed source revisions.
diff --git a/docs/confidential-ai.md b/docs/confidential-ai.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d4e2f8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/confidential-ai.md
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+# Confidential AI
+
+Run AI workloads where the infrastructure operator can't see your data. dstack uses Intel TDX and NVIDIA Confidential Computing to encrypt everything in memory—your prompts, model weights, and intermediate computations stay private.
+
+## What You Can Build
+
+- **Private inference** - Users verify their prompts never leave encrypted memory
+- **Training on sensitive data** - Fine-tune models without exposing training data to operators
+- **Trustworthy agents** - Prove your agent code can't exfiltrate user data
+
+The key difference from self-hosting: users don't have to trust you. They can cryptographically verify what code runs and that the hardware is genuine.
+
+## What Makes It Confidential
+
+Four things need to be true for the system to be actually confidential:
+
+**TLS terminates inside the VM.** Your HTTPS connection ends inside the Confidential VM, not at some load balancer outside. The operator never sees plaintext traffic.
+
+**CPU memory is encrypted.** Intel TDX encrypts all RAM with hardware keys. The hypervisor can't read it, the host OS can't read it, even physical access to the DIMM won't help.
+
+**GPU memory is encrypted.** On H100/H200/Blackwell with NVIDIA CC mode, GPU memory is encrypted too. Model weights and activations stay protected during inference and training.
+
+**Disk is encrypted.** Anything written to storage uses keys derived from the TEE. The storage backend only sees ciphertext.
+
+When all four are in place, data stays encrypted from network ingress to egress.
+
+## Private Inference
+
+Deploy vLLM behind a signing proxy. Users can verify responses came from your TEE, not a compromised server.
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  vllm:
+    image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
+    command: --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct --host 0.0.0.0
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        reservations:
+          devices:
+            - driver: nvidia
+              capabilities: [gpu]
+
+  proxy:
+    image: phalanetwork/vllm-proxy:latest
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    environment:
+      - VLLM_BASE_URL=http://vllm:8000
+      - MODEL_NAME=Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct
+      - TOKEN=${TOKEN}
+```
+
+The data flow looks like this:
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+    User -->|TLS| Proxy
+    subgraph TEE[Confidential VM]
+        Proxy[vllm-proxy]
+        Proxy -->|HTTP| vLLM
+        vLLM --> GPU[GPU Memory]
+        Proxy -.->|signs with| Key[TEE-derived key]
+    end
+    Proxy -->|Response + Signature| User
+```
+
+The proxy terminates TLS, forwards to vLLM, and signs responses with a key derived from the TEE's identity. That signature proves the response came from this specific environment.
+
+Deploy it:
+
+```bash
+phala deploy -n my-llm -c docker-compose.yaml \
+  --instance-type h200.small \
+  -e TOKEN=your-secret
+```
+
+Verify a response signature:
+
+```python
+import requests
+
+sig = requests.get(
+    f"https://your-endpoint/v1/signature/{chat_id}",
+    headers={"Authorization": "Bearer your-token"}
+).json()
+
+# sig contains signing_address, response_hash, signature
+```
+
+Try it live at [chat.redpill.ai](https://chat.redpill.ai). Full example: [dstack-examples/ai/inference](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples/tree/main/ai/inference).
+
+## Confidential Training
+
+Fine-tune on sensitive data without exposing it to the operator. The training data and resulting weights stay in encrypted memory.
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  trainer:
+    image: unsloth/unsloth:latest
+    command: python train.py --model meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B --data /data/dataset.jsonl
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+      - training-data:/data
+    environment:
+      - HF_TOKEN=${HF_TOKEN}
+      - WANDB_API_KEY=${WANDB_API_KEY}
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        reservations:
+          devices:
+            - driver: nvidia
+              capabilities: [gpu]
+
+volumes:
+  training-data:
+```
+
+With NVIDIA CC on H100/H200, GPU memory is encrypted. Weights, gradients, and activations stay confidential throughout training.
+
+```mermaid
+graph TB
+    subgraph TEE[Confidential VM]
+        Data[Training Data] --> Trainer
+        Trainer --> GPU[Confidential GPU Memory]
+        GPU --> Weights[Model Weights]
+    end
+    External[Data Provider] -->|encrypted upload| Data
+    Weights -->|encrypted download| External
+```
+
+Before a data provider shares sensitive data, they should:
+
+1. Review your docker-compose.yaml—check for unexpected network access or volume mounts
+2. Get the attestation quote and verify the compose hash matches
+3. Confirm it's running on genuine TDX + NVIDIA CC hardware
+
+The compose hash is a hash of your docker-compose.yaml. It's included in the attestation quote, so data providers can verify exactly what code will process their data.
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+
+client = DstackClient()
+info = client.info()
+
+print(f"Compose hash: {info.compose_hash}")
+# Data provider compares this against the docker-compose they reviewed
+```
+
+Full example: [dstack-examples/ai/training](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples/tree/main/ai/training).
+
+## Trustworthy AI Agents
+
+Agents do complex things with user data—RAG lookups, database queries, LLM calls. Users want guarantees: their data won't be logged, won't be used for training, won't be exfiltrated.
+
+For true end-to-end privacy, the agent should call a confidential LLM endpoint (like the vllm-proxy from the inference section) instead of a third-party API. This keeps user prompts encrypted the entire way.
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  agent:
+    image: your-agent:latest
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    environment:
+      # Point to a confidential LLM endpoint, not OpenAI
+      - LLM_BASE_URL=https://api.redpill.ai/v1
+      - LLM_API_KEY=${LLM_API_KEY}
+      - DATABASE_URL=${DATABASE_URL}
+    ports:
+      - "8080:8080"
+```
+
+The architecture looks like this:
+
+```mermaid
+graph TB
+    User -->|TLS| Agent
+    subgraph TEE1[Agent CVM]
+        Agent[Agent Code]
+        Agent --> RAG[RAG Pipeline]
+        Agent --> DB[(Database)]
+    end
+    Agent -->|TLS| LLM
+    subgraph TEE2[LLM CVM]
+        LLM[vllm-proxy + vLLM]
+    end
+    Agent -->|response| User
+    Operator -.->|cannot access| TEE1
+    Operator -.->|cannot access| TEE2
+```
+
+Both the agent and the LLM run in separate TEEs. User queries stay encrypted from browser to agent to LLM and back. The operator sees nothing.
+
+**Data stays private.** RAG retrievals, database queries, LLM calls, and agent state all run in encrypted memory. Using a confidential LLM means prompts never leave the encrypted environment.
+
+**No hidden behavior.** The compose hash in the attestation proves what code is running. Users can audit the code and verify it matches—no secret logging, no unauthorized data collection.
+
+**Provable constraints.** Want to prove your agent doesn't send user data to training pipelines? The auditable code + attestation makes that verifiable.
+
+For agents that need persistent keys (signing, encryption), derive them from the TEE:
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+
+client = DstackClient()
+key = client.get_key('agent/signing-key')
+# Same deployment = same key, but key never leaves TEE
+```
+
+Full example: [dstack-examples/ai/agents](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples/tree/main/ai/agents).
+
+## Verification
+
+Attestation proves the hardware is genuine and shows what code is running. But it doesn't automatically prove the code is safe—you need to audit it yourself.
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+    App[Your App] -->|quote| Verifier
+    Verifier -->|valid + compose_hash| You
+    You -->|compare| Compose[docker-compose.yaml]
+    Compose -->|audit| Code[Source Code]
+```
+
+The verification flow:
+
+```python
+import requests
+
+# Get attestation with a nonce to prevent replay
+attestation = requests.get(
+    "https://your-app/attestation",
+    params={"nonce": "random-challenge"}
+).json()
+
+# Compare compose hash against what you reviewed
+expected_hash = "sha256:abc123..."  # From your audited docker-compose
+assert attestation["compose_hash"] == expected_hash
+```
+
+For visual verification, paste the quote into [proof.t16z.com](https://proof.t16z.com), Phala's TEE attestation explorer that parses TDX quotes and displays the verification status, measurements, and TCB info in a readable format.
+
+The compose hash only tells you *what* is running. You still need to verify that code does what you expect—no secret logging, no data exfiltration, proper access controls.
+
+## Performance
+
+GPU inference runs at 99% of bare-metal speed on H100/H200. The memory encryption happens in hardware, so the overhead is minimal. Larger models actually perform better in TEE—the encryption cost is fixed while compute scales with model size.
+
+See the [full benchmark report](https://docs.phala.network/dstack/phala-cloud/references/performance-report) for CPU and storage numbers.
+
+## Getting Started
+
+1. Try [chat.redpill.ai](https://chat.redpill.ai) to see private inference in action
+2. Deploy your own with the [inference example](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples/tree/main/ai/inference)
+3. Read the [Security Model](./security/security-model.md) for the full threat model
+
+## Production
+
+redpill.ai and NEAR AI run confidential AI on dstack in production.
diff --git a/docs/deployment.md b/docs/deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dec73fe4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+# Deploying dstack
+
+> **This guide is for self-hosted deployments** on your own TDX or AMD SEV-SNP hardware. For cloud deployments, see [Quickstart](./quickstart.md).
+
+This guide covers the full manual deployment path for self-hosted dstack. Before deploying, prepare the host with [Hardware enablement](./hardware-enablement.md). If you want the shortest path to a first app on one host, start with [Self-hosted quick onboarding](./onboarding.md).
+
+## Overview
+
+dstack can be deployed in two ways:
+
+- **Single-node deployment**: `dstackup` downloads a verified guest image, renders host config, starts the VMM and auth webhook, bootstraps a KMS CVM, and deploys apps through direct port mappings. Use [Self-hosted quick onboarding](./onboarding.md) for the first-app path.
+- **Production deployment**: KMS and Gateway run as CVMs with hardware-rooted security. Uses an auth server for authorization and OS image allowlisting. Required for multi-node deployments, Gateway routing, custom domains, or on-chain governance.
+
+For local development and contribution workflows, see [Contributing](../CONTRIBUTING.md).
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+**Hardware:**
+- Bare metal TDX or AMD SEV-SNP server. See [Hardware enablement](./hardware-enablement.md).
+- At least 16GB RAM, 100GB free disk space
+- Public IPv4 address
+- Optional: NVIDIA H100 or Blackwell GPU for [Confidential Computing](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/solutions/confidential-computing/) workloads
+
+**Network:**
+- Domain with DNS access (for Gateway TLS)
+
+> **Note:** See [Hardware Requirements](https://docs.phala.network/dstack/hardware-requirements) for server recommendations.
+
+## Production Deployment
+
+For production, deploy KMS and Gateway as CVMs with hardware-rooted security. Production deployments require:
+- KMS running in a CVM (not on the host)
+- Auth server for authorization (webhook mode)
+- KMS measurements allowlisted before bootstrap / onboarding / trusted RPCs can succeed
+
+If you skip the KMS allowlist step, the VM may boot and the onboard UI may still appear, but the KMS will reject bootstrap, onboarding, or later trusted RPCs with authorization errors.
+
+### Production Checklist
+
+**Required:**
+
+1. Set up TDX host with dstack-vmm
+2. Deploy KMS as CVM (with auth server, capture its attestation info, and allowlist the KMS `mrAggregated` before bootstrap)
+3. Deploy Gateway as CVM
+
+**Optional Add-ons:**
+
+4. [Zero Trust HTTPS](#4-zero-trust-https-optional)
+5. [Certificate Transparency monitoring](#5-certificate-transparency-monitoring-optional)
+6. [Multi-node deployment](#6-multi-node-deployment-optional)
+7. [On-chain governance](./onchain-governance.md) - Smart contract-based authorization
+
+---
+
+### 1. Set Up TDX Host
+
+Clone and build dstack-vmm:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack
+cd dstack
+cargo build --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --release -p dstack-vmm -p supervisor
+mkdir -p vmm-data
+cp dstack/target/release/dstack-vmm vmm-data/
+cp dstack/target/release/supervisor vmm-data/
+cd vmm-data/
+```
+
+Create `vmm.toml`:
+
+```toml
+address = "tcp:0.0.0.0:9080"
+reuse = true
+image_path = "./images"
+run_path = "./run/vm"
+
+[auth]
+enabled = true
+# generate with: openssl rand -hex 32
+tokens = ["<paste output of: openssl rand -hex 32>"]
+
+[cvm]
+kms_urls = []
+gateway_urls = []
+cid_start = 30000
+cid_pool_size = 1000
+
+[cvm.port_mapping]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+range = [
+    { protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
+    { protocol = "udp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
+]
+
+[host_api]
+address = "vsock:2"
+port = 10000
+```
+
+> **VMM API authentication (required for non-localhost binds).** Since [PR #796](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/796), the `[auth]` token guards the *entire* VMM surface — creating and stopping CVMs, the web UI, and all pRPC calls — not just `/logs`. Because the example above binds `tcp:0.0.0.0:9080` (reachable off the host), you MUST enable `[auth]`; otherwise the whole control API is exposed unauthenticated. Auth is fail-closed: with `enabled = true` and no usable credential, requests are rejected.
+>
+> Clients authenticate with `Authorization: Bearer <token>` (or the `X-Admin-Token: <token>` header). Instead of inline `tokens`, you can point to an Apache bcrypt htpasswd file with `htpasswd_file = "/etc/dstack/admin.htpasswd"` (create it with `htpasswd -B -c /etc/dstack/admin.htpasswd admin`). Only bcrypt (`-B`) entries are accepted.
+
+Download guest images from [dstack guest-OS releases](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases) and extract to `./images/`.
+
+> For reproducible builds and verification, see the [Security Model](./security/security-model.md).
+
+Start VMM:
+
+```bash
+./dstack-vmm -c vmm.toml
+```
+
+---
+
+### 2. Deploy KMS as CVM
+
+Production KMS requires:
+- **KMS**: The key management service inside a CVM
+- **Auth server**: Webhook server that validates boot requests and returns authorization decisions
+
+#### Auth Server Options
+
+> **Note:** the boot-authorization webhook below (auth-simple / auth-eth) is a *different* mechanism from the KMS admin-API authentication. The webhook allowlists which CVMs may boot and receive keys; the admin API (`[core.admin]` in `kms.toml`) guards operator RPCs. See [dstack-kms admin authentication](../dstack/kms/README.md#admin-api-authentication).
+
+| Server | Use Case | Configuration |
+|--------|----------|---------------|
+| [auth-simple](../dstack/kms/auth-simple/) | Config-file-based whitelisting | JSON config file |
+| [auth-eth](../dstack/kms/auth-eth/) | On-chain governance via smart contracts | Ethereum RPC + contract |
+| Custom | Your own authorization logic | Implement webhook interface |
+
+All auth servers implement the same webhook interface:
+- `GET /` - Health check
+- `POST /bootAuth/app` - App boot authorization
+- `POST /bootAuth/kms` - KMS boot authorization
+
+#### Using auth-simple (Config-Based)
+
+auth-simple validates boot requests against a JSON config file.
+
+Create `auth-config.json` for initial KMS deployment:
+
+```json
+{
+  "osImages": ["0x<os-image-hash>"],
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x<kms-mr-aggregated>"],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+```
+
+> **Important:** `auth-simple` now treats an empty `kms.mrAggregated` allowlist as deny-all for KMS. Capture the current KMS measurement with `Onboard.GetAttestationInfo` and add it before bootstrap.
+
+Run auth-simple:
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/kms/auth-simple
+bun install
+PORT=3001 AUTH_CONFIG_PATH=/path/to/auth-config.json bun run start
+```
+
+For adding Gateway, apps, and other config fields, see [auth-simple Operations Guide](./auth-simple-operations.md).
+
+#### Using auth-eth (On-Chain)
+
+For decentralized governance via smart contracts, see [On-Chain Governance](./onchain-governance.md).
+
+#### Getting OS Image Hash
+
+The OS image hash is in the `digest.txt` file inside the guest image tarball:
+
+```bash
+# Extract hash from release tarball
+tar -xzf dstack-0.5.5.tar.gz
+cat dstack-0.5.5/digest.txt
+# Output: 0b327bcd642788b0517de3ff46d31ebd3847b6c64ea40bacde268bb9f1c8ec83
+```
+
+Add `0x` prefix for auth-simple config: `0x0b327bcd...`
+
+#### Deploy KMS CVM
+
+Choose the deployment script based on your auth server:
+
+**For auth-simple (external webhook):**
+
+auth-simple runs on your infrastructure, outside the CVM.
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/kms/dstack-app/
+```
+
+Edit `.env.simple`:
+
+```bash
+VMM_RPC=http://127.0.0.1:9080
+AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL=http://your-auth-server:3001
+KMS_RPC_ADDR=0.0.0.0:9201
+GUEST_AGENT_ADDR=127.0.0.1:9205
+OS_IMAGE=dstack-0.5.5
+IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v0.5.5/dstack-0.5.5.tar.gz
+```
+
+Then run:
+
+```bash
+./deploy-simple.sh
+```
+
+**For auth-eth (on-chain governance):**
+
+> See [On-Chain Governance Guide](./onchain-governance.md) for deploying KMS with smart contract-based authorization.
+
+**Monitor startup:**
+
+```bash
+tail -f ../../../vmm-data/run/vm/<vm-id>/serial.log
+```
+
+Wait for `[  OK  ] Finished App Compose Service.`
+
+#### Bootstrap KMS
+
+Open `http://127.0.0.1:9201/` in your browser.
+
+1. Click **Bootstrap**
+2. Enter the domain for your KMS (e.g., `kms.example.com`)
+3. Click **Finish setup**
+
+![KMS Bootstrap](assets/kms-bootstrap.png)
+
+The KMS will display its public key and TDX quote:
+
+![KMS Bootstrap Result](assets/kms-bootstrap-result.png)
+
+---
+
+### 3. Deploy Gateway as CVM
+
+#### Prerequisites
+
+Before deploying Gateway:
+1. Register the Gateway app in your auth server config (add to `apps` section in `auth-config.json`)
+2. Note the App ID you assign - you'll need it for the `.env` file
+
+For on-chain governance, see [On-Chain Governance](./onchain-governance.md#register-gateway-app) for registration steps.
+
+#### Deploy Gateway CVM
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/gateway/dstack-app/
+./deploy-to-vmm.sh
+```
+
+Edit `.env` with required variables:
+
+```bash
+# VMM connection (use TCP if VMM is on same host, or remote URL)
+VMM_RPC=http://127.0.0.1:9080
+
+# Cloudflare (for DNS-01 ACME challenge)
+CF_API_TOKEN=your_cloudflare_api_token
+
+# Domain configuration
+SRV_DOMAIN=example.com
+PUBLIC_IP=$(curl -s ifconfig.me)
+
+# Gateway app ID (from registration above)
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=32467b43BFa67273FC7dDda0999Ee9A12F2AaA08
+
+# Gateway URLs
+MY_URL=https://gateway.example.com:9202
+BOOTNODE_URL=https://gateway.example.com:9202
+
+# WireGuard (uses same port as RPC)
+WG_ADDR=0.0.0.0:9202
+
+# Network settings
+SUBNET_INDEX=0
+ACME_STAGING=no  # Set to 'yes' for testing
+OS_IMAGE=dstack-0.5.5
+```
+
+**Note on hex formats:**
+- Gateway `.env` file: Use raw hex without `0x` prefix (e.g., `GATEWAY_APP_ID=32467b43...`)
+- auth-simple config: Use `0x` prefix (e.g., `"0x32467b43..."`). The server normalizes both formats.
+
+Run the script again:
+
+```bash
+./deploy-to-vmm.sh
+```
+
+The script will display the compose file and compose hash, then prompt for confirmation:
+
+```
+Docker compose file:
+...
+Compose hash: 0x700a50336df7c07c82457b116e144f526c29f6d8...
+Configuration:
+...
+Continue? [y/N]
+```
+
+**Before pressing 'y'**, add the compose hash to your auth server whitelist:
+- For auth-simple: Add to `composeHashes` array in `auth-config.json`
+- For auth-eth: Use Foundry scripts (see [On-Chain Governance](./onchain-governance.md#register-gateway-app))
+
+Then return to the first terminal and press 'y' to deploy.
+
+#### Update VMM Configuration
+
+After Gateway is running, update `vmm.toml` with KMS and Gateway URLs:
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+kms_urls = ["https://kms.example.com:9201"]
+gateway_urls = ["https://gateway.example.com:9202"]
+```
+
+`gateway_urls` is a failover list for one gateway cluster. To register a CVM
+with independently operated clusters, configure explicit groups instead. Each
+cluster gets a separate WireGuard interface and key pair; their WireGuard
+address ranges must not overlap. All clusters must run the gateway app identity
+authorized by the CVM's KMS-issued app keys.
+
+Clusters refresh independently. If one cluster is unavailable, its last
+working WireGuard configuration remains active while other clusters continue
+to register and update normally.
+
+`gateway_urls` and `gateway_clusters` are mutually exclusive in the VMM
+configuration. The VMM refuses to start if both are non-empty. For compatibility
+with sys-config files produced elsewhere, the guest prefers `gateway_clusters`
+and logs a warning when both forms are present.
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+kms_urls = ["https://kms.example.com:9201"]
+
+[[cvm.gateway_clusters]]
+name = "primary"
+urls = [
+  "https://gateway-a.example.com:9202",
+  "https://gateway-b.example.com:9202",
+]
+[[cvm.gateway_clusters]]
+name = "secondary"
+urls = ["https://gateway-c.example.com:9202"]
+```
+
+Restart dstack-vmm to apply changes.
+
+---
+
+### 4. Zero Trust HTTPS (Optional)
+
+Generate TLS certificates inside the TEE with automatic CAA record management.
+
+Configure in `build-config.sh`:
+
+```bash
+GATEWAY_CERT=${CERTBOT_WORKDIR}/live/cert.pem
+GATEWAY_KEY=${CERTBOT_WORKDIR}/live/key.pem
+CF_API_TOKEN=<your-cloudflare-token>
+ACME_URL=https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
+```
+
+Run certbot:
+
+```bash
+RUST_LOG=info,certbot=debug ./certbot renew -c certbot.toml
+```
+
+This will:
+- Create an ACME account
+- Set CAA DNS records on Cloudflare
+- Request and auto-renew certificates
+
+---
+
+### 5. Certificate Transparency Monitoring (Optional)
+
+Monitor for unauthorized certificates issued to your domain.
+
+```bash
+cd /path/to/dstack
+cargo build --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --release -p ct_monitor
+./dstack/target/release/ct_monitor \
+  --gateway-uri https://<gateway-domain> \
+  --domain <your-domain>
+```
+
+**How it works:**
+1. Fetches known public keys from Gateway (`/acme-info` endpoint)
+2. Queries crt.sh for certificates issued to your domain
+3. Verifies each certificate's public key matches the known keys
+4. Logs errors (❌) when certificates are issued to unknown public keys
+
+The monitor runs in a loop, checking every 60 seconds. Integrate with your alerting system by monitoring stderr for error messages.
+
+---
+
+### 6. Multi-Node Deployment (Optional)
+
+Scale by adding VMM nodes and KMS replicas for high availability.
+
+#### Adding VMM Nodes
+
+On each additional TDX host:
+1. Set up dstack-vmm (see step 1)
+2. Configure `vmm.toml` with existing KMS/Gateway URLs
+3. Start VMM
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+kms_urls = ["https://kms.example.com:9201"]
+gateway_urls = ["https://gateway.example.com:9202"]
+```
+
+#### Adding KMS Replicas (Onboarding)
+
+Additional KMS instances can onboard from an existing KMS to share the same root keys. This enables:
+- High availability (multiple KMS nodes)
+- Geographic distribution
+- Load balancing
+
+**How it works:**
+
+1. New KMS starts in onboard mode (empty `auto_bootstrap_domain`)
+2. New KMS calls `GetTempCaCert` on source KMS
+3. New KMS generates RA-TLS certificate with TDX quote
+4. New KMS calls `GetKmsKey` with mTLS authentication
+5. Source KMS verifies attestation via `bootAuth/kms` webhook
+6. If approved, source KMS returns root keys
+7. Both KMS instances now derive identical keys
+
+**Configure new KMS for onboarding:**
+
+```toml
+[core.onboard]
+enabled = true
+auto_bootstrap_domain = ""   # Empty = onboard mode
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9203                  # HTTP port for onboard UI
+```
+
+**Trigger onboard via API:**
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST http://<new-kms>:9203/prpc/Onboard.Onboard?json \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"source_url": "https://<existing-kms>:9201/prpc", "domain": "kms2.example.com"}'
+```
+
+**Finish and restart:**
+
+```bash
+curl http://<new-kms>:9203/finish
+# Restart KMS - it will now serve as a full KMS with shared keys
+```
+
+> **Note:** KMS onboarding requires attested KMS instances, and both sides must already be authorized. Add the relevant KMS `mrAggregated` hashes to your auth backend first:
+>
+> - the destination KMS must allow the source KMS
+> - the source KMS must allow the destination KMS
+>
+> If you skip this, `Onboard.Onboard` or later trusted RPCs will fail with KMS authorization errors.
+
+> **Admin authentication.** Onboarding itself is gated by attestation and the authorization backend above — not by a token. Separately, the KMS *admin* RPCs (for example `ClearImageCache`) are served on a dedicated `[core.admin]` listener behind the shared HTTP authenticator, just like the VMM and gateway: set `[core.admin] enabled = true` with an `auth_token` (or the `DSTACK_KMS_ADMIN_TOKEN` / `ADMIN_API_TOKEN` env vars), and clients send `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or `X-Admin-Token`. Enabled with neither `auth_token` nor `htpasswd_file` (and `insecure_no_auth = false`) fails closed — the KMS refuses to start. See [dstack-kms admin authentication](../dstack/kms/README.md#admin-api-authentication).
+
+---
+
+## Deploying Apps
+
+After setup, deploy apps via the VMM dashboard or CLI.
+
+### Register App
+
+Before deploying, register your app in your auth server:
+- For auth-simple: See [auth-simple Operations Guide](./auth-simple-operations.md#adding-an-app)
+- For auth-eth: See [On-Chain Governance](./onchain-governance.md#register-apps-on-chain)
+
+### Deploy via UI
+
+Open `http://localhost:9080`:
+
+![App Deploy](assets/app-deploy.png)
+
+- Select the OS image
+- Enter the App ID (from registration above)
+- Upload your `docker-compose.yaml`
+
+After startup, click **Dashboard** to view:
+
+![App Board](assets/app-board.png)
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Error: vhost-vsock: unable to set guest cid: Address already in use
+
+The CID range conflicts with existing VMs.
+
+1. Find used CIDs: `ps aux | grep 'guest-cid='`
+2. Update `vmm.toml`:
+   ```toml
+   [cvm]
+   cid_start = 33000
+   cid_pool_size = 1000
+   ```
+
+### High-concurrency deployments: conntrack table full
+
+When running Gateway with many concurrent connections (>100K), the host's conntrack table may fill up, causing silent packet drops:
+
+```
+dmesg: nf_conntrack: table full, dropping packet
+```
+
+Each proxied connection creates multiple conntrack entries (client→gateway, gateway→WireGuard→backend). The default `nf_conntrack_max` (typically 262,144) is insufficient for high-concurrency gateways.
+
+**Fix:**
+
+```bash
+# Check current limit
+sysctl net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max
+
+# Increase for production (persistent)
+echo "net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1048576" >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf
+echo "net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_buckets = 262144" >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf
+sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf
+```
+
+Also increase inside bridge-mode CVMs if they handle many connections:
+
+```bash
+sysctl -w net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=524288
+```
+
+**Sizing rule of thumb:** Set `nf_conntrack_max` to at least 4× your target concurrent connection count (each connection may use 2-3 conntrack entries across NAT/bridge layers).
+
+### Error: Operation not permitted when building guest image
+
+Ubuntu 23.10+ restricts unprivileged user namespaces:
+
+```bash
+sudo sysctl kernel.apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns=0
+```
diff --git a/docs/design-and-hardening-decisions.md b/docs/design-and-hardening-decisions.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af5dd0ae6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/design-and-hardening-decisions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Design and Hardening Decisions in the dstack Yocto Layer
+
+## Overview
+
+The dstack-owned Yocto layer under `os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/` is designed to create a minimally secure image for booting Confidential Virtual Machines (CVMs). Our design philosophy prioritizes attack surface reduction while maintaining TDX-aware functionality. This document outlines the architectural decisions and trade-offs made during development.
+
+## Key Design Decisions
+
+### 1. Yocto Kernel Recipe Selection
+
+**Decision**: We use `linux-yocto-dev` (development recipes) instead of `linux-yocto` (stable recipes).
+
+**Rationale**: We use Scarthgap version of Yocto, which is the latest version when we started the dstack project. The stable `linux-yocto` recipe in Scarthgap is based on kernel 6.6 which does not support RTMR[1-2]. So we switch to `linux-yocto-dev` to get the kernel 6.9 support. The latest released Yocto (Walnascar) updated kernel to 6.12 which meets our requirements. We plan to upgrade the Yocto version later, but this is not trivial as all downstream Yocto recipes need to be updated to adapt to the major Yocto version change.
+
+### 2. TDVF vs td-shim Boot Firmware
+
+**Decision**: We use Intel's TDVF implementation integrated in OVMF rather than td-shim.
+
+**Current State**: **TDVF** is a mature, proven solution currently in use. **td-shim** is a Rust-based implementation aimed at minimizing attack surface.
+
+**Rationale**: td-shim cannot currently boot our dstack system successfully. td-shim is considered too new for production use in our current requirements. TDVF provides stable, tested functionality for our TDX requirements.
+
+![alt text](./assets/td-shim-vs-tdvf.png)
+
+### 3. TDX Guest Driver Implementation
+
+**Decision**: We use the in-tree confidential guest drivers and the Linux TSM report interface where they are available. For Intel TDX, the dstack kernel configuration enables `CONFIG_TDX_GUEST_DRIVER=y` and `CONFIG_TSM_REPORTS=y`.
+
+**Rationale**: The in-tree TDX guest driver exposes the standard `/dev/tdx_guest` device and configfs-tsm report interface. Newer kernels also expose RTMR extension through the TSM measurement sysfs path, which dstack uses for RTMR3 runtime events. This keeps dstack aligned with the standard Linux kernel ABI while preserving measured runtime events.
+
+**Implementation Notes**: The unified dstack confidential-guest image also includes AMD SEV-SNP kernel features. Platform-specific native TEE interfaces are advanced compatibility surfaces for applications that need the kernel ABI directly. The dstack socket remains the normal application API for quotes, keys, application information, and runtime events.
+
+### 4. Randomness Generation and Seeding
+
+**Security Requirement**: Ensure cryptographically secure randomness without trusting the host system.
+
+We configure the kernel with specific command-line arguments:
+
+```
+random.trust_cpu=y
+random.trust_bootloader=n
+```
+
+`random.trust_cpu=y` enables trust in CPU-provided randomness (Intel RDRAND). `random.trust_bootloader=n` prevents untrusted host-provided entropy.
+
+Intel RDRAND hardware RNG instruction. System Integration: Proper seeding of `/dev/random` and `/dev/urandom`. Application Support: Ensures container and application randomness needs.
+
+See [here](https://intel.github.io/ccc-linux-guest-hardening-docs/security-spec.html#linux-rng) for more details.
+
+### 5. Secure System Time
+
+**Implementation**: dstack OS enforces the guest kernel uses TSC as the only timer source by appending `tsc=reliable no-kvmclock` to the kernel cmdline. It also enforces the use of NTS with built-in [trusted servers](../os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/files/chrony.conf) to synchronize system time.
+
+**Behavior**: When `secure_time` is enabled in the app-compose.json configuration, the system ensures time synchronization is completed before requesting application keys. If `secure_time` is disabled, time synchronization is not enforced before application launch.
+
+**Rationale**: Time synchronization is provided as an optional feature because the process typically requires tens of seconds to complete. Applications can function without the `secure_time` option enabled and may implement their own time synchronization mechanisms if required.
+
+See [here](https://intel.github.io/ccc-linux-guest-hardening-docs/security-spec.html#tsc-and-other-timers) for more details.
diff --git a/docs/development-without-tee.md b/docs/development-without-tee.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d478e30d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/development-without-tee.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# Develop with dstack without TEE hardware
+
+Development guest images can run dstack's normal guest setup on a KVM machine
+that has no TDX or SEV-SNP support. The VMM starts the guest with `no_tee`, the
+guest supplies the TDX ABI through `dstack-tee-simulator`, and `swtpm` provides
+persistent TPM-backed application keys. This is suitable for development and
+integration testing, not for production workloads or secrets.
+
+## What this mode tests
+
+The development simulator provides configfs-tsm reports, RTMR extension files,
+and a CCEL event log. Guest preparation, measurements, application key setup,
+encrypted persistent storage, the guest agent, and Docker Compose therefore
+use their normal code paths.
+
+It does not provide hardware isolation or a valid hardware-signed quote. The
+host controls QEMU and swtpm, and a production verifier or KMS must reject the
+simulated quote.
+
+## Build the development image on the host
+
+TEE hardware is not needed for the build. Follow the prerequisites in
+[Build the dstack guest OS](building-guest-os.md), then run this from the
+repository root:
+
+```bash
+make os-deps
+cd os/yocto/repro-build
+RELEASE_FLAVORS="dev" ./repro-build.sh -n
+```
+
+The artifact used below is
+`os/yocto/repro-build/dist/dstack-dev-<version>.tar.gz`. Confirm that it really
+is a development image:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack-vmm/image
+tar -xzf os/yocto/repro-build/dist/dstack-dev-*.tar.gz \
+  -C ~/.dstack-vmm/image
+jq '{version, git_revision, is_dev}' \
+  ~/.dstack-vmm/image/dstack-dev-*/metadata.json
+```
+
+Expected output includes `"is_dev": true`. Use a development image for this
+workflow because production images do not include `dstack-tee-simulator`.
+
+## Install and configure the VMM
+
+Install QEMU and swtpm on the development host. On Ubuntu:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install -y qemu-system-x86 swtpm swtpm-tools jq
+test -r /dev/kvm && test -w /dev/kvm
+```
+
+Add the current user to the `kvm` group and log in again if the `/dev/kvm`
+check fails because of its permissions.
+
+Build the VMM and supervisor from the same checkout as the image:
+
+```bash
+cargo build --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --release \
+  -p dstack-vmm -p supervisor
+```
+
+Install both binaries and the CLI on the machine that will run QEMU. You can
+also run them directly from the checkout during development:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack-vmm
+install -Dm755 dstack/target/release/dstack-vmm ~/.local/bin/dstack-vmm
+install -Dm755 dstack/target/release/supervisor ~/.local/bin/supervisor
+install -Dm755 dstack/vmm/src/vmm-cli.py ~/.local/bin/dstack
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack-vmm
+cp dstack/vmm/vmm.toml ~/.dstack-vmm/vmm.toml
+```
+
+Set these values in `~/.dstack-vmm/vmm.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[image]
+path = "/home/USER/.dstack-vmm/image"
+
+[cvm]
+qemu_path = "/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64"
+
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+
+[cvm.tee_simulator]
+# Development credential only. Use a different random 32-byte hex seed for
+# each isolated test environment; never use it for production secrets.
+mock_attestation_seed = "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef"
+collateral_base_url = "http://10.0.2.2:18088"
+
+[supervisor]
+exe = "/home/USER/.local/bin/supervisor"
+```
+
+These node-local settings provide development credentials and collateral URLs;
+they do not enable simulation globally. Each deployment selects its simulated
+platform with `--simulated-tee`. The VMM then writes an instance-specific
+`.tee-simulator.json`, and the guest starts the simulator only when that file
+is present in the host share.
+
+Start the VMM from a stable working directory because its default API socket is
+relative to that directory:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack-vmm/run
+cd ~/.dstack-vmm/run
+dstack-vmm -c ../vmm.toml
+```
+
+In another terminal, check that the development image is visible:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/.dstack-vmm/run
+dstack lsimage --json | jq '.[] | {name, version, is_dev}'
+```
+
+## Launch with no TEE and swtpm
+
+Create a small stateful workload:
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  state-test:
+    image: alpine:3.20
+    command:
+      - sh
+      - -c
+      - |
+        date -Iseconds >> /data/boots
+        touch /data/persistent-marker
+        sleep infinity
+    volumes:
+      - state-data:/data
+volumes:
+  state-data: {}
+```
+
+Convert it to app-compose JSON and select the TPM key provider:
+
+```bash
+dstack compose \
+  --name swtpm-persistence \
+  --docker-compose docker-compose.yml \
+  --key-provider tpm \
+  --public-logs \
+  --public-sysinfo \
+  --output app-compose.json
+```
+
+Deploy with the development image, no KMS, and an instance-specific simulated
+TEE platform:
+
+```bash
+dstack deploy \
+  --name swtpm-persistence \
+  --image dstack-dev-<version> \
+  --compose app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 2 --memory 3G --disk 10G \
+  --simulated-tee dstack-tdx
+```
+
+Successful output contains a VM ID. `dstack info VM_ID` should eventually show
+`Boot Progress: done`. The QEMU command line should contain the swtpm frontend
+and no TDX guest object:
+
+```bash
+ps aux | grep '[q]emu-system' | grep -E -- '-tpmdev|tpm-tis'
+ps aux | grep '[s]wtpm socket'
+```
+
+The VMM stores both durable components below the VM work directory:
+
+```text
+~/.dstack-vmm/vm/VM_ID/hda.img
+~/.dstack-vmm/vm/VM_ID/swtpm/tpm2-00.permall
+```
+
+Do not delete either path if the VM must restart with the same state.
+
+## Verify encrypted storage and restart persistence
+
+First check the guest preparation log:
+
+```bash
+dstack logs VM_ID -n 300 | grep -E \
+  'Generating app keys from TPM|Filesystem options|LUKS2 header|Device mapper'
+```
+
+A successful first boot includes output like:
+
+```text
+Generating app keys from TPM
+Filesystem options: encryption=true, filesystem=Zfs
+Mounting tmpfs for in-memory LUKS header
+Loading the LUKS2 header
+Device mapper /dev/mapper/dstack_data_disk is ready
+```
+
+Record the instance ID, then perform a graceful restart:
+
+```bash
+dstack info VM_ID | grep 'Instance ID'
+dstack stop VM_ID
+dstack start VM_ID
+```
+
+Wait for `Boot Progress: done`, then inspect the recent events and boot log:
+
+```bash
+dstack info VM_ID
+dstack logs VM_ID -n 300 | grep -E \
+  'mounting data disk|Loading the LUKS2 header|Device mapper|Container .* Started'
+```
+
+The restart passes when all of the following hold:
+
+1. the instance ID is unchanged;
+2. the event stream says `mounting data disk`, not `initializing data disk`;
+3. the LUKS mapping becomes ready without reformatting the disk;
+4. Docker starts the existing container and volume, and
+   `/data/persistent-marker` and the earlier entries in `/data/boots` remain.
+
+## Common failures
+
+`tpm key provider requested but swtpm is not installed` means `swtpm` is not on
+the VMM user's `PATH`. If QEMU reports that KVM is unavailable, confirm that
+hardware virtualization is enabled and that `/dev/kvm` is writable by the VMM
+user.
diff --git a/docs/dstack-gateway.md b/docs/dstack-gateway.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58e59a1bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/dstack-gateway.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# Setup dstack-gateway for Production
+
+> **This guide is for self-hosted deployments** on your own TDX hardware. For cloud deployments, see [Quickstart](./quickstart.md).
+
+To set up dstack-gateway for production, you need a wildcard domain and SSL certificate.
+
+## Step 1: Setup wildcard domain
+
+Set up a second-level wildcard domain using Cloudflare; make sure to disable proxy mode and use **DNS Only**.
+
+![add-wildcard-domain](./assets/tproxy-add-wildcard-domain.jpg)
+
+## Step 2: Request a Wildcard Domain SSL Certificate with Certbot
+
+You need to get a Cloudflare API Key and ensure the API can manage this domain.
+
+Open your `certbot.toml`, and update these fields:
+
+- `acme_url`: change to `https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory`
+- `cf_api_token`: Obtain from Cloudflare
+
+## Step 3: Run Certbot Manually and Get First SSL Certificates
+
+```shell
+./certbot set-caa
+./certbot renew
+```
+
+## Step 4: Update `gateway.toml`
+
+Focus on these five fields in the `core.proxy` section:
+
+- `cert_chain` & `cert_key`: Point to the certificate paths from the previous step
+- `base_domain`: The wildcard domain for proxy
+- `listen_addr` & `listen_port`: Listen to `0.0.0.0` and preferably `443` in production. If using another port, specify it in the URL
+
+For example, if your base domain is `gateway.example.com`, app ID is `<app_id>`, listening on `80`, and dstack-gateway is on port 7777, the URL would be `https://<app_id>-80.gateway.example.com:7777`
+
+### URL Format
+
+The gateway supports the following URL format:
+- `<app_id>[-<port>][<suffix>].<base_domain>`
+
+Where:
+- `<app_id>`: The application identifier
+- `<port>`: Optional port number (defaults to 80 for HTTP, 443 for HTTPS)
+- `<suffix>`: Optional suffix flags:
+  - `s`: Enable TLS passthrough (proxy passes encrypted traffic directly to backend)
+  - `g`: Enable HTTP/2 (gRPC) support (proxy advertises h2 via ALPN)
+
+Examples:
+- `<app_id>.gateway.example.com` - Default HTTP on port 80
+- `<app_id>-8080.gateway.example.com` - HTTP on port 8080
+- `<app_id>-s.gateway.example.com` - TLS passthrough on port 443
+- `<app_id>-443s.gateway.example.com` - TLS passthrough on port 443
+- `<app_id>-50051g.gateway.example.com` - HTTP/2/gRPC on port 50051
+
+Note: The `s` and `g` suffixes cannot be used together
+
+## Step 5: Adjust Configuration in `vmm.toml`
+
+Open `vmm.toml` and adjust dstack-gateway configuration in the `gateway` section:
+
+- `base_domain`: Same as `base_domain` from `gateway.toml`'s `core.proxy` section
+- `port`: Same as `listen_port` from `gateway.toml`'s `core.proxy` section
+
+## Admin API authentication
+
+The gateway exposes a separate admin API (used for sync, WireGuard peer management, and other operator RPCs). Configure it in the `core.admin` section of `gateway.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+address = "0.0.0.0:9016"
+# generate with: openssl rand -hex 32
+admin_token = "<paste output of: openssl rand -hex 32>"
+# alternatively, an Apache bcrypt htpasswd file (htpasswd -B -c admin.htpasswd admin)
+# htpasswd_file = "/etc/dstack/gateway-admin.htpasswd"
+insecure_no_auth = false
+```
+
+- `enabled`: enable the admin API server.
+- `address`: bind address/port for the admin API.
+- `admin_token`: shared admin token. It can also be supplied via the environment variables `DSTACK_GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN` or `ADMIN_API_TOKEN` instead of the config file.
+- `htpasswd_file`: path to an Apache bcrypt htpasswd file (create with `htpasswd -B -c admin.htpasswd admin`); only bcrypt entries are accepted. Can be used instead of, or alongside, `admin_token`.
+- `insecure_no_auth`: development-only escape hatch that disables admin authentication. Never enable it on a network-reachable admin interface.
+
+The admin server is fail-closed: if it is enabled with no `admin_token` and no `htpasswd_file`, and `insecure_no_auth` is `false`, it refuses to start rather than exposing an unauthenticated admin API.
+
+Clients authenticate by sending `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or the `X-Admin-Token: <token>` header.
+
+## Metrics
+
+The admin server exposes Prometheus metrics at `GET /metrics`. It is part of the
+admin API, so it is only reachable when `core.admin.enabled` is true and it
+requires the same credentials — unless `insecure_no_auth` is set, which exposes
+it along with the rest of the admin API. The series name domains, node ids and
+instance counts, which is topology that should not be readable without
+authentication.
+
+```yaml
+scrape_configs:
+  - job_name: dstack-gateway
+    static_configs:
+      - targets: ["<core.admin.address>"]
+    authorization:
+      credentials: "<the admin token>"
+```
+
+### Cluster-scoped vs node-local series
+
+`dstack_gateway_cluster_*` describes replicated state: every node in the cluster
+reports the same value, so summing across targets multiplies it by the number of
+nodes. Everything else describes what one process did and sums normally.
+
+```promql
+# Instances in the routing table — replicated, so take one node's view
+max(dstack_gateway_cluster_instances)
+
+# Connections across the fleet — node-local, so add them up
+sum(dstack_gateway_connections)
+
+# Nodes disagreeing about who is up: this is the replication-lag signal
+max(dstack_gateway_cluster_nodes_active) - min(dstack_gateway_cluster_nodes_active)
+```
+
+### Series worth alerting on
+
+| Metric | Why |
+|---|---|
+| `dstack_gateway_wg_reconfigure_failures_total` | The gateway could not push a WireGuard config: it failed to render, failed to write, or `wg syncconf` rejected the whole file over one bad peer stanza. Routing updates have stopped reaching the data plane while the gateway still looks healthy. |
+| `dstack_gateway_kv_decode_failures_total` | A replicated record that fails to decode is skipped, which makes the CVM behind it silently unroutable. Labelled by key prefix. Alert on `> 0`; the magnitude counts how often a bad record was *read*, not how many are bad, so do not read it as a severity. |
+| `dstack_gateway_kv_peer_buffered_logs` | Entries still buffered for a peer. Sustained growth means that peer stopped acknowledging and the two nodes are drifting apart. |
+| `dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds` | Certificate expiry per domain; alert on `- time()` falling under the renewal window. Capped at 256 series — compare `dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_domains` to see whether the cap was hit. |
+| `dstack_gateway_kv_persist_failures_total` | Periodic snapshots are failing, so a restart replays a growing WAL. |
+| `dstack_gateway_kv_persist_failures_total` | Periodic snapshots are failing, so a restart replays a growing WAL. |
diff --git a/docs/encrypted-env-spec.md b/docs/encrypted-env-spec.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c204a16e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/encrypted-env-spec.md
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+# Encrypted Environment Variables
+
+dstack uses an ECIES variant (X25519 + AES-256-GCM) to protect application environment variables. The client encrypts env vars with an X25519 public key at deploy time. At boot, the CVM obtains the corresponding private key from KMS via TDX remote attestation and decrypts inside the TEE.
+
+## Encryption Public Key Source
+
+### Key Derivation Chain
+
+The KMS deterministically derives a per-application key pair from its root CA key:
+
+```
+KMS root CA key (P-256 KeyPair)
+  │
+  └─ derive_dh_secret(context = [app_id, "env-encrypt-key"])
+       → SHA256(derived_P256_key_DER) → 32 bytes
+       → X25519 StaticSecret (private key = env_crypt_key, delivered to TEE)
+       → X25519 PublicKey (public key, exposed to client for encryption)
+```
+
+The same `app_id` always derives the same key pair.
+
+### Computing `app_id`
+
+```
+app_id = SHA256(app-compose.json)[0..20]    // first 20 bytes, 40 hex characters
+```
+
+`app-compose.json` here means the normalized JSON bytes that dstack uses for
+compose hashing. Do not recompute from a re-formatted or re-serialized variant,
+or you may get a different `app_id`.
+
+> This formula is the **default**. A deployment may pin an explicit `app_id` (in
+> `.instance-info`); when it does, use that value — the attested `app_id` is the
+> deploy-time value, not necessarily the compose hash.
+
+Example:
+
+```javascript
+const composeHash = sha256(composeJsonString);   // 32 bytes hex
+const appId = composeHash.slice(0, 40);          // first 20 bytes = 40 hex chars
+```
+
+### RPC Interface
+
+The public key is exposed through a two-level RPC chain:
+
+```
+Client/UI  ──→  VMM (GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey)  ──→  KMS (GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey)
+                       pass-through proxy              actual key derivation
+```
+
+**Request**:
+
+```protobuf
+message AppId {
+  bytes app_id = 1;    // 20-byte app_id
+}
+```
+
+**Response**:
+
+```protobuf
+message PublicKeyResponse {
+  bytes public_key = 1;     // 32-byte X25519 public key
+  bytes signature = 2;      // Legacy k256 signature (no timestamp)
+  uint64 timestamp = 3;     // Unix timestamp in seconds when response was generated
+  bytes signature_v1 = 4;   // New k256 signature (with timestamp, replay-resistant)
+}
+```
+
+**HTTP call example** (prpc protocol):
+
+```
+POST {vmm_url}/prpc/Vmm.GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{"app_id": "<hex or base64 encoded 20 bytes>"}
+```
+
+### Public Key Signature Verification
+
+The response includes k256 (secp256k1) signatures from the KMS root key:
+
+- **signature** (legacy): `sign(Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + public_key))`
+- **signature_v1** (new): `sign(Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + timestamp_be_bytes + public_key))`
+
+## Encrypt/Decrypt Protocol
+
+### Ciphertext Binary Format
+
+```
+Offset   Length      Content
+───────────────────────────────────
+0        32 bytes    ephemeral_public_key  (sender's ephemeral X25519 public key)
+32       12 bytes    iv                    (AES-GCM nonce)
+44       N+16 bytes  ciphertext + auth_tag (AES-GCM ciphertext + authentication tag)
+```
+
+Stored as raw binary in `.encrypted-env`. SDK functions may return hex strings.
+
+### Plaintext Format
+
+```json
+{"env": [{"key": "FOO", "value": "bar"}, {"key": "SECRET", "value": "123"}]}
+```
+
+### Encryption Flow (Client-Side)
+
+Input: `env_vars` (key-value list), `remote_public_key` (X25519 public key, 32 bytes)
+
+```
+1. plaintext     = JSON.encode({"env": [{"key": k, "value": v}, ...]})
+2. ephemeral_sk  = X25519.random_private_key()               // 32 bytes
+3. ephemeral_pk  = X25519.public_key(ephemeral_sk)            // 32 bytes
+4. shared_secret = X25519.dh(ephemeral_sk, remote_public_key) // 32 bytes
+5. iv            = random(12)                                  // 12 bytes
+6. ciphertext    = AES-256-GCM.encrypt(
+                       key       = shared_secret,  // DH output used directly as AES key, no KDF
+                       nonce     = iv,
+                       plaintext = plaintext,
+                       aad       = None            // no associated data
+                   )
+7. output        = ephemeral_pk || iv || ciphertext
+```
+
+### Decryption Flow (Inside TEE)
+
+Input: `env_crypt_key` (X25519 private key, 32 bytes), `data` (complete ciphertext)
+
+```
+1. ephemeral_pk   = data[0..32]
+2. iv             = data[32..44]
+3. ciphertext     = data[44..]       // includes 16-byte GCM auth tag
+4. shared_secret  = X25519.dh(env_crypt_key, ephemeral_pk)  // 32 bytes
+5. plaintext      = AES-256-GCM.decrypt(
+                        key        = shared_secret,
+                        nonce      = iv,
+                        ciphertext = ciphertext,
+                        aad        = None
+                    )
+6. result         = JSON.decode(plaintext)  // → {"env": [...]}
+```
+
+### Algorithm Parameters
+
+| Parameter | Value |
+|-----------|-------|
+| Key agreement | X25519 (RFC 7748), **not** ECDH P-256 |
+| Symmetric encryption | AES-256-GCM |
+| KDF | None — shared secret is used directly as the AES key |
+| IV / Nonce | 12 bytes, randomly generated |
+| AAD | None (no associated data) |
+| Auth tag | 16 bytes (GCM default), appended to ciphertext |
+| Key format | Raw 32 bytes, not PEM/DER |
+
+## `.appkeys.json` File Specification
+
+Path inside TEE: `/dstack/.host-shared/.appkeys.json`
+
+### JSON Structure
+
+```json
+{
+  "disk_crypt_key": "aabbccdd...",
+  "env_crypt_key": "0123456789abcdef...(64 hex chars)...",
+  "k256_key": "...",
+  "k256_signature": "...",
+  "gateway_app_id": "some-app-id",
+  "ca_cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...",
+  "key_provider": {
+    "Kms": {
+      "url": "https://kms.example.com/prpc",
+      "pubkey": "...",
+      "tmp_ca_key": "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n...",
+      "tmp_ca_cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n..."
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Fields
+
+| Field | Rust Type | JSON Serialization | Description |
+|-------|-----------|-------------------|-------------|
+| `disk_crypt_key` | `Vec<u8>` | hex string | Disk encryption key |
+| `env_crypt_key` | `Vec<u8>` | hex string | **X25519 private key (32 bytes = 64 hex chars)**, may be absent |
+| `k256_key` | `Vec<u8>` | hex string | secp256k1 signing private key |
+| `k256_signature` | `Vec<u8>` | hex string | KMS signature of the k256 key |
+| `gateway_app_id` | `String` | plain string | Gateway application ID |
+| `ca_cert` | `String` | PEM string | CA certificate |
+| `key_provider` | tagged enum | see below | Key provider information |
+
+All `Vec<u8>` fields are hex strings in JSON (via `serde-human-bytes`, **not** base64). `env_crypt_key` may be absent (defaults to empty).
+
+### `key_provider` Field
+
+Rust externally tagged enum — an object with exactly one key:
+
+```json
+{"None":  {"key": "<PEM>"}}
+{"Local": {"key": "<PEM>", "mr": "<hex>"}}
+{"Tpm":   {"key": "<PEM>", "pubkey": "<hex>"}}
+{"Kms":   {"url": "...", "pubkey": "<hex>", "tmp_ca_key": "<PEM>", "tmp_ca_cert": "<PEM>"}}
+```
+
+The tag is one of `"None"` / `"Local"` / `"Tpm"` / `"Kms"`.
+
+## Runtime File/Path Contract (dstack)
+
+For dstack runtime integration, treat these names/locations as protocol-level
+conventions, not arbitrary user-defined outputs:
+
+- `/dstack/.host-shared/app-compose.json`
+- `/dstack/.host-shared/.encrypted-env`
+- `/dstack/.host-shared/.appkeys.json`
+- `/dstack/.host-shared/.decrypted-env`
+- `/dstack/.host-shared/.decrypted-env.json`
+
+Language examples below may use local relative paths for demonstration, but
+production integrations should follow the dstack runtime contract above.
+
+## Language Implementation Guides
+
+### Parsing `.appkeys.json`
+
+**Rust**:
+
+```rust
+use dstack_types::AppKeys;
+let keys: AppKeys = serde_json::from_str(&json_str)?;
+```
+
+**Go**:
+
+```go
+type AppKeys struct {
+    DiskCryptKey  string          `json:"disk_crypt_key"`
+    EnvCryptKey   string          `json:"env_crypt_key"`
+    K256Key       string          `json:"k256_key"`
+    K256Signature string          `json:"k256_signature"`
+    GatewayAppId  string          `json:"gateway_app_id"`
+    CaCert        string          `json:"ca_cert"`
+    KeyProvider   json.RawMessage `json:"key_provider"`
+}
+
+keyBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(appKeys.EnvCryptKey)
+```
+
+**Python**:
+
+```python
+import json
+
+with open(".appkeys.json") as f:
+    keys = json.load(f)
+
+env_crypt_key = bytes.fromhex(keys.get("env_crypt_key", ""))
+```
+
+**TypeScript**:
+
+```typescript
+const keys = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(".appkeys.json", "utf-8"));
+const envCryptKey = Buffer.from(keys.env_crypt_key ?? "", "hex");
+```
+
+**Parsing `key_provider`**:
+
+```go
+var raw map[string]json.RawMessage
+json.Unmarshal([]byte(appKeys.KeyProvider), &raw)
+```
+
+```python
+provider = keys["key_provider"]            # {"Kms": {"url": "...", ...}}
+provider_type = list(provider.keys())[0]   # "Kms"
+provider_data = provider[provider_type]
+```
+
+### Decryption
+
+**Rust** (see `dstack-util/src/crypto.rs`):
+
+```rust
+use aes_gcm::{aead::Aead, Aes256Gcm, KeyInit, Nonce};
+use x25519_dalek::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
+
+pub fn decrypt(secret: [u8; 32], data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let ephemeral_pk: [u8; 32] = data[..32].try_into()?;
+    let iv = &data[32..44];
+    let ct = &data[44..];
+
+    let sk = StaticSecret::from(secret);
+    let pk = PublicKey::from(ephemeral_pk);
+    let shared = sk.diffie_hellman(&pk).to_bytes();
+
+    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(&shared)?;
+    cipher.decrypt(Nonce::from_slice(iv), ct)
+}
+```
+
+**Go**:
+
+```go
+import (
+    "crypto/aes"
+    "crypto/cipher"
+    "fmt"
+
+    "golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+)
+
+func Decrypt(envCryptKey [32]byte, data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+    if len(data) < 44 {
+        return nil, fmt.Errorf("ciphertext too short")
+    }
+    ephPk := data[:32]
+    iv := data[32:44]
+    ct := data[44:]
+
+    shared, err := curve25519.X25519(envCryptKey[:], ephPk)
+    if err != nil {
+        return nil, err
+    }
+
+    block, err := aes.NewCipher(shared)
+    if err != nil {
+        return nil, err
+    }
+    gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+    if err != nil {
+        return nil, err
+    }
+    return gcm.Open(nil, iv, ct, nil)
+}
+```
+
+**Python**:
+
+```python
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.x25519 import (
+    X25519PrivateKey, X25519PublicKey,
+)
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
+
+def decrypt(env_crypt_key: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    if len(data) < 44:
+        raise ValueError("ciphertext too short")
+    eph_pk = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(data[:32])
+    iv     = data[32:44]
+    ct     = data[44:]
+
+    sk     = X25519PrivateKey.from_private_bytes(env_crypt_key)
+    shared = sk.exchange(eph_pk)
+
+    return AESGCM(shared).decrypt(iv, ct, None)
+```
+
+**TypeScript**:
+
+```typescript
+import { x25519 } from "@noble/curves/ed25519";
+import crypto from "crypto";
+
+async function decrypt(envCryptKey: Uint8Array, data: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+  const ephPk = data.slice(0, 32);
+  const iv    = data.slice(32, 44);
+  const ct    = data.slice(44);
+
+  const shared = x25519.getSharedSecret(envCryptKey, ephPk);
+
+  const importedKey = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
+    "raw", shared, { name: "AES-GCM", length: 256 }, false, ["decrypt"]
+  );
+  const plaintext = await crypto.subtle.decrypt(
+    { name: "AES-GCM", iv }, importedKey, ct
+  );
+  return new Uint8Array(plaintext);
+}
+```
+
+### Encryption
+
+**Python** (see `sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/encrypt_env_vars.py`):
+
+```python
+import json, secrets
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.x25519 import X25519PrivateKey, X25519PublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
+
+def encrypt(envs: list[dict], public_key: bytes) -> bytes:
+    plaintext = json.dumps({"env": envs}).encode()
+
+    sk = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+    eph_pk = sk.public_key().public_bytes(
+        encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+        format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw,
+    )
+
+    remote_pk = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(public_key)
+    shared    = sk.exchange(remote_pk)
+
+    iv = secrets.token_bytes(12)
+    ct = AESGCM(shared).encrypt(iv, plaintext, None)
+
+    return eph_pk + iv + ct
+```
+
+**TypeScript** (see `sdk/js/src/encrypt-env-vars.ts`):
+
+```typescript
+async function encrypt(envs: EnvVar[], publicKey: Uint8Array): Promise<Uint8Array> {
+  const plaintext = new TextEncoder().encode(JSON.stringify({ env: envs }));
+
+  const privateKey = x25519.utils.randomPrivateKey();
+  const ephPk      = x25519.getPublicKey(privateKey);
+  const shared     = x25519.getSharedSecret(privateKey, publicKey);
+
+  const importedKey = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
+    "raw", shared, { name: "AES-GCM", length: 256 }, true, ["encrypt"]
+  );
+  const iv = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(12));
+  const ct = new Uint8Array(
+    await crypto.subtle.encrypt({ name: "AES-GCM", iv }, importedKey, plaintext)
+  );
+
+  const result = new Uint8Array(ephPk.length + iv.length + ct.length);
+  result.set(ephPk);
+  result.set(iv, ephPk.length);
+  result.set(ct, ephPk.length + iv.length);
+  return result;
+}
+```
+
+## Security Considerations
+
+### Encryption provides confidentiality, not origin authentication
+
+This scheme ensures only the target CVM can decrypt env vars (confidentiality), but it
+cannot prove who created them (origin authentication). Because `app_id` is public and
+`GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey` is callable with that `app_id`, any party with VMM access can:
+
+1. fetch the app encryption public key,
+2. encrypt a different env payload,
+3. submit the replacement payload.
+
+The CVM will decrypt and use that payload if decryption succeeds.
+
+### Developer responsibility: add application-layer authenticity checks
+
+Applications must validate env authenticity at startup. Recommended patterns:
+
+1. **APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN pattern**: include `APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN` in encrypted env vars and
+   verify its hash in prelaunch (the hash is measured via `app-compose.json`).
+2. **custom signature**: sign env payload off-chain with a developer-held key and
+   verify inside the app before use.
+3. **embedded shared secret**: include a developer/app-only secret in env vars and
+   fail startup if it does not match expected value.
+
+For production guidance, see:
+- [security-best-practices.md](./security/security-best-practices.md#authenticated-envs-and-user_config)
+- [security-model.md](./security/security-model.md#environment-variables-need-application-layer-authentication)
+
+### Related caveat: `user_config`
+
+`user_config` has the same integrity/authenticity risk and should be validated at the
+application layer as well.
+
+## End-to-End Flow
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│ Deployment Phase (Client-Side)                                  │
+│                                                                 │
+│  1. Write docker-compose.yaml                                   │
+│  2. Normalize to app-compose.json                               │
+│  3. app_id = SHA256(app-compose.json)[0..20]                    │
+│  4. Call VMM.GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey({ app_id })                 │
+│     → VMM proxies → KMS derives X25519 key pair from root key  │
+│     → Returns PublicKeyResponse { public_key, signature, ... }  │
+│  5. Encrypt env vars with public_key → encrypted-env file       │
+│  6. Submit app-compose.json + encrypted-env to VMM for deploy   │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+                              │
+                              ▼
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│ Boot Phase (Inside CVM / TEE)                                   │
+│                                                                 │
+│  7. dstack-util setup reads encrypted-env from host-shared      │
+│  8. Requests AppKeys from KMS via TDX remote attestation        │
+│     → KMS verifies TDX quote → derives and returns              │
+│       env_crypt_key (X25519 private key)                        │
+│  9. AppKeys written to /dstack/.host-shared/.appkeys.json       │
+│ 10. Decrypts encrypted-env using env_crypt_key → JSON plaintext │
+│ 11. Writes .decrypted-env (shell format) and                    │
+│     .decrypted-env.json (JSON format)                           │
+│ 12. App containers consume env vars via env_file or direct read │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
diff --git a/docs/faq.md b/docs/faq.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f43b053a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/faq.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# FAQ
+
+## CVM status turns to `exited` immediately
+
+First, check the stderr output of the CVM.
+
+> [!TIP]
+> To view the CVM's stderr, append `ch=stderr` to the end of the log URL.
+> If the log URL is `/logs?id=<uuid>&follow=true&ansi=false&lines=20`
+> The stderr URL would be `/logs?id=<uuid>&follow=true&ansi=false&lines=20&ch=stderr`.
+
+If you see an error message in CVM's stderr output:
+
+```
+Could not access KVM kernel module: Permission denied
+gemu-system-x86_64: -accel kvm: failed to initialize kvm: Permission denied
+```
+
+This means your supervisor is not running with an account that belongs to the `libvirt` and `kvm` groups. You need to ensure your account is added to these two groups. You can check this by running the following command:
+
+```shell
+id
+```
+
+If you are not in these groups, you likely won't have the necessary privileges to run QEMU.
+
+Once you have the required privileges, make sure the supervisor process is shut down:
+
+```shell
+ps aux | grep supervisor | grep $(whoami) | grep -v grep
+```
+
+Log out of all your sessions and log back in. Check your groups with the `id` command, and this should resolve the issue.
diff --git a/docs/guest-netfilter-capabilities.md b/docs/guest-netfilter-capabilities.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a16f2873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/guest-netfilter-capabilities.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# Guest netfilter capabilities
+
+Which packet-filtering capabilities a dstack guest image provides, and which
+firewall path an application running nested container managers (Incus, LXD,
+libvirt, a nested Docker) should expect to work.
+
+Applications that only publish ports through docker-compose do not need this
+page: dstack's own networking and Docker's published ports work on every image.
+It matters when something inside the CVM programs its own bridges and firewall
+rules.
+
+## One dataplane: nftables
+
+Every netfilter frontend in the image writes to nftables. `iptables`,
+`ip6tables` and `ebtables` are the nft-backed frontends, so Docker's rules,
+dstack's own `DSTACK_WG` chain and anything a tenant workload writes all land
+in one ruleset that a single `nft list ruleset` can show.
+
+This matters more than tidiness. The legacy and nf_tables rulesets register at
+the same netfilter hooks but cannot see each other, so on a mixed image the
+effective ruleset is only knowable by querying both. A container manager that
+selects a firewall driver by probing which ruleset is already in use gets
+steered by whatever Docker happened to do — which is what made Incus managed
+bridges fail on 0.5.x, where the frontends were legacy.
+
+Both backends reach this the same way, but from different directions:
+
+| | `os/yocto` | `os/mkosi` |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Frontend | `xtables-nft-multi`, linked in `iptables_%.bbappend` | Debian's nft frontend |
+| How it is guaranteed | built explicitly by the recipe | asserted in `parity.json` |
+| `NETFILTER_XTABLES_LEGACY` in kernel | `y` (from `netfilter.scc`) | not set |
+| Legacy frontends still present | yes, as `*-legacy` | binaries exist, no kernel tables |
+
+Neither image *removes* the legacy binaries, so `iptables-legacy` remains
+callable. On Yocto it still works, because that kernel keeps the legacy tables;
+on mkosi it has no tables behind it. Use the unsuffixed commands.
+
+## Capability matrix
+
+Everything listed is a loadable module (`=m`) unless stated. Values were read
+from a built `kernel-config` artifact for Yocto, and from the `.config` that
+`x86_64_defconfig` plus `os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.config` produces for
+mkosi.
+
+| Capability | Kconfig symbol | Yocto | mkosi | Since |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| nftables core | `NF_TABLES` | yes | yes | 0.5.x |
+| xtables-over-nftables | `NFT_COMPAT` | yes | yes | 0.5.x |
+| nftables bridge family | `NF_TABLES_BRIDGE` | yes | yes | 0.6.1 (mkosi) |
+| bridge meta / reject | `NFT_BRIDGE_META`, `NFT_BRIDGE_REJECT` | yes | yes | 0.6.1 |
+| ebtables framework | `BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES` | yes | yes | 0.5.x |
+| ebtables matches | `BRIDGE_EBT_ARP`, `_IP`, `_IP6`, `_AMONG`, `_LIMIT`, `_VLAN` | yes | yes | 0.6.1 |
+| ebtables legacy tables | `BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES_LEGACY`, `BRIDGE_EBT_T_*` | **no** | **no** | — |
+| CHECKSUM target | `NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_CHECKSUM` | yes | yes | 0.6.1 (mkosi) |
+| IPv4 tables | `IP_NF_IPTABLES` | yes | built in | 0.5.x |
+| IPv4 legacy tables | `IP_NF_IPTABLES_LEGACY` | yes | **no** | — |
+| IPv6 tables | `IP6_NF_IPTABLES` | yes | built in | 0.6.1 (Yocto) |
+| IPv6 NAT / filter / mangle | `IP6_NF_NAT`, `IP6_NF_FILTER`, `IP6_NF_MANGLE` | yes | n/a | 0.6.1 (Yocto) |
+| ipset | `IP_SET` and the hash/bitmap set types | yes | yes | 0.5.x |
+
+Userspace: both images ship `iptables` and `nftables`. `ebtables` is the
+nft-backed frontend from the same multi-call binary, not the standalone legacy
+package.
+
+Three entries deserve a note.
+
+**The legacy ebtables tables are deliberately absent.**
+`BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES` builds only the matches, targets and watchers; since the
+6.15 legacy-tables split the tables and `ebtables.ko` itself hang off
+`BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES_LEGACY`, which defaults to `n`. Nothing on an nft frontend
+uses them — `ebtables-nft` emits nft bridge rules and reaches the `ebt_*`
+match modules through `nft_compat`.
+
+**The IPv6 legacy tables on Yocto are for completeness, not for the default
+path.** The nft frontend synthesises whatever table it is asked for, so
+`ip6tables` needs no `ip6table_nat` module. They are enabled because that
+kernel keeps `NETFILTER_XTABLES_LEGACY` on and has the full IPv4 legacy set, so
+IPv6 being the one missing family meant `ip6tables-legacy` could not even list
+a table.
+
+**`CHECKSUM` is still required.** The DHCP path of a managed bridge appends
+`-j CHECKSUM --checksum-fill` so dnsmasq's replies reach guests with
+checksum-offloading virtio NICs. On an nft frontend that is programmed through
+`nft_compat`, which still needs the `xt_CHECKSUM` module.
+
+## Running a nested bridge manager alongside Docker
+
+Having the capabilities is not the whole story. Docker sets the `FORWARD` chain
+policy to `drop`, and `br_netfilter` is loaded with
+`net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1`, so frames bridged between two
+containers on someone else's bridge still traverse that chain. nftables base
+chains in different tables are evaluated independently at the same hook, so a
+manager that installs its own `accept` rules in its own table — Incus creates
+`table inet incus` with `policy accept` and per-bridge accept rules — does not
+override Docker's `drop`. The bridge comes up, DHCP works, containers get
+addresses, and then nothing can talk to anything.
+
+This is the long-standing interaction between Docker's forward policy and
+libvirt/LXD/Incus-style bridge managers, and it is what every distribution that
+defaults to the nftables frontend already behaves like.
+
+It is, however, a behaviour change for the Yocto image, which programmed the
+legacy tables before dstack 0.6.1. On that path Incus selected its xtables
+driver and installed its accept rules with
+`iptables -I filter FORWARD -i <bridge> -j ACCEPT` — into Docker's *own* chain,
+ahead of the policy — so forwarding worked without any extra rule. Under the
+nftables driver the accept lands in a separate table and no longer pre-empts
+Docker's policy. In practice the older image could not create a working managed
+bridge at all (that is what #1032 reports), so few deployments will have relied
+on it, but a setup that used the reported workaround of disabling DHCP and IPv6
+will now need the rule below.
+
+One rule per managed bridge fixes it:
+
+```sh
+iptables -w 5 -I DOCKER-USER -i <bridge> -o <bridge> -j ACCEPT
+ip6tables -w 5 -I DOCKER-USER -i <bridge> -o <bridge> -j ACCEPT
+```
+
+Measured in a CVM with Incus 6.0.4 and two system containers on a managed
+bridge: 100% packet loss before, 0% after, for both IPv4 and IPv6.
+
+One benefit of the single nftables dataplane is that this is now diagnosable.
+`nft list ruleset` shows Docker's `policy drop` and Incus's accept rules
+together; when the two lived in different rulesets, neither `iptables -L` nor
+`nft list ruleset` alone showed both halves of the interaction.
+
+## Adding a capability
+
+Kernel configuration lives in two fragments, one per backend:
+
+- `os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.cfg`
+- `os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.config`
+
+Their bridge-filtering blocks are deliberately identical. Keep them that way:
+that is the capability the two images silently disagreed on.
+
+A fragment line is a request, not a guarantee. Kconfig silently drops a symbol
+whose dependencies are unmet, and silently clamps a tristate to the value of
+what it depends on — `CONFIG_BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES=y` under `CONFIG_BRIDGE=m`
+becomes `=m`, and the build still succeeds. Check the produced `.config` rather
+than assuming, with `os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh <.config>
+<fragment...>`; both backends run it, mkosi during the kernel build and Yocto
+in `os/yocto/scripts/export-artifacts.sh` before anything is published.
+
+On the Yocto backend a module also has to be *packaged* into the rootfs.
+`RDEPENDS:${KERNEL_PACKAGE_NAME}-base` is cleared in
+`layers/meta-dstack/conf/machine/dstack.conf`, so the image contains only the
+`kernel-module-*` packages named explicitly in
+`layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-base.inc` plus those
+pulled in by `RRECOMMENDS` — notably the `ip6table_*` and `xt_checksum` modules
+recommended by the `iptables` recipe, which are installed only once the kernel
+actually builds them. The mkosi backend runs a full `modules_install`, so every
+module its config produces is present.
diff --git a/docs/hardware-enablement.md b/docs/hardware-enablement.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb5030d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/hardware-enablement.md
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Hardware enablement
+
+Use this page to prepare a bare-metal host before running the [self-hosted quick onboarding guide](./onboarding.md).
+
+dstack does not enable confidential-computing hardware by itself. The host firmware, kernel, device nodes, and QEMU build must already support the target platform.
+
+## Intel TDX hosts
+
+Use the [Canonical TDX setup guide](https://github.com/canonical/tdx) for Ubuntu hosts. The Canonical guide covers supported processors, host OS setup, BIOS settings, reboot, and host verification.
+
+For dstack, the host must have:
+
+- Intel TDX enabled in firmware and the host OS.
+- SGX enabled in firmware and exposed to Linux.
+- A TDX-capable QEMU available at `/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64`.
+- SGX device nodes for the local key provider:
+  - `/dev/sgx_enclave`
+  - `/dev/sgx_provision`
+
+Check the host after you complete the platform setup:
+
+```bash
+sudo dmesg | grep -i tdx
+test -e /dev/sgx_enclave && test -e /dev/sgx_provision
+/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64 --version
+```
+
+The Canonical guide's TDX verification expects `dmesg` to show that the TDX module initialized. If the SGX device nodes are missing, `dstackup install` cannot start the default local key provider.
+
+Do not install a generic QEMU package as a substitute for TDX host setup. Use the QEMU and kernel stack from your TDX host enablement path.
+
+## AMD SEV-SNP hosts
+
+Use your vendor or distribution's SEV-SNP enablement path. The [AMDSEV project](https://github.com/AMDESE/AMDSEV) documents CPU, BIOS, firmware, kernel, QEMU, OVMF, and verification requirements for SEV-SNP hosts. Confidential Containers also keeps platform setup separate from its [quickstart](https://github.com/confidential-containers/documentation/blob/main/quickstart.md) and points SEV users to AMD host preparation from its [SEV guide](https://github.com/confidential-containers/documentation/blob/main/guides/sev.md).
+
+After the host is enabled, follow [AMD SEV-SNP Support](./amd-sev-snp.md) for
+the dstack guest image, installation, attestation, and KMS release policy.
+
+For dstack, the host must have:
+
+- AMD SEV-SNP enabled in firmware and the host OS.
+- `/dev/sev` exposed to Linux.
+- A QEMU and OVMF stack that supports SEV-SNP.
+
+Check the host after you complete the platform setup:
+
+```bash
+test -e /dev/sev
+sudo dmesg | grep -e SEV-SNP -e RMP
+cat /sys/module/kvm_amd/parameters/sev_snp
+```
+
+The AMDSEV verification path expects `dmesg` to show SEV-SNP and RMP initialization, and `sev_snp` to read `Y`.
+
+Host enablement is necessary but not sufficient for onboarding with KMS. The selected guest image must also contain `digest.txt`, which `dstackup install` uses to pin apps to the measured OS image.
+
+## What dstackup checks
+
+`dstackup install` does a local platform preflight before it writes host config:
+
+- For TDX, it checks the SGX device nodes used by the local key provider.
+- For AMD SEV-SNP, it checks `/dev/sev`.
+
+These checks catch missing runtime devices. They do not replace the host enablement process above.
diff --git a/docs/libvirt-network-filter.md b/docs/libvirt-network-filter.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..942146f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/libvirt-network-filter.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# Optional libvirt network filtering
+
+## Goal
+
+Allow bridge-backed VMs to opt into an existing libvirt `nwfilter` without
+allowing libvirt to create or launch the QEMU domain. QEMU remains entirely
+owned by `dstack-vmm`, so its command line and attestation inputs do not change
+outside the explicitly selected network backend.
+
+This integration applies only to bridge interfaces. It does not filter user,
+custom, or macvtap networking. In particular, macvtap bypasses the Linux
+bridge and requires policy enforcement in the physical network or a separate
+host mechanism.
+
+The measurable acceptance criteria are:
+
+- `network_filter = "none"` preserves the existing QEMU `-netdev bridge`
+  behavior and does not require `netd` or libvirt.
+- `network_filter = "libvirt"` creates the TAP and filter binding before QEMU
+  is submitted to Supervisor, and uses QEMU `-netdev tap`.
+- A failed TAP or filter setup prevents QEMU from starting and rolls back all
+  interfaces prepared for that VM.
+- Normal stop and removal delete the filter binding and TAP.
+- One host `netd` can serve multiple VMM instances. Resource names include a
+  stable VMM instance namespace, VM ID, and NIC index.
+- Development builds can run the VMM and `netd` directly, with explicit socket
+  and allowed-UID command-line options; systemd is not required.
+
+## Configuration
+
+Filtering is a VMM host policy, not a field accepted from a VM manifest:
+
+```toml
+[cvm.network_filter]
+mode = "none" # or "libvirt"
+filter = "clean-traffic"
+parameters = {}
+
+[netd]
+socket = "/run/dstack/netd.sock"
+socket_mode = 0o660 # used when netd binds the socket itself
+libvirt_uri = "qemu:///system"
+```
+
+Deployment RPC network choices are separately constrained by node policy:
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+allowed_network_modes = ["user", "bridge"]
+allowed_bridges = ["tenant-br0"]
+allowed_macvtap_parents = []
+```
+
+Macvtap is excluded from `allowed_network_modes` by default. Empty bridge and
+macvtap-parent allowlists prevent RPC callers from overriding the respective
+node defaults. If macvtap is explicitly enabled, callers may select only a
+parent in `allowed_macvtap_parents`; the macvtap forwarding mode always comes
+from `[cvm.networking].macvtap_mode` and cannot be selected through deployment
+RPCs. These allowlists authorize attachment targets; an nwfilter is not a
+substitute for that authorization.
+
+Each VMM instance also has an `instance_id`. It must be unique among VMMs that
+share a host. If omitted, the VMM derives a stable namespace from its absolute
+run directory.
+
+## Architecture
+
+`netd` is a host-level privilege broker. It accepts a small, bounded JSON
+protocol over a Unix stream socket. The socket's filesystem owner, group, and
+mode are the authorization boundary: every process that can connect is fully
+trusted to use the netd protocol. A single process can serve multiple VMMs; a
+dedicated process can use another socket for development or isolation.
+
+When netd creates the socket itself, `socket_mode` defaults to `0o660`. Ensure
+that each authorized VMM process can reach the socket through its owning group
+or another deliberately configured ownership arrangement. Never make the
+socket accessible to an untrusted local user.
+
+For libvirt mode, startup is:
+
+1. Derive the TAP name from instance namespace, VM ID, and NIC index.
+2. Create the TAP for the configured QEMU UID and attach it to the bridge.
+3. Create a libvirt nwfilter binding for the TAP.
+4. Bring the TAP up and return success.
+5. Start QEMU directly with `-netdev tap,script=no,downscript=no`.
+
+Teardown stops QEMU first, removes the binding, and deletes the TAP. Operations
+are serialized by `netd`. The design intentionally does not add ownership
+aliases; deployments must use unique instance IDs.
+
+The protocol does not pin a client to an instance namespace, so any process
+with socket access can prepare, check, or remove any deterministic identity.
+Deploy VMM instances that do not share this trust boundary with dedicated netd
+sockets and distinct filesystem permissions.
+
+`netd` invokes fixed absolute `ip` and `virsh` executables with separate
+arguments. It never accepts a command, executable path, TAP name, or raw XML
+from a client. Filter XML is generated internally with XML escaping and is
+validated by libvirt.
+
+## Deployment modes
+
+Production should run one shared service. `netd` reads only the `[netd]`
+section, so its root-owned configuration can be small and independent of every
+VMM instance:
+
+```toml
+# /etc/dstack/netd.toml
+[netd]
+socket = "/run/dstack/netd.sock"
+socket_mode = 0o660
+libvirt_uri = "qemu:///system"
+```
+
+Production deployments can use systemd socket activation. The socket unit
+owns the filesystem mode and ownership; `netd.socket_mode` applies only to the
+standalone bind path.
+
+```ini
+# /etc/systemd/system/dstack-netd.socket
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack host networking socket
+
+[Socket]
+ListenStream=/run/dstack/netd.sock
+SocketMode=0660
+SocketUser=root
+SocketGroup=dstack-vmm
+RemoveOnStop=true
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=sockets.target
+```
+
+```ini
+# /etc/systemd/system/dstack-netd.service
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack host networking service
+After=libvirtd.service
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/dstack-vmm --config /etc/dstack/netd.toml netd
+Restart=on-failure
+```
+
+The service accepts exactly one Unix stream listener through the systemd
+`LISTEN_FDS` protocol. With no activated descriptor it falls back to binding
+`netd.socket` itself. More than one descriptor, or a descriptor of the wrong
+socket type, is rejected.
+
+All VMM instance configurations point to the same socket and use distinct
+`cvm.instance_id` values. A dedicated netd uses a different socket. A
+host-wide lock serializes mutations made by shared and dedicated netd
+processes.
+
+Development mode is two ordinary commands:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstack-vmm --config ./vmm.toml netd \
+  --socket /run/dstack-dev/netd.sock
+sudo dstack-vmm --config ./vmm.toml \
+  --netd-socket /run/dstack-dev/netd.sock
+```
+
+User networking and bridge networking with `mode = "none"` never connect to
+`netd`. Libvirt mode fails closed if `netd` is unavailable.
+
+Filtered TAP netdevs currently set `vhost=off`. This keeps the initial backend
+on the directly bound TAP path and avoids adding `/dev/vhost-net` permissions
+to the QEMU user. It is a deliberate security-first throughput tradeoff; a
+future configurable vhost mode requires equivalent filter integration tests.
diff --git a/docs/macvtap-networking.md b/docs/macvtap-networking.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..544408d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/macvtap-networking.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Macvtap networking
+
+Macvtap mode gives each CVM a layer-2 identity on an existing host network
+without adding the parent interface to a Linux bridge. The VMM delegates the
+privileged interface lifecycle to `dstack-vmm netd`; manifests never contain
+the unstable `/dev/tapN` device path.
+
+## Configuration
+
+Configure a NIC through node configuration or an authorized VMM RPC request:
+
+```json
+{
+  "mode": "macvtap",
+  "parent": "eth0",
+  "macvtap_mode": "private"
+}
+```
+
+`parent` must name an existing host interface. `macvtap_mode` may be
+`private`, `bridge`, `vepa`, or `passthru`; an empty value selects `private`.
+The configured netd socket permissions apply in the same way as for
+libvirt-filtered bridge networking.
+
+Deployment RPC callers cannot select `macvtap_mode`; it is inherited from the
+node's `[cvm.networking]` configuration. Macvtap is also excluded from the
+default RPC policy. A node operator must explicitly enable it and enumerate
+the host interfaces callers may select:
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+allowed_network_modes = ["user", "bridge", "macvtap"]
+allowed_macvtap_parents = ["eth0"]
+
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+parent = "eth0"
+macvtap_mode = "private"
+```
+
+## Lifecycle
+
+For every macvtap NIC, the VMM sends netd the VM identity, NIC index, parent,
+and the same deterministic MAC address passed to QEMU. Netd then:
+
+1. derives the stable `dt<hash>` interface name;
+2. replaces any stale interface with that name;
+3. creates and activates the macvtap interface;
+4. reads its kernel-assigned ifindex and waits for `/dev/tap<ifindex>`; and
+5. returns that runtime device path to the VMM.
+
+The per-VM launcher opens the character device, places it at the fd referenced
+by QEMU's `-netdev tap,fd=...` argument, and then execs QEMU. This keeps device
+paths out of persistent VM
+configuration, works with both Supervisor and systemd process managers, and
+does not pass network fds through `sudo`.
+
+VM shutdown removes the interface by its deterministic identity. The device
+node disappears with the interface; its numeric path is never reused as an
+identity or cleanup key.
+
+## Limitations
+
+- The host and a macvtap guest do not communicate directly through the parent
+  interface by default. Add a host macvlan/macvtap endpoint if that path is
+  required.
+- Libvirt nwfilter bindings apply only to bridge mode and are never installed
+  for macvtap interfaces. Macvtap deployments
+  must enforce network policy in the physical network or with another host
+  mechanism.
+- Real-host testing requires `CAP_NET_ADMIN`, a working udev setup for
+  `/dev/tapN`, and an upstream network that accepts multiple MAC addresses.
diff --git a/docs/native-tee-interfaces.md b/docs/native-tee-interfaces.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3574de999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/native-tee-interfaces.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Advanced Native TEE Interfaces in Containers
+
+Most applications should use the dstack API through `/var/run/dstack.sock`. Native TEE interfaces are available for advanced compatibility cases, such as unmodified binaries or libraries that already know how to use Linux TEE devices or configfs-tsm.
+
+The examples below use Compose syntax because dstack currently accepts Compose files for container configuration.
+
+## Choose an Interface
+
+Use native interfaces only when your application already depends on them. If you control the application code, prefer the dstack SDK or HTTP API because it also returns dstack metadata, event logs, and verification inputs.
+
+| Interface | Platform | Use when |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `/var/run/dstack.sock` | dstack-supported TEEs | Your application can call the dstack SDK or HTTP API |
+| `/dev/tdx_guest` | Intel TDX | Existing software expects the Linux TDX guest device |
+| `/dev/sev-guest` | AMD SEV-SNP | Existing software expects the Linux SEV-SNP guest device |
+| `/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report` | Intel TDX and AMD SEV-SNP, when supported by the deployed OS image | Existing software expects configfs-tsm `inblob` and `outblob` report generation |
+
+The native report formats are platform-specific. Intel TDX returns TDX quote or report data, depending on the interface and library. AMD SEV-SNP returns an SNP attestation report and, for extended report flows, certificate data.
+
+## Version Availability
+
+The versions below refer to the dstack OS image version, not an SDK or service binary version.
+
+| Native interface | Available from |
+| --- | --- |
+| `/dev/tdx_guest` | dstack OS v0.5.0 on Intel TDX images. The v0.5.x images expose it through the bundled `tdx-guest` kernel module. The v0.6.0.a1 images and later use the in-tree Linux TDX guest driver. |
+| TDX configfs-tsm at `/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report` | dstack OS v0.6.0.a1 and later on Intel TDX. It is not available in v0.5.x TDX images. |
+| `/dev/sev-guest` | dstack OS v0.6.0 SEV-SNP image line and later on AMD SEV-SNP. It is not available in v0.5.x TDX images. |
+| SEV-SNP configfs-tsm at `/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report` | dstack OS v0.6.0 SEV-SNP image line and later on AMD SEV-SNP, when the deployed image enables the Linux TSM report interface. |
+
+## Learn the Native Linux APIs
+
+These interfaces are Linux kernel ABIs, not dstack-specific APIs. Use the upstream documentation when you need ioctl structures, configfs file semantics, or provider-specific report formats:
+
+| API | Official reference |
+| --- | --- |
+| Intel TDX guest device | [TDX Guest API Documentation](https://docs.kernel.org/virt/coco/tdx-guest.html) |
+| AMD SEV-SNP guest device | [SEV Guest API Documentation](https://docs.kernel.org/virt/coco/sev-guest.html) |
+| configfs-tsm report ABI | [configfs-tsm report ABI](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/ABI/testing/configfs-tsm) |
+
+## Use the dstack API by Default
+
+Mount the dstack socket when your application can use the dstack SDK or HTTP API:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+```
+
+The dstack API is the normal application interface for quotes, keys, application information, and runtime events. See the [Guest Agent RPC API](../sdk/curl/api.md) for request and response details.
+
+## Expose Intel TDX Interfaces
+
+For TDX software that expects the Linux TDX guest device, expose `/dev/tdx_guest` to the container:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    devices:
+      - /dev/tdx_guest:/dev/tdx_guest
+```
+
+For TDX software that expects configfs-tsm, mount the TSM configfs subtree:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    volumes:
+      - /sys/kernel/config/tsm:/sys/kernel/config/tsm
+```
+
+Most configfs-tsm libraries create a report entry under `/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report`, write report data to `inblob`, and read the generated quote or report from `outblob`.
+
+## Expose AMD SEV-SNP Interfaces
+
+For SEV-SNP software that expects the Linux SEV guest device, expose `/dev/sev-guest` to the container:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    devices:
+      - /dev/sev-guest:/dev/sev-guest
+```
+
+For SEV-SNP software that expects configfs-tsm, mount the same TSM configfs subtree:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    volumes:
+      - /sys/kernel/config/tsm:/sys/kernel/config/tsm
+```
+
+On SEV-SNP, configfs-tsm exposes SNP report generation through the common Linux TSM report ABI. Provider-specific attributes and output files can differ from TDX. Check the library you are running for the exact files it reads.
+
+## Permissions
+
+Root containers can use root-owned device and configfs paths once they are exposed to the container. If your image switches to a non-root user, set up access before the non-root process starts.
+
+For device files, a root entrypoint can relax permissions and then launch the application:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    devices:
+      - /dev/tdx_guest:/dev/tdx_guest
+    command: sh -lc 'chmod 666 /dev/tdx_guest && exec /app/start'
+```
+
+If the main process must stay non-root from the start, use a small root helper container to adjust the host device node before the application starts:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  tdx-device-perms:
+    image: busybox
+    volumes:
+      - /dev/tdx_guest:/dev/tdx_guest
+    command: chmod 666 /dev/tdx_guest
+    restart: "no"
+
+  app:
+    image: your-image
+    user: "1000:1000"
+    depends_on:
+      tdx-device-perms:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
+    devices:
+      - /dev/tdx_guest:/dev/tdx_guest
+```
+
+For AMD SEV-SNP, use the same pattern with `/dev/sev-guest`.
+
+For configfs-tsm, permissions can be more provider-specific. If your main process must remain non-root, keep the native ABI access in a small root helper process and expose only the operation your application needs over local IPC.
+
+## Intel TDX RTMR3 Measurements
+
+On TDX, RTMR3 is an append-only runtime measurement register. It is useful when a launcher measures code or configuration first, then hands permission and execution to the measured code.
+
+dstack itself extends RTMR3 during guest boot (compose-hash, key-provider, instance-id, and related runtime events). Applications that need additional runtime measurements should extend RTMR3 through the native TDX / TSM measurement interfaces documented above and own the event-log story for those extensions.
diff --git a/docs/nerdctl-compose.md b/docs/nerdctl-compose.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83ecf256b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/nerdctl-compose.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# nerdctl Compose and lazy image pulling
+
+dstack supports two independent Compose runners. The runner is part of
+`app-compose.json`, so it is included in the compose hash and attestation.
+
+| `runner` | Image manager | `snapshotter` support |
+|---|---|---|
+| `docker-compose` | Docker Engine | none (Docker's overlayfs store) |
+| `nerdctl-compose` | containerd | `overlayfs` or `stargz` |
+
+## Deploy with stargz
+
+Build and push an eStargz image before deployment. For example, with Buildx:
+
+```bash
+docker buildx build -t registry.example.com/example/app:estargz \
+  --output type=registry,oci-mediatypes=true,compression=estargz,force-compression=true \
+  .
+```
+
+Reference that image from `docker-compose.yaml`, then deploy it with:
+
+```bash
+dstack deploy -c docker-compose.yaml \
+  --runner nerdctl-compose \
+  --snapshotter stargz
+```
+
+The resulting application manifest contains:
+
+```json
+{
+  "manifest_version": "3",
+  "runner": "nerdctl-compose",
+  "snapshotter": "stargz"
+}
+```
+
+Use containerd without lazy pulling by selecting overlayfs:
+
+```bash
+dstack deploy -c docker-compose.yaml \
+  --runner nerdctl-compose \
+  --snapshotter overlayfs
+```
+
+If `snapshotter` is omitted for `nerdctl-compose`, it defaults to `overlayfs`.
+Setting `snapshotter` with `docker-compose` is rejected rather than silently
+ignored.
+
+## Compatibility
+
+`nerdctl compose` implements the commonly used Docker Compose features, but it
+is not a drop-in implementation of every Docker-specific extension. Test
+applications that use Docker socket mounts, custom runtimes, or advanced
+networking before switching runners. The `nerdctl-compose` runner requires
+pre-built images and rejects Compose `build` sections. This avoids depending
+on an in-guest BuildKit daemon and ensures lazy-pull images were converted
+before deployment.
+
+Both backends keep their own image and container metadata. Changing the runner
+recreates the application through the selected backend; it does not migrate
+existing Docker containers into containerd.
diff --git a/docs/normalized-app-compose.md b/docs/normalized-app-compose.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66ccb4c43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/normalized-app-compose.md
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# Normalized App Compose
+
+In the dstack project, the `app-compose.json` file defines application composition and deployment settings. To track changes and ensure data integrity across different environments, dstack needs to generate a deterministic SHA256 compose hash from this file.
+
+A compose hash is a SHA256 cryptographic hash computed from the `app-compose.json` content. This hash acts as a unique fingerprint for each application composition. When dstack processes the same `app-compose.json` file across different components - some built in Go, others in Python or JavaScript - they must all produce the exact same compose hash. This consistency is critical for dstack's distributed architecture and change detection system.
+
+The main problem is that standard JSON libraries in different languages often create slightly different output from the same data. Small differences in key order, whitespace, or number formatting lead to different JSON strings. These create different compose hashes, which breaks dstack's integrity checks.
+
+This document explains the rules for JSON serialization in Go, Python, and JavaScript to achieve deterministic output. Following these rules ensures the same `app-compose.json` file always produces the same SHA256 compose hash across all dstack components.
+
+## Core Rules for Deterministic JSON
+
+For dstack to generate consistent SHA256 compose hashes, JSON serialization must follow these strict rules:
+
+- **Sort Keys**: All keys in JSON objects must be sorted alphabetically
+- **Compact Output**: The JSON string must have no extra whitespace
+- **Handle Special Values**: NaN and Infinity should be serialized as null
+- **UTF-8 Encoding**: Non-ASCII characters should output directly as UTF-8, not as escape sequences
+
+## Go: encoding/json
+
+Go's standard library provides JSON encoding and decoding. By default, it creates compact output, but you need to watch key ordering and special value handling.
+
+**Key Setup:**
+- **Key Order**: Go serializes structs by field definition order. For `map[string]interface{}`, Go doesn't guarantee key order. To get sorted keys, convert to a map, extract and sort keys manually, then serialize. Better yet, use structs with fixed field order.
+- **Compact Output**: `json.Marshal()` creates compact JSON by default
+- **Special Values**: Go serializes NaN and Infinity to null by default
+- **UTF-8**: Outputs UTF-8 characters by default
+
+**Example (Go):**
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// AppComposeData represents the structure of app-compose.json
+type AppComposeData struct {
+	AStatus      bool                   `json:"a_status"`
+	BNumber      int                    `json:"b_number"`
+	ID           string                 `json:"id"`
+	Nested       map[string]interface{} `json:"nested"`
+	SpecialValue *float64               `json:"special_value"`
+	Text         string                 `json:"text"`
+	ZItems       []int                  `json:"z_items"`
+}
+
+// CustomMap for custom map serialization
+type CustomMap map[string]interface{}
+
+func (cm CustomMap) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(cm))
+	for k := range cm {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(keys) // Sort keys alphabetically
+
+	var buf []byte
+	buf = append(buf, '{')
+	for i, k := range keys {
+		if i > 0 {
+			buf = append(buf, ',')
+		}
+		keyBytes, err := json.Marshal(k)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		buf = append(buf, keyBytes...)
+		buf = append(buf, ':')
+		valBytes, err := json.Marshal(cm[k])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		buf = append(buf, valBytes...)
+	}
+	buf = append(buf, '}')
+	return buf, nil
+}
+
+func main() {
+	// Example app-compose.json data
+	nestedMap := CustomMap{
+		"gamma": 3.14,
+		"alpha": "first",
+	}
+
+	var nanVal *float64 = nil // Handle NaN as null
+
+	composeData := AppComposeData{
+		AStatus:      true,
+		BNumber:      123,
+		ID:           "c73a3a4e-ce71-4c12-a1b7-78be1a2e48e0",
+		Nested:       nestedMap,
+		SpecialValue: nanVal,
+		Text:         "你好世界",
+		ZItems:       []int{3, 1, 2},
+	}
+
+	// Generate deterministic JSON for compose hash
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(composeData)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Println("Error:", err)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Println("Deterministic JSON:", string(jsonBytes))
+
+	// This JSON string can now be used to generate a compose hash
+}
+```
+
+**Go Notes:**
+- **Struct Field Order**: Go serializes structs by field definition order. Arrange struct fields alphabetically for consistency
+- **Map Key Order**: Go doesn't guarantee map key order. Use custom `json.Marshaler` interface to sort keys manually
+- **NaN/Infinity**: Go serializes these to null by default
+
+## Python: json.dumps
+
+Python's `json.dumps` has parameters to achieve deterministic output, but you must set them explicitly.
+
+**Setup:**
+- `sort_keys=True`: Sorts dictionary keys alphabetically
+- `separators=(',', ':')`: Creates compact output by removing spaces
+- `ensure_ascii=False`: Outputs non-ASCII characters as UTF-8
+- `allow_nan=False`: Disables default NaN/Infinity serialization, handles them via custom function
+
+**Example (Python):**
+
+```python
+import json
+import math
+
+def handle_nan_inf(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, float) and (math.isnan(obj) or math.isinf(obj)):
+        return None  # Convert NaN, Inf, -Inf to None (serializes to null)
+    raise TypeError(f"Object of type {obj.__class__.__name__} is not JSON serializable")
+
+# Example app-compose.json data
+compose_data = {
+    "text": "你好世界",
+    "id": "c73a3a4e-ce71-4c12-a1b7-78be1a2e48e0",
+    "b_number": 123,
+    "a_status": True,
+    "z_items": [3, 1, 2],
+    "nested": {
+        "gamma": 3.14,
+        "alpha": "first"
+    },
+    "special_value": float('nan')
+}
+
+# Generate deterministic JSON for compose hash
+deterministic_json = json.dumps(
+    compose_data,
+    sort_keys=True,
+    separators=(",", ":"),
+    ensure_ascii=False,
+    allow_nan=False,
+    default=handle_nan_inf
+)
+
+print("Deterministic JSON:", deterministic_json)
+# This JSON string can now be used to generate a compose hash
+```
+
+## JavaScript: JSON.stringify
+
+JavaScript's `JSON.stringify` is the hardest for deterministic output because it lacks a built-in sort keys option. Object key order is usually insertion order, but this isn't guaranteed to be alphabetical.
+
+**Approach:**
+- **Sort Object Keys**: Before calling `JSON.stringify`, recursively sort all object keys alphabetically
+- **Compact Output**: Call `JSON.stringify` without the space argument
+- **Special Values**: Use replacer function to convert NaN and Infinity to null
+
+**Example (JavaScript):**
+
+```javascript
+/**
+ * Sorts object keys alphabetically.
+ * This is crucial for deterministic JSON.stringify in JavaScript.
+ */
+function sortObjectKeys(obj) {
+    if (typeof obj !== 'object' || obj === null) {
+        return obj;
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
+        return obj.map(sortObjectKeys);
+    }
+    // Sort object keys and create new object
+    return Object.keys(obj).sort().reduce((result, key) => {
+        result[key] = sortObjectKeys(obj[key]);
+        return result;
+    }, {});
+}
+
+// Example app-compose.json data
+const composeData = {
+    text: "你好世界",
+    id: "c73a3a4e-ce71-4c12-a1b7-78be1a2e48e0",
+    b_number: 123,
+    a_status: true,
+    z_items: [3, 1, 2],
+    nested: {
+        gamma: 3.14,
+        alpha: "first"
+    },
+    special_value: NaN
+};
+
+// Step 1: Sort object keys
+const sortedData = sortObjectKeys(composeData);
+
+// Step 2: Generate deterministic JSON for compose hash
+const deterministicJson = JSON.stringify(sortedData, (key, value) => {
+    // Convert NaN and Infinity to null
+    if (typeof value === 'number' && (isNaN(value) || !isFinite(value))) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return value;
+});
+
+console.log("Deterministic JSON:", deterministicJson);
+// This JSON string can now be used to generate a compose hash
+```
+
+## Language Comparison
+
+Here's how each language handles deterministic JSON serialization for compose hash generation:
+
+| Feature | Go encoding/json | Python json.dumps | JavaScript JSON.stringify |
+|:---|:---|:---|:---|
+| Key Order | Structs by definition order; maps need custom MarshalJSON | Not guaranteed; must set `sort_keys=True` | Not guaranteed; must sort keys manually |
+| Whitespace | Compact by default | Has spaces by default; must set `separators=(',', ':')` | Has indentation by default; must omit space argument |
+| NaN/Inf | Serializes to null by default | Defaults to JS equivalent; must set `allow_nan=False` | Serializes to null by default; use replacer function |
+| Non-ASCII | Outputs UTF-8 by default | Defaults to escaped; must set `ensure_ascii=False` | Outputs UTF-8 by default |
+| Custom Types | Use `json.Marshaler` interface | Use `default` parameter | Use replacer function |
+
+## Summary
+
+Getting deterministic JSON serialization across different languages for compose hash generation isn't the default behavior. It needs careful setup. Go works well with compact output and special value handling, but needs custom key sorting for maps. Python and JavaScript both need explicit setup for key sorting and compact output. JavaScript notably requires manual recursive sorting of object keys.
+
+By following these recommendations, dstack can ensure that the same `app-compose.json` file produces the same SHA256 compose hash across all its Go, Python, and JavaScript components. This provides a reliable foundation for the project's distributed architecture and change detection system.
diff --git a/docs/onboarding.md b/docs/onboarding.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d4488bab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/onboarding.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# Self-hosted quick onboarding
+
+Use this guide to get a first dstack app running on one Intel TDX host. The workflow uses `dstackup` for host setup and `dstack` for app deployment:
+
+```bash
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/next/dstack/scripts/install.sh | sh
+sudo dstackup install
+sudo dstack deploy \
+  -n hello-nginx \
+  -c /usr/local/share/dstack/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --port 8080:80
+curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/
+```
+
+AMD SEV-SNP hosts use the same `dstackup` and `dstack` commands after you
+provide a guest image that contains the image digest (`digest.txt`); see
+[AMD SEV-SNP Support](./amd-sev-snp.md) for the experimental platform's image,
+attestation, and KMS requirements.
+
+The default onboarding flow uses a published image. To build or customize the
+guest OS first, follow [Build the dstack guest OS](./building-guest-os.md), then
+install the resulting `dstack-<version>.tar.gz` bundle.
+
+For multi-node production, Gateway TLS, custom domains, or on-chain governance, use the full [deployment guide](./deployment.md).
+
+## What this workflow creates
+
+- User commands under `/usr/local/bin`.
+- Host daemon binaries under `/usr/local/libexec/dstack`.
+- Static assets and examples under `/usr/local/share/dstack`.
+- Generated host config under `/etc/dstack`.
+- Host state, KMS keys, VMs, and verified guest images under `/var/lib/dstack`.
+- Source and build cache under `/var/cache/dstack`.
+- Runtime sockets and process state under `/run/dstack`.
+- A localhost-only VMM dashboard on port `9080`.
+- A local `dstack-auth` webhook and `dstack-vmm` systemd unit.
+- A single KMS CVM unless you pass `--no-kms`.
+- A direct host port mapping for your app.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Run these commands on the self-hosted dstack machine.
+
+- Root or sudo access.
+- A TDX host that satisfies [Hardware enablement](./hardware-enablement.md).
+- Outbound HTTPS access to GitHub.
+
+If the host is not enabled yet, start with [Hardware enablement](./hardware-enablement.md).
+
+Install the build packages used by the onboarding flow:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y \
+  build-essential \
+  ca-certificates \
+  curl \
+  git \
+  libssl-dev \
+  pkg-config \
+  tar
+```
+
+Install and start Docker if it is not already available. The default TDX key provider uses Docker. Use your normal Docker installation process, or on Ubuntu:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install -y docker.io docker-compose-v2
+sudo systemctl enable --now docker
+```
+
+Install Rust and load Cargo into your shell:
+
+```bash
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
+. "$HOME/.cargo/env"
+```
+
+Build and install the `dstackup` bootstrap command:
+
+```bash
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/next/dstack/scripts/install.sh | sh
+```
+
+The bootstrap installer builds `dstackup` from a temporary source checkout and installs it under `/usr/local/bin`. The `dstackup install` command then builds and installs `dstack`, `dstack-auth`, `dstack-vmm`, `supervisor`, static assets, and host config into the system layout.
+
+## 1. Install the host stack
+
+Run:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup install
+```
+
+`dstackup install` auto-detects TDX or AMD SEV-SNP. If no local guest image exists, it downloads the latest unified image from [dstack guest-OS releases](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases?q=guest-os-v), requires the release SHA-256 digest by default, verifies the tarball, stages the unpack, and only then adopts the image. Current images include NVIDIA support conditionally and work on CPU-only hosts too. Pinned versions below 0.6.0 are read directly from the archived [`meta-dstack` releases](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases); versions 0.6.0 and later come from this repository.
+
+On TDX, `dstackup install` starts the SGX key provider automatically from `/usr/local/share/dstack/local-key-provider/build`. To use a different provider, pass one of:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup install --key-provider-src /path/to/local-key-provider/build
+sudo dstackup install --use-existing-key-provider 127.0.0.1:3443
+```
+
+On AMD SEV-SNP, no SGX key provider is needed. The selected guest image must include `digest.txt`; otherwise, `dstackup install` fails before it starts the host units because apps could not be pinned to the measured OS image.
+
+The normal pull command is sufficient for current CPU and GPU hosts:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup image pull
+sudo dstackup install
+```
+
+`dstackup image pull --gpu` remains a compatibility option for older releases that published a separate `dstack-nvidia-*` archive; it falls back to the unified archive when a release has no separate GPU asset.
+
+If multiple images are present, pass the image name or release version to `--image`, such as `dstack-0.6.0`, legacy `dstack-nvidia-0.5.11`, or `0.6.0`. If the requested release-shaped image is not local, `dstackup install` downloads it.
+
+When install succeeds, it prints the dashboard URL, the KMS address, and a `dstack deploy` command template. The default dashboard URL is:
+
+```text
+http://127.0.0.1:9080
+```
+
+If you connect from your laptop, open an SSH tunnel first:
+
+```bash
+ssh -L 9080:127.0.0.1:9080 <user>@<host>
+```
+
+Then open `http://127.0.0.1:9080` locally. `dstackup install --expose` is intentionally disabled until the remote TLS and token transport exists.
+
+## 2. Deploy a first app
+
+Deploy the checked-in nginx example:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstack deploy \
+  -n hello-nginx \
+  -c /usr/local/share/dstack/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --port 8080:80
+```
+
+The deploy command:
+
+- converts the Docker Compose file into a dstack app-compose manifest,
+- computes the compose hash and app ID,
+- uses the VMM endpoint, guest image, and auth allowlist from `dstackup install`,
+- registers the compose hash in the single-node auth allowlist,
+- creates the CVM with the default app resources of 2 vCPU, 2048 MB memory, and 20 GB disk, and
+- maps `http://127.0.0.1:8080/` on the host to port `80` in the CVM.
+
+Pass `--vcpu`, `--memory`, or `--disk` to change the app resources before you deploy.
+
+The `--port 8080:80` mapping means `host_port:vm_port` and uses TCP on `127.0.0.1`. The full accepted forms are `vm`, `host:vm`, `proto:host:vm`, and `proto:addr:host:vm`. Use `tcp` or `udp` for `proto`. Fixed host and VM ports must be between 1 and 65535. If you omit the host port, or use `auto` or `0`, `dstack` picks a free localhost port and prints the selected mapping after deploy.
+
+Open the app from the host:
+
+```bash
+curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/
+```
+
+If you are connecting from your laptop, tunnel the app port too:
+
+```bash
+ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:8080 <user>@<host>
+```
+
+## Common operations
+
+Check deployed apps:
+
+```bash
+dstack apps
+```
+
+Show recent app logs:
+
+```bash
+dstack logs <vm-id>
+```
+
+`dstack apps` and `dstack logs` read the VMM endpoint from the local `dstackup install` state, so they work with the default localhost dashboard endpoint. For a custom prefix, pass the same `--prefix` you used for install.
+
+Remove a local image:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup image rm <image-name>
+```
+
+List local images:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup image list
+```
+
+Tear down the host units and KMS CVM:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup destroy
+```
+
+Add `--purge` only when you also want to delete generated config, state, cached source, runtime files, and KMS keys for that install. For a custom `--prefix`, purge also removes dstack-owned installed files under that prefix.
+
+## Install with a custom prefix
+
+Use `--prefix` when you want a second isolated install on the same host. A custom prefix relocates the install layout under that directory:
+
+| Purpose | Example path for `--prefix /opt/dstack-test` |
+| --- | --- |
+| User commands | `/opt/dstack-test/bin` |
+| Host daemons | `/opt/dstack-test/libexec/dstack` |
+| Static assets | `/opt/dstack-test/share/dstack` |
+| Config | `/opt/dstack-test/etc/dstack` |
+| State and images | `/opt/dstack-test/var/lib/dstack` |
+| Source and build cache | `/opt/dstack-test/var/cache/dstack` |
+| Runtime files | `/opt/dstack-test/run/dstack` |
+
+Install `dstackup` into the prefix, then use the same prefix for `dstackup` and `dstack`:
+
+```bash
+curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/next/dstack/scripts/install.sh | sh -s -- --prefix /opt/dstack-test
+
+sudo /opt/dstack-test/bin/dstackup install \
+  --prefix /opt/dstack-test \
+  --dashboard-port 19080 \
+  --auth-port 18001 \
+  --host-api-port 10001
+
+sudo /opt/dstack-test/bin/dstack \
+  --prefix /opt/dstack-test \
+  deploy \
+  -n hello-nginx \
+  -c /opt/dstack-test/share/dstack/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --port 18080:80
+```
+
+For a custom prefix, `dstackup` derives distinct systemd unit names from the prefix unless you pass `--instance`. You still need distinct TCP and vsock ports for each running install.
+
+Remove a custom-prefix install with the same prefix:
+
+```bash
+sudo /opt/dstack-test/bin/dstackup destroy --prefix /opt/dstack-test --purge
+```
+
+## Security boundaries
+
+This onboarding path is designed for one operator on one host.
+
+- The VMM dashboard and management API bind to `127.0.0.1` by default. Use SSH tunneling for remote access.
+- `dstackup install` pins the app OS image hash from the selected guest image (`digest.txt` on all platforms). If pinning is enabled and the digest cannot be read, install fails.
+- `dstack deploy` registers the app compose hash in the local auth allowlist from `dstackup install`. Without that allowlist update, a KMS-mode app can boot but will not receive keys.
+- Gateway is not part of this flow. Apps are exposed through direct host port mappings.
+
+Use the [deployment guide](./deployment.md) when you need domain routing, Gateway certificates, on-chain authorization, KMS replicas, or multi-node operation.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### Image download fails
+
+`dstackup install` downloads the latest CPU image when KMS mode needs an image and none exists locally. If the download fails, check network access to GitHub and the dstack guest-OS release:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup image pull
+```
+
+If a release does not publish a SHA-256 digest, `dstackup image pull` and `dstackup install` fail before unpacking it. Use `--insecure` only when you intentionally accept an unverified image download.
+
+If you use a custom prefix or image directory, pass the same `--prefix` or `--image-path` to `install` and `image` commands.
+
+### Missing `digest.txt`
+
+All platforms pin apps with `digest.txt`. If the selected image does not contain `digest.txt`, install fails with:
+
+```text
+no os-image pin: could not read digest.txt
+```
+
+Use `--image` or `--image-path` with an image that contains `digest.txt`. Do not use `--allow-unpinned-image` for onboarding unless you intentionally want apps to boot without OS-image pinning.
+
+### No key provider on TDX
+
+TDX uses an SGX-backed key provider for KMS sealing. `dstackup install` uses the installed key provider assets by default. To override that, pass one of:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup install --use-existing-key-provider 127.0.0.1:3443
+sudo dstackup install --key-provider-src /path/to/local-key-provider/build
+```
+
+AMD SEV-SNP does not use this key provider.
+
+### Port already in use
+
+Move the conflicting port explicitly:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup install --dashboard-port 19080 --auth-port 18001 --host-api-port 10001
+```
+
+For app ports, change the `--port` mapping:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstack deploy \
+  -c /usr/local/share/dstack/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --port 18080:80
+```
+
+### KMS bootstrap does not finish
+
+Check the VMM service and the KMS CVM logs:
+
+```bash
+sudo journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 200 --no-pager
+dstack logs <kms-vm-id>
+```
+
+The KMS VM ID is printed by `dstackup install` when it creates or reuses the KMS CVM.
diff --git a/docs/onchain-governance.md b/docs/onchain-governance.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42099c069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/onchain-governance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# On-Chain Governance
+
+> **This guide is for self-hosted deployments** on your own TDX hardware. For cloud deployments, see [Quickstart](./quickstart.md).
+
+This guide covers setting up on-chain governance for dstack using smart contracts on Ethereum.
+
+## Overview
+
+On-chain governance adds:
+- **Smart contract-based authorization**: App registration and whitelisting managed by smart contracts
+- **Decentralized trust**: No single operator controls keys
+- **Transparent policies**: Anyone can verify authorization rules on-chain
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Production dstack deployment with KMS and Gateway as CVMs (see [Deployment Guide](./deployment.md))
+- Ethereum wallet with funds on Sepolia testnet (or your target network)
+- [Foundry](https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation) installed
+- Node.js and npm installed (for the bootAuth server)
+
+## Deploy DstackKms Contract
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/kms/auth-eth
+npm install        # Install Node.js dependencies
+forge install      # Install Foundry dependencies
+
+# Deploy contracts (deploys both DstackApp implementation and DstackKms proxy)
+PRIVATE_KEY=<your-key> forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript \
+  --broadcast --rpc-url https://eth-sepolia.g.alchemy.com/v2/<your-alchemy-key>
+```
+
+Sample output:
+
+```
+Deploying with account: 0x...
+DstackApp implementation deployed to: 0x5FbDB2315678afecb367f032d93F642f64180aa3
+DstackKms implementation deployed to: 0xe7f1725E7734CE288F8367e1Bb143E90bb3F0512
+DstackKms proxy deployed to: 0x9fE46736679d2D9a65F0992F2272dE9f3c7fa6e0
+```
+
+Note the proxy address (e.g., `0x9fE4...`).
+
+Set environment variables for subsequent commands:
+
+```bash
+export KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR="<DstackKms-proxy-address>"
+export PRIVATE_KEY="<your-private-key>"
+export RPC_URL="https://eth-sepolia.g.alchemy.com/v2/<your-alchemy-key>"
+```
+
+## Configure KMS for On-Chain Auth
+
+The KMS CVM includes an auth-api service that connects to your DstackKms contract. Configure it via environment variables in the KMS CVM:
+
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=<your-dstack-kms-contract-address>
+ETH_RPC_URL=<ethereum-rpc-endpoint>
+```
+
+The auth-api validates boot requests against the smart contract. See [Deployment Guide](./deployment.md#2-deploy-kms-as-cvm) for complete setup instructions.
+
+## Whitelist OS Image
+
+```bash
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=0x<os-image-hash> \
+  forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddOsImage --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+Output: `Added OS image hash: 0x...`
+
+The `os_image_hash` is in the `digest.txt` file from the guest OS image build (see [Building Guest Images](./deployment.md#building-guest-images)).
+
+## Register Gateway App
+
+```bash
+# Create a new app with allowAnyDevice=true
+ALLOW_ANY_DEVICE=true \
+  forge script script/Manage.s.sol:DeployApp --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+Sample output:
+
+```
+Deployed new app at: 0x75537828f2ce51be7289709686A69CbFDbB714F1
+  Owner: 0x...
+  Allow any device: true
+```
+
+Note the App ID (deployed app address) from the output.
+
+Set it as the gateway app:
+
+```bash
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=<app-id> \
+  forge script script/Manage.s.sol:SetGatewayAppId --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+Output: `Set gateway app ID: <app-id>`
+
+Add the gateway's compose hash to the whitelist. To compute the compose hash:
+
+```bash
+sha256sum /path/to/gateway-compose.json | awk '{print "0x"$1}'
+```
+
+Then add it:
+
+```bash
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=<app-id> COMPOSE_HASH=<compose-hash> \
+  forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddComposeHash --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+Output: `Added compose hash: 0x...`
+
+## Register Apps On-Chain
+
+For each app you want to deploy:
+
+### Create App
+
+```bash
+ALLOW_ANY_DEVICE=true \
+  forge script script/Manage.s.sol:DeployApp --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+Note the App ID from the output.
+
+### Add Compose Hash
+
+Compute your app's compose hash:
+
+```bash
+sha256sum /path/to/your-app-compose.json | awk '{print "0x"$1}'
+```
+
+Then add it:
+
+```bash
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=<app-id> COMPOSE_HASH=<compose-hash> \
+  forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddComposeHash --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### Deploy via VMM
+
+Use the App ID when deploying through the VMM dashboard or [VMM CLI](./vmm-cli-user-guide.md).
+
+## Smart Contract Reference
+
+### DstackKms (Main Contract)
+
+The central governance contract that manages OS image whitelisting, app registration, and KMS authorization.
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `addOsImageHash(bytes32)` | Whitelist an OS image hash |
+| `removeOsImageHash(bytes32)` | Remove an OS image from whitelist |
+| `setGatewayAppId(string)` | Set the trusted Gateway app ID |
+| `registerApp(address)` | Register an app contract |
+| `deployAndRegisterApp(...)` | Deploy and register app in one transaction |
+| `isAppAllowed(AppBootInfo)` | Check if an app is allowed to boot |
+| `isKmsAllowed(AppBootInfo)` | Check if KMS is allowed to boot |
+
+### DstackApp (Per-App Contract)
+
+Each app has its own contract controlling which compose hashes and devices are allowed.
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `addComposeHash(bytes32)` | Whitelist a compose hash |
+| `removeComposeHash(bytes32)` | Remove a compose hash from whitelist |
+| `addDevice(bytes32)` | Whitelist a device ID |
+| `removeDevice(bytes32)` | Remove a device from whitelist |
+| `setAllowAnyDevice(bool)` | Allow any device to run this app |
+| `isAppAllowed(AppBootInfo)` | Check if app can boot with given config |
+| `disableUpgrades()` | Permanently disable contract upgrades |
+
+### AppBootInfo Structure
+
+Both `isAppAllowed` and `isKmsAllowed` take an `AppBootInfo` struct:
+
+```solidity
+struct AppBootInfo {
+    address appId;        // Unique app identifier (contract address)
+    bytes32 composeHash;  // Hash of docker-compose configuration
+    address instanceId;   // Unique instance identifier
+    bytes32 deviceId;     // Hardware device identifier
+    bytes32 mrAggregated; // Aggregated measurement register
+    bytes32 mrSystem;     // System measurement register
+    bytes32 osImageHash;  // OS image hash
+    string tcbStatus;     // TCB status (e.g., "UpToDate")
+    string[] advisoryIds; // Security advisory IDs
+}
+```
+
+Source: [`dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/`](../dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/)
+
+## See Also
+
+- [Deployment Guide](./deployment.md) - Setting up dstack infrastructure
+- [Security Best Practices](./security/security-best-practices.md)
diff --git a/docs/quickstart.md b/docs/quickstart.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e76eb1cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/quickstart.md
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# Quickstart
+
+Deploy your first confidential workload on GCP (or AWS EC2 NitroTPM) in under
+10 minutes.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+**GCP**
+- GCP account with Confidential VM quota (Intel TDX)
+- `gcloud` CLI installed and authenticated
+
+**AWS** (optional)
+- AWS account with EC2 and EBS Direct snapshot permissions
+- `aws` CLI installed and authenticated
+
+The following IAM policy covers image creation, deployment, status/log access,
+start/stop, replacement, and removal performed by `dstack-cloud`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "Version": "2012-10-17",
+  "Statement": [
+    {
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Action": [
+        "ebs:StartSnapshot",
+        "ebs:PutSnapshotBlock",
+        "ebs:CompleteSnapshot"
+      ],
+      "Resource": "*"
+    },
+    {
+      "Effect": "Allow",
+      "Action": [
+        "ec2:CreateTags",
+        "ec2:DeleteSnapshot",
+        "ec2:DescribeImages",
+        "ec2:DescribeInstances",
+        "ec2:DescribeSnapshots",
+        "ec2:GetConsoleOutput",
+        "ec2:RegisterImage",
+        "ec2:RunInstances",
+        "ec2:StartInstances",
+        "ec2:StopInstances",
+        "ec2:TerminateInstances"
+      ],
+      "Resource": "*"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+If `aws_config.iam_instance_profile` is set, also grant `iam:PassRole` for that
+specific role. `iam:PassRole` is not required for EBS Direct or for instances
+launched without an instance profile. Creating a VPC, subnet, or security group
+is outside `dstack-cloud`; supply existing IDs in `aws_config` and grant their
+management permissions separately only when needed.
+
+## Install the CLI
+
+Download the `dstack-cloud` CLI:
+
+```bash
+# Clone the repository (temporary until packaged release)
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+export PATH="$PATH:$(pwd)/dstack/scripts/bin"
+```
+
+Verify the installation:
+
+```bash
+dstack-cloud --help
+```
+
+## Configure
+
+Set up your cloud credentials:
+
+```bash
+dstack-cloud config-edit
+```
+
+This opens an editor with the global configuration file. For GCP, configure:
+
+```json
+{
+  "gcp": {
+    "project": "your-gcp-project-id",
+    "zone": "us-central1-a"
+  },
+  "aws": {
+    "region": "us-east-1"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+For AWS, `dstack-cloud` writes the local boot, shared, and labeled-data RAW disks
+directly to EBS snapshots in 512-KiB checksummed blocks. It does not require an
+S3 bucket, a `vmimport` service role, or `iam:PassRole`.
+
+## Create a Project
+
+```bash
+# GCP (default)
+dstack-cloud new my-app
+cd my-app
+
+# or AWS NitroTPM
+dstack-cloud new my-aws-app --platform aws --region us-east-1
+cd my-aws-app
+```
+
+This creates a project directory with:
+
+```
+my-app/
+├── app.json           # Application configuration
+├── docker-compose.yaml # Your container definition
+├── .env               # Environment variables
+└── prelaunch.sh       # Pre-launch script (optional)
+```
+
+## Define Your Workload
+
+Edit `docker-compose.yaml` with your application:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:latest
+    ports:
+      - "8080:80"
+```
+
+For AI workloads with GPU:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  vllm:
+    image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
+    runtime: nvidia
+    command: --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+```
+
+## Add Secrets (Optional)
+
+Add sensitive environment variables to `.env`:
+
+```bash
+API_KEY=your-secret-key
+DATABASE_URL=postgres://...
+```
+
+These are encrypted before leaving your machine and only decrypted inside the TEE.
+
+## Deploy
+
+Deploy to your cloud provider:
+
+```bash
+# AWS without a preconfigured aws_config.ami_id needs the local UKI package first:
+# dstack-cloud pull <release-image-name>
+dstack-cloud deploy
+```
+
+The CLI will:
+1. Build and push your container configuration
+2. Create a Confidential VM
+3. Boot the dstack guest OS
+4. Start your containers
+
+## Check Status
+
+Monitor your deployment:
+
+```bash
+# Check deployment status
+dstack-cloud status
+
+# View console logs
+dstack-cloud logs
+
+# Follow logs in real-time
+dstack-cloud logs --follow
+```
+
+## Configure Firewall
+
+Allow traffic to your application:
+
+```bash
+# Allow HTTPS traffic
+dstack-cloud fw allow 443
+
+# Allow your app port
+dstack-cloud fw allow 8080
+
+# List firewall rules
+dstack-cloud fw list
+```
+
+## Access Your App
+
+Once deployed, access your application via the assigned endpoint. The `dstack-cloud status` command shows the public URL.
+
+For apps with TLS:
+```
+https://<app-id>.<gateway-domain>
+```
+
+For specific ports:
+```
+https://<app-id>-8080.<gateway-domain>
+```
+
+## Verify Attestation
+
+Users can verify your deployment is running in a genuine TEE:
+
+```bash
+# Get attestation quote from your app
+curl https://<your-app>/attestation
+
+# Verify with dstack-verifier
+dstack-verifier verify <quote>
+```
+
+See the [Verification Guide](./verification.md) for details.
+
+## Manage Deployments
+
+```bash
+# List all deployments
+dstack-cloud list
+
+# Stop a deployment
+dstack-cloud stop
+
+# Start a stopped deployment
+dstack-cloud start
+
+# Remove a deployment completely
+dstack-cloud remove
+```
+
+## Next Steps
+
+- [Usage Guide](./usage.md) - Detailed deployment and management
+- [Confidential AI](./confidential-ai.md) - Run AI workloads with hardware privacy
+- [GCP Attestation](./attestation-gcp.md) - How TDX + TPM attestation works
+- [AWS Nitro Attestation](./attestation-nitro-enclave.md) - How NSM attestation works
+- [Security Model](./security/security-model.md) - Understand the trust boundaries
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+**Deployment stuck at "Creating VM":**
+- Check your cloud quota for Confidential VMs
+- Verify your credentials with `gcloud auth list`
+
+**Container not starting:**
+- Check logs with `dstack-cloud logs`
+- Verify your docker-compose.yaml syntax
+- Ensure images are accessible from the cloud region
+
+**Cannot access application:**
+- Check firewall rules with `dstack-cloud fw list`
+- Verify the port mapping in docker-compose.yaml
+- Check if the container is healthy in the logs
diff --git a/docs/security/README.md b/docs/security/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4086f2f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/security/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Security Documentation
+
+Use these resources to understand dstack's trust model, production requirements, audit history, and public security report status.
+
+## Resources
+
+- [Security Model](./security-model.md) - threat model, trust boundaries, and verifier checklist
+- [Security Best Practices](./security-best-practices.md) - production hardening for KMS, gateway, and VMM deployments
+- [Security Audit](./dstack-audit.pdf) - zkSecurity audit report
+- [Public Security Reports](./public-security-reports.md) - status of already-public reports and findings
+- [CVM Boundaries](./cvm-boundaries.md) - data exchanged across the CVM, host, KMS, and gateway
+
+## Report a Vulnerability
+
+Do not disclose exploitable vulnerabilities in public GitHub issues. Use the private reporting path in [SECURITY.md](../../SECURITY.md). If GitHub private reporting is unavailable, contact security@phala.network.
diff --git a/docs/security/cvm-boundaries.md b/docs/security/cvm-boundaries.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7984dbf8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/security/cvm-boundaries.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+This document describes the dstack defined information exchange channels between CVM and the outside world.
+
+## Network layer
+
+### Virtual Native Network
+dstack currently uses QEMU's user-mode network stack to create a virtual network for the CVM. In this setup, QEMU (running on the host) simulates the gateway, DNS, and DHCP services. The CVM should treat these network components as untrusted.
+
+### Wireguard Network
+When dstack-gateway is enabled, it establishes a secure Wireguard network connection between the workload CVM and dstack-gateway CVM.
+External clients connect to the workload CVM through dstack-gateway using the CVM's ZT-HTTPS domain. For clients, ZT-HTTPS ensures no man-in-the-middle attacks can occur between them and the workload CVM. However, workload developers should note that incoming traffic might come from either dstack-gateway or the QEMU native network.
+
+## Host Shared Folder
+dstack OS requires a host shared folder to be attached to the CVM. It copies the following files from the host shared folder to the CVM:
+
+| File | Purpose |
+|------|--------|
+| app-compose.json | Main application configuration |
+| .instance-info | Instance metadata |
+| .sys-config.json | System configuration |
+| .encrypted-env | Encrypted environment variables |
+| .user-config | Application-specific configuration |
+
+### app-compose.json
+This is the main configuration file for the application in JSON format:
+
+| Field | Since | Type | Description |
+|-------|-------|------|-------------|
+| manifest_version | 0.3.1 | integer | Schema version (currently defaults to "2") |
+| name | 0.3.1 | string | Name of the instance |
+| runner | 0.3.1 | string | Name of the runner (currently defaults to "docker-compose") |
+| docker_compose_file | 0.3.1 | string | YAML string representing docker-compose config |
+| docker_config | 0.3.1 | object | (Removed since 0.5.5) Additional docker settings (currently empty) |
+| kms_enabled | 0.3.1 | boolean | Enable/disable KMS |
+| gateway_enabled | 0.3.1 | boolean | Enable/disable gateway |
+| local_key_provider_enabled | 0.3.1 | boolean | Use a local key provider |
+| key_provider_id | 0.5.1 | string | Optional pin for the key provider identity (hex-encoded bytes). For `kms` this is the KMS CA public key; for `local` the sealing-provider MR. For `tpm` and `none` it must be an empty string — the TPM app-root public key is instance-specific and is not used as a provider id or measured as one. |
+| public_logs | 0.3.3 | boolean | Whether logs are publicly visible |
+| public_sysinfo | 0.3.3 | boolean | Whether system info is public |
+| public_tcbinfo | 0.5.1 | boolean | Whether TCB info is public |
+| allowed_envs | 0.4.2 | array of string | List of allowed environment variable names |
+| no_instance_id | 0.4.2 | boolean | Disable instance ID generation |
+| secure_time | 0.5.0 | boolean | Whether secure time is enabled |
+| pre_launch_script | 0.4.0 | string | Prelaunch bash script that runs before `docker compose up`. It runs *after* dockerd, so containers restored by a Docker restart policy can already be running when it executes. Do not build security gates on it — see [security-best-practices.md](./security-best-practices.md#security-semantics-must-not-depend-on-pre_launch_script-running-first). |
+| init_script | 0.5.5 (string), 0.6.0 (string[]) | string or string[] | Up to 5 Bash scripts executed in order prior to dockerd startup, so they always complete before any container starts, on every boot; a string is treated as a one-element array. Multiple scripts require string `manifest_version: "3"` so older guests fail closed. MrConfigV3 binds the hashes only for manifest v3. |
+| storage_fs | 0.5.5 | string | Filesystem type for the data disk of the CVM. Supported values: "zfs", "ext4". default to "zfs". **ZFS:** Ensures filesystem integrity with built-in data protection features. **ext4:** Provides better performance for database applications with lower overhead and faster I/O operations, but no strong integrity protection. |
+| swap_size | 0.5.5 | string/integer | The linux swap size. default to 0. Can be in byte or human-readable format (e.g., "1G", "256M"). |
+| key_provider | 0.5.6 | string | Key provider type. Supported values: "none", "kms", "local", "tpm". GCP vTPM and AWS EC2 NitroTPM are part of their platform trust models. The Dstack platform can use VMM-managed swtpm for seal/unseal and restart persistence, but it offers no protection against the host and is intentionally not accepted by remote verifiers. |
+
+The five-script limit bounds runtime-event-log and MrConfigV3 growth while
+allowing several independently approved infrastructure initialization stages.
+
+The hash of this file content is extended as the dstack `compose-hash` launch event. On TDX-family platforms the launch event is measured into RTMR3. On AWS NitroTPM it is measured into non-resettable SHA384 PCR14 before the `system-ready` launch boundary. Remote verifiers extract and replay this event during attestation.
+
+
+### .instance-info
+This file contains metadata about the application instance:
+
+| Field | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| app_id | The application ID. This is the deploy-time `app_id` from this file; when it is unset it defaults to the SHA256 digest of the app-compose.json (truncated to the first 20 bytes). The deploy-time value is honored in all key-provider modes. |
+| instance_id | The instance ID, determined by the SHA256 digest of the instance_id_seed || app_id (truncated to the first 20 bytes). Empty if no_instance_id is true in app-compose.json |
+| instance_id_seed | The random seed that determines the instance ID |
+
+The hash of this file is not extended as a single measurement. Instead, the `app_id` and `instance_id` are extended as separate dstack launch events named `app-id` and `instance-id`. On TDX-family platforms those events go into RTMR3. On AWS NitroTPM they go into SHA384 PCR14.
+
+> Because `app_id` can be pinned at deploy time (it is not necessarily derived from
+> `compose_hash`), a relying party that authorizes on `app_id` MUST also verify the
+> `compose_hash` independently — the two are separate measurements.
+
+### .sys-config.json
+
+This file contains system configuration in JSON format:
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+| kms_urls | array of string | List of KMS service URLs |
+| gateway_urls | array of string | List of gateway service URLs |
+| pccs_url | string | URL of the PCCS service (used when dstack components need to verify a remote TD CVM or SGX enclave) |
+| nvidia_attestation_proxy_url | string | Optional persistent OCSP and RIM cache used by NVIDIA local GPU attestation |
+| docker_registry | string | URL of the docker registry |
+| host_api_url | string | VSOCK URL of host API |
+| vm_config | string | JSON string of VM configuration (os_image_hash, cpu_count, memory_size) |
+
+The hash of this file is not extended to any RTMR because each field has its own security mechanism:
+
+| Field | Security Mechanism |
+|-------|-------------------|
+| kms_urls | URLs themselves aren't security-critical. The trust anchor is the KMS root public key, which is extended as the `key-provider` launch event. On TDX-family platforms this is RTMR3; on AWS NitroTPM this is PCR14. Keys obtained from KMS will either successfully decrypt/encrypt the disk or fail-and-abort. |
+| gateway_urls | URLs aren't security-critical. Trust is established through CA certificates from KMS. App CVM and dstack-gateway CVM verify each other's CA certificates to ensure they're under the same KMS authority. |
+| pccs_url | URL isn't security-critical. Trust is anchored by the root public key pinned in the attestation verification program. |
+| nvidia_attestation_proxy_url | The URL is not a collateral trust anchor. The measured guest verifies NVIDIA signatures and the signed OCSP validity window, and continues to require a fresh GPU evidence nonce. A bad endpoint can withhold collateral and cause a denial of service, but cannot forge a successful attestation or replay an expired `good` response. |
+| docker_registry | Docker daemon verifies image integrity using the pinned image hashes in the docker-compose file. |
+| host_api_url | Used only for reporting or encrypted sealing key transport. An incorrect URL doesn't create security vulnerabilities. |
+| vm_config | Informs the CVM to report virtual hardware info to KMS when requesting keys. KMS uses this info to calculate expected RTMRs and verify image hash. If tampered with, image hash verification would fail and no keys would be distributed. |
+
+It does not make sense to measure the entire sys-config.json, because it is not deterministic and measuring it would make the verification process troublesome.
+
+### .encrypted-env
+dstack uses encrypted environment variables to allow app developers to securely load sensitive configuration values into the CVM. Since these variables are temporarily stored on the host server before being loaded into the CVM, encryption ensures host servers cannot access the confidential data.
+
+#### Encryption Workflow:
+
+1. **Initial Setup**:
+   - App developer specifies required environment variables in app-compose.json via VMM client Web UI or CLI
+
+2. **Client-Side Encryption**:
+   - VMM client fetches the App's encryption public key from KMS using the app_id
+   - KMS provides the public key with an ECDSA k256 signature
+   - VMM client verifies the signature to confirm the encryption public key is legitimate
+   - VMM client then:
+     * Converts environment variables to JSON bytes
+     * Generates an ephemeral X25519 key pair
+     * Computes a shared secret using the ephemeral private key and encryption public key
+     * Uses the shared key as a 32-byte key for AESGCM
+     * Encrypts the JSON with AESGCM using a random IV
+     * Creates final encrypted value: ephemeral public key || IV || ciphertext
+
+3. **Deployment**:
+   - App developer deploys the App with all configuration and encrypted values
+   - VMM server stores this as .encrypted-env in the shared host directory
+
+4. **CVM Decryption Process**:
+   - CVM requests app keys from KMS using env_crypt_key (equivalent to encryption public key's private key)
+   - CVM derives the shared secret using the ephemeral public key via X25519 key exchange
+   - CVM decrypts the ciphertext using AESGCM with the derived shared secret
+   - CVM parses the JSON and only stores variables listed in allowed_envs from app-compose.json
+   - CVM performs basic regex validation on values
+   - Final result is stored as /dstack/.hostshared/.decrypted-env and loaded system-wide via app-compose.service
+
+This file is not measured to RTMRs. But it is highly recommended to add application-specific integrity checks on encrypted environment variables at the application layer. See [security-best-practices.md](./security-best-practices.md) for more details.
+
+### .user-config
+This is an optional application-specific configuration file that applications inside the CVM can access. dstack OS simply stores it at /dstack/.host-shared/.user-config without any measurement or additional processing, unless `requirements.launch_token_hash` is set in app-compose.json — in that case the guest reads the launch token from JSON path `dstack.launch_token` in this file and fails closed at boot, before key provisioning, unless its SHA-256 matches the pinned hash.
+
+Application developers should perform integrity checks on user_config at the application layer if necessary.
+
+## APIs
+
+dstack provides several API services for communication between components. These APIs define the boundaries and information exchange channels between the CVM and external systems.
+
+### VSOCK-based Guest API Service
+
+The dstack-guest-agent listens on VSOCK port 8000 inside the CVM, providing interfaces for the dstack-vmm to query guest information and gracefully shut down the guest.
+
+| Service | Purpose |
+|---------|--------|
+| GuestApi | Provides guest information and control functions |
+
+**Available Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description | Return Type |
+|--------|-------------|------------|
+| Info | Get basic guest information | GuestInfo |
+| SysInfo | Get system information | SystemInfo |
+| NetworkInfo | Get network configuration | NetworkInformation |
+| ListContainers | List running containers | ListContainersResponse |
+| Shutdown | Gracefully shut down the guest | Empty |
+
+Full specification: [guest_api.proto](../../dstack/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto)
+
+### VSOCK-based Host API Service
+
+The dstack-vmm listens on a configured VSOCK port on the bare-metal host system. This service allows the CVM to report boot progress and retrieve keys from the local key provider.
+
+| Service | Purpose |
+|---------|--------|
+| HostApi | Provides host information and key management |
+
+**Available Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description | Parameters | Return Type |
+|--------|-------------|------------|------------|
+| Info | Get host information | Empty | HostInfo |
+| Notify | Send notification to host | Notification | Empty |
+| GetSealingKey | Retrieve sealing key | GetSealingKeyRequest | GetSealingKeyResponse |
+
+Full specification: [host_api.proto](../../dstack/host-api/proto/host_api.proto)
+
+### HTTP-based Public Guest API Service
+
+The dstack-guest-agent runs an HTTP server on port 8090 inside the CVM. This port is publicly accessible, allowing external clients to view basic CVM information.
+
+| Service | Purpose |
+|---------|--------|
+| Worker | Provides public-facing app information |
+
+**Available Methods:**
+
+| Method | Description | Return Type |
+|--------|-------------|------------|
+| Info | Get application information | AppInfo |
+| Version | Get guest agent version | WorkerVersion |
+
+The service also provides a web dashboard at the root URL (`/`) showing basic CVM information. View the dashboard template [here](../../dstack/guest-agent/templates/dashboard.html).
+
+Full specification: [agent_rpc.proto](../../dstack/guest-agent/rpc/proto/agent_rpc.proto)
diff --git a/docs/security/dstack-audit.pdf b/docs/security/dstack-audit.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e54ac1e36
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/security/dstack-audit.pdf differ
diff --git a/docs/security/public-security-reports.md b/docs/security/public-security-reports.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf935c4de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/security/public-security-reports.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Public Security Reports
+
+This page tracks public GitHub issues filed as security reports or mirrors of private advisories. It shows whether each report is fixed, documented, not a production vulnerability, duplicate, or still open.
+
+For new exploitable vulnerabilities, use the private reporting path in [SECURITY.md](../../SECURITY.md). Do not include exploit details in public issues.
+
+Status snapshot: 2026-06-30. General support, process, consolidation, and feature-request issues are excluded. Related hardening and roadmap trackers are listed separately.
+
+## Report outcomes
+
+Use these outcomes when reading public security reports and already-public findings:
+
+| Outcome | Meaning |
+| --- | --- |
+| Valid report, fixed | The report was valid and was addressed by a code or configuration change |
+| Valid report, documented | The report describes real behavior, but the project response is documentation or threat-model clarification rather than a code change |
+| Valid hardening, open | The report is valid defense-in-depth work and remains open |
+| Valid roadmap, open | The report identifies security-related design work that needs a compatibility or migration plan |
+| Not a production vulnerability | The report does not compromise supported production deployments under the documented threat model |
+| Duplicate | The report repeats another public issue or private advisory response |
+
+## Public reports and findings
+
+These issues were filed as concrete vulnerability reports, security audit findings, or public mirrors of private advisories. Some resulted in fixes. Some are documented design choices or not production vulnerabilities.
+
+| Issue | Status | Outcome | Project response |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [#549](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/549) Disk encryption key collision when `no_instance_id=true` and HKDF context ambiguity | Closed | Valid report, documented | `no_instance_id=true` intentionally shares disk keys across instances, and the HKDF inputs have fixed lengths. No code fix has been applied. Zero-padding for the unset instance ID remains optional hardening |
+| [#550](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/550) Compose hash computed on raw bytes, not canonicalized JSON | Closed | Valid report, documented | dstack treats compose JSON as an opaque byte sequence. Any byte-level change is a different measured application configuration. No code fix was applied |
+| [#551](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/551) Shell injection via `init_script` and `pre_launch_script` in compose | Closed | Valid report, documented | Scripts are application-owned code and are measured as part of app configuration. Verifiers must treat script contents as part of the application trust decision. No code fix was applied |
+| [#552](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/552) Static HKDF salt and no key versioning | Open | Valid roadmap, open | Static salt is acceptable with high-entropy KMS root material and explicit context. No code fix has been applied. Key versioning and rotation require a broader compatibility design |
+| [#553](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/553) `derive_dh_secret` hashes PKCS#8 DER | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#603](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/603) stabilizes the P-256 private key encoding used for derivation |
+| [#554](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/554) Signature concatenation without length prefixes enables collision | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#604](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/604) enforces the 20-byte `app_id` length in CVM setup |
+| [#555](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/555) LUKS header TOCTOU between validation and `luksOpen` | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The setup code validates and opens the same in-memory LUKS header. No code fix was applied |
+| [#556](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/556) Disk encryption key and WireGuard key visible in `/proc/PID/cmdline` | Open | Valid hardening, open | Tracks removal of transient command-line exposure for secret-bearing setup commands |
+| [#557](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/557) Runtime event log writable by any VM process | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#602](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/602) restricts runtime event-log permissions |
+| [#558](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/558) Path traversal in KMS `remove_cache` | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#601](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/601) validates cache paths before deletion |
+| [#559](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/559) Zero `mr_config_id` bypasses verification and weakens `mr_aggregated` identity | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | Zero `mr_config_id` remains an unset-value compatibility case, and configuration changes are still reflected through RTMR-based measurements. No code fix was applied |
+| [#560](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/560) Admin token comparison not constant-time | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The comparison is over a SHA-256 digest of a high-entropy token, not the raw token. No code fix was applied |
+| [#561](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/561) KMS TLS client certificates are non-mandatory in Rocket config | Closed | Valid report, documented | The TLS listener allows unauthenticated bootstrap, temp-CA bootstrap, and public endpoints. `GetTempCaCert` returns temp CA private material for bootstrap. App/KMS key release requires verified caller attestation, and certificate signing verifies the CSR signature and embedded attestation. No code fix was applied |
+| [#562](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/562) Configfs path overridable through an environment variable | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | A process that can choose its own quote path is already inside the measured CVM behavior. No code fix has been applied. A production guard for `DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH` remains possible hardening |
+| [#563](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/563) `simulate_quote` runtime path in production guest agent | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#582](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/582) isolates the simulator into a dedicated binary |
+| [#564](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/564) `GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey` unauthenticated app ID enumeration | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The RPC returns a public encryption key before an app has an attested identity, and `app_id` is not treated as secret. No code fix was applied |
+| [#565](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/565) Infinite loop in `wait_for_generation_change` | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#596](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/596) bounds the ConfigFS generation wait loop |
+| [#566](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/566) Gzip decompression bomb in RA-TLS cert extension | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#595](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/595) bounds decompressed RA-TLS event-log extension size |
+| [#567](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/567) Unbounded allocation in `VecOf` decode | Closed | Valid report, fixed | [#570](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/pull/570) caps `VecOf` decode length and pre-allocation |
+| [#568](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/568) Webhook URL leaked via `println!` in production code | Closed | Valid report, fixed | Fixed before the issue was triaged by removing the unsafe log output in `79b8b8d2` |
+| [#605](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/605) Guest agent derives identical key material for `ed25519` and `secp256k1` | Closed | Valid report, documented | Existing derived key bytes are preserved. Docs state that `path` is the domain separator and callers must use algorithm-specific paths when they require independent keys. No code fix was applied |
+| [#606](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/606) App keys and decrypted env files world-readable | Open | Valid hardening, open | Tightening secret-bearing file writes to owner-only permissions (`0600`) is valid defense-in-depth work with no expected compatibility cost |
+| [#607](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/607) `gateway_app_id = "any"` disables gateway identity pinning | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | `gateway_app_id` is KMS contract configuration and is publicly auditable. Production deployments must not use `"any"`. No code fix was applied |
+| [#608](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/608) `auth_api.type = "dev"` allows all authorization | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | Dev auth is measured runtime configuration, not a production mode. Production must use webhook/on-chain authorization. No code fix was applied |
+| [#609](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/609) `quote_enabled = false` bypasses attestation | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The flag was measured in runtime configuration and would fail production attestation policy, so no code fix was applied at the time. The setting has since been retired; current KMS uses `attest_rpc_cert`, which defaults to `true`, to control RPC certificate attestation |
+| [#610](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/610) Unauthenticated bootstrap endpoint can overwrite root keys | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The bootstrap endpoint does not accept caller-supplied root key material. Root keys are generated server-side, and the operator chooses which result to publish. No code fix was applied |
+| [#611](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/611) Unauthenticated `/finish` endpoint can shut down KMS onboard service | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The onboard service is a short-lived setup flow. Premature shutdown causes operator retry, not persistent compromise or data loss. No code fix was applied |
+| [#612](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/612) Gateway `register_cvm` prefers stale `app_info` over live attestation | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | Cert-embedded `app_info` is extracted from attestation and signed by KMS. Preferring it avoids redundant extraction and is not a trust bypass. No code fix was applied |
+| [#613](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/613) 10-year default certificate validity undermines attestation freshness | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | RA-TLS certificates embed attestation evidence and verifiers validate that evidence during connection handling. Freshness policy belongs in verifier policy, not only certificate expiry. No code fix was applied |
+| [#614](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/614) VMM `no_tee` flag allows launching VMs without TDX protection | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | `no_tee` VMs cannot produce valid TDX quotes and cannot join the production trust chain unless other development-only checks are also disabled. No code fix was applied |
+| [#615](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/615) Host-supplied `sys_config` not measured but influences security-critical behavior | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | Network endpoints are not trust anchors. KMS, gateway, and PCCS trust decisions rely on cryptographic verification, not host-supplied URLs. No code fix was applied |
+| [#616](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/616) Host-controlled Docker registry mirror enables image substitution attacks | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | Registry mirrors are untrusted transport. Digest-pinned image references and measured compose configuration protect against substitution. No code fix was applied |
+| [#617](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/617) Guest agent exposes raw private keys to all local processes | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | dstack treats a CVM as one application trust domain. It does not provide per-container key isolation inside the same measured application. No code fix was applied |
+| [#618](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/618) Disk encryption disableable via kernel cmdline, not measured in RTMR | Closed | Not a production vulnerability | The kernel command line is measured into RTMR2, so changing `dstack.storage_encrypted=false` changes attestation evidence. No code fix was applied |
+| [#619](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/619) KMS `get_temp_ca_cert` returns temp CA private key without authentication | Closed | Duplicate | The report duplicates the private advisory response for the temp CA bootstrap flow |
+
+## Related security roadmap and hardening
+
+These issues affect security architecture, future verification behavior, operational hardening, or security documentation. They are intentionally separated from the report table because they are not vulnerability reports.
+
+| Issue | Status | Type | Scope |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| [#113](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/113) Alternative to RA-TLS | Open | Architecture roadmap | Tracks possible application-level attestation or pre-registration approaches |
+| [#114](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/114) On-chain logs for KMS replication | Open | Auditability roadmap | Tracks transparency for KMS onboarding and replication events |
+| [#115](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/115) Censorship resistance in the KMS | Open | Governance roadmap | Tracks how KMS instances should prove an up-to-date chain view after de-registration or policy changes |
+| [#411](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/411) Adopt RFC 8785 JCS for canonical compose hash calculation | Open | Measurement roadmap | Tracks a possible future canonical hash scheme. Current raw-byte hashing is intentional and recorded in #550 |
+| [#745](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/745) `secure_time: true` cannot sync because guest chrony lacks NTS | Open | Security feature bug | Tracks a secure-time boot failure. The fix is in [meta-dstack#76](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/pull/76) |
+| [#746](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/746) Harden AMD SEV-SNP KDS collateral fetch | Open | Availability hardening | Tracks async client, timeout, and caching hardening for SNP KDS collateral fetch. Verification remains fail-closed |
diff --git a/docs/security/security-best-practices.md b/docs/security/security-best-practices.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9afbf23e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/security/security-best-practices.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# dstack Production Security Best Practices
+
+This document describes security considerations for deploying dstack apps in production.
+
+## Security Audit
+
+dstack has been audited by [zkSecurity](https://www.zksecurity.xyz/). The audit covered the KMS, guest agent, and attestation verification components. See the [full audit report](./dstack-audit.pdf) for findings and remediation status.
+
+## Always pin image hash in your docker-compose.yaml
+
+When deploying applications in a TEE environment, it's critical to ensure the integrity and immutability of your container images. Using image digests (SHA256 hashes) instead of tags cryptographically ensures that the exact same image is always pulled, preventing supply chain attacks. This proves to users that your App is anchored to a specific code version.
+
+❌ Bad example:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx:latest
+```
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx:1.27.5
+```
+
+✅ Good example:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx@sha256:eee5eae48e79b2e75178328c7c585b89d676eaae616f03f9a1813aaed820745a
+```
+
+## Reproducibility
+
+If your App is intended for end users who need to verify what code your App is running, then the verifiability of Docker images is crucial. dstack anchors the code running inside the CVM through the hash of app-compose.json. However, at the same time, the App needs to provide users with a reproducible build method. There are multiple ways to achieve reproducible image builds, and dstack provides a reference example: [dstack-ingress](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples/tree/main/custom-domain/dstack-ingress)
+
+## Authenticated envs and user_config
+
+dstack provides encrypted environment variable functionality. Although the CVM physical machine controller cannot view encrypted environment variables, they may forge encrypted environment variables because the CVM encryption public key is known to everyone. Therefore, Apps need to perform auth checks on encrypted environment variables at the application layer. LAUNCH_TOKEN pattern is one method to prevent unauthorized envs replacement. For details, refer to the deployment script of [dstack-gateway](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/blob/1b8a4516826b02f9d7f747eddac244dcd68fc325/gateway/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh#L150-L165).
+
+Newer dstack OS images support the LAUNCH_TOKEN pattern natively via `requirements.launch_token_hash` in app-compose.json. When this field is set, the guest reads the launch token from `user_config` at JSON path `dstack.launch_token` and refuses to boot — before any keys are provisioned — unless its digest matches the hash pinned in the (compose-hash-measured) app-compose.json. When the field is absent, `user_config` is not parsed and stays fully application-defined. Set manifest_version to `"3"` (string) when using `requirements` so older guests fail closed instead of silently ignoring it.
+
+The digest is domain-separated so it stays distinct from the legacy plain-`sha256(token)` convention and from generic precomputed tables:
+
+```bash
+LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH=$(printf 'dstack-launch-token/v1:%s' "$TOKEN" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+```
+
+Because `launch_token_hash` is public, a guessable token can be recovered offline by brute force. Guests reject tokens shorter than 32 bytes, but length alone does not guarantee entropy — always generate the token randomly, e.g. `tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' < /dev/urandom | head -c 32`.
+
+Also understand the protection boundary of this mechanism: the guest verifies the token before any keys are provisioned, which means the token must reach the guest through `user_config` — a channel the host can read. The requirement therefore stops parties who only know the public app-compose.json from launching the app, but once a host has hosted a deployment it learns the token and can later relaunch instances of that compose with substituted encrypted envs. Mitigations: generate a fresh token per deployment and remove stale compose hashes from the on-chain whitelist; if the token must stay secret from the host, use the app-layer `APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN` encrypted-env pattern above instead (its check necessarily runs after key provisioning).
+
+If you use dstack-vmm's built-in UI, the prelaunch script has already been automatically filled in for you:
+
+![Prelaunch Script](../assets/prelaunch-script.png)
+
+You only need to add the `APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN` environment variable to enable LAUNCH_TOKEN checking.
+
+![Token Environment Variable](../assets/token-env.png)
+
+`user_config` is not encrypted, and similarly requires integrity checks at the application layer. For example, you can store a `USER_CONFIG_HASH` in encrypted environment variables and verify it in the `pre_launch_script`. Such a check is a defense-in-depth measure, not a gate: it does not reliably run before your containers do (see the next section), so the authoritative check belongs in `init_script` or in the application itself.
+
+## Security semantics must not depend on `pre_launch_script` running first
+
+`pre_launch_script` runs from `app-compose.service`, which is ordered `After=docker.service`. Docker restores containers when the daemon starts, so on a reboot your application can already be running by the time the prelaunch script executes:
+
+- **`restart: always`** — Docker restarts the container whenever the daemon starts, even if it was stopped cleanly beforehand. Every reboot takes this path. This is the restart policy used in several dstack examples.
+- **`restart: unless-stopped`** — a clean shutdown runs the `ExecStop` of `app-compose.service`, which stops the containers, so Docker does not restore them. But an unclean stop (host reset, guest crash, power loss) leaves them in the running state and Docker restores them on the next boot. The host decides when to reset a CVM, so it can force this path at will.
+
+`init_script` has no such gap. It runs from `dstack-prepare.service`, which is ordered `Before=docker.service`, so every init script completes before dockerd — and therefore before any container — starts, on every boot. Init scripts also run after `dstack-util setup`, so app keys and the decrypted env file are already available to them. Anything that must run before application code belongs in `init_script`.
+
+This is an ordering property, not an integrity one. Both scripts are measured into the compose hash, so the scripts you audited are the scripts that run. What is not guaranteed is that the prelaunch one runs *first*.
+
+**Unsafe in `pre_launch_script`:**
+
+- Verifying `USER_CONFIG_HASH` or an `APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN` and calling `exit 1` to abort the launch. After a reboot the app is already serving with the unverified input; the non-zero exit only marks `app-compose.service` as failed.
+- Fetching or integrity-checking a data file, model weights, or a database snapshot before the app consumes it. The restored container may already have read the previous, unchecked copy.
+- Installing firewall rules, network namespaces, or an egress proxy that is meant to contain the application. There is a window in which the app runs unconstrained.
+- Deriving or writing a secret that the app expects to find on disk. On the early-start path the app sees whatever the previous boot left there.
+
+**Safe in `pre_launch_script`:** work whose only effect is on the `docker compose up` that immediately follows it — pre-pulling or importing images, generating a compose override, or writing files that containers pick up only when that compose run recreates them.
+
+**For app auditors:** treat any check in a `pre_launch_script` as advisory. When judging whether a deployment enforces a security property, ask whether the property still holds on a boot where the prelaunch script has not run yet. If it does not, the check must move into `init_script`, or into the application itself before it serves traffic or touches secrets.
+
+## Don't put secrets in docker-compose.yaml
+
+CVM needs to ensure verifiability, so app-compose.json is public by default, containing the prelaunch script and docker-compose.yaml.
+You should not put secrets in docker-compose.yaml for best security practice. Use encrypted environment variables instead.
+
+In case by any chance you really do not want to expose your compose file, you can disable exposing app-compose.json by setting public_tcbinfo=false in app-compose.json.
+Example app-compose.json:
+
+```json
+{
+    ...
+    "public_tcbinfo": false
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+**But keep in mind, even if you disable exposing app-compose.json, it is just hidden from the public API, the physical machine controller can still access it on the file system.**
+
+## Do not use development trust settings in production
+
+Development settings are intentionally easy to audit, but they are not production-safe. A production deployment should satisfy all of the following:
+
+- The KMS attests its own RPC certificate. Do not deploy production KMS with `attest_rpc_cert = false`.
+- KMS authorization uses webhook/on-chain policy. Do not use `auth_api.type = "dev"` with real key material.
+- The KMS contract pins a concrete gateway app id. Do not use `gateway_app_id = "any"` for production traffic.
+- TEE quotes are evaluated by deployment policy, including TCB status and expected OS/application measurements.
+
+The KMS TLS listener may keep `rpc.tls.mutual.mandatory = false` because bootstrap, temp-CA bootstrap, and public metadata endpoints need to be reachable before a client has an RA-TLS certificate. `GetTempCaCert` returns temp CA private material for the bootstrap flow; treat it as bootstrap-sensitive.
+
+App key release and KMS key handover still require verified caller attestation from the RA-TLS client certificate. Certificate signing verifies the CSR signature and embedded attestation before signing.
+
+## Management/admin API authentication
+
+The VMM, gateway, and KMS management surfaces must have authentication enabled in production:
+
+- VMM: set `[auth] enabled = true` with `tokens` (or `htpasswd_file`) — this guards the entire VMM HTTP/pRPC/UI surface. Never bind to a non-localhost address without it. Clients send `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or `X-Admin-Token`.
+- Gateway: set `[core.admin] admin_token` (or `htpasswd_file`) and keep `insecure_no_auth = false`. Clients send `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or `X-Admin-Token`.
+- KMS: enable `[core.admin]` with an `auth_token` (or `htpasswd_file`); the admin RPCs are served on a dedicated listener and clients send `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or `X-Admin-Token`. Enabled with no credential denies all admin RPCs (fail-closed).
+
+All three share the same HTTP authenticator: bcrypt-only htpasswd (via `htpasswd -B`), constant-time token comparison, and fail-closed behavior.
+
+## Keep private material owner-only
+
+Secret-bearing files should be owner-only (`0600`) wherever possible, including app keys, decrypted env files, KMS root keys, gateway WireGuard/TLS keys, and ACME credentials. Preserve restrictive permissions when copying volumes, backing up `/etc/kms/certs`, or moving gateway and certbot state between hosts. Public issue [#606](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/issues/606) tracks the remaining low-cost hardening work in dstack-managed file writes.
+
+## docker logs is public available by default
+
+Similarly, to facilitate App observability, docker logs are public by default. You can disable exposing docker logs by setting public_logs=false.
+Example app-compose.json:
+
+```json
+{
+    ...
+    "public_logs": false
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+## Don't expose unexpected ports
+
+In dstack CVM, dstack-guest-agent listens on port 8090, allowing public access to basic CVM information.
+
+In docker-compose.yaml, all declared ports will be exposed to the public internet. Do not expose unnecessary ports.
+
+For example:
+
+```yaml
+# This will expose port 80 to the public
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx@sha256:eee5eae48e79b2e75178328c7c585b89d676eaae616f03f9a1813aaed820745a
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+```
+
+```yaml
+# This will not expose port 80 to the public
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx@sha256:eee5eae48e79b2e75178328c7c585b89d676eaae616f03f9a1813aaed820745a
+```
+
+```yaml
+# This will not expose port 80 to the public
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx@sha256:eee5eae48e79b2e75178328c7c585b89d676eaae616f03f9a1813aaed820745a
+    ports:
+      - "127.0.0.1:80:80"
+```
+
+Note that when setting network_mode: host, all ports listened to within the container will be exposed to the public internet.
+
+```yaml
+# This will expose port 80 to the public
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx@sha256:eee5eae48e79b2e75178328c7c585b89d676eaae616f03f9a1813aaed820745a
+    network_mode: host
+```
+## Runtime event-log V2 policies
+
+Event-log V2 exposes canonical digest pre-images so a relying party can check
+individual claims such as `compose-hash`. Verifying
+`sha384(preimage) == digest` proves only that those bytes participate in the
+quoted RTMR/PCR extension chain. It does **not** prove that trusted dstack boot
+code originated the event name: privileged code inside the CVM can append
+additional measured events after boot.
+
+Policies that trust a named V2 event must therefore also validate ordering and
+the boot boundary. In particular, select the expected claim before
+`boot-mr-done`/`system-ready`, reject duplicate trusted claim names, and replay
+the complete quoted chain. Never accept an arbitrary later event solely because
+its digest matches its supplied pre-image.
+
+V2 is a coordinated upgrade. Upgrade every KMS, gateway, verifier, and other
+relying party before enabling `event_log_version: 2`; older verifiers interpret
+runtime events as V1 and reject the quote. Older guest images may ignore the
+compose field and emit V1 events, so confirm that the selected image advertises
+V2 support before relying on per-event claims.
diff --git a/docs/security/security-model.md b/docs/security/security-model.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f48fe824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/security/security-model.md
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# dstack Security Model
+
+dstack protects your code and data from infrastructure operators. Using TEE hardware isolation, your workloads run in encrypted memory that the host cannot read or modify. You can cryptographically verify that your exact code runs in genuine TEE hardware.
+
+This document helps you evaluate whether dstack's security model fits your needs.
+
+## Trust Boundaries
+
+dstack removes the need to trust most infrastructure operators. On TEE platforms such as Intel TDX and AMD SEV-SNP, the cloud or host operator cannot read your protected memory, modify your measured code, or access your secrets without detection. On AWS EC2 NitroTPM attested instances, AWS Nitro is part of the trusted platform, and the untrusted party is the workload AWS account administrator/operator. Network attackers cannot intercept your traffic because TLS terminates inside the attested environment with keys controlled by that environment (Zero Trust HTTPS). Docker registries cannot serve malicious images because the guest verifies SHA256 digests before pulling.
+
+The primary trust input is **attested platform hardware**. Intel TDX is the production TEE path. AMD SEV-SNP is available where the selected dstack OS image and host support it, but it is new and experimental. AWS EC2 NitroTPM attested instances use a different trust root: the AWS Nitro system and AWS NitroTPM attestation PKI. In that mode, the threat model protects against the workload AWS account administrator and EC2 operator actions, but AWS remains trusted. For GPU workloads, you also trust **NVIDIA GPU hardware**, NVIDIA's attestation PKI/RIMs, and its revocation service (or NRAS when a deployment selects remote verification). These are hardware-level trust assumptions.
+
+Everything else is verifiable.
+
+**The dstack OS** is measured during boot and recorded in the attestation quote. You verify it by rebuilding from the [`os/`](../../os/) source and comparing measurements, or by checking that the OS hash is whitelisted in a governance contract you trust.
+
+**The KMS** runs in its own TEE with its own attestation quote. You verify it the same way you verify any dstack workload.
+
+### What dstack Cannot Protect
+
+TEE technology has inherent limitations. Side-channel attacks against TEE hardware are researched actively, and microarchitectural vulnerabilities are discovered periodically. Hardware vendors release TCB updates to address these, so keep your TCB version current.
+
+dstack protects the execution environment, not your application code. Bugs in your application remain exploitable. Secrets that you log or transmit insecurely can still leak. Your code must follow secure development practices.
+
+Infrastructure operators can still deny service. They can shut down your workload, throttle resources, or block network access. If availability matters, plan for redundancy across providers.
+
+**Persistent-storage freshness, integrity, and availability.** Disk encryption protects the confidentiality of data at rest. The default ZFS storage filesystem also provides integrity checking; switching the storage filesystem to ext4 may forgo strong integrity protection. Neither filesystem proves that an attached disk represents the latest application state. An infrastructure operator can withhold, delete, replace, or restore an earlier valid encrypted disk image. Applications that require rollback-resistant state must anchor a monotonic version or state commitment in an external trusted service, ledger, or equivalent freshness mechanism.
+
+## Security Guarantees
+
+### Confidentiality
+
+| Layer | Protection | Mechanism |
+|-------|------------|-----------|
+| Memory | Encrypted at runtime | TEE hardware encryption |
+| Disk | Encrypted at rest | Per-app keys from KMS (AES-256-GCM) |
+| Environment | Encrypted in transit | X25519 ECDH + AES-256-GCM |
+| Network | Encrypted end-to-end | Zero Trust HTTPS (TLS terminates in TEE) |
+
+### Integrity
+
+| Component | Verification | Measurement |
+|-----------|--------------|-------------|
+| Hardware/platform | Vendor signature | TDX/SNP quote, NitroTPM Attestation Document, or Nitro Enclave document |
+| Firmware and boot path | Boot measurement | TDX/SNP MRTD and RTMR0-2, or AWS NitroTPM PCR4/PCR7/PCR12 |
+| OS image | Reproducible image measurement | dstack OS image hash and platform reference measurements |
+| Application launch identity | Event-log replay | RTMR3 on TDX-family platforms, SHA384 PCR14 on AWS NitroTPM |
+| Application runtime telemetry | Event-log replay when policy requires it | RTMR3 on TDX-family platforms; SHA384 PCR14 on AWS NitroTPM (same event lane as launch; TDX RTMR3 analogue) |
+
+### Isolation
+
+Each application derives unique keys from the KMS based on its identity. Instance-level secrets use the instance ID to create unique disk encryption keys. No keys are shared between different applications.
+
+## GPU Security for AI Workloads
+
+dstack supports NVIDIA H100, H200, and B200 GPUs in confidential compute mode for AI inference and training workloads.
+
+### How It Works
+
+GPUs are passed through via VFIO to the TEE-protected CVM. Before key provisioning, `dstack-util setup` inventories every VGA/3D-controller PCI function, rejects non-NVIDIA display devices, and runs NVIDIA's local `nvattest` verifier over every NVIDIA-driver-visible GPU with a fresh nonce. dstack does not ship or pass a custom relying-party policy to this command; nvattest's built-in appraisal still applies. The complete JSON result (`result_code`, `result_message`, `claims`, and `detached_eat`) is saved at `/run/nvidia-gpu-attestation/attestation.out`.
+
+An application may additionally set `requirements.gpu_policy` to an object with the following deny-unknown-fields schema:
+
+- `attest_gpu` (boolean, default `true`): require local NVIDIA GPU attestation before enabling an attached GPU. Setting this to `false` skips attestation and is an explicit reduction in protection.
+- `rego` (optional string): a Rego v0 script evaluated with the nvattest output's `claims` array as `input`. It must define the boolean entrypoint `data.policy.nv_match` in `package policy`.
+- `allow_devtools` (boolean, default `false`): permit NVIDIA DevTools mode. Production applications should leave this disabled because DevTools removes the expected GPU memory-confidentiality guarantee.
+- `allow_debug` (boolean, default `false`): permit an attestation claim whose `dbgstat` is `enabled`.
+- `allow_insecure_boot` (boolean, default `false`): permit an attestation claim whose GPU `secboot` value is false.
+
+The optional Rego v0 policy can enforce deployment-specific claims. A minimal `app-compose.json` containing one looks like this; replace the placeholder with the policy source:
+
+```json
+{
+  "manifest_version": "3",
+  "name": "gpu-app",
+  "runner": "docker-compose",
+  "requirements": {
+    "gpu_policy": {
+      "rego": "<rego-v0-policy>"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+For example, the following policy requires exactly one H100 whose `hwmodel` matches the value emitted by `nvattest`:
+
+```rego
+package policy
+default nv_match = false
+
+nv_match {
+  count(input) == 1
+  input[0].hwmodel == "GH100 A01 GSP BROM"
+}
+```
+
+The policy must define the boolean rule `data.policy.nv_match`. Its `input` is the complete `claims` array from `nvattest`; when no attestation is performed, `input` is `[]`, so the example also rejects a launch without exactly one attested GPU.
+
+After measuring `compose-hash`, dstack enters the GPU setup gate and JCS-canonicalizes the original `requirements.gpu_policy` JSON value, then measures its SHA-256 digest in a `gpu-policy-hash` event. When the field is absent—including when `requirements` itself is absent—both parsing and measurement use the default empty object `{}`. Thus an omitted policy and an explicit `{}` have the same digest, while any explicitly present field, including an explicit default value, changes the digest. MrConfigV3 GPU launches also carry this digest as the optional `gpu_policy_hash` field; non-GPU launches omit it for compatibility. When the field is present, the guest compares it with the digest computed from app-compose; when it is absent, the guest skips this MrConfigV3 check. The MrConfigV3 document is bound by TDX `MR_CONFIG_ID` or SEV-SNP `HOST_DATA`, so the host cannot substitute a different GPU policy when this optional binding is present without changing the platform launch identity. The typed policy used for enforcement applies omitted-field defaults and rejects unknown fields. If GPU attestation is enabled and NVIDIA GPUs are present, dstack attests them and applies the basic settings and optional Rego policy before setting the GPU ready state. When no attestation claims are produced—because no GPU is attached or `gpu_policy.attest_gpu` is false—Rego is still evaluated with an empty array as `input` before any ready-state transition. This lets an application reject a launch whose attested GPU count is wrong. A false, undefined, malformed, or non-boolean Rego result stops boot before key provisioning.
+
+Up to five init scripts may be configured. Their ordered SHA-256 digests are
+measured as `init-script-hash` runtime events on platforms with a quoted
+runtime register. MrConfigV3 also carries the ordered digest list; on SEV-SNP,
+the signed report's `HOST_DATA` binds the exact canonical MrConfigV3 document.
+An omitted `init_script_hashes` field disables this check,
+while an explicit empty list requires app-compose to contain no init scripts.
+When present, the guest compares the list with hashes computed from app-compose
+before continuing boot. Current VMMs serialize the field explicitly for
+manifest v3 launches, including `init_script_hashes: []` when the list is empty.
+
+The policy digest is remotely verifiable on each supported platform, but through different carriers:
+
+- **TDX:** `gpu-policy-hash` contains the raw 32-byte digest and is measured into RTMR3. Replay the event log and compare the result with the quote's RTMR3, then compare the event payload with the expected digest. When an MrConfigV3 document includes `gpu_policy_hash`, TDX `MR_CONFIG_ID` additionally binds that field.
+- **AWS NitroTPM:** the same `gpu-policy-hash` event is extended into non-resettable SHA384 PCR14. Replay the PCR14 event chain against the signed NitroTPM Attestation Document, then compare the payload with the expected digest.
+- **AMD SEV-SNP:** there is no quote-bound runtime event register in the current stack. Instead, GPU launches put the digest in optional `MrConfigV3.gpu_policy_hash`, and the signed SNP report's `HOST_DATA` binds the exact MrConfigV3 document. Verify the SNP report and `HOST_DATA` binding, then compare the field with the expected digest. If the optional field is absent, this check is not asserted.
+
+For every NVML-enumerated GPU, dstack calls `Device::is_cc_enabled()` and `Device::is_cc_dev_mode_enabled()` and requires the NVML device count to match the expected GPU count. CC must always be ON; DevTools must be OFF unless the measured policy explicitly permits it. The typed claim checks always require `measres == "success"`; by default they also require `dbgstat == "disabled"` and `secboot == true`, with the latter two checks controlled by their explicit opt-ins. Only after the default appraisal, typed claim checks, optional Rego policy, and per-device NVML checks succeed does dstack call `Device::set_confidential_compute_state(true)` to set the GPU ready state. The dstack CPU/guest boot chain is verified independently through measured boot; a GPU claim named `secboot` refers to the GPU appraisal, not UEFI Secure Boot in the CVM.
+
+### Dual Attestation
+
+GPU workloads require verification of both hardware components. The CPU TEE quote verifies the CVM and its measured guest code. NVIDIA-signed evidence, checked against NVIDIA RIMs and certificate status by `nvattest`, verifies the GPU appraisal. After the optional policy and ready-state operations succeed, dstack emits a `gpu-attestation` launch event before `system-ready`. Its versioned payload records the number of appraised devices, asserted CC/DevTools state, and SHA-256 of the complete nvattest JSON output (claims and detached EAT). On TDX, both `gpu-policy-hash` and `gpu-attestation` are append-only RTMR3 events; they are never derived from application-controlled `report_data`.
+
+For a successful TDX GPU launch, the GPU-relevant RTMR3 event order is:
+
+```text
+compose-hash
+init-script-hash (zero or more, in configured order)
+gpu-policy-hash
+gpu-attestation
+instance-id
+boot-mr-done
+```
+
+`gpu-policy-hash` is emitted even for a GPU-less launch. `gpu-attestation` is emitted only after an attached GPU passes `nvattest`, the built-in checks, the optional Rego policy, and the NVML state checks. Its UTF-8 JSON payload has this shape:
+
+```json
+{
+  "version": 2,
+  "provider": "nvidia",
+  "devices": 1,
+  "cc_mode": "on",
+  "devtools": false,
+  "evidence_sha256": "<sha256-of-complete-nvattest-json>"
+}
+```
+
+`GpuInfo` returns that complete boot-time `nvattest` JSON in its `attestation` string; it does not run a new attestation. To bind the API result to TDX evidence: verify the quote, replay the event log to the quote's RTMR3, require exactly one pre-`system-ready` `gpu-attestation` event, decode its JSON payload, and compare `evidence_sha256` with `SHA-256(UTF-8(GpuInfo.attestation))`. Only after this comparison should the verifier inspect the returned claims. This exact-byte comparison includes any whitespace or trailing newline in the returned string.
+
+A verifier must replay the measured event log, require exactly one `gpu-policy-hash` event immediately after `compose-hash`, and compare its 32-byte payload with the expected policy digest (`SHA-256(JCS({}))` for the omitted/default policy). When MrConfigV3 includes `gpu_policy_hash`, it must match the same digest. When GPU protection is required, the verifier must also require exactly one pre-`system-ready` `gpu-attestation` event with `devices > 0` and, when applicable, the expected deployment count. The raw `attestation.out` file is not trusted by itself; if it is supplied for inspection, its digest must match the `gpu-attestation` event.
+
+### GPU Threat Model and Lifetime
+
+The GPU gate assumes a malicious host/VMM and untrusted host-provided PCI topology, while trusting the CPU TEE, the measured dstack guest/kernel, NVIDIA hardware/firmware roots, and the cryptography used by both attestation chains. Availability is out of scope.
+
+The events make the following **boot-time** statement: immediately before key provisioning, all attached VGA/3D PCI functions were NVIDIA devices, their count matched the NVML inventory, nvattest returned one fresh successfully appraised claim for each device, the measured application policy accepted those claims and GPU state when present, every enumerated GPU passed the CC/DevTools NVML checks, and setting the GPU ready state succeeded. This closes these cases:
+
+- A GPU-less launch cannot be presented as a GPU-verified launch because it has no `gpu-attestation` event.
+- A mixed launch cannot attest only its TEE-capable subset. Non-NVIDIA display GPUs are rejected, and the sysfs, NVML, and nvattest claim counts must all agree. A non-CC NVIDIA GPU either prevents evidence collection/appraisal or causes the default appraisal, application policy, or CC-state check to fail.
+- Copying another CVM's result into a file or `report_data` does not work. Only measured pre-application code can place the event before `system-ready`, and event-log replay binds it to the quoted RTMR/PCR value.
+
+This is **not a lifetime or physical co-location guarantee**. After `system-ready`, an application with sufficient guest privileges can unload the NVIDIA driver, and a malicious host may attempt PCI hot-remove/replacement or proxy GPU traffic. The boot event remains a true historical statement but does not prove that the same device is still attached. dstack also cannot rule out a live relay/cuckoo attack to a genuine remote GPU: current Hopper/Blackwell deployments do not provide a CPU-TEE-verifiable TEE-I/O/TDISP device binding. Applications that mutate the driver or PCI topology are outside this guarantee; higher-assurance deployments must prevent that behavior and re-attest before using a newly initialized GPU.
+
+AMD SEV-SNP has no runtime measurement register in the current dstack stack. The local boot gate can still fail closed, but a `gpu-attestation` event carried beside an SNP report is not remotely bound to that report and must not be accepted as dual-attestation evidence. SNP needs a measured vTPM/PCR channel before it can provide the same remote binding.
+
+### AI Workload Protection
+
+Models and training data stay within the hardware-protected environment. The infrastructure operator cannot access model weights, training data, or inference inputs/outputs. Response integrity is provable through cryptographic signatures generated inside the TEE. Performance overhead is minimal, achieving approximately 99% efficiency compared to native execution.
+
+## Chain of Trust
+
+dstack implements layered verification from platform hardware to application identity. Each layer is measured and included in signed attestation evidence. The exact register names are platform-specific.
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│  Signed attestation evidence                                    │
+│  ├── Platform: vendor signature proves genuine platform          │
+│  ├── Boot: firmware, kernel, initrd, cmdline, rootfs state       │
+│  ├── Launch identity: app/config/KMS binding event chain         │
+│  └── Freshness binding: challenge, report_data, nonce, or key    │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│  dstack launch event log                                        │
+│  ├── compose-hash: SHA256 of your docker-compose                │
+│  ├── key-provider: KMS root CA public key hash                  │
+│  └── instance-id: Unique per deployment                         │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+**Hardware/platform layer.** The platform provides the root of trust. TDX and SEV-SNP quotes are signed by CPU-vendor attestation roots. AWS NitroTPM Attestation Documents are signed by the AWS NitroTPM attestation PKI. TDX and SEV-SNP verification surfaces a TCB status. AWS NitroTPM does not expose a dstack-style TCB status, so policy must rely on attestation mode, AWS signature verification, boot PCRs, image hash, and dstack launch-event replay.
+
+**OS layer.** The dstack OS is measured during boot. On TDX-family platforms, MRTD captures the virtual firmware, and RTMR0-2 capture firmware configuration, kernel, initramfs, and command-line state. On AWS NitroTPM, policy checks the AWS boot PCRs for the selected boot path, currently PCR4, PCR7, and PCR12, plus the dstack OS image hash. You verify integrity by computing expected measurements from the monorepo OS source and comparing them to signed evidence.
+
+**Application launch layer.** Your application launch identity includes the compose-hash, app ID, instance ID, key-provider identity, and OS image hash. On TDX-family platforms, dstack extends those events into RTMR3. On AWS NitroTPM, dstack extends those launch events into non-resettable SHA384 PCR14 and treats `system-ready` as the launch boundary. Each container image must use SHA256 digest pinning. This proves which normalized container configuration was authorized before key release.
+
+**Runtime telemetry layer.** Application-owned runtime events remain available after launch. On AWS NitroTPM they extend the same SHA384 PCR14 event lane as OS launch events (like TDX RTMR3). Policy may still treat `system-ready` as a logical boundary when interpreting the event log; there is no separate PCR23 runtime split.
+
+**Key management layer.** The KMS root CA public key hash is recorded as the key-provider launch event. This binds your workload to a specific KMS instance. The KMS itself runs with its own attestation evidence, so you can verify the KMS the same way you verify any workload.
+
+### How `os_image_hash` becomes trusted
+
+The `os_image_hash` carried in `vm_config` is not trusted just because the guest
+or host reports it. The verifier first validates the hardware-signed quote, then
+uses the quoted measurements to bind `os_image_hash` to the software that
+actually booted.
+
+For the full-image TDX path, the verifier obtains the OS image identified by
+`os_image_hash`, checks the image checksum manifest, recomputes the expected
+MRTD and RTMR0-2 from the image and VM configuration, and requires those values
+to match the measurements in the quote. If the host substitutes either the image
+hash or the VM configuration, the recomputed measurements no longer match the
+quote.
+
+For the no-image-download TDX lite path, the AMD SEV-SNP path, and the GCP TDX
+path,
+`os_image_hash` is the unified image identity: `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`. The
+`sha256sum.txt` file is the image checksum manifest generated at image build
+time. It is a text file whose lines contain a SHA-256 digest and relative file
+name for each manifest entry, such as `metadata.json`, the kernel, initrd,
+firmware, and the split measurement file. Some launch-critical artifacts are
+represented indirectly instead of as direct manifest entries: for example, the
+rootfs is committed by the measured `dstack.rootfs_hash` kernel command-line
+parameter, the SEV firmware is committed by `measurement.snp.cbor`, and the GCP
+UKI Authenticode hash is committed by `measurement.gcp.cbor`. The exact
+`sha256sum.txt` bytes are hashed, so the manifest contents, file names,
+ordering, and line endings are all part of the image identity.
+
+The attestation carries a copy of the image's `sha256sum.txt` plus the platform
+specific measurement material (`measurement.tdx.cbor` or
+`measurement.snp.cbor`, or `measurement.gcp.cbor`). The verifier checks that:
+
+1. `sha256(checksum_file) == os_image_hash`;
+2. the checksum file contains the expected `measurement.*.cbor` entry and that
+   entry hashes to the supplied measurement material;
+3. the supplied measurement material replays to the hardware-signed TDX
+   MRTD/RTMR values, SEV-SNP launch `MEASUREMENT`/`HOST_DATA`, or the GCP TPM
+   UKI event.
+
+Only after these checks pass does the verifier treat the returned
+`os_image_hash` as the measured OS image identity. Downstream authorization
+systems can then compare that trusted value against an allowlist or governance
+contract.
+
+## Verification Checklist
+
+Use this checklist to verify a workload running in a dstack CVM.
+
+**Platform verification:**
+- [ ] Attestation quote signature is valid
+- [ ] TCB status is up-to-date for platforms that report one
+- [ ] AWS NitroTPM evidence verifies to the AWS NitroTPM attestation PKI when running on AWS
+- [ ] OS measurements match expected values (MRTD/RTMR0-2, or AWS PCR4/PCR7/PCR12)
+- [ ] OS image hash is whitelisted (if using governance)
+
+**Application verification:**
+- [ ] compose-hash matches your docker-compose
+- [ ] All images use SHA256 digests (no mutable tags)
+- [ ] Launch event log replays correctly (RTMR3 on TDX-family platforms, PCR14 on AWS NitroTPM)
+- [ ] Config commitment matches the expected app/config target (on AWS: PCR14 replay; PCR8 is an optional shortcut — see the [AWS verifier runbook](../aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md))
+- [ ] reportData contains your challenge (replay protection)
+- [ ] No security-relevant check depends on `pre_launch_script` running before the application; such checks belong in `init_script` or in the application itself
+
+**GPU verification (when required):**
+- [ ] The `gpu-attestation` device count is greater than zero and matches the expected deployment
+- [ ] Exactly one `gpu-policy-hash` event follows `compose-hash`, and its payload matches `SHA-256(JCS(requirements.gpu_policy))` (default `{}` when omitted)
+- [ ] When MrConfigV3 includes `gpu_policy_hash`, it matches the same expected GPU policy digest
+- [ ] Exactly one `gpu-attestation` event appears before `system-ready`
+- [ ] CC is ON and the event's DevTools field complies with the measured policy
+- [ ] The platform binds the event log to a quoted RTMR/PCR (do not accept it from current SEV-SNP evidence)
+
+**Key management verification:**
+- [ ] key-provider matches expected KMS identity
+- [ ] KMS attestation is valid
+
+## Verification Design Notes
+
+This section explains two deliberate scoping decisions in how dstack verifies a quote. Both are intentional; the rationale is recorded here so the behavior is not mistaken for an oversight.
+
+### Only application measurement lanes are verified via event-log replay
+
+dstack replays event logs for application identity, not for the base OS boot registers. On TDX-family platforms, that replay target is RTMR3. On AWS NitroTPM, the launch replay target is SHA384 PCR14. RTMR0-2, MRTD, and AWS boot PCRs are taken directly from signed platform evidence and compared against expected values computed offline from OS source and image artifacts.
+
+For TDX evidence, the event log shipped alongside an attestation is stripped down to RTMR3 entries before it is embedded. `VersionedAttestation::into_stripped()` keeps only events with `imr == 3` (see `dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs`), and verification replays those events against `rt_mr3` (`verify_tdx_quote_with_events` / `decode_mr_tdx_from_quote`). For AWS NitroTPM evidence, dstack carries runtime event records and verifies the PCR14 launch chain against the NitroTPM Attestation Document.
+
+The reason boot-time event log entries are not the verifier contract is that downstream policy compares boot measurements directly to independently reproduced expected measurements. Keeping full boot event logs would bloat evidence and expose extra detail without adding verification capability. Application identity events, by contrast, include deployment-specific values such as compose-hash, key-provider, instance-id, and runtime events. Their event log is the data a verifier needs to prove what was extended into the application measurement lane.
+
+### Why ACPI table verification fails closed on both TDX paths
+
+RTMR0 covers the three ACPI blobs QEMU hands to OVMF (`acpi-loader`,
+`acpi-rsdp`, `acpi-tables`). Both TDX paths regenerate those blobs from the VM
+shape declared in `vm_config` and require the recomputed digests to equal the
+ones the event log reports, then rebuild the expected RTMR0 from the recomputed
+values — so the expected measurement depends on nothing the host asserted about
+the table contents.
+
+TDX lite mode did not always do this. It used to replay the three reported
+digests as measurement inputs, which made RTMR0 reconstruct consistently while
+leaving the table contents unconstrained. Regenerating them required running
+QEMU, which the lite path exists to avoid; once ACPI generation became a pure
+in-process Rust implementation, the reason for the exception disappeared.
+
+Verification is mandatory rather than a reported outcome because the inputs are
+host-declared. `swtpm` and `qemu_version` in `vm_config` are asserted by the
+untrusted host and are not independently constrained by any other measurement,
+so a verifier that accepted "could not generate" as a pass would let a host opt
+out of the check by declaring a shape the generator does not model. Both a
+digest mismatch and an unmodelable shape therefore reject the attestation. The
+practical consequence is that CVMs using the TPM key provider (`swtpm = true`)
+cannot be verified on either TDX path, which is what the full-image path
+already did.
+
+The guest-side mitigation remains in place as defense in depth. The dangerous
+executable part of ACPI is AML (ACPI Machine Language): malicious AML can try to
+use `SystemMemory` operation regions through the Linux ACPICA interpreter to
+read or write guest physical memory. dstack kernels include the BadAML sandbox
+patch (`0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch`), which hooks
+the ACPI `SystemMemory` region handler, walks the guest page tables, and denies
+AML access to encrypted/private guest RAM. Verification now rejects tampered
+tables before the CVM is trusted with keys; the sandbox bounds what tampered
+AML could have done in the first place.
+
+### TCB status is surfaced, not gated, during verification
+
+dstack's `validate_tcb` does not reject a quote based on its TCB status string (`UpToDate`, `OutOfDate`, `ConfigurationNeeded`, `SWHardeningNeeded`, ...). It only enforces hard invariants: debug mode must be off, and the SEAM/service-TD measurements must be well-formed. The verified report carries the `status` field through to the caller.
+
+This is deliberate: whether a non-current TCB (e.g. `OutOfDate`) is acceptable is a **policy decision that belongs downstream**, not in the verification primitive. Different deployments have different risk tolerances, so the verifier surfaces the status and lets the consuming policy decide. The "TCB status is up-to-date" item in the verification checklist above is exactly such a downstream policy check.
+
+The one case dstack does not leave to downstream is a genuinely invalid TCB: `dcap-qvl` rejects `Revoked` outright (its `is_valid()` returns false only for `Revoked`), so a revoked TCB never reaches the policy layer in the first place.
+
+> **Future work:** this will be refactored toward a grace-period model, where an out-of-date TCB is accepted for a bounded window after a new TCB level is published rather than being a binary downstream decision.
+
+### Development modes are auditable, not production-safe
+
+dstack keeps several development switches as runtime or on-chain configuration rather than Cargo feature flags. Examples include KMS `attest_rpc_cert = false`, gateway `core.debug.insecure_skip_attestation = true`, KMS `auth_api.type = "dev"`, and KMS contract `gateway_app_id = "any"`. These settings exist for local development and integration tests, not for production deployments.
+
+This is intentional. Runtime configuration that affects the trust boundary is visible in attestation measurements or public contract state. Cargo feature gates are not automatically more auditable because feature unification can enable a feature through a dependency graph, and the resulting runtime behavior is not represented as a measured deployment setting.
+
+Production verifiers should reject deployments that use these development settings. Operators should treat them the same way they treat debug-mode TEE quotes: useful for testing, invalid for production trust.
+
+### KMS mTLS is route-enforced for sensitive operations
+
+The KMS Rocket TLS listener permits connections without a client certificate because some bootstrap and public metadata endpoints must be reachable before a client has an RA-TLS certificate. That listener setting is not the authorization boundary for key material.
+
+App key release and KMS key handover require verified caller attestation from the RA-TLS client certificate. Certificate signing verifies the CSR signature and the attestation embedded in the CSR before signing.
+
+The unauthenticated or non-client-certificate surface includes bootstrap and temp-CA bootstrap material retrieval, env-encryption public-key retrieval, metadata, health, and metrics behavior documented for operators. `GetTempCaCert` returns temp CA private material for the bootstrap flow, so operators must treat it as bootstrap-sensitive rather than harmless public metadata.
+
+## Limitations
+
+### Attestation proves identity, not correctness
+
+Attestation proves which code is running, not that the code is bug-free. It proves the environment is isolated, not that your application handles secrets correctly. You still need to audit your application code and follow secure development practices.
+
+### Environment variables need application-layer authentication
+
+Encrypted environment variables prevent the host from reading your secrets. However, the host can replace encrypted values with different ones. Your application should verify authenticity using patterns like LAUNCH_TOKEN. See [security-best-practices.md](./security-best-practices.md) for details.
+
+### `pre_launch_script` is not a launch gate
+
+`pre_launch_script` runs after dockerd, so a container with a Docker restart policy can be running before it executes — always with `restart: always`, and after any unclean stop with `restart: unless-stopped`. Attestation still binds the script contents, but not the order. Use `init_script`, which runs before dockerd on every boot, for anything that must precede application code. See [security-best-practices.md](./security-best-practices.md#security-semantics-must-not-depend-on-pre_launch_script-running-first) for the failure modes and auditor guidance.
+
+### KMS root key security
+
+All keys derive from the KMS root key, which is protected by TEE isolation. Like all TEE-based systems, a TEE compromise could expose the root key. We are developing MPC-based KMS where the root key is distributed across multiple parties, eliminating this single point of failure.
+
+## Further Reading
+
+For production deployment guidance, see [security-best-practices.md](./security-best-practices.md). For smart contract authorization details, see [onchain-governance.md](../onchain-governance.md). For technical details about CVM boundaries and APIs, see [cvm-boundaries.md](./cvm-boundaries.md).
diff --git a/docs/stream-encryption.md b/docs/stream-encryption.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f1a690a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/stream-encryption.md
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# dstack Chunked Encryption Format
+
+`dstack-util encrypt` and `dstack-util decrypt` use a chunked format for
+bounded-memory encryption of arbitrary data. It uses the same app-scoped X25519
+key pair as encrypted environment variables, but it is a separate wire format.
+
+The header and frame metadata are defined with `binrw`, the fixed-layout binary
+codec already used by dstack. Fixed-width integers use little-endian encoding.
+The nonce construction below deliberately uses a big-endian chunk index so its
+byte representation follows counter order.
+
+## Header
+
+| Field | Size | Description |
+|---|---:|---|
+| Magic | 8 bytes | ASCII `dstkscrt` |
+| Version | 1 byte | Format version, currently `0` |
+| Ephemeral public key | 32 bytes | X25519 public key generated by the sender |
+| Nonce prefix | 8 bytes | Random prefix shared by all chunks |
+| Chunk size | 4 bytes | Maximum plaintext bytes in each chunk |
+
+The X25519 shared secret is used directly as the AES-256-GCM key, matching the
+encrypted environment variable protocol.
+
+## Frames
+
+Each frame contains:
+
+| Field | Size | Description |
+|---|---:|---|
+| Flags | 1 byte | Bit 0 marks the final chunk; all other bits must be zero |
+| Plaintext length | 4 bytes | Number of plaintext bytes in this chunk |
+| Ciphertext and tag | `plaintext length + 16` bytes | AES-256-GCM output |
+
+The 12-byte nonce is `nonce_prefix || chunk_index`, where `chunk_index` is a
+4-byte integer starting at zero. The authenticated additional data is:
+
+```text
+header || chunk_index || flags || plaintext_length
+```
+
+Every non-final frame must contain exactly `chunk_size` plaintext bytes. The
+final frame may be shorter or empty. A final frame is always emitted, including
+for empty input and for input whose length is an exact multiple of the chunk
+size. Missing final frames, trailing data, unknown flags, and authentication
+failures are rejected.
+
+## CLI
+
+Encrypt data after retrieving the app public key over verified TLS:
+
+```bash
+dstack-util encrypt \
+  --kms-url https://kms.example.com \
+  --app-id "$APP_ID" \
+  --kms-pubkey "$TRUSTED_KMS_SIGNER_PUBKEY" \
+  --input plaintext.bin \
+  --output ciphertext.bin
+```
+
+`--kms-pubkey` is the trusted compressed secp256k1 public key used to verify the
+KMS response's timestamped signature. For a KMS using a private CA, also pass
+`--root-ca ca.pem`. Decrypt inside the CVM:
+
+```bash
+dstack-util decrypt --input ciphertext.bin --output plaintext.bin
+```
+
+`decrypt` detects the magic string automatically. Inputs without the magic are
+handled as the legacy encrypted-environment format. Hex input remains available
+through `--hex`, but it is decoded in memory and should not be used for large
+files.
+
+Successfully authenticated chunks are written as they are processed. If a
+later chunk is corrupt or the final frame is missing, stdout or a file may
+therefore contain an authenticated but incomplete plaintext prefix. Callers
+must check the command's exit status and discard all output on failure.
diff --git a/docs/testing-dstackup-image-pull.md b/docs/testing-dstackup-image-pull.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85186967c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/testing-dstackup-image-pull.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Test `dstackup image pull` with a local release API
+
+`--release-api-base-url` accepts plain HTTP URLs, including localhost. A small
+GitHub Releases API overlay is included for local testing. Locally published
+releases shadow GitHub; API requests that are not present locally are relayed to
+`https://api.github.com`.
+
+Start it:
+
+```bash
+./tools/mock-github-releases.py --port 8000
+```
+
+Publish a release and copy a local tarball into the mock asset store. The mock
+calculates and publishes its SHA-256 digest automatically:
+
+```bash
+curl -fsS -X POST \
+  http://localhost:8000/__admin/repos/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases \
+  -H 'content-type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "tag_name": "guest-os-v99.0.0",
+    "assets": [{"local_path": "/tmp/dstack-99.0.0.tar.gz"}]
+  }'
+```
+
+Pull the locally published latest release:
+
+```bash
+sudo dstackup image pull \
+  --release-api-base-url http://localhost:8000/repos \
+  --force
+```
+
+A release can instead reference an already hosted asset by supplying `name`,
+`browser_download_url`, and optionally `digest` in the asset object. State is
+in memory and resets when the mock exits; copied assets remain in `--asset-dir`.
+GitHub API rate limits still apply to relayed requests. Set an `Authorization`
+header on a direct request to the mock when testing authenticated relays.
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/README.md b/docs/tutorials/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d41550c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# Self-Host Tutorials
+
+Step-by-step guides for deploying dstack on your own TDX hardware. These
+tutorials walk through the entire process from bare-metal host setup to
+running your first confidential application.
+
+## Tutorial Order
+
+### 1. Host Setup
+
+| Step | Tutorial | File |
+|------|----------|------|
+| 1 | TDX Hardware Verification | [tdx-hardware-verification.md](tdx-hardware-verification.md) |
+| 2 | TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration | [tdx-bios-configuration.md](tdx-bios-configuration.md) |
+| 3 | TDX Software Installation | [tdx-software-installation.md](tdx-software-installation.md) |
+| 4 | TDX & SGX Verification | [tdx-sgx-verification.md](tdx-sgx-verification.md) |
+
+### 2. Prerequisites
+
+| Step | Tutorial | File |
+|------|----------|------|
+| 1 | DNS Configuration | [dns-configuration.md](dns-configuration.md) |
+| 2 | SSL Certificate Setup | [ssl-certificate-setup.md](ssl-certificate-setup.md) |
+| 3 | Docker Setup | [docker-setup.md](docker-setup.md) |
+| 3 | HAProxy Setup | [haproxy-setup.md](haproxy-setup.md) |
+| 4 | Local Key Provider | [gramine-key-provider.md](gramine-key-provider.md) |
+| 4 | Local Docker Registry | [local-docker-registry.md](local-docker-registry.md) |
+| 5 | Blockchain Wallet Setup | [blockchain-setup.md](blockchain-setup.md) |
+
+> Steps 3–4 contain parallel tracks. Docker Setup and HAProxy Setup are
+> both step 3; Local Key Provider and Local Docker Registry are both
+> step 4. Complete both within each step number.
+
+### 3. dstack Installation
+
+| Step | Tutorial | File |
+|------|----------|------|
+| 1 | System Baseline & Dependencies | [system-baseline-dependencies.md](system-baseline-dependencies.md) |
+| 2 | Rust Toolchain Installation | [rust-toolchain-installation.md](rust-toolchain-installation.md) |
+| 3 | Clone & Build dstack-vmm | [clone-build-dstack-vmm.md](clone-build-dstack-vmm.md) |
+| 4 | VMM Configuration | [vmm-configuration.md](vmm-configuration.md) |
+| 5 | VMM Service Setup | [vmm-service-setup.md](vmm-service-setup.md) |
+| 6 | Management Interface Setup | [management-interface-setup.md](management-interface-setup.md) |
+| 7 | Guest OS Image Setup | [guest-image-setup.md](guest-image-setup.md) |
+
+### 4. KMS Deployment
+
+| Step | Tutorial | File |
+|------|----------|------|
+| 1 | Contract Deployment | [contract-deployment.md](contract-deployment.md) |
+| 2 | KMS Build & Configuration | [kms-build-configuration.md](kms-build-configuration.md) |
+| 3 | KMS CVM Deployment | [kms-cvm-deployment.md](kms-cvm-deployment.md) |
+
+### 5. Gateway Deployment
+
+| Step | Tutorial | File |
+|------|----------|------|
+| 1 | Gateway CVM Preparation | [gateway-build-configuration.md](gateway-build-configuration.md) |
+| 2 | Gateway CVM Deployment | [gateway-service-setup.md](gateway-service-setup.md) |
+
+### 6. First Application
+
+| Step | Tutorial | File |
+|------|----------|------|
+| 1 | Hello World Application | [hello-world-app.md](hello-world-app.md) |
+| 2 | Attestation Verification | [attestation-verification.md](attestation-verification.md) |
+
+### Troubleshooting
+
+These guides are not part of the main flow. Refer to them as needed.
+
+| Tutorial | File |
+|----------|------|
+| Troubleshooting: Prerequisites | [troubleshooting-prerequisites.md](troubleshooting-prerequisites.md) |
+| Troubleshooting: Host Setup | [troubleshooting-host-setup.md](troubleshooting-host-setup.md) |
+| Troubleshooting: dstack Installation | [troubleshooting-dstack-installation.md](troubleshooting-dstack-installation.md) |
+| Troubleshooting: KMS Deployment | [troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md](troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md) |
+| Troubleshooting: Gateway Deployment | [troubleshooting-gateway-deployment.md](troubleshooting-gateway-deployment.md) |
+| Troubleshooting: First Application | [troubleshooting-first-application.md](troubleshooting-first-application.md) |
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/attestation-verification.md b/docs/tutorials/attestation-verification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c2a4e40a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/attestation-verification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,851 @@
+---
+title: "Attestation Verification"
+description: "Verify TDX attestation to prove your application runs in a genuine secure environment"
+section: "First Application"
+stepNumber: 2
+totalSteps: 2
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-09
+prerequisites:
+  - hello-world-app
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - tdx
+  - attestation
+  - ra-tls
+  - verification
+  - security
+difficulty: "advanced"
+estimatedTime: "45 minutes"
+---
+
+# Attestation Verification
+
+This tutorial guides you through verifying TDX attestation for your deployed applications. Attestation is the cryptographic proof that your application is genuinely running inside a TDX-protected Confidential Virtual Machine with the expected software stack.
+
+This page is TDX-specific. Other dstack platforms use the same verification goal with different measurement carriers. AWS EC2 NitroTPM uses a NitroTPM Attestation Document, AWS boot PCRs, and SHA384 PCR14 for dstack launch identity replay instead of TDX MRTD/RTMR values.
+
+## What You'll Learn
+
+- **Retrieving attestation data** - Get measurements and RA-TLS certificates from running CVMs
+- **Measurement verification** - Understand and verify MRTD and RTMR values
+- **RA-TLS certificates** - Examine X.509 certificates with embedded TDX quotes
+- **End-to-end verification** - Complete attestation workflow
+
+## Why Attestation Matters
+
+Attestation provides cryptographic proof of three critical properties:
+
+| Property | What It Proves |
+|----------|----------------|
+| **Authenticity** | The CVM is running on genuine Intel TDX hardware |
+| **Integrity** | The firmware, kernel, and OS haven't been modified |
+| **Isolation** | Your application's memory is encrypted and isolated |
+
+Without attestation, you're trusting the infrastructure provider. With attestation, you have mathematical proof that the security guarantees are being enforced by hardware.
+
+## Understanding TDX Measurements
+
+TDX uses several measurement registers to track the boot process:
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                  TDX Measurement Registers                   │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                                                              │
+│  MRTD (Measurement Register TD)                              │
+│  └── Measures: Virtual firmware (OVMF)                       │
+│      Computed by: TDX module (hardware)                      │
+│      Fixed for: Same OVMF binary                             │
+│                                                              │
+│  RTMR0 (Runtime Measurement Register 0)                      │
+│  └── Measures: CPU/memory configuration                      │
+│      Computed by: OVMF during boot                           │
+│      Varies with: VM specifications (vCPUs, RAM)             │
+│                                                              │
+│  RTMR1 (Runtime Measurement Register 1)                      │
+│  └── Measures: Linux kernel                                  │
+│      Computed by: OVMF when loading kernel                   │
+│      Fixed for: Same kernel binary (bzImage)                 │
+│                                                              │
+│  RTMR2 (Runtime Measurement Register 2)                      │
+│  └── Measures: Kernel cmdline + initramfs                    │
+│      Computed by: OVMF                                       │
+│      Fixed for: Same image metadata                          │
+│                                                              │
+│  RTMR3 (Runtime Measurement Register 3)                      │
+│  └── Measures: Application configuration                     │
+│      Computed by: Tappd at runtime                           │
+│      Varies with: Docker compose, app ID, etc.               │
+│                                                              │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+## Platform Differences
+
+The workflow below uses TDX names because the hello-world tutorial deploys a TDX CVM. When verifying another platform, keep the same security checks but use that platform's signed evidence and measurement registers.
+
+| Platform | Boot measurements | dstack app identity replay |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| TDX-family CVM | MRTD and RTMR0-2 | RTMR3 event log |
+| AMD SEV-SNP | SNP report fields and measured config ID | `MrConfigV3` app/config target |
+| AWS EC2 NitroTPM | NitroTPM Attestation Document, AWS NitroTPM PKI, PCR4/PCR7/PCR12, OS image hash | SHA384 PCR14 launch event log through `system-ready` |
+
+For the authoritative PCR14 replay and optional PCR8 shortcut, see the [AWS production verifier runbook](../aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md).
+
+## Understanding RA-TLS
+
+dstack uses **Remote Attestation TLS (RA-TLS)** to bind TDX attestation to standard TLS certificates. When a CVM boots, tappd generates an X.509 certificate (`app_cert`) that embeds the TDX quote directly in certificate extensions:
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                    RA-TLS Certificate                        │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│  Standard X.509 fields (subject, issuer, validity, etc.)     │
+│                                                              │
+│  Custom Extensions:                                          │
+│  ├── OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.1  →  TDX Quote (binary)      │
+│  ├── OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.2  →  Event Log               │
+│  ├── OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.3  →  App ID / Compose Hash   │
+│  └── OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.4  →  Custom Claims           │
+│                                                              │
+│  The TDX quote is signed by Intel TDX hardware and binds     │
+│  the certificate's public key to the CVM measurements.       │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+In production, the **application inside the CVM** serves this `app_cert` via TLS. External verifiers connect to the app, receive the RA-TLS certificate, extract the TDX quote from the X.509 extensions, and verify it independently — no host access needed.
+
+For this tutorial, since our hello-world app (nginx:alpine) doesn't serve RA-TLS directly, we'll use the VMM's `/guest/Info` proxy API to retrieve the attestation data. The concepts are identical to what you'd implement in a production RA-TLS verifier.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [Hello World Application](/tutorial/hello-world-app)
+- A running CVM instance
+- `jq` and `openssl` installed on the host
+
+Verify you have a running CVM:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+## Step 1: Retrieve Attestation Data
+
+The VMM provides a `/guest/Info` endpoint that proxies into the CVM and retrieves attestation data including measurements and the RA-TLS certificate.
+
+### Via VMM Guest Proxy
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+# Get the VM UUID for hello-world
+VM_UUID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json 2>/dev/null \
+  | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="hello-world") | .id')
+echo "VM UUID: $VM_UUID"
+
+# Retrieve attestation data via guest proxy
+curl -s -u "admin:$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" \
+  -X POST http://127.0.0.1:9080/guest/Info \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"id\": \"$VM_UUID\"}" | jq '{
+    instance_id: .instance_id,
+    app_id: .app_id,
+    tcb_info: (.tcb_info | fromjson | {mrtd, rtmr0, rtmr1, rtmr2, rtmr3})
+  }'
+```
+
+You should see output like:
+
+```json
+{
+  "instance_id": "hello-world-abc123",
+  "app_id": "hello-world",
+  "tcb_info": {
+    "mrtd": "a3f1b2c4d5e6...",
+    "rtmr0": "11223344aabb...",
+    "rtmr1": "55667788ccdd...",
+    "rtmr2": "99aabbccddee...",
+    "rtmr3": "ddeeff001122..."
+  }
+}
+```
+
+> **RA-TLS in production:** In a real deployment, your application would serve the `app_cert` via TLS directly. External verifiers would connect to your app's HTTPS endpoint, receive the RA-TLS certificate, and extract the TDX quote from the X.509 extension at OID `1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.1`. No VMM access is needed — the app proves its own integrity.
+
+### From Inside the CVM
+
+Applications running inside the CVM can request raw TDX quotes directly via the tappd Unix socket:
+
+```bash
+# This would be run inside a container in the CVM
+curl -X POST --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock \
+  -d '{"report_data": "0x48656c6c6f"}' \
+  http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.RawQuote?json
+```
+
+The `report_data` field is optional user-provided data (up to 64 bytes, hex-encoded) that gets included in the quote. Applications use this for challenge-response attestation — a verifier sends a random nonce, the app includes it in the quote, proving the quote is fresh.
+
+## Step 2: Understand the Response
+
+The `/guest/Info` response contains several key fields. Let's examine the full structure:
+
+```bash
+# Save the full response for examination
+RESPONSE=$(curl -s -u "admin:$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" \
+  -X POST http://127.0.0.1:9080/guest/Info \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"id\": \"$VM_UUID\"}")
+
+# Show top-level keys
+echo "$RESPONSE" | jq 'keys'
+```
+
+The response includes:
+
+| Field | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `instance_id` | Unique identifier for this CVM instance |
+| `app_id` | Application identifier (deploy-time `app_id` from `.instance-info`; defaults to the app-compose.json hash) |
+| `version` | dstack version running in the CVM |
+| `app_cert` | RA-TLS certificate (PEM-encoded X.509 with TDX quote in extensions) |
+| `tcb_info` | JSON string containing all measurements and the event log |
+
+### TCB Info Structure
+
+The `tcb_info` field is a JSON string that must be parsed separately. It contains the core attestation data:
+
+```bash
+echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.tcb_info' | jq .
+```
+
+| Field | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `mrtd` | Virtual firmware (OVMF) measurement — set by TDX hardware |
+| `rtmr0` | VM configuration measurement (vCPUs, RAM) — set by OVMF |
+| `rtmr1` | Kernel measurement — set by OVMF when loading bzImage |
+| `rtmr2` | Cmdline/initrd measurement — set by OVMF |
+| `rtmr3` | Application runtime measurement — set by tappd |
+| `compose_hash` | SHA-256 of the docker compose configuration |
+| `os_image_hash` | SHA-256 of the guest OS image |
+| `event_log` | Array of detailed events for RTMR3 replay verification |
+
+## Step 3: Calculate Expected Measurements
+
+To verify attestation, you need to independently calculate what the measurements **should** be from the guest OS image files. The `dstack-mr` tool does this, but it requires a runtime dependency that must be built first.
+
+### Get image metadata
+
+```bash
+cat /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/metadata.json | jq .
+```
+
+### ACPI generation
+
+`dstack-mr` generates QEMU-compatible ACPI measurement data in process. No custom QEMU binary or runtime helper is required.
+
+### Build the measurement calculator
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+cargo build --release -p dstack-mr-cli
+```
+
+This produces `./target/release/dstack-mr`.
+
+### Calculate expected MRs
+
+The tool uses a `measure` subcommand. The metadata path is a positional argument, and it reads the actual OVMF, kernel, and initrd files from the same directory:
+
+```bash
+./target/release/dstack-mr measure \
+  --cpu 2 \
+  --memory 2G \
+  /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/metadata.json
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```
+Machine measurements:
+MRTD: a1b2c3d4e5f6789...
+RTMR0: 112233445566...
+RTMR1: 55667788990011...
+RTMR2: 99aabbccddee...
+```
+
+For JSON output (useful in scripts), add `--json`:
+
+```bash
+./target/release/dstack-mr measure --json \
+  --cpu 2 --memory 2G \
+  /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/metadata.json
+```
+
+> **Note:** RTMR3 is not included — it depends on application configuration and can only be verified via event log replay (see Step 6).
+
+## Step 4: Verify the RA-TLS Certificate
+
+The `app_cert` in the `/guest/Info` response is an RA-TLS certificate — a standard X.509 certificate with TDX attestation data embedded in custom extensions.
+
+### Extract and examine the certificate
+
+```bash
+# Extract the app_cert
+echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.app_cert' > /tmp/app_cert.pem
+
+# View the certificate structure
+openssl x509 -in /tmp/app_cert.pem -text -noout
+```
+
+In the output, look for the **X509v3 extensions** section. You'll see custom extensions under the dstack OID arc (`1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.*`):
+
+### Extension OIDs
+
+| OID | Content | Description |
+|-----|---------|-------------|
+| `1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.1` | TDX Quote | Binary TDX quote signed by Intel hardware. Contains all measurement registers and binds the cert's public key to the measurements. |
+| `1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.2` | Event Log | Detailed event log for RTMR3 replay verification |
+| `1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.3` | App ID / Compose Hash | Application identity and configuration hash |
+| `1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.4` | Custom Claims | Optional application-defined claims |
+
+### Verify the certificate chain
+
+The app_cert is signed by the dstack App CA, which is in turn signed by the dstack KMS CA:
+
+```
+app_cert → Dstack App CA → Dstack KMS CA
+```
+
+The KMS CA is established during KMS deployment (Phase 4). The chain proves that this certificate was issued by a KMS that verified the CVM's TDX measurements before issuing the cert.
+
+```bash
+# Show issuer information
+openssl x509 -in /tmp/app_cert.pem -issuer -noout
+```
+
+### Why RA-TLS works
+
+The TDX quote embedded at OID `1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.1` was generated by Intel TDX hardware during CVM boot. It contains:
+
+1. **All measurement registers** (MRTD, RTMR0-3) — proving what software is running
+2. **A hash of the certificate's public key** in the `report_data` field — binding the cert to the hardware attestation
+3. **Intel's hardware signature** — proving the quote came from genuine TDX hardware
+
+This means: if you trust the certificate (verified via the chain), you trust the measurements, which means you know exactly what code is running inside the CVM.
+
+## Step 5: Compare Measurements
+
+Compare the CVM's actual measurements against your expected values:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# verify-measurements.sh
+
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+# Get VM UUID
+VM_UUID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json 2>/dev/null \
+  | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="hello-world") | .id')
+
+if [ -z "$VM_UUID" ] || [ "$VM_UUID" = "null" ]; then
+    echo "Error: hello-world CVM not found. Is it running?"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Fetch attestation data
+RESPONSE=$(curl -s -u "admin:$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" \
+  -X POST http://127.0.0.1:9080/guest/Info \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"id\": \"$VM_UUID\"}")
+
+# Parse tcb_info (it's a JSON string inside JSON)
+TCB_INFO=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.tcb_info')
+
+# Extract measurements
+MRTD=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.mrtd')
+RTMR0=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr0')
+RTMR1=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr1')
+RTMR2=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr2')
+RTMR3=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr3')
+
+echo "Actual Measurements from CVM:"
+echo "  MRTD:  $MRTD"
+echo "  RTMR0: $RTMR0"
+echo "  RTMR1: $RTMR1"
+echo "  RTMR2: $RTMR2"
+echo "  RTMR3: $RTMR3"
+echo ""
+
+# Expected values — replace these with your dstack-mr output
+EXPECTED_MRTD="<paste your dstack-mr MRTD value here>"
+EXPECTED_RTMR0="<paste your dstack-mr RTMR0 value here>"
+EXPECTED_RTMR1="<paste your dstack-mr RTMR1 value here>"
+EXPECTED_RTMR2="<paste your dstack-mr RTMR2 value here>"
+
+echo "Measurement Verification Results:"
+echo "=================================="
+
+if [ "$EXPECTED_MRTD" = "<paste your dstack-mr MRTD value here>" ]; then
+    echo "Warning: Using placeholder expected values."
+    echo "Run dstack-mr first, then update the EXPECTED_* variables."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ "$MRTD" = "$EXPECTED_MRTD" ]; then
+    echo "  MRTD  - MATCH - Firmware verified"
+else
+    echo "  MRTD  - MISMATCH"
+    echo "    Expected: $EXPECTED_MRTD"
+    echo "    Got:      $MRTD"
+fi
+
+if [ "$RTMR0" = "$EXPECTED_RTMR0" ]; then
+    echo "  RTMR0 - MATCH - VM config verified"
+else
+    echo "  RTMR0 - MISMATCH"
+    echo "    Expected: $EXPECTED_RTMR0"
+    echo "    Got:      $RTMR0"
+fi
+
+if [ "$RTMR1" = "$EXPECTED_RTMR1" ]; then
+    echo "  RTMR1 - MATCH - Kernel verified"
+else
+    echo "  RTMR1 - MISMATCH"
+    echo "    Expected: $EXPECTED_RTMR1"
+    echo "    Got:      $RTMR1"
+fi
+
+if [ "$RTMR2" = "$EXPECTED_RTMR2" ]; then
+    echo "  RTMR2 - MATCH - Initrd verified"
+else
+    echo "  RTMR2 - MISMATCH"
+    echo "    Expected: $EXPECTED_RTMR2"
+    echo "    Got:      $RTMR2"
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo "RTMR3 requires event log replay (see Step 6)"
+```
+
+## Step 6: Verify TDX RTMR3 via Event Log
+
+On TDX, RTMR3 contains runtime measurements that can't be pre-calculated because they depend on the application configuration, instance ID, and other runtime values. Verify RTMR3 by examining and replaying the event log. On AWS NitroTPM, apply the same replay concept to the PCR14 launch event log.
+
+### View the event log
+
+```bash
+# Extract and display the event log from tcb_info
+TCB_INFO=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.tcb_info')
+echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq '.event_log'
+```
+
+Each event in the log has these fields:
+
+| Field | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `imr` | Which measurement register was extended (3 = RTMR3) |
+| `event_type` | Type of event |
+| `digest` | SHA-384 hash that was extended into the register |
+| `event` | Human-readable event name |
+| `event_payload` | Hex-encoded payload data |
+
+### Decode and verify known events
+
+For this TDX flow, the event log records everything that was measured into RTMR3 during boot:
+
+```bash
+# Display events in human-readable format
+echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.event_log[] | "\(.event): \(.event_payload)"' | while read line; do
+    EVENT_NAME=$(echo "$line" | cut -d: -f1)
+    PAYLOAD_HEX=$(echo "$line" | cut -d: -f2- | tr -d ' ')
+
+    # Decode hex payload to text (where applicable)
+    DECODED=$(echo "$PAYLOAD_HEX" | xxd -r -p 2>/dev/null || echo "(binary)")
+
+    echo "  $EVENT_NAME: $DECODED"
+done
+```
+
+### Expected RTMR3 events
+
+These are the standard events you'll see in the log:
+
+| Event | Description | What to verify |
+|-------|-------------|----------------|
+| `system-preparing` | System initialization marker | Always present |
+| `app-id` | Application identifier | Should match your app name |
+| `compose-hash` | SHA-256 of docker compose config | Should match `tcb_info.compose_hash` |
+| `init-script-hash` | SHA-256 of one init script; repeated in configured order (maximum 5) | Should match the independently approved script bytes |
+| `gpu-policy-hash` | SHA-256 of the JCS-canonicalized GPU policy (default `{}`) | Should match the expected `requirements.gpu_policy` digest |
+| `gpu-attestation` | Verified GPU state and digest of the boot-time `nvattest` JSON | Required for an attested GPU launch; verify as described below |
+| `instance-id` | Unique instance identifier | Should match `instance_id` from response |
+| `boot-mr-done` | Boot measurements complete | Marker event |
+| `os-image-hash` | Guest OS image hash | Should match `tcb_info.os_image_hash` |
+| `key-provider` | Key provider type | e.g., `kms` |
+| `storage-fs` | Storage filesystem type | Storage configuration |
+| `system-ready` | System ready marker | Always present at end |
+
+For a successful GPU launch, the relevant order is `compose-hash`, any
+`init-script-hash` events, `gpu-policy-hash`, `gpu-attestation`, `instance-id`,
+and `boot-mr-done`.
+After replaying the log to the quote's RTMR3, decode the JSON payload of
+`gpu-attestation` and compare its `evidence_sha256` with the SHA-256 digest of
+the exact UTF-8 `GpuInfo.attestation` string. `GpuInfo` reads the result saved
+during boot and does not perform a new attestation.
+
+### Verify specific event values
+
+```bash
+# Extract compose-hash from event log and compare to tcb_info
+EVENT_COMPOSE_HASH=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.event_log[] | select(.event=="compose-hash") | .event_payload' | xxd -r -p 2>/dev/null)
+TCB_COMPOSE_HASH=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.compose_hash')
+
+echo "Event log compose-hash: $EVENT_COMPOSE_HASH"
+echo "TCB info compose_hash:  $TCB_COMPOSE_HASH"
+
+# Extract os-image-hash from event log
+EVENT_OS_HASH=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.event_log[] | select(.event=="os-image-hash") | .event_payload' | xxd -r -p 2>/dev/null)
+TCB_OS_HASH=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.os_image_hash')
+
+echo "Event log os-image-hash: $EVENT_OS_HASH"
+echo "TCB info os_image_hash:  $TCB_OS_HASH"
+```
+
+## Step 7: Full Verification Script
+
+Here's a complete end-to-end verification script:
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# full-attestation-verify.sh
+#
+# Complete attestation verification for a dstack CVM.
+# Retrieves measurements, examines the RA-TLS certificate,
+# and verifies the event log.
+
+INSTANCE_NAME="${1:-hello-world}"
+IMAGE_VERSION="${2:-dstack-0.5.7}"
+
+echo "========================================="
+echo "dstack Attestation Verification"
+echo "========================================="
+echo "Instance: $INSTANCE_NAME"
+echo "Image:    $IMAGE_VERSION"
+echo ""
+
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+# --- Step 1: Get VM UUID ---
+echo "Step 1: Locating CVM..."
+VM_UUID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json 2>/dev/null \
+  | jq -r ".[] | select(.name==\"$INSTANCE_NAME\") | .id")
+
+if [ -z "$VM_UUID" ] || [ "$VM_UUID" = "null" ]; then
+    echo "  FAIL - CVM '$INSTANCE_NAME' not found. Is it running?"
+    echo "  Run: ./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm"
+    exit 1
+fi
+echo "  OK   - VM UUID: $VM_UUID"
+
+# --- Step 2: Fetch attestation data ---
+echo ""
+echo "Step 2: Fetching attestation data via /guest/Info..."
+RESPONSE=$(curl -s -u "admin:$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" \
+  -X POST http://127.0.0.1:9080/guest/Info \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"id\": \"$VM_UUID\"}")
+
+if [ -z "$RESPONSE" ] || [ "$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.tcb_info // empty')" = "" ]; then
+    echo "  FAIL - No attestation data returned. CVM may still be booting."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+INSTANCE_ID=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.instance_id')
+APP_ID=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.app_id')
+echo "  OK   - Instance: $INSTANCE_ID"
+echo "  OK   - App ID:   $APP_ID"
+
+# --- Step 3: Extract measurements ---
+echo ""
+echo "Step 3: Extracting measurements from tcb_info..."
+TCB_INFO=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.tcb_info')
+
+MRTD=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.mrtd')
+RTMR0=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr0')
+RTMR1=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr1')
+RTMR2=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr2')
+RTMR3=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.rtmr3')
+
+echo "  MRTD:  ${MRTD:0:32}..."
+echo "  RTMR0: ${RTMR0:0:32}..."
+echo "  RTMR1: ${RTMR1:0:32}..."
+echo "  RTMR2: ${RTMR2:0:32}..."
+echo "  RTMR3: ${RTMR3:0:32}..."
+
+# --- Step 4: Save and examine RA-TLS certificate ---
+echo ""
+echo "Step 4: Examining RA-TLS certificate..."
+APP_CERT=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.app_cert')
+
+if [ -n "$APP_CERT" ] && [ "$APP_CERT" != "null" ]; then
+    echo "$APP_CERT" > /tmp/app_cert.pem
+
+    # Show certificate subject and issuer
+    SUBJECT=$(openssl x509 -in /tmp/app_cert.pem -subject -noout 2>/dev/null)
+    ISSUER=$(openssl x509 -in /tmp/app_cert.pem -issuer -noout 2>/dev/null)
+    echo "  $SUBJECT"
+    echo "  $ISSUER"
+
+    # Check for RA-TLS extensions
+    CERT_TEXT=$(openssl x509 -in /tmp/app_cert.pem -text -noout 2>/dev/null)
+    if echo "$CERT_TEXT" | grep -q "1.3.6.1.4.1.62397"; then
+        echo "  OK   - RA-TLS extensions found (OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.*)"
+        echo "         .1.1 = TDX Quote | .1.2 = Event Log"
+        echo "         .1.3 = App ID    | .1.4 = Custom Claims"
+    else
+        echo "  WARN - RA-TLS extensions not found in certificate"
+    fi
+
+    echo "  OK   - Certificate saved to /tmp/app_cert.pem"
+else
+    echo "  WARN - No app_cert in response"
+fi
+
+# --- Step 5: Compare measurements (if dstack-mr available) ---
+echo ""
+echo "Step 5: Measurement comparison..."
+DSTACK_MR="$HOME/dstack/target/release/dstack-mr"
+METADATA="/var/lib/dstack/images/$IMAGE_VERSION/metadata.json"
+
+if [ -x "$DSTACK_MR" ] && [ -f "$METADATA" ]; then
+    echo "  Calculating expected measurements with dstack-mr..."
+    EXPECTED=$($DSTACK_MR measure --cpu 2 --memory 2G "$METADATA" 2>/dev/null)
+
+    EXPECTED_MRTD=$(echo "$EXPECTED" | grep "MRTD:" | awk '{print $2}')
+    EXPECTED_RTMR0=$(echo "$EXPECTED" | grep "RTMR0:" | awk '{print $2}')
+    EXPECTED_RTMR1=$(echo "$EXPECTED" | grep "RTMR1:" | awk '{print $2}')
+    EXPECTED_RTMR2=$(echo "$EXPECTED" | grep "RTMR2:" | awk '{print $2}')
+
+    for REG in MRTD RTMR0 RTMR1 RTMR2; do
+        ACTUAL_VAR="${REG}"
+        EXPECTED_VAR="EXPECTED_${REG}"
+        ACTUAL="${!ACTUAL_VAR}"
+        EXPECTED_VAL="${!EXPECTED_VAR}"
+
+        if [ -n "$EXPECTED_VAL" ] && [ "$ACTUAL" = "$EXPECTED_VAL" ]; then
+            echo "  $REG  - MATCH"
+        elif [ -n "$EXPECTED_VAL" ]; then
+            echo "  $REG  - MISMATCH"
+            echo "    Expected: ${EXPECTED_VAL:0:32}..."
+            echo "    Got:      ${ACTUAL:0:32}..."
+        fi
+    done
+else
+    echo "  SKIP - dstack-mr not built or metadata not found"
+    echo "  To enable: cd ~/dstack/dstack && cargo build --release -p dstack-mr-cli"
+fi
+
+# --- Step 6: Display event log ---
+echo ""
+echo "Step 6: Event log (TDX RTMR3 events)..."
+EVENT_COUNT=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq '.event_log | length')
+echo "  $EVENT_COUNT events recorded:"
+
+echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.event_log[] | .event' | while read EVENT_NAME; do
+    echo "  - $EVENT_NAME"
+done
+
+# Verify compose-hash consistency
+COMPOSE_HASH=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.compose_hash // empty')
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(echo "$TCB_INFO" | jq -r '.os_image_hash // empty')
+
+if [ -n "$COMPOSE_HASH" ]; then
+    echo ""
+    echo "  Compose hash: ${COMPOSE_HASH:0:32}..."
+fi
+if [ -n "$OS_IMAGE_HASH" ]; then
+    echo "  OS image hash: ${OS_IMAGE_HASH:0:32}..."
+fi
+
+# --- Summary ---
+echo ""
+echo "========================================="
+echo "Verification Summary"
+echo "========================================="
+echo "  CVM instance:  $INSTANCE_NAME ($INSTANCE_ID)"
+echo "  App ID:        $APP_ID"
+echo "  Measurements:  All 5 registers retrieved (MRTD, RTMR0-3)"
+if [ -n "$APP_CERT" ] && [ "$APP_CERT" != "null" ]; then
+    echo "  RA-TLS cert:   Present (saved to /tmp/app_cert.pem)"
+fi
+echo "  Event log:     $EVENT_COUNT events"
+echo ""
+echo "  Next steps:"
+echo "  - Compare MRTD/RTMR0-2 with dstack-mr output"
+echo "  - Verify TDX RTMR3 by reviewing event log entries"
+echo "  - In production, verify app_cert chain and platform quote signature"
+echo "========================================="
+```
+
+Make it executable and run:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x full-attestation-verify.sh
+./full-attestation-verify.sh hello-world dstack-0.5.7
+```
+
+## Best Practices for Production
+
+### 1. Use RA-TLS for application-level attestation
+
+In production, don't rely on host API access. Instead, have your application serve the RA-TLS certificate via TLS:
+
+```python
+# Pseudo-code for an RA-TLS verifier
+def verify_cvm_app(hostname, port):
+    # Connect and get the server's certificate
+    cert = ssl_connect_and_get_cert(hostname, port)
+
+    # Extract TDX quote from X.509 extension
+    quote = extract_extension(cert, oid="1.3.6.1.4.1.62397.1.1")
+
+    # Verify quote signature (Intel hardware attestation)
+    if not verify_tdx_quote(quote):
+        raise SecurityError("TDX quote verification failed")
+
+    # Extract measurements from quote
+    measurements = parse_quote_measurements(quote)
+
+    # Compare against expected values
+    if measurements.mrtd != expected_mrtd:
+        raise SecurityError("Firmware measurement mismatch")
+
+    return True  # CVM is genuine and running expected software
+```
+
+### 2. Include report_data for freshness
+
+When applications call tappd internally to generate quotes, include fresh random data to prevent replay attacks:
+
+```bash
+# Inside the CVM — application generates a fresh quote with a nonce
+NONCE=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
+curl -X POST --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock \
+  -d "{\"report_data\": \"0x$NONCE\"}" \
+  http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.RawQuote?json
+```
+
+The verifier sends the nonce, the app includes it in the quote, and the verifier checks it matches — proving the quote was generated just now, not replayed.
+
+### 3. Verify the complete measurement chain
+
+Don't just check one register. On TDX, verify the complete chain:
+
+```
+MRTD → RTMR0 → RTMR1 → RTMR2 → RTMR3
+  │        │        │        │        │
+  v        v        v        v        v
+OVMF   VM Config  Kernel   Initrd   App
+```
+
+Each register builds on the previous one. A compromised kernel (RTMR1) could fake application measurements (RTMR3), so always verify from the firmware up.
+
+On AWS EC2 NitroTPM, verify the AWS NitroTPM PKI, expected boot PCRs and OS image hash, then replay PCR14. See the [AWS production verifier runbook](../aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md).
+
+### 4. Keep expected measurements updated
+
+When you update guest OS images, recalculate expected measurements:
+
+```bash
+# After updating to new image version
+dstack-mr measure --cpu 2 --memory 2G \
+  /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/metadata.json
+```
+
+### 5. Use reproducible builds
+
+For highest assurance, build images from source:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack
+git submodule update --init -- \
+  os/yocto/deps/bitbake \
+  os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin \
+  os/yocto/deps/meta-security
+cd os/yocto/repro-build
+./repro-build.sh -n  # Reproducible build
+```
+
+This ensures you know exactly what code is in the image, and anyone can independently verify the measurements match.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [First Application Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#attestation-verification-issues):
+
+- [Attestation data retrieval fails](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#attestation-data-retrieval-fails)
+- [Measurements don't match](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#measurements-dont-match)
+- [RA-TLS certificate issues](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#ra-tls-certificate-issues)
+
+## Verification Checklist
+
+Before proceeding, verify you have:
+
+- [ ] Successfully retrieved attestation data via `/guest/Info`
+- [ ] Extracted all measurement registers (MRTD, RTMR0-3)
+- [ ] Examined the RA-TLS certificate and its extensions
+- [ ] Understood the event log contents
+- [ ] Know how to calculate expected measurements with `dstack-mr`
+- [ ] Automated verification with the full script
+
+## Phase 5 Complete!
+
+Congratulations! You have completed Phase 5 (First Application Deployment):
+
+1. **Guest OS Image Setup** - Downloaded and configured guest images
+2. **Hello World Application** - Deployed your first CVM application
+3. **Attestation Verification** - Proved your app runs in a secure environment
+
+## What You've Accomplished
+
+Your dstack deployment now includes:
+
+- TDX-enabled host with hardware security
+- VMM service managing CVMs and virtual machines
+- KMS service providing key management
+- Gateway service routing traffic
+- A running Hello World application
+- Cryptographic proof of security via attestation
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With the foundation complete, you're ready to explore:
+
+- **Phase 6:** Deploy more complex applications from dstack-examples
+- **Advanced attestation:** ConfigID and platform event-log verification
+- **Custom domains:** Access apps via your own domain
+- **SSH access:** Connect directly to CVMs
+- **Port forwarding:** Expose additional services
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Intel TDX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/documentation.html)
+- [DCAP Attestation Guide](https://download.01.org/intel-sgx/latest/dcap-latest/linux/docs/)
+- [dstack Attestation Source](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/tree/main/attestation)
+- [Reproducible guest-OS builds](../../os/yocto/repro-build/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/blockchain-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/blockchain-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f39ecb389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/blockchain-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+---
+title: "Blockchain Wallet Setup"
+description: "Set up an Ethereum wallet and fund it with testnet ETH for dstack deployment"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 5
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-09
+prerequisites: []
+tags:
+    - blockchain
+    - ethereum
+    - wallet
+    - testnet
+    - sepolia
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: 15-20 minutes
+---
+
+# Blockchain Wallet Setup
+
+dstack's Key Management Service (KMS) is deployed as a smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain. For tutorial purposes, we'll use the **Sepolia testnet**, which allows you to deploy and test without spending real ETH.
+
+## What You'll Need
+
+-   **Ethereum wallet** with a private key
+-   **Testnet ETH** (~0.1 ETH minimum for deployment)
+
+## Why Sepolia?
+
+Sepolia is one of Ethereum's official testnets:
+
+-   Free testnet ETH from faucets
+-   Similar to mainnet but without real value
+-   Perfect for development and testing
+-   Widely supported by tools and services
+
+---
+
+## Option 1: Command-Line Wallet (Recommended)
+
+If you have [Foundry](https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation) installed, you can create a wallet using the `cast` command.
+
+### Step 1.1: Check if Foundry is Installed
+
+```bash
+cast --version
+```
+
+If not installed, see: https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation
+
+### Step 1.2: Generate New Wallet
+
+```bash
+cast wallet new
+```
+
+**Example output:**
+
+```
+Successfully created new keypair.
+Address:     0x91Ba69FCD13D2876FD06907a2880BDBC93C336aF
+Private key: 0xd76e8d3059484d5d9167c4e10cfeea2a4efa655875112e693e18fb4ab890b98a
+```
+
+⚠️ **Save these immediately:**
+
+-   **Address:** Your public wallet address (safe to share)
+-   **Private Key:** SECRET - never share or commit to git
+
+### Step 1.3: Store Wallet Credentials Securely
+
+Create secure files to store your wallet address and private key:
+
+```bash
+# Create secure directory
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack/secrets
+chmod 700 ~/.dstack/secrets
+
+# Store wallet address (replace with your address)
+echo "0xYOUR_ADDRESS_HERE" > ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address
+chmod 600 ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address
+
+# Store private key (replace with your key)
+echo "0xYOUR_PRIVATE_KEY_HERE" > ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key
+chmod 600 ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key
+```
+
+⚠️ **IMPORTANT:** Add to `.gitignore` if working in a git repository:
+
+```bash
+echo "~/.dstack/secrets/" >> ~/.gitignore
+```
+
+### Step 1.4: Check Wallet Balance
+
+```bash
+# Quick check using public Sepolia RPC
+cast balance "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)" --rpc-url https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
+```
+
+Expected output for new wallet: `0` (zero)
+
+---
+
+## Option 2: MetaMask Wallet
+
+If you prefer a browser-based wallet, MetaMask is the most popular choice.
+
+### Step 2.1: Install MetaMask
+
+1. Visit: https://metamask.io/
+2. Install browser extension (Chrome, Firefox, Brave, Edge)
+3. Create new wallet or import existing one
+4. **Save your seed phrase securely** (12 or 24 words)
+
+### Step 2.2: Add Sepolia Network
+
+1. Open MetaMask
+2. Click network dropdown (top center)
+3. Click "Add Network" or "Add a network manually"
+4. Enter Sepolia network details:
+
+```
+Network Name: Sepolia
+RPC URL: https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
+Chain ID: 11155111
+Currency Symbol: ETH
+Block Explorer: https://sepolia.etherscan.io
+```
+
+5. Click "Save"
+
+### Step 2.3: Get Your Wallet Address
+
+1. Open MetaMask
+2. Click on account name (top center)
+3. Address shown below name (starts with `0x...`)
+4. Click to copy
+
+### Step 2.4: Export Private Key (for dstack CLI)
+
+⚠️ **Only do this if you need the private key for programmatic access**
+
+1. Open MetaMask
+2. Click three dots (top right) → Account Details
+3. Click "Export Private Key"
+4. Enter MetaMask password
+5. Click to reveal and copy private key
+6. Store securely as shown in Step 1.3
+
+---
+
+## Step 2: Get Testnet ETH
+
+You need testnet ETH to deploy the KMS smart contract.
+
+### PoW Faucet (Recommended)
+
+**Best option for new wallets** - no requirements:
+
+1. Visit: https://sepolia-faucet.pk910.de/
+2. Enter your wallet address
+3. Click "Start Mining"
+4. Wait 10-30 minutes while mining runs in your browser
+5. Claim your testnet ETH (typically 0.05-0.1 ETH per session)
+
+✅ **Why this faucet?**
+
+-   No mainnet ETH balance required
+-   No account signup needed
+-   No MetaMask required
+-   Works for brand new wallets
+-   Just needs patience for mining
+
+### MetaMask Faucet
+
+If you're using MetaMask:
+
+-   URL: https://docs.metamask.io/developer-tools/faucet
+-   ❌ **Requires:** MetaMask extension installed
+
+### More Faucet Options
+
+For a comprehensive list of Sepolia faucets with their specific requirements, see:
+**https://faucetlink.to/sepolia**
+
+This page lists all available faucets and their requirements (mainnet ETH balance, account signup, etc.)
+
+### Verify You Received ETH
+
+**Command Line:**
+
+```bash
+# Quick check using public Sepolia RPC
+cast balance "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)" --rpc-url https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
+```
+
+Expected: Non-zero value (e.g., `50000000000000000` = 0.05 ETH, `100000000000000000` = 0.1 ETH in wei)
+
+**MetaMask:**
+
+-   Switch to Sepolia network
+-   Check balance shown in extension
+
+**Block Explorer:**
+
+```bash
+# Open in browser
+open "https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)"
+
+# Or manually visit with your address
+https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/YOUR_ADDRESS
+```
+
+---
+
+## Step 3: Verify Your Secrets
+
+Check that all required secrets are stored:
+
+```bash
+# List your secrets
+ls -la ~/.dstack/secrets/
+```
+
+You should have:
+- `sepolia-address` - Your wallet address
+- `sepolia-private-key` - Your wallet private key
+
+**Test your configuration:**
+
+```bash
+echo "Wallet: $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)"
+echo "Balance: $(cast balance "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)" --rpc-url https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com)"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Verification Checklist
+
+Before proceeding to KMS deployment, verify:
+
+-   ✅ Wallet created and address saved to `~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address`
+-   ✅ Private key stored securely in `~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key`
+-   ✅ Wallet has ≥0.1 testnet ETH
+-   ✅ Can query balance via cast
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#blockchain-wallet-setup-issues):
+
+- [Faucet not sending ETH](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#problem-faucet-not-sending-eth)
+- [RPC endpoint timing out](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#problem-rpc-endpoint-timing-out)
+- ["Connection refused" error](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#problem-connection-refused-error)
+- [Can't see balance in cast](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#problem-cant-see-balance-in-cast)
+
+---
+
+## Security Best Practices
+
+### DO:
+
+✅ **Follow these practices:**
+
+-   Store private keys in encrypted files with restricted permissions (chmod 600)
+-   Use environment variables for sensitive data
+-   Keep separate wallets for testnet and mainnet
+-   Back up your wallet securely (encrypted USB, password manager)
+-   Use hardware wallet for mainnet production deployments
+
+### DON'T:
+
+❌ **Avoid these mistakes:**
+
+-   Commit private keys to git repositories
+-   Share private keys via email, chat, or screenshots
+-   Use testnet wallet for mainnet (always use separate wallets)
+-   Store private keys in plain text on cloud storage
+-   Reuse private keys across projects
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+Once your wallet is set up and funded, you can proceed to:
+
+1. **Host Setup:** [TDX Hardware Verification](/tutorial/tdx-hardware-verification) - Begin configuring your TDX-capable server
+2. **Skip Ahead:** If you already have a TDX-enabled server, you'll use this wallet in the KMS deployment phase
+
+Your blockchain wallet is ready for dstack KMS deployment! 🎉
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/clone-build-dstack-vmm.md b/docs/tutorials/clone-build-dstack-vmm.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21bd7b08f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/clone-build-dstack-vmm.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+---
+title: "Clone & Build dstack-vmm"
+description: "Clone the dstack repository and build the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) component"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 3
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - rust-toolchain-installation
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - vmm
+  - cargo
+  - build
+  - compilation
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "20 minutes"
+---
+
+# Clone & Build dstack-vmm
+
+This tutorial guides you through cloning the dstack repository and building the Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) component. The VMM is the core component that manages TEE virtual machines on your host system.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [Rust Toolchain Installation](/tutorial/rust-toolchain-installation)
+- SSH access to your TDX-enabled server
+- At least 2GB free disk space
+
+
+## What Gets Built
+
+| Binary | Purpose |
+|--------|---------|
+| `dstack-vmm` | Virtual Machine Monitor - manages TDX-protected VMs |
+| `dstack-supervisor` | Process supervisor - manages processes within VMs |
+
+Both binaries are installed to `/usr/local/bin/` for system-wide access.
+
+---
+
+## Manual Build
+
+If you prefer to build manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Connect to Your Server
+
+```bash
+ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+```
+
+All build commands should be run as the `ubuntu` user. Only the final installation step requires `sudo`.
+
+### Step 2: Verify dstack Repository
+
+The dstack repository should already be cloned and checked out on the current
+`next` branch from [Local Key Provider](/tutorial/gramine-key-provider):
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack
+git describe --tags
+git branch --show-current
+# Should show next
+```
+
+### Step 3: Build dstack-vmm
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+cargo build --release
+```
+
+### Step 5: Build dstack-supervisor
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+cargo build --release -p supervisor
+```
+
+### Step 6: Install Binaries
+
+```bash
+# Install VMM
+sudo cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-vmm /usr/local/bin/dstack-vmm
+sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-vmm
+
+# Install supervisor
+sudo cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/supervisor /usr/local/bin/dstack-supervisor
+sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-supervisor
+```
+
+### Step 7: Verify Installation
+
+```bash
+which dstack-vmm
+dstack-vmm --version
+
+which dstack-supervisor
+ls -la /usr/local/bin/dstack-supervisor
+```
+
+---
+
+## Build Options
+
+### Specify a Different Version
+
+```bash
+# Check out a monorepo-era release tag when one is available
+git checkout <release-tag>
+
+# Or use the next branch for latest development
+git checkout next
+git pull --ff-only
+```
+
+### Clean Build
+
+To rebuild from scratch:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+cargo clean
+cargo build --release
+```
+
+### Debug Build
+
+For development with better error messages:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+cargo build
+# Binary at ~/dstack/dstack/target/debug/dstack-vmm
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#clone--build-dstack-vmm-issues):
+
+- [Network timeout downloading crates](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#network-timeout-downloading-crates)
+- [Linker errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#linker-errors)
+- [Permission denied on install](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#permission-denied-on-install)
+- [Build cache issues](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#build-cache-issues)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With dstack-vmm built, proceed to:
+
+- [VMM Configuration](/tutorial/vmm-configuration) - Configure the VMM for production
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+- [Cargo Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/contract-deployment.md b/docs/tutorials/contract-deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5e429871
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/contract-deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+---
+title: "Contract Deployment"
+description: "Deploy dstack KMS smart contracts to Sepolia testnet from your local machine"
+section: "KMS Deployment"
+stepNumber: 1
+totalSteps: 3
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-09
+prerequisites:
+  - blockchain-setup
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - kms
+  - ethereum
+  - sepolia
+  - hardhat
+  - deployment
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "15 minutes"
+---
+
+# Contract Deployment
+
+This tutorial deploys the dstack KMS smart contracts to the Sepolia testnet. Contracts are deployed from your **local machine** - your private key never leaves your computer.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [Blockchain Wallet Setup](/tutorial/blockchain-setup) with:
+  - Wallet private key stored in `~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key`
+  - Sepolia testnet ETH (~0.01 ETH recommended)
+- Current dstack monorepo cloned locally: `git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack ~/dstack`
+## What Gets Deployed
+
+The deployment creates two smart contracts on Sepolia:
+
+| Contract | Purpose |
+|----------|---------|
+| **DstackKms Proxy** | Main entry point - manages KMS settings and app authorization |
+| **DstackApp Implementation** | Logic template for application contracts |
+
+These contracts use the UUPS (Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard) pattern for future upgrades.
+
+---
+
+## Deployment
+
+> **Important: Run these steps on your LOCAL machine, not on the TDX server.** Contract deployment requires your Ethereum private key. By running locally, your private key never touches the server. You need a current clone of the dstack repo on your local machine: `git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack ~/dstack`
+
+### Step 1: Clone Repository and Navigate to auth-eth
+
+On your **local machine**, clone the dstack repository (if you haven't already) and use the current `next` branch:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git ~/dstack 2>/dev/null || true
+cd ~/dstack
+git checkout next
+cd dstack/kms/auth-eth
+```
+
+### Step 2: Install Node.js and Dependencies
+
+Install nvm (Node Version Manager), then use it to install the correct Node.js version:
+
+```bash
+# Install nvm
+curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.40.1/install.sh | bash
+
+# Load nvm into current shell
+export NVM_DIR="$HOME/.nvm"
+[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh"
+
+# Install and use Node.js 18 (LTS)
+nvm install 18
+nvm use 18
+
+# Verify versions
+node --version   # Should show v18.x.x
+npm --version    # Should show 9.x.x or 10.x.x
+```
+
+Then install the project dependencies:
+
+```bash
+npm install
+```
+
+### Step 3: Load Credentials
+
+Load your wallet private key and set the RPC URL:
+
+```bash
+# Load wallet private key
+export PRIVATE_KEY=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)
+
+# Set RPC URL for Sepolia testnet
+export RPC_URL="https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com"
+```
+
+Verify the private key loaded correctly:
+
+```bash
+echo "Private key loaded: ${PRIVATE_KEY:0:6}...${PRIVATE_KEY: -4}"
+```
+
+### Step 4: Check Wallet Balance
+
+```bash
+# Check balance using cast
+cast balance "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)" --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+You need at least 0.01 ETH (shown in wei: `10000000000000000`). If insufficient, get free Sepolia ETH from:
+- [PoW Faucet](https://sepolia-faucet.pk910.de/) (no requirements)
+- [Faucet List](https://faucetlink.to/sepolia) (more options)
+
+### Step 5: Compile Contracts
+
+```bash
+npx hardhat compile
+```
+
+Expected output (compiler version and file count may vary):
+
+```
+Downloading compiler 0.8.22
+Generating typings for: 19 artifacts in dir: typechain-types for target: ethers-v6
+Successfully generated 72 typings!
+Compiled 19 Solidity files successfully (evm target: paris).
+```
+
+This generates the contract artifacts (ABI and bytecode) needed for deployment.
+
+### Step 6: Deploy Contracts
+
+```bash
+npx hardhat kms:deploy --with-app-impl --network custom
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```
+Deploying with account: 0xYourAddress
+Account balance: 0.123456789 ETH
+Step 1: Deploying DstackApp implementation...
+DstackApp implementation deployed to: 0x...
+Step 2: Deploying DstackKms...
+DstackKms Proxy deployed to: 0x...
+Complete KMS setup deployed successfully!
+```
+
+### Step 7: Save Contract Addresses
+
+Save the deployed addresses for use in later tutorials:
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your actual addresses from the output above
+KMS_ADDRESS="0xYourKmsProxyAddress"
+APP_ADDRESS="0xYourAppImplAddress"
+
+# Save to secrets directory
+echo "$KMS_ADDRESS" > ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address
+echo "$APP_ADDRESS" > ~/.dstack/secrets/app-contract-address
+
+echo "Addresses saved to ~/.dstack/secrets/"
+```
+
+### Step 8: Verify Deployment
+
+Check the contract exists on-chain:
+
+```bash
+KMS_ADDRESS=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)
+cast code "$KMS_ADDRESS" --rpc-url https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com | head -c 20
+```
+
+If the contract is deployed, this returns bytecode (starting with `0x`). If it shows just `0x`, the contract was not found.
+
+View on Etherscan:
+```bash
+echo "https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/$KMS_ADDRESS"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding the Contracts
+
+### UUPS Proxy Pattern
+
+The contracts use UUPS (Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard):
+
+```
+Client Request
+     │
+     ▼
+┌─────────────┐
+│ KMS Proxy   │ ← Stores state, immutable address
+│ (0x...)     │
+└─────┬───────┘
+      │ delegatecall
+      ▼
+┌─────────────┐
+│ KMS Logic   │ ← Contains code, can be upgraded
+│ (impl)      │
+└─────────────┘
+```
+
+This allows upgrading contract logic without changing addresses or losing state.
+
+### Contract Functions
+
+The DstackKms contract provides:
+
+| Function | Purpose |
+|----------|---------|
+| `isAppAllowed(appId)` | Check if an app is authorized |
+| `registerApp(appId)` | Register a new application |
+| `gatewayAppId()` | Get the gateway app identifier |
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [KMS Deployment Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#contract-deployment-issues):
+
+- [Artifact not found](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#artifact-not-found)
+- [Insufficient funds](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#insufficient-funds)
+- [Transaction underpriced](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#transaction-underpriced)
+- [Nonce too low](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#nonce-too-low)
+- [Connection failed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#connection-failed)
+
+---
+
+## Cost Estimation
+
+| Operation | Gas Used | Cost at 2 gwei |
+|-----------|----------|----------------|
+| DstackApp implementation | ~1,100,000 | ~0.0022 ETH |
+| DstackKms proxy | ~210,000 | ~0.0004 ETH |
+| **Total** | ~1,300,000 | ~0.0026 ETH |
+
+Sepolia testnet ETH is free from faucets.
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With contracts deployed, you're ready to build and configure the KMS:
+
+- [KMS Build & Configuration](/tutorial/kms-build-configuration) - Build and configure the dstack Key Management Service
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Sepolia Etherscan](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/)
+- [Hardhat Deployment Guide](https://hardhat.org/hardhat-runner/docs/guides/deploying)
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/dns-configuration.md b/docs/tutorials/dns-configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..339925340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/dns-configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+---
+title: "DNS Configuration"
+description: "Configure Cloudflare DNS with wildcard domain support for dstack gateway deployment"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 1
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2025-11-01
+
+tags:
+  - dns
+  - cloudflare
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: beginner
+estimatedTime: "30 minutes"
+---
+
+# DNS Configuration
+
+In this tutorial, you'll configure DNS for your dstack deployment using Cloudflare. The dstack gateway requires a wildcard domain to automatically provision subdomains for deployed applications with TLS certificates.
+
+## Why Cloudflare?
+
+The dstack gateway is designed to work with Cloudflare's DNS API for automatic TLS certificate provisioning. While you can use other DNS providers, Cloudflare integration provides:
+
+- **Automatic TLS**: Gateway provisions Let's Encrypt certificates via DNS-01 challenge
+- **Free tier**: No cost for DNS and CDN services
+- **Fast propagation**: DNS changes typically propagate within minutes
+- **API access**: Programmatic DNS management for automation
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- A registered domain name (example: `yourdomain.com`)
+- Access to your domain registrar's DNS settings
+- A Cloudflare account (sign up at https://cloudflare.com if needed)
+
+## Step 1: Add Domain to Cloudflare
+
+### 1.1 Log into Cloudflare Dashboard
+
+Visit https://dash.cloudflare.com and log into your account.
+
+### 1.2 Add Your Domain
+
+1. Click **"+ Add"** in the top right navigation
+2. Click **"Connect a domain"** in the submenu
+3. Enter your domain name (e.g., `yourdomain.com`) and fill out the rest of the form according to your preferences
+4. Click **"Continue"**
+5. Select the **Free** plan (unless you need paid features)
+
+### 1.3 Update Nameservers at Your Registrar
+
+Cloudflare will display two nameservers (e.g., `aden.ns.cloudflare.com` and `olga.ns.cloudflare.com`) and instructions for updating your domain. For ease, these steps are:
+
+1. Log into your DNS provider (most likely your registrar)
+2. Make sure DNSSEC is off
+3. Replace your current nameservers with Cloudflare nameservers
+4. Use the **"Check nameservers now"** button to confirm completion
+
+**Note:** Nameserver changes can take 24-48 hours to fully propagate, but often complete within a few hours.
+
+## Step 2: Configure DNS Records
+
+Once your domain is active on Cloudflare, configure the DNS records for dstack.
+
+### 2.1 Add A Record for Host
+
+Create an A record pointing your subdomain to the dstack host server:
+
+1. In Cloudflare dashboard, click on your domain
+2. Navigate to **DNS** → **Records**
+3. Click **"Add record"**
+4. Configure:
+   - **Type**: A
+   - **Name**: `dstack` (or your preferred subdomain)
+   - **IPv4 address**: Your server IP (e.g., `173.231.234.133`)
+   - **Proxy status**: DNS only (gray cloud) - **Important!**
+   - **TTL**: Auto
+5. Click **"Save"**
+
+**Why DNS only?** Cloudflare's proxy (orange cloud) would route traffic through their CDN, breaking TDX attestation. Use **gray cloud (DNS only)** to direct traffic straight to your server.
+
+### 2.2 Add A Record for Docker Registry
+
+Create an A record for the local Docker registry:
+
+1. Click **"Add record"**
+2. Configure:
+   - **Type**: A
+   - **Name**: `registry`
+   - **IPv4 address**: Same server IP as above
+   - **Proxy status**: DNS only (gray cloud)
+   - **TTL**: Auto
+3. Click **"Save"**
+
+This creates `registry.yourdomain.com` which is used by the local Docker registry for SSL certificates.
+
+### 2.3 Add Wildcard DNS Record
+
+Create a wildcard A record for application subdomains:
+
+1. Click **"Add record"** again
+2. Configure:
+   - **Type**: A
+   - **Name**: `*.dstack` (wildcard under your subdomain)
+   - **IPv4 address**: Same server IP as above
+   - **Proxy status**: DNS only (gray cloud)
+   - **TTL**: Auto
+3. Click **"Save"**
+
+This allows the gateway to automatically provision subdomains like:
+- `app1.dstack.yourdomain.com`
+- `app2.dstack.yourdomain.com`
+- `custom-name.dstack.yourdomain.com`
+
+### 2.4 Add CAA Records (Optional but Recommended)
+
+CAA records restrict which Certificate Authorities can issue certificates for your domain:
+
+1. Click **"Add record"**
+2. Configure:
+   - **Type**: CAA
+   - **Name**: `@` (for root domain, or use `dstack` for subdomain only)
+   - **Flags**: `0`
+   - **Tag**: Select **"Only allow specific hostnames"** from dropdown
+   - **CA domain name**: `letsencrypt.org`
+   - **TTL**: Auto
+3. Click **"Save"**
+
+Repeat for wildcard subdomain:
+1. Click **"Add record"**
+2. Configure:
+   - **Type**: CAA
+   - **Name**: `*.dstack`
+   - **Flags**: `0`
+   - **Tag**: Select **"Only allow specific hostnames"** from dropdown
+   - **CA domain name**: `letsencrypt.org`
+   - **TTL**: Auto
+3. Click **"Save"**
+
+**Note:** The "Only allow specific hostnames" tag option corresponds to the `issue` tag in CAA record syntax. This ensures only Let's Encrypt can issue certificates for your domain, improving security.
+
+## Step 3: Generate Cloudflare API Token
+
+The dstack gateway needs API access to manage DNS records for TLS certificate provisioning.
+
+### 3.1 Create API Token
+
+1. In Cloudflare dashboard, click your profile icon (top right)
+2. Select **"My Profile"**
+3. Navigate to **API Tokens** tab
+4. Click **"Create Token"**
+5. Use the **"Edit zone DNS"** template
+6. Configure:
+   - **Permissions**:
+     - Zone → DNS → Edit
+   - **Zone Resources**:
+     - Include → Specific zone → Select your domain
+   - **TTL**: Not set (token doesn't expire, or set expiration if preferred)
+7. Click **"Continue to summary"**
+8. Review permissions
+9. Click **"Create Token"**
+
+### 3.2 Save API Token Securely
+
+**IMPORTANT:** Copy the API token immediately and save it securely. You'll need this for gateway configuration.
+
+The token will look like: `abcdef123456789_example_token_xyz`
+
+**Store this token securely** - you won't be able to see it again in Cloudflare dashboard. Consider using:
+- Password manager
+- Encrypted file
+- Secret management system (if deploying in production)
+
+### 3.3 Test API Token
+
+Verify the token works with a simple API test:
+
+```bash
+# Replace TOKEN with your actual API token
+# Replace ZONE_ID with your Cloudflare zone ID (found in domain Overview)
+curl -X GET "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/zones/ZONE_ID/dns_records" \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_TOKEN" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json"
+```
+
+Expected response: JSON with `"success": true` and list of your DNS records.
+
+NOTE: You can find the zone id on the right site of your domains overview page, under the API section. You may need to scroll to find it.
+
+## Step 4: Test DNS Resolution
+
+Verify your DNS configuration is working correctly.
+
+### 4.1 Test Base Domain
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your actual subdomain
+dig dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# Should return your server IP in the ANSWER section
+# Example output:
+# dstack.yourdomain.com.  300  IN  A  173.231.234.133
+```
+
+### 4.2 Test Registry Domain
+
+```bash
+dig registry.yourdomain.com
+
+# Should return your server IP
+```
+
+### 4.3 Test Wildcard Domain
+
+```bash
+# Test a random subdomain under wildcard
+dig test.dstack.yourdomain.com
+dig app.dstack.yourdomain.com
+dig anything.dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# All should return your server IP
+```
+
+### 4.4 Verify from Multiple Locations
+
+DNS propagation can vary by location. Test from different DNS resolvers:
+
+```bash
+# Google DNS
+dig @8.8.8.8 dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# Cloudflare DNS
+dig @1.1.1.1 dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# Your local DNS (no @)
+dig dstack.yourdomain.com
+```
+
+All should return your server IP.
+
+## Step 5: Personalize Tutorial Commands
+
+The tutorials throughout this site use `yourdomain.com` as a placeholder domain. Now that your DNS is configured, you can replace all placeholders at once to avoid copy-paste errors.
+
+### Set Your Domains
+
+```bash
+# Set your actual domains
+export BASE_DOMAIN="yourdomain.com"                   # Your registered domain
+export REGISTRY_DOMAIN="registry.${BASE_DOMAIN}"      # Docker registry subdomain
+export GATEWAY_DOMAIN="dstack.${BASE_DOMAIN}"          # Gateway base domain (from *.dstack record)
+export KMS_DOMAIN="kms.${GATEWAY_DOMAIN}"             # KMS domain
+```
+
+### Replace in Tutorials
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack-info
+
+# Replace all placeholders (most specific patterns first)
+find src/content/tutorials -name "*.md" -exec sed -i \
+  -e "s|registry\.yourdomain\.com|${REGISTRY_DOMAIN}|g" \
+  -e "s|vmm\.dstack\.yourdomain\.com|vmm.${GATEWAY_DOMAIN}|g" \
+  -e "s|kms\.yourdomain\.com|${KMS_DOMAIN}|g" \
+  -e "s|dstack\.yourdomain\.com|${GATEWAY_DOMAIN}|g" \
+  -e "s|yourdomain\.com|${BASE_DOMAIN}|g" \
+  {} +
+```
+
+### Verify Replacements
+
+```bash
+# Should return no results (or only this tutorial explaining the placeholder)
+grep -r "yourdomain" src/content/tutorials/ | grep -v "dns-configuration.md"
+```
+
+> **Note:** These changes are local to your copy of the tutorials. Don't commit them to git — they're specific to your deployment. If you pull updates later, re-run the sed commands.
+
+## Step 6: DNS Record Summary
+
+After completion, you should have these DNS records in Cloudflare:
+
+| Type | Name | Value | Proxy Status |
+|------|------|-------|--------------|
+| A | `dstack` | Your server IP | DNS only (gray) |
+| A | `registry` | Your server IP | DNS only (gray) |
+| A | `*.dstack` | Your server IP | DNS only (gray) |
+| CAA | `dstack` | `letsencrypt.org` | N/A |
+| CAA | `*.dstack` | `letsencrypt.org` | N/A |
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#dns-configuration-issues):
+
+- [DNS Not Resolving](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#dns-not-resolving)
+- [Wildcard Not Working](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#wildcard-not-working)
+- [API Token Permission Denied](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#api-token-permission-denied)
+- [Propagation Taking Too Long](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#propagation-taking-too-long)
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With DNS configured, you're ready to proceed to blockchain setup:
+
+- **Next Tutorial:** [Blockchain Wallet Setup](/tutorial/blockchain-setup)
+
+After completing all prerequisites (DNS + Blockchain), you'll configure the dstack gateway to use:
+- Your domain for TLS certificate provisioning
+- Your Cloudflare API token for DNS management
+- Your blockchain wallet for KMS interactions
+
+---
+
+**Important Notes:**
+
+- Keep your Cloudflare API token secure - treat it like a password
+- Use DNS only (gray cloud) for dstack records to preserve TDX attestation
+- Wildcard DNS enables automatic subdomain provisioning for applications
+- CAA records improve security by restricting certificate issuance
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/docker-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/docker-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7aa6f5aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/docker-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+---
+title: "Docker Setup"
+description: "Install Docker Engine for dstack services"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 3
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-09
+prerequisites:
+  - ssl-certificate-setup
+tags:
+  - docker
+  - containers
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: beginner
+estimatedTime: "10 minutes"
+---
+
+# Docker Setup
+
+This tutorial guides you through installing Docker Engine on your TDX server. Docker is required for the Local Key Provider and Local Docker Registry.
+
+## What You'll Install
+
+| Component | Purpose |
+|-----------|---------|
+| **docker-ce** | Docker Engine (Community Edition) |
+| **docker-ce-cli** | Docker command-line interface |
+| **containerd.io** | Container runtime |
+| **docker-buildx-plugin** | Extended build capabilities |
+| **docker-compose-plugin** | Multi-container orchestration |
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [SSL Certificate Setup](/tutorial/ssl-certificate-setup)
+- SSH access to your TDX server
+- sudo privileges
+
+
+## Manual Installation
+
+### Step 1: Check if Docker is Already Installed
+
+```bash
+docker --version
+```
+
+If Docker is already installed, you can skip to [Verification](#verification).
+
+### Step 2: Install Prerequisites
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y ca-certificates curl gnupg
+```
+
+### Step 3: Add Docker GPG Key
+
+```bash
+sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
+curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo tee /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc > /dev/null
+sudo chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc
+```
+
+### Step 4: Add Docker Repository
+
+```bash
+echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.asc] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME") stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
+```
+
+### Step 5: Install Docker Packages
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin
+```
+
+### Step 6: Start Docker Service
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl start docker
+sudo systemctl enable docker
+```
+
+### Step 7: Add User to Docker Group
+
+This allows running Docker commands without sudo:
+
+```bash
+sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
+```
+
+**Important:** Log out and back in for the group membership to take effect, or run:
+
+```bash
+newgrp docker
+```
+
+---
+
+## Verification
+
+### Check Docker is Running
+
+```bash
+docker info
+```
+
+You should see detailed information about the Docker installation.
+
+### Check Docker Version
+
+```bash
+docker --version
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```
+Docker version 27.x.x, build xxxxxxx
+```
+
+### Test Docker
+
+```bash
+docker run hello-world
+```
+
+This downloads and runs a test image. You should see:
+```
+Hello from Docker!
+This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#docker-setup-issues):
+
+- [Permission Denied](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#permission-denied)
+- [Docker Service Not Starting](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#docker-service-not-starting)
+- [Repository Not Found](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#repository-not-found)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With Docker installed, proceed to:
+
+- [Local Key Provider](/tutorial/gramine-key-provider) - Deploy SGX-based key provider
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Docker Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/)
+- [Docker Engine Installation](https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/ubuntu/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/gateway-build-configuration.md b/docs/tutorials/gateway-build-configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8964385c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/gateway-build-configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+---
+title: "Gateway CVM Preparation"
+description: "Prepare gateway for CVM deployment: docker-compose, environment configuration, and app registration"
+section: "Gateway Deployment"
+stepNumber: 1
+totalSteps: 2
+lastUpdated: 2026-02-21
+prerequisites:
+  - kms-cvm-deployment
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - gateway
+  - cvm
+  - docker-compose
+  - configuration
+difficulty: "advanced"
+estimatedTime: "25 minutes"
+---
+
+# Gateway CVM Preparation
+
+This tutorial guides you through preparing the dstack gateway for deployment as a Confidential Virtual Machine (CVM). The gateway acts as a reverse proxy that forwards TLS connections to application CVMs via WireGuard tunnels, with TDX attestation providing cryptographic proof of integrity.
+
+Unlike a traditional host-based deployment, the gateway runs inside a CVM where its configuration is auto-generated, WireGuard keys are managed automatically, and TLS certificates are provisioned via the admin API.
+
+## Why Deploy Gateway in a CVM?
+
+| Benefit | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| **TDX Attestation** | Cryptographic proof that the gateway is running genuine, untampered code |
+| **Memory Encryption** | WireGuard keys and TLS certificates protected by TDX hardware encryption |
+| **WireGuard Isolation** | WireGuard runs inside the CVM, not exposed on the host |
+| **Auto-Configuration** | `gateway.toml` and WireGuard keys generated automatically by the container entrypoint |
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [KMS CVM Deployment](/tutorial/kms-cvm-deployment) — KMS must be running and reachable
+- dstack VMM running (`systemctl status dstack-vmm`)
+- Cloudflare API token (from [DNS Configuration](/tutorial/dns-configuration/#step-3-generate-cloudflare-api-token))
+- **On your local machine:** Foundry toolchain installed (`cast` command — [install guide](https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation)), wallet private key at `~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key`, KMS contract address at `~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address`
+- Python cryptography libraries for `vmm-cli.py`:
+  ```bash
+  sudo apt install -y python3-pip
+  pip3 install --break-system-packages cryptography eth-keys eth-utils "eth-hash[pycryptodome]"
+  ```
+
+
+## What Gets Prepared
+
+| Artifact | Purpose |
+|----------|---------|
+| **Gateway Docker image** | Locally-built image pushed to local registry (v0.5.7 not on Docker Hub) |
+| **docker-compose.yaml** | Container definition with gateway image and environment variables |
+| **.env** | Host-side environment variables for deployment |
+| **.app_env** | CVM-side environment variables passed into the container |
+| **app-compose.json** | VMM deployment manifest generated by `vmm-cli.py compose` |
+| **On-chain registration** | Gateway app registered on the KMS smart contract |
+
+---
+
+## Manual Preparation
+
+### Step 1: Verify Prerequisites
+
+Confirm KMS is running and reachable:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '{chain_id, kms_contract_address}'
+```
+
+Expected output shows your KMS contract details:
+
+```json
+{
+  "chain_id": 11155111,
+  "kms_contract_address": "0xYOUR_KMS_CONTRACT_ADDRESS"
+}
+```
+
+Confirm VMM is running:
+
+```bash
+systemctl status dstack-vmm --no-pager
+```
+
+Verify VMM port mapping allows UDP (needed for WireGuard). Check your `/etc/dstack/vmm.toml`:
+
+```bash
+grep -A5 'port_mapping' /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+```
+
+The `range` must include a UDP entry. If it only has TCP, add UDP:
+
+```bash
+sudo sed -i '/{ protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },/a\    { protocol = "udp", from = 1, to = 20000 },' /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+> **Why UDP?** The gateway uses WireGuard (UDP port 51820 inside the CVM, mapped to host port 9202) for secure tunnels to application CVMs. Without UDP port mapping enabled, the VMM will reject the deployment.
+
+### Step 2: Create Deployment Directory
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/gateway-deploy
+```
+
+### Step 3: Build Gateway Docker Image
+
+The `dstacktee/dstack-gateway:0.5.7` image isn't published on Docker Hub, so we build it locally from the dstack source you cloned in [Build dstack from Source](/tutorial/clone-build-dstack-vmm). This follows the same pattern as the [KMS image build](/tutorial/kms-build-configuration/#step-7-create-docker-image-for-cvm-deployment).
+
+#### Build the gateway binary
+
+The [Build dstack from Source](/tutorial/clone-build-dstack-vmm) tutorial builds `dstack-vmm` and `supervisor`, but not the gateway. Build it now:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+cargo build --release -p dstack-gateway
+```
+
+Verify the binary was built:
+
+```bash
+ls -lh ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-gateway
+```
+
+Expected output (typically 15-25MB):
+```
+-rwxrwxr-x 1 ubuntu ubuntu 20M ... /home/ubuntu/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-gateway
+```
+
+#### Create Dockerfile
+
+```bash
+cat > ~/gateway-deploy/Dockerfile << 'EOF'
+FROM ubuntu:24.04
+
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    wireguard-tools \
+    iproute2 \
+    jq \
+    ca-certificates \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+COPY dstack-gateway /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway
+RUN chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway
+
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY entrypoint.sh /app/entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod +x /app/entrypoint.sh
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/app/entrypoint.sh"]
+CMD ["dstack-gateway", "-c", "/data/gateway/gateway.toml"]
+EOF
+```
+
+#### Copy build artifacts
+
+Copy the gateway binary and entrypoint script into the build context:
+
+```bash
+cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-gateway ~/gateway-deploy/
+cp ~/dstack/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/entrypoint.sh ~/gateway-deploy/
+```
+
+#### Build Docker image
+
+```bash
+cd ~/gateway-deploy
+docker build -t dstack-gateway:latest .
+```
+
+#### Verify image
+
+```bash
+docker images dstack-gateway
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```
+REPOSITORY        TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
+dstack-gateway    latest    abc123def456   10 seconds ago   ~150MB
+```
+
+#### Push to local registry
+
+Tag and push to your local Docker registry so CVMs can pull it during boot:
+
+```bash
+docker tag dstack-gateway:latest localhost:5000/dstack-gateway:latest
+docker tag dstack-gateway:latest localhost:5000/dstack-gateway:fixed
+
+docker push localhost:5000/dstack-gateway:latest
+docker push localhost:5000/dstack-gateway:fixed
+```
+
+Verify the image is in the registry (via HAProxy):
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/dstack-gateway/tags/list
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```json
+{"name":"dstack-gateway","tags":["fixed","latest"]}
+```
+
+### Step 4: Register Gateway App On-Chain
+
+> **Important: Run this step on your LOCAL machine.** On-chain transactions require your wallet private key, which stays on your local machine (never on the server). You need [Foundry](https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation) installed locally (`curl -L https://foundry.paradigm.xyz | bash && foundryup`).
+
+The gateway needs an on-chain app identity so KMS can issue it TLS certificates via attestation.
+
+#### Load wallet credentials
+
+On your **local machine**:
+
+```bash
+export PRIVATE_KEY=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)
+export ETH_RPC_URL="https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com"
+export KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)
+```
+
+#### Deploy and register the gateway app
+
+This creates a new `DstackApp` contract and registers it with the KMS contract in a single transaction:
+
+```bash
+MY_ADDR=$(cast wallet address --private-key $PRIVATE_KEY)
+ZERO=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=$(cast send "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" "deployAndRegisterApp(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)" "$MY_ADDR" false true "$ZERO" "$ZERO" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL" --private-key "$PRIVATE_KEY" --json | jq -r '.logs[-1].topics[1]' | sed 's/0x000000000000000000000000/0x/')
+
+echo "Gateway App ID: $GATEWAY_APP_ID"
+```
+
+> **What this does:** `deployAndRegisterApp` deploys a new `DstackApp` proxy contract and registers it with the KMS. The parameters are: `initialOwner` (your wallet), `disableUpgrades` (false), `allowAnyDevice` (true — allows any TDX device to run this app), `initialDeviceId` (zero — not device-locked), and `initialComposeHash` (zero — we'll add it after generating the compose).
+>
+> **Log parsing:** The transaction emits multiple events. The app proxy address is in the **last** log entry (`AppDeployedViaFactory`), not the first (which is the `Upgraded` event from the implementation contract).
+
+#### Verify the app was created correctly
+
+Confirm the contract owner matches your wallet:
+
+```bash
+cast call "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" "owner()(address)" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+```
+
+This should return your wallet address. If it returns `0x000...000`, the log parsing failed — check the troubleshooting section.
+
+#### Set the gateway app ID on the KMS contract
+
+Tell the KMS contract which app is the gateway:
+
+```bash
+cast send "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" "setGatewayAppId(string)" "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL" --private-key "$PRIVATE_KEY"
+```
+
+#### Verify registration
+
+```bash
+cast call "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" "gatewayAppId()(string)" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+```
+
+Should return your gateway app ID.
+
+#### Whitelist the OS image
+
+The KMS contract maintains an allowlist of OS image hashes. Each dstack guest image includes a `digest.txt` file containing its SHA256 hash. The VMM passes this hash to KMS during attestation, and KMS rejects any hash that isn't whitelisted.
+
+Get the image digest from your server and whitelist it:
+
+```bash
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP 'cat /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/digest.txt')
+echo "OS image hash: 0x$OS_IMAGE_HASH"
+```
+
+```bash
+cast send "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" "addOsImageHash(bytes32)" "0x$OS_IMAGE_HASH" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL" --private-key "$PRIVATE_KEY"
+```
+
+Verify it was added:
+
+```bash
+cast call "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" "allowedOsImages(bytes32)(bool)" "0x$OS_IMAGE_HASH" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+```
+
+Expected output: `true`
+
+> **Note:** This step is required for any CVM that needs KMS attestation. Each dstack release has a different digest — if you upgrade images, you must whitelist the new hash. If you already whitelisted this hash during KMS setup, you can skip this step.
+
+#### Save the app ID and copy to server
+
+Save the gateway app ID locally and copy it to the server (needed for later steps):
+
+```bash
+# Save locally
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack/secrets
+echo "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" > ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id
+
+# Copy to server
+scp ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP:~/.dstack/secrets/
+```
+
+### Step 5: Create docker-compose.yaml
+
+> **Back to the server.** Steps 5-7 and 9-10 run on your **TDX server**. SSH back in if needed:
+> ```bash
+> ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+> ```
+
+Create the compose file that runs the gateway inside the CVM. The container entrypoint auto-generates `gateway.toml` and WireGuard keys from these environment variables.
+
+```bash
+cat > ~/gateway-deploy/docker-compose.yaml << 'EOF'
+services:
+  gateway:
+    image: registry.yourdomain.com/dstack-gateway:fixed
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+      - /dstack:/dstack
+      - data:/data
+    network_mode: host
+    privileged: true
+    environment:
+      - SUBNET_INDEX=${SUBNET_INDEX}
+      - WG_ENDPOINT=${WG_ENDPOINT}
+      - MY_URL=${MY_URL}
+      - BOOTNODE_URL=${BOOTNODE_URL}
+      - WG_IP=${WG_IP}
+      - WG_RESERVED_NET=${WG_RESERVED_NET}
+      - WG_CLIENT_RANGE=${WG_CLIENT_RANGE}
+      - NODE_ID=${NODE_ID}
+      - RUST_LOG=info,certbot=debug
+      - RPC_DOMAIN=${RPC_DOMAIN}
+      - PROXY_LISTEN_PORT=${PROXY_LISTEN_PORT:-443}
+      - PROXY_WORKERS=${PROXY_WORKERS:-32}
+      - MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_APP=${MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_APP:-0}
+      - ADMIN_LISTEN_ADDR=${ADMIN_LISTEN_ADDR:-0.0.0.0}
+      - ADMIN_LISTEN_PORT=${ADMIN_LISTEN_PORT:-8001}
+    restart: always
+
+volumes:
+  data:
+EOF
+```
+
+> **Note:** The image uses your registry domain (not `localhost:5000`) because CVMs use QEMU user-mode networking — `localhost` inside a CVM refers to the CVM itself, not the host. Docker inside the CVM resolves `registry.yourdomain.com` via DNS to the host's public IP, where HAProxy proxies to the local registry on port 5000. The `:fixed` tag is a stable alias that won't change unexpectedly. This matches the pattern used by the [KMS CVM deployment](/tutorial/kms-cvm-deployment/#step-3-create-docker-composeyaml).
+
+**What the container does automatically:**
+- Generates WireGuard key pair (or reuses existing from `/data/gateway/wg.key`)
+- Creates `gateway.toml` at `/data/gateway/gateway.toml` from environment variables
+- Starts the gateway RPC server on port 8000
+- Starts the admin API on port 8001
+- Starts WireGuard on port 51820
+- Starts the HTTPS proxy on port 443
+
+### Step 6: Create .env File
+
+This file stores your deployment-specific values. The variables are used both during preparation and deployment.
+
+```bash
+cat > ~/gateway-deploy/.env << EOF
+# Required: VMM RPC endpoint
+VMM_RPC=http://127.0.0.1:9080
+
+# Required: Cloudflare API token for DNS-01 challenges
+CF_API_TOKEN=YOUR_CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN
+
+# Required: Service domain (wildcard base for app subdomains)
+SRV_DOMAIN=dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# Required: Host public IP address
+PUBLIC_IP=$(curl -s4 ifconfig.me)
+
+# Required: Gateway app ID from on-chain registration
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id)
+
+# Required: KMS endpoint (host-side, for vmm-cli.py encryption)
+KMS_URL=https://127.0.0.1:9100
+
+# Required: KMS domain name (must match KMS_DOMAIN from KMS docker-compose)
+# Used as the CVM-side KMS URL so the TLS certificate hostname matches
+KMS_DOMAIN=kms.dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# Node ID (must be unique if running multiple gateways)
+NODE_ID=1
+
+# Subnet index (0-15, determines WireGuard IP range)
+SUBNET_INDEX=0
+
+# Guest OS image
+OS_IMAGE=dstack-0.5.7
+EOF
+```
+
+Replace the placeholder values with your actual Cloudflare API token, domain, and KMS domain:
+
+```bash
+sed -i 's/YOUR_CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN/your-actual-cloudflare-token/' ~/gateway-deploy/.env
+sed -i 's/dstack.yourdomain.com/your-actual-domain.com/' ~/gateway-deploy/.env
+sed -i 's/kms.dstack.yourdomain.com/kms.your-actual-domain.com/' ~/gateway-deploy/.env
+```
+
+**Environment variable reference:**
+
+| Variable | Required | Description |
+|----------|----------|-------------|
+| `VMM_RPC` | Yes | VMM RPC endpoint |
+| `CF_API_TOKEN` | Yes | Cloudflare API token for DNS-01 certificate challenges |
+| `SRV_DOMAIN` | Yes | Base domain for app subdomains (e.g., `dstack.yourdomain.com`) |
+| `PUBLIC_IP` | Yes | Host's public IP address (for WireGuard endpoint) |
+| `GATEWAY_APP_ID` | Yes | App ID from on-chain registration (Step 4) |
+| `KMS_URL` | Yes | KMS RPC endpoint URL (host-side, for vmm-cli.py encryption) |
+| `KMS_DOMAIN` | Yes | KMS domain name matching its TLS certificate (from KMS docker-compose `KMS_DOMAIN`) |
+| `NODE_ID` | Yes | Unique node ID (default: 1) |
+| `SUBNET_INDEX` | No | WireGuard subnet index 0-15 (default: 0) |
+| `OS_IMAGE` | No | Guest OS image name (default: dstack-0.5.7) |
+
+### Step 7: Generate .app_env and app-compose.json
+
+Load the environment and calculate derived values:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/gateway-deploy
+set -a; source .env; set +a
+
+# Calculate WireGuard IP allocation from SUBNET_INDEX
+WG_IP_PREFIX="10.$((SUBNET_INDEX + 240)).0"
+WG_IP="${WG_IP_PREFIX}.1/12"
+WG_RESERVED_NET="${WG_IP_PREFIX}.1/32"
+WG_CLIENT_RANGE="${WG_IP_PREFIX}.0/16"
+WG_PORT=9202
+RPC_DOMAIN="gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN"
+MY_URL="https://${RPC_DOMAIN}"
+
+# Create .app_env (environment variables passed into the CVM)
+cat > .app_env << ENVEOF
+SUBNET_INDEX=$SUBNET_INDEX
+WG_ENDPOINT=$PUBLIC_IP:$WG_PORT
+MY_URL=$MY_URL
+WG_IP=$WG_IP
+WG_RESERVED_NET=$WG_RESERVED_NET
+WG_CLIENT_RANGE=$WG_CLIENT_RANGE
+RPC_DOMAIN=$RPC_DOMAIN
+NODE_ID=$NODE_ID
+PROXY_LISTEN_PORT=443
+ENVEOF
+
+echo "Generated .app_env:"
+cat .app_env
+```
+
+> **Why MY_URL should NOT include port 9202:** `MY_URL` is used by the gateway to generate application board links (e.g., `https://gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com/dashboard`). If `MY_URL` includes `:9202`, those links point to port 9202, which serves the dstack-internal TLS certificate (not the Let's Encrypt cert from HAProxy). Browsers will show certificate errors. By using the bare domain (port 443), links go through HAProxy where the `gateway_rpc_passthrough` rule forwards to port 9202 behind a proper TLS chain.
+
+Now generate the VMM deployment manifest:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 compose \
+  --docker-compose ~/gateway-deploy/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --name dstack-gateway \
+  --kms \
+  --env-file ~/gateway-deploy/.app_env \
+  --public-logs \
+  --public-sysinfo \
+  --no-instance-id \
+  --output ~/gateway-deploy/app-compose.json
+```
+
+**Key flags explained:**
+
+| Flag | Purpose |
+|------|---------|
+| `--kms` | Enable KMS integration for TDX attestation and certificate provisioning |
+| `--env-file` | Pass runtime environment variables into the CVM |
+| `--public-logs` | Allow log access via VMM API |
+| `--public-sysinfo` | Allow system info queries via VMM API |
+| `--no-instance-id` | Don't append instance ID to app name |
+
+> **Note:** Do NOT use the `--secure-time` flag — it causes the CVM to hang during boot waiting for time synchronization.
+
+### Step 8: Whitelist Compose Hash On-Chain
+
+> **Important: Run this step on your LOCAL machine.** This requires your wallet private key.
+
+The KMS contract verifies that the exact compose configuration is authorized before issuing certificates. Get the hash from the server and register it on-chain:
+
+On your **local machine**, get the compose hash from the server:
+
+```bash
+COMPOSE_HASH=$(ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP 'sha256sum ~/gateway-deploy/app-compose.json' | cut -d' ' -f1)
+echo "Compose hash: 0x$COMPOSE_HASH"
+```
+
+Load wallet credentials:
+
+```bash
+export PRIVATE_KEY=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)
+export ETH_RPC_URL="https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com"
+export GATEWAY_APP_ID=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id)
+```
+
+Add the compose hash to the gateway app's allowed list:
+
+```bash
+cast send "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" "addComposeHash(bytes32)" "0x$COMPOSE_HASH" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL" --private-key "$PRIVATE_KEY"
+```
+
+Verify the hash was added:
+
+```bash
+cast call "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" "allowedComposeHashes(bytes32)(bool)" "0x$COMPOSE_HASH" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```
+true
+```
+
+> **Important:** If you modify `docker-compose.yaml` or `.app_env` and regenerate `app-compose.json`, the hash will change. You must whitelist the new hash before deploying.
+
+### Step 9: Verify Preparation
+
+> **Back to the server.** Steps 9-10 run on your **TDX server**.
+
+Confirm all artifacts are in place:
+
+```bash
+echo "=== Preparation Checklist ==="
+echo ""
+
+# Check deployment files
+for f in docker-compose.yaml .env .app_env app-compose.json; do
+  if [ -f ~/gateway-deploy/$f ]; then
+    echo "[OK] ~/gateway-deploy/$f"
+  else
+    echo "[MISSING] ~/gateway-deploy/$f"
+  fi
+done
+
+# Check secrets
+for f in gateway-app-id vmm-auth-token; do
+  if [ -f ~/.dstack/secrets/$f ]; then
+    echo "[OK] ~/.dstack/secrets/$f"
+  else
+    echo "[MISSING] ~/.dstack/secrets/$f"
+  fi
+done
+
+echo ""
+echo "Gateway App ID: $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id)"
+echo "Compose Hash: $(sha256sum ~/gateway-deploy/app-compose.json | cut -d' ' -f1)"
+```
+
+All items should show `[OK]`.
+
+### Step 10: Verify KMS Can Reach On-Chain State
+
+The KMS auth-eth service queries the blockchain directly (via `eth_call`) for each attestation request — it does not cache state. Verify KMS can see the gateway app registration:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '.gateway_app_id'
+```
+
+This should return your gateway app ID (the one saved in `~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id`).
+
+If the gateway app ID is wrong or missing, see [KMS shows wrong gateway app ID](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#kms-shows-wrong-gateway-app-id) in the troubleshooting guide.
+
+---
+
+## Architecture
+
+### CVM-based Gateway
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                     TDX Host                            │
+│                                                         │
+│  ┌───────────────┐  ┌───────────────┐                  │
+│  │   HAProxy     │  │  dstack-vmm   │                  │
+│  │  :80, :443    │  │    :9080      │                  │
+│  └───────┬───────┘  └───────────────┘                  │
+│          │                                              │
+│  ┌───────▼─────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
+│  │           Gateway CVM (TDX Protected)            │   │
+│  │                                                  │   │
+│  │  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │   │
+│  │  │         Docker Container (privileged)       │ │   │
+│  │  │                                            │ │   │
+│  │  │  ┌──────────────┐  ┌──────────────────┐   │ │   │
+│  │  │  │   Gateway    │  │  WireGuard       │   │ │   │
+│  │  │  │  RPC  :8000  │  │  wg-ds-gw :51820│   │ │   │
+│  │  │  │  Admin:8001  │  │                  │   │ │   │
+│  │  │  │  Proxy:443   │  │  10.240.0.0/16   │   │ │   │
+│  │  │  └──────────────┘  └────────┬─────────┘   │ │   │
+│  │  └─────────────────────────────┼──────────────┘ │   │
+│  │                                │                 │   │
+│  │  guest-agent (/var/run/dstack.sock)             │   │
+│  └────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────┘   │
+│                                   │                     │
+│  ┌────────────────────────────────▼─────────────────┐  │
+│  │  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────┐                │  │
+│  │  │  App CVM 1  │  │  App CVM 2  │  ...           │  │
+│  │  │ 10.240.0.x  │  │ 10.240.0.y  │                │  │
+│  │  └─────────────┘  └─────────────┘                │  │
+│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
+│                                                         │
+│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
+│  │            KMS CVM (TDX Protected)               │   │
+│  │                    :9100                          │   │
+│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+### Key Differences from Host-based Gateway
+
+| Aspect | Host-based Gateway | CVM-based Gateway |
+|--------|-------------------|-------------------|
+| WireGuard | Host interface (dgw) | Inside CVM (wg-ds-gw), auto-managed |
+| Configuration | Manual gateway.toml | Auto-generated by entrypoint.sh |
+| TLS Certificates | Manual certbot on host | Admin API + Let's Encrypt inside CVM |
+| Service Manager | systemd | VMM-managed CVM |
+| TDX Attestation | Not available | Full attestation with quotes |
+| Memory Protection | OS-level only | TDX hardware encryption |
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Gateway Deployment Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#gateway-build--configuration-issues):
+
+- [Contract transaction reverts](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#contract-transaction-reverts)
+- [Compose hash mismatch](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#compose-hash-mismatch)
+- [vmm-cli.py compose errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#vmm-clipy-compose-errors)
+- [KMS shows wrong gateway app ID](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#kms-shows-wrong-gateway-app-id)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With all artifacts prepared and the compose hash whitelisted, proceed to [Gateway CVM Deployment](/tutorial/gateway-service-setup) to deploy the CVM and bootstrap the admin API.
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/gateway-service-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/gateway-service-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10b592311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/gateway-service-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+---
+title: "Gateway CVM Deployment"
+description: "Deploy the dstack gateway as a CVM, bootstrap the admin API, and verify operation"
+section: "Gateway Deployment"
+stepNumber: 2
+totalSteps: 2
+lastUpdated: 2026-02-21
+prerequisites:
+  - gateway-build-configuration
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - gateway
+  - cvm
+  - deployment
+  - admin-api
+  - wireguard
+difficulty: "advanced"
+estimatedTime: "25 minutes"
+---
+
+# Gateway CVM Deployment
+
+This tutorial deploys the dstack gateway as a Confidential Virtual Machine and bootstraps its admin API. After deployment, the gateway will handle TLS termination, WireGuard tunnels to application CVMs, and automatic certificate provisioning via Let's Encrypt.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [Gateway CVM Preparation](/tutorial/gateway-build-configuration)
+- All deployment artifacts in `~/gateway-deploy/`:
+  - `docker-compose.yaml`
+  - `.env`
+  - `.app_env`
+  - `app-compose.json`
+- Compose hash whitelisted on-chain
+- KMS CVM running on port 9100
+- Python cryptography libraries installed (`sudo apt install -y python3-pip && pip3 install --break-system-packages cryptography eth-keys eth-utils "eth-hash[pycryptodome]"`)
+
+
+## What Gets Deployed
+
+When you deploy the gateway CVM, the following happens:
+
+1. **CVM Creation** — VMM creates a TDX-protected virtual machine with user-mode networking
+2. **Container Start** — Docker container runs inside the CVM in privileged mode
+3. **Config Generation** — Entrypoint script generates `gateway.toml` and WireGuard keys
+4. **WireGuard Setup** — WireGuard interface created inside the CVM
+5. **TLS Bootstrap** — Gateway contacts KMS for TDX-attested TLS certificates
+6. **Service Ready** — RPC server (port 8000) and admin API (port 8001) start accepting connections
+
+### Port Mappings
+
+The CVM uses user-mode networking with explicit port forwarding from host to container:
+
+| Host Port | Container Port | Protocol | Purpose |
+|-----------|---------------|----------|---------|
+| 0.0.0.0:9202 | 8000 | TCP | Gateway RPC (public) |
+| 127.0.0.1:9203 | 8001 | TCP | Admin API (localhost only) |
+| 127.0.0.1:9206 | 8090 | TCP | Guest agent |
+| 0.0.0.0:9202 | 51820 | UDP | WireGuard tunnel |
+| 0.0.0.0:9204 | 443 | TCP | HTTPS proxy (app traffic) |
+
+> **Security note:** The admin API (port 9203) is bound to localhost only. It is not accessible from the internet.
+
+---
+
+## Manual Deployment
+
+### Step 1: Verify Prerequisites
+
+```bash
+# Check KMS is reachable
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '{chain_id}' && echo "KMS: OK"
+
+# Check deployment artifacts exist
+ls ~/gateway-deploy/app-compose.json && echo "Compose: OK"
+```
+
+### Step 2: Deploy the Gateway CVM
+
+Load environment variables and deploy:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/gateway-deploy
+set -a; source .env; set +a
+
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 deploy \
+  --name dstack-gateway \
+  --app-id "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id)" \
+  --compose ~/gateway-deploy/app-compose.json \
+  --env-file ~/gateway-deploy/.app_env \
+  --kms-url "https://127.0.0.1:9100" \
+  --kms-url "https://kms.dstack.yourdomain.com:9100" \
+  --image dstack-0.5.7 \
+  --vcpu 32 \
+  --memory 32G \
+  --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9202:8000 \
+  --port tcp:127.0.0.1:9203:8001 \
+  --port tcp:127.0.0.1:9206:8090 \
+  --port udp:0.0.0.0:9202:51820 \
+  --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9204:443
+```
+
+**Key flags explained:**
+
+| Flag | Value | Purpose |
+|------|-------|---------|
+| `--app-id` | Gateway app ID | Links CVM to on-chain app identity |
+| `--kms-url` (1st) | https://127.0.0.1:9100 | KMS endpoint for host-side env encryption |
+| `--kms-url` (2nd) | https://kms.dstack.yourdomain.com:9100 | KMS endpoint accessible from inside the CVM (must match KMS TLS cert domain) |
+| `--vcpu 32` | 32 vCPUs | Gateway needs resources for TLS + proxy workload |
+| `--memory 32G` | 32 GB RAM | Memory for connection handling and WireGuard |
+| `--port` | Various | User-mode networking port mappings (see table above) |
+
+> **Why two `--kms-url` values?** The first URL (`127.0.0.1:9100`) is used by `vmm-cli.py` on the host to encrypt environment variables before passing them to the CVM. The second URL uses the KMS domain name and is passed into the CVM so the gateway can reach KMS at runtime. The domain must match the KMS TLS certificate (set by `KMS_DOMAIN` in the KMS docker-compose). Inside a CVM with user-mode networking, `127.0.0.1` refers to the CVM itself, not the host — so the CVM resolves the KMS domain via DNS to reach the host's public IP.
+
+### Step 3: Monitor Deployment
+
+List VMs to get the gateway's ID:
+
+```bash
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+View boot logs (replace `VM_ID` with the actual ID from `lsvm`):
+
+```bash
+# View recent logs
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100"
+
+# Follow logs in real-time
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=true&ansi=false"
+```
+
+Look for these log messages indicating successful startup:
+
+```
+Configuration file generated: /data/gateway/gateway.toml
+WG_IP: 10.240.0.1/12
+Gateway starting...
+RPC server listening on 0.0.0.0:8000
+Admin API listening on 0.0.0.0:8001
+```
+
+Wait for the admin API to become reachable (may take 1-2 minutes):
+
+```bash
+until curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/Status > /dev/null 2>&1; do
+  echo "Waiting for admin API..."
+  sleep 5
+done
+echo "Admin API is ready"
+```
+
+### Step 4: Bootstrap Admin API
+
+The admin API must be configured with certbot settings, DNS credentials, and the service domain before the gateway can issue TLS certificates for applications.
+
+```bash
+ADMIN_ADDR="127.0.0.1:9203"
+```
+
+#### 4a. Set certbot configuration
+
+> **Why does the gateway need its own certificates?** The host machine may already have a wildcard cert for `*.yourdomain.com`, but the gateway runs inside a CVM with user-mode networking — it has no access to the host filesystem. The gateway requests its own Let's Encrypt wildcard certificate from inside the CVM, and this cert is stored in the CVM's WaveKV persistent store (not on the host). This is by design: certificates generated inside the CVM are tied to the TDX attestation chain, providing zero-trust HTTPS. Container restarts within a running CVM preserve the cert data (Docker named volumes survive restarts), but destroying and recreating the CVM wipes the WaveKV store and triggers a fresh certificate request.
+
+Configure Let's Encrypt ACME settings. We start with the **staging** environment to avoid hitting production rate limits during initial setup and testing:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/SetCertbotConfig" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "acme_url": "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory",
+    "renew_interval_secs": 3600,
+    "renew_before_expiration_secs": 864000,
+    "renew_timeout_secs": 300
+  }' && echo "Certbot config set (STAGING)"
+```
+
+| Setting | Value | Description |
+|---------|-------|-------------|
+| `acme_url` | Let's Encrypt **staging** | ACME directory URL (staging has 30,000 cert limit vs production's 10 per 3 hours) |
+| `renew_interval_secs` | 3600 (1 hour) | How often to check for renewal |
+| `renew_before_expiration_secs` | 864000 (10 days) | Renew this far before expiry |
+| `renew_timeout_secs` | 300 (5 min) | Timeout for renewal attempts |
+
+> **Staging vs production:** Staging certificates are signed by a fake CA and will show browser warnings — this is expected. The staging environment exists specifically for testing and has much higher rate limits. After verifying the gateway works correctly in [Step 6](#step-6-switch-to-production-certificates), you'll switch to the production ACME URL to get browser-trusted certificates.
+
+#### 4b. Create DNS credential
+
+Add your Cloudflare API token for DNS-01 challenges:
+
+```bash
+CF_API_TOKEN=$(grep CF_API_TOKEN ~/gateway-deploy/.env | cut -d= -f2)
+
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/CreateDnsCredential" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "name": "cloudflare",
+    "provider_type": "cloudflare",
+    "cf_api_token": "'"$CF_API_TOKEN"'",
+    "set_as_default": true
+  }' && echo "DNS credential created"
+```
+
+Verify the credential was stored:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/ListDnsCredentials" | jq '.credentials'
+```
+
+#### 4c. Add ZT-Domains
+
+Register the service domains for zero-trust application routing. You need **two** domains:
+
+1. `$SRV_DOMAIN` — covers `*.$SRV_DOMAIN` (e.g., `vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com`)
+2. `gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN` — covers `*.gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN` (e.g., `<id>-<port>.gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com`)
+
+The second domain is required because app URLs are two levels deep (`<id>-<port>.gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN`), and a wildcard cert for `*.$SRV_DOMAIN` does not cover subdomains of subdomains.
+
+> **Important:** ZT domains must be added **after** the DNS credential is set as default (Step 4b). The gateway uses the default credential for DNS-01 challenges when requesting certificates for these domains.
+
+```bash
+SRV_DOMAIN=$(grep SRV_DOMAIN ~/gateway-deploy/.env | cut -d= -f2)
+
+# Add the base service domain
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/AddZtDomain" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "domain": "'"$SRV_DOMAIN"'",
+    "port": 443,
+    "priority": 100
+  }' && echo "ZT-Domain added: $SRV_DOMAIN"
+
+# Add the gateway subdomain (for app URLs like <id>-<port>.gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN)
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/AddZtDomain" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "domain": "gateway.'"$SRV_DOMAIN"'",
+    "port": 443,
+    "priority": 100
+  }' && echo "ZT-Domain added: gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN"
+```
+
+Verify both domains were registered:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/ListZtDomains" | jq '.domains'
+```
+
+You should see both domains listed.
+
+### Step 5: Verify Gateway Operation
+
+#### Check admin API status
+
+```bash
+curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/Status | jq .
+```
+
+Expected output shows gateway status with node information (node ID, WireGuard key, connections).
+
+#### Check public RPC port
+
+Verify TLS is working on the public endpoint:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://localhost:9202/ -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}\n'
+```
+
+A `404` response confirms the HTTPS listener is active. This port uses a TDX-attested `Dstack App CA` certificate for internal CVM communication — this is correct and expected.
+
+#### Verify WireGuard is running inside the CVM
+
+The WireGuard interface runs inside the CVM, not on the host. You can verify it's listening by checking the UDP port:
+
+```bash
+sudo ss -ulnp | grep 9202
+```
+
+Expected output shows the UDP port mapped to the CVM:
+
+```
+UNCONN 0      0         0.0.0.0:9202      0.0.0.0:*
+```
+
+#### Test external RPC access
+
+From another machine (or using your domain), verify the public endpoint is reachable:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com:9202/ -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}\n'
+```
+
+A `404` response confirms the gateway is accepting HTTPS connections from external clients.
+
+### Step 6: Switch to Production Certificates
+
+Now that the gateway is verified and working with staging certificates, switch to Let's Encrypt production to get browser-trusted certificates. This only needs to happen once per stable deployment.
+
+Update the ACME URL to production:
+
+```bash
+ADMIN_ADDR="127.0.0.1:9203"
+
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/SetCertbotConfig" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "acme_url": "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory",
+    "renew_interval_secs": 3600,
+    "renew_before_expiration_secs": 864000,
+    "renew_timeout_secs": 300
+  }' && echo "Certbot config set (PRODUCTION)"
+```
+
+The stored ACME account still belongs to the staging directory, so rotate the
+shared credentials. This registers a production account and re-pins every ZT
+domain's CAA records to it in one step (renewals refuse to run while the
+stored account and the configured ACME URL disagree):
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/RotateAcmeCredentials" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}' && echo "ACME account rotated"
+```
+
+> If the rotation reports that CAA re-pinning failed for some domains, the new
+> account is already published — rerun `SetCaa` until it succeeds instead of
+> rotating again (each rotation registers a new rate-limited ACME account).
+
+After switching the ACME URL, the renewal loop may report "does not need renewal" because the staging cert is still valid. Force a renewal for each ZT domain to get production certificates immediately:
+
+```bash
+SRV_DOMAIN=$(grep SRV_DOMAIN ~/gateway-deploy/.env | cut -d= -f2)
+
+# Force renewal for the base service domain
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/Admin.RenewZtDomainCert" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "domain": "'"$SRV_DOMAIN"'",
+    "force": true
+  }' && echo "Forced renewal: $SRV_DOMAIN"
+
+# Force renewal for the gateway subdomain
+curl -sf -X POST "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/Admin.RenewZtDomainCert" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "domain": "gateway.'"$SRV_DOMAIN"'",
+    "force": true
+  }' && echo "Forced renewal: gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN"
+```
+
+Verify the certificates were issued by checking the admin API:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/ListZtDomains | jq '.domains[] | {
+  domain: .config.domain,
+  has_cert: .cert_status.has_cert,
+  loaded: .cert_status.loaded_in_memory,
+  issued: (.cert_status.issued_at | todate),
+  expires: (.cert_status.not_after | todate)
+}'
+```
+
+Expected output shows both domains with `has_cert: true` and expiry dates ~90 days from issuance (Let's Encrypt's standard validity period):
+
+```json
+{
+  "domain": "dstack.yourdomain.com",
+  "has_cert": true,
+  "loaded": true,
+  "issued": "2026-03-08T22:44:09Z",
+  "expires": "2026-06-06T21:45:37Z"
+}
+```
+
+> **Why not verify with `openssl s_client`?** The gateway has two TLS endpoints with different certificates. Port 9202 (RPC) always serves a TDX-attested `Dstack App CA` certificate for internal CVM-to-CVM communication. Port 9204 (HTTPS proxy) serves the Let's Encrypt certificates, but only when application traffic arrives for a registered app. With no apps deployed yet, the proxy port accepts TCP connections but doesn't present a certificate. Full TLS verification happens automatically when you deploy your [first application](/tutorial/hello-world-app).
+
+If the cert status shows `has_cert: false`, check the gateway logs for ACME errors:
+
+```bash
+VM_ID=$(cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm && ./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="dstack-gateway") | .id')
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=$VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=50" | grep -i "cert\|renew\|acme"
+```
+
+> **In production deployments**, you deploy the gateway once and it requests a single production cert. Redeployments are rare and each only burns one rate-limited request — well within limits. The staging-first workflow is specifically for the initial setup phase where iterative testing is expected.
+
+### Step 7: Verify HAProxy Configuration
+
+If you followed the [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup) tutorial, your HAProxy configuration already includes the SNI routing rules needed for the gateway. Verify the configuration has the correct 3-rule SNI routing:
+
+```bash
+grep -A2 "use_backend\|gateway" /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+```
+
+Your `https_front` frontend should have these three rules in order:
+
+1. **`vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com`** → `local_https_backend` (TLS termination → VMM on port 9080)
+2. **`gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com`** → `gateway_rpc_passthrough` (TLS passthrough → port 9202, gateway RPC)
+3. **`*.dstack.yourdomain.com`** → `gateway_passthrough` (TLS passthrough → port 9204, gateway HTTPS proxy)
+
+The `gateway_rpc_passthrough` rule is critical: when app CVMs use `--gateway-url https://gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com` (port 443), HAProxy forwards that traffic to the gateway RPC on port 9202. Without this rule, CVM registration fails because the traffic would hit the gateway proxy (port 9204) instead.
+
+If any rules are missing, update your HAProxy config per the [HAProxy Setup tutorial](/tutorial/haproxy-setup#step-4-create-haproxy-configuration), then reload:
+
+```bash
+sudo haproxy -c -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg && sudo systemctl reload haproxy
+```
+
+---
+
+## CVM Management
+
+### Common VMM Commands
+
+Navigate to the VMM directory first:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+```
+
+| Action | Command |
+|--------|---------|
+| List VMs | `./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm` |
+| View logs | `curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100"` |
+| Follow logs | `curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=true&ansi=false"` |
+| Remove VM | `./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 remove VM_ID` |
+
+> **Note:** Replace `VM_ID` with the actual VM ID from `lsvm`.
+
+### Redeploying
+
+> **Certificate impact:** Destroying a CVM wipes its WaveKV store, which contains cached Let's Encrypt certificates. The next deployment will trigger a fresh ACME certificate request. If you're doing iterative redeployments during testing, use the staging ACME URL in [Step 4a](#4a-set-certbot-configuration) to avoid hitting production rate limits (10 certs / 3 hours / IP). See [Troubleshooting: Let's Encrypt rate limits](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#lets-encrypt-rate-limits) for details.
+
+To redeploy the gateway (e.g., after configuration changes):
+
+1. Remove the existing CVM:
+   ```bash
+   VM_ID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="dstack-gateway") | .id')
+   ./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 remove "$VM_ID"
+   ```
+2. If you changed docker-compose.yaml or .app_env, regenerate app-compose.json and whitelist the new hash (see Preparation tutorial Steps 7-8)
+3. Re-run the deploy command (Step 2 above)
+4. Re-run the admin API bootstrap (Step 4 above) — use staging ACME if still iterating, or production if this is a final deployment
+
+---
+
+## Architecture
+
+### Request Flow
+
+```
+Client HTTPS Request (*.dstack.yourdomain.com)
+       │
+       ▼
+┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│  HAProxy (:443)                                  │
+│  SNI: *.dstack.yourdomain.com                    │
+│  TCP passthrough → 127.0.0.1:9204                │
+└──────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┘
+                   │
+                   ▼
+┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│  Gateway CVM                                     │
+│  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
+│  │  HTTPS Proxy (:443 inside CVM)             │  │
+│  │  1. TLS Termination (Let's Encrypt cert)   │  │
+│  │  2. Domain Parsing (app-id.domain.com)     │  │
+│  │  3. CVM Lookup                             │  │
+│  │  4. Forward via WireGuard                  │  │
+│  └────────────────────┬───────────────────────┘  │
+│                       │                          │
+│  ┌────────────────────▼───────────────────────┐  │
+│  │  WireGuard (wg-ds-gw :51820)              │  │
+│  │  10.240.0.0/16 subnet                     │  │
+│  └────────────────────┬───────────────────────┘  │
+└───────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┘
+                        │
+            ┌───────────┼───────────┐
+            ▼           ▼           ▼
+      ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐
+      │ App CVM  │ │ App CVM  │ │ App CVM  │
+      │10.240.0.2│ │10.240.0.3│ │10.240.0.4│
+      └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Gateway Deployment Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#gateway-cvm-deployment-issues):
+
+- ["Port mapping is not allowed for udp:9202"](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#port-mapping-is-not-allowed-for-udp9202)
+- ["OS image is not allowed"](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#os-image-is-not-allowed)
+- [CVM fails to start](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#cvm-fails-to-start)
+- [CVM exits immediately or reboots in a loop](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#cvm-exits-immediately-or-reboots-in-a-loop)
+- [Compose hash not allowed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#compose-hash-not-allowed)
+- [Admin API unreachable](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#admin-api-unreachable)
+- [Let's Encrypt rate limits](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#lets-encrypt-rate-limits)
+- [Certbot fails to issue certificates](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#certbot-fails-to-issue-certificates)
+- [KMS connectivity issues](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#kms-connectivity-issues)
+- [WireGuard endpoint unreachable from app CVMs](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#wireguard-endpoint-unreachable-from-app-cvms)
+
+---
+
+## Phase Complete
+
+Congratulations! You have completed Gateway Deployment:
+
+1. **Gateway CVM Preparation** — Docker compose, environment configuration, on-chain registration
+2. **Gateway CVM Deployment** — CVM deployment, admin API bootstrap, verification
+
+Your dstack infrastructure now has:
+- **KMS CVM** — Key management with TDX attestation (port 9100)
+- **Gateway CVM** — Reverse proxy with WireGuard tunnels and auto-TLS (RPC: 9202, HTTPS: 9204)
+- **VMM** — Virtual machine manager (port 9080)
+- **HAProxy** — External traffic routing (ports 80, 443)
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With the gateway running, you're ready to deploy your first application to a CVM:
+
+- Deploy a Hello World application through the gateway
+- Verify end-to-end TLS with automatic certificate provisioning
+- Test WireGuard tunnel connectivity from an app CVM to the gateway
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/gramine-key-provider.md b/docs/tutorials/gramine-key-provider.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b819e7c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/gramine-key-provider.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+---
+title: "Local Key Provider"
+description: "Deploy dstack's SGX-backed local key provider for CVM attestation"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 4
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2026-07-16
+prerequisites:
+  - docker-setup
+tags:
+  - gramine
+  - sgx
+  - attestation
+  - key-provider
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: advanced
+estimatedTime: "30 minutes"
+---
+
+# Local Key Provider
+
+`local-key-provider` is dstack's SGX-based bootstrap key service. It solves the
+chicken-and-egg problem in which the KMS runs in a CVM but needs a stable key in
+order to boot. The service runs under Gramine on the host, verifies a requesting
+CVM's TDX quote, and returns a measurement-bound key encrypted to that CVM.
+
+The implementation is maintained in this repository under
+`dstack/local-key-provider`; its build assets live in the `build/` subdirectory,
+and the container build does not
+clone an external key-provider repository. It currently uses the latest stable
+Gramine release, 1.9, on the Ubuntu Noble image.
+
+## Security Flow
+
+1. The guest places an ephemeral X25519 public key in its TDX report data.
+2. The VMM forwards the TDX quote to `local-key-provider` over the host-only TCP
+   listener.
+3. The provider verifies the TDX quote and checks that its SGX quote carries
+   the same quoting-enclave ID.
+4. Inside SGX it derives
+   `SHA-256(SGX sealing key || MRTD || RTMR0 || RTMR1 || RTMR2 || RTMR3)`.
+5. It encrypts the derived key to the guest using the libsodium sealed-box wire
+   format.
+6. It returns the ciphertext and an SGX quote whose report data binds the
+   ciphertext hash.
+
+The guest independently verifies the SGX quote and hash before decrypting the
+key. Plaintext key material therefore never leaves either TEE.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Intel SGX and TDX enabled in firmware
+- Docker Engine with the Compose plugin
+- `/dev/sgx_enclave` and `/dev/sgx_provision`
+
+Verify the devices:
+
+```bash
+ls -l /dev/sgx_enclave /dev/sgx_provision
+```
+
+If either device is absent, complete the TDX/SGX host setup before continuing.
+
+## Deploy
+
+Clone dstack and enter the build directory:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack/dstack/local-key-provider/build
+```
+
+Compose mounts the host's `/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf` into the AESM
+container. Make sure that file points at a working PCCS before starting the
+services. To use a different PCCS for the provider, export its base URL as
+`PCCS_URL` before running Compose.
+
+Build and start both AESM and the provider:
+
+```bash
+docker compose build
+docker compose up -d
+```
+
+Or use the convenience script:
+
+```bash
+./run.sh
+```
+
+The Compose configuration publishes port 3443 on `127.0.0.1` only. Keep this
+host-only binding: guests send requests through the VMM host API and do not
+connect to the provider directly.
+
+## Verify
+
+Check both containers and the listener:
+
+```bash
+docker compose ps
+docker compose logs --tail=50 aesmd
+docker compose logs --tail=50 local-key-provider
+ss -tln | grep '127.0.0.1:3443'
+```
+
+Expected results:
+
+- `aesmd` and `local-key-provider` are running;
+- the provider log includes `local key provider listening`; and
+- TCP port 3443 is bound only to localhost.
+
+The endpoint is a length-prefixed JSON protocol over raw TCP, not HTTP or
+HTTPS, so `curl` is not a valid health check. An actual provisioning request is
+made automatically when a TDX CVM starts with local key provisioning enabled.
+
+## Container Configuration
+
+The relevant Compose structure is:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  aesmd:
+    devices:
+      - /dev/sgx_enclave:/dev/sgx_enclave
+      - /dev/sgx_provision:/dev/sgx_provision
+    volumes:
+      - aesmd:/var/run/aesmd/
+
+  local-key-provider:
+    depends_on:
+      - aesmd
+    devices:
+      - /dev/sgx_enclave:/dev/sgx_enclave
+      - /dev/sgx_provision:/dev/sgx_provision
+    volumes:
+      - aesmd:/var/run/aesmd/
+    ports:
+      - "127.0.0.1:3443:3443"
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the
+[Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#local-key-provider-issues):
+
+- [Container fails to start: SGX devices not found](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#container-fails-to-start-sgx-devices-not-found)
+- [Error: AESM service not ready](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#error-aesm-service-not-ready)
+- [Quote verification failures](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#quote-verification-failures)
+- [Port 3443 already in use](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#port-3443-already-in-use)
+- [SGX enclave initialization timeout](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#sgx-enclave-initialization-timeout)
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With `local-key-provider` running, proceed to
+[Local Docker Registry](/tutorial/local-docker-registry).
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Gramine documentation](https://gramine.readthedocs.io/)
+- [dstack source](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/guest-image-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/guest-image-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..555b1ef1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/guest-image-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+---
+title: "Guest OS Image Setup"
+description: "Download and configure guest OS images for dstack CVM deployment"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 7
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2025-01-21
+prerequisites:
+  - vmm-service-setup
+  - management-interface-setup
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - cvm
+  - guest-os
+  - vmm
+  - image
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "30 minutes"
+---
+
+# Guest OS Image Setup
+
+This tutorial guides you through setting up guest OS images for deploying Confidential Virtual Machines (CVMs) on your dstack infrastructure. Guest images contain the operating system, kernel, and firmware that run inside the TDX-protected environment.
+
+## What You'll Configure
+
+- **Guest OS images** - Pre-built Yocto-based images for CVMs
+- **VMM image directory** - Proper organization for multiple image versions
+- **Image verification** - Confirm VMM can access the images
+
+## Understanding Guest OS Images
+
+A dstack guest OS image consists of four core components:
+
+| Component | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| **OVMF.fd** | Virtual firmware (UEFI BIOS) - boots first, establishes TDX measurements |
+| **bzImage** | Linux kernel compiled for TDX guests |
+| **initramfs.cpio.gz** | Initial RAM filesystem with early boot scripts |
+| **rootfs.cpio** | Root filesystem containing tappd and container runtime |
+
+These components are measured by TDX hardware during boot, creating a cryptographic chain of trust that can be verified through attestation.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [VMM Service Setup](/tutorial/vmm-service-setup)
+- VMM service running (with web interface at http://localhost:9080)
+- At least 10GB free disk space for images
+
+
+## Manual Setup
+
+If you prefer to set up guest images manually, follow these steps.
+
+To produce the image from source instead of downloading a release, follow the
+[guest-OS build guide](../building-guest-os.md). Use the generated
+`os/yocto/repro-build/dist/dstack-<version>.tar.gz` archive in Step 3 below.
+
+### Step 1: Create Image Directory Structure
+
+Create the directory where guest images will be stored:
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/dstack/images
+sudo chown root:root /var/lib/dstack/images
+sudo chmod 755 /var/lib/dstack/images
+```
+
+### Step 2: Download Guest OS Image
+
+Download the dstack guest OS image matching your installed VMM version:
+
+```bash
+# Get version from installed VMM
+DSTACK_VERSION=$(dstack-vmm --version | grep -oP 'v\K[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+')
+echo "Installing guest images for version: $DSTACK_VERSION"
+
+# Download the image archive
+cd /tmp
+IFS=. read -r DSTACK_MAJOR DSTACK_MINOR _ <<< "$DSTACK_VERSION"
+if (( DSTACK_MAJOR == 0 && DSTACK_MINOR < 6 )); then
+  IMAGE_URL="https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v${DSTACK_VERSION}/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+else
+  IMAGE_URL="https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/download/guest-os-v${DSTACK_VERSION}/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+fi
+wget "$IMAGE_URL"
+```
+
+Verify the download:
+
+```bash
+ls -lh dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz
+```
+
+Expected output (size varies by version):
+
+```
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 150M Dec  2 10:00 dstack-0.5.7.tar.gz
+```
+
+### Step 3: Extract and Install Image
+
+Extract the image archive (the tarball contains a `dstack-X.Y.Z/` directory):
+
+```bash
+# Extract image components (tarball includes versioned directory)
+sudo tar -xvf dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz -C /var/lib/dstack/images/
+```
+
+Verify the extracted files:
+
+```bash
+ls -la /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}/
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```
+total 156000
+drwxr-xr-x 2 root root     4096 Dec  2 10:05 .
+drwxr-xr-x 3 root root     4096 Dec  2 10:05 ..
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  4194304 Dec  2 10:05 OVMF.fd
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12345678 Dec  2 10:05 bzImage
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 45678901 Dec  2 10:05 initramfs.cpio.gz
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 98765432 Dec  2 10:05 rootfs.cpio
+-rw-r--r-- 1 root root      512 Dec  2 10:05 metadata.json
+```
+
+### Step 4: Verify Image Metadata
+
+Check the image metadata to understand its configuration:
+
+```bash
+cat /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}/metadata.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```json
+{
+  "version": "dstack-0.5.7",
+  "cmdline": "console=hvc0 root=/dev/vda ro rootfstype=squashfs rootflags=loop ...",
+  "kernel": "bzImage",
+  "initrd": "initramfs.cpio.gz",
+  "rootfs": "rootfs.cpio",
+  "bios": "OVMF.fd",
+  "rootfs_hash": "sha256:abc123...",
+  "is_dev": false
+}
+```
+
+### Metadata Fields Explained
+
+| Field | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `version` | Image version identifier |
+| `cmdline` | Kernel boot parameters including rootfs hash |
+| `kernel` | Kernel image filename |
+| `initrd` | Initial ramdisk filename |
+| `rootfs` | Root filesystem filename |
+| `bios` | UEFI firmware filename |
+| `rootfs_hash` | Cryptographic hash of rootfs for verification |
+| `is_dev` | Whether this is a development image (allows SSH) |
+
+### Step 5: Verify VMM Can Access Images
+
+The VMM service should already be running from the earlier setup. Verify it can see the installed images.
+
+### Check VMM Service Status
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl status dstack-vmm
+```
+
+The service should be active and running.
+
+### Verify Images via VMM Web Interface
+
+Open the VMM Management Console in your browser (configured in [Management Interface Setup](/tutorial/management-interface-setup)):
+
+```
+https://vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com
+```
+
+You should see the installed guest images listed in the interface.
+
+### Verify VMM is Responding
+
+First, verify the VMM web interface is accessible:
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:9080/ | head -5
+```
+
+You should see HTML content from the VMM management interface.
+
+### Verify Images on Disk
+
+Check that image files are present:
+
+```bash
+ls -la /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-*/
+```
+
+You should see OVMF.fd, bzImage, initramfs.cpio.gz, rootfs.cpio, and metadata.json.
+
+### Verify Images on Filesystem
+
+List installed images directly:
+
+```bash
+ls /var/lib/dstack/images/
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```
+dstack-0.5.7
+```
+
+Verify image contents:
+
+```bash
+ls /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-*/
+```
+
+Each image directory should contain: OVMF.fd, bzImage, initramfs.cpio.gz, rootfs.cpio, and metadata.json.
+
+### Step 6: Verify VMM Configuration
+
+Ensure VMM is configured to use the correct image path. Check the configuration:
+
+```bash
+cat /etc/dstack/vmm.toml | grep -A5 "image"
+```
+
+The `image_path` should point to `/var/lib/dstack/images`.
+
+If VMM isn't finding the images, verify the path in the configuration matches where you installed them.
+
+## OCI Registry Setup
+
+Guest images can be stored in any OCI-compatible container registry (Docker Hub, GHCR, Harbor, etc.), allowing VMM to discover and pull images directly from the web UI.
+
+### Pushing Images to a Registry
+
+Use the `dstack-image-oci.sh` script to package and push a guest image directory:
+
+```bash
+# Push a standard image (auto-tags: version + sha256-hash)
+./os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh push /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.6.0 ghcr.io/your-org/guest-image
+
+# Current unified image is also used on NVIDIA hosts
+./os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh push /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.6.0 ghcr.io/your-org/guest-image --tag 0.6.0
+
+# Push with a custom tag
+./os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh push /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.6.0 ghcr.io/your-org/guest-image --tag latest
+
+# List tags in the registry
+./os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh list ghcr.io/your-org/guest-image
+```
+
+The script reads `metadata.json` and `digest.txt` from the image directory and auto-generates tags:
+
+| Image directory | Generated tags |
+|---|---|
+| `dstack-0.5.8` | `0.5.8`, `sha256-<hash>` |
+| `dstack-dev-0.5.8` | `dev-0.5.8`, `sha256-<hash>` |
+| `dstack-nvidia-0.5.8` | `nvidia-0.5.8`, `sha256-<hash>` |
+
+Prerequisites: `docker` CLI (for building), `python3`, registry login (`docker login`).
+
+### Configuring VMM to Use a Registry
+
+Add the `[image]` section to `vmm.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[image]
+# Local image directory (default: ~/.dstack-vmm/image)
+# path = "/var/lib/dstack/images"
+
+# OCI registry for discovering and pulling images
+registry = "ghcr.io/your-org/guest-image"
+```
+
+After restarting VMM, click **Images** in the web UI to browse the registry. Click **Pull** to download an image — it will be extracted to the local image directory automatically.
+
+### How It Works
+
+- **Push**: The script builds a `FROM scratch` Docker image containing the guest image files (kernel, initrd, rootfs, firmware, metadata) and pushes it to the registry.
+- **Pull**: VMM fetches the OCI manifest via the Registry HTTP API v2, downloads each layer blob, and extracts the tar contents into the local image directory. No Docker daemon required on the VMM host.
+- **Discovery**: VMM queries the registry's tag list API to show available versions alongside locally installed images.
+
+## Managing Multiple Image Versions
+
+You can have multiple image versions installed simultaneously:
+
+```bash
+# Download additional version
+DSTACK_VERSION="0.5.3"
+wget https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v${DSTACK_VERSION}/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz
+
+# Extract to images directory (tarball already contains dstack-X.Y.Z/ folder)
+sudo tar -xvf dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz -C /var/lib/dstack/images/
+
+# Restart VMM to pick up the new image
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+> **Important:** VMM must be restarted after adding new images for them to appear in the management interface.
+
+List all installed images:
+
+```bash
+ls -la /var/lib/dstack/images/
+```
+
+Or list them on the filesystem:
+
+```bash
+ls /var/lib/dstack/images/
+```
+
+When deploying applications, specify which image version to use in the docker-compose.yml.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#guest-image-setup-issues):
+
+- [Images not appearing in VMM](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#images-not-appearing-in-vmm)
+- [Image download fails](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#image-download-fails)
+- [Image metadata missing](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#image-metadata-missing)
+- [VMM service not running](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#vmm-service-not-running)
+
+## Verification Checklist
+
+Before proceeding, verify you have:
+
+- [ ] Created image directory structure
+- [ ] Downloaded guest OS image
+- [ ] Extracted image components (OVMF.fd, bzImage, initramfs, rootfs)
+- [ ] Verified metadata.json exists and is valid
+- [ ] Confirmed VMM service is running
+- [ ] Verified VMM web interface is accessible
+
+### Quick verification script
+
+```bash
+echo "Image Directory: $([ -d /var/lib/dstack/images ] && echo 'exists' || echo 'missing')"
+echo "Guest Images: $(ls -d /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-* 2>/dev/null | wc -l) found"
+echo "VMM Service: $(sudo systemctl is-active dstack-vmm)"
+echo "VMM Web UI: $(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' http://127.0.0.1:9080/ 2>/dev/null || echo 'unreachable')"
+echo "Image files:"
+ls /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-*/metadata.json 2>/dev/null || echo "  No images found"
+```
+
+Image directory should exist with at least one guest image, VMM service should be active, and VMM web UI should return HTTP 200.
+
+## Understanding the Boot Process
+
+When a CVM starts, the following sequence occurs:
+
+```
+1. VMM launches QEMU with TDX enabled
+           ↓
+2. OVMF (Virtual Firmware) boots
+   - Measures itself into MRTD
+   - Initializes virtual hardware
+           ↓
+3. Linux Kernel loads
+   - Measured into RTMR1
+   - Kernel cmdline measured into RTMR2
+           ↓
+4. Initramfs runs
+   - Measured into RTMR2
+   - Mounts rootfs
+           ↓
+5. Tappd starts
+   - Guest daemon for attestation
+   - Provides /var/run/tappd.sock
+           ↓
+6. Docker containers start
+   - Application workloads
+   - Can request TDX quotes via tappd
+```
+
+Each step creates cryptographic measurements that can be verified through TDX attestation.
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With guest images configured and VMM able to access them, you're ready to deploy your first application. The next tutorial covers deploying a Hello World application to verify your setup works correctly.
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Guest OS source and build backends](../../os/)
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+- [Yocto Project](https://www.yoctoproject.org/)
+- [TDX Guest Architecture](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/haproxy-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/haproxy-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dddcf9a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/haproxy-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+---
+title: "HAProxy Setup"
+description: "Install and configure HAProxy as the unified TLS entry point for dstack services"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 3
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-22
+prerequisites:
+  - ssl-certificate-setup
+tags:
+  - haproxy
+  - tls
+  - proxy
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "15 minutes"
+---
+
+# HAProxy Setup
+
+This tutorial guides you through installing and configuring HAProxy as the unified TLS entry point for all dstack services. HAProxy provides a critical capability: mixed-mode TLS handling that can terminate TLS for some backends while passing through encrypted traffic for others.
+
+## Why HAProxy?
+
+| Capability | Description |
+|------------|-------------|
+| **SNI-based routing** | Route requests based on domain without decrypting |
+| **TLS termination** | Handle HTTPS for services without native TLS |
+| **TLS passthrough** | Forward encrypted traffic to services with native TLS |
+| **Mixed mode** | Both modes on the same port (443) |
+
+The dstack gateway has native TLS passthrough capability (the `*s.` subdomain pattern). HAProxy preserves this by forwarding encrypted traffic directly to the gateway, while terminating TLS for other services like the Docker registry.
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+```
+                           Internet
+                              │
+                              ▼
+                    ┌─────────────────┐
+                    │   HAProxy :443  │
+                    │     :80         │
+                    └────────┬────────┘
+                             │
+            ┌────────────────┼────────────────┐
+            │                │                │
+   ┌────────▼───────┐ ┌──────▼──────┐ ┌──────▼──────┐
+   │  TLS Terminate │ │TLS Terminate│ │TLS Passthru │
+   │   registry.*   │ │  vmm.*      │ │  *.dstack.* │
+   └────────┬───────┘ └──────┬──────┘ └──────┬──────┘
+            │                │                │
+            ▼                ▼                ▼
+    ┌───────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐
+    │  Registry     │ │   VMM API     │ │   Gateway     │
+    │ localhost:5000│ │ localhost:9080│ │ localhost:9204│
+    └───────────────┘ └───────────────┘ └───────────────┘
+```
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [SSL Certificate Setup](/tutorial/ssl-certificate-setup) - Certificates obtained
+- SSH access to your TDX server
+- Root or sudo privileges
+
+
+## Manual Setup
+
+If you prefer to configure manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Install HAProxy
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y haproxy
+```
+
+Verify installation:
+
+```bash
+haproxy -v
+```
+
+### Step 2: Create Certificate Directory
+
+HAProxy requires certificates in a combined format (cert + key in one file):
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/haproxy/certs
+```
+
+### Step 3: Prepare Certificates
+
+Combine Let's Encrypt certificates into HAProxy format:
+
+```bash
+# Registry certificate
+sudo cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+         /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+         | sudo tee /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem > /dev/null
+
+# Wildcard certificate (for *.dstack.yourdomain.com)
+sudo cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+         /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+         | sudo tee /etc/haproxy/certs/wildcard.pem > /dev/null
+
+# Secure the certificates
+sudo chmod 600 /etc/haproxy/certs/*.pem
+```
+
+### Step 4: Create HAProxy Configuration
+
+```bash
+sudo tee /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg > /dev/null <<'EOF'
+# HAProxy Configuration for dstack Services
+# Provides SNI-based routing with mixed TLS termination/passthrough
+
+global
+    log /dev/log local0
+    chroot /var/lib/haproxy
+    stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin
+    stats timeout 30s
+    user haproxy
+    group haproxy
+    daemon
+
+    # Modern TLS settings
+    ssl-default-bind-ciphersuites TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
+    ssl-default-bind-options ssl-min-ver TLSv1.2 no-tls-tickets
+
+defaults
+    log     global
+    option  dontlognull
+    timeout connect 5000
+    timeout client  50000
+    timeout server  50000
+    errorfile 400 /etc/haproxy/errors/400.http
+    errorfile 403 /etc/haproxy/errors/403.http
+    errorfile 408 /etc/haproxy/errors/408.http
+    errorfile 500 /etc/haproxy/errors/500.http
+    errorfile 502 /etc/haproxy/errors/502.http
+    errorfile 503 /etc/haproxy/errors/503.http
+    errorfile 504 /etc/haproxy/errors/504.http
+
+# =============================================================================
+# FRONTEND: HTTP (port 80) - Redirect to HTTPS
+# =============================================================================
+frontend http_front
+    bind *:80
+    mode http
+    option httplog
+
+    # Redirect all HTTP to HTTPS
+    http-request redirect scheme https code 301
+
+# =============================================================================
+# FRONTEND: HTTPS (port 443) - SNI-based routing
+# =============================================================================
+frontend https_front
+    bind *:443
+    mode tcp
+    option tcplog
+
+    # Inspect SNI for routing decisions
+    tcp-request inspect-delay 5s
+    tcp-request content accept if { req_ssl_hello_type 1 }
+
+    # TLS Termination: VMM management interface (must be before gateway rules)
+    use_backend local_https_backend if { req_ssl_sni -i vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com }
+
+    # TLS Passthrough: Gateway RPC (CVM registration uses port 443 via --gateway-url)
+    use_backend gateway_rpc_passthrough if { req_ssl_sni -i gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com }
+
+    # TLS Passthrough: Gateway proxy handles all other *.dstack.* subdomains (app traffic)
+    use_backend gateway_passthrough if { req_ssl_sni -m end .dstack.yourdomain.com }
+
+    # TLS Termination: Everything else goes to local termination frontend
+    default_backend local_https_backend
+
+# =============================================================================
+# BACKEND: Gateway RPC TLS Passthrough
+# When app CVMs use --gateway-url https://gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com (port 443),
+# HAProxy must forward that traffic to the gateway RPC port (9202) so CVM
+# registration works without requiring clients to specify port 9202 directly.
+# =============================================================================
+backend gateway_rpc_passthrough
+    mode tcp
+    option tcp-check
+    server gateway-rpc 127.0.0.1:9202 check
+
+# =============================================================================
+# BACKEND: Gateway Proxy TLS Passthrough (app traffic)
+# =============================================================================
+backend gateway_passthrough
+    mode tcp
+    option tcp-check
+    server gateway 127.0.0.1:9204 check
+
+# =============================================================================
+# BACKEND: Route to TLS Termination Frontend
+# =============================================================================
+backend local_https_backend
+    mode tcp
+    server loopback 127.0.0.1:8444 send-proxy
+
+# =============================================================================
+# FRONTEND: TLS Termination (internal)
+# =============================================================================
+frontend https_terminate
+    bind 127.0.0.1:8444 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/certs/ accept-proxy
+    mode http
+    option httplog
+
+    # Route based on Host header after TLS termination
+    use_backend registry_backend if { hdr(host) -i registry.yourdomain.com }
+    use_backend vmm_backend if { hdr(host) -m end .dstack.yourdomain.com }
+
+    # Default backend
+    default_backend vmm_backend
+
+# =============================================================================
+# HTTP BACKENDS
+# =============================================================================
+backend registry_backend
+    mode http
+    option httpchk GET /v2/
+    http-check expect status 200
+    http-request set-header X-Forwarded-Proto https
+    server registry 127.0.0.1:5000 check
+
+backend vmm_backend
+    mode http
+    option httpchk GET /
+    http-request set-header X-Forwarded-Proto https
+    server vmm 127.0.0.1:9080 check
+
+# =============================================================================
+# STATS (localhost only)
+# =============================================================================
+listen stats
+    bind 127.0.0.1:8404
+    mode http
+    stats enable
+    stats uri /stats
+    stats refresh 10s
+EOF
+```
+
+**Update `yourdomain.com`** throughout the configuration to your actual domain.
+
+### Step 5: Update Domain in Configuration
+
+```bash
+# Replace placeholder with your actual domain
+sudo sed -i 's/yourdomain\.com/YOUR_ACTUAL_DOMAIN/g' /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+```
+
+### Step 6: Test Configuration
+
+```bash
+sudo haproxy -c -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+```
+
+Expected output:
+
+```
+Configuration file is valid
+```
+
+### Step 7: Enable and Start HAProxy
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl enable haproxy
+sudo systemctl restart haproxy
+```
+
+### Step 8: Verify HAProxy is Running
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl status haproxy
+```
+
+Check HAProxy is listening:
+
+```bash
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep haproxy
+```
+
+Expected output shows ports 80, 443, 8444, and 8404.
+
+---
+
+## Certificate Renewal Hook
+
+When Let's Encrypt renews certificates, HAProxy needs to reload them.
+
+### Create Renewal Hook
+
+```bash
+sudo tee /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/reload-haproxy.sh > /dev/null <<'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+# Reload HAProxy certificates after Let's Encrypt renewal
+
+# Combine certificates for HAProxy
+cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+    /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+    > /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem
+
+cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+    /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+    > /etc/haproxy/certs/wildcard.pem
+
+chmod 600 /etc/haproxy/certs/*.pem
+
+# Reload HAProxy
+systemctl reload haproxy
+
+echo "HAProxy certificates updated: $(date)"
+EOF
+
+sudo chmod +x /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/reload-haproxy.sh
+```
+
+**Update the domain names** in the script to match your certificates.
+
+### Test Renewal Hook
+
+```bash
+sudo /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/reload-haproxy.sh
+```
+
+---
+
+## Configuration Reference
+
+### Directory Structure
+
+```
+/etc/haproxy/
+├── haproxy.cfg           # Main configuration
+├── certs/
+│   ├── registry.pem      # Registry cert+key combined
+│   └── wildcard.pem      # Wildcard cert+key combined
+└── errors/               # Error pages
+```
+
+### Service Commands
+
+| Command | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `sudo systemctl start haproxy` | Start HAProxy |
+| `sudo systemctl stop haproxy` | Stop HAProxy |
+| `sudo systemctl restart haproxy` | Restart HAProxy |
+| `sudo systemctl reload haproxy` | Reload config without dropping connections |
+| `sudo haproxy -c -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg` | Test configuration syntax |
+
+### View Logs
+
+```bash
+# Follow HAProxy logs
+sudo journalctl -u haproxy -f
+
+# Check syslog for HAProxy entries
+sudo tail -f /var/log/syslog | grep haproxy
+```
+
+### Stats Page
+
+HAProxy provides a stats page on `127.0.0.1:8404`:
+
+```bash
+curl http://127.0.0.1:8404/stats
+```
+
+Or open in browser via SSH tunnel:
+
+```bash
+ssh -L 8404:127.0.0.1:8404 user@your-server
+# Then open http://localhost:8404/stats in browser
+```
+
+---
+
+## How SNI Routing Works
+
+HAProxy inspects the TLS ClientHello message to read the SNI (Server Name Indication) field without decrypting the traffic:
+
+```
+Client Request: https://app123s.dstack.example.com
+    │
+    ▼
+HAProxy sees SNI = "app123s.dstack.example.com"
+    │
+    ▼ (matches .dstack.example.com pattern)
+    │
+TCP Passthrough to gateway:9204
+    │
+    ▼
+Gateway receives original TLS handshake
+    │
+    ▼ (gateway sees "s" suffix = passthrough mode)
+    │
+Gateway passes encrypted stream to CVM:443
+```
+
+For TLS-terminated services:
+
+```
+Client Request: https://registry.example.com
+    │
+    ▼
+HAProxy sees SNI = "registry.example.com"
+    │
+    ▼ (no .dstack. pattern match, goes to default)
+    │
+Routes to internal TLS termination frontend
+    │
+    ▼
+HAProxy terminates TLS using registry.pem
+    │
+    ▼
+HTTP proxy to localhost:5000
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#haproxy-setup-issues):
+
+- [Port 443 Already in Use](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#port-443-already-in-use)
+- [Configuration Test Fails](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#configuration-test-fails)
+- [Certificate Errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#certificate-errors)
+- [Backend Health Check Failing](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#backend-health-check-failing)
+- [Gateway Not Receiving Traffic](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#gateway-not-receiving-traffic)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With HAProxy installed, proceed to configure services that use it:
+
+- [Local Docker Registry](/tutorial/local-docker-registry) - Registry behind HAProxy
+- [Management Interface Setup](/tutorial/management-interface-setup) - VMM management via HAProxy
+- [Gateway Service Setup](/tutorial/gateway-service-setup) - Gateway with HAProxy passthrough
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [HAProxy Documentation](https://www.haproxy.org/documentation/)
+- [HAProxy Configuration Manual](https://cbonte.github.io/haproxy-dconv/)
+- [Let's Encrypt Documentation](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/hello-world-app.md b/docs/tutorials/hello-world-app.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51d1ce656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/hello-world-app.md
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+---
+title: "Hello World Application"
+description: "Deploy your first application to a dstack Confidential Virtual Machine"
+section: "First Application"
+stepNumber: 1
+totalSteps: 2
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-06
+prerequisites:
+  - gateway-service-setup
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - cvm
+  - deployment
+  - docker-compose
+  - hello-world
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "30 minutes"
+---
+
+# Hello World Application
+
+This tutorial guides you through deploying your first application to a dstack Confidential Virtual Machine (CVM). You'll deploy a simple nginx web server that runs inside a TDX-protected environment with full gateway integration, verifying that your entire dstack infrastructure is working correctly end-to-end.
+
+## What You'll Deploy
+
+| Component | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| **nginx:alpine** | Lightweight web server running inside a CVM |
+| **KMS attestation** | TDX-verified app identity via on-chain compose hash |
+| **Gateway routing** | HTTPS access via WireGuard tunnel with Let's Encrypt certificate |
+
+## How CVM Deployment Works
+
+When you deploy an application to dstack:
+
+1. **vmm-cli.py compose** generates an encrypted deployment manifest (`app-compose.json`)
+2. **On-chain registration** whitelists the compose hash so KMS will attest the app
+3. **vmm-cli.py deploy** creates a TDX-protected CVM with the manifest
+4. **Guest OS** boots, Docker containers start, and the app contacts KMS for attestation
+5. **Gateway registration** — with `--gateway` flag, the app CVM establishes a WireGuard tunnel to the gateway
+6. **HTTPS routing** — the gateway provisions a Let's Encrypt certificate and routes traffic to the app
+
+```
+Client HTTPS Request
+       │
+       ▼
+┌──────────────────┐
+│  HAProxy (:443)  │
+│  SNI routing     │
+└────────┬─────────┘
+         │
+         ▼
+┌──────────────────┐     WireGuard      ┌──────────────┐
+│  Gateway CVM     │ ◄────────────────► │   App CVM    │
+│  TLS termination │     tunnel         │  nginx :80   │
+│  Let's Encrypt   │                    │  TDX protected│
+└──────────────────┘                    └──────────────┘
+```
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+### Server
+
+- Completed [Gateway CVM Deployment](/tutorial/gateway-service-setup) — gateway running and admin API bootstrapped
+- KMS CVM running on port 9100
+- VMM running (`systemctl status dstack-vmm`)
+- Python cryptography libraries for `vmm-cli.py`:
+  ```bash
+  pip3 install --break-system-packages cryptography eth-keys eth-utils "eth-hash[pycryptodome]"
+  ```
+
+### Local machine
+
+- Foundry toolchain installed (`cast` command available)
+- Wallet private key at `~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key`
+- KMS contract address at `~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address`
+
+Verify the infrastructure is ready:
+
+```bash
+# KMS is responding
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '{chain_id}' && echo "KMS: OK"
+
+# Gateway admin API is responding
+curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/Status > /dev/null && echo "Gateway: OK"
+
+# VMM is running
+systemctl is-active dstack-vmm && echo "VMM: OK"
+```
+
+## Step 1: Create Application Directory
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/hello-world-deploy
+cd ~/hello-world-deploy
+```
+
+## Step 2: Create Docker Compose File
+
+Create a minimal compose file. The app runs inside a CVM, so there is no access to the host filesystem — do not use local volume mounts.
+
+```bash
+cat > docker-compose.yaml << 'EOF'
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+    restart: always
+EOF
+```
+
+| Setting | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `image: nginx:alpine` | Lightweight nginx image, pulled from Docker Hub at boot |
+| `ports: "80:80"` | Expose port 80 inside the CVM |
+| `restart: always` | Restart container if it crashes |
+
+> **No local volumes:** Unlike a traditional Docker setup, CVMs don't have access to host directories. The default nginx welcome page is served automatically. To serve custom content, you would bake it into a custom Docker image.
+
+## Step 3: Register App On-Chain
+
+> **Run on your local machine.** This step uses `cast` (Foundry) and your wallet private key, which live on your local machine — not on the server.
+
+The app needs an on-chain identity so KMS can attest it and the gateway can route traffic to it.
+
+### Load wallet credentials
+
+```bash
+export PRIVATE_KEY=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)
+export ETH_RPC_URL="https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com"
+export KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)
+```
+
+### Deploy and register the app
+
+```bash
+HELLO_APP_ID=$(cast send "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" \
+  "deployAndRegisterApp(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)" \
+  "$(cast wallet address --private-key $PRIVATE_KEY)" \
+  false \
+  true \
+  0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 \
+  0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 \
+  --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL" \
+  --private-key "$PRIVATE_KEY" \
+  --json | jq -r '.logs[-1].topics[1]' | sed 's/0x000000000000000000000000/0x/')
+
+echo "Hello World App ID: $HELLO_APP_ID"
+```
+
+Verify the app was created:
+
+```bash
+cast call "$HELLO_APP_ID" "owner()(address)" --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+```
+
+This should return your wallet address.
+
+### Save the app ID
+
+```bash
+echo "$HELLO_APP_ID" > ~/.dstack/secrets/hello-world-app-id
+```
+
+### Copy the app ID to the server
+
+The server needs the app ID for Step 6 (CVM deployment). Copy it over:
+
+```bash
+# Replace user@your-server with your actual server SSH target
+scp ~/.dstack/secrets/hello-world-app-id user@your-server:~/.dstack/secrets/
+```
+
+SSH back into the server before continuing:
+
+```bash
+ssh user@your-server
+```
+
+## Step 4: Generate Deployment Manifest
+
+Use `vmm-cli.py compose` to generate the encrypted deployment manifest. The `--gateway` and `--kms` flags enable gateway registration and KMS attestation.
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 compose \
+  --docker-compose ~/hello-world-deploy/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --name hello-world \
+  --gateway \
+  --kms \
+  --public-logs \
+  --output ~/hello-world-deploy/app-compose.json
+```
+
+**Key flags:**
+
+| Flag | Purpose |
+|------|---------|
+| `--gateway` | Enable gateway integration — the CVM will register with the gateway and establish a WireGuard tunnel |
+| `--kms` | Enable KMS attestation — the CVM will contact KMS for TDX verification |
+| `--public-logs` | Allow log access via VMM API (useful for debugging) |
+
+### Get the compose hash for Step 5
+
+The compose hash is needed on your local machine for on-chain whitelisting. Display it and copy the value:
+
+```bash
+COMPOSE_HASH=$(sha256sum ~/hello-world-deploy/app-compose.json | cut -d' ' -f1)
+echo "Compose hash: 0x$COMPOSE_HASH"
+```
+
+Copy the full `0x...` hash value — you'll paste it into Step 5 on your local machine.
+
+## Step 5: Whitelist Compose Hash On-Chain
+
+> **Run on your local machine.** This step uses `cast` and your wallet private key.
+
+The KMS contract verifies that the exact compose configuration is authorized. Use the compose hash from Step 4 and register it on-chain.
+
+If you're in a new shell since Step 3, re-load your wallet credentials:
+
+```bash
+export PRIVATE_KEY=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)
+export ETH_RPC_URL="https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com"
+export KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)
+```
+
+Set the compose hash (paste the value displayed in Step 4):
+
+```bash
+COMPOSE_HASH="<paste-hash-from-step-4-without-0x-prefix>"
+
+HELLO_APP_ID=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/hello-world-app-id)
+
+cast send "$HELLO_APP_ID" \
+  "addComposeHash(bytes32)" \
+  "0x$COMPOSE_HASH" \
+  --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL" \
+  --private-key "$PRIVATE_KEY"
+```
+
+Verify:
+
+```bash
+cast call "$HELLO_APP_ID" \
+  "allowedComposeHashes(bytes32)(bool)" \
+  "0x$COMPOSE_HASH" \
+  --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+```
+
+Expected output: `true`
+
+> **Important:** If you modify `docker-compose.yaml` and regenerate `app-compose.json`, the hash changes. You must whitelist the new hash before deploying.
+
+SSH back into the server before continuing:
+
+```bash
+ssh user@your-server
+```
+
+## Step 6: Deploy the CVM
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+SRV_DOMAIN=$(grep ^SRV_DOMAIN ~/gateway-deploy/.env | cut -d= -f2)
+KMS_DOMAIN=$(grep ^KMS_DOMAIN ~/gateway-deploy/.env | cut -d= -f2)
+
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 deploy \
+  --name hello-world \
+  --app-id "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/hello-world-app-id)" \
+  --compose ~/hello-world-deploy/app-compose.json \
+  --gateway-url "https://gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN" \
+  --kms-url "https://$KMS_DOMAIN:9100" \
+  --image dstack-0.5.7 \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 2G \
+  --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9300:80
+```
+
+**Key flags:**
+
+| Flag | Value | Purpose |
+|------|-------|---------|
+| `--app-id` | Hello World app ID | Links CVM to on-chain app identity |
+| `--gateway-url` | `https://gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN` | Gateway RPC endpoint (uses port 443 via HAProxy passthrough) |
+| `--kms-url` (1st) | `https://127.0.0.1:9100` | Host-side KMS for env encryption |
+| `--kms-url` (2nd) | `https://$KMS_DOMAIN:9100` | CVM-side KMS (domain must match TLS cert) |
+| `--port` | `tcp:0.0.0.0:9300:80` | Direct port mapping for testing (optional) |
+
+> **Why two `--kms-url` values?** Same reason as the gateway — the first is for host-side encryption, the second is for CVM-side runtime access. See [Gateway CVM Deployment](/tutorial/gateway-service-setup#step-2-deploy-the-gateway-cvm) for details.
+
+## Step 7: Monitor Boot Logs
+
+List VMs and get the hello-world ID:
+
+```bash
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+Follow the boot logs (replace `VM_ID` with the actual ID):
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=true&ansi=false"
+```
+
+Watch for these key log messages:
+
+```
+Docker container starting...
+nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
+```
+
+And if gateway integration is working:
+
+```
+Registering with gateway...
+WireGuard tunnel established
+```
+
+The CVM typically boots in 1-2 minutes.
+
+## Step 8: Verify via Gateway (HTTPS)
+
+Once the CVM registers with the gateway, it's accessible via an HTTPS URL. The gateway automatically provisions a Let's Encrypt certificate.
+
+Find your app's gateway URL. If you've deployed multiple times, the `hosts` array may contain stale entries from previous deployments. Use the most recent `latest_handshake` to identify the active instance:
+
+```bash
+# Get the most recently active app instance
+curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/Status | jq '.hosts | sort_by(.latest_handshake) | reverse | .[0]'
+```
+
+The `instance_id` and `base_domain` fields determine the app URL: `https://<instance_id>-80.gateway.<base_domain>`.
+
+Access the app:
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your actual instance_id and base_domain from the output above
+curl -s "https://<instance_id>-80.gateway.<base_domain>/"
+```
+
+You should see the default nginx welcome page HTML. The Let's Encrypt certificate is automatically provisioned, so this works without `-k`.
+
+Verify the certificate:
+
+```bash
+echo | openssl s_client -connect <instance_id>-80.gateway.<base_domain>:443 -servername <instance_id>-80.gateway.<base_domain> 2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -issuer -subject
+```
+
+The issuer should be `Let's Encrypt` (not `STAGING`).
+
+## Step 9: Verify via Direct Port Mapping
+
+As an alternative to gateway access, you can test directly via the mapped port:
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://YOUR_SERVER_IP:9300/
+```
+
+This bypasses the gateway and hits nginx directly. You should see the same nginx welcome page.
+
+> **Note:** Direct port access is unencrypted HTTP. In production, use the gateway HTTPS URL.
+
+## Managing the Application
+
+Navigate to the VMM directory:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+```
+
+### List running VMs
+
+```bash
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+### View logs
+
+```bash
+VM_ID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="hello-world") | .id')
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=$VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=50"
+```
+
+### Stop and remove
+
+```bash
+VM_ID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="hello-world") | .id')
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 stop --force "$VM_ID"
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 remove "$VM_ID"
+```
+
+### Redeploy
+
+To redeploy after changes:
+
+1. Remove the existing CVM (see above)
+2. If you changed `docker-compose.yaml`, regenerate `app-compose.json` (Step 4) and whitelist the new hash (Step 5)
+3. Re-run the deploy command (Step 6)
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [First Application Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#hello-world-app-issues):
+
+- [CVM fails to start](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#cvm-fails-to-start)
+- ["OS image is not allowed"](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#os-image-is-not-allowed)
+- [CVM boots but no gateway registration](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#cvm-boots-but-no-gateway-registration)
+- [Application not accessible via gateway](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#application-not-accessible-via-gateway)
+- [Cannot pull Docker images](/tutorial/troubleshooting-first-application#cannot-pull-docker-images)
+
+---
+
+## Verification Checklist
+
+Before proceeding, verify:
+
+- [ ] App registered on-chain with `deployAndRegisterApp`
+- [ ] Compose hash whitelisted on app contract
+- [ ] CVM deployed and running (`lsvm` shows status)
+- [ ] CVM registered with gateway (WireGuard tunnel established)
+- [ ] Application accessible via gateway HTTPS URL (valid Let's Encrypt cert)
+- [ ] Application accessible via direct port mapping (optional)
+
+---
+
+## What's Running Inside Your CVM
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                         CVM (TDX Protected)                  │
+│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
+│  │                   Docker Container                     │  │
+│  │  ┌─────────────┐                                      │  │
+│  │  │   nginx     │                                      │  │
+│  │  │   :80       │                                      │  │
+│  │  └─────────────┘                                      │  │
+│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
+│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
+│  │                    Guest Agent                         │  │
+│  │  - TDX attestation via /var/run/dstack.sock           │  │
+│  │  - Docker lifecycle management                        │  │
+│  │  - WireGuard tunnel to gateway                        │  │
+│  │  - Log forwarding to VMM                              │  │
+│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
+│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
+│  │                   TDX Protection                       │  │
+│  │  - Encrypted memory (hardware-enforced)               │  │
+│  │  - Measured boot chain (MRTD, RTMRs)                  │  │
+│  │  - Isolated from host OS                              │  │
+│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+## Next Steps
+
+Your Hello World application is running inside a TDX-protected CVM with full gateway integration. From here you can:
+
+- Deploy more complex applications with multiple containers
+- Use the tappd socket (`/var/run/tappd.sock`) for TDX attestation from your application
+- Build custom Docker images with your own application code
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Docker Compose Reference](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/)
+- [nginx Documentation](https://nginx.org/en/docs/)
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+- [dstack Examples Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/kms-build-configuration.md b/docs/tutorials/kms-build-configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1315d3f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/kms-build-configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+---
+title: "KMS Build & Configuration"
+description: "Build and configure the dstack Key Management Service"
+section: "KMS Deployment"
+stepNumber: 2
+totalSteps: 3
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-09
+prerequisites:
+  - contract-deployment
+  - guest-image-setup
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - kms
+  - cargo
+  - build
+  - configuration
+difficulty: "advanced"
+estimatedTime: "25 minutes"
+---
+
+# KMS Build & Configuration
+
+This tutorial guides you through building and configuring the dstack Key Management Service (KMS). The KMS is a critical component that manages cryptographic keys for TEE applications.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [Contract Deployment](/tutorial/contract-deployment) with deployed KMS contract
+- Completed [TDX & SGX Verification](/tutorial/tdx-sgx-verification) - **SGX must be verified before KMS deployment**
+- Completed [Rust Toolchain Installation](/tutorial/rust-toolchain-installation)
+- dstack repository cloned to ~/dstack
+
+> **Important:** The KMS uses a `local_key_provider` that requires SGX to generate TDX attestation quotes. Without SGX properly configured (including Auto MP Registration in BIOS), KMS cannot bootstrap and will fail to generate cryptographic proofs of its TDX environment.
+
+
+## What Gets Built
+
+The dstack KMS provides:
+
+| Component | Purpose |
+|-----------|---------|
+| **dstack-kms** | Main KMS binary - generates and stores cryptographic keys |
+| **auth-eth** | Node.js service - verifies app permissions via smart contract |
+| **kms.toml** | Configuration file for KMS settings |
+| **auth-eth.env** | Environment file with Ethereum RPC credentials |
+| **Docker image** | Containerized KMS for deployment in a CVM |
+| **docker-compose.yml** | Deployment manifest for VMM |
+
+> **Note:** KMS runs inside a Confidential Virtual Machine (CVM) to enable TDX attestation. The Docker image packages KMS for CVM deployment.
+
+---
+
+## Manual Build
+
+> **Note:** The previous tutorial ([Contract Deployment](/tutorial/contract-deployment)) was run on your **local machine**. The remaining tutorials are run on your **TDX server**. SSH back in before continuing:
+> ```bash
+> ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+> ```
+
+If you prefer to build manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Build the KMS Binary
+
+Build the KMS service using Cargo in release mode.
+
+### Navigate to repository root
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+```
+
+### Build KMS in release mode
+
+```bash
+cargo build --release -p dstack-kms
+```
+
+This compilation will:
+- Download and compile KMS dependencies
+- Build the KMS binary with optimizations
+
+### Verify the build
+
+```bash
+ls -lh ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-kms
+```
+
+Expected output (typically 20-30MB):
+```
+-rwxrwxr-x 1 ubuntu ubuntu 25M Nov 20 10:30 /home/ubuntu/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-kms
+```
+
+### Test the binary
+
+```bash
+~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-kms --help
+```
+
+This displays available command-line options.
+
+## Step 2: Install KMS to System Path
+
+Install the KMS binary to a system-wide location.
+
+### Copy to /usr/local/bin
+
+```bash
+sudo cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-kms /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+```
+
+### Verify installation
+
+```bash
+which dstack-kms
+dstack-kms --help
+```
+
+## Step 3: Create Configuration Directories
+
+Create the directory structure for KMS configuration and certificates.
+
+### Create directories
+
+```bash
+# Configuration directory
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/kms
+
+# Certificate directory
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/kms/certs
+
+# Runtime directories
+sudo mkdir -p /var/run/kms
+sudo mkdir -p /var/log/kms
+
+# Set permissions
+sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /etc/kms
+sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/run/kms
+sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/log/kms
+```
+
+### Verify directory structure
+
+```bash
+ls -la /etc/kms
+```
+
+You should see:
+```
+total 12
+drwxr-xr-x 3 ubuntu ubuntu 4096 Nov 20 10:35 .
+drwxr-xr-x 3 root   root   4096 Nov 20 10:35 ..
+drwxr-xr-x 2 ubuntu ubuntu 4096 Nov 20 10:35 certs
+```
+
+## Step 4: Create KMS Configuration
+
+Create the main KMS configuration file.
+
+### Create kms.toml
+
+```bash
+cat > /etc/kms/kms.toml << 'EOF'
+# dstack KMS Configuration
+# See: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "DStack KMS"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+
+# RPC Server Configuration
+[rpc]
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9100
+
+# TLS Certificate Configuration for RPC
+[rpc.tls]
+key = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+certs = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+# Mutual TLS (mTLS) Configuration
+[rpc.tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/etc/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+# Keep the TLS listener optional because bootstrap/public endpoints must be
+# reachable before a client has an RA-TLS certificate. Temp-CA bootstrap material
+# is bootstrap-sensitive. Key-release RPCs still require verified caller
+# attestation; certificate signing verifies CSR signature and attestation.
+mandatory = false
+
+# Core KMS Configuration
+[core]
+cert_dir = "/etc/kms/certs"
+subject_postfix = ".dstack"
+# Intel PCCS URL for TDX quote verification
+pccs_url = "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4"
+
+# Authentication API Configuration
+# Uses webhook to query Ethereum contract via auth-eth service
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "webhook"
+
+[core.auth_api.webhook]
+url = "http://127.0.0.1:9200"
+
+# Onboarding Configuration
+[core.onboard]
+enabled = true
+auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9100
+EOF
+```
+
+### Configuration explained
+
+| Section | Key | Description |
+|---------|-----|-------------|
+| `[default]` | `workers` | Number of worker threads (default: 8) |
+| `[default]` | `log_level` | Logging level: debug, info, warn, error |
+| `[rpc]` | `address` | RPC server bind address |
+| `[rpc]` | `port` | RPC server port (9100) |
+| `[core]` | `cert_dir` | Directory for certificates |
+| `[core]` | `pccs_url` | PCCS endpoint for quote verification |
+| `[core.auth_api]` | `url` | Auth-eth webhook service URL |
+| `[core.onboard]` | `enabled` | Enable bootstrap/onboard mode |
+
+## Step 5: Build Auth-ETH Service
+
+The KMS requires the auth-eth service to query the Ethereum contract for authorization.
+
+### Install Node.js
+
+The auth-eth service requires Node.js. Install Node.js 20.x from NodeSource:
+
+```bash
+curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_20.x | sudo -E bash -
+sudo apt-get install -y nodejs
+```
+
+Verify the installation:
+
+```bash
+node --version
+npm --version
+```
+
+You should see Node.js v20.x and npm v10.x (or later).
+
+### Navigate to auth-eth directory
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/kms/auth-eth
+```
+
+### Install dependencies
+
+```bash
+npm install
+```
+
+### Build TypeScript
+
+```bash
+npx tsc --project tsconfig.json
+```
+
+### Verify build
+
+```bash
+ls -la dist/src/
+```
+
+You should see `main.js` and other compiled files.
+
+## Step 6: Create Auth-ETH Configuration
+
+Create environment configuration for the auth-eth service.
+
+### Get contract address from deployment
+
+The contract address was created during [Contract Deployment](/tutorial/contract-deployment), which ran on your **local machine**. You need to transfer this address to your server.
+
+**Option A: Read from saved secrets**
+
+If you saved the contract address in the previous tutorial:
+
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDRESS=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)
+echo "Contract address: $KMS_CONTRACT_ADDRESS"
+```
+
+**Option B: Check Etherscan**
+
+If you've lost the address, find it on [Sepolia Etherscan](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/) by searching for your wallet address and looking at recent contract deployments.
+
+### Create environment file
+
+```bash
+cat > /etc/kms/auth-eth.env << EOF
+# Auth-ETH Service Configuration
+
+# Server settings
+HOST=127.0.0.1
+PORT=9200
+
+# Ethereum RPC endpoint (Sepolia testnet)
+ETH_RPC_URL=https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
+
+# KMS Authorization Contract Address
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
+EOF
+```
+
+### Secure the file
+
+```bash
+chmod 600 /etc/kms/auth-eth.env
+```
+
+### Verify configuration
+
+```bash
+cat /etc/kms/auth-eth.env
+```
+
+## Step 7: Create Docker Image for CVM Deployment
+
+KMS runs inside a Confidential Virtual Machine (CVM) to enable TDX attestation. We need to create a Docker image that packages KMS and auth-eth together.
+
+### Create deployment directory
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/kms-deployment
+cd ~/kms-deployment
+```
+
+### Create QCNL Configuration
+
+The CVM needs to know how to reach a PCCS for attestation. We use Phala Network's public PCCS:
+
+```bash
+cat > sgx_default_qcnl.conf << 'EOF'
+{
+  "pccs_url": "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4/",
+  "use_secure_cert": false,
+  "retry_times": 6,
+  "retry_delay": 10
+}
+EOF
+```
+
+### Create .dockerignore
+
+Exclude `node_modules` from the build context to avoid transferring hundreds of megabytes:
+
+```bash
+cat > .dockerignore << 'EOF'
+auth-eth/node_modules
+EOF
+```
+
+### Create Dockerfile
+
+The Dockerfile bakes all configuration into the image for reliable CVM deployment:
+
+```bash
+cat > Dockerfile << 'EOF'
+# KMS Docker Image for CVM Deployment
+FROM ubuntu:24.04
+
+# Install runtime dependencies
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y ca-certificates curl && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Install Node.js 20.x for auth-eth
+RUN curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_20.x | bash - && \
+    apt-get install -y nodejs && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Create directories
+RUN mkdir -p /etc/kms/certs /etc/kms/images /var/run/kms /var/log/kms
+
+# Copy KMS binary
+COPY dstack-kms /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+RUN chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+
+# Copy configuration files (baked into image)
+COPY kms.toml /etc/kms/kms.toml
+COPY auth-eth.env /etc/kms/auth-eth.env
+COPY sgx_default_qcnl.conf /etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf
+
+# Copy auth-eth service and install dependencies
+COPY auth-eth /opt/auth-eth
+RUN cd /opt/auth-eth && npm install --production
+
+# Copy startup script
+COPY start-kms.sh /usr/local/bin/start-kms.sh
+RUN chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/start-kms.sh
+
+EXPOSE 9100
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/start-kms.sh"]
+EOF
+```
+
+### Create startup script
+
+The startup script runs both KMS and auth-eth services:
+
+```bash
+cat > start-kms.sh << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+# Start auth-eth in background
+cd /opt/auth-eth
+node dist/src/main.js &
+AUTH_ETH_PID=$!
+
+# Wait for auth-eth to be ready
+sleep 2
+
+# Start KMS (foreground)
+exec /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms --config /etc/kms/kms.toml
+EOF
+```
+
+### Create CVM-specific kms.toml
+
+The KMS config for CVM deployment enables TDX attestation:
+
+```bash
+cat > kms.toml << 'EOF'
+# dstack KMS Configuration (CVM Deployment)
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "DStack KMS"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+
+# RPC Server Configuration
+[rpc]
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9100
+
+# TLS Certificate Configuration for RPC
+[rpc.tls]
+key = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+certs = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+# Mutual TLS (mTLS) Configuration
+[rpc.tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/etc/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+# Keep the TLS listener optional because bootstrap/public endpoints must be
+# reachable before a client has an RA-TLS certificate. Temp-CA bootstrap material
+# is bootstrap-sensitive. Key-release RPCs still require verified caller
+# attestation; certificate signing verifies CSR signature and attestation.
+mandatory = false
+
+# Core KMS Configuration
+[core]
+cert_dir = "/etc/kms/certs"
+subject_postfix = ".dstack"
+pccs_url = "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4"
+
+# OS Image Verification
+# KMS downloads OS images to compute expected TDX measurements
+[core.image]
+verify = true
+cache_dir = "/etc/kms/images"
+download_url = "https://download.dstack.org/os-images/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+download_timeout = "2m"
+
+# Authentication API Configuration
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "webhook"
+
+[core.auth_api.webhook]
+url = "http://127.0.0.1:9200"
+
+# Onboarding Configuration
+[core.onboard]
+enabled = true
+# Empty domain = manual bootstrap mode (ensures bootstrap-info.json is written)
+auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+# Enable TDX quotes - works because KMS runs in CVM
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9100
+EOF
+```
+
+> **Why empty `auto_bootstrap_domain`?** With an empty domain, KMS starts in "onboard mode" — a plain HTTP server that waits for you to trigger bootstrap via an RPC call. This ensures `bootstrap-info.json` is written to disk, which is required for on-chain KMS registration. You'll provide the domain during the bootstrap step in [KMS CVM Deployment](/tutorial/kms-cvm-deployment).
+
+### Copy build artifacts and configuration
+
+```bash
+# Copy KMS binary
+cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-kms .
+
+# Copy auth-eth service
+cp -r ~/dstack/dstack/kms/auth-eth auth-eth
+
+# Copy auth-eth environment config
+cp /etc/kms/auth-eth.env .
+```
+
+### Build Docker image
+
+```bash
+docker build -t dstack-kms:latest .
+```
+
+### Verify image was created
+
+```bash
+docker images dstack-kms
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```
+REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED          SIZE
+dstack-kms    latest    abc123def456   10 seconds ago   ~300MB
+```
+
+### Push to local registry
+
+Tag and push the image to your local Docker registry so CVMs can pull it during boot. Push directly to `localhost:5000` (HAProxy only handles read access for CVM pulls):
+
+```bash
+# Tag for local registry (push via localhost, pull via HAProxy domain)
+docker tag dstack-kms:latest localhost:5000/dstack-kms:latest
+docker tag dstack-kms:latest localhost:5000/dstack-kms:fixed
+
+# Push both tags
+docker push localhost:5000/dstack-kms:latest
+docker push localhost:5000/dstack-kms:fixed
+```
+
+Verify the image is in the registry (via HAProxy):
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/dstack-kms/tags/list
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```json
+{"name":"dstack-kms","tags":["fixed","latest"]}
+```
+
+## Step 8: Create docker-compose.yml
+
+Create the deployment manifest for VMM deployment.
+
+### Create docker-compose.yml
+
+```bash
+cat > docker-compose.yml << 'EOF'
+# KMS Deployment Manifest for dstack CVM
+# Deploy via VMM web interface at http://localhost:9080
+
+services:
+  kms:
+    image: dstack-kms:latest
+    ports:
+      - "9100:9100"
+    volumes:
+      # Mount config file from local directory
+      - ./kms.toml:/etc/kms/kms.toml:ro
+      - ./auth-eth.env:/etc/kms/auth-eth.env:ro
+      # Named volume for persistent certificates
+      - kms-certs:/etc/kms/certs
+    environment:
+      - RUST_LOG=info
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+volumes:
+  kms-certs:
+    # Certificates persist across container restarts
+EOF
+```
+
+### Verify deployment files
+
+```bash
+ls -la ~/kms-deployment/
+```
+
+You should have:
+- `Dockerfile` - Container build definition
+- `dstack-kms` - KMS binary
+- `auth-eth/` - Auth-eth service directory
+- `start-kms.sh` - Startup script
+- `docker-compose.yml` - Deployment manifest
+- `kms.toml` - KMS configuration
+- `auth-eth.env` - Auth-eth environment
+- `sgx_default_qcnl.conf` - QCNL configuration for CVM PCCS access
+
+## Step 9: Verify Configuration
+
+### Check KMS configuration syntax
+
+The KMS loads configuration using the Rocket framework's Figment library:
+
+```bash
+# Validate TOML syntax
+cat /etc/kms/kms.toml | python3 -c "import sys, tomllib; tomllib.load(sys.stdin.buffer); print('Valid TOML')"
+```
+
+### Check auth-eth configuration
+
+```bash
+# Source and verify environment
+source /etc/kms/auth-eth.env
+test -n "$ETH_RPC_URL" && echo "ETH_RPC_URL is set"
+echo "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR: $KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR"
+```
+
+### Test RPC connectivity
+
+```bash
+source /etc/kms/auth-eth.env
+curl -s -X POST "$ETH_RPC_URL" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_blockNumber","params":[],"id":1}' | \
+  jq .
+```
+
+Expected output shows the current block number.
+
+### Verify contract exists
+
+```bash
+source /etc/kms/auth-eth.env
+curl -s -X POST "$ETH_RPC_URL" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"jsonrpc\":\"2.0\",\"method\":\"eth_getCode\",\"params\":[\"$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR\",\"latest\"],\"id\":1}" | \
+  jq -r 'if .result != "0x" then "✓ Contract found" else "✗ Contract not found" end'
+```
+
+---
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+### Component Interaction
+
+```
+┌─────────────┐     ┌─────────────┐     ┌──────────────┐
+│   TEE App   │────►│     KMS     │────►│   Auth-ETH   │
+└─────────────┘     └─────────────┘     └──────────────┘
+       │                   │                    │
+       │                   │                    ▼
+       │                   │            ┌──────────────┐
+       │                   │            │   Ethereum   │
+       │                   │            │   (Sepolia)  │
+       │                   │            └──────────────┘
+       │                   │                    │
+       │                   ▼                    │
+       │            ┌─────────────┐             │
+       └───────────►│    VMM      │◄────────────┘
+                    └─────────────┘
+```
+
+### Data Flow
+
+1. **TEE App** requests key from **KMS**
+2. **KMS** calls **Auth-ETH** webhook to verify authorization
+3. **Auth-ETH** queries **Ethereum** smart contract
+4. If authorized, **KMS** returns key to app
+5. **VMM** orchestrates the overall TEE environment
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [KMS Deployment Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#kms-build--configuration-issues):
+
+- [Build fails with missing dependencies](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#build-fails-with-missing-dependencies)
+- [Configuration file not found](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#configuration-file-not-found)
+- [Auth-eth npm install fails](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#auth-eth-npm-install-fails)
+- [Invalid TOML syntax](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#invalid-toml-syntax)
+- [RPC connection failed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#rpc-connection-failed)
+- [Contract address not set](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#contract-address-not-set)
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With KMS built and containerized, proceed to CVM deployment:
+
+- [KMS CVM Deployment](/tutorial/kms-cvm-deployment) - Deploy KMS as a Confidential VM
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+- [Intel TDX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html)
+- [Rocket Framework](https://rocket.rs/)
+- [Figment Configuration](https://docs.rs/figment/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/kms-cvm-deployment.md b/docs/tutorials/kms-cvm-deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0dacaf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/kms-cvm-deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+---
+title: "KMS CVM Deployment"
+description: "Deploy dstack KMS as a Confidential Virtual Machine for TDX attestation"
+section: "KMS Deployment"
+stepNumber: 3
+totalSteps: 3
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-09
+prerequisites:
+  - kms-build-configuration
+  - gramine-key-provider
+  - local-docker-registry
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - kms
+  - cvm
+  - tdx
+  - vmm
+  - deployment
+difficulty: "advanced"
+estimatedTime: "20 minutes"
+---
+
+# KMS CVM Deployment
+
+This tutorial guides you through deploying the dstack KMS as a Confidential Virtual Machine (CVM). Running KMS inside a CVM enables TDX attestation, providing cryptographic proof that the KMS keys were generated in a genuine Intel TDX environment.
+
+## Why Deploy KMS in a CVM?
+
+Running KMS inside a CVM provides significant security benefits:
+
+| Benefit | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| **TDX Attestation** | Generate cryptographic quotes proving keys were created in genuine TDX |
+| **Memory Encryption** | Root keys protected by TDX hardware encryption, not just file permissions |
+| **Verifiable Integrity** | Anyone can verify KMS integrity via attestation quote |
+| **Consistent Model** | KMS deployed the same way as other dstack applications |
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [KMS Build & Configuration](/tutorial/kms-build-configuration)
+- Completed [Local Key Provider](/tutorial/gramine-key-provider) - Required for CVM boot
+- Completed [Local Docker Registry](/tutorial/local-docker-registry) - With KMS image cached
+- Completed [TDX & SGX Verification](/tutorial/tdx-sgx-verification) - SGX must be working for attestation
+- KMS image pushed to local registry (`registry.yourdomain.com/dstack-kms:fixed`)
+- dstack VMM running (`systemctl status dstack-vmm`)
+- VMM web interface available at http://localhost:9080
+
+> **Why SGX is required:** The KMS uses Intel SGX to generate TDX attestation quotes via the `local_key_provider`. SGX Auto MP Registration must be enabled in BIOS so your platform is registered with Intel's Provisioning Certification Service (PCS). Without this registration, KMS cannot generate valid attestation quotes, and bootstrap will fail.
+
+> **Why local registry?** The KMS Docker image is cached in your [Local Docker Registry](/tutorial/local-docker-registry) for reliable, fast access from CVMs. This deployment passes `ETH_RPC_URL` and `KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR` through docker-compose so you can change the RPC endpoint or contract address without rebuilding the image.
+
+
+## What Gets Deployed
+
+When you deploy KMS as a CVM, the following happens:
+
+1. **CVM Creation** - VMM creates a TDX-protected virtual machine
+2. **Container Start** - Docker container runs inside the CVM
+3. **Onboard Mode** - KMS starts a plain HTTP server, waiting for bootstrap
+4. **Manual Bootstrap** - You trigger key generation via an RPC call
+5. **TDX Quote** - KMS generates attestation quote proving TDX environment
+6. **Service Ready** - KMS transitions to TLS and starts accepting connections
+
+### Generated Artifacts
+
+Inside the CVM at `/etc/kms/certs/`:
+
+| File | Purpose |
+|------|---------|
+| `root-ca.crt` | Root Certificate Authority (self-signed) |
+| `root-ca.key` | Root CA signing key (P256 ECDSA) |
+| `rpc.crt` | TLS certificate for RPC server |
+| `rpc.key` | RPC server private key |
+| `tmp-ca.crt` | Temporary CA for mutual TLS |
+| `tmp-ca.key` | Temporary CA private key |
+| `root-k256.key` | Ethereum signing key (secp256k1) |
+| `bootstrap-info.json` | Public keys and TDX attestation quote |
+
+---
+
+## Manual Deployment
+
+If you prefer to deploy manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Verify Prerequisites
+
+Check that all required components are ready.
+
+#### Verify KMS image in local registry
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/dstack-kms/tags/list
+```
+
+Expected output shows the `:fixed` tag:
+```json
+{"name":"dstack-kms","tags":["fixed","latest"]}
+```
+
+If missing, complete the [Local Docker Registry](/tutorial/local-docker-registry) tutorial first.
+
+#### Verify Local Key Provider is running
+
+```bash
+docker ps | grep local-key-provider
+```
+
+Should show the container running. If not, complete the [Local Key Provider](/tutorial/gramine-key-provider) tutorial.
+
+#### Verify VMM is running
+
+```bash
+systemctl status dstack-vmm
+```
+
+The VMM must be active and running.
+
+### Step 2: Create Deployment Directory
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/kms-deploy
+cd ~/kms-deploy
+```
+
+### Step 3: Create docker-compose.yaml
+
+> **Replace placeholders:** If you haven't already personalized the tutorials with your domain names, see [DNS Configuration: Personalize Tutorials](/tutorial/dns-configuration#personalize-tutorial-commands). You **must** replace `registry.yourdomain.com` and `kms.yourdomain.com` with your actual domains.
+
+Create the compose file with your registry domain and configuration:
+
+```bash
+cat > docker-compose.yaml << 'EOF'
+services:
+  kms:
+    image: registry.yourdomain.com/dstack-kms:fixed
+    ports:
+      - "9100:9100"
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+      - kms-certs:/etc/kms/certs
+    environment:
+      - RUST_LOG=info
+      - KMS_DOMAIN=kms.yourdomain.com
+      - PORT=9200
+      - ETH_RPC_URL=https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
+      - KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
+    configs:
+      - source: kms_config
+        target: /etc/kms/kms.toml
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+volumes:
+  kms-certs:
+
+configs:
+  kms_config:
+    content: |
+      [rpc]
+      address = "0.0.0.0"
+      port = 9100
+
+      [rpc.tls]
+      key = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+      certs = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+      [rpc.tls.mutual]
+      ca_certs = "/etc/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+      # Keep the TLS listener optional because bootstrap/public endpoints must be
+      # reachable before a client has an RA-TLS certificate. Temp-CA bootstrap
+      # material is bootstrap-sensitive. Key-release RPCs still require verified
+      # caller attestation; certificate signing verifies CSR signature and attestation.
+      mandatory = false
+
+      [core]
+      cert_dir = "/etc/kms/certs"
+      pccs_url = "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4"
+
+      [core.image]
+      verify = true
+      cache_dir = "/etc/kms/images"
+      download_url = "https://download.dstack.org/os-images/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+      download_timeout = "2m"
+
+      [core.auth_api]
+      type = "webhook"
+
+      [core.auth_api.webhook]
+      url = "http://127.0.0.1:9200"
+
+      [core.onboard]
+      enabled = true
+      auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+      address = "0.0.0.0"
+      port = 9100
+EOF
+```
+
+Replace the placeholder values with your actual configuration:
+
+```bash
+# Registry domain (must match your local Docker registry)
+sed -i 's|registry.yourdomain.com|registry.your-actual-domain.com|g' docker-compose.yaml
+
+# KMS domain (for the KMS_DOMAIN env var)
+sed -i 's|kms.yourdomain.com|kms.your-actual-domain.com|g' docker-compose.yaml
+
+# KMS contract address (from contract deployment tutorial)
+sed -i "s|YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS|$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)|g" docker-compose.yaml
+```
+
+This docker-compose uses a Docker `configs` section to inject a complete `kms.toml` into the container at `/etc/kms/kms.toml`, overriding the config baked into the image. This approach lets you change KMS configuration without rebuilding the Docker image.
+
+**Key configuration sections in `kms.toml`:**
+
+| Section | Purpose |
+|---------|---------|
+| `[rpc]` | RPC server address and port (9100) |
+| `[rpc.tls]` | TLS certificate paths for HTTPS |
+| `[core.image]` | OS image verification — downloads images from `download.dstack.org` to compute expected TDX measurements |
+| `[core.auth_api]` | Authentication via auth-eth webhook on localhost:9200 |
+| `[core.onboard]` | Bootstrap settings — `auto_bootstrap_domain` is empty so KMS enters onboard mode for manual bootstrap |
+
+> **Why manual bootstrap?** With `auto_bootstrap_domain` left empty, KMS starts in "onboard mode" — a plain HTTP server on port 9100 that waits for you to trigger bootstrap via an RPC call. This ensures `bootstrap-info.json` (containing the TDX attestation quote and public keys) is written to disk. You'll need this file later to register the KMS on-chain.
+
+**Environment variables explained:**
+
+| Variable | Required | Description |
+|----------|----------|-------------|
+| `RUST_LOG` | Yes | KMS log level (`info`, `debug`, etc.) |
+| `KMS_DOMAIN` | Yes | KMS domain name (used by start-kms.sh for reference) |
+| `PORT` | Yes | auth-eth listen port — **must be `9200`** to match kms.toml webhook URL |
+| `ETH_RPC_URL` | Yes | Ethereum Sepolia RPC endpoint |
+| `KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR` | Yes | Your deployed KMS contract address |
+
+> **Getting your values:**
+> ```bash
+> # Your KMS contract address (from contract deployment tutorial)
+> cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address
+> ```
+>
+> For `ETH_RPC_URL`, the tutorials use the free `https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com` endpoint. For production, consider a dedicated RPC provider.
+
+**Other important settings:**
+- `image`: Must use your local registry with the `:fixed` tag
+- `/var/run/dstack.sock`: Required for TDX attestation
+- `configs`: Injects `kms.toml` at runtime — the `start-kms.sh` entrypoint reads from `/etc/kms/kms.toml`
+
+### Step 4: Deploy via vmm-cli.py
+
+Use the VMM CLI tool to deploy the CVM:
+
+```bash
+# Navigate to dstack VMM directory
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+
+# Set VMM auth from saved token
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+# Generate app-compose.json with local key provider enabled
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 compose \
+  --name kms \
+  --docker-compose ~/kms-deploy/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --local-key-provider \
+  --output ~/kms-deploy/app-compose.json
+
+# Deploy the CVM
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 deploy \
+  --name kms \
+  --image dstack-0.5.7 \
+  --compose ~/kms-deploy/app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 4096 \
+  --disk 20 \
+  --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9100:9100
+```
+
+**Key flags explained:**
+- `--local-key-provider`: Enables SGX-backed local key provisioning for CVM boot
+- `--image dstack-0.5.7`: Guest image from VMM images directory
+- `--port tcp:0.0.0.0:9100:9100`: Maps host port 9100 to CVM port 9100 on all interfaces
+
+> **Why `0.0.0.0` and not `127.0.0.1`?** Gateway CVMs use QEMU user-mode networking and reach the host via its public IP. If KMS is bound to localhost only, gateway CVMs cannot connect. KMS authorization uses TDX attestation and auth policy, not loopback binding. Expose only the required KMS port and monitor it as a public service.
+
+> **Note:** Do NOT use `--secure-time` flag - it causes CVM to hang during boot waiting for time sync.
+
+### Step 5: Monitor Deployment
+
+List VMs to get the ID, then view the boot logs:
+
+```bash
+# List VMs to get the ID
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+View CVM boot logs using curl (replace `VM_ID` with the actual ID from `lsvm`):
+
+```bash
+# View recent logs
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100"
+
+# Follow logs in real-time
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=true&ansi=false"
+```
+
+> **Note:** The VMM logs endpoint requires authentication. `vmm-cli.py logs` sends credentials automatically when `DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN` (or `--token`) is set, so it works against an auth-enabled VMM; the curl form above is an equivalent alternative.
+
+Look for these log messages indicating KMS entered onboard mode:
+```
+KMS CVM booting...
+Docker container starting...
+KMS initializing...
+Onboarding
+```
+
+> **Important:** KMS is now in onboard mode — a plain HTTP server waiting for bootstrap. It will **not** serve TLS or respond to `KMS.GetMeta` until you complete the next step.
+>
+> **Critical prerequisite:** before bootstrap can succeed, the KMS must already be authorized by your auth backend.
+>
+> - For `auth-simple`, add the KMS `mrAggregated` to `kms.mrAggregated`
+> - For `auth-eth`, add the KMS `mrAggregated` on-chain with `addKmsAggregatedMr(...)`
+>
+> You can fetch the value before bootstrap with:
+>
+> ```bash
+> curl -s -X POST \
+>   -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+>   -d '{}' \
+>   "http://localhost:9100/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" | jq .
+> ```
+>
+> If you skip this step, `Onboard.Bootstrap` will fail with a KMS authorization error and the KMS will not enter normal service.
+>
+> **Pre-bootstrap checklist:**
+>
+> 1. `Onboard.GetAttestationInfo` returns the current KMS measurement
+> 2. that `mrAggregated` has been allowlisted in your auth backend
+> 3. the auth backend is reachable from the KMS CVM
+> 4. you are still calling the onboard HTTP endpoint, not the post-bootstrap TLS endpoint
+
+### Step 6: Bootstrap KMS
+
+With KMS in onboard mode, trigger key generation by calling the Bootstrap RPC endpoint. This generates root keys, a TDX attestation quote, and writes `bootstrap-info.json`:
+
+```bash
+# Inspect the KMS measurement before bootstrap
+curl -s -X POST \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{}' \
+  "http://localhost:9100/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" | jq .
+
+# Replace kms.yourdomain.com with your actual KMS domain
+curl -s -X POST \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"domain":"kms.yourdomain.com"}' \
+  "http://localhost:9100/prpc/Onboard.Bootstrap?json" | tee ~/kms-deploy/bootstrap-info.json | jq .
+```
+
+> **Note:** This uses plain `http://` — KMS is still in onboard mode (no TLS yet). The `tee` command saves the response to `bootstrap-info.json` while also displaying it. You'll need this file later to register KMS on-chain. If this call fails with a KMS authorization error, allowlist the `mrAggregated` value first and retry.
+
+Expected response:
+
+```json
+{
+  "ca_pubkey": "3059301306072a8648ce3d0201...",
+  "k256_pubkey": "0304c6bfe0ecd9bfa8b8c3450c...",
+  "attestation": "04000200810000000..."
+}
+```
+
+Now signal KMS to exit onboard mode and start the main TLS service:
+
+```bash
+curl -s "http://localhost:9100/finish"
+```
+
+Wait a few seconds for KMS to transition from onboard mode to the main TLS service:
+
+```bash
+sleep 5
+```
+
+### Step 7: Verify KMS is Running
+
+Test connectivity to the KMS RPC server (now using TLS):
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json | jq .
+```
+
+**Important:** Use `https://` — KMS now serves TLS after exiting onboard mode.
+
+Expected response:
+
+```json
+{
+  "ca_cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----...",
+  "allow_any_upgrade": false,
+  "k256_pubkey": "0304c6bfe0ecd9bfa8b8c3450c8fb49f52d6234522bd4e42c0736db852da8c871e",
+  "bootstrap_info": {
+    "ca_pubkey": "3059301306072a8648ce3d0201...",
+    "k256_pubkey": "0304c6bfe0ecd9bfa8b8c3450c...",
+    "attestation": "04000200810000000..."
+  },
+  "is_dev": false,
+  "gateway_app_id": "",
+  "kms_contract_address": "0xe6c23bfE4686E28DcDA15A1996B1c0C549656E26",
+  "chain_id": 11155111,
+  "app_auth_implementation": "0xc308574F9A0c7d144d7AD887785D25C386D32B54"
+}
+```
+
+Key fields to verify:
+- `bootstrap_info`: Contains public keys and TDX attestation quote (not null)
+- `bootstrap_info.attestation`: Non-empty — proves keys were generated in genuine TDX
+- `ca_cert`: Root CA certificate was generated
+- `k256_pubkey`: Ethereum signing key was generated
+- `chain_id`: 11155111 indicates Sepolia testnet
+- `kms_contract_address`: Your deployed KMS contract address
+
+### Step 8: Test Response Time
+
+Verify the RPC responds quickly (not hanging):
+
+```bash
+time curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json > /dev/null
+```
+
+Expected: Response in < 1 second. If it takes > 10 seconds or hangs, see Troubleshooting section below.
+
+---
+
+## Verifying TDX Attestation
+
+With KMS running in a CVM, the TDX quote provides cryptographic proof of integrity.
+
+### View the TDX Quote
+
+```bash
+# Extract the attestation quote from bootstrap_info
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json | jq -r '.bootstrap_info.attestation'
+```
+
+This returns a hex-encoded TDX quote. A non-empty value confirms KMS generated a valid attestation during bootstrap.
+
+### Quote Contents
+
+The TDX quote contains:
+- **MRTD** - Measurement of the TDX environment
+- **RTMR** - Runtime measurements
+- **Report Data** - KMS public keys bound to the quote
+- **Signature** - Intel's attestation signature
+
+### Verification Options
+
+The TDX quote can be verified by:
+
+1. **Intel PCCS** - Platform Configuration and Certification Service
+2. **On-chain verification** - Smart contract quote validation
+3. **Third-party services** - Independent attestation verification
+
+---
+
+## Architecture
+
+### CVM-based KMS Architecture
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                     TDX Host                            │
+│                                                         │
+│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
+│  │              dstack-vmm                          │   │
+│  │                                                  │   │
+│  │  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐   │   │
+│  │  │           KMS CVM (TDX Protected)        │   │   │
+│  │  │                                          │   │   │
+│  │  │  ┌──────────────────────────────────┐   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │     Docker Container              │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │                                   │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │  ┌─────────┐   ┌──────────────┐  │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │  │  KMS    │◄──│  auth-eth    │  │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │  └────┬────┘   └──────┬───────┘  │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │       │               │          │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │       ▼               ▼          │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  │  /etc/kms/certs   Ethereum RPC   │   │   │   │
+│  │  │  └──────────────────────────────────┘   │   │   │
+│  │  │                                          │   │   │
+│  │  │  guest-agent (/var/run/dstack.sock)     │   │   │
+│  │  └─────────────────────────────────────────┘   │   │
+│  │                                                  │   │
+│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
+│                                                         │
+│  Port 9100 ◄─── External connections                   │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+### Key Differences from Host-based KMS
+
+| Aspect | Host-based KMS | CVM-based KMS |
+|--------|----------------|---------------|
+| TDX Attestation | Not available | Full attestation with quotes |
+| Memory Protection | OS-level only | TDX hardware encryption |
+| Key Security | File permissions | Hardware-protected memory |
+| Verification | Physical security | Cryptographic proof |
+| Deployment | systemd service | VMM-managed CVM |
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [KMS Deployment Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#kms-cvm-deployment-issues):
+
+- [CVM fails to start](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#cvm-fails-to-start)
+- [CVM Exits Immediately or Reboots in a Loop](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#cvm-exits-immediately-or-reboots-in-a-loop)
+- [Bootstrap hangs](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#bootstrap-hangs)
+- [Port 9100 not accessible](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#port-9100-not-accessible)
+- [TDX quote not generated](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#tdx-quote-not-generated)
+- [CVM Fails with "QGS error code: 0x12001"](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#cvm-fails-with-qgs-error-code-0x12001)
+- [GetMeta Returns "Connection refused" on Port 9200](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#getmeta-returns-connection-refused-on-port-9200)
+- [GetMeta Returns "missing field `status`"](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#getmeta-returns-missing-field-status)
+- [GetMeta Hangs or Times Out](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#getmeta-hangs-or-times-out)
+- [CVM Hangs at "Waiting for time to be synchronized"](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#cvm-hangs-at-waiting-for-time-to-be-synchronized)
+
+---
+
+## Certificate Persistence
+
+### Understanding Storage
+
+CVM certificates are stored in a Docker named volume (`kms-certs`). This provides:
+
+- **Container restart persistence** - Certificates survive container restarts
+- **CVM restart consideration** - Depending on VMM configuration, volumes may or may not persist
+
+### Backup Recommendations
+
+After successful bootstrap, backup the bootstrap info:
+
+```bash
+# Save bootstrap info (contains public keys and TDX attestation quote)
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json | jq '.bootstrap_info' > ~/kms-bootstrap-info-$(date +%Y%m%d).json
+
+# The private keys remain inside the CVM for security
+# For full backup, use the VMM console to export the CVM state
+```
+
+Store backup information securely offline.
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With KMS deployed as a CVM, proceed to set up the Gateway:
+
+- [Gateway Build & Configuration](/tutorial/gateway-build-configuration) - Build and configure the dstack gateway
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Intel TDX Attestation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html)
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+- [Docker Compose Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/compose/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/local-docker-registry.md b/docs/tutorials/local-docker-registry.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3a0c811f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/local-docker-registry.md
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+---
+title: "Local Docker Registry"
+description: "Deploy a local Docker registry behind HAProxy for reliable CVM image pulls"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 4
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-22
+prerequisites:
+  - haproxy-setup
+  - ssl-certificate-setup
+tags:
+  - docker
+  - registry
+  - haproxy
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "20 minutes"
+---
+
+# Local Docker Registry
+
+This tutorial guides you through deploying a local Docker registry behind HAProxy. The registry runs on localhost:5000 and HAProxy handles TLS termination, providing secure external access via `registry.yourdomain.com`.
+
+## Why Local Registry?
+
+| Challenge | Solution |
+|-----------|----------|
+| Docker Hub rate limits | Local registry has no pull limits |
+| Network reliability | Local pulls are fast and consistent |
+| CVM boot timing | Registry must respond quickly during boot |
+| Image availability | Cached images always available |
+
+When a CVM boots, it pulls Docker images. If this fails, the CVM fails to start. A local registry with proper SSL ensures reliable deployments.
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+```
+External Request                 Internal
+┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                                                              │
+│  registry.yourdomain.com:443  →  HAProxy  →  localhost:5000  │
+│                   (TLS)          (proxy)     (registry)      │
+│                                                              │
+└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+HAProxy handles:
+- TLS termination using Let's Encrypt certificates
+- SNI-based routing to the registry on localhost:5000
+- Unified configuration with other services (VMM management, gateway, etc.)
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup) - HAProxy installed and configured
+- Completed [SSL Certificate Setup](/tutorial/ssl-certificate-setup) - Registry certificate obtained
+- Docker installed and running
+
+Verify the DNS record:
+
+```bash
+dig +short registry.yourdomain.com
+```
+
+Should return your server's IP address.
+
+---
+
+
+## Manual Deployment
+
+If you prefer to deploy manually, follow these steps.
+
+> **Note:** HAProxy and SSL certificates must already be set up. If you haven't completed [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup) and [SSL Certificate Setup](/tutorial/ssl-certificate-setup), do those first. HAProxy is already configured to proxy `registry.yourdomain.com` to `localhost:5000`.
+
+### Step 1: Create Registry Storage Directory
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/registry
+```
+
+### Step 2: Deploy Registry Container
+
+The registry runs on localhost:5000 (not exposed externally). HAProxy handles external TLS connections.
+
+```bash
+docker run -d \
+  --name registry \
+  --restart always \
+  -p 127.0.0.1:5000:5000 \
+  -v /var/lib/registry:/var/lib/registry \
+  registry:2
+```
+
+### Step 3: Verify Registry is Running Locally
+
+```bash
+docker ps | grep registry
+```
+
+Expected output shows container running:
+```
+abc123   registry:2   ...   Up 2 minutes   127.0.0.1:5000->5000/tcp   registry
+```
+
+Test the registry API locally (without TLS):
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:5000/v2/
+```
+
+An empty response or `{}` indicates success - the registry is running.
+
+### Step 4: Verify External Access
+
+Test the registry through HAProxy:
+
+```bash
+curl -s https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/
+```
+
+An empty response or `{}` indicates success.
+
+Check the catalog (empty initially):
+
+```bash
+curl -s https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/_catalog
+```
+
+Expected response: `{"repositories":[]}` (no images pushed yet)
+
+---
+
+## About KMS Images
+
+The KMS Docker image is **built from source** and pushed to your local registry during Phase 4 (KMS Build & Configuration). This is handled by:
+
+- Follow the [KMS Build & Configuration](/tutorial/kms-build-configuration) tutorial.
+
+**Do not attempt to pull KMS images from Docker Hub.** The tutorial workflow builds everything from source to ensure you have a verifiable, reproducible deployment.
+
+### Verify Registry is Ready
+
+At this point, your registry should be running but empty:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/_catalog
+```
+
+Expected response:
+```json
+{"repositories":[]}
+```
+
+Images will appear here after completing the KMS build phase.
+
+---
+
+## Verification Summary
+
+Run this verification script:
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your registry domain
+DOMAIN="registry.yourdomain.com"
+
+echo "Registry Container: $(docker ps --format '{{.Names}}' | grep -q registry && echo 'running' || echo 'not running')"
+echo "Local Port 5000: $(ss -tln | grep -q 127.0.0.1:5000 && echo 'listening' || echo 'not listening')"
+echo "HAProxy Port 443: $(ss -tln | grep -q :443 && echo 'listening' || echo 'not listening')"
+echo "SSL Certificate: $(openssl s_client -connect $DOMAIN:443 -servername $DOMAIN </dev/null 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'Verify return code: 0' && echo 'valid' || echo 'invalid or expired')"
+echo "Local Registry: $(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' http://127.0.0.1:5000/v2/ | grep -q '200' && echo 'responding' || echo 'not responding')"
+echo "External via HAProxy: $(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' https://$DOMAIN/v2/ | grep -q '200' && echo 'responding' || echo 'not responding')"
+echo "Repositories: $(curl -s https://$DOMAIN/v2/_catalog)"
+```
+
+All checks should show positive status. The repositories list will be empty until you complete the KMS build phase.
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#local-docker-registry-issues):
+
+- [Certificate Verification Failed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#certificate-verification-failed)
+- [503 Service Unavailable from HAProxy](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#503-service-unavailable-from-haproxy)
+- [502 Bad Gateway from HAProxy](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#502-bad-gateway-from-haproxy)
+- [DNS Not Resolving (Docker Registry)](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#dns-not-resolving-docker-registry)
+- [Registry Container Not Starting](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#registry-container-not-starting)
+- [HAProxy Configuration Error](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#haproxy-configuration-error)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With the local Docker registry running, proceed to:
+
+- [Contract Deployment](/tutorial/contract-deployment) - Deploy KMS contracts to Sepolia
+- [KMS Build & Configuration](/tutorial/kms-build-configuration) - Prepare KMS for CVM deployment
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Docker Registry Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/registry/)
+- [Let's Encrypt Documentation](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/)
+- [Certbot Documentation](https://certbot.eff.org/docs/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/management-interface-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/management-interface-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95d381101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/management-interface-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+---
+title: "Management Interface Setup"
+description: "Configure secure remote access to dstack VMM management interface via HAProxy"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 6
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2026-01-22
+prerequisites:
+  - vmm-service-setup
+  - haproxy-setup
+  - ssl-certificate-setup
+tags:
+  - haproxy
+  - reverse-proxy
+  - tls
+  - management
+  - security
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "10 minutes"
+---
+
+# Management Interface Setup
+
+This tutorial guides you through verifying secure remote access to the dstack VMM management interface. By default, the VMM API listens on `127.0.0.1:9080`, which is only accessible from the server itself. HAProxy (configured in [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup)) proxies requests from `vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com` to the VMM API.
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+```
+External Request                 Internal
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                                                                 │
+│  vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com:443  →  HAProxy  →  localhost:9080   │
+│                   (TLS)            (proxy)      (VMM API)       │
+│                                                                 │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+The VMM API requires authentication tokens, providing an additional layer of security beyond TLS.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [VMM Service Setup](/tutorial/vmm-service-setup) - VMM running on localhost:9080
+- Completed [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup) - HAProxy installed and configured
+- Completed [SSL Certificate Setup](/tutorial/ssl-certificate-setup) - Wildcard certificate for `*.dstack.yourdomain.com`
+- VMM authentication token (generated during VMM configuration)
+
+## Security Considerations
+
+### Authentication
+
+The VMM API requires an authentication token for all requests. This token was generated during [VMM Configuration](/tutorial/vmm-configuration) and saved to `~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token`. API requests include it via:
+
+```bash
+curl -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" ...
+```
+
+### Firewall
+
+Ensure your firewall allows HTTPS traffic:
+
+```bash
+# Check current rules
+sudo ufw status
+
+# Allow HTTPS if needed
+sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
+```
+
+---
+
+## Verify HAProxy Configuration
+
+HAProxy is already configured to proxy VMM requests. Verify the configuration includes the VMM backend:
+
+```bash
+grep -A5 "vmm_backend" /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+```
+
+Expected output shows the VMM backend configuration:
+
+```
+backend vmm_backend
+    mode http
+    option httpchk GET /
+    http-request set-header X-Forwarded-Proto https
+    server vmm 127.0.0.1:9080 check
+```
+
+## Verify Remote Access
+
+### Step 1: Test VMM is Running Locally
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:9080/ | head -5
+```
+
+Should return the VMM web interface HTML.
+
+### Step 2: Test External Access
+
+Test the management interface through HAProxy:
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your domain
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "https://vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com/prpc/Status?json" | jq .
+```
+
+Expected response:
+
+```json
+{
+  "vms": [],
+  "port_mapping_enabled": true,
+  "total": 0
+}
+```
+
+> **Note:** The `vms` list will be empty until you deploy CVMs in later tutorials. The key point is that you get a valid JSON response through HAProxy, confirming TLS termination, routing, and VMM authentication are all working.
+
+### Step 3: Access Web Interface
+
+Open in your browser:
+
+```
+https://vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com
+```
+
+You should see the VMM Management Console. API requests require the auth token in the `Authorization` header.
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#management-interface-setup-issues):
+
+- [502 Bad Gateway](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#502-bad-gateway)
+- [Connection Refused](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#connection-refused)
+- [DNS Not Resolving](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#dns-not-resolving)
+- [Authentication Failed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#authentication-failed)
+- [Backend Marked as DOWN](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#backend-marked-as-down)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With secure remote access configured, proceed to:
+
+- [Guest OS Image Setup](/tutorial/guest-image-setup) - Download and configure guest images
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [HAProxy Documentation](https://www.haproxy.org/documentation/)
+- [Let's Encrypt Documentation](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/rust-toolchain-installation.md b/docs/tutorials/rust-toolchain-installation.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2a3572e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/rust-toolchain-installation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+---
+title: "Rust Toolchain Installation"
+description: "Install and configure the Rust programming language toolchain for building dstack components"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 2
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - system-baseline-dependencies
+tags:
+  - rust
+  - cargo
+  - rustup
+  - toolchain
+difficulty: "beginner"
+estimatedTime: "10 minutes"
+---
+
+# Rust Toolchain Installation
+
+This tutorial guides you through installing the Rust programming language toolchain, which is required for building dstack components.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [System Baseline & Dependencies](/tutorial/system-baseline-dependencies)
+- SSH access to your TDX-enabled server
+
+
+## What Gets Installed
+
+| Component | Purpose |
+|-----------|---------|
+| `rustup` | Rust toolchain installer and version manager |
+| `rustc` | Rust compiler |
+| `cargo` | Rust package manager and build tool |
+| `clippy` | Rust linter for catching common mistakes |
+| `rustfmt` | Rust code formatter |
+
+---
+
+## Manual Installation
+
+If you prefer to install Rust manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Connect to Your Server
+
+```bash
+ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+```
+
+All commands should be run as the `ubuntu` user (not root). Rust will be installed in your home directory at `~/.cargo` and `~/.rustup`.
+
+### Step 2: Install rustup
+
+```bash
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh -s -- -y
+```
+
+The `-y` flag accepts default options:
+- Installs the stable toolchain
+- Adds cargo to your PATH
+- Sets up shell configuration
+
+### Step 3: Load the Environment
+
+```bash
+source $HOME/.cargo/env
+```
+
+### Step 4: Install Additional Components
+
+```bash
+rustup component add clippy rustfmt
+```
+
+### Step 5: Verify Installation
+
+```bash
+rustc --version
+cargo --version
+rustup --version
+```
+
+Expected output (versions may vary):
+```
+rustc 1.82.0 (f6e511eec 2024-10-15)
+cargo 1.82.0 (8f40fc59f 2024-08-21)
+rustup 1.27.1 (54dd3d00f 2024-04-24)
+```
+
+### Step 6: Test Compilation
+
+```bash
+cargo new --bin rust-test && cd rust-test && cargo run && cd ~ && rm -rf rust-test
+```
+
+You should see "Hello, world!" printed.
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#rust-toolchain-installation-issues):
+
+- [rustup command not found](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#rustup-command-not-found)
+- [Permission denied errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#permission-denied-errors)
+- [Network timeout during installation](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#network-timeout-during-installation)
+- [Updating Rust](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#updating-rust)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With Rust installed, proceed to:
+
+- [Clone & Build dstack-vmm](/tutorial/clone-build-dstack-vmm) - Build the dstack virtual machine manager
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [The Rust Programming Language Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/)
+- [Rust by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/)
+- [rustup Documentation](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/ssl-certificate-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/ssl-certificate-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ec058a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/ssl-certificate-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+---
+title: "SSL Certificate Setup"
+description: "Obtain Let's Encrypt SSL certificates for dstack services"
+section: "Prerequisites"
+stepNumber: 2
+totalSteps: 7
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-09
+prerequisites:
+  - dns-configuration
+tags:
+  - ssl
+  - certificates
+  - letsencrypt
+  - https
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "20 minutes"
+---
+
+# SSL Certificate Setup
+
+This tutorial guides you through obtaining SSL certificates from Let's Encrypt for your dstack deployment. These certificates enable HTTPS for the local Docker registry and other services.
+
+## What You'll Configure
+
+| Certificate | Used By | Domain Example |
+|-------------|---------|----------------|
+| Registry certificate | Local Docker registry | `registry.yourdomain.com` |
+| Gateway wildcard | dstack Gateway | `*.dstack.yourdomain.com` |
+
+This tutorial covers both the **registry certificate** (for the Docker registry) and the **gateway wildcard certificate** (for application subdomains).
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [DNS Configuration](/tutorial/dns-configuration) - DNS records must exist
+- Domain pointing to your server (verified via `dig`)
+- Port 80 accessible for Let's Encrypt HTTP-01 challenge
+- SSH access to your TDX server
+
+### Verify DNS Resolution
+
+```bash
+# Replace with your domain
+dig +short registry.yourdomain.com
+```
+
+Should return your server's IP address. If not, the certificate request will fail.
+
+---
+
+
+## Manual Setup
+
+If you prefer to configure manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Install Certbot
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y certbot
+```
+
+Verify installation:
+
+```bash
+certbot --version
+```
+
+### Step 2: Stop Services Using Port 80
+
+Let's Encrypt's HTTP-01 challenge requires port 80. Stop any services using it:
+
+```bash
+# Check what's using port 80
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep :80
+
+# Stop HAProxy if running (or nginx on older setups)
+sudo systemctl stop haproxy 2>/dev/null || true
+sudo systemctl stop nginx 2>/dev/null || true
+
+# Stop apache if running
+sudo systemctl stop apache2 2>/dev/null || true
+```
+
+### Step 3: Obtain Registry Certificate
+
+Request a certificate for your registry domain:
+
+```bash
+sudo certbot certonly --standalone \
+  -d registry.yourdomain.com \
+  --non-interactive \
+  --agree-tos \
+  --email your-email@example.com
+```
+
+**Replace:**
+- `registry.yourdomain.com` with your actual registry domain
+- `your-email@example.com` with your email (for expiry notifications)
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+Successfully received certificate.
+Certificate is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem
+Key is saved at:         /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem
+```
+
+### Step 4: Verify Certificate
+
+Check the certificate is valid:
+
+```bash
+sudo openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem -text -noout | \
+  grep -E "(Subject:|Not After)"
+```
+
+Expected output shows your domain and expiry date (90 days from now):
+
+```
+        Subject: CN = registry.yourdomain.com
+            Not After : Apr 21 12:00:00 2026 GMT
+```
+
+HAProxy uses these certificates via combined PEM files in `/etc/haproxy/certs/` (created by the renewal hook).
+
+---
+
+## Certificate Auto-Renewal
+
+Let's Encrypt certificates expire after 90 days. Certbot sets up automatic renewal.
+
+### Verify Auto-Renewal Timer
+
+```bash
+systemctl status certbot.timer
+```
+
+Should show the timer is active and running.
+
+### Test Renewal Process
+
+```bash
+sudo certbot renew --dry-run
+```
+
+Should complete without errors.
+
+### Set Up Renewal Hook for HAProxy
+
+When certificates renew, HAProxy needs updated combined PEM files and a reload:
+
+```bash
+sudo tee /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/reload-haproxy.sh > /dev/null << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+# Reload HAProxy certificates after Let's Encrypt renewal
+
+# Combine certificates for HAProxy (cert + key in single file)
+cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+    /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+    > /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem
+
+# Wildcard cert if it exists
+if [ -f /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem ]; then
+    cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+        /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+        > /etc/haproxy/certs/wildcard.pem
+fi
+
+chmod 600 /etc/haproxy/certs/*.pem
+
+systemctl reload haproxy
+
+echo "HAProxy certificates updated: $(date)"
+EOF
+
+sudo chmod +x /etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy/reload-haproxy.sh
+```
+
+**Update the domain names** in the script to match your actual domains.
+
+HAProxy requires certificates in a combined format (cert + key in one file), so the renewal hook concatenates them.
+
+---
+
+## Gateway Wildcard Certificate (Optional)
+
+The dstack Gateway requires a wildcard certificate for automatic subdomain provisioning. This uses DNS-01 challenge with Cloudflare:
+
+```bash
+# Install Cloudflare plugin
+sudo apt install -y python3-certbot-dns-cloudflare
+
+# Create credentials file
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/cloudflare
+sudo tee /etc/cloudflare/credentials.ini > /dev/null << EOF
+dns_cloudflare_api_token = YOUR_CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN
+EOF
+sudo chmod 600 /etc/cloudflare/credentials.ini
+
+# Obtain wildcard certificate
+sudo certbot certonly --dns-cloudflare \
+  --dns-cloudflare-credentials /etc/cloudflare/credentials.ini \
+  -d "*.dstack.yourdomain.com" \
+  -d "dstack.yourdomain.com" \
+  --non-interactive \
+  --agree-tos \
+  --email your-email@example.com
+```
+
+The certificate will be used by the gateway in the [Gateway Build & Configuration](/tutorial/gateway-build-configuration) tutorial.
+
+---
+
+## Verification Summary
+
+Verify your SSL certificate setup:
+
+```bash
+# Check certbot installed
+certbot --version
+
+# Check auto-renewal timer is active
+systemctl is-active certbot.timer
+
+# List all certificates
+sudo certbot certificates
+```
+
+### Registry Certificate
+
+```bash
+# Check certificate exists (replace with your domain)
+sudo ls -la /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/
+
+# Check certificate validity
+sudo openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem -noout -dates
+```
+
+HAProxy uses combined PEM files in `/etc/haproxy/certs/` which are updated by the renewal hook.
+
+### Gateway Wildcard Certificate
+
+```bash
+# Check wildcard certificate exists (replace with your domain)
+sudo ls -la /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/
+
+# Check certificate covers wildcard
+sudo openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/dstack.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem -noout -text | grep -A1 "Subject Alternative Name"
+```
+
+Should show both `*.dstack.yourdomain.com` and `dstack.yourdomain.com`.
+
+Save as `verify-ssl.sh`, update `DOMAIN`, make executable with `chmod +x verify-ssl.sh`, and run.
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Prerequisites Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#ssl-certificate-setup-issues):
+
+- [Challenge Failed: Could not connect](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#challenge-failed-could-not-connect)
+- [Rate Limit Exceeded](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#rate-limit-exceeded)
+- [DNS Resolution Failed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#dns-resolution-failed)
+- [HAProxy Can't Read Certificates](/tutorial/troubleshooting-prerequisites#haproxy-cant-read-certificates)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With SSL certificates configured, proceed to:
+
+- [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup) - Configure HAProxy as TLS entry point
+- [Local Key Provider](/tutorial/gramine-key-provider) - Deploy SGX-based key provider
+- [Local Docker Registry](/tutorial/local-docker-registry) - Uses these certificates
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Let's Encrypt Documentation](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/)
+- [Certbot Documentation](https://certbot.eff.org/docs/)
+- [Cloudflare DNS Plugin](https://certbot-dns-cloudflare.readthedocs.io/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/system-baseline-dependencies.md b/docs/tutorials/system-baseline-dependencies.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee5d72b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/system-baseline-dependencies.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+---
+title: "System Baseline & Dependencies"
+description: "Update the host system and install required build dependencies for dstack"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 1
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - tdx-bios-configuration
+tags:
+  - host-setup
+  - dependencies
+  - build-tools
+  - system-update
+difficulty: beginner
+estimatedTime: 10-15 minutes
+---
+
+# System Baseline & Dependencies
+
+Before building dstack components, you need to prepare the host system with updated packages and required build dependencies.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [TDX BIOS Configuration](/tutorial/tdx-bios-configuration)
+- SSH access to your TDX-enabled server
+- Root or sudo privileges
+
+
+## What Gets Installed
+
+| Package | Purpose |
+|---------|---------|
+| `build-essential` | GCC compiler, make, and essential build tools |
+| `chrpath` | Modify rpath in ELF binaries |
+| `diffstat` | Produce histogram of diff output |
+| `lz4` | Fast compression algorithm |
+| `wireguard-tools` | WireGuard VPN utilities for secure networking |
+| `xorriso` | ISO 9660 filesystem tool for guest images |
+| `git` | Version control for cloning dstack repository |
+| `curl` | HTTP client for downloading files |
+| `pkg-config` | Helper tool for compiling applications |
+| `libssl-dev` | SSL development libraries |
+
+
+---
+
+## Manual Installation
+
+If you prefer to install dependencies manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Connect to Your Server
+
+```bash
+ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+```
+
+### Step 2: Update System Packages
+
+```bash
+sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
+```
+
+This may take a few minutes. If prompted about kernel updates or service restarts, accept the defaults.
+
+### Step 3: Install Build Dependencies
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install -y \
+  build-essential \
+  chrpath \
+  diffstat \
+  lz4 \
+  wireguard-tools \
+  xorriso \
+  git \
+  curl \
+  pkg-config \
+  libssl-dev
+```
+
+### Step 4: Verify Installations
+
+```bash
+# Check compiler
+gcc --version
+
+# Check make
+make --version
+
+# Check git
+git --version
+
+# Check additional tools
+wg --version
+xorriso --version
+lz4 --version
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#system-baseline-dependencies-issues):
+
+- [Package Installation Fails](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#package-installation-fails)
+- [OpenMetal Grub Error](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#openmetal-grub-error)
+- [Kernel Upgrade Prompts](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#kernel-upgrade-prompts)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With system dependencies installed, proceed to:
+
+- [Rust Toolchain Installation](/tutorial/rust-toolchain-installation) - Install Rust and Cargo for building dstack components
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/tdx-bios-configuration.md b/docs/tutorials/tdx-bios-configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6aff1be3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/tdx-bios-configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+---
+title: "TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration"
+description: "Configure BIOS settings for TDX and SGX, including Auto MP Registration for KMS attestation"
+section: "Host Setup"
+stepNumber: 2
+totalSteps: 4
+prerequisites:
+  - tdx-hardware-verification
+tags:
+  - tdx
+  - sgx
+  - bios
+  - configuration
+  - tme
+  - attestation
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "20 minutes"
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+---
+
+# TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration
+
+This tutorial covers configuring BIOS settings to enable both TDX (Trust Domain Extensions) and SGX (Software Guard Extensions). Both are required for running dstack with KMS attestation.
+
+## Why Both TDX and SGX?
+
+| Technology | Purpose |
+|------------|---------|
+| **TDX** | Provides hardware-isolated virtual machines (Trust Domains) with encrypted memory |
+| **SGX** | Required for KMS attestation - generates cryptographic quotes proving your platform is genuine Intel hardware |
+
+**Important:** SGX Auto MP Registration must be enabled for the KMS to bootstrap with the local key provider. Without this, KMS cannot generate valid attestation quotes.
+
+## Access BIOS/UEFI
+
+You'll need to access your server's BIOS setup utility.
+
+### Option 1: IPMI/BMC (Remote Management)
+
+Most servers have remote management interfaces:
+
+- Dell: iDRAC
+- HP: iLO
+- Supermicro: IPMI
+- Lenovo: XClarity
+- OpenMetal: Central Dashboard → IPMI Console
+
+Access the web interface and use the remote console/KVM feature, or use CLI:
+
+```bash
+# Example with ipmitool (if you have IPMI credentials)
+ipmitool -I lanplus -H YOUR_BMC_IP -U admin -P password sol activate
+```
+
+### Option 2: Physical Access
+
+1. Reboot server
+2. Press appropriate key during POST:
+   - Dell: F2
+   - HP: F9 or F10
+   - Supermicro: Delete
+   - Most others: F2 or Delete
+
+## Required BIOS Settings
+
+Configure all settings in a single BIOS session to avoid multiple reboots.
+
+### Step 0: Disable Physical Address Limit (IMPORTANT!)
+
+**Before enabling TME-MT, you must first disable the CPU physical address limit.**
+
+Navigate to: **Advanced → CPU Configuration** (or **Processor Configuration**)
+
+| Setting | Value | Notes |
+|---------|-------|-------|
+| **Limit CPU Physical Address to 46 bits** | **Disabled** | May also be labeled "Physical Address Limit" or "Hyper-V Physical Address Limit" |
+
+> **Why this matters:** The 46-bit address limit prevents TME-MT from working. Intel MKTME needs the upper address bits for encryption key IDs. If you don't disable this first, TME-MT will be greyed out and unselectable.
+
+> **Note:** If this setting doesn't exist on your system, it may already be disabled or not applicable. Proceed to the next step.
+
+### Step 1: Memory Encryption Settings
+
+Navigate to: **Advanced → CPU Configuration → Memory Encryption** (or similar path)
+
+| Setting | Value | Notes |
+|---------|-------|-------|
+| **Total Memory Encryption (TME)** | Enabled | Base memory encryption |
+| **Total Memory Encryption Multi-Tenant (TME-MT)** | Enabled | Multi-key encryption for TDX |
+| **TME-MT Memory Integrity** | **Disabled** | Impacts performance if enabled |
+| **TME-MT/TDX Key Split** | 1 (or higher) | Allocates keys for TDX |
+
+### Step 2: Intel TDX Settings
+
+Navigate to: **Advanced → CPU Configuration** (may be under Security submenu)
+
+| Setting | Value | Notes |
+|---------|-------|-------|
+| **Trust Domain Extension (TDX)** | Enabled | Main TDX enable |
+| **TDX Secure Arbitration Mode Loader (SEAM Loader)** | Enabled | Required for TDX module |
+
+After enabling, you should see key allocation information:
+
+- **TME-MT Keys:** 31 (or similar)
+- **TDX Keys:** 32 (or similar)
+
+### Step 3: Intel SGX Settings (REQUIRED for KMS)
+
+**SGX is required for KMS attestation**, even on TDX systems. The KMS uses SGX to generate attestation quotes that prove your platform is genuine Intel hardware registered with Intel's Provisioning Certification Service.
+
+Navigate to: **Advanced → CPU Configuration → Software Guard Extension (SGX)**
+
+Enable these settings:
+
+| Setting | Value | Notes |
+|---------|-------|-------|
+| **SW Guard Extensions (SGX)** | Enabled | Main SGX enable |
+| **SGX Auto MP Registration** | **Enabled** | **CRITICAL** - Registers platform with Intel |
+| SGX Factory Reset | Disabled | Don't reset SGX keys |
+| **SGX QoS** | Enabled | Quality of Service |
+| **PRM Size for SGX** | Auto | Memory allocation (or specific size) |
+| **Select Owner EPOCH Input Type** | SGX Owner EPOCH activated | |
+| **SGXLEPUBKEYHASHx Write Enable** | Enabled | Allows launch enclave configuration |
+
+> **Why SGX Auto MP Registration is critical:** This setting enables automatic registration of your platform with Intel's Provisioning Certification Service (PCS). On first boot after enabling this setting, your system will register with Intel and obtain Platform Certification Keys (PCKs). Without this registration, the KMS cannot generate valid attestation quotes, and the local_key_provider will fail to bootstrap.
+
+### Step 4: Save and Exit
+
+1. Press **F4** (or navigate to Save & Exit)
+2. Confirm save changes
+3. System will reboot
+
+> **Having trouble?** See [Host Setup Troubleshooting](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#tdx-bios-configuration-issues) for common BIOS configuration issues like greyed-out options or settings not persisting.
+
+## Next Steps
+
+After saving BIOS settings and rebooting, continue to:
+
+- [TDX Software Installation](/tutorial/tdx-software-installation) - Install the TDX kernel and software stack
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Intel TDX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html)
+- [Intel SGX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/software-guard-extensions/overview.html)
+- [Canonical TDX Repository](https://github.com/canonical/tdx)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/tdx-hardware-verification.md b/docs/tutorials/tdx-hardware-verification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc16267ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/tdx-hardware-verification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+---
+title: "TDX Hardware Verification"
+description: "Verify your hardware supports Intel TDX and check memory configuration requirements"
+section: "Host Setup"
+stepNumber: 1
+totalSteps: 4
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+
+tags:
+  - "tdx"
+  - "hardware"
+  - "verification"
+  - "confidential-computing"
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "15 minutes"
+---
+
+# TDX Hardware Verification
+
+This tutorial walks you through verifying your hardware supports Intel Trust Domain Extensions (TDX). TDX is Intel's hardware-based confidential computing technology that allows you to run trusted execution environments (TEEs) for secure, isolated workloads.
+
+## What is Intel TDX?
+
+Intel TDX (Trust Domain Extensions) is a hardware-based technology that creates isolated virtual machine environments called Trust Domains (TDs). These TDs provide:
+
+- **Hardware-level isolation** - VMs are isolated from the hypervisor and other VMs
+- **Memory encryption** - All TD memory is encrypted with per-TD keys
+- **Remote attestation** - Cryptographic proof of TD integrity
+- **Minimal TCB** - Reduced trusted computing base for better security
+
+## Prerequisites Check
+
+Before beginning, verify your hardware supports TDX:
+
+### Supported Processors
+
+Intel TDX is available on:
+- **Intel Xeon Scalable (5th Gen)** - Emerald Rapids (2024+)
+- **Intel Xeon Scalable (4th Gen)** - Sapphire Rapids (some SKUs)
+
+#### Verify TDX Support on Intel ARK
+
+Before beginning, **verify your specific processor model supports TDX** using Intel ARK:
+
+1. Visit **https://ark.intel.com**
+2. Search for your processor model (e.g., "Xeon Gold 6530")
+3. Scroll down to **Security & Reliability** section
+4. Look for: **Intel® Trust Domain Extensions (Intel® TDX)** → **Yes**
+
+**Example for Intel Xeon Gold 6530:**
+- TDX Support: **Yes** ✓
+- Generation: 5th Gen (Emerald Rapids)
+- Release Date: Q1 2024
+
+#### Check Your Current Processor
+
+Check your CPU model:
+
+```bash
+grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo | head -1
+```
+
+**Example output:**
+```
+model name	: INTEL(R) XEON(R) GOLD 6530
+```
+
+The Intel Xeon Gold 6530 is a 5th generation processor (Emerald Rapids), which **does support TDX**.
+
+**Note:** Not all Xeon processors support TDX. Always verify on Intel ARK before proceeding.
+
+### Supported Operating Systems
+
+This tutorial covers:
+- **Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble)** - Recommended
+- Ubuntu 25.04 (Plucky) - Also supported
+
+**Note:** Ubuntu 24.10 (Oracular) and 23.10 (Mantic) are no longer supported by Canonical's TDX PPA.
+
+### Memory Configuration Requirements
+
+**CRITICAL:** Intel TDX has specific memory configuration requirements that must be met:
+
+#### Memory Channel Requirements
+
+According to Intel's TDX Enabling Guide, your server must have:
+
+- **Minimum:** Memory populated in at least **2 channels per socket**
+- **Recommended:** Memory populated in **all available channels** for best performance
+- **Configuration:** DIMMs should be identical (same capacity, speed, manufacturer)
+
+**Example valid configurations:**
+- ✓ 2 DIMMs per socket (minimum)
+- ✓ 4 DIMMs per socket (better)
+- ✓ 8 DIMMs per socket (optimal for most systems)
+
+**Invalid configurations:**
+- ✗ Single DIMM per socket
+- ✗ Mixed DIMM capacities or speeds
+- ✗ Asymmetric channel population
+
+#### Verify Your Memory Configuration
+
+Check your current memory configuration:
+
+```bash
+sudo dmidecode -t memory | grep -E "Size:|Locator:|Speed:|Type:"
+```
+
+**For detailed memory requirements, refer to:**
+https://cc-enabling.trustedservices.intel.com/intel-tdx-enabling-guide/03/hardware_selection/
+
+**Important:** If your memory configuration doesn't meet these requirements, TDX may fail to initialize even after proper BIOS configuration. Consult with your server vendor if you need to adjust memory configuration.
+
+## Next Steps
+
+Once you've verified your hardware meets all TDX requirements:
+- Processor supports TDX (verified on Intel ARK)
+- Ubuntu 24.04 LTS installed
+- Memory configuration meets requirements (minimum 2 channels per socket)
+
+You're ready to proceed to [TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration](/tutorial/tdx-bios-configuration) where you'll configure BIOS settings for TDX and SGX.
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- **Intel ARK (Processor Verification):** https://ark.intel.com
+- **Intel TDX Enabling Guide:** https://cc-enabling.trustedservices.intel.com/intel-tdx-enabling-guide/
+- **Canonical TDX Documentation:** https://github.com/canonical/tdx
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/tdx-sgx-verification.md b/docs/tutorials/tdx-sgx-verification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2fc2ef4c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/tdx-sgx-verification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+---
+title: "TDX & SGX Verification"
+description: "Verify TDX and SGX are properly enabled and registered with Intel"
+section: "Host Setup"
+stepNumber: 4
+totalSteps: 4
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - tdx-software-installation
+tags:
+  - tdx
+  - sgx
+  - verification
+  - attestation
+difficulty: "beginner"
+estimatedTime: "15 minutes"
+---
+
+# TDX & SGX Verification
+
+This tutorial verifies that TDX and SGX are properly enabled after BIOS configuration and software installation. Both technologies must be working for dstack KMS attestation.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [TDX Software Installation](/tutorial/tdx-software-installation)
+- Rebooted into the TDX-enabled kernel
+- SSH access to the server
+
+
+## Manual Verification
+
+If you prefer to verify manually, or need to troubleshoot specific issues, follow the steps below.
+
+## Part 1: Verify TDX Kernel
+
+First, confirm you're running the TDX-enabled kernel.
+
+### Check Kernel Version
+
+```bash
+uname -r
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+6.8.0-1028-intel
+```
+
+The kernel version should contain `intel`. If you see `generic`, the system didn't boot into the TDX kernel - check GRUB configuration.
+
+## Part 2: Verify Memory Encryption (TME/MKTME)
+
+TDX requires Total Memory Encryption (TME) to be enabled.
+
+### Check TME Status
+
+```bash
+sudo dmesg | grep -i tme
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+[    0.000000] x86/tme: enabled by BIOS
+[    0.000000] x86/mktme: enabled by BIOS
+[    0.000000] x86/mktme: 63 KeyIDs available
+```
+
+**What this means:**
+
+| Message | Meaning |
+|---------|---------|
+| `x86/tme: enabled by BIOS` | Base memory encryption is active |
+| `x86/mktme: enabled by BIOS` | Multi-Key TME (TME-MT) is active |
+| `63 KeyIDs available` | 63 encryption keys for Trust Domains |
+
+**If TME is not enabled:**
+
+```
+[    0.000000] x86/tme: not enabled by BIOS
+```
+
+This means BIOS configuration is incomplete. Return to [TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration](/tutorial/tdx-bios-configuration).
+
+## Part 3: Verify TDX Module
+
+Check that the TDX module initialized successfully.
+
+### Check TDX Initialization
+
+```bash
+sudo dmesg | grep -i tdx
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+[   58.680744] virt/tdx: BIOS enabled: private KeyID range [32, 64)
+[   58.681739] virt/tdx: Disable ACPI S3. Turn off TDX in the BIOS to use ACPI S3.
+[  245.715035] virt/tdx: TDX module: attributes 0x0, vendor_id 0x8086, major_version 1, minor_version 5, build_date 20240725, build_num 784
+[  245.715041] virt/tdx: CMR: [0x100000, 0x77800000)
+[  245.715044] virt/tdx: CMR: [0x100000000, 0x407a000000)
+...
+[  249.751098] virt/tdx: 4202516 KB allocated for PAMT
+[  249.751110] virt/tdx: module initialized
+```
+
+**Key indicators:**
+
+| Message | Meaning |
+|---------|---------|
+| `BIOS enabled: private KeyID range` | TDX is enabled in BIOS |
+| `TDX module: ... major_version 1` | TDX module loaded |
+| `CMR: [...]` | Convertible Memory Regions configured |
+| `PAMT allocated` | Physical Address Metadata Table ready |
+| `module initialized` | TDX is fully operational |
+
+**If TDX output is empty:** BIOS configuration is incomplete or the kernel doesn't have TDX support.
+
+### Check KVM TDX Parameter
+
+```bash
+cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/tdx
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+Y
+```
+
+- `Y` = TDX is enabled in KVM
+- `N` = TDX is not enabled (BIOS or kernel issue)
+
+### Check TDX CPU Flags
+
+```bash
+grep -o 'tdx[^ ]*' /proc/cpuinfo | sort -u
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+tdx_host_platform
+tdx_pw_mce
+```
+
+**What the flags mean:**
+
+| Flag | Meaning |
+|------|---------|
+| `tdx_host_platform` | System is running as TDX host (correct!) |
+| `tdx_pw_mce` | TDX Power Management and Machine Check support |
+
+> **Note:** The `tdx_guest` flag only appears inside TDX guest VMs, not on the host.
+
+## Part 4: Verify SGX
+
+SGX is required for KMS attestation. The KMS uses SGX to generate quotes proving your platform is genuine Intel hardware.
+
+### Check SGX Devices
+
+```bash
+ls -la /dev/sgx*
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+crw-rw---- 1 root sgx  10, 125 Dec  7 10:30 /dev/sgx_enclave
+crw------- 1 root root 10, 126 Dec  7 10:30 /dev/sgx_provision
+crw-rw---- 1 root sgx  10, 124 Dec  7 10:30 /dev/sgx_vepc
+```
+
+**Device purposes:**
+
+| Device | Purpose |
+|--------|---------|
+| `/dev/sgx_enclave` | Create and run SGX enclaves |
+| `/dev/sgx_provision` | Provision attestation keys |
+| `/dev/sgx_vepc` | Virtual EPC for SGX VMs |
+
+**If devices are missing:** SGX is not enabled in BIOS. Return to [TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration](/tutorial/tdx-bios-configuration).
+
+### Check SGX CPU Flags
+
+```bash
+grep -o 'sgx[^ ]*' /proc/cpuinfo | sort -u
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+sgx
+sgx_lc
+```
+
+**Flag meanings:**
+
+| Flag | Meaning |
+|------|---------|
+| `sgx` | SGX is supported |
+| `sgx_lc` | SGX Launch Control is available |
+
+### Check SGX Kernel Messages
+
+```bash
+sudo dmesg | grep -i sgx
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+[    0.428531] sgx: EPC section 0x1020c00000-0x107fffffff
+[    0.428535] sgx: EPC section 0x2020c00000-0x207fffffff
+```
+
+This shows SGX Enclave Page Cache (EPC) memory is allocated.
+
+## Verification Summary
+
+Run this command for a quick status check:
+
+```bash
+echo "=== TDX & SGX Verification Summary ===" && \
+echo && \
+echo "Kernel: $(uname -r)" && \
+echo && \
+echo "TME Status:" && \
+sudo dmesg | grep -i "x86/tme" | head -1 && \
+echo && \
+echo "TDX Status:" && \
+(cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/tdx 2>/dev/null && echo " (KVM TDX enabled)") || echo "N (KVM TDX not available)" && \
+echo && \
+echo "SGX Devices:" && \
+ls /dev/sgx* 2>/dev/null || echo "Not found"
+```
+
+**All checks should pass before proceeding to dstack deployment.**
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Host Setup Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#tdx--sgx-verification-issues):
+
+- [TDX not enabled (dmesg empty)](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#tdx-not-enabled-dmesg-empty)
+- [SGX devices missing](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#sgx-devices-missing)
+- [KVM TDX parameter is N](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#kvm-tdx-parameter-is-n)
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With TDX and SGX verified, you're ready to proceed with dstack deployment:
+
+- [System Baseline Dependencies](/tutorial/system-baseline-dependencies) - Install system dependencies
+- [Rust Toolchain Installation](/tutorial/rust-toolchain-installation) - Install Rust for building dstack
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Intel TDX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html)
+- [Intel SGX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/software-guard-extensions/overview.html)
+- [Canonical TDX Repository](https://github.com/canonical/tdx)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/tdx-software-installation.md b/docs/tutorials/tdx-software-installation.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a84a0007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/tdx-software-installation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+---
+title: "TDX Software Installation"
+description: "Install Canonical's TDX software stack, kernel, and attestation components"
+section: "Host Setup"
+stepNumber: 3
+totalSteps: 4
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - tdx-bios-configuration
+tags:
+  - tdx
+  - software
+  - kernel
+  - installation
+  - attestation
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "20 minutes"
+---
+
+# TDX Software Installation
+
+This tutorial guides you through installing Canonical's TDX software stack, including the TDX-enabled kernel, QEMU, libvirt, and attestation components.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration](/tutorial/tdx-bios-configuration)
+- Ubuntu 24.04 LTS freshly installed
+- Internet connectivity for package downloads
+
+
+## Manual Installation
+
+If you prefer to install manually, or need to set up the ubuntu user first, follow the steps below.
+
+## Set Up Ubuntu User
+
+For this setup, you'll need an `ubuntu` user with passwordless sudo. If you're logged in as root or another user:
+
+```bash
+# Create ubuntu user (skip if already exists)
+sudo adduser ubuntu
+
+# Add to sudo group
+sudo usermod -aG sudo ubuntu
+
+# Configure passwordless sudo
+echo 'ubuntu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' | sudo tee /etc/sudoers.d/ubuntu
+sudo chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers.d/ubuntu
+
+# Set up SSH access (copy your authorized_keys)
+sudo mkdir -p /home/ubuntu/.ssh
+sudo cp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys /home/ubuntu/.ssh/authorized_keys
+sudo chown -R ubuntu:ubuntu /home/ubuntu/.ssh
+sudo chmod 600 /home/ubuntu/.ssh/authorized_keys
+```
+
+From now on, SSH as the ubuntu user:
+
+```bash
+ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+```
+
+## Clone Canonical TDX Repository
+
+Canonical provides official scripts and tools for TDX setup.
+
+```bash
+cd ~
+git clone -b main https://github.com/canonical/tdx.git
+cd tdx
+```
+
+Verify the repository contents:
+
+```bash
+ls -la
+```
+
+You should see:
+
+- `setup-tdx-host.sh` - Main setup script for TDX host
+- `setup-tdx-guest.sh` - Script for TDX guest VMs
+- `setup-tdx-config` - Configuration file
+- `setup-tdx-common` - Common functions
+- `attestation/` - Attestation components
+- `guest-tools/` - Tools for guest VMs
+
+## Configure TDX Settings
+
+Before running the setup, review and configure the settings.
+
+### View Current Configuration
+
+```bash
+cat setup-tdx-config
+```
+
+**Key configuration options:**
+
+| Option | Default | Description |
+|--------|---------|-------------|
+| `TDX_PPA` | tdx-release | Which PPA to use |
+| `TDX_SETUP_ATTESTATION` | 0 | Enable attestation components |
+| `TDX_SETUP_NVIDIA_H100` | 0 | NVIDIA H100 GPU support |
+| `TDX_SETUP_INTEL_KERNEL` | 0 | Intel-optimized guest kernel |
+
+### Enable Attestation (Required for dstack)
+
+**Attestation is required for dstack deployments.** It provides cryptographic proof that your workloads run in genuine Intel TDX Trust Domains.
+
+Enable attestation:
+
+```bash
+sed -i 's/TDX_SETUP_ATTESTATION=0/TDX_SETUP_ATTESTATION=1/' setup-tdx-config
+```
+
+Verify the change:
+
+```bash
+grep TDX_SETUP_ATTESTATION setup-tdx-config
+```
+
+Expected output: `TDX_SETUP_ATTESTATION=1`
+
+## Run TDX Host Setup Script
+
+The setup script will:
+
+1. Add Canonical's TDX PPA (`ppa:kobuk-team/tdx-release`)
+2. Install TDX-enabled kernel (`linux-image-intel`)
+3. Install TDX-enabled QEMU, libvirt, and OVMF
+4. Configure GRUB to boot the TDX kernel
+5. Install attestation components (if enabled)
+6. Add your user to the `kvm` group
+
+Run the setup:
+
+```bash
+sudo ./setup-tdx-host.sh
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble InRelease
+...
+Adding repository.
+...
+The following NEW packages will be installed:
+  linux-image-6.8.0-1028-intel linux-image-intel
+  qemu-system-x86 libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-clients
+  ovmf
+  ...
+Need to get 304 MB of archives.
+After this operation, 746 MB of additional disk space will be used.
+...
+```
+
+### Installed Packages
+
+**Core TDX packages:**
+
+| Package | Version | Description |
+|---------|---------|-------------|
+| `linux-image-intel` | 6.8.0-1028+ | TDX-enabled kernel |
+| `qemu-system-x86` | 8.2.2+tdx | TDX-enabled QEMU |
+| `libvirt0` | 10.0.0+tdx | TDX-enabled libvirt |
+| `ovmf` | 2024.02+tdx | TDX-enabled UEFI firmware |
+
+**Attestation packages (if enabled):**
+
+| Package | Version | Description |
+|---------|---------|-------------|
+| `tdx-qgs` | 1.21 | Quote Generation Service |
+| `sgx-dcap-pccs` | 1.21 | Provisioning Certificate Caching Service |
+| `libsgx-dcap-default-qpl` | 1.21 | Quote Provider Library |
+| `sgx-ra-service` | 1.21 | Remote Attestation Service |
+
+### Setup Completion Message
+
+The script will complete with:
+
+```
+========================================================================
+The host OS setup has been done successfully. Now, please enable Intel TDX in the BIOS.
+========================================================================
+```
+
+> **Note:** You've already configured BIOS in the previous tutorial, so you can ignore the BIOS reminder.
+
+## Verify Kernel Installation
+
+Before rebooting, verify the TDX kernel was installed:
+
+```bash
+ls -la /boot/vmlinuz* | grep intel
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root       24 Dec  7 10:30 /boot/vmlinuz -> vmlinuz-6.8.0-1028-intel
+-rw------- 1 root root 15006088 May 23 15:48 /boot/vmlinuz-6.8.0-1028-intel
+```
+
+Check GRUB is configured to boot the Intel kernel:
+
+```bash
+cat /etc/default/grub.d/99-tdx-kernel.cfg
+```
+
+Check current kernel (should still be generic):
+
+```bash
+uname -r
+```
+
+**Example output:**
+
+```
+6.8.0-88-generic
+```
+
+After reboot, you'll be running the Intel TDX kernel.
+
+## Reboot to TDX Kernel
+
+Reboot the server to load the TDX-enabled kernel:
+
+```bash
+sudo reboot
+```
+
+**Note:** The server may take 2-3 minutes to reboot. This is normal as TDX initialization takes time during boot.
+
+## Post-Reboot Verification
+
+After reboot, SSH back in and verify the TDX kernel is running:
+
+```bash
+ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+uname -r
+```
+
+**Expected output:**
+
+```
+6.8.0-1028-intel
+```
+
+If you see `6.8.0-1028-intel` (or similar Intel kernel version), the TDX kernel is loaded.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [Host Setup Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#tdx-software-installation-issues):
+
+- [Script fails with permission denied](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#script-fails-with-permission-denied)
+- [PPA fails to add](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#ppa-fails-to-add)
+- [Kernel doesn't change after reboot](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#kernel-doesnt-change-after-reboot)
+- [Attestation services fail to start](/tutorial/troubleshooting-host-setup#attestation-services-fail-to-start)
+
+## Next Steps
+
+Continue to [TDX & SGX Verification](/tutorial/tdx-sgx-verification) to verify TDX and SGX are properly enabled.
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [Canonical TDX Repository](https://github.com/canonical/tdx)
+- [Ubuntu TDX Documentation](https://github.com/canonical/tdx/blob/main/README.md)
+- [Intel TDX Documentation](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-dstack-installation.md b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-dstack-installation.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c75198c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-dstack-installation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+---
+title: "Troubleshooting: dstack Installation"
+description: "Solutions for common issues during system dependencies, Rust toolchain, VMM build, configuration, service, management interface, and guest image setup"
+section: "Troubleshooting"
+stepNumber: null
+totalSteps: null
+isAppendix: true
+tags:
+  - troubleshooting
+  - dstack
+  - vmm
+  - rust
+  - installation
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "reference"
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-06
+---
+
+# Troubleshooting: dstack Installation
+
+This appendix consolidates troubleshooting content from the dstack Installation tutorials. For inline notes and warnings, see the individual tutorials.
+
+---
+
+## System Baseline Dependencies Issues
+
+### Package Installation Fails
+
+```bash
+# Fix broken packages
+sudo apt --fix-broken install
+
+# Clear apt cache and retry
+sudo apt clean
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install -y build-essential
+```
+
+### OpenMetal Grub Error
+
+On OpenMetal servers, you may see this error during package installation:
+
+```
+grub-install: error: diskfilter writes are not supported.
+```
+
+**This error does not affect dstack installation** - your packages are still installed correctly. To prevent this from blocking future apt operations:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt-mark hold grub-pc grub-efi-amd64-signed
+```
+
+### Kernel Upgrade Prompts
+
+If prompted about kernel upgrades during `apt upgrade`:
+1. Select "Keep the local version currently installed" if unsure
+2. A reboot may be required after kernel updates
+
+```bash
+# Check if reboot is required
+cat /var/run/reboot-required 2>/dev/null || echo "No reboot required"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Rust Toolchain Installation Issues
+
+### rustup command not found
+
+If `rustup` is not found after installation:
+
+```bash
+# Manually add to PATH
+export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+
+# Add to shell profile permanently
+echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
+source ~/.bashrc
+```
+
+### Permission denied errors
+
+```bash
+# Ensure cargo directory is owned by your user
+sudo chown -R $USER:$USER ~/.cargo ~/.rustup
+```
+
+### Network timeout during installation
+
+```bash
+# Increase timeout and retry
+export CARGO_HTTP_TIMEOUT=300
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
+```
+
+### Updating Rust
+
+To update to the latest stable version:
+
+```bash
+rustup update stable
+```
+
+---
+
+## Clone & Build dstack-vmm Issues
+
+### Network timeout downloading crates
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+export CARGO_HTTP_TIMEOUT=300
+cargo build --release
+```
+
+### Linker errors
+
+Ensure build dependencies are installed:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install -y build-essential pkg-config libssl-dev
+```
+
+### Permission denied on install
+
+```bash
+# Ensure you're using sudo
+sudo cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-vmm /usr/local/bin/
+
+# Or install to user directory
+mkdir -p ~/.local/bin
+cp ~/dstack/dstack/target/release/dstack-vmm ~/.local/bin/
+```
+
+### Build cache issues
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack
+cargo clean
+cargo update
+cargo build --release
+```
+
+---
+
+## VMM Configuration Issues
+
+### Configuration file not found
+
+```bash
+ls -la /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+```
+
+### TOML syntax errors
+
+```bash
+python3 -c "import tomllib; tomllib.load(open('/etc/dstack/vmm.toml', 'rb')); print('TOML syntax OK')"
+```
+
+If valid, prints "TOML syntax OK". If invalid, shows the error location.
+
+### Permission denied on socket
+
+```bash
+sudo ls -la /var/run/dstack/
+sudo chmod 755 /var/run/dstack
+```
+
+### Resource limit errors
+
+Check current usage and adjust limits:
+
+```bash
+ps aux --sort=-%mem | head
+# Then reduce max_allocable_vcpu or max_allocable_memory_in_mb
+```
+
+---
+
+## VMM Service Setup Issues
+
+### Service fails to start
+
+```bash
+# Check logs for error details
+sudo journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 100 --no-pager
+
+# Check binary exists
+which dstack-vmm
+ls -la /usr/local/bin/dstack-vmm
+
+# Check config exists
+ls -la /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+```
+
+### Service keeps restarting
+
+```bash
+# Check for crash loops
+sudo journalctl -u dstack-vmm --since "10 minutes ago" | grep -i error
+
+# Check memory
+free -h
+```
+
+### HTTP API not responding
+
+```bash
+# Check VMM is listening on port 9080
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9080
+
+# Check logs for binding errors
+sudo journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 50 | grep -i "endpoint\|bind\|error"
+
+# Restart service
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+### Supervisor socket not created
+
+```bash
+# Check directory exists
+ls -la /var/run/dstack/
+
+# Create if missing and restart
+sudo mkdir -p /var/run/dstack
+sudo chmod 755 /var/run/dstack
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+### Permission denied errors
+
+```bash
+# Ensure directories are writable
+sudo chmod 755 /var/run/dstack /var/log/dstack /var/lib/dstack
+```
+
+---
+
+## Management Interface Setup Issues
+
+### 502 Bad Gateway
+
+**Symptom:** HAProxy returns 502 error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check VMM is running
+sudo systemctl status dstack-vmm
+
+# Check VMM is listening on 9080
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9080
+
+# Start VMM if needed
+sudo systemctl start dstack-vmm
+```
+
+### Connection Refused
+
+**Symptom:** Cannot connect to https://vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check HAProxy is running
+sudo systemctl status haproxy
+
+# Check HAProxy is listening on 443
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 443
+
+# Check firewall allows 443
+sudo ufw status
+```
+
+### DNS Not Resolving
+
+**Symptom:** Browser shows DNS error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Verify DNS resolves (wildcard should cover vmm.dstack.*)
+dig +short vmm.dstack.yourdomain.com
+
+# Should return your server IP
+# If not, check your wildcard DNS record in Cloudflare
+```
+
+### Authentication Failed
+
+**Symptom:** API returns 401 Unauthorized
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Verify saved token matches vmm.toml: `cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token` vs `sudo grep tokens /etc/dstack/vmm.toml`
+2. Check `Authorization: Bearer TOKEN` header format
+3. Re-save if needed: `sudo python3 -c "import tomllib; c=tomllib.load(open('/etc/dstack/vmm.toml','rb')); print(c['auth']['tokens'][0], end='')" > ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token`
+
+### Backend Marked as DOWN
+
+**Symptom:** HAProxy stats show vmm_backend as DOWN
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check HAProxy stats
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:8404/stats | grep vmm
+
+# Verify VMM responds to health check
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:9080/
+
+# Check HAProxy logs
+sudo journalctl -u haproxy --no-pager -n 20
+```
+
+---
+
+## Guest Image Setup Issues
+
+### Images not appearing in VMM
+
+Check the VMM logs for image loading errors:
+
+```bash
+sudo journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 100 --no-pager | grep -i image
+```
+
+Common issues:
+
+**Image directory not found:**
+```bash
+# Verify image directory exists and has correct permissions
+ls -la /var/lib/dstack/images/
+```
+
+**Metadata.json missing or invalid:**
+```bash
+# Check if metadata exists
+cat /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-*/metadata.json
+```
+
+**VMM not configured for correct path:**
+```bash
+# Check VMM configuration
+grep image_path /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+```
+
+### Image download fails
+
+Try alternative download methods:
+
+```bash
+# Using curl instead of wget
+IFS=. read -r DSTACK_MAJOR DSTACK_MINOR _ <<< "$DSTACK_VERSION"
+if (( DSTACK_MAJOR == 0 && DSTACK_MINOR < 6 )); then
+  IMAGE_URL="https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v${DSTACK_VERSION}/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+else
+  IMAGE_URL="https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/download/guest-os-v${DSTACK_VERSION}/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+fi
+curl -L -o dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz \
+  "$IMAGE_URL"
+```
+
+### Image metadata missing
+
+If metadata.json is missing, the image may be corrupted:
+
+```bash
+# Re-download and extract
+rm -rf /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-${DSTACK_VERSION}
+# Then repeat Steps 2-3
+```
+
+### VMM service not running
+
+```bash
+# Check service status
+sudo systemctl status dstack-vmm
+
+# View recent logs
+sudo journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 50
+
+# Restart if needed
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-first-application.md b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-first-application.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5738ab06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-first-application.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+---
+title: "Troubleshooting: First Application"
+description: "Solutions for common issues during Hello World deployment and attestation verification"
+section: "Troubleshooting"
+stepNumber: null
+totalSteps: null
+isAppendix: true
+tags:
+  - troubleshooting
+  - hello-world
+  - attestation
+  - deployment
+  - cvm
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "reference"
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-06
+---
+
+# Troubleshooting: First Application
+
+This appendix consolidates troubleshooting content from the First Application tutorials. For inline notes and warnings, see the individual tutorials.
+
+---
+
+## Hello World App Issues
+
+### CVM fails to start
+
+Check VMM status and logs:
+
+```bash
+systemctl status dstack-vmm
+journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 50
+```
+
+Common causes:
+- **Insufficient resources:** Reduce `--vcpu` or `--memory`
+- **Image not found:** Verify `dstack-0.5.7` exists: `ls /var/lib/dstack/images/`
+- **Compose hash not whitelisted:** See Step 5
+
+### "OS image is not allowed"
+
+The OS image hash isn't whitelisted on the KMS contract. See [KMS CVM Deployment: OS image not allowed](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#os-image-is-not-allowed) for the solution.
+
+### CVM boots but no gateway registration
+
+Check the CVM logs for gateway-related errors:
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=200" | grep -i "gateway\|wireguard\|wg"
+```
+
+Common causes:
+- **`--gateway` flag missing** from `vmm-cli.py compose` — regenerate `app-compose.json` with `--gateway`
+- **`--gateway-url` missing** from `vmm-cli.py deploy` — redeploy with the correct URL
+- **Gateway RPC unreachable** — verify `curl -sk https://gateway.dstack.yourdomain.com:9202/prpc/Status` works from the host
+- **HAProxy missing `gateway_rpc_passthrough` rule** — see [HAProxy Setup](/tutorial/haproxy-setup)
+
+### Application not accessible via gateway
+
+1. Check if the app registered: `curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/Status | jq '.hosts'`
+2. Check if Let's Encrypt cert was issued (look for certbot logs in CVM output)
+3. Try direct port access first: `curl http://YOUR_SERVER_IP:9300/`
+4. Check the [Gateway Deployment Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment#gateway-cvm-deployment-issues)
+
+### Cannot pull Docker images
+
+The CVM needs internet access to pull images from Docker Hub. With user-mode networking (default), this should work automatically. If pulls fail:
+
+```bash
+# Check CVM logs for pull errors
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=200" | grep -i "pull\|image\|error"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Attestation Verification Issues
+
+### Attestation data retrieval fails
+
+If `/guest/Info` returns empty or errors, check that the CVM is running:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+Verify the VM UUID and try the request manually:
+
+```bash
+VM_UUID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json 2>/dev/null \
+  | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="hello-world") | .id')
+
+curl -s -u "admin:$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" \
+  -X POST http://127.0.0.1:9080/guest/Info \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"id\": \"$VM_UUID\"}" | jq 'keys'
+```
+
+If the response is empty, check that tappd is running inside the CVM:
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=$VM_UUID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100" | grep -i tappd
+```
+
+### Measurements don't match
+
+Common causes:
+
+**Different VM configuration:**
+```bash
+# Check actual vCPUs/RAM vs expected (shown in lsvm output)
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+**Different image version:**
+```bash
+# Verify image version matches (shown in lsvm output)
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+**Image was modified:**
+```bash
+# Verify image integrity
+sha256sum /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/*
+```
+
+### RA-TLS certificate issues
+
+If the `app_cert` field is empty or the certificate doesn't contain RA-TLS extensions:
+
+```bash
+# Check if app_cert is present in the response
+curl -s -u "admin:$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" \
+  -X POST http://127.0.0.1:9080/guest/Info \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d "{\"id\": \"$VM_UUID\"}" | jq '.app_cert | length'
+```
+
+If the certificate is present but extensions are missing, the CVM may still be initializing. Wait for tappd to complete its boot sequence and try again.
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment.md b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..650b30ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-gateway-deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+---
+title: "Troubleshooting: Gateway Deployment"
+description: "Solutions for common issues during gateway build, configuration, and CVM deployment"
+section: "Troubleshooting"
+stepNumber: null
+totalSteps: null
+isAppendix: true
+tags:
+  - troubleshooting
+  - gateway
+  - deployment
+  - cvm
+  - wireguard
+  - letsencrypt
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "reference"
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-06
+---
+
+# Troubleshooting: Gateway Deployment
+
+This appendix consolidates troubleshooting content from the Gateway Deployment tutorials. For inline notes and warnings, see the individual tutorials.
+
+---
+
+## Gateway Build & Configuration Issues
+
+### Contract transaction reverts
+
+If `deployAndRegisterApp` reverts, check:
+
+1. **App implementation not set:** The KMS contract owner must call `setAppImplementation` before apps can be deployed
+   ```bash
+   cast call "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" \
+     "appImplementation()(address)" \
+     --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+   ```
+   Should return a non-zero address.
+
+2. **Insufficient funds:** Your wallet needs Sepolia ETH for gas
+   ```bash
+   cast balance $(cast wallet address --private-key $PRIVATE_KEY) --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+   ```
+
+### Compose hash mismatch
+
+If deployment later fails with "compose hash not allowed":
+
+1. Regenerate app-compose.json and recalculate the hash
+2. Whitelist the new hash on-chain (Step 8)
+3. The hash changes whenever docker-compose.yaml or .app_env contents change
+
+### vmm-cli.py compose errors
+
+**"Connection refused"** — VMM is not running:
+```bash
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+**"Authentication required"** — Set the auth token:
+```bash
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+```
+
+### KMS shows wrong gateway app ID
+
+**Symptom:** `curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '.gateway_app_id'` returns the wrong app ID, an empty string, or KMS is unreachable.
+
+**Cause:** The KMS auth-eth service queries the blockchain directly (via `eth_call`) — it does not cache state. If KMS was deployed with a different `ETH_RPC_URL` or the KMS CVM is having connectivity issues, it may fail to read on-chain changes. Alternatively, you may need to redeploy KMS after port binding changes from the KMS tutorial.
+
+**Solution:** Redeploy the KMS CVM:
+
+```bash
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+# Get KMS VM ID and remove it
+KMS_ID=$(./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="kms") | .id')
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 stop --force "$KMS_ID"
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 remove "$KMS_ID"
+
+# Redeploy
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 deploy \
+  --name kms \
+  --image dstack-0.5.7 \
+  --compose ~/kms-deploy/app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 4096 \
+  --disk 20 \
+  --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9100:9100
+```
+
+Wait for KMS to come back up:
+
+```bash
+until curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta > /dev/null 2>&1; do
+  echo "Waiting for KMS..."
+  sleep 5
+done
+echo "KMS is ready"
+```
+
+Verify the gateway app ID is now correct:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '.gateway_app_id'
+```
+
+---
+
+## Gateway CVM Deployment Issues
+
+### "Port mapping is not allowed for udp:9202"
+
+The VMM's port mapping whitelist in `/etc/dstack/vmm.toml` doesn't include UDP ports. The gateway needs UDP for WireGuard.
+
+**Solution:** Add a UDP range to the port mapping configuration:
+
+```bash
+sudo sed -i '/{ protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },/a\    { protocol = "udp", from = 1, to = 20000 },' /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+See [Gateway CVM Preparation: Step 1](/tutorial/gateway-build-configuration#step-1-verify-prerequisites) for details.
+
+### "OS image is not allowed"
+
+**Symptom:** CVM reboots with `Boot denied: OS image is not allowed` in the logs.
+
+**Cause:** The OS image hash isn't whitelisted on the KMS contract. Each dstack guest image has a unique SHA256 digest (stored in `digest.txt`) that must be explicitly whitelisted.
+
+**Solution:**
+
+```bash
+# Read the actual OS image digest
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(cat /var/lib/dstack/images/dstack-0.5.7/digest.txt)
+echo "OS image hash: 0x$OS_IMAGE_HASH"
+
+# Whitelist it on the KMS contract
+export KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address)
+cast send "$KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR" \
+  "addOsImageHash(bytes32)" \
+  "0x$OS_IMAGE_HASH" \
+  --rpc-url "https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com" \
+  --private-key "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)"
+```
+
+The CVM will retry automatically on its next reboot cycle.
+
+> **Common mistake:** Do not whitelist `bytes32(0)` (all zeros). The VMM reads the actual digest from the image's `digest.txt` file and passes it to KMS. You must whitelist that specific hash.
+
+### CVM fails to start
+
+Check VMM status and logs:
+
+```bash
+systemctl status dstack-vmm
+journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 50
+```
+
+Common causes:
+- **Insufficient resources:** The gateway requests 32 vCPUs and 32G RAM. Ensure the host has enough free resources.
+- **Image not found:** Verify `dstack-0.5.7` exists in VMM images directory.
+
+### CVM exits immediately or reboots in a loop
+
+Same root cause as KMS CVM — the `dstack-prepare` service fails to fetch SGX quote collateral from PCCS.
+
+Check the CVM logs:
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=500" | grep -A3 "Failed to get sealing key"
+```
+
+See [KMS CVM Deployment: CVM Exits Immediately](/tutorial/troubleshooting-kms-deployment#cvm-exits-immediately-or-reboots-in-a-loop) for the full solution.
+
+### Compose hash not allowed
+
+**Symptom:** CVM starts but the gateway container fails with an attestation error.
+
+**Cause:** The `app-compose.json` hash doesn't match what's whitelisted on-chain.
+
+**Solution:** Recalculate and whitelist the hash:
+
+```bash
+COMPOSE_HASH=$(sha256sum ~/gateway-deploy/app-compose.json | cut -d' ' -f1)
+echo "Hash: 0x$COMPOSE_HASH"
+
+# Check if it's already whitelisted
+cast call "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id)" \
+  "allowedComposeHashes(bytes32)(bool)" \
+  "0x$COMPOSE_HASH" \
+  --rpc-url "https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com"
+
+# If false, add it
+cast send "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/gateway-app-id)" \
+  "addComposeHash(bytes32)" \
+  "0x$COMPOSE_HASH" \
+  --rpc-url "https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com" \
+  --private-key "$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-private-key)"
+```
+
+### Admin API unreachable
+
+**Symptom:** `curl http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/Status` returns "Connection refused"
+
+1. **CVM not fully booted:** Wait 1-2 minutes and retry. Check logs for progress.
+2. **Port mapping wrong:** Verify the deploy command included `--port tcp:127.0.0.1:9203:8001`
+3. **Gateway crashed:** Check CVM logs for errors:
+   ```bash
+   curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+     "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100"
+   ```
+
+### Let's Encrypt rate limits
+
+**Symptom:** Certificate requests fail with ACME errors mentioning "too many certificates" or "rate limit". The gateway can't serve browser-trusted TLS traffic.
+
+**Root cause:** The gateway stores its Let's Encrypt certificates in WaveKV, a persistent key-value store inside the CVM. Here's what triggers — and doesn't trigger — a new certificate request:
+
+| Action | New cert request? | Why |
+|--------|:-:|-----|
+| Container restart (within running CVM) | No | Docker named volume preserves WaveKV data |
+| CVM destroy + recreate | **Yes** | Docker volume is destroyed, WaveKV store is wiped, no cached cert exists |
+| `SetCertbotConfig` with new ACME URL | **Yes** | Renewal loop detects the change and requests from the new CA |
+| Normal renewal (cert approaching expiry) | Yes | Expected behavior, well within rate limits |
+
+Let's Encrypt production allows **10 duplicate certificates per 3 hours per IP**. During iterative testing where you destroy and recreate the CVM multiple times, each redeployment burns one request. Ten redeployments in 3 hours exhausts the limit.
+
+**How to check if you're rate-limited:**
+
+```bash
+VM_ID=$(cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm && ./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm --json | jq -r '.[] | select(.name=="dstack-gateway") | .id')
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=$VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=200" | grep -i "rate\|too many\|acme.*error"
+```
+
+**Recovery:**
+
+1. **If already rate-limited on production:** You must wait for the 3-hour window to expire. Switch to staging in the meantime so the gateway can still function (with browser-untrusted staging certs):
+   ```bash
+   curl -sf -X POST "http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/SetCertbotConfig" \
+     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+     -d '{
+       "acme_url": "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory",
+       "renew_interval_secs": 3600,
+       "renew_before_expiration_secs": 864000,
+       "renew_timeout_secs": 300
+     }' && echo "Switched to staging"
+   ```
+
+2. **Avoid the problem entirely:** Follow the staging-first workflow in this tutorial. Use staging during [Step 4a](#4a-set-certbot-configuration), verify everything works, then switch to production once in [Step 6](#step-6-switch-to-production-certificates). This uses exactly one production cert request per stable deployment.
+
+3. **Minimize redeployments:** If you need to debug the gateway, restart the container inside the CVM rather than destroying and recreating the entire CVM. Container restarts preserve the WaveKV store and don't trigger new cert requests.
+
+### Certbot fails to issue certificates
+
+**Symptom:** Applications get TLS errors; certbot debug logs show failures.
+
+1. **DNS credential not set:** Verify with `curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:9203/prpc/ListDnsCredentials`
+2. **Cloudflare token invalid:** Test the token directly:
+   ```bash
+   curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_CF_TOKEN" \
+     "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/user/tokens/verify" | jq .
+   ```
+3. **Rate limits:** See [Let's Encrypt rate limits](#lets-encrypt-rate-limits) above.
+
+### KMS connectivity issues
+
+**Symptom:** Gateway CVM logs show "Connection refused" errors to KMS, or the CVM reboots in a loop with KMS-related failures.
+
+**Common causes:**
+
+1. **Only one `--kms-url` was passed.** The CVM can't reach KMS at `127.0.0.1:9100` — that's the CVM's own localhost. You need a second `--kms-url` with the KMS domain name.
+
+2. **TLS certificate mismatch.** If you use an IP address (e.g., `10.0.2.2`) instead of the KMS domain name, TLS verification fails because the KMS cert is only valid for the domain set by `KMS_DOMAIN` in the KMS docker-compose. Use `https://kms.yourdomain.com:9100` instead.
+
+3. **KMS bound to localhost only.** If KMS was deployed with `--port tcp:127.0.0.1:9100:9100`, gateway CVMs cannot reach it. Redeploy KMS with `--port tcp:0.0.0.0:9100:9100` (see [KMS CVM Deployment](/tutorial/kms-cvm-deployment)).
+
+**Solution:** Redeploy with two `--kms-url` flags using the KMS domain name:
+
+```bash
+--kms-url "https://127.0.0.1:9100" \
+--kms-url "https://kms.yourdomain.com:9100" \
+```
+
+The first URL is for host-side encryption by `vmm-cli.py`. The second uses the KMS domain (matching its TLS cert) and is passed into the CVM for runtime KMS access.
+
+If KMS itself is not running:
+
+```bash
+# Test KMS from host
+curl -sk https://localhost:9100/prpc/KMS.GetMeta | jq '{chain_id}'
+
+# Verify KMS CVM is running
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+If KMS is not running, redeploy it first. See [KMS CVM Deployment](/tutorial/kms-cvm-deployment).
+
+### WireGuard endpoint unreachable from app CVMs
+
+**Symptom:** App CVMs can't establish WireGuard tunnels to the gateway.
+
+1. **UDP port not forwarded:** Verify `sudo ss -ulnp | grep 9202` shows the port
+2. **Firewall blocking UDP:** Check `sudo ufw status` or `sudo iptables -L -n`
+3. **PUBLIC_IP wrong:** The WG_ENDPOINT in `.app_env` must be your host's actual public IP
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-host-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-host-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..963cb30c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-host-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+---
+title: "Troubleshooting: Host Setup"
+description: "Solutions for common issues during TDX BIOS configuration, software installation, and SGX verification"
+section: "Troubleshooting"
+stepNumber: null
+totalSteps: null
+isAppendix: true
+tags:
+  - troubleshooting
+  - tdx
+  - sgx
+  - host-setup
+  - next-steps
+  - resources
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "reference"
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-07
+---
+
+# Troubleshooting: Host Setup
+
+This appendix consolidates troubleshooting content from the Host Setup tutorials. For inline notes and warnings, see the individual tutorials.
+
+---
+
+## TDX BIOS Configuration Issues
+
+Before troubleshooting, verify your current TDX status:
+
+```bash
+# Check TDX parameter
+cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/tdx
+
+# Check TME status
+sudo dmesg | grep -i tme
+
+# Check TDX initialization
+sudo dmesg | grep -i tdx
+```
+
+### TDX Still Shows "N" After BIOS Config
+
+**Possible causes:**
+1. BIOS settings not saved properly
+2. TME not enabled
+3. Secure Boot interfering (try disabling)
+4. SEAM loader not enabled
+
+**Solution:**
+- Re-enter BIOS and verify all settings
+- Ensure TME and TME-MT are both enabled
+- Check that SEAM Loader is enabled
+- Try disabling Secure Boot temporarily
+
+### "x86/tme: not enabled by BIOS"
+
+**Cause:** TME not enabled in BIOS
+
+**Solution:**
+- Enter BIOS
+- Navigate to CPU Configuration → Memory Encryption
+- Enable TME and TME-MT
+- Save and reboot
+
+### TME-MT Option Greyed Out/Disabled
+
+**Cause:** CPU Physical Address Limit is enabled (restricts to 46-bit addressing)
+
+**Why this happens:** Intel MKTME (Multi-Key Total Memory Encryption), which TME-MT uses, requires upper address bits for encryption key IDs. The 46-bit physical address limit reserves these bits, preventing TME-MT from functioning. Many server BIOS configurations enable this by default for older OS/hypervisor compatibility.
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Enter BIOS
+2. Navigate to: **Advanced → CPU Configuration** (or **Processor Configuration**)
+3. Find: **"Limit CPU Physical Address to 46 bits"** or **"Physical Address Limit"**
+   - May also be labeled: "Hyper-V Physical Address Limit" or "Address Width Limit"
+4. **Disable** this setting
+5. Save and reboot
+6. Re-enter BIOS - TME-MT should now be selectable
+7. Enable TME-MT and continue with TDX setup
+
+**Note:** This is documented in Dell, ASUS, and other server vendor documentation. Enabling the 46-bit limit automatically disables TME-MT capabilities.
+
+### No SEAM Firmware After Enabling TDX
+
+**What this actually means:**
+
+If you see your TDX status checks and do NOT see `virt/tdx: module initialized` in dmesg, or you see TDX-related errors during boot, this indicates the SEAM (Secure Arbitration Mode) firmware module failed to load.
+
+**Symptoms:**
+- `dmesg | grep -i tdx` shows errors or no "module initialized" message
+- `cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/tdx` returns `N` after enabling TDX in BIOS
+- TDX-related error messages in dmesg
+
+**Possible causes:**
+1. Server firmware/BIOS needs update
+2. Intel TDX SEAM module not installed in firmware
+3. BIOS TDX settings not properly saved
+
+**Solution:**
+- Update server BIOS/firmware to latest version
+- Check with server vendor for TDX support
+- Verify BIOS settings were saved and applied (re-enter BIOS to confirm)
+- Some early TDX-capable CPUs may need firmware updates
+
+### Kernel Panic After Enabling TDX
+
+**Cause:** Incompatible BIOS settings or outdated firmware
+
+**Solution:**
+- Boot into previous kernel from GRUB menu
+- Update server BIOS/firmware
+- Check Intel and server vendor documentation for specific TDX requirements
+
+### TDX Option Not Visible in BIOS
+
+**Cause:** TME-MT must be enabled first, or CPU doesn't support TDX.
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Ensure TME and TME-MT are both enabled first
+2. Verify your CPU supports TDX (check [TDX Hardware Verification](/tutorial/tdx-hardware-verification))
+3. Update BIOS firmware if TDX should be supported
+
+### SGX Auto MP Registration Not Available
+
+**Cause:** SGX must be enabled first before the registration option appears.
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Enable "SW Guard Extensions (SGX)" first
+2. Save and reboot if necessary
+3. Return to BIOS - the Auto MP Registration option should now appear
+
+### BIOS Settings Don't Persist After Reboot
+
+**Cause:** BIOS battery issue, settings not saved properly, or BIOS reset.
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Ensure you're pressing F4 or explicitly selecting "Save & Exit"
+2. Check for BIOS firmware updates
+3. If settings keep resetting, the CMOS battery may need replacement
+
+---
+
+## TDX Software Installation Issues
+
+### Script fails with permission denied
+
+```bash
+sudo chmod +x setup-tdx-host.sh
+sudo ./setup-tdx-host.sh
+```
+
+### PPA fails to add
+
+Check internet connectivity:
+
+```bash
+ping -c 3 ppa.launchpad.net
+```
+
+If behind a proxy, configure apt proxy settings.
+
+### Kernel doesn't change after reboot
+
+Verify GRUB configuration:
+
+```bash
+grep -r intel /etc/default/grub.d/
+```
+
+Manually select kernel in GRUB menu if needed (hold Shift during boot).
+
+### Attestation services fail to start
+
+This is normal before BIOS is configured. Services will start properly after full TDX enablement.
+
+---
+
+## TDX & SGX Verification Issues
+
+### TDX not enabled (dmesg empty)
+
+1. Verify BIOS settings are saved (re-enter BIOS and check)
+2. Ensure TME-MT is enabled (prerequisite for TDX)
+3. Check that TDX SEAM Loader is enabled
+
+### SGX devices missing
+
+1. Verify SGX is enabled in BIOS
+2. Check that SGX Auto MP Registration is enabled
+3. Try a cold boot (full power off, not just reboot)
+
+### KVM TDX parameter is N
+
+1. Ensure you're running the Intel kernel (`uname -r` shows `intel`)
+2. Check dmesg for TDX initialization errors
+3. Verify BIOS TDX settings
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps After TDX Is Enabled
+
+Now that TDX is enabled on your host, you can:
+
+### 1. Create TDX Guest VMs
+
+- Use QEMU/libvirt to launch Trust Domains
+- Configure TD guest images with TDX support
+
+### 2. Test TDX Functionality
+
+- Run Canonical's test suite: `cd tests && ./test-tdx.sh`
+- Verify TD attestation
+
+### 3. Test TDX Attestation
+
+- Verify attestation quote generation
+- Test remote attestation flow
+- Validate DCAP configuration
+
+### 4. Deploy dstack
+
+- Install dstack SDK
+- Deploy confidential applications to TDX VMs
+- Use attestation API for runtime verification
+
+---
+
+## System Requirements Reference
+
+### Hardware
+
+- Intel Xeon Scalable (5th Gen Emerald Rapids or 4th Gen Sapphire Rapids with TDX)
+  - Verify TDX support at https://ark.intel.com
+- Memory: At least 2 channels populated per socket (identical DIMMs recommended)
+- BIOS with TDX support
+
+### Software
+
+- Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble)
+- linux-image-intel 6.8.0-1028 or later
+- QEMU 8.2.2+tdx1.1 or later
+- libvirt 10.0.0+tdx1.2 or later
+- OVMF 2024.02+tdx1.0 or later
+
+### BIOS Settings
+
+- TME enabled
+- TME-MT enabled
+- TDX enabled
+- SEAM Loader enabled
+- SGX enabled (required for KMS attestation)
+- SGX Auto MP Registration enabled (required for KMS)
+- **Physical Address Limit: DISABLED** (critical for TME-MT)
+
+---
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+### Official Documentation
+
+- **Intel ARK (Processor Verification):** https://ark.intel.com
+- **Intel TDX Enabling Guide:** https://cc-enabling.trustedservices.intel.com/intel-tdx-enabling-guide/
+- **Canonical TDX Documentation:** https://github.com/canonical/tdx
+- **Intel TDX Overview:** https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/overview.html
+- **Ubuntu TDX Wiki:** https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/intel-tdx-trust-domain-extensions/
+
+### dstack Resources
+
+- **dstack Documentation:** https://docs.phala.com/dstack/overview
+- **dstack GitHub:** https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack
+
+### Getting Help
+
+If you encounter issues not covered in this troubleshooting guide:
+
+1. Check the [Canonical TDX GitHub Issues](https://github.com/canonical/tdx/issues)
+2. Review Intel's [TDX Enabling Guide](https://cc-enabling.trustedservices.intel.com/intel-tdx-enabling-guide/)
+3. Consult your server vendor's documentation for TDX-specific guidance
+4. Visit the [Ubuntu Discourse TDX Forum](https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/intel-tdx-trust-domain-extensions/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7282db94d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+---
+title: "Troubleshooting: KMS Deployment"
+description: "Solutions for common issues during contract deployment, KMS build, and KMS CVM deployment"
+section: "Troubleshooting"
+stepNumber: null
+totalSteps: null
+isAppendix: true
+tags:
+  - troubleshooting
+  - kms
+  - contracts
+  - deployment
+  - cvm
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "reference"
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-06
+---
+
+# Troubleshooting: KMS Deployment
+
+This appendix consolidates troubleshooting content from the KMS Deployment tutorials. For inline notes and warnings, see the individual tutorials.
+
+---
+
+## Contract Deployment Issues
+
+### Artifact not found
+
+```
+Error HH700: Artifact for contract "DstackApp" not found.
+```
+
+Contracts must be compiled before deployment. Run:
+
+```bash
+npx hardhat compile
+```
+
+### Insufficient funds
+
+```
+Error: insufficient funds for gas
+```
+
+Get Sepolia ETH from faucets listed above.
+
+### Transaction underpriced
+
+```
+Error: replacement transaction underpriced
+```
+
+Wait for pending transactions to complete, then retry.
+
+### Nonce too low
+
+```
+Error: nonce too low
+```
+
+A transaction with this nonce already exists. Wait for confirmation.
+
+### Connection failed
+
+```
+Error: could not detect network
+```
+
+Check your RPC endpoint is reachable:
+
+```bash
+curl -s -X POST "https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_blockNumber","params":[],"id":1}'
+```
+
+Should return a block number, not an error.
+
+---
+
+## KMS Build & Configuration Issues
+
+### Build fails with missing dependencies
+
+```
+Error: linker `cc` not found
+```
+
+Install build dependencies:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt install -y build-essential pkg-config libssl-dev
+```
+
+### Configuration file not found
+
+```
+Error: Could not find configuration file
+```
+
+Verify the file exists and has correct permissions:
+
+```bash
+ls -la /etc/kms/kms.toml
+```
+
+### Auth-eth npm install fails
+
+```
+Error: EACCES permission denied
+```
+
+Fix npm permissions:
+
+```bash
+mkdir -p ~/.npm-global
+npm config set prefix '~/.npm-global'
+export PATH=~/.npm-global/bin:$PATH
+npm install
+```
+
+### Invalid TOML syntax
+
+```
+Error: invalid TOML
+```
+
+Validate your configuration:
+
+```bash
+cat /etc/kms/kms.toml | python3 -c "import sys, tomllib; tomllib.load(sys.stdin.buffer)"
+```
+
+### RPC connection failed
+
+```
+Error: could not connect to RPC
+```
+
+Check network connectivity:
+
+```bash
+curl -s -X POST "https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_blockNumber","params":[],"id":1}'
+```
+
+### Contract address not set
+
+```
+Error: KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set
+```
+
+Ensure you've completed [Contract Deployment](/tutorial/contract-deployment) and the contract address is saved:
+
+```bash
+cat ~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address
+```
+
+---
+
+## KMS CVM Deployment Issues
+
+### CVM fails to start
+
+```
+Error: Failed to create CVM
+```
+
+Check VMM status and logs:
+
+```bash
+systemctl status dstack-vmm
+journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 50
+```
+
+Ensure VMM has TDX enabled and sufficient resources.
+
+### CVM Exits Immediately or Reboots in a Loop
+
+**Symptom:** The CVM shows status `exited` after only 15-20 seconds, or keeps restarting if `auto_restart` is enabled.
+
+**Root Cause:** The `dstack-prepare` service fails to fetch SGX quote collateral from PCCS during early boot, which prevents sealing key generation. The service has `FailureAction=reboot`, so it reboots the CVM on failure.
+
+Check the CVM logs (replace `VM_ID` with actual ID from `lsvm`):
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=500" | grep -A3 "Failed to get sealing key"
+```
+
+If you see `Failed to get sealing key` → `Failed to get quote collateral` → `Network is unreachable` or `Connection refused`, the CVM cannot reach PCCS.
+
+**Solution:** Verify these settings:
+
+1. **VMM networking mode must be `user`** — see [VMM Configuration: Networking Modes](/tutorial/vmm-configuration#networking-modes) for why
+2. **`pccs_url` must be set** in `/etc/dstack/vmm.toml`:
+   ```toml
+   pccs_url = "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4"
+   ```
+3. **The CVM must have internet access** to reach `pccs.phala.network` — user-mode networking provides this automatically.
+
+After fixing, restart VMM (`sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm`) and redeploy.
+
+### Bootstrap hangs
+
+```
+Waiting for bootstrap to complete...
+```
+
+Check if guest-agent is running inside the CVM. Use the VMM web console to view the instance details, or check the logs (replace `VM_ID` with actual ID from `lsvm`):
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100"
+```
+
+The `/var/run/dstack.sock` socket must exist inside the CVM for TDX quote generation.
+
+### Port 9100 not accessible
+
+```
+Connection refused
+```
+
+Check CVM network configuration:
+
+```bash
+# Verify port mapping in docker-compose.yml
+cat ~/kms-deployment/docker-compose.yml | grep ports -A2
+
+# Check CVM status via vmm-cli.py
+cd ~/dstack/dstack/vmm
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 lsvm
+```
+
+### TDX quote not generated
+
+```
+"quote": null
+```
+
+This indicates guest-agent issues, simulator misconfiguration, or **SGX not properly configured**:
+
+```bash
+# Check CVM logs for TDX-related errors (replace VM_ID with actual ID from lsvm)
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)" \
+  "http://127.0.0.1:9080/logs?id=VM_ID&follow=false&ansi=false&lines=100" | grep -i "quote\|tdx\|sgx"
+```
+
+**Common causes:**
+
+1. **SGX not enabled in BIOS** - Verify SGX devices exist on host:
+   ```bash
+   ls -la /dev/sgx*
+   ```
+   If missing, configure SGX in BIOS. See [TDX & SGX BIOS Configuration](/tutorial/tdx-bios-configuration).
+
+2. **SGX Auto MP Registration not enabled** - Without this BIOS setting, your platform isn't registered with Intel's PCS, and attestation quotes cannot be verified. Re-enter BIOS and enable "SGX Auto MP Registration".
+
+3. **Guest-agent / simulator not running** - The KMS must be able to reach a working dstack guest agent endpoint. In a real CVM, `/var/run/dstack.sock` must exist. For local development, start `sdk/simulator` first.
+
+### CVM Fails with "QGS error code: 0x12001"
+
+**Symptom:** CVM exits after ~13 seconds with:
+```
+Error: Failed to request app keys
+  0: Failed to get sealing key
+  1: Failed to get quote
+  2: quote failure: QGS error code: 0x12001
+```
+
+**Root Cause:** The host's Quote Generation Service (QGS) cannot fetch PCK certificates from PCCS. This is a **host-side** issue, not a CVM issue. Check QGS logs:
+
+```bash
+sudo journalctl -u qgsd -n 20
+```
+
+If you see `[QPL] No certificate data for this platform` or `Intel PCS server returns error(401)`, the host QCNL is misconfigured.
+
+**Solution:** Update `/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf` to use a working PCCS:
+
+```bash
+# Check current config
+grep pccs_url /etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf
+
+# Update to Phala's public PCCS
+sudo tee /etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf > /dev/null << 'EOF'
+{
+  "pccs_url": "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4/",
+  "use_secure_cert": false,
+  "retry_times": 6,
+  "retry_delay": 10
+}
+EOF
+
+sudo systemctl restart qgsd
+```
+
+> **Note:** The host QCNL controls TDX quote **generation**. The CVM's `pccs_url` in vmm.toml controls quote **verification**. Both must point to a working PCCS. See [VMM Configuration: Configure Host QCNL](/tutorial/vmm-configuration#step-6-configure-host-qcnl-for-quote-generation).
+
+### GetMeta Returns "Connection refused" on Port 9200
+
+**Symptom:** KMS responds to `GetTempCaCert` but GetMeta returns:
+```json
+{"error": "error sending request for url (http://127.0.0.1:9200/): ...Connection refused (os error 111)"}
+```
+
+**Root Cause:** auth-eth defaults to port 8000, but kms.toml expects the webhook at port 9200.
+
+**Solution:** Ensure your docker-compose.yaml includes `PORT=9200` in the environment section:
+
+```yaml
+environment:
+  - PORT=9200    # Must match kms.toml webhook URL port
+```
+
+Then regenerate the app-compose.json and redeploy:
+
+```bash
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 compose \
+  --name kms \
+  --docker-compose ~/kms-deploy/docker-compose.yaml \
+  --local-key-provider \
+  --output ~/kms-deploy/app-compose.json
+```
+
+### GetMeta Returns "missing field `status`"
+
+**Symptom:** KMS responds but GetMeta returns:
+```json
+{"error": "error decoding response body: missing field `status` at line 1 column ..."}
+```
+
+**Root Cause:** auth-eth is running and reachable (port 9200 is correct), but it cannot connect to Ethereum RPC. Without `ETH_RPC_URL` and `KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR`, auth-eth defaults to `http://localhost:8545` (nothing there) and returns a Fastify error instead of the expected `{status: 'ok', ...}` response.
+
+**Solution:** Ensure your docker-compose.yaml includes both Ethereum configuration variables:
+
+```yaml
+environment:
+  - ETH_RPC_URL=https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com
+  - KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
+```
+
+Get your contract address from `~/.dstack/secrets/kms-contract-address`. See Step 3 for the complete docker-compose.yaml template.
+
+### GetMeta Hangs or Times Out
+
+**Symptom:** `curl` to GetMeta hangs indefinitely or times out after 30+ seconds
+
+**Root Cause:** The auth-eth service is using an unreachable or rate-limited Ethereum RPC endpoint.
+
+**Solution:** Verify your `ETH_RPC_URL` environment variable points to a working Sepolia RPC:
+
+```bash
+# Check what ETH_RPC_URL is set in your deployment
+grep ETH_RPC_URL ~/kms-deploy/docker-compose.yaml
+
+# Test the endpoint directly
+curl -s -X POST YOUR_ETH_RPC_URL \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"eth_chainId","params":[],"id":1}'
+```
+
+Verify the URL matches `https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com` (or your preferred Sepolia RPC provider).
+
+### CVM Hangs at "Waiting for time to be synchronized"
+
+**Symptom:** CVM boot log shows "Waiting for the system time to be synchronized" and never proceeds
+
+**Root Cause:** The `--secure-time` flag was used during deployment
+
+**Solution:** Redeploy without the `--secure-time` flag:
+
+```bash
+./src/vmm-cli.py --url http://127.0.0.1:9080 deploy \
+  --name kms \
+  --image dstack-0.5.7 \
+  --compose ~/kms-deploy/app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 4096 \
+  --disk 20 \
+  --port tcp:127.0.0.1:9100:9100
+  # Note: NO --secure-time flag
+```
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-prerequisites.md b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-prerequisites.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64449eab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-prerequisites.md
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+---
+title: "Troubleshooting: Prerequisites"
+description: "Solutions for common issues during DNS, SSL, Docker, HAProxy, key provider, blockchain, and registry setup"
+section: "Troubleshooting"
+stepNumber: null
+totalSteps: null
+isAppendix: true
+tags:
+  - troubleshooting
+  - dns
+  - ssl
+  - docker
+  - haproxy
+  - registry
+  - blockchain
+  - prerequisites
+difficulty: intermediate
+estimatedTime: "reference"
+lastUpdated: 2026-03-06
+---
+
+# Troubleshooting: Prerequisites
+
+This appendix consolidates troubleshooting content from the Prerequisites tutorials. For inline notes and warnings, see the individual tutorials.
+
+---
+
+## DNS Configuration Issues
+
+### DNS Not Resolving
+
+**Issue:** `dig` returns `NXDOMAIN` or no answer.
+
+**Solutions:**
+1. Wait for DNS propagation (can take up to 48 hours)
+2. Check nameservers are set correctly at registrar
+3. Verify Cloudflare shows domain as "Active"
+4. Ensure DNS records saved correctly in Cloudflare dashboard
+
+### Wildcard Not Working
+
+**Issue:** Base domain resolves, but `*.dstack.yourdomain.com` doesn't.
+
+**Solutions:**
+1. Verify wildcard record uses `*.dstack` not `*`
+2. Check wildcard record has same IP as base record
+3. Confirm proxy status is "DNS only" (gray cloud)
+4. Wait for DNS cache to expire (TTL)
+
+### API Token Permission Denied
+
+**Issue:** `curl` test returns `"success": false` or permission errors.
+
+**Solutions:**
+1. Verify token has "Zone → DNS → Edit" permission
+2. Ensure token is scoped to correct zone (your domain)
+3. Check token hasn't expired (if TTL was set)
+4. Regenerate token if compromised
+
+### Propagation Taking Too Long
+
+**Issue:** DNS changes not visible after several hours.
+
+**Solutions:**
+1. Check nameservers at registrar match Cloudflare's
+2. Use `dig @1.1.1.1` to query Cloudflare DNS directly (bypasses local cache)
+3. Clear local DNS cache: `sudo systemd-resolve --flush-caches` (Linux) or `sudo dscacheutil -flushcache` (macOS)
+4. Test from external DNS checker: https://www.whatsmydns.net/
+
+---
+
+## SSL Certificate Setup Issues
+
+### Challenge Failed: Could not connect
+
+**Symptom:** Certbot fails with connection error
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Verify port 80 is open: `sudo ss -tlnp | grep :80`
+2. Stop any services using port 80
+3. Check firewall allows port 80: `sudo ufw status`
+4. Verify DNS resolves to your server: `dig +short registry.yourdomain.com`
+
+### Rate Limit Exceeded
+
+**Symptom:** Let's Encrypt returns rate limit error
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Wait 1 hour and retry
+2. Check https://letsencrypt.org/docs/rate-limits/
+
+### DNS Resolution Failed
+
+**Symptom:** Certbot can't verify domain ownership
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Check DNS record exists: `dig +short registry.yourdomain.com`
+2. Wait for DNS propagation (up to 48 hours for new records)
+3. Verify record points to correct IP
+
+### HAProxy Can't Read Certificates
+
+**Symptom:** HAProxy fails to start with certificate permission error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check certificate permissions
+sudo ls -la /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/
+
+# Certificates are symlinks - check actual files
+sudo ls -la /etc/letsencrypt/archive/registry.yourdomain.com/
+
+# Check HAProxy combined PEM files
+sudo ls -la /etc/haproxy/certs/
+
+# Regenerate combined PEM if needed
+sudo cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+         /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+         | sudo tee /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem > /dev/null
+sudo chmod 600 /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem
+
+# If issues persist, check HAProxy logs
+sudo journalctl -u haproxy --no-pager -n 20
+```
+
+---
+
+## Docker Setup Issues
+
+### Permission Denied
+
+**Symptom:** `Got permission denied while trying to connect to the Docker daemon socket`
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Ensure user is in docker group: `groups`
+2. If not listed, add user: `sudo usermod -aG docker $USER`
+3. Log out and back in, or run: `newgrp docker`
+
+### Docker Service Not Starting
+
+**Symptom:** `systemctl status docker` shows failed
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check logs
+sudo journalctl -u docker -n 50
+
+# Common fix: restart containerd first
+sudo systemctl restart containerd
+sudo systemctl restart docker
+```
+
+### Repository Not Found
+
+**Symptom:** `apt update` fails with Docker repository error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Verify the repository file
+cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list
+
+# Should contain a valid URL for your Ubuntu version
+# If incorrect, recreate with Step 4 above
+```
+
+---
+
+## HAProxy Setup Issues
+
+### Port 443 Already in Use
+
+**Symptom:** HAProxy fails to start with "Address already in use"
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Find what's using port 443
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep :443
+
+# Common culprits: nginx, apache, docker
+sudo systemctl stop nginx 2>/dev/null
+sudo systemctl stop apache2 2>/dev/null
+
+# Check for Docker containers on 443
+docker ps --format '{{.Names}} {{.Ports}}' | grep 443
+```
+
+### Configuration Test Fails
+
+**Symptom:** `haproxy -c` shows errors
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check the specific error message
+sudo haproxy -c -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+
+# Common issues:
+# - Certificate file not found: check /etc/haproxy/certs/
+# - Invalid ACL syntax: check domain patterns
+# - Backend server unreachable: check service is running
+```
+
+### Certificate Errors
+
+**Symptom:** TLS handshake failures
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check certificate files exist
+ls -la /etc/haproxy/certs/
+
+# Verify certificate format (should have both cert and key)
+openssl x509 -in /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem -noout -subject
+openssl rsa -in /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem -check -noout
+
+# Regenerate combined PEM if needed
+sudo cat /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem \
+         /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem \
+         | sudo tee /etc/haproxy/certs/registry.pem > /dev/null
+```
+
+### Backend Health Check Failing
+
+**Symptom:** Backend marked as DOWN in stats
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check if backend service is running
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 5000  # Registry
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9080  # VMM
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9204  # Gateway proxy
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9202  # Gateway RPC
+
+# Test backend directly
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:5000/v2/  # Registry
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:9080/     # VMM
+```
+
+### Gateway Not Receiving Traffic
+
+**Symptom:** Requests to *.dstack.* domains fail
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check gateway proxy is listening on 9204
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9204
+
+# Check gateway RPC is listening on 9202
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 9202
+
+# Check HAProxy routing (enable debug)
+sudo haproxy -d -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+
+# Verify SNI pattern in config matches your domain
+grep "dstack" /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+```
+
+---
+
+## Local Key Provider Issues
+
+### Container fails to start: SGX devices not found
+
+**Symptom:** Container exits immediately with device error
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Verify SGX devices exist: `ls -la /dev/sgx*`
+2. If missing, check BIOS SGX settings
+3. Ensure SGX kernel module is loaded: `lsmod | grep sgx`
+
+### Error: AESM service not ready
+
+**Symptom:** Key provider fails with AESM connection error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Restart aesmd first
+docker restart aesmd
+sleep 5
+docker restart local-key-provider
+
+# Check aesmd logs
+docker logs aesmd 2>&1 | tail -30
+```
+
+### Quote verification failures
+
+**Symptom:** Logs show "quote verification failed"
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Verify QCNL configuration points to `https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4/`
+2. Check network connectivity: `curl -sk https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4/rootcacrl`
+3. Verify the host QCNL config file exists at `/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf`
+
+### HTTP health checks fail
+
+**Symptom:** `curl` cannot get a response from port 3443.
+
+**Explanation:** This is expected. `local-key-provider` uses a length-prefixed
+JSON protocol over raw TCP, not HTTP or HTTPS. Check `docker logs
+local-key-provider` and confirm the listener with `ss -tln | grep 3443`.
+
+### Port 3443 already in use
+
+**Symptom:** Container fails to bind to port
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Find what's using the port
+sudo ss -tlnp | grep 3443
+
+# Kill the process or change port in docker-compose.yml
+```
+
+### SGX enclave initialization timeout
+
+**Symptom:** Container starts but enclave never initializes
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Check SGX is enabled in BIOS
+2. Verify SGX Auto MP Registration is enabled
+3. Check PCCS is reachable: `curl -sk https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4/rootcacrl`
+
+---
+
+## Blockchain Wallet Setup Issues
+
+### Problem: Faucet not sending ETH
+
+**Solutions:**
+
+-   Try different faucet from the list above
+-   Check wallet address is correct
+-   Wait 5-10 minutes (sometimes delayed)
+-   Check block explorer:
+    ```bash
+    open "https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/sepolia-address)"
+    ```
+
+### Problem: RPC endpoint timing out
+
+**Solutions:**
+
+-   Check internet connection
+-   Verify RPC URL is correct (should be `https://ethereum-sepolia-rpc.publicnode.com`)
+-   Try a different public RPC endpoint from [chainlist.org](https://chainlist.org/chain/11155111)
+
+### Problem: "Connection refused" error
+
+**Solutions:**
+
+-   Ensure using `https://` not `http://`
+-   Try alternative RPC endpoint
+-   Check firewall not blocking outbound connections
+
+### Problem: Can't see balance in cast
+
+**Solutions:**
+
+-   Wait for testnet ETH to arrive (check block explorer)
+-   Verify RPC URL is correct
+-   Try different RPC endpoint
+-   Ensure wallet address is correct
+
+---
+
+## Local Docker Registry Issues
+
+### Certificate Verification Failed
+
+**Symptom:** `curl` returns SSL certificate error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check certificate dates
+openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/registry.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem -dates -noout
+
+# If expired, renew
+sudo certbot renew --force-renewal
+
+# Reload HAProxy to pick up new certs
+sudo systemctl reload haproxy
+```
+
+### 503 Service Unavailable from HAProxy
+
+**Symptom:** `curl https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/` returns `503 Service Unavailable`, but `curl http://127.0.0.1:5000/v2/` works fine locally.
+
+**Root Cause:** HAProxy's health check has marked the registry backend as DOWN. This typically happens when HAProxy started before the registry container was running.
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check backend health status in HAProxy stats
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:8404/stats | grep registry
+
+# Or check via the stats page (via SSH tunnel)
+ssh -L 8404:127.0.0.1:8404 user@your-server
+# Then open http://localhost:8404/stats in browser
+```
+
+The fix is simply to reload HAProxy so it re-checks the backend:
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl reload haproxy
+```
+
+After reloading, HAProxy will re-run its health check (`GET /v2/`), see the registry is healthy, and start routing traffic again. Verify:
+
+```bash
+curl -s https://registry.yourdomain.com/v2/
+```
+
+> **Tip:** If you start services in the order: HAProxy first, then registry, HAProxy will mark the registry backend as DOWN until the next health check interval. Reloading HAProxy forces an immediate re-check.
+
+### 502 Bad Gateway from HAProxy
+
+**Symptom:** External requests return 502 error
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check registry container is running
+docker ps | grep registry
+
+# Check registry is listening on localhost:5000
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:5000/v2/
+
+# If not running, start it
+docker start registry
+
+# Check container logs for errors
+docker logs registry
+```
+
+### DNS Not Resolving (Docker Registry)
+
+**Symptom:** `curl` to registry fails with "Could not resolve host"
+
+**Solution:**
+1. Verify DNS record exists: `dig +short registry.yourdomain.com`
+2. Wait for DNS propagation (up to 48 hours for new records)
+3. Check Cloudflare/DNS provider dashboard
+
+### Registry Container Not Starting
+
+**Symptom:** Container won't start or immediately exits
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Check container logs
+docker logs registry
+
+# Remove and recreate if needed
+docker rm -f registry
+docker run -d \
+  --name registry \
+  --restart always \
+  -p 127.0.0.1:5000:5000 \
+  -v /var/lib/registry:/var/lib/registry \
+  registry:2
+```
+
+### HAProxy Configuration Error
+
+**Symptom:** HAProxy won't start or reload
+
+**Solution:**
+```bash
+# Test configuration
+sudo haproxy -c -f /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
+
+# Check HAProxy logs
+sudo journalctl -u haproxy --no-pager -n 20
+
+# Verify certificates exist
+ls -la /etc/haproxy/certs/
+```
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/vmm-configuration.md b/docs/tutorials/vmm-configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53068e6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/vmm-configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+---
+title: "VMM Configuration"
+description: "Configure the dstack Virtual Machine Monitor for your environment"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 4
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - clone-build-dstack-vmm
+  - dns-configuration
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - vmm
+  - configuration
+  - toml
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "15 minutes"
+---
+
+# VMM Configuration
+
+This tutorial guides you through configuring the dstack Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) for **production use**. The VMM uses a TOML configuration file to define server settings, VM resource limits, networking, authentication, and service endpoints.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [Clone & Build dstack-vmm](/tutorial/clone-build-dstack-vmm)
+- SSH access to your TDX-enabled server
+- Root or sudo privileges
+- Your gateway domain configured (e.g., `dstack.yourdomain.com`)
+
+
+## Configuration
+
+### Step 1: Connect to Your Server
+
+```bash
+ssh ubuntu@YOUR_SERVER_IP
+```
+
+### Step 2: Check Server Resources
+
+```bash
+# Check CPU cores
+nproc
+
+# Check total memory in MB
+free -m | awk '/^Mem:/{print $2}'
+```
+
+Calculate your resource limits:
+- **Max vCPUs**: Total cores - 4 (reserve for host)
+- **Max Memory**: Total MB - 16384 (reserve 16GB for host)
+- **Workers**: Total cores / 8 (minimum 4, maximum 32)
+
+For example, on a 128-core, 1TB RAM server:
+- Max vCPUs: 128 - 4 = **124**
+- Max Memory: 1,007,000 - 16,384 = **990,616 MB**
+- Workers: 128 / 8 = **16**
+
+### Step 3: Generate an Auth Token
+
+```bash
+# Generate a secure random token and save it
+AUTH_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
+mkdir -p ~/.dstack/secrets
+echo -n "$AUTH_TOKEN" > ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token
+chmod 600 ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token
+echo "Auth token saved to ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token"
+```
+
+### Step 4: Create Configuration Directory
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/dstack
+```
+
+### Step 5: Create VMM Configuration File
+
+Replace the placeholder values with your actual settings:
+
+```bash
+AUTH_TOKEN=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+sudo tee /etc/dstack/vmm.toml > /dev/null <<EOF
+# dstack VMM Configuration - Production
+# See: https://dstack.info/tutorial/vmm-configuration
+
+# Server settings
+workers = 16                                    # Adjust based on your CPU count
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack VMM"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+address = "127.0.0.1:9080"
+reuse = true
+kms_url = "http://127.0.0.1:8081"
+event_buffer_size = 20
+node_name = ""
+image_path = "/var/lib/dstack/images"
+
+[cvm]
+qemu_path = ""
+kms_urls = ["http://127.0.0.1:8081"]
+gateway_urls = ["http://127.0.0.1:8082"]
+pccs_url = "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4"
+# Optional. See "NVIDIA GPU attestation cache" below.
+# nvidia_attestation_proxy_url = "http://10.0.2.2:8090"
+docker_registry = ""
+cid_start = 1000
+cid_pool_size = 1000
+max_allocable_vcpu = 124                        # Adjust: total cores - 4
+max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 990616             # Adjust: total MB - 16384
+qmp_socket = false
+use_mrconfigid = true
+qemu_pci_hole64_size = 0
+qemu_hotplug_off = false
+
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+net = "10.0.2.0/24"
+dhcp_start = "10.0.2.10"
+restrict = false
+
+[cvm.port_mapping]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+range = [
+    { protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
+]
+
+[cvm.auto_restart]
+enabled = true
+interval = 20
+
+[cvm.gpu]
+enabled = false
+listing = []
+exclude = []
+include = []
+allow_attach_all = false
+
+[gateway]
+base_domain = "dstack.yourdomain.com"              # Your gateway domain
+port = 8082
+agent_port = 8090
+
+[auth]
+enabled = true                                  # Production: enable auth
+tokens = ["$AUTH_TOKEN"]
+
+[supervisor]
+exe = "/usr/local/bin/dstack-supervisor"
+sock = "/var/run/dstack/supervisor.sock"
+pid_file = "/var/run/dstack/supervisor.pid"
+log_file = "/var/log/dstack/supervisor.log"
+detached = false
+auto_start = true
+
+[host_api]
+ident = "dstack VMM"
+address = "vsock:2"
+port = 10000
+
+[key_provider]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 3443
+EOF
+```
+
+The `$AUTH_TOKEN` variable is automatically substituted from `~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token`.
+
+### Step 6: Configure Host QCNL for Quote Generation
+
+The host's Quote Generation Service (QGS) needs to reach a PCCS to fetch PCK certificates for TDX quote generation. This is **separate** from the CVM's `pccs_url` setting in vmm.toml — both must point to a working PCCS.
+
+> **Important:** There are two independent PCCS configurations:
+>
+> | Config | File | Used By | Purpose |
+> |--------|------|---------|---------|
+> | Host QCNL | `/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf` | QGS | PCK certs for quote **generation** |
+> | CVM pccs_url | `/etc/dstack/vmm.toml` | dstack-util inside CVM | Collateral for quote **verification** |
+>
+> Both must point to a working PCCS. If the host QCNL is misconfigured, CVMs will fail during boot with `QGS error code: 0x12001`.
+
+Update the host QCNL to use Phala Network's public PCCS:
+
+```bash
+sudo tee /etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf > /dev/null << 'EOF'
+{
+  "pccs_url": "https://pccs.phala.network/sgx/certification/v4/",
+  "use_secure_cert": false,
+  "retry_times": 6,
+  "retry_delay": 10,
+  "pck_cache_expire_hours": 168,
+  "verify_collateral_cache_expire_hours": 168,
+  "local_cache_only": false
+}
+EOF
+```
+
+Restart QGS to pick up the new configuration:
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl restart qgsd
+```
+
+Verify QGS is running:
+
+```bash
+systemctl status qgsd
+```
+
+### Optional: NVIDIA GPU attestation cache
+
+GPU images perform local NVIDIA attestation before app keys are provisioned.
+Without a cache this contacts NVIDIA's OCSP and RIM services during every cold
+boot. A fleet can run the persistent
+[`dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy`](../../dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/README.md) and pass its
+URL to guests through sys-config:
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+nvidia_attestation_proxy_url = "http://10.0.2.2:8090"
+```
+
+The example address is the host as seen from QEMU user-mode networking. The
+proxy must be reachable during `dstack-prepare`. It stores only NVIDIA-signed
+collateral and never becomes a signing trust anchor. OCSP entries are not
+served after their signed validity window.
+
+### Step 7: Create Runtime Directories
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /var/run/dstack
+sudo mkdir -p /var/log/dstack
+sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/dstack
+sudo chmod 755 /var/run/dstack /var/log/dstack /var/lib/dstack
+```
+
+### Step 8: Verify Configuration
+
+```bash
+# Check config file exists
+cat /etc/dstack/vmm.toml
+
+# Verify TOML syntax (no output = valid, error message = invalid)
+python3 -c "import tomllib; tomllib.load(open('/etc/dstack/vmm.toml', 'rb')); print('TOML syntax OK')"
+```
+
+---
+
+## Configuration Reference
+
+### Networking Modes
+
+| Mode | Performance | Isolation | Setup | Recommended For |
+|------|-------------|-----------|-------|-----------------|
+| `user` | Good | Good | None | **Recommended** — reliable internet access from CVM boot |
+
+| `host` | Best | None | None | Special cases only |
+
+**User Mode (Recommended):**
+
+QEMU user-mode networking creates a virtual NAT network inside the QEMU process. Internet connectivity is available **immediately** when the CVM boots — before external network routes are established. This is critical because the CVM's `dstack-prepare` service needs to reach the public PCCS (`pccs.phala.network`) during early boot to fetch SGX quote collateral for sealing key verification.
+
+```toml
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+net = "10.0.2.0/24"
+dhcp_start = "10.0.2.10"
+restrict = false
+```
+
+With user-mode networking, CVMs have internet access through QEMU's built-in NAT. The PCCS at `https://pccs.phala.network` is reachable immediately, and host services are accessible at `10.0.2.2`.
+
+### Authentication
+
+For production, always enable authentication:
+
+```toml
+[auth]
+enabled = true
+tokens = ["your-secure-token-here"]
+```
+
+You can specify multiple tokens for different clients:
+
+```toml
+[auth]
+enabled = true
+tokens = [
+    "token-for-admin",
+    "token-for-ci-cd",
+    "token-for-monitoring"
+]
+```
+
+### GPU Passthrough
+
+To enable GPU passthrough for AI/ML workloads:
+
+```toml
+[cvm.gpu]
+enabled = true
+listing = ["10de:2335"]          # NVIDIA GPU product IDs
+allow_attach_all = true
+```
+
+**Requirements:**
+- IOMMU enabled in BIOS
+- VFIO driver configured
+- GPU not in use by host
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#vmm-configuration-issues):
+
+- [Configuration file not found](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#configuration-file-not-found)
+- [TOML syntax errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#toml-syntax-errors)
+- [Permission denied on socket](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#permission-denied-on-socket)
+- [Resource limit errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#resource-limit-errors)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With VMM configured, proceed to set up the systemd service:
+
+- [VMM Service Setup](/tutorial/vmm-service-setup) - Create and start the VMM service
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
+- [TOML Specification](https://toml.io/en/)
diff --git a/docs/tutorials/vmm-service-setup.md b/docs/tutorials/vmm-service-setup.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb21cd1fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/tutorials/vmm-service-setup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+---
+title: "VMM Service Setup"
+description: "Configure dstack VMM to run as a systemd service with automatic startup"
+section: "dstack Installation"
+stepNumber: 5
+totalSteps: 8
+lastUpdated: 2025-12-07
+prerequisites:
+  - vmm-configuration
+tags:
+  - dstack
+  - vmm
+  - systemd
+  - service
+difficulty: "intermediate"
+estimatedTime: "10 minutes"
+---
+
+# VMM Service Setup
+
+This tutorial guides you through setting up the dstack Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) as a systemd service. Running VMM as a service ensures it starts automatically on boot and restarts if it crashes.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, ensure you have:
+
+- Completed [VMM Configuration](/tutorial/vmm-configuration)
+- SSH access to your TDX-enabled server
+- Root or sudo privileges
+
+
+## Service Management Commands
+
+| Command | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `sudo systemctl start dstack-vmm` | Start the service |
+| `sudo systemctl stop dstack-vmm` | Stop the service |
+| `sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm` | Restart the service |
+| `sudo systemctl status dstack-vmm` | Check service status |
+| `sudo systemctl enable dstack-vmm` | Enable start on boot |
+| `sudo systemctl disable dstack-vmm` | Disable start on boot |
+
+### View Logs
+
+| Command | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `journalctl -u dstack-vmm` | View all logs |
+| `journalctl -u dstack-vmm -n 100` | View last 100 lines |
+| `journalctl -u dstack-vmm -f` | Follow logs in real-time |
+| `journalctl -u dstack-vmm --since "1 hour ago"` | Logs from last hour |
+| `journalctl -u dstack-vmm -p err` | Show only errors |
+
+---
+
+## Manual Setup
+
+If you prefer to set up the service manually, follow these steps.
+
+### Step 1: Create the Systemd Service File
+
+```bash
+sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/dstack-vmm.service > /dev/null <<'EOF'
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack Virtual Machine Monitor
+Documentation=https://dstack.org
+After=network.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+User=root
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/dstack-vmm --config /etc/dstack/vmm.toml serve
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=5
+StandardOutput=journal
+StandardError=journal
+
+# Resource limits for handling many concurrent VMs
+LimitNOFILE=65536
+LimitNPROC=4096
+
+# Security hardening
+NoNewPrivileges=false
+ProtectSystem=strict
+RuntimeDirectory=dstack
+ReadWritePaths=/var/run/dstack /var/log/dstack /var/lib/dstack /tmp
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+EOF
+```
+
+### Step 2: Reload Systemd and Enable Service
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl enable dstack-vmm
+```
+
+### Step 3: Start the Service
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl start dstack-vmm
+```
+
+### Step 4: Verify Service Status
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl status dstack-vmm
+```
+
+Expected output:
+```
+● dstack-vmm.service - dstack Virtual Machine Monitor
+     Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/dstack-vmm.service; enabled)
+     Active: active (running) since ...
+```
+
+### Step 5: Verify VMM is Working
+
+Check that the HTTP API is responding:
+
+```bash
+curl -s http://127.0.0.1:9080/ | head -5
+```
+
+Check that the supervisor socket exists:
+
+```bash
+ls -la /var/run/dstack/supervisor.sock
+```
+
+---
+
+## Service Configuration
+
+### Service File Explained
+
+| Setting | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `Type=simple` | Service runs as a foreground process |
+| `User=root` | VMM requires root for VM management |
+| `Restart=always` | Automatically restart on failure |
+| `RestartSec=5` | Wait 5 seconds before restarting |
+| `LimitNOFILE=65536` | Max open file descriptors (for many concurrent VMs) |
+| `LimitNPROC=4096` | Max processes/threads |
+| `ProtectSystem=strict` | Read-only access to system directories |
+| `RuntimeDirectory=dstack` | Creates `/run/dstack` automatically on each boot |
+| `ReadWritePaths` | Directories VMM can write to |
+
+### Environment Variables
+
+To enable debug logging:
+
+```bash
+sudo tee /etc/systemd/system/dstack-vmm.service.d/environment.conf > /dev/null <<'EOF'
+[Service]
+Environment="RUST_LOG=debug"
+Environment="RUST_BACKTRACE=1"
+EOF
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+sudo systemctl restart dstack-vmm
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+For detailed solutions, see the [dstack Installation Troubleshooting Guide](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#vmm-service-setup-issues):
+
+- [Service fails to start](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#service-fails-to-start)
+- [Service keeps restarting](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#service-keeps-restarting)
+- [HTTP API not responding](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#http-api-not-responding)
+- [Supervisor socket not created](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#supervisor-socket-not-created)
+- [Permission denied errors](/tutorial/troubleshooting-dstack-installation#permission-denied-errors)
+
+---
+
+## Next Steps
+
+With VMM running as a service, proceed to deploy the Key Management Service:
+
+- [Contract Deployment](/tutorial/contract-deployment) - Deploy KMS contracts to Sepolia
+
+## Additional Resources
+
+- [systemd Documentation](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html)
+- [journalctl Manual](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/journalctl.html)
+- [dstack GitHub Repository](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack)
diff --git a/docs/usage.md b/docs/usage.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08f072f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/usage.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# dstack Usage Guide
+
+> **This guide is for self-hosted deployments** on your own TDX hardware. For cloud deployments, see [Quickstart](./quickstart.md).
+
+This guide covers deploying and managing applications on self-hosted dstack infrastructure. For initial setup, see the [Deployment Guide](./deployment.md).
+
+You can manage VMs via the VMM dashboard or [CLI](./vmm-cli-user-guide.md).
+
+## Deploy an App
+
+Open the dstack-vmm webpage [http://localhost:9080](http://localhost:9080) (change the port according to your configuration) on your local machine to deploy a `docker-compose.yaml` file:
+
+<div align="center">
+<img src="./assets/vmm.png" alt="VMM Interface" height="400">
+</div>
+
+After the container is deployed, it should take some time to start the CVM and the containers. Time would vary depending on your workload.
+
+- **[Logs]**: Click this button to view the CVM logs and monitor container startup progress
+- **[Dashboard]**: Once the container is running, click this button to view container information and logs. (Note: This button is only visible when dstack-gateway is enabled. If disabled, you'll need to add a port mapping to port 8090 to access the CVM dashboard)
+
+<div align="center">
+<img src="./assets/guest-agent.png" alt="Guest Agent Dashboard" height="300">
+</div>
+
+## Pass Secrets to Apps
+
+When deploying a new App, you can pass private data via Encrypted Environment Variables. These variables can be referenced in the docker-compose.yaml file as shown below:
+
+<div align="center">
+<img src="./assets/secret.png" alt="Secret Management" height="300">
+</div>
+
+The environment variables will be encrypted on the client-side and decrypted in the CVM before being passed to the containers.
+
+## Access the App
+
+Once your app is deployed and listening on an HTTP port, you can access it through dstack-gateway's public domain using these ingress mapping rules:
+
+- `<id>[-[<port>][s|g]].<base_domain>` maps to port `<port>` in the CVM
+
+**Examples:**
+
+- `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577-8080.test0.dstack.org` - port `8080` (TLS termination to any TCP)
+- `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577-8080g.test0.dstack.org` - port `8080` (TLS termination with HTTP/2 negotiation)
+- `3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577-8080s.test0.dstack.org` - port `8080` (TLS passthrough to any TCP)
+
+The `<id>` can be either the app ID or instance ID. When using the app ID, the load balancer will select one of the available instances. Adding an `s` suffix enables TLS passthrough to the app instead of terminating at dstack-gateway. Adding a `g` suffix enables HTTPS/2 with TLS termination for gRPC applications.
+
+**Note:** If dstack-gateway is disabled, you'll need to use port mappings configured during deployment to access your application via the host's IP address and mapped ports.
+
+For development images (`dstack-x.x.x-dev`), you can SSH into the CVM for inspection:
+
+```bash
+# Find the CVM wg IP address in the dstack-vmm dashboard
+ssh root@10.0.3.2
+```
+
+## Get Attestation Evidence in Containers
+
+Most applications should use the dstack socket to get attestation evidence from inside a container.
+
+**1. Mount the socket in your Compose file**
+
+```yaml
+version: '3'
+services:
+  nginx:
+    image: nginx:latest
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    ports:
+      - "8080:80"
+    restart: always
+```
+
+**2. Execute the quote request command**
+
+```bash
+# The argument report_data accepts binary data encoding in hex string.
+# The report_data passed to the underlying TEE is padded to 64 bytes.
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://localhost/GetQuote?report_data=0x1234deadbeef | jq .
+```
+
+For advanced compatibility with unmodified binaries that expect native Linux TEE interfaces such as `/dev/tdx_guest`, `/dev/sev-guest`, or configfs-tsm, see [Advanced Native TEE Interfaces in Containers](./native-tee-interfaces.md).
+
+## Container Logs
+
+Container logs can be obtained from the CVM's `dashboard` page or by curl:
+
+```bash
+curl 'http://<appid>.<the domain you set for dstack-gateway>:9090/logs/<container name>?since=0&until=0&follow=true&text=true&timestamps=true&bare=true'
+```
+
+Replace `<appid>` and `<container name>` with actual values. Available parameters:
+
+| Parameter | Description |
+|-----------|-------------|
+| `since=0` | Starting Unix timestamp for log retrieval |
+| `until=0` | Ending Unix timestamp for log retrieval |
+| `follow` | Enables continuous log streaming |
+| `text` | Returns human-readable text instead of base64 encoding |
+| `timestamps` | Adds timestamps to each log line |
+| `bare` | Returns the raw log lines without json format |
+
+**Example response:**
+```bash
+$ curl 'http://0.0.0.0:9190/logs/zk-provider-server?text&timestamps'
+{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209507046Z Initializing Rust backend...\n"}
+{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209543047Z Calling Rust function: init\n"}
+{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209544957Z [2024-09-29T03:05:44Z INFO  rust_prover] Initializing...\n"}
+{"channel":"stdout","message":"2024-09-29T03:05:45.209546381Z [2024-09-29T03:05:44Z INFO  rust_prover::groth16] Starting setup process\n"}
+```
+
+## TLS Passthrough with Custom Domain
+
+dstack-gateway supports TLS passthrough for custom domains.
+
+See the example [here](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack-examples/tree/main/custom-domain/dstack-ingress) for more details.
+
+## Upgrade an App
+
+Go to the dstack-vmm webpage, click the **[Upgrade]** button, select or paste the compose file you want to upgrade to, and click the **[Upgrade]** button again. The app id does not change after the upgrade. Stop and start the app to apply the upgrade.
diff --git a/docs/verification.md b/docs/verification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b49fe36f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/verification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Verification
+
+Attestation is cryptographic proof that your app runs in genuine TEE hardware with exactly the code you expect. No one can fake it.
+
+## What Attestation Proves
+
+When you verify a dstack deployment, you're checking three things:
+
+1. **Genuine platform** - Vendor signatures confirm real attested hardware or platform generated the proof (Intel TDX, AMD SEV-SNP, AWS NitroTPM, Nitro Enclave, or NVIDIA CC)
+2. **Correct code** - The compose-hash matches your docker-compose configuration
+3. **Secure environment** - OS and firmware measurements show no tampering
+
+If any of these fail, the cryptographic proof won't verify.
+
+## How to Verify
+
+**Phala Cloud users**: Every deployment gets an automatic [Trust Center](https://trust.phala.com) report. This verifies hardware, code, and environment without manual steps.
+
+**Programmatic verification**: dstack provides several tools:
+
+- [dstack-verifier](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/tree/next/dstack/verifier) - HTTP service with `/verify` endpoint, also runs as CLI
+- [dcap-qvl](https://github.com/Phala-Network/dcap-qvl) - Open source quote verification library (Rust, Python, JS/WASM, CLI)
+- [SDKs](../sdk/) - JavaScript and Python SDKs include `replayRtmrs()` for local RTMR verification
+
+## Platform-Specific Verification
+
+Verification has the same goal on every platform: prove the platform signature,
+the boot state, and the dstack application identity. The evidence fields differ
+by platform.
+
+| Platform | Boot evidence | Application identity replay | Freshness/key binding |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| TDX-family dstack CVM | MRTD and RTMR0-2 | RTMR3 event log | `report_data` or RA-TLS certificate binding |
+| AMD SEV-SNP | SNP report fields plus `HOST_DATA`/config ID | `MrConfigV3` app/config target | report data or RA-TLS certificate binding |
+| AWS EC2 NitroTPM | NitroTPM Attestation Document, AWS NitroTPM PKI, PCR4/PCR7/PCR12, OS image hash | SHA384 PCR14 launch event log through `system-ready` | NitroTPM `user_data` challenge or RA-TLS certificate binding |
+
+On AWS, PCR14 replay is the authoritative application-identity check; PCR8 is
+an optional shortcut for third-party verifiers. See the
+[AWS production verifier runbook](./aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md)
+for the complete platform policy.
+
+## Learn More
+
+- [AWS EC2 NitroTPM production verification](./aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md) - Verify and operate the AWS NitroTPM path
+- [Intel TDX attestation](./attestation-tdx.md) - Verify TDX measurements and runtime events
+- [AMD SEV-SNP support](./amd-sev-snp.md) - SNP image, attestation, and key-release requirements
+- [GCP attestation](./attestation-gcp.md) - Verify the GCP TDX and TPM evidence chain
+- [AWS Nitro Enclaves attestation](./attestation-nitro-enclave.md) - Verify NSM evidence
+- [Attestation Documentation](https://docs.phala.com/phala-cloud/attestation/overview) - Generating quotes, programmatic verification, RTMR3 replay
+- [Confidential AI Verification](https://docs.phala.com/phala-cloud/confidential-ai/verify/overview) - GPU TEE attestation for AI workloads
+- [Domain Attestation](https://docs.phala.com/phala-cloud/networking/domain-attestation) - TLS certificates managed in TEE
+
+## See It Live
+
+Visit [chat.redpill.ai](https://chat.redpill.ai) and click the shield icon next to any response. This shows attestation verification from a real confidential AI deployment.
diff --git a/docs/verity-volumes.md b/docs/verity-volumes.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c7dac295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/verity-volumes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# Verity data volumes
+
+A verity volume is a read-only filesystem image protected by dm-verity. The host
+attaches untrusted bytes; the guest mounts them only when they match the root
+hash measured in `app-compose.json`.
+
+## Disk format
+
+A built volume is a raw GPT image:
+
+```text
+p1: DSTACK_VOLUME metadata envelope
+p2: filesystem data
+p3: dm-verity superblock and hash tree
+```
+
+The envelope identifies a candidate disk. It is not trusted. The guest passes
+the root from the measured app compose to `veritysetup`, so a forged envelope or
+partition table cannot substitute different contents.
+
+## Build
+
+Pack a directory as a reproducible squashfs volume:
+
+```bash
+dstack verity --dir ./models -o models.img
+```
+
+Or wrap an existing filesystem image:
+
+```bash
+dstack verity --fs-image ./models.ext4 -o models.img
+```
+
+The command prints the root and a deploy argument. Place the image in the VMM's
+configured `cvm.volumes_dir`, then deploy it by bare file name, root, and guest
+mount point:
+
+```bash
+dstack deploy -c docker-compose.yaml \
+  --volume models.img:a1b2c3d4...:/run/models
+```
+
+This adds the following measured entry to `app-compose.json`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "verity_volumes": [
+    {
+      "source": "models.img",
+      "verity_root": "a1b2c3d4...",
+      "target": "/run/models"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+The target must be an absolute path on a writable guest filesystem, such as
+`/run` or the app data disk. The guest root filesystem itself is read-only.
+
+## Guest activation
+
+Before the application starts, `dstack-volume mount-all app-compose.json`:
+
+1. Scans `/sys/class/block` for disks whose first partition, or whole disk when
+   unpartitioned, starts with the `DSTACK_VOLUME` magic.
+2. Matches the full root advertised by the envelope against the measured root.
+3. Opens p2 and p3 with `veritysetup` using the measured root.
+4. Reads the first mapped block to force an initial integrity check.
+5. Mounts the mapped filesystem read-only at the measured target.
+
+A required volume that is missing, malformed, or fails verification stops guest
+preparation. dm-verity continues verifying blocks lazily as the application
+reads them.
+
+The same `verity_root` may be declared more than once with different targets.
+The VMM attaches one disk for that root, and the guest mounts the verified
+content at each requested target.
+
+For diagnostics, `dstack-volume scan` lists recognized disks and
+`dstack-volume status app-compose.json` compares requested roots with attached
+and active devices.
+
+## Trust and limitations
+
+The root hash authenticates bytes, not availability. A malicious host can omit a
+volume or cause I/O failures, but cannot silently replace its contents. Volumes
+are unencrypted and are intended for public, shareable data; confidential data
+requires a separate encryption design.
diff --git a/docs/vmm-cli-user-guide.md b/docs/vmm-cli-user-guide.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a669ca4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/vmm-cli-user-guide.md
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+# VMM CLI User Guide
+
+> **This guide is for self-hosted deployments** on your own TDX hardware. For cloud deployments, see [Quickstart](./quickstart.md).
+
+Welcome to the **VMM CLI**! This tool helps you manage CVMs in the dstack platform.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
+- [Basic Commands](#basic-commands)
+- [VM Management](#vm-management)
+- [Application Deployment](#application-deployment)
+- [Security Features](#security-features)
+- [Advanced Usage](#advanced-usage)
+- [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
+
+## Getting Started
+
+### Prerequisites
+
+Before using the VMM CLI, ensure you have:
+- Python 3.6 or higher installed
+- Access to a dstack-vmm server
+- Required Python packages (cryptography, eth_keys, eth_utils)
+
+### Installation
+
+The VMM CLI is a single Python script (`vmm-cli.py`) that you can run directly:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py --help
+```
+
+### Basic Configuration
+
+By default, the CLI connects to `http://localhost:8080`. You can configure the server URL in several ways:
+
+### Server URL Configuration
+
+#### Environment Variable (Recommended)
+
+Set the `DSTACK_VMM_URL` environment variable:
+
+```bash
+# Set for current shell session
+export DSTACK_VMM_URL=http://your-server:8080
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm
+```
+
+#### Command Line Argument
+
+Override the environment variable or default with `--url`:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py --url http://your-server:8080 <command>
+```
+
+#### Unix Domain Sockets
+
+For local Unix socket connections:
+```bash
+# Via environment variable
+export DSTACK_VMM_URL=unix:/path/to/socket
+
+# Via command line
+./vmm-cli.py --url unix:/path/to/socket <command>
+```
+
+**Priority Order:** Command line `--url` > `DSTACK_VMM_URL` environment variable > default `http://localhost:8080`
+
+### Authentication
+
+When the dstack-vmm server has `[auth] enabled = true`, the token now guards the
+*entire* management surface (listing/creating/stopping VMs, deploys, logs, and
+the web UI) — not just the logs endpoint. Provide credentials in one of two
+forms.
+
+#### Bearer token (Recommended)
+
+Pass the VMM API token directly; it is sent as `Authorization: Bearer <token>`.
+
+```bash
+# your VMM API token. `dstackup install` writes it to
+# <config-dir>/vmm-auth-token (default /etc/dstack/vmm-auth-token) — and the
+# local `dstack` CLI reads it automatically; a manual setup (see the VMM
+# configuration tutorial) stores it at ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token.
+export DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN=$(cat /etc/dstack/vmm-auth-token)
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm
+
+# or as a flag
+./vmm-cli.py --token "$DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN" lsvm
+```
+
+#### HTTP Basic
+
+The server also accepts HTTP Basic, where the password may be the shared token
+(any username, e.g. `admin`) or an entry in the server's `htpasswd_file`.
+
+```bash
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER=admin
+export DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD=$(cat /etc/dstack/vmm-auth-token)
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm
+
+# or as flags
+./vmm-cli.py --auth-user admin --auth-password "$DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD" lsvm
+```
+
+**Note:** A bearer token takes precedence over Basic when both are set. For each
+setting, command-line flags take precedence over environment variables, which
+take precedence over the config file. Setting only one half of a Basic
+credential (e.g. `DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD` without `DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER`) is
+rejected with an error rather than silently sending an unauthenticated request.
+
+
+## Basic Commands
+
+### List Virtual Machines
+
+View all your VMs and their current status:
+
+```bash
+# Basic list
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm
+
+# Detailed view with configuration info
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm -v
+```
+
+This shows VM ID, App ID, Name, Status, and Uptime. The verbose mode adds vCPU, Memory, Disk, Image, and GPU assignment information.
+
+### List Available Images
+
+See what VM images you can deploy:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py lsimage
+```
+
+### List Available GPUs
+
+Check what GPU resources are available:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py lsgpu
+```
+
+This command shows available GPU slots, their descriptions, and availability status. GPU information is also displayed in the GPUs column when using `./vmm-cli.py lsvm -v`.
+
+#### GPU Display in VM Listings
+
+When using the verbose list command (`lsvm -v`), the GPUs column will show:
+- **"All GPUs"** - when the VM is configured with `--ppcie` mode (all available GPUs)
+- **"0a:00.0, 1a:00.0"** - specific GPU slot assignments when using `--gpu` flags
+- **"-"** - when no GPUs are assigned to the VM
+
+Example output:
+```
+┌──────────────────────┬─────────┬──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────┬─────────┬───────┬─────────────┬────────────────────┐
+│ VM ID                │ App ID  │ Name     │ Status  │ Uptime  │ vCPU │ Memory  │ Disk  │ Image       │ GPUs               │
+├──────────────────────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────────┼────────────────────┤
+│ abc123...            │ xyz789  │ ml-model │ running │ 2h 30m  │ 8    │ 32GB    │ 500GB │ dstack-0.5.3│ 18:00.0, 9a:00.0  │
+│ def456...            │ uvw012  │ web-app  │ running │ 1h 15m  │ 2    │ 4GB     │ 50GB  │ dstack-0.5.3│ -                  │
+│ ghi789...            │ rst345  │ ai-train │ running │ 45m     │ 16   │ 64GB    │ 1TB   │ dstack-0.5.3│ All GPUs           │
+└──────────────────────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────┴─────────┴───────┴─────────────┴────────────────────┘
+```
+
+## VM Management
+
+### Starting and Stopping VMs
+
+```bash
+# Start a VM
+./vmm-cli.py start <vm-id>
+
+# Gracefully stop a VM
+./vmm-cli.py stop <vm-id>
+
+# Force stop a VM
+./vmm-cli.py stop -f <vm-id>
+```
+
+### Viewing VM Logs
+
+Monitor your VM's output:
+
+```bash
+# Show last 20 lines of logs
+./vmm-cli.py logs <vm-id>
+
+# Show last 50 lines
+./vmm-cli.py logs <vm-id> -n 50
+
+# Follow logs in real-time (like tail -f)
+./vmm-cli.py logs <vm-id> -f
+```
+
+Press `Ctrl+C` to stop following logs.
+
+### Removing VMs
+
+When you're done with a VM:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py remove <vm-id>
+```
+
+**⚠️ Warning:** This permanently deletes the VM and all its data!
+
+## Application Deployment
+
+Deploying applications involves two main steps: creating an app compose file and deploying the VM.
+
+### Step 1: Create App Compose File
+
+First, create an application composition file that describes your application:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py compose \
+  --name "my-web-app" \
+  --docker-compose ./docker-compose.yml \
+  --output ./app-compose.json
+```
+
+#### App Compose Options
+
+- `--name`: Friendly name for your application
+- `--docker-compose`: Path to your Docker Compose file
+- `--prelaunch-script`: Optional script to run before starting containers. It runs after dockerd, so containers restored by a Docker restart policy may already be running; do not put security gates here (see [security best practices](./security/security-best-practices.md#security-semantics-must-not-depend-on-pre_launch_script-running-first))
+- `--kms`: Enable Key Management Service for secrets
+- `--gateway`: Enable dstack-gateway for external access
+- `--local-key-provider`: Use local key provider
+- `--public-logs`: Make logs publicly accessible
+- `--public-sysinfo`: Make system info publicly accessible
+- `--env-file`: File with environment variables to encrypt
+- `--no-instance-id`: Disable unique instance identification
+
+#### Example with Security Features
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py compose \
+  --name "secure-app" \
+  --docker-compose ./docker-compose.yml \
+  --kms \
+  --gateway \
+  --env-file ./secrets.env \
+  --output ./app-compose.json
+```
+
+### Step 2: Deploy the VM
+
+Deploy your application with the compose file:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "my-app-vm" \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.3" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 2G \
+  --disk 50G
+```
+
+#### Deployment Options
+
+- `--name`: VM instance name
+- `--image`: Base VM image to use
+- `--compose`: Path to your app-compose.json file
+- `--vcpu`: Number of virtual CPUs (default: 1)
+- `--memory`: Memory size (e.g., 1G, 512M, 2048M)
+- `--disk`: Disk size (e.g., 20G, 100G)
+- `--port`: Port mappings (see Port Mapping section)
+- `--gpu`: GPU assignments
+- `--ppcie`: Enable PPCIE mode (attach ALL available GPUs and NVSwitches)
+- `--env-file`: Environment variables file
+- `--user-config`: Path to user config file (will be placed at `/dstack/.host-shared/.user-config` in the CVM)
+- `--kms-url`: KMS server URL
+- `--gateway-url`: Gateway server URL
+- `--stopped`: Create VM in stopped state (requires dstack-vmm >= 0.5.4)
+
+#### Port Mapping
+
+Expose services running in your VM:
+
+```bash
+# Format: protocol:host_port:vm_port
+--port tcp:8080:80
+
+# Format: protocol:host_address:host_port:vm_port
+--port tcp:127.0.0.1:8080:80
+
+# Multiple ports
+--port tcp:8080:80 --port tcp:8443:443
+```
+
+#### GPU Assignment
+
+The VMM CLI supports two GPU attachment modes:
+
+##### Specific GPU Assignment
+
+Assign individual GPUs by their slot identifiers:
+
+```bash
+# Single GPU
+--gpu "0a:00.0"
+
+# Multiple specific GPUs
+--gpu "0a:00.0" --gpu "1a:00.0" --gpu "2a:00.0"
+```
+
+You can find the slot identifiers by running `./vmm-cli.py lsgpu`.
+
+##### PPCIE (Protected PCIe) Mode
+
+To run the CVM in PPCIE mode, use the `--ppcie` flag. This will attach ALL available GPUs and NVSwitches to the CVM.
+
+```bash
+# Enable PPCIE (Protected PCIe) mode - attach ALL available GPUs and NVSwitches
+--ppcie
+```
+
+**Important Notes:**
+- `--ppcie` takes precedence over individual `--gpu` specifications
+- Use `./vmm-cli.py lsgpu` to see available GPU slots before assignment
+- PPCIE mode (`--ppcie`) provides the best performance for GPU-intensive workloads in a CVM
+
+#### Testing Your Deployment
+
+After successful deployment, verify your VM is running correctly:
+
+```bash
+# Check if your VM appears in the list
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm -v
+
+# Monitor the startup process
+./vmm-cli.py logs <vm-id> -f
+```
+
+#### Complete Deployment Examples
+
+##### Simple Web Application (Local Development)
+
+```bash
+# Connect to local VMM instance
+export DSTACK_VMM_URL=http://127.0.0.1:12000
+
+# If authentication is required
+export DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN=$(cat ~/.dstack/secrets/vmm-auth-token)
+
+# Create a basic docker-compose.yml
+cat > docker-compose.yml << 'EOF'
+version: '3.8'
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+EOF
+
+# Create app compose file
+./vmm-cli.py compose \
+  --name "test-webapp" \
+  --docker-compose ./docker-compose.yml \
+  --output ./app-compose.json
+
+# Deploy the VM
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "test-vm" \
+  --image "dstack-dev-0.5.3" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 4G \
+  --disk 30G
+
+# Verify deployment
+./vmm-cli.py lsvm -v
+```
+
+##### Web Server with Specific GPUs
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "web-server" \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.3" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 4 \
+  --memory 4G \
+  --disk 100G \
+  --port tcp:8080:80 \
+  --port tcp:8443:443 \
+  --gpu "0" --gpu "1" \
+  --env-file ./production.env \
+  --kms-url http://kms-server:9000
+```
+
+##### High-Performance ML Workload with All GPUs
+
+```bash
+# Set VMM URL via environment
+export DSTACK_VMM_URL=http://ml-cluster:8080
+
+# Deploy with all GPUs in PPCIE mode
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "ml-training" \
+  --image "pytorch:latest" \
+  --compose ./ml-app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 16 \
+  --memory 32G \
+  --disk 500G \
+  --ppcie \
+  --hugepages \
+  --pin-numa \
+  --env-file ./ml-secrets.env
+```
+
+##### VM with User Configuration and Stopped State
+
+```bash
+# Create a user configuration file
+cat > user-config.json << EOF
+{
+  "timezone": "UTC",
+  "locale": "en_US.UTF-8",
+  "custom_settings": {
+    "debug_mode": false,
+    "log_level": "INFO"
+  }
+}
+EOF
+
+# Deploy VM in stopped state with user config
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "configured-vm" \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.4" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --vcpu 4 \
+  --memory 8G \
+  --disk 100G \
+  --user-config ./user-config.json \
+  --stopped
+
+# The VM is created but not started - start it manually when ready
+./vmm-cli.py start configured-vm
+```
+
+**Note:** The `--stopped` flag is useful for:
+- Pre-staging VMs for later use
+- Preparing VMs with specific configurations before startup
+
+### Environment Variable Encryption
+
+The VMM CLI automatically encrypts sensitive environment variables before sending them to the server.
+
+#### Creating Environment Files
+
+Create a `secrets.env` file with your variables:
+
+```bash
+# secrets.env
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/myapp
+API_KEY=secret-api-key-12345
+JWT_SECRET=your-jwt-secret-here
+```
+
+Lines starting with `#` are ignored as comments.
+
+#### Using Encrypted Variables
+
+```bash
+# During compose creation
+./vmm-cli.py compose \
+  --name "my-app" \
+  --docker-compose ./docker-compose.yml \
+  --env-file ./secrets.env \
+  --kms \
+  --output ./app-compose.json
+
+# During deployment
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "my-app-vm" \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.3" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --env-file ./secrets.env
+```
+
+### KMS (Key Management Service)
+
+KMS provides secure key management and CVM execution verification.
+
+#### Trusted KMS Public Key Whitelist
+
+Manage trusted KMS public keys for enhanced security:
+
+```bash
+# List current trusted KMS public keys
+./vmm-cli.py kms list
+
+# Add a trusted KMS public key
+./vmm-cli.py kms add 0x1234567890abcdef...
+
+# Remove a trusted KMS public key
+./vmm-cli.py kms remove 0x1234567890abcdef...
+```
+
+The whitelist is stored in `~/.dstack-vmm/kms-whitelist.json`.
+
+### Updating Running VMs
+
+#### Update Environment Variables
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py update-env <vm-id> --env-file ./new-secrets.env
+```
+
+#### Update Application Compose
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py update-app-compose <vm-id> ./new-app-compose.json
+```
+
+#### Update User Configuration
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py update-user-config <vm-id> ./new-config.json
+```
+
+#### Update Port Mapping
+
+Update port mappings for an existing VM:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py update-ports <vm-id> --port tcp:8080:80 --port tcp:8443:443
+```
+
+#### Update Multiple Aspects at Once
+
+Use the all-in-one `update` command to update multiple VM aspects in a single operation:
+
+```bash
+# Update resources (requires VM to be stopped)
+./vmm-cli.py update <vm-id> \
+  --vcpu 4 \
+  --memory 8G \
+  --disk 100G \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.4"
+
+# Update application configuration
+./vmm-cli.py update <vm-id> \
+  --compose ./new-docker-compose.yml \
+  --prelaunch-script ./setup.sh \
+  --swap 4G \
+  --env-file ./new-secrets.env \
+  --user-config ./new-config.json
+
+# Update networking and GPU
+./vmm-cli.py update <vm-id> \
+  --port tcp:8080:80 \
+  --port tcp:8443:443 \
+  --gpu "18:00.0" --gpu "2a:00.0"
+
+# Detach all GPUs from a VM
+./vmm-cli.py update <vm-id> --no-gpus
+
+# Remove all port mappings from a VM
+./vmm-cli.py update <vm-id> --no-ports
+
+# Update everything at once
+./vmm-cli.py update <vm-id> \
+  --vcpu 8 \
+  --memory 16G \
+  --disk 200G \
+  --compose ./new-docker-compose.yml \
+  --prelaunch-script ./init.sh \
+  --swap 8G \
+  --env-file ./new-secrets.env \
+  --port tcp:8080:80 \
+  --ppcie
+```
+
+**Available Options:**
+- **Resource changes** (requires VM to be stopped): `--vcpu`, `--memory`, `--disk`, `--image`
+- **Application updates**: `--compose` (docker-compose file), `--prelaunch-script`, `--swap`, `--env-file`, `--user-config`
+- **Networking** (mutually exclusive):
+  - `--port <mapping>` (can be used multiple times)
+  - `--no-ports` (remove all port mappings)
+  - _No port flag: port configuration remains unchanged_
+- **GPU** (mutually exclusive):
+  - `--gpu <slot>` (can be used multiple times for specific GPUs)
+  - `--ppcie` (attach all available GPUs)
+  - `--no-gpus` (detach all GPUs)
+  - _No GPU flag: GPU configuration remains unchanged_
+- **KMS**: `--kms-url` (for environment encryption)
+
+**Notes:**
+- Resource changes (vCPU, memory, disk, image) require the VM to be stopped
+- Application updates can be applied to running VMs
+- Port and GPU options are mutually exclusive within their groups
+- If no flag is specified for ports or GPUs, those configurations remain unchanged
+
+### Performance Optimization
+
+#### NUMA Pinning
+
+For better performance on multi-socket systems:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "high-perf-vm" \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.3" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --pin-numa
+```
+
+#### Huge Pages
+
+Enable huge pages for memory-intensive applications:
+
+```bash
+./vmm-cli.py deploy \
+  --name "memory-intensive-vm" \
+  --image "dstack-0.5.3" \
+  --compose ./app-compose.json \
+  --hugepages
+```
+
+### Size Specifications
+
+The CLI accepts human-readable size formats:
+
+#### Memory Sizes
+- `1G` or `1GB` = 1024 MB
+- `512M` or `512MB` = 512 MB
+- `2T` or `2TB` = 2,097,152 MB
+
+#### Disk Sizes
+- `50G` or `50GB` = 50 GB
+- `1T` or `1TB` = 1024 GB
+
+## Troubleshooting
+#### VM Won't Start
+
+1. Check VM logs: `./vmm-cli.py logs <vm-id>`
+2. Verify image exists: `./vmm-cli.py lsimage`
+3. Check resource availability: `./vmm-cli.py lsgpu`
+
+#### Port Mapping Problems
+
+Ensure ports are not already in use:
+```bash
+# Check if port is available
+netstat -tuln | grep :8080
+```
+
+### Getting Help
+
+- Use `--help` with any command for detailed options
+- Check the server logs for additional error information
+- Verify your Docker Compose file is valid before creating the app compose
+- Use `./vmm-cli.py lsgpu` to see available GPU slots and their status
+- Set `DSTACK_VMM_URL` environment variable to avoid typing `--url` repeatedly
+
+### Error Messages
+
+#### "API call failed"
+- Check server URL and connectivity
+- Verify server is running and accessible
+
+#### "Invalid signature"
+- Add the signer to your trusted whitelist
+- Or confirm to proceed with untrusted signer
+
+#### "VM not found"
+- Use `./vmm-cli.py lsvm` to verify VM ID
+- Check if VM was removed
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diff --git a/dstack/Cargo.toml b/dstack/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3bfe2a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[workspace.package]
+version = "0.6.0"
+authors = ["Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>", "Leechael <Leechael@github.com>"]
+edition = "2021"
+license = "MIT"
+homepage = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack"
+repository = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack"
+
+[workspace]
+members = [
+    "kms",
+    "kms/rpc",
+    "ra-rpc",
+    "ra-tls",
+    "tdx-attest",
+    "tpm-attest",
+    "sev-snp-attest",
+    "nsm-attest",
+    "tpm2",
+    "tpm-types",
+    "tpm-qvl",
+    "sev-snp-qvl",
+    "nsm-qvl",
+    "dstack-attest",
+    "dstack-util",
+    "iohash",
+    "guest-agent",
+    "guest-agent/rpc",
+    "guest-agent-simulator",
+    "tee-simulator",
+    "vmm",
+    "vmm/rpc",
+    "gateway",
+    "gateway/rpc",
+    "certbot",
+    "certbot/cli",
+    "ct_monitor",
+    "cc-eventlog",
+    "supervisor",
+    "supervisor/client",
+    "rocket-vsock-listener",
+    "http-client",
+    "host-api",
+    "guest-api",
+    "load_config",
+    "local-key-provider",
+    "key-provider-client",
+    "dstack-types",
+    "cert-client",
+    "cached-cell",
+    "lspci",
+    "sodiumbox",
+    "serde-duration",
+    "dstack-mr",
+    "dstack-mr/cli",
+    "nvidia-attest-proxy",
+    "verifier",
+    "size-parser",
+    "crates/dstack-cli-core",
+    "crates/dstack-cli",
+    "crates/dstack-volume",
+    "crates/dstackup",
+    "crates/dstack-auth",
+    "crates/api-auth",
+    "crates/build-info",
+    "crates/mock-attestation",
+    "crates/qemu-acpi",
+]
+# Vendored third-party crates are path dependencies but deliberately not members:
+# `--all-features` applies to members, and ktls declares its `ring` and
+# `aws_lc_rs` features mutually exclusive, so membership makes
+# `cargo test --all-features` fail to compile.
+exclude = ["vendor/ktls"]
+resolver = "2"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+# Internal dependencies
+ra-rpc = { path = "ra-rpc", default-features = false }
+ra-tls = { path = "ra-tls" }
+dstack-gateway-rpc = { path = "gateway/rpc" }
+dstack-kms-rpc = { path = "kms/rpc" }
+dstack-guest-agent-rpc = { path = "guest-agent/rpc" }
+dstack-vmm-rpc = { path = "vmm/rpc" }
+dstack-cli-core = { path = "crates/dstack-cli-core" }
+dstack-volume = { path = "crates/dstack-volume" }
+dstack-api-auth = { path = "crates/api-auth" }
+dstack-build-info = { path = "crates/build-info" }
+qemu-acpi = { path = "crates/qemu-acpi" }
+cc-eventlog = { path = "cc-eventlog" }
+supervisor = { path = "supervisor" }
+supervisor-client = { path = "supervisor/client" }
+tdx-attest = { path = "tdx-attest" }
+tpm-attest = { path = "tpm-attest" }
+sev-snp-attest = { path = "sev-snp-attest" }
+nsm-attest = { path = "nsm-attest" }
+tpm2 = { path = "tpm2" }
+tpm-types = { path = "tpm-types" }
+dstack-attest = { path = "dstack-attest" }
+tpm-qvl = { path = "tpm-qvl" }
+sev-snp-qvl = { path = "sev-snp-qvl" }
+nsm-qvl = { path = "nsm-qvl" }
+certbot = { path = "certbot" }
+rocket-vsock-listener = { path = "rocket-vsock-listener" }
+host-api = { path = "host-api", default-features = false }
+guest-api = { path = "guest-api", default-features = false }
+http-client = { path = "http-client", default-features = false }
+load_config = { path = "load_config" }
+key-provider-client = { path = "key-provider-client" }
+dstack-types = { path = "dstack-types" }
+cert-client = { path = "cert-client" }
+cached-cell = { path = "cached-cell" }
+lspci = { path = "lspci" }
+sodiumbox = { path = "sodiumbox" }
+serde-duration = { path = "serde-duration" }
+dstack-mr = { path = "dstack-mr" }
+dstack-verifier = { path = "verifier", default-features = false }
+size-parser = { path = "size-parser" }
+wavekv = "2.0"
+
+# Core dependencies
+anyhow = { version = "1.0.97", default-features = false }
+binrw = { version = "0.15.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+arc-swap = "1"
+errify = { version = "0.3.0", features = ["anyhow"] }
+or-panic = { version = "1.0", default-features = false }
+chrono = "0.4.40"
+clap = { version = "4.5.32", features = ["derive", "string"] }
+dashmap = "6.1.0"
+fs-err = "3.1.0"
+fuser = "0.16.0"
+path-absolutize = "3.1.1"
+futures = "0.3.31"
+libc = "0.2.171"
+log = "0.4.26"
+moka = { version = "0.12.15", default-features = false, features = ["sync"] }
+notify = "8.0.0"
+nvml-wrapper = "0.12.1"
+rand = "0.8.5"
+regorus = { version = "0.10.1", default-features = false, features = ["full-opa", "arc"] }
+tracing = "0.1.40"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.20", features = ["env-filter"] }
+safe-write = "0.2.0"
+rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["fs"] }
+nix = "0.29.0"
+# Vendored: 6.0.2 does not build for musl. See vendor/README.md.
+ktls = { path = "vendor/ktls" }
+socket2 = { version = "0.5", features = ["all"] }
+sd-notify = "0.4.5"
+listenfd = "1.0"
+jemallocator = "0.5.4"
+
+# Serialization/Parsing
+flate2 = "1.1"
+borsh = { version = "1.5.7", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+bon = { version = "3.4.0", default-features = false }
+base64 = "0.22.1"
+bcrypt = "0.17.1"
+hex = { version = "0.4.3", default-features = false }
+hex_fmt = "0.3.0"
+hex-literal = "1.0.0"
+prost = "0.13.5"
+prost-types = "0.13.5"
+sev = { version = "=6.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["snp", "crypto_nossl"] }
+scale = { version = "3.7.4", package = "parity-scale-codec", features = [
+    "derive",
+] }
+serde = { version = "1.0.228", features = ["derive"], default-features = false }
+serde-human-bytes = "0.1.2"
+serde_with = "3.14.0"
+semver = "1.0.28"
+serde_jcs = "0.2.0"
+rmp-serde = "1.3.1"
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.140", default-features = false }
+serde_ini = "0.2.0"
+toml = "0.8.20"
+toml_edit = { version = "0.22.24", features = ["serde"] }
+yasna = "0.5.2"
+bytes = "1.11.1"
+nom = "7.1"
+figment = "0.10.19"
+object = "0.36.4"
+fatfs = "0.3.6"
+fscommon = "0.1.1"
+ciborium = "0.2"
+
+# Networking/HTTP
+bollard = "0.18.1"
+http = "1.3.1"
+http-body-util = "0.1.3"
+hyper = { version = "1.6.0", features = ["client", "http1"] }
+hyper-util = { version = "0.1.10", features = [
+    "client",
+    "client-legacy",
+    "http1",
+] }
+hyper-rustls = { version = "0.27", default-features = false, features = [
+    "ring",
+    "http1",
+    "tls12",
+] }
+hyperlocal = "0.9.1"
+ipnet = { version = "2.11.0", features = ["serde"] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.13.4", default-features = false, features = [
+    "json",
+    "query",
+    "rustls",
+    "charset",
+    "hickory-dns",
+] }
+rocket = { git = "https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket", branch = "master", features = [
+    "mtls",
+] }
+rocket-apitoken = { git = "https://github.com/kvinwang/rocket-apitoken", branch = "dev" }
+tokio = { version = "1.46.1" }
+tokio-vsock = "0.7.0"
+sysinfo = "0.35.2"
+default-net = "0.22.0"
+url = "2.5"
+
+# Cryptography/Security
+aes-gcm = "0.10.3"
+curve25519-dalek = "4.1.3"
+dcap-qvl = "0.5.2"
+dcap-qvl-webpki = "0.103.4"
+elliptic-curve = { version = "0.13.8", features = ["pkcs8"] }
+getrandom = "0.3.1"
+hkdf = "0.12.4"
+p256 = "0.13.2"
+p384 = "0.13"
+rsa = "0.9"
+ring = "0.17.14"
+rustls = "0.23.23"
+rustls-pki-types = "1.13.1"
+rustls-webpki = "0.103.10"
+schnorrkel = "0.11.4"
+sha2 = { version = "0.10.8", default-features = false }
+sha3 = "0.10.8"
+subtle = "2"
+blake2 = "0.10.6"
+tokio-rustls = { version = "0.26.2", features = ["ring"] }
+x25519-dalek = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["static_secrets"] }
+k256 = "0.13.4"
+ed25519-dalek = { version = "2.2.0", features = ["rand_core"] }
+# Additional RustCrypto dependencies for sealed box
+xsalsa20poly1305 = "0.9.0"
+salsa20 = "0.10"
+rand_core = "0.6.4"
+alloy = { version = "1.0.32", default-features = false }
+ez-hash = "1.1.0"
+
+# Certificate/DNS
+hickory-resolver = "0.26.1"
+instant-acme = "0.7.2"
+pem = "3.0"
+rcgen = { version = "0.13.2", features = ["pem"] }
+x509-parser = "0.16.0"
+pkcs8 = { version = "0.10", default-features = false }
+
+# RPC/Protocol
+prpc = "0.6.0"
+prpc-build = "0.6.1"
+
+# Development/Testing
+bindgen = "0.71.1"
+cc = "1.2.16"
+documented = "0.9.1"
+enum_dispatch = "0.3.13"
+insta = "1.42.2"
+num_enum = "0.7.3"
+thiserror = "2.0.12"
+acpi_tables = "0.2.1"
+derive_more = "2.1.1"
+tempfile = "3.18.0"
+
+# Utilities
+dirs = "6.0.0"
+humantime = "2.2.0"
+parcelona = "0.4.3"
+pin-project = "1.1.10"
+regex = "1.11.1"
+rinja = "0.3.5"
+shared_child = "1.0.1"
+strip-ansi-escapes = "0.2.1"
+tailf = "0.1.2"
+time = "0.3.47"
+uuid = { version = "1.15.1", features = ["v4"] }
+wait-timeout = "0.2"
+which = "7.0.2"
+smallvec = "1.14.0"
+cmd_lib = "1.9.5"
+yaml-rust2 = "0.10.4"
+
+luks2 = "0.5.0"
+scopeguard = "1.2.0"
+tar = "0.4"
+proxy-protocol = "0.5.0"
+
+[profile.release]
+panic = "abort"
diff --git a/dstack/build/shared/build-lib.sh b/dstack/build/shared/build-lib.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d24d368d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/build/shared/build-lib.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Shared build library for reproducible Docker image builds.
+#
+# Expected variables (set by the sourcing script):
+#   REPO_ROOT    - absolute path to the monorepo root
+#   CONTEXT_DIR  - Docker build context directory
+#   DOCKERFILE   - path to the Dockerfile
+#   GIT_REV      - git revision to build
+#   DSTACK_SRC_URL - git URL for dstack source
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+BUILDKIT_VERSION="v0.20.2"
+BUILDKIT_BUILDER="buildkit_20"
+BUILD_SHARED_DIR="$REPO_ROOT/dstack/build/shared"
+
+ensure_buildkit() {
+    if ! docker buildx inspect "$BUILDKIT_BUILDER" &>/dev/null; then
+        docker buildx create --use --driver-opt "image=moby/buildkit:$BUILDKIT_VERSION" --name "$BUILDKIT_BUILDER"
+    fi
+}
+
+extract_packages() {
+    local image_name=$1
+    local pkg_list_file=${2:-}
+    if [ -z "$pkg_list_file" ]; then
+        return
+    fi
+    docker run --rm --entrypoint bash "$image_name" \
+        -c "dpkg -l | grep '^ii' | awk '{print \$2\"=\"\$3}' | sort" \
+        >"$pkg_list_file"
+}
+
+docker_build() {
+    local image_name=$1
+    local target=${2:-}
+    local pkg_list_file=${3:-}
+
+    local commit_timestamp
+    commit_timestamp=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" show -s --format=%ct "$GIT_REV")
+
+    local args=(
+        --builder "$BUILDKIT_BUILDER"
+        --progress=plain
+        --output "type=docker,name=$image_name,rewrite-timestamp=true"
+        --build-context "build-shared=$BUILD_SHARED_DIR"
+        --build-arg "SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$commit_timestamp"
+        --build-arg "DSTACK_REV=$GIT_REV"
+        --build-arg "DSTACK_SRC_URL=$DSTACK_SRC_URL"
+    )
+
+    if [ -n "${NO_CACHE:-}" ]; then
+        args+=(--no-cache)
+    fi
+
+    if [ -n "$target" ]; then
+        args+=(--target "$target")
+    fi
+
+    docker buildx build "${args[@]}" \
+        --file "$DOCKERFILE" \
+        "$CONTEXT_DIR"
+
+    extract_packages "$image_name" "$pkg_list_file"
+}
+
+# Verify that pinned-packages files haven't changed (idempotency check).
+check_clean_tree() {
+    local check_path=$1
+    local rel_path
+    rel_path=$(realpath --relative-to="$REPO_ROOT" "$check_path")
+    local git_status
+    git_status=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" status --porcelain -- "$rel_path")
+    if [ -n "$git_status" ]; then
+        echo "The working tree has updates in $rel_path. Commit or stash before re-running." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
diff --git a/dstack/build/shared/pin-packages.sh b/dstack/build/shared/pin-packages.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..dbc036ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/build/shared/pin-packages.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Pin APT packages to exact versions from a frozen Debian snapshot.
+# Usage: pin-packages.sh <pkg-list-file>
+#
+# This script:
+# 1. Points APT at a frozen snapshot.debian.org mirror (reproducible package sources)
+# 2. Reads package=version pairs from the given file and creates APT pin preferences
+#    with priority 1001 to force exact versions
+
+set -e
+
+PKG_LIST=$1
+SNAPSHOT_DATE=${SNAPSHOT_DATE:-20260317T000000Z}
+
+if [ -z "$PKG_LIST" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <pkg-list-file>" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Detect base image suite (e.g. bookworm, trixie). Different Debian releases
+# ship different sources layouts (legacy sources.list vs deb822
+# sources.list.d/*.sources), so we must wipe both and rewrite from scratch
+# pointing at the frozen snapshot for this exact suite. Otherwise the base
+# image's default live sources stay active and packages drift on every build.
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+SUITE=$(. /etc/os-release && echo "${VERSION_CODENAME:-}")
+if [ -z "$SUITE" ]; then
+    echo "could not detect Debian suite from /etc/os-release" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+rm -f /etc/apt/sources.list
+rm -f /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources
+
+cat > /etc/apt/sources.list <<EOF
+deb [check-valid-until=no] http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian/${SNAPSHOT_DATE} ${SUITE} main
+deb [check-valid-until=no] http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian-security/${SNAPSHOT_DATE} ${SUITE}-security main
+EOF
+echo 'Acquire::Check-Valid-Until "false";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10no-check-valid-until
+
+mkdir -p /etc/apt/preferences.d
+while IFS= read -r line; do
+    pkg=$(echo "$line" | cut -d= -f1)
+    ver=$(echo "$line" | cut -d= -f2)
+    if [ -n "$pkg" ] && [ -n "$ver" ]; then
+        printf 'Package: %s\nPin: version %s\nPin-Priority: 1001\n\n' "$pkg" "$ver" >> /etc/apt/preferences.d/pinned-packages
+    fi
+done < "$PKG_LIST"
diff --git a/dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh b/dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..69d03e0bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/build/shared/verify-pinned-packages.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Verify that installed packages in a Docker image match the committed
+# pinned-packages file. Detects when Dockerfile changes cause package
+# drift without regenerating the pinned-packages list.
+#
+# Usage: verify-pinned-packages.sh <image> <pinned-packages-file>
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+IMAGE=$1
+PKG_FILE=$2
+
+if [ -z "$IMAGE" ] || [ -z "$PKG_FILE" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <image> <pinned-packages-file>" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+ACTUAL=$(docker run --rm --entrypoint bash "$IMAGE" \
+    -c "dpkg -l | grep '^ii' | awk '{print \$2\"=\"\$3}' | sort")
+
+EXPECTED=$(sort "$PKG_FILE")
+
+if [ "$ACTUAL" = "$EXPECTED" ]; then
+    echo "OK: packages in $IMAGE match $PKG_FILE"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+echo "ERROR: packages in $IMAGE differ from $PKG_FILE" >&2
+echo "" >&2
+diff --unified <(echo "$EXPECTED") <(echo "$ACTUAL") >&2 || true
+echo "" >&2
+echo "Regenerate pinned packages by running the service's build-image.sh" >&2
+exit 1
diff --git a/dstack/cached-cell/Cargo.toml b/dstack/cached-cell/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0c483ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cached-cell/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "cached-cell"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt", "time"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "rt", "time"] }
diff --git a/dstack/cached-cell/src/lib.rs b/dstack/cached-cell/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5e6bcad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cached-cell/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! A small `OnceCell`-like cache cell for values that are refreshed by a
+//! caller-provided blocking producer.
+//!
+//! The cell owns the common mechanics: snapshot storage, TTL checks,
+//! `spawn_blocking` refreshes, and optional periodic refresh scheduling. The
+//! caller owns domain-specific value generation and error handling.
+
+use std::{
+    error::Error,
+    fmt,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+        Arc, RwLock,
+    },
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+/// A TTL-bound cell containing the latest successfully produced value.
+pub struct TtlCell<T> {
+    ttl: Duration,
+    entry: RwLock<Option<Entry<T>>>,
+    refresh_task_started: AtomicBool,
+}
+
+struct Entry<T> {
+    value: Arc<T>,
+    refreshed_at: Instant,
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for Entry<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value: Arc::clone(&self.value),
+            refreshed_at: self.refreshed_at,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A point-in-time view of a cached value.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Snapshot<T> {
+    value: Arc<T>,
+    refreshed_at: Instant,
+    age: Duration,
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for Snapshot<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            value: Arc::clone(&self.value),
+            refreshed_at: self.refreshed_at,
+            age: self.age,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Snapshot<T> {
+    pub fn value(&self) -> &T {
+        &self.value
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_value(self) -> Arc<T> {
+        self.value
+    }
+
+    pub fn refreshed_at(&self) -> Instant {
+        self.refreshed_at
+    }
+
+    pub fn age(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.age
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum GetError {
+    Empty,
+    Expired { age: Duration, ttl: Duration },
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for GetError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Empty => write!(f, "cached cell is empty"),
+            Self::Expired { age, ttl } => {
+                write!(f, "cached cell value expired: age={age:?}, ttl={ttl:?}")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for GetError {}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum RefreshError<E> {
+    Join(tokio::task::JoinError),
+    Produce(E),
+}
+
+impl<E: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for RefreshError<E> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Join(err) => write!(f, "blocking refresh task failed: {err}"),
+            Self::Produce(err) => write!(f, "cached cell producer failed: {err}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E> Error for RefreshError<E>
+where
+    E: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Join(err) => Some(err),
+            Self::Produce(err) => Some(err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> TtlCell<T> {
+    pub fn new(ttl: Duration) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ttl,
+            entry: RwLock::new(None),
+            refresh_task_started: AtomicBool::new(false),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ttl(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.ttl
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the cached value only if it has not expired.
+    pub fn get(&self) -> Result<Snapshot<T>, GetError> {
+        let snapshot = self.get_allow_stale()?;
+        if snapshot.age() >= self.ttl {
+            return Err(GetError::Expired {
+                age: snapshot.age(),
+                ttl: self.ttl,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(snapshot)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the last cached value even if it is older than the TTL.
+    pub fn get_allow_stale(&self) -> Result<Snapshot<T>, GetError> {
+        let entry = match self.entry.read() {
+            Ok(entry) => entry,
+            Err(poisoned) => poisoned.into_inner(),
+        }
+        .clone()
+        .ok_or(GetError::Empty)?;
+        Ok(snapshot(entry))
+    }
+
+    pub fn set(&self, value: T) -> Snapshot<T> {
+        let entry = Entry {
+            value: Arc::new(value),
+            refreshed_at: Instant::now(),
+        };
+        let mut current = match self.entry.write() {
+            Ok(entry) => entry,
+            Err(poisoned) => poisoned.into_inner(),
+        };
+        *current = Some(entry.clone());
+        snapshot(entry)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> TtlCell<T>
+where
+    T: Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    /// Runs a blocking producer on Tokio's blocking pool and stores the result.
+    pub async fn refresh_blocking<F, E>(&self, producer: F) -> Result<Snapshot<T>, RefreshError<E>>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E> + Send + 'static,
+        E: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        let value = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(producer)
+            .await
+            .map_err(RefreshError::Join)?
+            .map_err(RefreshError::Produce)?;
+        Ok(self.set(value))
+    }
+
+    /// Starts one periodic refresh task. Returns `false` if already started.
+    pub fn spawn_refresh_task<F, E, H>(
+        self: Arc<Self>,
+        interval: Duration,
+        producer: F,
+        on_error: H,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        F: Fn() -> Result<T, E> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+        E: Send + 'static,
+        H: Fn(RefreshError<E>) + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        if self.refresh_task_started.swap(true, Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let producer = Arc::new(producer);
+        let on_error = Arc::new(on_error);
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            loop {
+                let producer = Arc::clone(&producer);
+                if let Err(err) = self.refresh_blocking(move || producer()).await {
+                    on_error(err);
+                }
+                tokio::time::sleep(interval).await;
+            }
+        });
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+fn snapshot<T>(entry: Entry<T>) -> Snapshot<T> {
+    Snapshot {
+        age: entry.refreshed_at.elapsed(),
+        refreshed_at: entry.refreshed_at,
+        value: entry.value,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn returns_empty_before_first_set() {
+        let cell = TtlCell::<u32>::new(Duration::from_secs(1));
+        assert_eq!(cell.get().unwrap_err(), GetError::Empty);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn returns_cached_value() {
+        let cell = TtlCell::new(Duration::from_secs(1));
+        cell.set(42);
+        assert_eq!(*cell.get().unwrap().value(), 42);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enforces_ttl() {
+        let cell = TtlCell::new(Duration::ZERO);
+        cell.set(42);
+        assert!(matches!(cell.get(), Err(GetError::Expired { .. })));
+        assert_eq!(*cell.get_allow_stale().unwrap().value(), 42);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn refreshes_with_blocking_producer() {
+        let cell = TtlCell::new(Duration::from_secs(1));
+        let snapshot = cell.refresh_blocking(|| Ok::<_, ()>(7)).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*snapshot.value(), 7);
+        assert_eq!(*cell.get().unwrap().value(), 7);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/cargo-check-all.sh b/dstack/cargo-check-all.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..11adab7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cargo-check-all.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+find . -name Cargo.toml -exec dirname {} \; | while read dir; do
+    echo "Checking $dir..."
+    (cd "$dir" && cargo check)
+done
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/Cargo.toml b/dstack/cc-eventlog/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fa010cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "cc-eventlog"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+digest = "0.10.7"
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+ez-hash.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+serde_jcs = "0.2.0"
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta.workspace = true
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/samples/ccel.bin b/dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/ccel.bin
similarity index 100%
rename from cc-eventlog/samples/ccel.bin
rename to dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/ccel.bin
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin b/dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf8459f05
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/codecs.rs b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/codecs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a4e1397d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/codecs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+use scale::{Decode, Input};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct VecOf<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize = 65536> {
+    len: I,
+    inner: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+impl<I: Default, T, const MAX_LEN: usize> Default for VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            len: I::default(),
+            inner: Vec::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Decode + Into<u32> + Copy, T: Decode, const MAX_LEN: usize> Decode
+    for VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN>
+{
+    fn decode<In: Input>(input: &mut In) -> Result<Self, scale::Error> {
+        let decoded_len = I::decode(input)?;
+        let len = decoded_len.into() as usize;
+        if len > MAX_LEN {
+            return Err("VecOf length exceeds upper bound".into());
+        }
+        let mut inner = Vec::with_capacity(len.min(1024));
+        for _ in 0..len {
+            inner.push(T::decode(input)?);
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            len: decoded_len,
+            inner,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize> VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN> {
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> Vec<T> {
+        self.inner
+    }
+
+    pub fn length(&self) -> I
+    where
+        I: Clone,
+    {
+        self.len.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize> Deref for VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN> {
+    type Target = Vec<T>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize> From<(I, Vec<T>)> for VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN> {
+    fn from((len, vec): (I, Vec<T>)) -> Self {
+        Self { len, inner: vec }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize> AsRef<[T]> for VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, const MAX_LEN: usize> From<VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN>> for Vec<T> {
+    fn from(value: VecOf<I, T, MAX_LEN>) -> Self {
+        value.inner
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/lib.rs b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26664405e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+pub use dstack_types::EventLogVersion;
+pub use runtime_events::{
+    canonical_event_json_v2, replay_events, RuntimeEvent, DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE,
+};
+pub use tdx::TdxEvent;
+
+mod codecs;
+mod runtime_events;
+mod tcg;
+pub mod tdx;
+pub mod tpm;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_ccel() {
+        let boot_time_data = include_bytes!("../samples/ccel.bin");
+        let event_logs = tcg::TcgEventLog::decode(&mut boot_time_data.as_slice()).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(&event_logs.event_logs);
+        let tdx_event_logs = event_logs.to_cc_event_log().unwrap();
+        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&tdx_event_logs).unwrap();
+        insta::assert_snapshot!(json);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/runtime_events.rs b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/runtime_events.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..404d6450e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/runtime_events.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::EventLogVersion;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes::base64;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use ez_hash::{Hasher, Sha256, Sha384};
+
+/// The event type for dstack runtime events.
+/// This code is not defined in the TCG specification.
+/// See https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/PC-ClientSpecific_Platform_Profile_for_TPM_2p0_Systems_v51.pdf
+///
+/// V1 and V2 use the same event type; the digest format is distinguished by
+/// `EventLogVersion` (carried on `RuntimeEvent`/`TdxEvent` or inferred from
+/// the v2 canonical JSON content).
+pub const DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE: u32 = 0x08000001;
+/// The path to the userspace TDX event log file.
+pub const RUNTIME_EVENT_LOG_FILE: &str = "/run/log/dstack/runtime_events.log";
+
+/// Abstraction of cross-platform runtime events.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct RuntimeEvent {
+    /// Event name
+    pub event: String,
+    /// Event payload
+    #[serde(with = "base64")]
+    pub payload: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Event log version
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "EventLogVersion::is_v1")]
+    #[codec(skip)]
+    pub version: EventLogVersion,
+}
+
+impl RuntimeEvent {
+    pub fn new(event: String, payload: Vec<u8>, version: EventLogVersion) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            event,
+            payload,
+            version,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_all() -> Result<Vec<RuntimeEvent>> {
+        let data = match fs_err::read_to_string(RUNTIME_EVENT_LOG_FILE) {
+            Ok(data) => data,
+            Err(e) => {
+                if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
+                    return Ok(vec![]);
+                }
+                return Err(e).context("Failed to read user event log");
+            }
+        };
+        let mut event_logs = vec![];
+        for line in data.lines() {
+            if line.trim().is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let event_log = serde_json::from_str::<RuntimeEvent>(line)
+                .context("Failed to decode user event log")?;
+            event_logs.push(event_log);
+        }
+        Ok(event_logs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn emit(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let logline = serde_json::to_string(self).context("failed to serialize event log")?;
+
+        let logfile_path = std::path::Path::new(RUNTIME_EVENT_LOG_FILE);
+        let logfile_dir = logfile_path
+            .parent()
+            .context("failed to get event log directory")?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(logfile_dir).context("failed to create event log directory")?;
+
+        let mut options = fs::OpenOptions::new();
+        options.append(true).create(true);
+
+        // Restrict runtime event log visibility and writability to the owner (root).
+        // This avoids other processes in the CVM tampering with or reading the log.
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use fs_err::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+            options.mode(0o600);
+        }
+
+        let mut logfile = options
+            .open(logfile_path)
+            .context("failed to open event log file")?;
+
+        logfile
+            .write_all(logline.as_bytes())
+            .context("failed to write to event log file")?;
+        logfile
+            .write_all(b"\n")
+            .context("failed to write to event log file")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha384_digest(&self) -> [u8; 48] {
+        self.digest::<Sha384>()
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha256_digest(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        self.digest::<Sha256>()
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the digest of the event.
+    ///
+    /// - V1: `SHA(event_type_le || ":" || event_name || ":" || payload)`
+    /// - V2: `SHA(canonical_json({"name":"...","type":134217729,"payload":"hex..."}))`
+    pub fn digest<H: Hasher>(&self) -> H::Output {
+        H::hash([self.preimage().as_slice()])
+    }
+
+    /// The exact byte sequence that gets hashed to produce the digest.
+    ///
+    /// Useful for relying parties that want to verify the digest computation
+    /// or inspect event content without knowing the dstack schema.
+    ///
+    /// - V1: binary concatenation `event_type_le || ":" || name || ":" || payload`
+    /// - V2: UTF-8 bytes of the JCS canonical JSON
+    pub fn preimage(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        match self.version {
+            EventLogVersion::V1 => {
+                let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(4 + 1 + self.event.len() + 1 + self.payload.len());
+                buf.extend_from_slice(&DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE.to_le_bytes());
+                buf.push(b':');
+                buf.extend_from_slice(self.event.as_bytes());
+                buf.push(b':');
+                buf.extend_from_slice(&self.payload);
+                buf
+            }
+            EventLogVersion::V2 => canonical_event_json_v2(&self.event, &self.payload).into_bytes(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The event type used when extending RTMR. Always `DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE`.
+    /// Version is distinguished via `EventLogVersion`, not the event type.
+    pub fn cc_event_type(&self) -> u32 {
+        DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE
+    }
+}
+
+/// Construct the JCS (RFC 8785) canonical JSON used as the v2 digest input.
+///
+/// Keys and number/string formatting are handled by `serde_jcs` per RFC 8785.
+/// Version is carried out-of-band via `RuntimeEvent::version`, not in the
+/// hashed content.
+pub fn canonical_event_json_v2(event: &str, payload: &[u8]) -> String {
+    let obj = serde_json::json!({
+        "name": event,
+        "type": DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE,
+        "payload": hex::encode(payload),
+    });
+    serde_jcs::to_string(&obj).or_panic("canonical JSON serialization failed")
+}
+
+/// Replay event logs
+pub fn replay_events<H: Hasher>(eventlog: &[RuntimeEvent], to_event: Option<&str>) -> H::Output {
+    let mut mr = H::zeros();
+    for event in eventlog.iter() {
+        mr = H::hash((mr, event.digest::<H>()));
+        if let Some(to_event) = to_event {
+            if event.event == to_event {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    mr
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v1_digest_unchanged() {
+        let event = RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "app-id".to_string(),
+            vec![0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef],
+            EventLogVersion::V1,
+        );
+        let digest = event.digest::<Sha384>();
+        let expected = Sha384::hash([
+            &DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE.to_le_bytes()[..],
+            b":",
+            b"app-id",
+            b":",
+            &[0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef],
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(digest, expected, "v1 digest must be backward compatible");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v2_digest_is_canonical_json_hash() {
+        let event = RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "compose-hash".to_string(),
+            vec![0xab, 0xcd],
+            EventLogVersion::V2,
+        );
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2(&event.event, &event.payload);
+        assert_eq!(
+            canonical,
+            r#"{"name":"compose-hash","payload":"abcd","type":134217729}"#
+        );
+        let digest = event.digest::<Sha384>();
+        let expected = Sha384::hash([canonical.as_bytes()]);
+        assert_eq!(digest, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v2_digest_differs_from_v1() {
+        let v1 = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![1, 2, 3], EventLogVersion::V1);
+        let v2 = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![1, 2, 3], EventLogVersion::V2);
+        assert_ne!(
+            v1.digest::<Sha384>(),
+            v2.digest::<Sha384>(),
+            "v1 and v2 digests must differ"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v1_event_type() {
+        let event = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![], EventLogVersion::V1);
+        assert_eq!(event.cc_event_type(), DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v2_event_type() {
+        // v2 uses the same event_type as v1 — version is carried separately
+        let event = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![], EventLogVersion::V2);
+        assert_eq!(event.cc_event_type(), DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deserialize_v1_without_version_field() {
+        let json = r#"{"event":"app-id","payload":"AQID"}"#;
+        let event: RuntimeEvent = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(event.version, EventLogVersion::V1);
+        assert_eq!(event.cc_event_type(), DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn serde_roundtrip_preserves_version() {
+        let v2 = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![1], EventLogVersion::V2);
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&v2).unwrap();
+        assert!(json.contains(r#""version":2"#), "v2 must serialize version");
+        let decoded: RuntimeEvent = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.version, EventLogVersion::V2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deserialize_without_version_defaults_to_v1() {
+        let json = r#"{"event":"test","payload":"AQ=="}"#;
+        let decoded: RuntimeEvent = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.version, EventLogVersion::V1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_escapes_special_chars() {
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("event\"with\\special\nchars", &[0xff]);
+        // Exact bytewise output — JCS must be deterministic
+        assert_eq!(
+            canonical,
+            r#"{"name":"event\"with\\special\nchars","payload":"ff","type":134217729}"#
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_keys_are_sorted_alphabetically() {
+        // JCS RFC 8785 requires keys sorted by UTF-16 code unit order.
+        // For ASCII keys, this is alphabetical.
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("test", &[0x01]);
+        let name_pos = canonical.find(r#""name":"#).unwrap();
+        let payload_pos = canonical.find(r#""payload":"#).unwrap();
+        let type_pos = canonical.find(r#""type":"#).unwrap();
+        assert!(name_pos < payload_pos);
+        assert!(payload_pos < type_pos);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_empty_event_and_payload() {
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("", &[]);
+        assert_eq!(canonical, r#"{"name":"","payload":"","type":134217729}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_idempotent() {
+        // Same input must always produce bytewise-identical output.
+        // HashMap randomization internally shouldn't affect output.
+        let reference = canonical_event_json_v2("compose-hash", &[0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]);
+        for _ in 0..100 {
+            assert_eq!(
+                canonical_event_json_v2("compose-hash", &[0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]),
+                reference
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_non_ascii_unicode() {
+        // JCS requires UTF-8 output; non-ASCII characters that don't need
+        // escaping (i.e., not control chars, not " or \) must be emitted as-is.
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("测试-emoji-🦀", &[]);
+        // Event name should appear verbatim in the JSON (no \uXXXX escaping)
+        assert!(canonical.contains("测试-emoji-🦀"), "got: {canonical}");
+        // Must still be parseable and roundtrip
+        let parsed: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&canonical).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed["name"].as_str().unwrap(), "测试-emoji-🦀");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_control_character_escaping() {
+        // JCS (via RFC 8259) uses short escapes for \b \f \n \r \t and \uXXXX for other controls.
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("\x08\x0c\n\r\t\x01", &[]);
+        assert!(
+            canonical.contains(r#""name":"\b\f\n\r\t\u0001""#),
+            "got: {canonical}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_payload_lowercase_hex() {
+        // Payload must be hex-encoded lowercase for determinism.
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("test", &[0xAB, 0xCD, 0xEF]);
+        assert!(
+            canonical.contains(r#""payload":"abcdef""#),
+            "got: {canonical}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn canonical_json_is_valid_rfc8785_structure() {
+        // No whitespace, no trailing commas, proper JSON
+        let canonical = canonical_event_json_v2("x", &[0xff]);
+        assert!(!canonical.contains(' '));
+        assert!(!canonical.contains('\n'));
+        assert!(!canonical.contains('\t'));
+        assert!(canonical.starts_with('{'));
+        assert!(canonical.ends_with('}'));
+        // Must parse back
+        let _: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&canonical).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mixed_v1_v2_replay() {
+        let events = vec![
+            RuntimeEvent::new("app-id".to_string(), vec![1, 2], EventLogVersion::V1),
+            RuntimeEvent::new("compose-hash".to_string(), vec![3, 4], EventLogVersion::V2),
+            RuntimeEvent::new("instance-id".to_string(), vec![5, 6], EventLogVersion::V1),
+        ];
+        let mr = replay_events::<Sha384>(&events, None);
+        // Replay manually to verify
+        let mut expected = Sha384::zeros();
+        expected = Sha384::hash((expected, events[0].digest::<Sha384>()));
+        expected = Sha384::hash((expected, events[1].digest::<Sha384>()));
+        expected = Sha384::hash((expected, events[2].digest::<Sha384>()));
+        assert_eq!(mr, expected, "mixed v1/v2 replay must work correctly");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scale_roundtrip_preserves_event_data() {
+        use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+        // V1 event
+        let v1 = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![1, 2, 3], EventLogVersion::V1);
+        let encoded = v1.encode();
+        let decoded = RuntimeEvent::decode(&mut &encoded[..]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.event, v1.event);
+        assert_eq!(decoded.payload, v1.payload);
+        // version is #[codec(skip)] so it defaults to V1 on decode
+        assert_eq!(decoded.version, EventLogVersion::V1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scale_decode_old_format_without_version() {
+        use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+        // Encode a current RuntimeEvent (version is skipped by codec),
+        // then decode — simulates reading data from before version was added
+        let original =
+            RuntimeEvent::new("app-id".to_string(), vec![0xaa, 0xbb], EventLogVersion::V2);
+        let encoded = original.encode();
+        let decoded = RuntimeEvent::decode(&mut &encoded[..]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.event, "app-id");
+        assert_eq!(decoded.payload, vec![0xaa, 0xbb]);
+        // version is #[codec(skip)] so always decodes as default (V1)
+        assert_eq!(decoded.version, EventLogVersion::V1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap
similarity index 100%
rename from cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap
rename to dstack/cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap
diff --git a/cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap
similarity index 100%
rename from cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap
rename to dstack/cc-eventlog/src/snapshots/cc_eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tcg.rs b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tcg.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e8e6384c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tcg.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::{codecs::VecOf, tdx::TdxEvent};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use scale::Decode;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+/// The path to boottime ccel file.
+const CCEL_FILE: &str = "/sys/firmware/acpi/tables/data/CCEL";
+const CCEL_FILE_ENV: &str = "DSTACK_CCEL_FILE";
+
+pub const TPM_ALG_ERROR: u16 = 0x0;
+pub const TPM_ALG_RSA: u16 = 0x1;
+pub const TPM_ALG_SHA1: u16 = 0x4;
+pub const TPM_ALG_SHA256: u16 = 0xB;
+pub const TPM_ALG_SHA384: u16 = 0xC;
+pub const TPM_ALG_SHA512: u16 = 0xD;
+pub const TPM_ALG_ECDSA: u16 = 0x18;
+
+pub const TCG_PCCLIENT_FORMAT: u8 = 1;
+pub const TCG_CANONICAL_FORMAT: u8 = 2;
+
+// digest format: (algo id, hash value)
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TcgDigest {
+    pub algo_id: u16,
+    pub hash: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+// traits a Tcg IMR should have
+pub trait TcgIMR {
+    fn max_index() -> u8;
+    fn get_index(&self) -> u8;
+    fn get_tcg_digest(&self, algo_id: u16) -> TcgDigest;
+    fn is_valid_index(index: u8) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error>;
+    fn is_valid_algo(algo_id: u16) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error>;
+}
+
+/***
+    TCG EventType defined at
+   https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/PC-Client-Platform-Firmware-Profile-Version-1.06-Revision-52_pub.pdf
+*/
+pub const EV_PREBOOT_CERT: u32 = 0x0;
+pub const EV_POST_CODE: u32 = 0x1;
+pub const EV_UNUSED: u32 = 0x2;
+pub const EV_NO_ACTION: u32 = 0x3;
+pub const EV_SEPARATOR: u32 = 0x4;
+pub const EV_ACTION: u32 = 0x5;
+pub const EV_EVENT_TAG: u32 = 0x6;
+pub const EV_S_CRTM_CONTENTS: u32 = 0x7;
+pub const EV_S_CRTM_VERSION: u32 = 0x8;
+pub const EV_CPU_MICROCODE: u32 = 0x9;
+pub const EV_PLATFORM_CONFIG_FLAGS: u32 = 0xa;
+pub const EV_TABLE_OF_DEVICES: u32 = 0xb;
+pub const EV_COMPACT_HASH: u32 = 0xc;
+pub const EV_IPL: u32 = 0xd;
+pub const EV_IPL_PARTITION_DATA: u32 = 0xe;
+pub const EV_NONHOST_CODE: u32 = 0xf;
+pub const EV_NONHOST_CONFIG: u32 = 0x10;
+pub const EV_NONHOST_INFO: u32 = 0x11;
+pub const EV_OMIT_BOOT_DEVICE_EVENTS: u32 = 0x12;
+pub const EV_POST_CODE2: u32 = 0x13;
+
+pub const EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE: u32 = 0x80000000;
+pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_DRIVER_CONFIG: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x1;
+pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_BOOT: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x2;
+pub const EV_EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_APPLICATION: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x3;
+pub const EV_EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_DRIVER: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x4;
+pub const EV_EFI_RUNTIME_SERVICES_DRIVER: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x5;
+pub const EV_EFI_GPT_EVENT: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x6;
+pub const EV_EFI_ACTION: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x7;
+pub const EV_EFI_PLATFORM_FIRMWARE_BLOB: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x8;
+pub const EV_EFI_HANDOFF_TABLES: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x9;
+pub const EV_EFI_PLATFORM_FIRMWARE_BLOB2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xa;
+pub const EV_EFI_HANDOFF_TABLES2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xb;
+pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_BOOT2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xc;
+pub const EV_EFI_GPT_EVENT2: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xd;
+pub const EV_EFI_HCRTM_EVENT: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0x10;
+pub const EV_EFI_VARIABLE_AUTHORITY: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe0;
+pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_FIRMWARE_BLOB: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe1;
+pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_FIRMWARE_CONFIG: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe2;
+pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_DEVICE_POLICY: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe3;
+pub const EV_EFI_SPDM_DEVICE_AUTHORITY: u32 = EV_EFI_EVENT_BASE + 0xe4;
+
+pub const IMA_MEASUREMENT_EVENT: u32 = 0x14;
+
+/***
+    TCG IMR Event struct defined at
+    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_EFI_Platform_1_22_Final_-v15.pdf.
+    Definition:
+    typedef struct tdTCG_PCR_EVENT2{
+        UINT32 pcrIndex;
+        UINT32 eventType;
+        TPML_DIGEST_VALUES digests;
+        UINT32 eventSize;
+        BYTE event[eventSize];
+    } TCG_PCR_EVENT2;
+*/
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TcgImrEvent {
+    pub imr_index: u32,
+    pub event_type: u32,
+    pub digests: Vec<TcgDigest>,
+    pub event_size: u32,
+    pub event: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for TcgImrEvent {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("TcgImrEvent")
+            .field("imr_index", &self.imr_index)
+            .field("event_type", &self.event_type)
+            .field(
+                "digests",
+                &self
+                    .digests
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|d| hex::encode(&d.hash))
+                    .collect::<Vec<String>>(),
+            )
+            .field("event", &hex::encode(&self.event))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/***
+    TCG TCG_PCClientPCREvent defined at
+    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_PCClientSpecPlat_TPM_2p0_1p04_pub.pdf.
+    Definition:
+    typedef tdTCG_PCClientPCREvent {
+        UINT32 pcrIndex;
+        UINT32 eventType;
+        BYTE digest[20];
+        UINT32 eventDataSize;
+        BYTE event[eventDataSize]; //This is actually a TCG_EfiSpecIDEventStruct
+    } TCG_PCClientPCREvent;
+*/
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TcgPcClientImrEvent {
+    pub imr_index: u32,
+    pub event_type: u32,
+    pub digest: [u8; 20],
+    pub event_size: u32,
+    pub event: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/***
+    TCG TCG_EfiSpecIDEventStruct defined at
+    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EFI-Protocol-Specification-rev13-160330final.pdf.
+    Definition:
+    typedef struct tdTCG_EfiSpecIdEventStruct {
+        BYTE[16] signature;
+        UINT32 platformClass;
+        UINT8 specVersionMinor;
+        UINT8 specVersionMajor;
+        UINT8 specErrata;
+        UINT8 uintnSize;
+        UINT32 numberOfAlgorithms;
+        TCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize[numberOfAlgorithms] digestSizes;
+        UINT8 vendorInfoSize;
+        BYTE[VendorInfoSize] vendorInfo;
+    } TCG_EfiSpecIDEventStruct;
+*/
+#[derive(Clone, scale::Decode, Debug)]
+pub struct TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
+    pub signature: [u8; 16],
+    pub platform_class: u32,
+    pub spec_version_minor: u8,
+    pub spec_version_major: u8,
+    pub spec_errata: u8,
+    pub uintn_ize: u8,
+    pub digest_sizes: VecOf<u32, TcgEfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize>,
+    pub vendor_info: VecOf<u8, u8>,
+}
+
+impl Default for TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
+    pub fn new() -> TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
+        TcgEfiSpecIdEvent {
+            signature: [0; 16],
+            platform_class: 0,
+            spec_version_minor: 0,
+            spec_version_major: 0,
+            spec_errata: 0,
+            uintn_ize: 0,
+            digest_sizes: Default::default(),
+            vendor_info: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/***
+    TCG TCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize defined at
+    https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/EFI-Protocol-Specification-rev13-160330final.pdf.
+    Definiton:
+    typedef struct tdTCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize {
+        UINT16 algorithmId;
+        UINT16 digestSize;
+    } TCG_EfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize;
+*/
+#[derive(Clone, scale::Decode, Debug)]
+pub struct TcgEfiSpecIdEventAlgorithmSize {
+    pub algo_id: u16,
+    pub digest_size: u16,
+}
+
+/// This is the common struct for tcg event logs to be delivered in different formats.
+/// Currently TCG supports several event log formats defined in TCG_PCClient Spec,
+/// Canonical Eventlog Spec, etc.
+/// This struct provides the functionality to convey event logs in different format
+/// according to request.
+#[derive(Clone, scale::Decode)]
+pub struct TcgEvent {
+    /// IMR index, starts from 1
+    pub imr_index: u32,
+    /// Event type
+    pub event_type: u32,
+    /// List of digests
+    pub digests: VecOf<u32, TcgDigest>,
+    /// Raw event data
+    pub event: VecOf<u32, u8>,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for TcgEvent {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("TcgEventLog")
+            .field("imr_index", &self.imr_index)
+            .field("event_type", &self.event_type)
+            .field(
+                "digests",
+                &self
+                    .digests
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|d| hex::encode(&d.hash))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            )
+            .field("event", &hex::encode(&self.event))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+const fn alg_id_to_digest_size(alg_id: u16) -> Option<u8> {
+    match alg_id {
+        TPM_ALG_SHA1 => Some(20),
+        TPM_ALG_SHA256 => Some(32),
+        TPM_ALG_SHA384 => Some(48),
+        TPM_ALG_SHA512 => Some(64),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TcgEventLog {
+    pub spec_id_header_event: TcgEfiSpecIdEvent,
+    pub event_logs: Vec<TcgEvent>,
+}
+
+impl scale::Decode for TcgDigest {
+    fn decode<I: scale::Input>(input: &mut I) -> Result<Self, scale::Error> {
+        let algo_id = u16::decode(input)?;
+        let digest_size =
+            alg_id_to_digest_size(algo_id).ok_or(scale::Error::from("Unsupported algorithm ID"))?;
+        let mut digest_data = vec![0; digest_size as usize];
+        input
+            .read(&mut digest_data)
+            .map_err(|_| scale::Error::from("failed to read digest_data"))?;
+        Ok(TcgDigest {
+            algo_id,
+            hash: digest_data,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TcgEventLog {
+    pub fn decode(input: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (_spec_id_header, spec_id_header_event) =
+            parse_spec_id_event_log(input).context("Failed to parse spec id event")?;
+        let mut event_logs = vec![];
+        loop {
+            // A tmp head_buffer is used to peek the imr and event type
+            let head_buffer = &mut &input[..];
+            let imr = u32::decode(head_buffer).context("failed to decode imr")?;
+            if imr == 0xFFFFFFFF {
+                break;
+            }
+            let event_log = TcgEvent::decode(input).context("Failed to parse event log")?;
+            event_logs.push(event_log);
+        }
+        Ok(TcgEventLog {
+            spec_id_header_event,
+            event_logs,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_from_ccel_file() -> Result<Self> {
+        let path = ccel_file_path()?;
+        let data = fs_err::read(&path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read CCEL from {}", path.display()))?;
+        Self::decode(&mut data.as_slice()).context("failed to decode CCEL")
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_cc_event_log(&self) -> Result<Vec<TdxEvent>> {
+        self.event_logs
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|log| log.imr_index > 0) // GCP fills some IMRs starting from 0
+            .cloned()
+            .map(TdxEvent::try_from)
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve the CCEL path, honoring `DSTACK_CCEL_FILE` when set.
+///
+/// Overrides must be non-empty absolute paths so relative values cannot silently
+/// resolve against the process working directory.
+fn ccel_file_path() -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let Some(value) = std::env::var_os(CCEL_FILE_ENV) else {
+        return Ok(PathBuf::from(CCEL_FILE));
+    };
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        bail!("empty path override from {CCEL_FILE_ENV}");
+    }
+    let path = PathBuf::from(value);
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        bail!(
+            "path override from {CCEL_FILE_ENV} must be absolute: {}",
+            path.display()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+fn parse_spec_id_event_log<I: scale::Input>(
+    input: &mut I,
+) -> Result<(TcgEvent, TcgEfiSpecIdEvent)> {
+    #[derive(Decode)]
+    struct Header {
+        imr_index: u32,
+        header_event_type: u32,
+        digest_hash: [u8; 20],
+        header_event: VecOf<u32, u8>,
+    }
+
+    let decoded_header = Header::decode(input).context("failed to decode log_item")?;
+    // Parse EFI Spec Id Event structure
+    let input = &mut decoded_header.header_event.as_slice();
+    let spec_id_event =
+        TcgEfiSpecIdEvent::decode(input).context("failed to decode TcgEfiSpecIdEvent")?;
+
+    let digests = vec![TcgDigest {
+        algo_id: TPM_ALG_ERROR,
+        hash: decoded_header.digest_hash.to_vec(),
+    }];
+    let spec_id_header = TcgEvent {
+        imr_index: decoded_header.imr_index,
+        event_type: decoded_header.header_event_type,
+        digests: (digests.len() as u32, digests).into(),
+        event: decoded_header.header_event,
+    };
+    Ok((spec_id_header, spec_id_event))
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<TcgEvent> for TdxEvent {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn try_from(value: TcgEvent) -> Result<Self> {
+        if value.digests.len() != 1 {
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "expected 1 digest, got {}",
+                value.digests.len()
+            ));
+        }
+        let digest = value
+            .digests
+            .into_inner()
+            .into_iter()
+            .next()
+            .context("digest not found")?
+            .hash;
+        Ok(TdxEvent {
+            imr: value
+                .imr_index
+                .checked_sub(1)
+                .context("invalid IMR index: must be >= 1")?,
+            event_type: value.event_type,
+            digest,
+            event: Default::default(),
+            event_payload: value.event.into(),
+            version: Default::default(),
+            preimage: None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    static ENV_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ccel_override_rejects_empty_and_relative() {
+        let _env_guard = ENV_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(CCEL_FILE_ENV);
+
+        std::env::set_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV, "");
+        assert!(ccel_file_path()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("empty path override"));
+
+        std::env::set_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV, "relative/ccel.bin");
+        assert!(ccel_file_path()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("must be absolute"));
+
+        std::env::set_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV, "/abs/ccel.bin");
+        assert_eq!(ccel_file_path().unwrap(), PathBuf::from("/abs/ccel.bin"));
+
+        match previous {
+            Some(value) => std::env::set_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV, value),
+            None => std::env::remove_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ccel_defaults_without_override() {
+        let _env_guard = ENV_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(CCEL_FILE_ENV);
+        std::env::remove_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV);
+        assert_eq!(ccel_file_path().unwrap(), PathBuf::from(CCEL_FILE));
+        match previous {
+            Some(value) => std::env::set_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV, value),
+            None => std::env::remove_var(CCEL_FILE_ENV),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tdx.rs b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tdx.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4bd94e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tdx.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::EventLogVersion;
+use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha384 as Sha384Digest};
+
+use crate::{
+    runtime_events::{RuntimeEvent, DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE},
+    tcg::TcgEventLog,
+};
+
+pub const TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE: u32 = 10;
+pub const TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD: &[u8] = b"ACPI DATA";
+pub const TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT: &str = "acpi-loader";
+pub const TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT: &str = "acpi-rsdp";
+pub const TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT: &str = "acpi-tables";
+pub const TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_NAMES: [&str; 3] = [
+    TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT,
+    TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT,
+    TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT,
+];
+
+/// This is the TDX event log format that is used to store the event log in the TDX guest.
+/// It is a simplified version of the TCG event log format, containing only a single digest
+/// and the raw event data. The IMR index is zero-based, unlike the TCG event log format
+/// which is one-based.
+///
+/// For dstack runtime events (`event_type == DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE`), the digest is:
+/// - V1: `sha384(event_type_le || ":" || event || ":" || payload)`
+/// - V2: `sha384(canonical_json({"name":"...","type":134217729,"payload":"hex..."}))`
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct TdxEvent {
+    /// IMR index, starts from 0
+    pub imr: u32,
+    /// Event type
+    pub event_type: u32,
+    /// Digest
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes", default)]
+    pub digest: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Event name
+    pub event: String,
+    /// Event payload
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub event_payload: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Event log version (for dstack runtime events).
+    /// Skipped by scale codec for binary compat with legacy attestations
+    /// (which only ever contain V1 events).
+    /// Serde skips serialization when V1 so existing JSON outputs stay clean.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "EventLogVersion::is_v1")]
+    #[codec(skip)]
+    pub version: EventLogVersion,
+
+    /// Optional digest pre-image, hex-encoded.
+    ///
+    /// The exact bytes hashed to produce `digest`. V2 events exposed through
+    /// quote and attestation APIs always include it, allowing relying parties
+    /// to verify `sha384(hex_decode(preimage)) == digest`.
+    /// Never included in scale encoding (derivable from other fields).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    #[codec(skip)]
+    pub preimage: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TdxEvent {
+    pub fn new(imr: u32, event_type: u32, event: String, event_payload: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            imr,
+            event_type,
+            digest: vec![],
+            event,
+            event_payload,
+            version: EventLogVersion::default(),
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a version of this event with payload stripped (for size reduction).
+    /// Only call this on events where can_strip_payload() returns true.
+    pub fn stripped(&self) -> Self {
+        if self.is_runtime_event() {
+            Self {
+                imr: self.imr,
+                event_type: self.event_type,
+                digest: self.digest.clone(),
+                event: self.event.clone(),
+                event_payload: self.event_payload.clone(),
+                version: self.version,
+                preimage: self.preimage.clone(),
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self {
+                imr: self.imr,
+                event_type: self.event_type,
+                digest: self.digest.clone(),
+                event: self.event.clone(),
+                event_payload: Vec::new(),
+                version: self.version,
+                preimage: self.preimage.clone(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Populate `preimage` with the digest pre-image.
+    ///
+    /// For runtime events, this is the byte sequence defined by V1/V2 digest algorithms.
+    /// For boot-time TCG events, the pre-image is inherent in the original log format
+    /// and not reconstructable from this struct, so `preimage` stays `None`.
+    pub fn fill_preimage(&mut self) {
+        if self.preimage.is_some() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(runtime_event) = self.to_runtime_event() {
+            self.preimage = Some(hex::encode(runtime_event.preimage()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn digest(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        if let Some(runtime_event) = self.to_runtime_event() {
+            return runtime_event.sha384_digest().to_vec();
+        }
+        self.digest.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_runtime_event(&self) -> bool {
+        self.event_type == DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_runtime_event(&self) -> Option<RuntimeEvent> {
+        if !self.is_runtime_event() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(RuntimeEvent {
+            event: self.event.clone(),
+            payload: self.event_payload.clone(),
+            version: self.version,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<RuntimeEvent> for TdxEvent {
+    fn from(value: RuntimeEvent) -> Self {
+        let event_type = value.cc_event_type();
+        let version = value.version;
+        let digest = value.sha384_digest().to_vec();
+        TdxEvent {
+            imr: 3,
+            event_type,
+            digest,
+            event: value.event,
+            event_payload: value.payload,
+            version,
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Populate digest preimages for all V2 runtime events.
+pub fn fill_v2_preimages(events: &mut [TdxEvent]) {
+    for event in events {
+        if matches!(event.version, EventLogVersion::V2) {
+            event.fill_preimage();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Validate the externally supplied digest preimage of every V2 runtime event.
+///
+/// The preimage must be present, valid hex, hash to the advertised digest, and
+/// equal the canonical representation reconstructed from the public event
+/// fields. This binds RTMR replay and displayed fields to the same bytes.
+pub fn validate_v2_preimages(events: &[TdxEvent]) -> Result<()> {
+    for (index, event) in events.iter().enumerate() {
+        if !event.is_runtime_event() || !matches!(event.version, EventLogVersion::V2) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let supplied_hex = event
+            .preimage
+            .as_deref()
+            .with_context(|| format!("V2 runtime event {index} is missing its digest preimage"))?;
+        let supplied = hex::decode(supplied_hex)
+            .with_context(|| format!("V2 runtime event {index} has a malformed digest preimage"))?;
+        let advertised = Sha384Digest::digest(&supplied);
+        if advertised.as_slice() != event.digest.as_slice() {
+            bail!("V2 runtime event {index} digest does not match its preimage");
+        }
+        let Some(runtime_event) = event.to_runtime_event() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let canonical = runtime_event.preimage();
+        if supplied != canonical {
+            bail!("V2 runtime event {index} preimage is not the canonical event representation");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event: &TdxEvent) -> bool {
+    event.imr == 0
+        && event.event_type == TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE
+        && event.event_payload == TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD
+}
+
+/// Give dstack's three Pre202505 OVMF ACPI DATA RTMR0 events stable semantic
+/// names. The firmware event payload is the same "ACPI DATA" marker for all
+/// three entries, so the guest labels them before exposing the event log.
+pub fn label_tdx_acpi_data_events(event_logs: &mut [TdxEvent]) {
+    for (acpi_idx, event) in event_logs
+        .iter_mut()
+        .filter(|event| is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event))
+        .enumerate()
+    {
+        if let Some(name) = TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_NAMES.get(acpi_idx) {
+            event.event = (*name).to_string();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Decode a raw CCEL byte stream into dstack's TDX event representation.
+pub fn decode_ccel(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<TdxEvent>> {
+    let mut input = data;
+    let mut event_logs = TcgEventLog::decode(&mut input)?.to_cc_event_log()?;
+    label_tdx_acpi_data_events(&mut event_logs);
+    Ok(event_logs)
+}
+
+/// Read both boottime and runtime event logs.
+pub fn read_event_log() -> Result<Vec<TdxEvent>> {
+    let mut event_logs = TcgEventLog::decode_from_ccel_file()?.to_cc_event_log()?;
+    label_tdx_acpi_data_events(&mut event_logs);
+    event_logs.extend(RuntimeEvent::read_all()?.into_iter().map(Into::into));
+    Ok(event_logs)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ez_hash::{Hasher, Sha384};
+    use sha2::Sha384 as Sha384Hasher;
+
+    fn acpi_data_event(digest_byte: u8) -> TdxEvent {
+        TdxEvent {
+            imr: 0,
+            event_type: TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE,
+            digest: vec![digest_byte; 48],
+            event: String::new(),
+            event_payload: TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD.to_vec(),
+            version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn labels_pre202505_acpi_data_events_in_order() {
+        let mut events = vec![
+            TdxEvent::new(0, 4, String::new(), vec![0]),
+            acpi_data_event(1),
+            acpi_data_event(2),
+            acpi_data_event(3),
+            TdxEvent::new(3, DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE, "app-id".into(), vec![4]),
+        ];
+
+        label_tdx_acpi_data_events(&mut events);
+
+        let names = events
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|event| is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event))
+            .map(|event| event.event.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(names, TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_NAMES);
+        assert_eq!(events[0].event, "");
+        assert_eq!(events[4].event, "app-id");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_the_bundled_ccel() {
+        let events = decode_ccel(include_bytes!("../samples/ccel.bin")).unwrap();
+        assert!(!events.is_empty());
+        assert!(events.iter().all(|event| event.imr <= 3));
+        assert!(events.iter().all(|event| event.digest().len() == 48));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fill_preimage_v1() {
+        let runtime = RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "compose-hash".to_string(),
+            vec![0xde, 0xad],
+            EventLogVersion::V1,
+        );
+        let mut tdx: TdxEvent = runtime.into();
+        assert_eq!(tdx.preimage, None);
+        tdx.fill_preimage();
+        let input_hex = tdx.preimage.as_ref().expect("preimage populated");
+        let input = hex::decode(input_hex).unwrap();
+        // Hashing the preimage must reproduce the event digest
+        let actual = Sha384Hasher::digest(&input);
+        assert_eq!(actual.as_slice(), &tdx.digest);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fill_preimage_v2_is_canonical_json() {
+        let runtime = RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "compose-hash".to_string(),
+            vec![0xab, 0xcd],
+            EventLogVersion::V2,
+        );
+        let mut tdx: TdxEvent = runtime.into();
+        tdx.fill_preimage();
+        let input_hex = tdx.preimage.as_ref().expect("preimage populated");
+        let input = hex::decode(input_hex).unwrap();
+        let input_str = std::str::from_utf8(&input).unwrap();
+        // V2 preimage is the canonical JSON (version is carried out-of-band)
+        assert!(input_str.contains(r#""name":"compose-hash""#));
+        assert!(input_str.contains(r#""type":134217729"#));
+        assert!(input_str.contains(r#""payload":"abcd""#));
+        assert!(!input_str.contains(r#""version""#));
+        // And hashing it reproduces the digest
+        let actual = Sha384::hash([input.as_slice()]);
+        assert_eq!(actual.as_slice(), &tdx.digest);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stripped_v2_runtime_event_preserves_digest_binding() {
+        let mut event = v2_event();
+        event.fill_preimage();
+
+        let stripped = event.stripped();
+
+        assert_eq!(stripped.digest, event.digest);
+        validate_v2_preimages(&[stripped]).expect("stripped V2 event remains verifiable");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fill_preimage_skips_non_runtime_events() {
+        let mut boot_event = TdxEvent::new(0, 0x1, "EV_POST_CODE".to_string(), vec![1, 2, 3]);
+        boot_event.fill_preimage();
+        assert_eq!(boot_event.preimage, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preimage_not_serialized_by_scale() {
+        use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+        let runtime = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![1, 2], EventLogVersion::V2);
+        let mut tdx: TdxEvent = runtime.into();
+        tdx.fill_preimage();
+        assert!(tdx.preimage.is_some());
+        let encoded = tdx.encode();
+        let decoded = TdxEvent::decode(&mut &encoded[..]).unwrap();
+        // preimage is codec(skip) so it's None after round-trip
+        assert_eq!(decoded.preimage, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preimage_skipped_from_json_when_none() {
+        let runtime = RuntimeEvent::new("test".to_string(), vec![1], EventLogVersion::V1);
+        let tdx: TdxEvent = runtime.into();
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&tdx).unwrap();
+        assert!(!json.contains("preimage"));
+    }
+
+    fn v2_event() -> TdxEvent {
+        let mut event = TdxEvent::from(RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "app-id".into(),
+            b"fixture".to_vec(),
+            EventLogVersion::V2,
+        ));
+        event.fill_preimage();
+        event
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validates_v2_digest_preimage_before_use() {
+        validate_v2_preimages(&[v2_event()]).expect("valid V2 preimage");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_missing_or_malformed_v2_preimage() {
+        let mut missing = v2_event();
+        missing.preimage = None;
+        assert!(validate_v2_preimages(&[missing]).is_err());
+
+        let mut malformed = v2_event();
+        malformed.preimage = Some("not-hex".into());
+        assert!(validate_v2_preimages(&[malformed]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_v2_preimage_digest_mismatch() {
+        let mut event = v2_event();
+        event.digest[0] ^= 1;
+        assert!(validate_v2_preimages(&[event]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_noncanonical_v2_preimage_with_matching_digest() {
+        let mut event = v2_event();
+        let supplied = br#"{"type":134217729,"name":"app-id","payload":"66697874757265"}"#;
+        event.preimage = Some(hex::encode(supplied));
+        event.digest = Sha384Hasher::digest(supplied).to_vec();
+        assert!(validate_v2_preimages(&[event]).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tpm.rs b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tpm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d70bd01a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cc-eventlog/src/tpm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM Event Log parsing (binary_bios_measurements format)
+
+use crate::codecs::VecOf;
+use crate::tcg::{TcgDigest, TcgEfiSpecIdEvent};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use scale::Decode;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// Simplified TPM event for PCR replay
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, scale::Encode, scale::Decode)]
+pub struct TpmEvent {
+    /// PCR index this event was extended to
+    pub pcr_index: u32,
+    /// SHA-256 digest of the event data
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub digest: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// TCG_PCR_EVENT2 format
+///
+/// See TCG PC Client Platform Firmware Profile spec section 9.2.2
+#[derive(Clone, Decode)]
+struct TpmRawEvent {
+    pcr_index: u32,
+    event_type: u32,
+    digests: VecOf<u32, TcgDigest>,
+    event: VecOf<u32, u8>,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for TpmRawEvent {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("TpmRawEvent")
+            .field("pcr_index", &self.pcr_index)
+            .field("event_type", &self.event_type)
+            .field(
+                "digests",
+                &self
+                    .digests
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|d| hex::encode(&d.hash))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            )
+            .field("event", &hex::encode(&self.event))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TpmRawEvent {
+    fn sha256_digest(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.digests
+            .iter()
+            .find(|d| d.algo_id == crate::tcg::TPM_ALG_SHA256)
+            .map(|d| d.hash.clone())
+    }
+
+    fn is_extended_to_pcr(&self) -> bool {
+        self.event_type != crate::tcg::EV_NO_ACTION
+    }
+
+    fn to_simple_event(&self) -> Option<TpmEvent> {
+        if !self.is_extended_to_pcr() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.sha256_digest().map(|digest| TpmEvent {
+            pcr_index: self.pcr_index,
+            digest,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TpmEventLog {
+    pub spec_id_header_event: TcgEfiSpecIdEvent,
+    pub events: Vec<TpmEvent>,
+}
+
+impl TpmEventLog {
+    /// Decode from binary_bios_measurements format
+    ///
+    /// First event is TCG_PCClientPCREvent (legacy format with SHA-1).
+    /// Subsequent events are TCG_PCR_EVENT2 (crypto-agile format).
+    pub fn decode(input: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (_spec_id_header, spec_id_header_event) =
+            parse_spec_id_event(input).context("Failed to parse spec id event")?;
+
+        let mut events = vec![];
+        loop {
+            let head_buffer = &mut &input[..];
+            let pcr_index = match u32::decode(head_buffer) {
+                Ok(idx) => idx,
+                Err(_) => break,
+            };
+
+            if pcr_index == 0xFFFFFFFF {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let raw_event = TpmRawEvent::decode(input).context("Failed to decode TPM event")?;
+
+            if let Some(event) = raw_event.to_simple_event() {
+                events.push(event);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(TpmEventLog {
+            spec_id_header_event,
+            events,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Read and decode TPM Event Log from kernel sysfs
+    pub fn from_kernel_file() -> Result<Self> {
+        const TPM_BINARY_BIOS_MEASUREMENTS: &str =
+            "/sys/kernel/security/tpm0/binary_bios_measurements";
+
+        let data = fs_err::read(TPM_BINARY_BIOS_MEASUREMENTS)
+            .context("Failed to read TPM binary_bios_measurements")?;
+
+        Self::decode(&mut data.as_slice())
+    }
+
+    /// Filter events by PCR index
+    pub fn filter_by_pcr(&self, pcr_index: u32) -> Vec<TpmEvent> {
+        self.events
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|e| e.pcr_index == pcr_index)
+            .cloned()
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Get all PCR 2 events (boot loader and OS measurements)
+    pub fn pcr2_events(&self) -> Vec<TpmEvent> {
+        self.filter_by_pcr(2)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse Spec ID Event in legacy TCG_PCClientPCREvent format
+fn parse_spec_id_event<I: scale::Input>(input: &mut I) -> Result<(TpmRawEvent, TcgEfiSpecIdEvent)> {
+    #[derive(Decode)]
+    struct SpecIdHeader {
+        pcr_index: u32,
+        event_type: u32,
+        digest_sha1: [u8; 20],
+        event: VecOf<u32, u8>,
+    }
+
+    let header = SpecIdHeader::decode(input).context("failed to decode spec id header")?;
+
+    let spec_id_event = TcgEfiSpecIdEvent::decode(&mut header.event.as_slice())
+        .context("failed to decode TcgEfiSpecIdEvent")?;
+
+    let digests = vec![TcgDigest {
+        algo_id: crate::tcg::TPM_ALG_SHA1,
+        hash: header.digest_sha1.to_vec(),
+    }];
+
+    let raw_event = TpmRawEvent {
+        pcr_index: header.pcr_index,
+        event_type: header.event_type,
+        digests: (digests.len() as u32, digests).into(),
+        event: header.event,
+    };
+
+    Ok((raw_event, spec_id_event))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_empty() {
+        let result = TpmEventLog::decode(&mut &[][..]);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_decode_gcp_tpm_eventlog() {
+        let data = include_bytes!("../samples/tpm_eventlog.bin");
+        let event_log = TpmEventLog::decode(&mut data.as_slice()).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!event_log.events.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(event_log.spec_id_header_event.platform_class, 0);
+
+        let pcr2_events = event_log.pcr2_events();
+        assert_eq!(pcr2_events.len(), 4);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(&pcr2_events[0].digest),
+            "df3f619804a92fdb4057192dc43dd748ea778adc52bc498ce80524c014b81119"
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(&pcr2_events[1].digest),
+            "00b8a357e652623798d1bbd16c375ec90fbed802b4269affa3e78e6eb19386cf"
+        );
+
+        // Event 28: UKI Authenticode hash
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(&pcr2_events[2].digest),
+            "9ab14a46f858662a89adc102d2a57a13f52f75c1769d65a4c34edbbfc8855f0f"
+        );
+
+        // Event 41: Linux kernel Authenticode hash
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(&pcr2_events[3].digest),
+            "ade943a0a7a3189a3201ba17d7df778eb380cbd33ce5e361176e974ccf7cdedb"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_filter_by_pcr() {
+        let data = include_bytes!("../samples/tpm_eventlog.bin");
+        let event_log = TpmEventLog::decode(&mut data.as_slice()).unwrap();
+
+        let pcr0_events = event_log.filter_by_pcr(0);
+        assert!(!pcr0_events.is_empty());
+
+        let pcr2_events = event_log.filter_by_pcr(2);
+        assert_eq!(pcr2_events.len(), 4);
+
+        let pcr99_events = event_log.filter_by_pcr(99);
+        assert_eq!(pcr99_events.len(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pcr2_uki_hash_extraction() {
+        let data = include_bytes!("../samples/tpm_eventlog.bin");
+        let event_log = TpmEventLog::decode(&mut data.as_slice()).unwrap();
+
+        let pcr2_events = event_log.pcr2_events();
+        assert!(pcr2_events.len() >= 3);
+
+        let uki_hash = &pcr2_events[2].digest;
+        let expected_uki_hash =
+            hex::decode("9ab14a46f858662a89adc102d2a57a13f52f75c1769d65a4c34edbbfc8855f0f")
+                .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(uki_hash, &expected_uki_hash);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/cert-client/Cargo.toml b/dstack/cert-client/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..089b927bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cert-client/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "cert-client"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+dstack-kms-rpc.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+ra-tls = { workspace = true, features = ["quote"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tdx-attest.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/cert-client/src/lib.rs b/dstack/cert-client/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e55689b52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/cert-client/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_kms_rpc::{kms_client::KmsClient, SignCertRequest};
+use dstack_types::{AppKeys, KeyProvider};
+use ra_rpc::client::{RaClient, RaClientConfig};
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::AttestationVerifier,
+    cert::{generate_ra_cert, CaCert, CertSigningRequestV2},
+};
+
+pub enum CertRequestClient {
+    Local {
+        ca: Box<CaCert>,
+    },
+    Kms {
+        client: KmsClient<RaClient>,
+        vm_config: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl CertRequestClient {
+    pub async fn sign_csr(
+        &self,
+        csr: &CertSigningRequestV2,
+        signature: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+        match self {
+            CertRequestClient::Local { ca } => {
+                let cert = ca
+                    .sign_csr(csr, None, "app:custom")
+                    .context("Failed to sign certificate")?;
+                Ok(vec![cert.pem(), ca.pem_cert.clone()])
+            }
+            CertRequestClient::Kms { client, vm_config } => {
+                let response = client
+                    .sign_cert(SignCertRequest {
+                        api_version: 2,
+                        csr: csr.to_vec(),
+                        signature: signature.to_vec(),
+                        vm_config: vm_config.clone(),
+                    })
+                    .await?;
+                Ok(response.certificate_chain)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_root_ca(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        match self {
+            CertRequestClient::Local { ca } => Ok(ca.pem_cert.clone()),
+            CertRequestClient::Kms { client, .. } => Ok(client.get_meta().await?.ca_cert),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn create(
+        keys: &AppKeys,
+        attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+        vm_config: String,
+    ) -> Result<CertRequestClient> {
+        match &keys.key_provider {
+            KeyProvider::None { key }
+            | KeyProvider::Local { key, .. }
+            | KeyProvider::Tpm { key, .. } => {
+                let ca = CaCert::new(keys.ca_cert.clone(), key.clone())
+                    .context("Failed to create CA")?;
+                Ok(CertRequestClient::Local { ca: Box::new(ca) })
+            }
+            KeyProvider::Kms {
+                url,
+                tmp_ca_key,
+                tmp_ca_cert,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let client_cert = generate_ra_cert(tmp_ca_cert.clone(), tmp_ca_key.clone())
+                    .context("Failed to generate RA cert")?;
+                let ra_client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+                    .remote_uri(url.clone())
+                    .tls_client_cert(client_cert.cert_pem)
+                    .tls_client_key(client_cert.key_pem)
+                    .tls_ca_cert(keys.ca_cert.clone())
+                    .tls_built_in_root_certs(false)
+                    .attestation_verifier(attestation_verifier)
+                    .build()
+                    .into_client()
+                    .context("Failed to create RA client")?;
+                let client = KmsClient::new(ra_client);
+                Ok(CertRequestClient::Kms { client, vm_config })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/certbot/.gitignore b/dstack/certbot/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from certbot/.gitignore
rename to dstack/certbot/.gitignore
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/Cargo.toml b/dstack/certbot/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eaf594cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "certbot"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+bytes.workspace = true
+enum_dispatch.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hickory-resolver.workspace = true
+http.workspace = true
+http-body-util.workspace = true
+instant-acme.workspace = true
+path-absolutize.workspace = true
+rcgen.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+time.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+rand.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/cli/Cargo.toml b/dstack/certbot/cli/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd415c084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "certbot-cli"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "certbot"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+certbot.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+documented.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+toml_edit.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+rustls.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/cli/src/main.rs b/dstack/certbot/cli/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a20aacf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/cli/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Test in Prod <contact@testinprod.io>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{path::PathBuf, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use certbot::{CertBotConfig, WorkDir};
+use clap::Parser;
+use documented::DocumentedFields;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use toml_edit::ser::to_document;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Automatically renew certificates if they are close to expiration
+    Renew {
+        /// Path to the configuration file
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certbot.toml")]
+        config: PathBuf,
+        /// Run only once and exit
+        #[arg(long)]
+        once: bool,
+        /// Force renewal
+        #[arg(long)]
+        force: bool,
+    },
+    /// Initialize the configuration file
+    Init {
+        /// Path to the configuration file
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certbot.toml")]
+        config: PathBuf,
+    },
+    /// Set CAA record for the domain
+    SetCaa {
+        /// Path to the configuration file
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value = "certbot.toml")]
+        config: PathBuf,
+    },
+    /// Generate configuration template
+    Cfg {
+        /// Write to file
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        write_to: Option<PathBuf>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct Args {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, DocumentedFields)]
+struct Config {
+    /// Path to the working directory
+    workdir: PathBuf,
+    /// ACME server URL
+    acme_url: String,
+    /// Cloudflare API token
+    cf_api_token: String,
+    /// Optional Cloudflare-compatible API base URL
+    #[serde(default)]
+    cf_api_url: Option<String>,
+    /// TTL for DNS TXT challenge records in seconds
+    #[serde(default = "default_dns_txt_ttl")]
+    dns_txt_ttl: u32,
+    /// Auto set CAA record
+    auto_set_caa: bool,
+    /// List of domains to issue certificates for
+    domains: Vec<String>,
+    /// Renew interval in seconds
+    renew_interval: u64,
+    /// Number of days before expiration to trigger renewal
+    renew_days_before: u64,
+    /// Renew timeout in seconds
+    renew_timeout: u64,
+    /// Maximum time to wait for DNS propagation in seconds
+    max_dns_wait: u64,
+    /// Command to run after renewal
+    #[serde(default)]
+    renewed_hook: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Default for Config {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            workdir: ".".into(),
+            acme_url: "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory".into(),
+            cf_api_token: "".into(),
+            cf_api_url: None,
+            dns_txt_ttl: default_dns_txt_ttl(),
+            auto_set_caa: true,
+            domains: vec!["example.com".into()],
+            renew_interval: 3600,
+            renew_days_before: 10,
+            renew_timeout: 120,
+            max_dns_wait: 300,
+            renewed_hook: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const fn default_dns_txt_ttl() -> u32 {
+    60
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    fn to_commented_toml(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        let mut doc = to_document(self)?;
+
+        for (i, (mut key, _value)) in doc.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let decor = key.leaf_decor_mut();
+            let docstring = Self::FIELD_DOCS[i];
+
+            let mut comment = String::new();
+            for line in docstring.lines() {
+                let line = if line.is_empty() {
+                    String::from("#\n")
+                } else {
+                    format!("# {line}\n")
+                };
+                comment.push_str(&line);
+            }
+            decor.set_prefix(comment);
+        }
+        Ok(doc.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+fn load_config(config: &PathBuf) -> Result<CertBotConfig> {
+    let config: Config = toml_edit::de::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(config)?)?;
+    let workdir = WorkDir::new(&config.workdir);
+    let renew_interval = Duration::from_secs(config.renew_interval);
+    let renew_expires_in = Duration::from_secs(config.renew_days_before * 24 * 60 * 60);
+    let renew_timeout = Duration::from_secs(config.renew_timeout);
+    let max_dns_wait = Duration::from_secs(config.max_dns_wait);
+    let bot_config = CertBotConfig::builder()
+        .acme_url(config.acme_url)
+        .cert_dir(workdir.backup_dir())
+        .cert_file(workdir.cert_path())
+        .key_file(workdir.key_path())
+        .auto_create_account(true)
+        .cert_subject_alt_names(config.domains)
+        .cf_api_token(config.cf_api_token)
+        .maybe_cf_api_url(config.cf_api_url)
+        .dns_txt_ttl(config.dns_txt_ttl)
+        .renew_interval(renew_interval)
+        .renew_timeout(renew_timeout)
+        .renew_expires_in(renew_expires_in)
+        .max_dns_wait(max_dns_wait)
+        .credentials_file(workdir.account_credentials_path())
+        .auto_set_caa(config.auto_set_caa)
+        .maybe_renewed_hook(config.renewed_hook)
+        .build();
+    Ok(bot_config)
+}
+
+async fn renew(config: &PathBuf, once: bool, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let bot_config = load_config(config).context("Failed to load configuration")?;
+    let bot = bot_config
+        .build_bot()
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to build bot")?;
+    if once {
+        bot.renew_and_run_hook(force).await?;
+    } else {
+        tokio::select! {
+            _ = bot.run() => unreachable!("certbot daemon returned"),
+            result = shutdown_signal() => result?,
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn shutdown_signal() -> Result<()> {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        let mut terminate =
+            tokio::signal::unix::signal(tokio::signal::unix::SignalKind::terminate())?;
+        tokio::select! {
+            result = tokio::signal::ctrl_c() => result?,
+            _ = terminate.recv() => {},
+        }
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+    rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider()
+        .install_default()
+        .or_panic("Failed to install default crypto provider");
+
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    match args.command {
+        Command::Renew {
+            config,
+            once,
+            force,
+        } => {
+            renew(&config, once, force).await?;
+        }
+        Command::Init { config } => {
+            let config = load_config(&config).context("Failed to load configuration")?;
+            // The build_bot() will trigger the initialization and create Account if not exists
+            let _bot = config.build_bot().await.context("Failed to build bot")?;
+        }
+        Command::SetCaa { config } => {
+            let bot_config = load_config(&config).context("Failed to load configuration")?;
+            let bot = bot_config
+                .build_bot()
+                .await
+                .context("Failed to build bot")?;
+            bot.set_caa().await?;
+        }
+        Command::Cfg { write_to } => {
+            let toml_str = Config::default().to_commented_toml()?;
+            match write_to {
+                Some(path) => fs::write(path, toml_str)?,
+                None => println!("{}", toml_str),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/certbot/src/acme_client.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/acme_client.rs
similarity index 75%
rename from certbot/src/acme_client.rs
rename to dstack/certbot/src/acme_client.rs
index 7bcee1ca3..9454d6076 100644
--- a/certbot/src/acme_client.rs
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/acme_client.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
 use fs_err as fs;
-use hickory_resolver::error::ResolveErrorKind;
+use hickory_resolver::proto::rr::RData;
+use hickory_resolver::TokioResolver;
 use instant_acme::{
     Account, AccountCredentials, AuthorizationStatus, ChallengeType, Identifier, NewAccount,
-    NewOrder, Order, OrderStatus,
+    NewOrder, Order, OrderStatus, Problem,
 };
 use rcgen::{CertificateParams, DistinguishedName, KeyPair};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -17,12 +22,16 @@ use tracing::{debug, error, info};
 use x509_parser::prelude::{GeneralName, Pem};
 
 use super::dns01_client::{Dns01Api, Dns01Client};
+use super::http_client::ReqwestHttpClient;
 
 /// A AcmeClient instance.
 pub struct AcmeClient {
     account: Account,
     credentials: Credentials,
     dns01_client: Dns01Client,
+    max_dns_wait: Duration,
+    /// TTL for DNS TXT records used in ACME challenges (in seconds).
+    dns_txt_ttl: u32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -36,24 +45,52 @@ struct Challenge {
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub(crate) struct Credentials {
     pub(crate) account_id: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    acme_url: String,
     credentials: AccountCredentials,
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn acme_matches(encoded_credentials: &str, acme_url: &str) -> bool {
+    let Ok(credentials) = serde_json::from_str::<Credentials>(encoded_credentials) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    credentials.acme_url == acme_url
+}
+
+fn caa_tag(content: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    content.split_whitespace().nth(1)
+}
+
 impl AcmeClient {
-    pub async fn load(dns01_client: Dns01Client, encoded_credentials: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub async fn load(
+        dns01_client: Dns01Client,
+        encoded_credentials: &str,
+        max_dns_wait: Duration,
+        dns_txt_ttl: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
         let credentials: Credentials = serde_json::from_str(encoded_credentials)?;
-        let account = Account::from_credentials(credentials.credentials).await?;
+        let http_client = Box::new(ReqwestHttpClient::new()?);
+        let account =
+            Account::from_credentials_and_http(credentials.credentials, http_client).await?;
         let credentials: Credentials = serde_json::from_str(encoded_credentials)?;
         Ok(Self {
             account,
             dns01_client,
             credentials,
+            max_dns_wait,
+            dns_txt_ttl,
         })
     }
 
     /// Create a new account.
-    pub async fn new_account(acme_url: &str, dns01_client: Dns01Client) -> Result<Self> {
-        let (account, credentials) = Account::create(
+    pub async fn new_account(
+        acme_url: &str,
+        dns01_client: Dns01Client,
+        max_dns_wait: Duration,
+        dns_txt_ttl: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let http_client = Box::new(ReqwestHttpClient::new()?);
+        let (account, credentials) = Account::create_with_http(
             &NewAccount {
                 contact: &[],
                 terms_of_service_agreed: true,
@@ -61,10 +98,12 @@ impl AcmeClient {
             },
             acme_url,
             None,
+            http_client,
         )
         .await
-        .context("failed to create new account")?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create ACME account for {acme_url}"))?;
         let credentials = Credentials {
+            acme_url: acme_url.to_string(),
             account_id: account.id().to_string(),
             credentials,
         };
@@ -72,6 +111,8 @@ impl AcmeClient {
             account,
             dns01_client,
             credentials,
+            max_dns_wait,
+            dns_txt_ttl,
         })
     }
 
@@ -109,9 +150,12 @@ impl AcmeClient {
                 if record.id == guard0 || record.id == guard1 {
                     continue;
                 }
-                if record.r#type == "CAA" {
+                if record.r#type == "CAA"
+                    && caa_tag(&record.content)
+                        .is_some_and(|tag| matches!(tag, "issue" | "issuewild"))
+                {
                     debug!(
-                        "removing existing CAA record {} {}",
+                        "removing existing issuer CAA record {} {}",
                         record.name, record.content
                     );
                     self.dns01_client.remove_record(&record.id).await?;
@@ -138,6 +182,7 @@ impl AcmeClient {
     ///
     /// Returns the new certificates encoded in PEM format.
     pub async fn request_new_certificate(&self, key: &str, domains: &[String]) -> Result<String> {
+        info!("requesting new certificates for {}", domains.join(", "));
         let mut challenges = Vec::new();
         let result = self
             .request_new_certificate_inner(key, domains, &mut challenges)
@@ -188,14 +233,20 @@ impl AcmeClient {
         live_key_pem_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
         backup_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
         expires_in: Duration,
+        force: bool,
     ) -> Result<bool> {
         let live_cert_pem = fs::read_to_string(live_cert_pem_path.as_ref())?;
         let live_key_pem = fs::read_to_string(live_key_pem_path.as_ref())?;
-        let Some(new_cert) = self
-            .renew_cert_if_needed(&live_cert_pem, &live_key_pem, expires_in)
-            .await?
-        else {
-            return Ok(false);
+        let new_cert = if force {
+            self.renew_cert(&live_cert_pem, &live_key_pem).await?
+        } else {
+            let Some(new_cert) = self
+                .renew_cert_if_needed(&live_cert_pem, &live_key_pem, expires_in)
+                .await?
+            else {
+                return Ok(false);
+            };
+            new_cert
         };
         self.store_cert(
             live_cert_pem_path.as_ref(),
@@ -243,9 +294,9 @@ impl AcmeClient {
         live_cert_pem_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
         live_key_pem_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
         backup_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
         if live_cert_pem_path.as_ref().exists() && live_key_pem_path.as_ref().exists() {
-            return Ok(());
+            return Ok(false);
         }
         let key_pem = if live_key_pem_path.as_ref().exists() {
             debug!("using existing cert key pair");
@@ -263,7 +314,7 @@ impl AcmeClient {
             &key_pem,
             backup_dir.as_ref(),
         )?;
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(true)
     }
 }
 
@@ -289,15 +340,20 @@ impl AcmeClient {
             let Identifier::Dns(identifier) = &authz.identifier;
 
             let dns_value = order.key_authorization(challenge).dns_value();
-            debug!("creating dns record for {}", identifier);
+            debug!("creating dns record for {identifier}");
             let acme_domain = format!("_acme-challenge.{identifier}");
+            debug!("removing existing TXT record for {acme_domain}");
             self.dns01_client
                 .remove_txt_records(&acme_domain)
                 .await
                 .context("failed to remove existing dns record")?;
+            debug!(
+                "creating TXT record for {acme_domain} with TTL {}s",
+                self.dns_txt_ttl
+            );
             let id = self
                 .dns01_client
-                .add_txt_record(&acme_domain, &dns_value)
+                .add_txt_record(&acme_domain, &dns_value, self.dns_txt_ttl)
                 .await
                 .context("failed to create dns record")?;
             challenges.push(Challenge {
@@ -312,46 +368,63 @@ impl AcmeClient {
 
     /// Self check the TXT records for the given challenges.
     async fn check_dns(&self, challenges: &[Challenge]) -> Result<()> {
+        use tracing::warn;
+
         let mut delay = Duration::from_millis(250);
         let mut tries = 1u8;
 
         let mut unsettled_challenges = challenges.to_vec();
 
-        'outer: loop {
-            use hickory_resolver::AsyncResolver;
+        debug!("Unsettled challenges: {unsettled_challenges:#?}");
 
+        let start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
+
+        'outer: loop {
             sleep(delay).await;
 
-            let dns_resolver =
-                AsyncResolver::tokio_from_system_conf().context("failed to create dns resolver")?;
+            let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+            if elapsed >= self.max_dns_wait {
+                warn!(
+                    "DNS propagation timeout after {elapsed:?}, max wait time is {max:?}. proceeding anyway as ACME server may have different DNS view",
+                    max = self.max_dns_wait
+                );
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let dns_resolver = TokioResolver::builder_tokio()
+                .context("failed to create dns resolver")?
+                .build()
+                .context("failed to build dns resolver")?;
 
             while let Some(challenge) = unsettled_challenges.pop() {
+                let expected_txt = &challenge.dns_value;
                 let settled = match dns_resolver.txt_lookup(&challenge.acme_domain).await {
-                    Ok(record) => record
-                        .iter()
-                        .any(|txt| txt.to_string() == challenge.dns_value),
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        let ResolveErrorKind::NoRecordsFound { .. } = err.kind() else {
-                            bail!(
-                                "failed to lookup dns record {}: {err}",
-                                challenge.acme_domain
-                            );
+                    Ok(record) => record.answers().iter().any(|answer| {
+                        let RData::TXT(txt) = &answer.data else {
+                            return false;
                         };
-                        false
+                        let actual_txt = txt.to_string();
+                        debug!("Expected challenge: {expected_txt}, actual: {actual_txt}");
+                        actual_txt == *expected_txt
+                    }),
+                    Err(err) if err.is_no_records_found() => false,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        bail!(
+                            "failed to lookup dns record {}: {err}",
+                            challenge.acme_domain
+                        );
                     }
                 };
                 if !settled {
-                    delay *= 2;
+                    delay = Duration::from_secs(32).min(delay * 2);
                     tries += 1;
-                    if tries < 10 {
-                        debug!(
-                            tries,
-                            domain = &challenge.acme_domain,
-                            "challenge not found, waiting {delay:?}"
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        bail!("dns record not found");
-                    }
+                    debug!(
+                        tries,
+                        domain = &challenge.acme_domain,
+                        elapsed = ?elapsed,
+                        max_wait = ?self.max_dns_wait,
+                        "challenge not found, waiting for {delay:?}"
+                    );
                     unsettled_challenges.push(challenge);
                     continue 'outer;
                 }
@@ -433,7 +506,14 @@ impl AcmeClient {
                     return extract_certificate(order).await;
                 }
                 // Something went wrong
-                OrderStatus::Invalid => bail!("order is invalid"),
+                OrderStatus::Invalid => {
+                    let error = find_error(&mut order).await.unwrap_or(Problem {
+                        r#type: None,
+                        detail: None,
+                        status: None,
+                    });
+                    bail!("order is invalid: {error}");
+                }
             }
         }
     }
@@ -448,6 +528,20 @@ impl AcmeClient {
     }
 }
 
+async fn find_error(order: &mut Order) -> Option<Problem> {
+    if let Some(error) = order.state().error.as_ref() {
+        return Some(error.clone());
+    }
+    for auth in order.authorizations().await.ok()? {
+        for challenge in auth.challenges {
+            if let Some(error) = challenge.error {
+                return Some(error);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
 fn make_csr(key: &str, names: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     let mut params =
         CertificateParams::new(names).context("failed to create certificate params")?;
@@ -483,7 +577,7 @@ fn need_renew(cert_pem: &str, expires_in: Duration) -> Result<bool> {
     let cert = pem.parse_x509().context("Invalid x509 certificate")?;
     let not_after = cert.validity().not_after.to_datetime();
     let now = time::OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
-    debug!("will expire in {:?}", not_after - now);
+    debug!("will expire in {}", not_after - now);
 
     Ok(not_after < now + expires_in)
 }
@@ -516,7 +610,8 @@ fn extract_subject_alt_names(cert_pem: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
 }
 
 fn ln_force(src: impl AsRef<Path>, dst: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()> {
-    if dst.as_ref().exists() {
+    // Check if the symlink exists without following it
+    if dst.as_ref().symlink_metadata().is_ok() {
         fs::remove_file(dst.as_ref())?;
     } else if let Some(dst_parent) = dst.as_ref().parent() {
         fs::create_dir_all(dst_parent)?;
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/acme_client/tests.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/acme_client/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1481538cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/acme_client/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#![cfg(not(test))]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use super::*;
+
+async fn new_acme_client() -> Result<AcmeClient> {
+    let dns01_client = Dns01Client::new_cloudflare(
+        std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID").expect("CLOUDFLARE_ZONE_ID not set"),
+        std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN").expect("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN not set"),
+        std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_URL").ok(),
+    );
+    let credentials =
+        std::env::var("LETSENCRYPT_CREDENTIAL").expect("LETSENCRYPT_CREDENTIAL not set");
+    AcmeClient::load(dns01_client, &credentials, Duration::from_secs(300)).await
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_request_new_certificate() {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::try_init().ok();
+
+    let test_domain = std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set");
+    let domains = vec![test_domain.clone(), format!("*.{}", test_domain)];
+    let bot = new_acme_client().await.unwrap();
+    println!("account credentials: {}", bot.dump_credentials().unwrap());
+    let key = KeyPair::generate().unwrap();
+    let key_pem = key.serialize_pem();
+    let cert = bot
+        .request_new_certificate(&key_pem, &domains)
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to get cert");
+    println!("key:\n{}", key_pem);
+    println!("cert:\n{}", cert);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/bot.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/bot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c11044d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/bot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    io::ErrorKind,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use tokio::time::sleep;
+use tracing::{error, info};
+
+use crate::acme_client::{acme_matches, read_pem};
+
+use super::{AcmeClient, Dns01Client};
+
+#[allow(clippy::duplicated_attributes)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, bon::Builder)]
+#[builder(on(String, into))]
+#[builder(on(PathBuf, into))]
+pub struct CertBotConfig {
+    acme_url: String,
+    auto_set_caa: bool,
+    credentials_file: PathBuf,
+    auto_create_account: bool,
+    cf_api_token: String,
+    cf_api_url: Option<String>,
+    cert_file: PathBuf,
+    key_file: PathBuf,
+    cert_dir: PathBuf,
+    cert_subject_alt_names: Vec<String>,
+    renew_interval: Duration,
+    renew_timeout: Duration,
+    renew_expires_in: Duration,
+    renewed_hook: Option<String>,
+    max_dns_wait: Duration,
+    /// TTL for DNS TXT records used in ACME challenges (in seconds).
+    /// Minimum is 60 for Cloudflare.
+    #[builder(default = 60)]
+    dns_txt_ttl: u32,
+}
+
+impl CertBotConfig {
+    pub async fn build_bot(&self) -> Result<CertBot> {
+        CertBot::build(self.clone()).await
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CertBot {
+    acme_client: AcmeClient,
+    config: CertBotConfig,
+}
+
+async fn create_new_account(
+    config: &CertBotConfig,
+    dns01_client: Dns01Client,
+) -> Result<AcmeClient> {
+    info!("creating new ACME account");
+    let client = AcmeClient::new_account(
+        &config.acme_url,
+        dns01_client,
+        config.max_dns_wait,
+        config.dns_txt_ttl,
+    )
+    .await
+    .context("failed to create new account")?;
+    let credentials = client
+        .dump_credentials()
+        .context("failed to dump credentials")?;
+    info!("created new ACME account: {}", client.account_id());
+    if config.auto_set_caa {
+        client
+            .set_caa_records(&config.cert_subject_alt_names)
+            .await?;
+    }
+    if let Some(credential_dir) = config.credentials_file.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(credential_dir).context("failed to create credential directory")?;
+    }
+    fs::write(&config.credentials_file, credentials).context("failed to write credentials")?;
+    Ok(client)
+}
+
+impl CertBot {
+    /// Build a new `CertBot` from a `CertBotConfig`.
+    pub async fn build(config: CertBotConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        let base_domain = config
+            .cert_subject_alt_names
+            .first()
+            .context("cert_subject_alt_names is empty")?
+            .trim()
+            .trim_start_matches("*.")
+            .trim_end_matches('.')
+            .to_string();
+        let dns01_client = Dns01Client::new_cloudflare(
+            base_domain,
+            config.cf_api_token.clone(),
+            config.cf_api_url.clone(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+        let acme_client = match fs::read_to_string(&config.credentials_file) {
+            Ok(credentials) => {
+                if acme_matches(&credentials, &config.acme_url) {
+                    AcmeClient::load(
+                        dns01_client,
+                        &credentials,
+                        config.max_dns_wait,
+                        config.dns_txt_ttl,
+                    )
+                    .await?
+                } else {
+                    create_new_account(&config, dns01_client).await?
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) if e.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+                if !config.auto_create_account {
+                    return Err(e).context("credentials file not found");
+                }
+                create_new_account(&config, dns01_client).await?
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Err(e).context("failed to read credentials file");
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(Self {
+            acme_client,
+            config,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the ACME account ID.
+    pub fn account_id(&self) -> &str {
+        self.acme_client.account_id()
+    }
+
+    /// List all issued certificates.
+    pub fn list_certs(&self) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
+        list_certs(&self.config.cert_dir)
+    }
+
+    /// List all public keys.
+    pub fn list_cert_public_keys(&self) -> Result<BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>> {
+        list_cert_public_keys(&self.config.cert_dir)
+    }
+
+    /// Run the certbot.
+    pub async fn run(&self) {
+        loop {
+            if let Err(error) = self.renew_and_run_hook(false).await {
+                error!("failed to run certbot: {error:?}");
+            }
+            sleep(self.config.renew_interval).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Run one renewal attempt and invoke the configured hook after a commit.
+    pub async fn renew_and_run_hook(&self, force: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        let renewed = self.renew(force).await?;
+        if !renewed {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        let Some(hook) = &self.config.renewed_hook else {
+            return Ok(true);
+        };
+        info!("running renewed hook");
+        match std::process::Command::new("/bin/sh")
+            .arg("-c")
+            .arg(hook)
+            .status()
+        {
+            Ok(status) if status.success() => {}
+            Ok(status) => error!("renewed hook failed with status: {status}"),
+            Err(error) => error!("failed to run renewed hook: {error:?}"),
+        }
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Run the certbot once.
+    pub async fn renew(&self, force: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        tokio::time::timeout(self.config.renew_timeout, self.renew_inner(force))
+            .await
+            .context("requesting cert timeout")?
+    }
+
+    pub fn renew_interval(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.config.renew_interval
+    }
+
+    async fn renew_inner(&self, force: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        let created = self
+            .acme_client
+            .create_cert_if_needed(
+                &self.config.cert_subject_alt_names,
+                &self.config.cert_file,
+                &self.config.key_file,
+                &self.config.cert_dir,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        if created {
+            info!("created new certificate");
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        info!("checking if certificate needs to be renewed");
+        let renewed = self
+            .acme_client
+            .auto_renew(
+                &self.config.cert_file,
+                &self.config.key_file,
+                &self.config.cert_dir,
+                self.config.renew_expires_in,
+                force,
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        match renewed {
+            true => {
+                info!(
+                    "renewed certificate for {}",
+                    self.config.cert_file.display()
+                );
+            }
+            false => {
+                info!(
+                    "certificate {} is up to date",
+                    self.config.cert_file.display()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(renewed)
+    }
+
+    /// Set CAA record for the domain.
+    pub async fn set_caa(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.acme_client
+            .set_caa_records(&self.config.cert_subject_alt_names)
+            .await
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn read_pubkey(cert_pem: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let cert = read_pem(cert_pem)?;
+    let public_key = cert.parse_x509().context("failed to parse x509 cert")?;
+    Ok(public_key.tbs_certificate.public_key().raw.to_vec())
+}
+
+pub fn list_certs(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
+    let mut certs = vec![];
+    let cert_dir = Path::new(workdir.as_ref());
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(cert_dir)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        let cert_path = path.join("cert.pem");
+        if path.is_dir() && cert_path.exists() {
+            certs.push(cert_path);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+pub fn list_cert_public_keys(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>> {
+    list_certs(workdir)?
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|cert_path| {
+            let cert_pem = fs::read_to_string(&cert_path).context("failed to read cert")?;
+            read_pubkey(&cert_pem).context("failed to parse cert")
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<_>>()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/bot/tests.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/bot/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce8b16f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/bot/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#![cfg(not(test))]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use instant_acme::LetsEncrypt;
+
+use super::*;
+
+async fn new_certbot() -> Result<CertBot> {
+    let cf_api_token = std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN").expect("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN not set");
+    let domains = vec![std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set")];
+    let config = CertBotConfig::builder()
+        .acme_url(LetsEncrypt::Staging.url())
+        .auto_create_account(true)
+        .credentials_file("./test-workdir/credentials.json")
+        .cf_api_token(cf_api_token)
+        .cert_dir("./test-workdir/backup")
+        .cert_file("./test-workdir/live/cert.pem")
+        .key_file("./test-workdir/live/key.pem")
+        .cert_subject_alt_names(domains)
+        .renew_interval(Duration::from_secs(30))
+        .renew_timeout(Duration::from_secs(120))
+        .renew_expires_in(Duration::from_secs(7772187))
+        .max_dns_wait(Duration::from_secs(300))
+        .auto_set_caa(false)
+        .build();
+    config.build_bot().await
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_certbot() {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::try_init().ok();
+
+    let bot = new_certbot().await.unwrap();
+    bot.run().await;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/dns01_client.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/dns01_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88fbf91a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/dns01_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use cloudflare::CloudflareClient;
+use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tracing::debug;
+
+mod cloudflare;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+/// Represents a DNS record
+pub(crate) struct Record {
+    /// Unique identifier for the record
+    pub id: String,
+    /// The name of the DNS record (e.g., "_acme-challenge.example.com")
+    pub name: String,
+    /// The content of the DNS record (e.g., the TXT value for ACME challenges)
+    pub content: String,
+    /// The type of DNS record (e.g., "TXT" for ACME challenges)
+    pub r#type: String,
+}
+
+#[enum_dispatch]
+pub(crate) trait Dns01Api {
+    /// Creates a TXT DNS record with the given domain and content.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the ID of the created record.
+    /// The `ttl` parameter specifies the time-to-live in seconds (1 = auto, min 60 for Cloudflare).
+    async fn add_txt_record(&self, domain: &str, content: &str, ttl: u32) -> Result<String>;
+
+    /// Add a CAA record for the given domain.
+    async fn add_caa_record(
+        &self,
+        domain: &str,
+        flags: u8,
+        tag: &str,
+        value: &str,
+    ) -> Result<String>;
+
+    /// Remove a DNS record.
+    ///
+    /// Deletes a DNS record using its unique identifier.
+    async fn remove_record(&self, record_id: &str) -> Result<()>;
+
+    /// Get all records for a domain.
+    async fn get_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>>;
+
+    /// Remove TXT DNS records by domain.
+    ///
+    /// Deletes all TXT DNS records matching the given domain.
+    async fn remove_txt_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        for record in self.get_records(domain).await? {
+            if record.r#type != "TXT" {
+                continue;
+            }
+            debug!(domain = %domain, id = %record.id, "removing txt record");
+            self.remove_record(&record.id).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A DNS-01 client.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[enum_dispatch(Dns01Api)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Dns01Client {
+    Cloudflare(CloudflareClient),
+}
+
+impl Dns01Client {
+    pub async fn new_cloudflare(
+        base_domain: String,
+        api_token: String,
+        api_url: Option<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let client = CloudflareClient::new(base_domain, api_token, api_url).await?;
+        Ok(Self::Cloudflare(client))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/dns01_client/cloudflare.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/dns01_client/cloudflare.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..620defb0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/dns01_client/cloudflare.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use crate::dns01_client::Record;
+
+use super::Dns01Api;
+
+const DEFAULT_CLOUDFLARE_API_URL: &str = "https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CloudflareClient {
+    zone_id: String,
+    api_token: String,
+    #[serde(default = "default_api_url")]
+    api_url: String,
+}
+
+fn default_api_url() -> String {
+    DEFAULT_CLOUDFLARE_API_URL.to_string()
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Response {
+    result: ApiResult,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct ApiResult {
+    id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct CloudflareListResponse {
+    result: Vec<Record>,
+    result_info: ResultInfo,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct ResultInfo {
+    total_pages: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct ZoneInfo {
+    id: String,
+    name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct ZonesResultInfo {
+    page: u32,
+    per_page: u32,
+    total_pages: u32,
+    count: u32,
+    total_count: u32,
+}
+
+impl CloudflareClient {
+    pub async fn new(
+        base_domain: String,
+        api_token: String,
+        api_url: Option<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let api_url = api_url.unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_CLOUDFLARE_API_URL.to_string());
+        let zone_id = Self::resolve_zone_id(&api_token, &base_domain, &api_url).await?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            zone_id,
+            api_token,
+            api_url,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn resolve_zone_id(api_token: &str, base_domain: &str, api_url: &str) -> Result<String> {
+        let base = base_domain
+            .trim()
+            .trim_start_matches("*.")
+            .trim_end_matches('.')
+            .to_lowercase();
+
+        let client = Client::new();
+        let url = format!("{api_url}/zones");
+
+        let per_page = 50u32;
+        let mut page = 1u32;
+        let mut zones: HashMap<String, String> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut total_pages = 1u32;
+
+        while page <= total_pages {
+            debug!(url = %url, base_domain = %base, page, per_page, "cloudflare list zones request");
+
+            let response = client
+                .get(&url)
+                .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {api_token}"))
+                .query(&[
+                    ("page", page.to_string()),
+                    ("per_page", per_page.to_string()),
+                ])
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .context("failed to list zones")?;
+
+            let status = response.status();
+            let body = response
+                .text()
+                .await
+                .context("failed to read zones response body")?;
+            if !status.is_success() {
+                bail!("failed to list zones: {body}");
+            }
+
+            #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+            struct ZonesPageResponse {
+                result: Vec<ZoneInfo>,
+                result_info: ZonesResultInfo,
+            }
+
+            let zones_response: ZonesPageResponse =
+                serde_json::from_str(&body).context("failed to parse zones response")?;
+
+            let zone_names = zones_response
+                .result
+                .iter()
+                .map(|z| z.name.as_str())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            debug!(
+                url = %url,
+                status = %status,
+                page = zones_response.result_info.page,
+                per_page = zones_response.result_info.per_page,
+                count = zones_response.result_info.count,
+                total_count = zones_response.result_info.total_count,
+                total_pages = zones_response.result_info.total_pages,
+                zones = ?zone_names,
+                "cloudflare list zones response"
+            );
+
+            total_pages = zones_response.result_info.total_pages;
+            for z in zones_response.result {
+                zones.insert(z.name.to_lowercase(), z.id);
+            }
+
+            page += 1;
+        }
+
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = base.split('.').collect();
+        for i in 0..parts.len() {
+            let candidate = parts[i..].join(".");
+            if let Some(zone_id) = zones.get(&candidate) {
+                debug!(base_domain = %base, zone = %candidate, zone_id = %zone_id, "resolved cloudflare zone");
+                return Ok(zone_id.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        bail!("no matching zone found for base_domain: {base_domain}")
+    }
+
+    async fn add_record(&self, record: &impl Serialize) -> Result<Response> {
+        let client = Client::new();
+        let url = format!("{}/zones/{}/dns_records", self.api_url, self.zone_id);
+        let response = client
+            .post(&url)
+            .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
+            .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            .json(record)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to send add_record request")?;
+
+        let status = response.status();
+        let body = response
+            .text()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to read add_record response body")?;
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!("failed to add record: {body}");
+        }
+        let response = serde_json::from_str(&body).context("failed to parse response")?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    async fn remove_record_inner(&self, record_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let client = Client::new();
+        let url = format!(
+            "{}/zones/{}/dns_records/{}",
+            self.api_url, self.zone_id, record_id
+        );
+
+        debug!(url = %url, "cloudflare remove_record request");
+
+        let response = client
+            .delete(&url)
+            .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
+            .send()
+            .await?;
+
+        let status = response.status();
+        let body = response
+            .text()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to read remove_record response body")?;
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!("failed to remove acme challenge: {body}");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn get_records_inner(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
+        let client = Client::new();
+        let url = format!("{}/zones/{}/dns_records", self.api_url, self.zone_id);
+
+        let per_page = 100u32;
+        let mut records = Vec::new();
+        let target = domain.trim_end_matches('.');
+
+        for page in 1..20 {
+            // Safety limit to prevent infinite loops
+            let response = client
+                .get(&url)
+                .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", self.api_token))
+                .query(&[
+                    ("name", domain),
+                    ("page", &page.to_string()),
+                    ("per_page", &per_page.to_string()),
+                ])
+                .send()
+                .await?;
+
+            let status = response.status();
+            let body = response
+                .text()
+                .await
+                .context("failed to read get_records response body")?;
+
+            if !status.is_success() {
+                anyhow::bail!("failed to get dns records: {body}");
+            }
+
+            let response: CloudflareListResponse =
+                serde_json::from_str(&body).context("failed to parse response")?;
+
+            records.extend(response.result.into_iter().filter(|record| {
+                record
+                    .name
+                    .trim_end_matches('.')
+                    .eq_ignore_ascii_case(target)
+            }));
+
+            if page >= response.result_info.total_pages {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(records)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Dns01Api for CloudflareClient {
+    async fn remove_record(&self, record_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.remove_record_inner(record_id).await
+    }
+
+    async fn remove_txt_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let records = self.get_records_inner(domain).await?;
+        let txt_records = records
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|r| r.r#type == "TXT")
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let ids = txt_records.iter().map(|r| r.id.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        debug!(domain = %domain, zone_id = %self.zone_id, count = txt_records.len(), ids = ?ids, "removing txt records");
+
+        for record in txt_records {
+            debug!(domain = %domain, id = %record.id, "removing txt record");
+            self.remove_record_inner(&record.id).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn add_txt_record(&self, domain: &str, content: &str, ttl: u32) -> Result<String> {
+        let response = self
+            .add_record(&json!({
+                "type": "TXT",
+                "name": domain,
+                "content": content,
+                "ttl": ttl,
+            }))
+            .await?;
+        Ok(response.result.id)
+    }
+
+    async fn add_caa_record(
+        &self,
+        domain: &str,
+        flags: u8,
+        tag: &str,
+        value: &str,
+    ) -> Result<String> {
+        let response = self
+            .add_record(&json!({
+                "type": "CAA",
+                "name": domain,
+                "data": {
+                    "flags": flags,
+                    "tag": tag,
+                    "value": value
+                }
+            }))
+            .await?;
+        Ok(response.result.id)
+    }
+
+    async fn get_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
+        self.get_records_inner(domain).await
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #![cfg(not(test))]
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    impl CloudflareClient {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        async fn get_txt_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
+            Ok(self
+                .get_records(domain)
+                .await?
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|r| r.r#type == "TXT")
+                .collect())
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        async fn get_caa_records(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<Vec<Record>> {
+            Ok(self
+                .get_records(domain)
+                .await?
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|r| r.r#type == "CAA")
+                .collect())
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn create_client() -> CloudflareClient {
+        CloudflareClient::new(
+            std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set"),
+            std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN").expect("CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN not set"),
+            std::env::var("CLOUDFLARE_API_URL").ok(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn random_subdomain() -> String {
+        format!(
+            "_acme-challenge.{}.{}",
+            rand::random::<u64>(),
+            std::env::var("TEST_DOMAIN").expect("TEST_DOMAIN not set"),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn can_add_txt_record() {
+        let client = create_client().await;
+        let subdomain = random_subdomain();
+        println!("subdomain: {}", subdomain);
+        let record_id = client
+            .add_txt_record(&subdomain, "1234567890", 60)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(record[0].id, record_id);
+        assert_eq!(record[0].content, "1234567890");
+        client.remove_record(&record_id).await.unwrap();
+        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(record.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn can_remove_txt_record() {
+        let client = create_client().await;
+        let subdomain = random_subdomain();
+        println!("subdomain: {}", subdomain);
+        let record_id = client
+            .add_txt_record(&subdomain, "1234567890", 60)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(record[0].id, record_id);
+        assert_eq!(record[0].content, "1234567890");
+        client.remove_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        let record = client.get_txt_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(record.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn can_add_caa_record() {
+        let client = create_client().await;
+        let subdomain = random_subdomain();
+        let record_id = client
+            .add_caa_record(&subdomain, 0, "issue", "letsencrypt.org;")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let record = client.get_caa_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(record[0].id, record_id);
+        assert_eq!(record[0].content, "0 issue \"letsencrypt.org;\"");
+        client.remove_record(&record_id).await.unwrap();
+        let record = client.get_caa_records(&subdomain).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(record.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/http_client.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/http_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2de8f8232
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/http_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Custom HTTP client for instant_acme that supports both HTTP and HTTPS.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use http::Request;
+use http_body_util::{BodyExt, Full};
+use instant_acme::{BytesResponse, HttpClient};
+use reqwest::Client;
+use std::error::Error as StdError;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+/// A HTTP client that supports both HTTP and HTTPS connections.
+/// This is needed because the default instant_acme client only supports HTTPS.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ReqwestHttpClient {
+    client: Client,
+}
+
+impl ReqwestHttpClient {
+    /// Create a new HTTP client.
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        let client = Client::builder()
+            .user_agent("dstack-certbot/0.1")
+            .build()
+            .context("failed to build reqwest client")?;
+        Ok(Self { client })
+    }
+}
+
+impl HttpClient for ReqwestHttpClient {
+    fn request(
+        &self,
+        req: Request<Full<Bytes>>,
+    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<BytesResponse, instant_acme::Error>> + Send>> {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            let (parts, body) = req.into_parts();
+            let uri = parts.uri.to_string();
+            let method = parts.method.clone();
+            let body_bytes = body
+                .collect()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    instant_acme::Error::Other(Box::new(e) as Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>)
+                })?
+                .to_bytes();
+
+            tracing::debug!(
+                target: "certbot::http_client",
+                %uri,
+                %method,
+                request_body_len = body_bytes.len(),
+                "sending ACME request"
+            );
+
+            let mut builder = client.request(parts.method, uri.clone());
+            for (name, value) in &parts.headers {
+                builder = builder.header(name, value);
+            }
+
+            let response = builder
+                .body(body_bytes.to_vec())
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    instant_acme::Error::Other(Box::new(e) as Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>)
+                })?;
+
+            let status = response.status();
+            let headers = response.headers().clone();
+            let body = response.bytes().await.map_err(|e| {
+                instant_acme::Error::Other(Box::new(e) as Box<dyn StdError + Send + Sync>)
+            })?;
+
+            tracing::debug!(
+                target: "certbot::http_client",
+                %uri,
+                %status,
+                response_body = %String::from_utf8_lossy(&body),
+                "received ACME response"
+            );
+
+            let mut http_response = http::Response::builder().status(status);
+            for (name, value) in headers {
+                if let Some(name) = name {
+                    http_response = http_response.header(name, value);
+                }
+            }
+            let http_response = http_response
+                .body(Full::new(body))
+                .map_err(|e| instant_acme::Error::Other(Box::new(e)))?;
+
+            Ok(BytesResponse::from(http_response))
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/lib.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df71b9935
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! A CertBot client for requesting certificates from Let's Encrypt.
+//!
+//! This library provides a simple interface for requesting and managing SSL/TLS certificates
+//! using the ACME protocol with Let's Encrypt as the Certificate Authority.
+//!
+//! # Features
+//!
+//! - Automatic certificate issuance and renewal
+//! - DNS-01 challenge support (currently implemented for Cloudflare)
+//! - Easy integration with existing Rust applications
+//!
+//! For more detailed information on the available methods and their usage, please refer
+//! to the documentation of individual structs and functions.
+
+pub use acme_client::AcmeClient;
+pub use bot::{read_pubkey, CertBot, CertBotConfig};
+pub use dns01_client::Dns01Client;
+pub use workdir::WorkDir;
+
+mod acme_client;
+mod bot;
+mod dns01_client;
+mod http_client;
+mod workdir;
diff --git a/dstack/certbot/src/workdir.rs b/dstack/certbot/src/workdir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9265834d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/certbot/src/workdir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use crate::acme_client::Credentials;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct WorkDir {
+    workdir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl WorkDir {
+    pub fn new(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            workdir: workdir.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn workdir(&self) -> &PathBuf {
+        &self.workdir
+    }
+
+    pub fn account_credentials_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("credentials.json")
+    }
+
+    pub fn backup_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("backup")
+    }
+
+    pub fn live_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("live")
+    }
+
+    pub fn cert_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.live_dir().join("cert.pem")
+    }
+
+    pub fn key_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.live_dir().join("key.pem")
+    }
+
+    pub fn list_certs(&self) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
+        crate::bot::list_certs(self.backup_dir())
+    }
+
+    pub fn acme_account_uri(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        let encoded_credentials = fs::read_to_string(self.account_credentials_path())?;
+        let credentials: Credentials = serde_json::from_str(&encoded_credentials)?;
+        Ok(credentials.account_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn acme_account_quote_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("acme-account.quote")
+    }
+
+    pub fn list_cert_public_keys(&self) -> Result<BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>> {
+        crate::bot::list_cert_public_keys(self.backup_dir())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/api-auth/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/api-auth/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3df2919d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/api-auth/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-api-auth"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+bcrypt.workspace = true
+rocket.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+subtle.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/crates/api-auth/README.md b/dstack/crates/api-auth/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2fef4a795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/api-auth/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# dstack-api-auth
+
+Shared authentication primitives for dstack HTTP and RPC administration APIs.
+
+HTTP integrations support:
+
+- `Authorization: Bearer <token>`;
+- the shared `X-Admin-Token` header used by Gateway and VMM;
+- `Authorization: Basic ...` backed by a bcrypt Apache htpasswd file;
+- optional GET-only `?token=` links for the Gateway and VMM dashboards.
+
+Generate a compatible password file with:
+
+```bash
+htpasswd -B -c /etc/dstack/admin.htpasswd admin
+```
+
+Gateway's existing token configuration and environment variables remain
+supported. VMM's existing `[auth] enabled` and `tokens` fields remain supported;
+when enabled, authentication now covers the complete externally listening
+Rocket server. The separate VMM host-vsock server is intentionally unaffected.
+
+KMS continues to accept the existing SHA-256 `admin_token_hash` and protobuf
+request token. Its comparison uses the constant-time verifier from this crate;
+the public KMS application APIs are not placed behind operator HTTP Basic auth.
diff --git a/dstack/crates/api-auth/src/lib.rs b/dstack/crates/api-auth/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c52f7bcb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/api-auth/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Shared HTTP API authentication for dstack services.
+//!
+//! Supports bearer/shared-secret tokens, HTTP Basic credentials backed by an
+//! Apache htpasswd file, and an optional GET-only query token for compatibility
+//! with browser dashboard links.
+
+use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path, sync::Arc};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use base64::{engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64, Engine as _};
+use rocket::{
+    fairing::{Fairing, Info, Kind},
+    http::{uri::Origin, Header, Method, Status},
+    response::Responder,
+    Data, Request, Response, Route,
+};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use subtle::{Choice, ConstantTimeEq};
+
+const UNAUTH_URI: &str = "/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized";
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Htpasswd {
+    entries: HashMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+impl Htpasswd {
+    fn load(path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
+        let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read htpasswd file {}", path.display()))?;
+        Self::parse(&contents)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse htpasswd file {}", path.display()))
+    }
+
+    fn parse(contents: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut entries = HashMap::new();
+        for (line_number, line) in contents.lines().enumerate() {
+            if line.trim().is_empty() || line.starts_with('#') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let (username, hash) = line
+                .split_once(':')
+                .with_context(|| format!("invalid entry on line {}", line_number + 1))?;
+            if username.is_empty() {
+                anyhow::bail!("empty username on line {}", line_number + 1);
+            }
+            if !matches!(hash.get(..4), Some("$2a$") | Some("$2b$") | Some("$2y$")) {
+                anyhow::bail!(
+                    "unsupported hash for user {username:?} on line {}; only bcrypt hashes are supported",
+                    line_number + 1
+                );
+            }
+            entries.insert(username.to_owned(), hash.to_owned());
+        }
+
+        if entries.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("file contains no users");
+        }
+        Ok(Self { entries })
+    }
+
+    fn verify(&self, username: &str, password: &str) -> bool {
+        self.entries
+            .get(username)
+            .is_some_and(|hash| bcrypt::verify(password, hash).unwrap_or(false))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Authenticator {
+    enabled: bool,
+    token_hashes: Arc<Vec<[u8; 32]>>,
+    htpasswd: Option<Arc<Htpasswd>>,
+}
+
+impl Authenticator {
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_tokens(tokens: impl IntoIterator<Item = impl AsRef<str>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: true,
+            token_hashes: Arc::new(
+                tokens
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|token| !token.as_ref().is_empty())
+                    .map(|token| sha256(token.as_ref().as_bytes()))
+                    .collect(),
+            ),
+            htpasswd: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_token_hashes(hashes: Vec<[u8; 32]>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: true,
+            token_hashes: Arc::new(hashes),
+            htpasswd: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_htpasswd_file(mut self, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
+        self.enabled = true;
+        let path = path.as_ref();
+        self.htpasswd = Some(Arc::new(Htpasswd::load(path)?));
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.enabled
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify_token(&self, token: &str) -> bool {
+        let candidate = sha256(token.as_bytes());
+        let matched = self
+            .token_hashes
+            .iter()
+            .fold(Choice::from(0), |matched, expected| {
+                matched | candidate.ct_eq(expected)
+            });
+        bool::from(matched)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify_basic(&self, username: &str, password: &str) -> bool {
+        self.htpasswd
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|htpasswd| htpasswd.verify(username, password))
+            // Preserve the old dashboard behavior: Basic user:token and
+            // token: are aliases for a shared token.
+            || self.verify_token(password)
+            || (password.is_empty() && self.verify_token(username))
+    }
+}
+
+fn sha256(bytes: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    Sha256::digest(bytes).into()
+}
+
+/// Verify a plaintext token against the legacy wire/config representation of
+/// a SHA-256 digest. Invalid digest lengths simply fail authentication.
+pub fn verify_sha256_token(token: &str, expected: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let candidate = sha256(token.as_bytes());
+    expected.len() == candidate.len() && bool::from(candidate.as_slice().ct_eq(expected))
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct HttpAuthConfig {
+    pub realm: String,
+    pub token_header: Option<String>,
+    pub allow_get_query_token: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for HttpAuthConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            realm: "dstack API".into(),
+            token_header: None,
+            allow_get_query_token: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct HttpAuthFairing {
+    authenticator: Authenticator,
+    config: HttpAuthConfig,
+}
+
+impl HttpAuthFairing {
+    pub fn new(authenticator: Authenticator, config: HttpAuthConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            authenticator,
+            config,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn authorized(&self, req: &Request<'_>) -> bool {
+        if !self.authenticator.is_enabled() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if let Some(header) = &self.config.token_header {
+            if req
+                .headers()
+                .get_one(header)
+                .is_some_and(|token| self.authenticator.verify_token(token))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(value) = req.headers().get_one("Authorization") {
+            if let Some(token) = value.strip_prefix("Bearer ") {
+                return self.authenticator.verify_token(token.trim());
+            }
+            if let Some(encoded) = value.strip_prefix("Basic ") {
+                if let Some((username, password)) = decode_basic(encoded.trim()) {
+                    return self.authenticator.verify_basic(&username, &password);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.config.allow_get_query_token
+            && req.method() == Method::Get
+            && req.query_fields().any(|field| {
+                field.name.key_lossy().as_str() == "token"
+                    && self.authenticator.verify_token(field.value.as_ref())
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+fn decode_basic(encoded: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
+    let decoded = BASE64.decode(encoded).ok()?;
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&decoded).ok()?;
+    let (username, password) = text.split_once(':').unwrap_or((text, ""));
+    Some((username.to_owned(), password.to_owned()))
+}
+
+fn strip_token_query(uri: &Origin<'_>) -> Option<Origin<'static>> {
+    let mut found = false;
+    let kept: Vec<_> = uri
+        .query()?
+        .as_str()
+        .split('&')
+        .filter(|pair| {
+            let remove = pair.split('=').next() == Some("token");
+            found |= remove;
+            !remove && !pair.is_empty()
+        })
+        .collect();
+    found.then(|| {
+        let path = uri.path().as_str();
+        Origin::parse_owned(if kept.is_empty() {
+            path.to_owned()
+        } else {
+            format!("{path}?{}", kept.join("&"))
+        })
+        .ok()
+    })?
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl Fairing for HttpAuthFairing {
+    fn info(&self) -> Info {
+        Info {
+            name: "dstack API authentication",
+            kind: Kind::Request,
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn on_request(&self, req: &mut Request<'_>, _: &mut Data<'_>) {
+        req.local_cache(|| RequestRealm(self.config.realm.clone()));
+        if req.uri().path() == UNAUTH_URI {
+            return;
+        }
+        if !self.authorized(req) {
+            if let Ok(uri) = Origin::parse_owned(UNAUTH_URI.to_owned()) {
+                req.set_uri(uri);
+            }
+        } else if self.config.allow_get_query_token {
+            if let Some(uri) = strip_token_query(req.uri()) {
+                req.set_uri(uri);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Unauthorized;
+
+impl<'r> Responder<'r, 'static> for Unauthorized {
+    fn respond_to(self, req: &'r Request<'_>) -> rocket::response::Result<'static> {
+        let realm = &req.local_cache(|| RequestRealm("dstack API".into())).0;
+        Response::build()
+            .status(Status::Unauthorized)
+            .header(Header::new(
+                "WWW-Authenticate",
+                format!("Basic realm=\"{realm}\""),
+            ))
+            .ok()
+    }
+}
+
+struct RequestRealm(String);
+
+#[rocket::get("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized")]
+fn unauth_get() -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+#[rocket::post("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized", data = "<_data>")]
+fn unauth_post(_data: Data<'_>) -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+#[rocket::put("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized", data = "<_data>")]
+fn unauth_put(_data: Data<'_>) -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+#[rocket::patch("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized", data = "<_data>")]
+fn unauth_patch(_data: Data<'_>) -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+#[rocket::delete("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized")]
+fn unauth_delete() -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+#[rocket::options("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized")]
+fn unauth_options() -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+#[rocket::head("/__dstack_api_auth_unauthorized")]
+fn unauth_head() -> Unauthorized {
+    Unauthorized
+}
+
+pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    rocket::routes![
+        unauth_get,
+        unauth_post,
+        unauth_put,
+        unauth_patch,
+        unauth_delete,
+        unauth_options,
+        unauth_head
+    ]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rocket::{http::Header, local::asynchronous::Client};
+
+    #[rocket::get("/ok")]
+    fn ok() -> &'static str {
+        "ok"
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::post("/ok")]
+    fn post_ok() -> &'static str {
+        "ok"
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::get("/echo?<token>&<other>")]
+    fn echo(token: Option<&str>, other: Option<&str>) -> String {
+        format!("{}:{}", token.unwrap_or("none"), other.unwrap_or("none"))
+    }
+
+    async fn client(auth: Authenticator) -> Client {
+        Client::tracked(
+            rocket::build()
+                .attach(HttpAuthFairing::new(
+                    auth,
+                    HttpAuthConfig {
+                        realm: "test realm".into(),
+                        token_header: Some("X-Admin-Token".into()),
+                        allow_get_query_token: true,
+                    },
+                ))
+                .mount("/", rocket::routes![ok, post_ok, echo])
+                .mount("/", routes()),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verifies_tokens_and_apache_hashes() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-api-auth-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let password = format!("test-password-{}", std::process::id());
+        let hash = bcrypt::hash(&password, 4).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(&dir, format!("alice:{hash}\n")).unwrap();
+        let auth = Authenticator::from_tokens(["secret"])
+            .with_htpasswd_file(&dir)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(auth.verify_token("secret"));
+        assert!(!auth.verify_token("wrong"));
+        assert!(auth.verify_basic("alice", &password));
+        assert!(!auth.verify_basic("alice", &format!("{password}-wrong")));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(dir);
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::async_test]
+    async fn protects_all_methods_and_accepts_compatible_credentials() {
+        let client = client(Authenticator::from_tokens(["secret"])).await;
+        let response = client.get("/ok").dispatch().await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::Unauthorized);
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.headers().get_one("WWW-Authenticate"),
+            Some("Basic realm=\"test realm\"")
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            client
+                .get("/ok")
+                .header(Header::new("Authorization", "Bearer secret"))
+                .dispatch()
+                .await
+                .status(),
+            Status::Ok
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            client
+                .get("/ok")
+                .header(Header::new("X-Admin-Token", "secret"))
+                .dispatch()
+                .await
+                .status(),
+            Status::Ok
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            client.get("/ok?token=secret").dispatch().await.status(),
+            Status::Ok
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            client.post("/ok?token=secret").dispatch().await.status(),
+            Status::Unauthorized
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            client
+                .get("/ok")
+                .header(Header::new(
+                    "Authorization",
+                    format!("Basic {}", BASE64.encode("admin:secret")),
+                ))
+                .dispatch()
+                .await
+                .status(),
+            Status::Ok
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            client
+                .put("/ok")
+                .header(Header::new("Authorization", "Bearer wrong"))
+                .dispatch()
+                .await
+                .status(),
+            Status::Unauthorized
+        );
+        let body = client
+            .get("/echo?token=secret&other=keep")
+            .dispatch()
+            .await
+            .into_string()
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(body, "none:keep");
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::async_test]
+    async fn enabled_with_no_credentials_denies_access() {
+        let client = client(Authenticator::from_tokens(Vec::<String>::new())).await;
+        assert_eq!(
+            client.get("/ok").dispatch().await.status(),
+            Status::Unauthorized
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/build-info/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/build-info/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae53b0965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/build-info/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-build-info"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+git-version = "0.3.9"
diff --git a/dstack/crates/build-info/src/lib.rs b/dstack/crates/build-info/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2400cc018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/build-info/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Common compile-time build information for dstack binaries.
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use git_version::git_version as __git_version;
+
+/// Returns the current Git commit as `git:<hash>`.
+///
+/// Tags are deliberately excluded because dstack is a monorepo containing
+/// component-specific tags. Letting `git describe` select the nearest tag can
+/// therefore report an unrelated component's version.
+///
+/// Guest OS backends build the workspace without a `.git` directory in the
+/// sandbox, so `DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION` overrides the value at compile time.
+/// It must carry the full display string including the `git:` prefix, because
+/// callers such as the guest agent's `Info.rev` field surface it verbatim.
+/// The name is deliberately distinct from the Yocto backend's
+/// `DSTACK_GIT_REVISION`, which carries a bare SHA for release metadata and
+/// would otherwise be picked up here with the wrong format.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! git_revision {
+    () => {
+        match option_env!("DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION") {
+            Some(revision) => revision,
+            None => $crate::__git_version!(
+                args = [
+                    "--abbrev=20",
+                    "--always",
+                    "--dirty=-modified",
+                    "--exclude=*"
+                ],
+                prefix = "git:",
+                fallback = "unknown"
+            ),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Returns the calling package's version and Git revision for display.
+///
+/// The result has the form `v0.6.0 (git:0123456789abcdef0123)`. This is a
+/// macro so `CARGO_PKG_VERSION` is evaluated for the calling package rather
+/// than for `dstack-build-info` itself.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! app_version {
+    () => {
+        format!(
+            "v{} ({})",
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+            $crate::git_revision!()
+        )
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn git_revision_is_never_empty() {
+        assert!(!crate::git_revision!().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_version_embeds_package_version_and_revision() {
+        let version = crate::app_version!();
+        assert!(version.starts_with(&format!("v{}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))));
+        assert!(version.ends_with(&format!("({})", crate::git_revision!())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_override_replaces_the_git_derived_revision() {
+        // The override is read at compile time, so this asserts the contract
+        // that applies to whichever of the two arms was expanded.
+        match option_env!("DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION") {
+            Some(revision) => assert_eq!(crate::git_revision!(), revision),
+            None => assert!(crate::git_revision!().starts_with("git:")),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-auth/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/dstack-auth/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9fb1879b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-auth/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-auth"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-auth"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-auth/src/main.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-auth/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a752e4b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-auth/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstack-auth` — the single-operator KMS auth webhook (Rust reimplementation
+//! of `auth-simple`).
+//!
+//! Runs on the host as `dstack-auth.service`; the KMS-in-CVM reaches it at
+//! `http://10.0.2.2:<port>` under user-mode networking and POSTs `BootInfo` to
+//! `/bootAuth/app` (compose-hash allowlist) and `/bootAuth/kms` (mrAggregated
+//! allowlist). The allowlist JSON is re-read on every request, so `dstack run`
+//! can add an app without a restart. Fails closed: a missing/invalid allowlist
+//! denies everything.
+//!
+//! Deliberate single-node deviation from `auth-simple`: it does NOT enforce
+//! `tcbStatus == UpToDate`. Real TDX hosts routinely report a non-`UpToDate`
+//! TCB (microcode / TDX-module behind), and in the single-node model the
+//! operator already controls and trusts their own host, so a hard TCB gate
+//! would be friction without a corresponding trust gain here. Re-add the check
+//! (capture `tcbStatus`, deny unless `UpToDate`) if this grows into a
+//! multi-tenant / hosted deployment.
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use clap::Parser;
+use rocket::serde::json::Json;
+use rocket::{get, post, routes, State};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Clone)]
+#[command(
+    name = "dstack-auth",
+    version,
+    about = "single-operator KMS auth webhook"
+)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// path to the allowlist JSON (re-read on every request).
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "/var/lib/dstack/auth-allowlist.json")]
+    config: PathBuf,
+    /// bind address. Defaults to loopback (reachable from CVMs at 10.0.2.2 via
+    /// user-mode networking, and not exposed externally).
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "127.0.0.1")]
+    address: String,
+    /// bind port.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 8001)]
+    port: u16,
+}
+
+/// boot info the KMS sends (camelCase; byte fields are hex strings). Only the
+/// fields the allowlist checks are captured; the rest are ignored.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+struct BootInfo {
+    mr_aggregated: String,
+    os_image_hash: String,
+    app_id: String,
+    compose_hash: String,
+    device_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct BootResponse {
+    is_allowed: bool,
+    gateway_app_id: String,
+    reason: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+struct Allowlist {
+    os_images: Vec<String>,
+    gateway_app_id: String,
+    kms: KmsRules,
+    apps: HashMap<String, AppRules>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+struct KmsRules {
+    mr_aggregated: Vec<String>,
+    devices: Vec<String>,
+    allow_any_device: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+struct AppRules {
+    compose_hashes: Vec<String>,
+    devices: Vec<String>,
+    allow_any_device: bool,
+}
+
+/// normalize a hex string for comparison: trim, drop a `0x`/`0X` prefix,
+/// lowercase. MUST stay in sync with `dstack-cli-core::config::norm_hex` — both
+/// `dstack run` (writing the allowlist) and this webhook (reading it) must
+/// agree on the canonical form, or apps are silently denied.
+fn norm(s: &str) -> String {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    let s = s
+        .strip_prefix("0x")
+        .or_else(|| s.strip_prefix("0X"))
+        .unwrap_or(s);
+    s.to_lowercase()
+}
+
+fn contains(list: &[String], value: &str) -> bool {
+    let v = norm(value);
+    list.iter().any(|x| norm(x) == v)
+}
+
+/// matches auth-simple: an empty `devices` list means "any device" even when
+/// `allowAnyDevice` is false (it only enforces a non-empty list).
+fn device_ok(allow_any: bool, devices: &[String], device_id: &str) -> bool {
+    allow_any || devices.is_empty() || contains(devices, device_id)
+}
+
+fn deny(al: &Allowlist, reason: &str) -> BootResponse {
+    BootResponse {
+        is_allowed: false,
+        gateway_app_id: al.gateway_app_id.clone(),
+        reason: reason.to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn allow(al: &Allowlist) -> BootResponse {
+    BootResponse {
+        is_allowed: true,
+        gateway_app_id: al.gateway_app_id.clone(),
+        reason: "ok".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_app(info: &BootInfo, al: &Allowlist) -> BootResponse {
+    if !al.os_images.is_empty() && !contains(&al.os_images, &info.os_image_hash) {
+        return deny(al, "os image not allowed");
+    }
+    let app_id = norm(&info.app_id);
+    let Some(app) = al
+        .apps
+        .iter()
+        .find(|(k, _)| norm(k) == app_id)
+        .map(|(_, v)| v)
+    else {
+        return deny(al, "app not registered");
+    };
+    if !contains(&app.compose_hashes, &info.compose_hash) {
+        return deny(al, "compose hash not allowed");
+    }
+    if !device_ok(app.allow_any_device, &app.devices, &info.device_id) {
+        return deny(al, "device not allowed");
+    }
+    allow(al)
+}
+
+fn check_kms(info: &BootInfo, al: &Allowlist) -> BootResponse {
+    if !contains(&al.kms.mr_aggregated, &info.mr_aggregated) {
+        return deny(al, "kms mrAggregated not allowed");
+    }
+    if !device_ok(al.kms.allow_any_device, &al.kms.devices, &info.device_id) {
+        return deny(al, "device not allowed");
+    }
+    allow(al)
+}
+
+/// load the allowlist, failing closed (deny-all) if it's missing or invalid.
+fn load(path: &PathBuf) -> Allowlist {
+    match std::fs::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(body) => serde_json::from_str(&body).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            rocket::warn!("allowlist {} is invalid: {e}; denying all", path.display());
+            Allowlist::default()
+        }),
+        Err(e) => {
+            rocket::warn!("allowlist {} unreadable: {e}; denying all", path.display());
+            Allowlist::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[post("/bootAuth/app", data = "<info>")]
+fn boot_app(info: Json<BootInfo>, cli: &State<Cli>) -> Json<BootResponse> {
+    let r = check_app(&info, &load(&cli.config));
+    rocket::info!(
+        "bootAuth/app app={} compose={} -> allowed={} ({})",
+        norm(&info.app_id),
+        norm(&info.compose_hash),
+        r.is_allowed,
+        r.reason
+    );
+    Json(r)
+}
+
+#[post("/bootAuth/kms", data = "<info>")]
+fn boot_kms(info: Json<BootInfo>, cli: &State<Cli>) -> Json<BootResponse> {
+    let r = check_kms(&info, &load(&cli.config));
+    rocket::info!(
+        "bootAuth/kms mr={} -> allowed={} ({})",
+        norm(&info.mr_aggregated),
+        r.is_allowed,
+        r.reason
+    );
+    Json(r)
+}
+
+/// info endpoint the KMS GETs to populate its metadata. Single-node: no chain.
+#[get("/")]
+fn info() -> Json<serde_json::Value> {
+    Json(json!({
+        "status": "ok",
+        "kmsContractAddr": "",
+        "ethRpcUrl": "",
+        "gatewayAppId": "",
+        "chainId": 0,
+        "appImplementation": ""
+    }))
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    let figment = rocket::Config::figment()
+        .merge(("address", cli.address.clone()))
+        .merge(("port", cli.port));
+    rocket::custom(figment)
+        .manage(cli)
+        .mount("/", routes![info, boot_app, boot_kms])
+        .launch()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("auth webhook failed: {e}"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn allowlist() -> Allowlist {
+        serde_json::from_str(
+            r#"{
+              "osImages": ["0xIMG"],
+              "kms": { "mrAggregated": ["0xMR"], "allowAnyDevice": true },
+              "apps": { "0xApp1": { "composeHashes": ["0xHASH"], "allowAnyDevice": true } }
+            }"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn boot(app: &str, hash: &str, img: &str) -> BootInfo {
+        BootInfo {
+            app_id: app.into(),
+            compose_hash: hash.into(),
+            os_image_hash: img.into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_allowed_with_normalized_hex() {
+        // differing 0x/case must still match.
+        let r = check_app(&boot("APP1", "hash", "img"), &allowlist());
+        assert!(r.is_allowed, "{}", r.reason);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_denied_unknown_app_hash_or_image() {
+        let al = allowlist();
+        assert!(!check_app(&boot("0xnope", "0xHASH", "0xIMG"), &al).is_allowed);
+        assert!(!check_app(&boot("0xApp1", "0xnope", "0xIMG"), &al).is_allowed);
+        assert!(!check_app(&boot("0xApp1", "0xHASH", "0xnope"), &al).is_allowed);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kms_allowlist_and_empty_default() {
+        let al = allowlist();
+        let info = BootInfo {
+            mr_aggregated: "0xMR".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(check_kms(&info, &al).is_allowed);
+        // fail closed: empty allowlist denies (the single-node case never calls this).
+        assert!(!check_kms(&info, &Allowlist::default()).is_allowed);
+    }
+
+    // wire-contract snapshot: BootInfo as the KMS serializes it (camelCase).
+    // Keep these field names in sync with the kms BootInfo. `#[serde(default)]`
+    // means extra fields are ignored AND a renamed field deserializes to "" —
+    // which fails closed, but silently — so this test pins the names we depend
+    // on: if the KMS renames one, the matching assertion here breaks first.
+    #[test]
+    fn deserializes_the_kms_bootinfo_wire_contract() {
+        let wire = r#"{
+            "teeVariant": "dstack",
+            "mrAggregated": "0xAABB",
+            "osImageHash": "0xC2AA",
+            "mrSystem": "0xdead",
+            "appId": "0xApp1",
+            "composeHash": "0xHASH",
+            "instanceId": "0x01",
+            "deviceId": "0xDEV",
+            "keyProviderInfo": "kp",
+            "tcbStatus": "UpToDate",
+            "advisoryIds": []
+        }"#;
+        let info: BootInfo = serde_json::from_str(wire).expect("kms BootInfo must deserialize");
+        assert_eq!(norm(&info.mr_aggregated), "aabb");
+        assert_eq!(norm(&info.os_image_hash), "c2aa");
+        assert_eq!(norm(&info.app_id), "app1");
+        assert_eq!(norm(&info.compose_hash), "hash");
+        assert_eq!(norm(&info.device_id), "dev");
+        // a check using this payload should pass against a matching allowlist.
+        let info2: BootInfo = serde_json::from_str(wire).unwrap();
+        let al: Allowlist = serde_json::from_str(
+            r#"{"osImages":["0xC2AA"],"apps":{"0xApp1":{"composeHashes":["0xHASH"],"allowAnyDevice":true}}}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(check_app(&info2, &al).is_allowed);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f4d0bdcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-cli-core"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+http-client = { workspace = true, features = ["prpc"] }
+dstack-vmm-rpc.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+# advisory file locking (flock) for the allowlist/state read-modify-write;
+# already in the dependency tree transitively, so no extra compile cost.
+rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["fs"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+toml.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/compose.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/compose.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4db4f53a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/compose.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! build the app-compose manifest — the JSON document the VMM hashes (to derive
+//! the app id) and deploys. The raw docker-compose YAML is embedded as a string.
+
+use serde_json::json;
+
+/// build a minimal app-compose manifest from a docker-compose YAML body
+/// (single-node, no gateway).
+///
+/// `kms_enabled` selects KMS mode (deterministic, upgradeable per-app keys);
+/// gateway and local-key-provider are off for the direct-port single-node flow.
+pub fn build_app_compose(name: &str, docker_compose_yaml: &str, kms_enabled: bool) -> String {
+    build_app_compose_with_runtime(
+        name,
+        docker_compose_yaml,
+        kms_enabled,
+        "docker-compose",
+        None,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Build an app-compose manifest with an explicitly selected compose frontend.
+/// `snapshotter` is meaningful only for `nerdctl-compose`.
+pub fn build_app_compose_with_runtime(
+    name: &str,
+    docker_compose_yaml: &str,
+    kms_enabled: bool,
+    runner: &str,
+    snapshotter: Option<&str>,
+) -> String {
+    build_app_compose_with_runtime_and_volumes(
+        name,
+        docker_compose_yaml,
+        kms_enabled,
+        runner,
+        snapshotter,
+        &[],
+    )
+}
+
+/// Build an app-compose manifest with measured verity volume declarations.
+pub fn build_app_compose_with_runtime_and_volumes(
+    name: &str,
+    docker_compose_yaml: &str,
+    kms_enabled: bool,
+    runner: &str,
+    snapshotter: Option<&str>,
+    verity_volumes: &[dstack_types::VerityVolume],
+) -> String {
+    let mut manifest = json!({
+        "manifest_version": if runner == "nerdctl-compose" { json!("3") } else { json!(2) },
+        "name": name,
+        "runner": runner,
+        "docker_compose_file": docker_compose_yaml,
+        "kms_enabled": kms_enabled,
+        "gateway_enabled": false,
+        "local_key_provider_enabled": false,
+        "public_logs": true,
+        "public_sysinfo": true,
+        "no_instance_id": false,
+        // don't block boot on `chronyc waitsync` — the manifest default is true,
+        // but the single-node direct-port flow has no gateway/RA-TLS that needs a
+        // pre-synced clock, and the strict wait hard-fails (→ reboot loop) whenever
+        // chrony has no usable source. chronyd still syncs in the background.
+        // (NTS is also currently broken in guest images — see dstack#745.)
+        "secure_time": false,
+    });
+    if let Some(snapshotter) = snapshotter {
+        manifest["snapshotter"] = json!(snapshotter);
+    }
+    if !verity_volumes.is_empty() {
+        manifest["verity_volumes"] = json!(verity_volumes);
+    }
+    // pretty-print via Value's Display (`{:#}`) — infallible, and byte-identical
+    // to serde_json::to_string_pretty (avoids an expect on an unfailable Result).
+    format!("{manifest:#}")
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/config.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f62cba0ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! render the config files `dstackup install` writes:
+//!
+//! * `kms.toml` — embedded into the KMS-in-CVM app-compose; this is the
+//!   single-node config (webhook auth + `enforce_self_authorization =
+//!   false` + a set `auto_bootstrap_domain`, the combination validated to make
+//!   bootstrap hands-off).
+//! * `auth-allowlist.json` — read by the host-side Rust auth webhook.
+//! * `vmm.toml` — the host VMM config (gateway off; management-API auth token
+//!   set by `dstackup install`).
+
+use crate::host::Platform;
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use serde_json::json;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+/// normalize a hex string for comparison: trim, drop a single `0x`/`0X`
+/// prefix, lowercase. MUST stay in sync with `dstack-auth`'s `norm()` — the
+/// webhook compares allowlist entries against KMS-supplied hashes with the same
+/// rule, so a divergence here silently denies (or wrongly allows) apps.
+pub fn norm_hex(s: &str) -> String {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    let s = s
+        .strip_prefix("0x")
+        .or_else(|| s.strip_prefix("0X"))
+        .unwrap_or(s);
+    s.to_lowercase()
+}
+
+/// register an app (id + compose hash) in the auth webhook's allowlist file,
+/// so the KMS will issue keys to it. Read-modify-write; idempotent.
+///
+/// Holds an exclusive lock for the whole read-modify-write (so two concurrent
+/// `dstack run`s can't clobber each other) and writes atomically (so a crash or
+/// partial write can't leave torn JSON — which the webhook would read as
+/// deny-all). The stored hash is normalized so the on-disk file can't
+/// accumulate visually-distinct-but-equal entries.
+pub fn register_app_in_allowlist(path: &Path, app_id: &str, compose_hash: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let _lock = crate::fsutil::lock_exclusive(path)?;
+    let body = match std::fs::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(b) => b,
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => anyhow::bail!(
+            "allowlist {} does not exist — run `dstackup install` first, or check the --allowlist path",
+            path.display()
+        ),
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => {
+            return Err(e).with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "reading allowlist {} (it is usually root-owned — run with sudo)",
+                    path.display()
+                )
+            })
+        }
+        Err(e) => return Err(e).with_context(|| format!("reading allowlist {}", path.display())),
+    };
+    let mut v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&body).context("parsing allowlist json")?;
+    let apps = v
+        .get_mut("apps")
+        .and_then(|a| a.as_object_mut())
+        .context("allowlist has no `apps` object")?;
+    let entry = apps
+        .entry(norm_hex(app_id))
+        .or_insert_with(|| json!({ "composeHashes": [], "devices": [], "allowAnyDevice": true }));
+    let hashes = entry
+        .get_mut("composeHashes")
+        .and_then(|h| h.as_array_mut())
+        .context("app entry missing `composeHashes`")?;
+    let norm = norm_hex(compose_hash);
+    let present = hashes
+        .iter()
+        .any(|h| h.as_str().map(|s| norm_hex(s) == norm).unwrap_or(false));
+    if !present {
+        hashes.push(serde_json::Value::String(norm));
+    }
+    crate::fsutil::write_atomic(path, &serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v)?)
+        .with_context(|| format!("writing allowlist {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// public OS-image download URL template used by the KMS image-hash verifier.
+pub const DEFAULT_IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL: &str =
+    "https://download.dstack.org/os-images/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz";
+
+/// inputs that parameterize the rendered configs.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct HostConfig {
+    /// URL the KMS-in-CVM uses to reach the host auth webhook
+    /// (the host as seen from the CVM under user-mode networking, e.g.
+    /// `http://10.0.2.2:8001`).
+    pub auth_webhook_url: String,
+    /// KMS bootstrap domain — the host address as seen from the CVM
+    /// (e.g. `10.0.2.2`); the bootstrapped RPC cert is issued for this.
+    pub kms_bootstrap_domain: String,
+    /// OS image hash to allow apps to boot from (the measured guest image).
+    pub os_image_hash: String,
+    /// OS image download URL template (must contain `{OS_IMAGE_HASH}`).
+    pub image_download_url: String,
+    /// whether the KMS verifies the OS image hash on app key requests.
+    pub verify_os_image: bool,
+    /// confidential-computing platform (selects SNP-specific KMS settings).
+    pub platform: Platform,
+}
+
+impl Default for HostConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            auth_webhook_url: "http://10.0.2.2:8001".to_string(),
+            kms_bootstrap_domain: "10.0.2.2".to_string(),
+            os_image_hash: String::new(),
+            image_download_url: DEFAULT_IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL.to_string(),
+            verify_os_image: true,
+            platform: Platform::Tdx,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// render the single-node KMS config (lives at `/kms/kms.toml` inside the CVM).
+pub fn kms_toml(cfg: &HostConfig) -> String {
+    format!(
+        r#"# generated by `dstackup install` — single-node KMS
+
+[rpc]
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8000
+
+[rpc.tls]
+key = "/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+certs = "/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+[rpc.tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+cert_dir = "/kms/certs"
+# single-node: the KMS does not self-attest to its own auth API before
+# bootstrap (it still attests the genesis keys via the guest agent, and app
+# auth + per-app quote checks are unaffected).
+enforce_self_authorization = false
+{sev_snp}
+[core.image]
+verify = {verify}
+cache_dir = "/kms/images"
+download_url = "{download_url}"
+download_timeout = "2m"
+
+[core.metrics]
+enabled = false
+
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "webhook"
+
+[core.auth_api.webhook]
+url = "{webhook_url}"
+
+[core.onboard]
+enabled = true
+auto_bootstrap_domain = "{bootstrap_domain}"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8000
+"#,
+        // AMD SEV-SNP gates EVERY key release (incl. the KMS's own bootstrap) on
+        // `sev_snp_key_release`, which defaults to false — so it must be set on
+        // SNP or the KMS refuses to release keys. Harmless/ignored on TDX.
+        sev_snp = match cfg.platform {
+            Platform::AmdSevSnp => "sev_snp_key_release = true\namd_kds_base_url = \"\"\n",
+            Platform::Tdx => "",
+        },
+        verify = cfg.verify_os_image,
+        download_url = cfg.image_download_url,
+        webhook_url = cfg.auth_webhook_url,
+        bootstrap_domain = cfg.kms_bootstrap_domain,
+    )
+}
+
+/// render the host-side auth webhook allowlist.
+///
+/// single-node (no gateway): the OS image is allowed, the KMS `mrAggregated`
+/// allowlist is empty (no replication; self-bootstrap is hands-off), and per-app
+/// compose hashes are added by `dstack run`.
+pub fn auth_allowlist_json(cfg: &HostConfig) -> String {
+    let allowlist = json!({
+        "osImages": if cfg.os_image_hash.is_empty() {
+            Vec::<String>::new()
+        } else {
+            vec![cfg.os_image_hash.clone()]
+        },
+        "kms": {
+            "mrAggregated": [],
+            "devices": [],
+            "allowAnyDevice": true
+        },
+        "apps": {}
+    });
+    // infallible pretty-print via Value's Display; see compose::build_app_compose.
+    format!("{allowlist:#}")
+}
+
+/// default pinned, reproducibly-built KMS image (Docker Hub).
+pub const DEFAULT_KMS_IMAGE: &str = "dstacktee/dstack-kms:0.5.11";
+
+/// build the KMS-in-CVM app-compose manifest. An init script writes the
+/// rendered `kms.toml` into the guest and the KMS container mounts it. On TDX
+/// the CVM uses the SGX local key provider to seal the KMS root key; AMD
+/// SEV-SNP has no such provider, so it's disabled there.
+pub fn kms_app_compose(kms_toml: &str, kms_image: &str, platform: Platform) -> String {
+    let docker_compose = format!(
+        r#"services:
+  kms:
+    image: {kms_image}
+    volumes:
+      - kms-volume:/kms
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+      - /dstack/kms-config/kms.toml:/kms/kms.toml:ro
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    command: sh -c 'mkdir -p /kms/certs /kms/images && exec dstack-kms -c /kms/kms.toml'
+volumes:
+  kms-volume:
+"#
+    );
+    let init_script = format!(
+        "mkdir -p /dstack/kms-config\ncat > /dstack/kms-config/kms.toml <<'KMSTOML'\n{kms_toml}\nKMSTOML\ntrue\n"
+    );
+    let manifest = json!({
+        "manifest_version": 2,
+        "name": "dstack-kms",
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "docker_compose_file": docker_compose,
+        "init_script": init_script,
+        "kms_enabled": false,
+        "gateway_enabled": false,
+        "local_key_provider_enabled": platform == Platform::Tdx,
+        "public_logs": true,
+        "public_sysinfo": true,
+        "public_tcbinfo": true,
+        "no_instance_id": false,
+        "secure_time": false,
+        "allowed_envs": []
+    });
+    // infallible pretty-print via Value's Display; see compose::build_app_compose.
+    format!("{manifest:#}")
+}
+
+/// inputs for rendering `vmm.toml`. Defaults target a localhost dashboard and
+/// reuse of an existing local key provider; the isolation knobs (ports, cid
+/// range, prefix) let a fresh instance coexist with an existing VMM.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct VmmRender {
+    /// Rocket endpoint for the dashboard + management API
+    /// (e.g. `tcp:127.0.0.1:9080`, or `unix:<path>`).
+    pub dashboard_addr: String,
+    /// guest image directory.
+    pub image_path: String,
+    /// qemu binary path.
+    pub qemu_path: String,
+    /// run directory for the supervisor socket/pid/log.
+    pub run_dir: String,
+    /// VM storage directory (isolated per install; default `~/.dstack-vmm/vm`).
+    pub vm_path: String,
+    /// supervisor binary path.
+    pub supervisor_exe: String,
+    /// CID pool start (raise to coexist with an existing VMM).
+    pub cid_start: u32,
+    /// CID pool size.
+    pub cid_pool_size: u32,
+    /// host-api vsock port (raise to coexist with an existing VMM on 10000).
+    pub host_api_port: u32,
+    /// local key-provider address (reuse the running one).
+    pub key_provider_addr: String,
+    /// local key-provider port.
+    pub key_provider_port: u32,
+    /// KMS URLs injected into app CVMs (the guest-visible KMS address).
+    pub kms_urls: Vec<String>,
+    /// confidential-computing platform (selects qemu/share-mode for the CVMs).
+    pub platform: Platform,
+    /// gate the management API behind a bearer/Basic token (`[auth] enabled`).
+    pub auth_enabled: bool,
+    /// the token accepted by the management API when `auth_enabled` is set.
+    /// Empty renders `tokens = []`.
+    pub auth_token: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for VmmRender {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            dashboard_addr: "tcp:127.0.0.1:9080".to_string(),
+            image_path: "/var/lib/dstack/images".to_string(),
+            qemu_path: "/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64".to_string(),
+            run_dir: "/var/lib/dstack/run".to_string(),
+            vm_path: "/var/lib/dstack/vm".to_string(),
+            supervisor_exe: "/usr/bin/dstack-supervisor".to_string(),
+            cid_start: 1000,
+            cid_pool_size: 1000,
+            host_api_port: 10000,
+            key_provider_addr: "127.0.0.1".to_string(),
+            key_provider_port: 3443,
+            kms_urls: Vec::new(),
+            platform: Platform::Tdx,
+            auth_enabled: false,
+            auth_token: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// render the host `vmm.toml`. Gateway is off (single-node direct-port
+/// access); management-API auth is gated by `r.auth_enabled`/`r.auth_token`
+/// (`dstackup install` generates a token and enables it). CVMs use user-mode
+/// networking with host port mapping.
+pub fn vmm_toml(r: &VmmRender) -> String {
+    format!(
+        r#"# generated by `dstackup install`
+
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack VMM"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+address = "{dashboard_addr}"
+reuse = true
+kms_url = ""
+event_buffer_size = 20
+node_name = ""
+run_path = "{vm_path}"
+
+[image]
+path = "{image_path}"
+registry = ""
+
+[cvm]
+platform = "{platform}"
+qemu_path = "{qemu_path}"
+kms_urls = [{kms_urls}]
+gateway_urls = []
+pccs_url = ""
+docker_registry = ""
+cid_start = {cid_start}
+cid_pool_size = {cid_pool_size}
+max_allocable_vcpu = 20
+max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 100_000
+qmp_socket = false
+user = ""
+use_mrconfigid = {use_mrconfigid}
+qemu_pci_hole64_size = 0
+qemu_hotplug_off = false
+host_share_mode = "{host_share_mode}"
+qgs_port = 4050
+
+[cvm.product]
+sys_vendor = "dstack"
+product_name = "dstack"
+
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+net = "10.0.2.0/24"
+dhcp_start = "10.0.2.10"
+restrict = false
+
+[cvm.port_mapping]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+range = [
+    {{ protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 }},
+]
+
+[cvm.auto_restart]
+enabled = true
+interval = 20
+
+[cvm.gpu]
+enabled = false
+listing = []
+exclude = []
+include = []
+allow_attach_all = false
+
+[gateway]
+base_domain = "localhost"
+port = 8082
+agent_port = 8090
+
+# management API auth. `dstackup install` generates a token and enables this
+# so the VMM control surface (create/stop VM, UI, pRPC) is not exposed
+# unauthenticated. Clients send `Authorization: Bearer <token>`.
+[auth]
+enabled = {auth_enabled}
+tokens = [{auth_tokens}]
+
+[supervisor]
+exe = "{supervisor_exe}"
+sock = "{run_dir}/supervisor.sock"
+pid_file = "{run_dir}/supervisor.pid"
+log_file = "{run_dir}/supervisor.log"
+detached = true
+auto_start = true
+
+[host_api]
+ident = "dstack VMM"
+address = "vsock:2"
+port = {host_api_port}
+
+[key_provider]
+enabled = true
+address = "{kp_addr}"
+port = {kp_port}
+"#,
+        dashboard_addr = r.dashboard_addr,
+        image_path = r.image_path,
+        vm_path = r.vm_path,
+        qemu_path = r.qemu_path,
+        platform = r.platform.vmm_str(),
+        // SNP CVMs share the host dir via a virtual disk (9p doesn't play with
+        // SNP memory encryption) and bind measurements via mrconfigid.
+        use_mrconfigid = r.platform == Platform::AmdSevSnp,
+        host_share_mode = match r.platform {
+            Platform::AmdSevSnp => "vhd",
+            Platform::Tdx => "9p",
+        },
+        kms_urls = r
+            .kms_urls
+            .iter()
+            .map(|u| format!("\"{u}\""))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .join(", "),
+        cid_start = r.cid_start,
+        cid_pool_size = r.cid_pool_size,
+        supervisor_exe = r.supervisor_exe,
+        run_dir = r.run_dir,
+        host_api_port = r.host_api_port,
+        kp_addr = r.key_provider_addr,
+        kp_port = r.key_provider_port,
+        auth_enabled = r.auth_enabled,
+        auth_tokens = if r.auth_token.is_empty() {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            format!("\"{}\"", r.auth_token)
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vmm_toml_is_valid_and_parameterized() {
+        let r = VmmRender {
+            dashboard_addr: "tcp:127.0.0.1:19080".into(),
+            cid_start: 2000,
+            host_api_port: 10001,
+            auth_enabled: true,
+            auth_token: "deadbeef".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let rendered = vmm_toml(&r);
+        assert!(rendered.contains(r#"address = "tcp:127.0.0.1:19080""#));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("cid_start = 2000"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("port = 10001"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains("enabled = true"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains(r#"tokens = ["deadbeef"]"#));
+        toml::from_str::<toml::Value>(&rendered).expect("vmm.toml must be valid TOML");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vmm_toml_auth_disabled_renders_empty_tokens() {
+        let rendered = vmm_toml(&VmmRender::default());
+        // default (no token) must still be valid TOML with an empty token list.
+        assert!(rendered.contains("tokens = []"));
+        let v: toml::Value = toml::from_str(&rendered).expect("vmm.toml must be valid TOML");
+        assert_eq!(v["auth"]["enabled"].as_bool(), Some(false));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kms_toml_has_single_node_invariants() {
+        let cfg = HostConfig {
+            auth_webhook_url: "http://10.0.2.2:8001".into(),
+            kms_bootstrap_domain: "10.0.2.2".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let toml = kms_toml(&cfg);
+        assert!(toml.contains("enforce_self_authorization = false"));
+        assert!(toml.contains(r#"auto_bootstrap_domain = "10.0.2.2""#));
+        assert!(toml.contains(r#"type = "webhook""#));
+        assert!(toml.contains(r#"url = "http://10.0.2.2:8001""#));
+        // sanity: it parses as TOML.
+        toml::from_str::<toml::Value>(&toml).expect("kms.toml must be valid TOML");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn platform_specific_rendering() {
+        // TDX defaults: no SNP key-release, 9p share, mrconfigid off, SGX provider.
+        let tdx = kms_toml(&HostConfig::default());
+        assert!(!tdx.contains("sev_snp_key_release"));
+        toml::from_str::<toml::Value>(&tdx).expect("tdx kms.toml valid");
+        let tdx_vmm = vmm_toml(&VmmRender::default());
+        assert!(tdx_vmm.contains(r#"platform = "tdx""#));
+        assert!(tdx_vmm.contains(r#"host_share_mode = "9p""#));
+        assert!(tdx_vmm.contains("use_mrconfigid = false"));
+        toml::from_str::<toml::Value>(&tdx_vmm).expect("tdx vmm.toml valid");
+        assert!(kms_app_compose("x", "img", Platform::Tdx)
+            .contains(r#""local_key_provider_enabled": true"#));
+
+        // SNP: key-release gate set, vhd share, mrconfigid on, no local provider.
+        let snp = kms_toml(&HostConfig {
+            platform: Platform::AmdSevSnp,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        assert!(snp.contains("sev_snp_key_release = true"));
+        toml::from_str::<toml::Value>(&snp).expect("snp kms.toml valid");
+        let snp_vmm = vmm_toml(&VmmRender {
+            platform: Platform::AmdSevSnp,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        assert!(snp_vmm.contains(r#"platform = "amd-sev-snp""#));
+        assert!(snp_vmm.contains(r#"host_share_mode = "vhd""#));
+        assert!(snp_vmm.contains("use_mrconfigid = true"));
+        toml::from_str::<toml::Value>(&snp_vmm).expect("snp vmm.toml valid");
+        assert!(kms_app_compose("x", "img", Platform::AmdSevSnp)
+            .contains(r#""local_key_provider_enabled": false"#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allowlist_shape() {
+        let cfg = HostConfig {
+            os_image_hash: "0xabc".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&auth_allowlist_json(&cfg)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v["osImages"][0], "0xabc");
+        assert_eq!(v["kms"]["mrAggregated"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 0);
+        assert!(v["apps"].as_object().unwrap().is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/fsutil.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/fsutil.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8db04d990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/fsutil.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! small filesystem helpers: atomic file replace + advisory locking.
+//!
+//! The allowlist and the install state file are read-modify-written from more
+//! than one process (`dstack run` adds an app while the webhook reads; a second
+//! `dstack run` can race the first). A torn write there is not cosmetic: the
+//! auth webhook fails *closed* on invalid JSON, so a half-written allowlist
+//! denies keys to every app on the host. These helpers make the write atomic
+//! and serialize concurrent writers.
+//!
+//! The atomic replace itself is delegated to the `safe-write` crate, which the
+//! rest of the workspace already uses. The two concerns stay separate:
+//! `safe-write` makes a single write atomic and durable, while
+//! [`lock_exclusive`] is what serializes a *read*-modify-write so two processes
+//! cannot each publish a complete file built from the same stale read.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// `path` with `suffix` appended to its full name (not replacing the extension,
+/// so `a/b.json` + `.lock` → `a/b.json.lock`, a sibling in the same directory).
+fn sibling(path: &Path, suffix: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut s: OsString = path.as_os_str().to_os_string();
+    s.push(suffix);
+    PathBuf::from(s)
+}
+
+/// atomically replace `path`'s contents: write a uniquely named temp file in
+/// the same directory, fsync it, rename it over the target, then fsync the
+/// directory. A reader (or a crash) sees either the old file or the new one,
+/// never a fragment, and the rename is durable across a power loss.
+///
+/// Concurrent writers to the same path all succeed and each publishes its
+/// complete content; the winner is whoever renames last. That is *not* a
+/// substitute for [`lock_exclusive`] when the write is part of a
+/// read-modify-write — see the module docs.
+pub fn write_atomic(path: &Path, contents: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    safe_write::safe_write(path, contents).with_context(|| format!("writing {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+/// like [`write_atomic`], but the file is created with `mode` (Unix permission
+/// bits) *before* any content is written, so a secret never exists on disk with
+/// broader-than-intended permissions — not even transiently between the rename
+/// and a follow-up `chmod`. Use for credential files (`0o600`).
+///
+/// `mode` is subject to the process umask, matching
+/// [`std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt::mode`], so the result is never wider
+/// than requested. On non-Unix platforms `mode` is ignored, as before.
+pub fn write_atomic_mode(path: &Path, contents: &str, mode: u32) -> Result<()> {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(path, contents, mode)
+            .with_context(|| format!("writing {}", path.display()))
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    {
+        let _ = mode;
+        write_atomic(path, contents)
+    }
+}
+
+/// acquire an exclusive advisory lock tied to `path` (held on a sibling
+/// `.lock` file). The lock releases when the returned guard is dropped —
+/// including on process exit, so a crash never leaves a stale lock. Hold it
+/// around a read-modify-write of `path` to serialize concurrent processes.
+#[must_use = "the lock is released when the returned guard is dropped"]
+pub fn lock_exclusive(path: &Path) -> Result<File> {
+    let lock_path = sibling(path, ".lock");
+    let f = OpenOptions::new()
+        .create(true)
+        .truncate(false)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(&lock_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("opening lock {}", lock_path.display()))?;
+    rustix::fs::flock(&f, rustix::fs::FlockOperation::LockExclusive)
+        .with_context(|| format!("locking {}", lock_path.display()))?;
+    Ok(f)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// every entry in `dir`, so "no temp file left behind" can be asserted
+    /// without knowing the temp file's name.
+    fn entries(dir: &Path) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut v: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(dir)
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+            .collect();
+        v.sort();
+        v
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn atomic_write_replaces_contents() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-fsutil-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let p = dir.join("x.json");
+        write_atomic(&p, "one").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&p).unwrap(), "one");
+        write_atomic(&p, "two").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&p).unwrap(), "two");
+        // no temp file left behind, whatever it was called.
+        assert_eq!(entries(&dir), vec!["x.json".to_string()]);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// Two writers racing on one path must both succeed, and the result must be
+    /// exactly one of them — not a mixture, and not a spurious failure. The
+    /// previous hand-rolled implementation used a fixed `<path>.tmp`, so
+    /// writers truncated each other's temp file and 3 in 4 writes failed.
+    #[test]
+    fn concurrent_writers_do_not_clobber_each_other() {
+        const LEN: usize = 256 * 1024;
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-fsrace-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let p = dir.join("state.json");
+
+        for _ in 0..10 {
+            std::thread::scope(|s| {
+                for c in ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'] {
+                    let p = &p;
+                    s.spawn(move || {
+                        let body: String = std::iter::repeat_n(c, LEN).collect();
+                        write_atomic(p, &body).expect("concurrent write must not fail");
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+            let got = std::fs::read_to_string(&p).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(got.len(), LEN, "torn write: wrong length");
+            let distinct: std::collections::BTreeSet<char> = got.chars().collect();
+            assert_eq!(distinct.len(), 1, "torn write: mixed two writers' content");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(entries(&dir), vec!["state.json".to_string()]);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// Rewriting a credential file through the plain helper must not widen its
+    /// permissions. The previous implementation reset them to `0o666 & !umask`.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn rewrite_preserves_existing_permissions() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-fsperm-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let p = dir.join("token");
+        write_atomic_mode(&p, "secret", 0o600).unwrap();
+        write_atomic(&p, "rotated").unwrap();
+        let mode = std::fs::metadata(&p).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777;
+        assert_eq!(mode, 0o600, "rewrite widened a credential file to {mode:o}");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn atomic_write_mode_creates_owner_only_file() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-fsmode-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let p = dir.join("token");
+        write_atomic_mode(&p, "secret", 0o600).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&p).unwrap(), "secret");
+        let mode = std::fs::metadata(&p).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777;
+        assert_eq!(mode, 0o600, "credential file must be 0600, got {mode:o}");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lock_is_reentrant_within_process_after_drop() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-fslock-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let p = dir.join("y.json");
+        std::fs::write(&p, "{}").unwrap();
+        {
+            let _g = lock_exclusive(&p).unwrap();
+        }
+        // re-acquire after the first guard dropped.
+        let _g2 = lock_exclusive(&p).unwrap();
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/host.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/host.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a8688fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/host.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! host environment checks used by `dstackup` — SGX presence and the primary IP.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use std::net::{IpAddr, UdpSocket};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+/// presence of the SGX device nodes the local key provider needs.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Sgx {
+    pub enclave: bool,
+    pub provision: bool,
+}
+
+impl Sgx {
+    pub fn ok(&self) -> bool {
+        self.enclave && self.provision
+    }
+}
+
+/// check for `/dev/sgx_enclave` and `/dev/sgx_provision`.
+pub fn check_sgx() -> Sgx {
+    Sgx {
+        enclave: Path::new("/dev/sgx_enclave").exists(),
+        provision: Path::new("/dev/sgx_provision").exists(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// check for the AMD secure processor device the host VMM needs for SEV-SNP.
+pub fn check_sev() -> bool {
+    Path::new("/dev/sev").exists()
+}
+
+/// require SGX, with a clear message if it is missing (design decision: fail fast
+/// rather than silently degrade to a host-mode KMS with no real attestation).
+pub fn require_sgx() -> Result<()> {
+    let sgx = check_sgx();
+    if !sgx.ok() {
+        let mut missing = Vec::new();
+        if !sgx.enclave {
+            missing.push("/dev/sgx_enclave");
+        }
+        if !sgx.provision {
+            missing.push("/dev/sgx_provision");
+        }
+        bail!(
+            "sgx not available (missing {}); dstack requires Intel SGX for the local key provider — enable SGX in BIOS, or run on a TDX+SGX host",
+            missing.join(", ")
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// the confidential-computing platform a host launches CVMs on.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub enum Platform {
+    /// Intel TDX (with an SGX-backed local key provider).
+    #[default]
+    Tdx,
+    /// AMD SEV-SNP.
+    AmdSevSnp,
+}
+
+impl Platform {
+    /// the `[cvm] platform` value the VMM expects in `vmm.toml`.
+    pub fn vmm_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Platform::Tdx => "tdx",
+            Platform::AmdSevSnp => "amd-sev-snp",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// parse a `--platform` value: `tdx` | `amd-sev-snp` | `auto` (None).
+    pub fn parse_opt(s: &str) -> Result<Option<Platform>> {
+        match s {
+            "auto" => Ok(None),
+            "tdx" => Ok(Some(Platform::Tdx)),
+            "amd-sev-snp" | "sev-snp" | "snp" => Ok(Some(Platform::AmdSevSnp)),
+            other => bail!("unknown --platform '{other}' (expected: auto | tdx | amd-sev-snp)"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// auto-detect from `/proc/cpuinfo` (AMD SNP advertises the `sev_snp` flag;
+    /// Intel TDX hosts advertise `tdx_host_platform`). None if neither is found.
+    pub fn detect() -> Option<Platform> {
+        let info = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/cpuinfo").ok()?;
+        let has = |flag: &str| {
+            info.lines()
+                .any(|l| l.starts_with("flags") && l.split_whitespace().any(|f| f == flag))
+        };
+        if has("sev_snp") {
+            Some(Platform::AmdSevSnp)
+        } else if has("tdx_host_platform") {
+            Some(Platform::Tdx)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// require the host to actually support `platform`, with a clear message.
+/// TDX needs the SGX device nodes (for the local key provider); AMD SEV-SNP
+/// needs `/dev/sev` (the AMD secure processor).
+pub fn require_platform(platform: Platform) -> Result<()> {
+    match platform {
+        Platform::Tdx => require_sgx(),
+        Platform::AmdSevSnp => {
+            if check_sev() {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                bail!(
+                    "amd sev-snp not available (missing /dev/sev); this host can't launch SNP CVMs — enable SEV-SNP in BIOS and load kvm_amd, or pass --platform tdx"
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// best-effort primary routable IPv4 of this host.
+///
+/// uses the standard UDP-connect trick: connecting a datagram socket sends no
+/// packets but makes the kernel pick the source address it would route from.
+pub fn detect_host_ip() -> Result<IpAddr> {
+    let socket = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:0")?;
+    socket.connect("8.8.8.8:80")?;
+    Ok(socket.local_addr()?.ip())
+}
+
+/// whether `ip` is a link-local address (169.254/16) — usable, but a poor
+/// default for a dashboard SAN or KMS bootstrap domain.
+pub fn is_link_local(ip: &IpAddr) -> bool {
+    matches!(ip, IpAddr::V4(v4) if v4.is_link_local())
+}
+
+/// CID windows already spoken for on this host. vsock CIDs are a global
+/// resource, so a second VMM must avoid these. Two sources, unioned:
+///
+/// * the `[cid_start, cid_start+cid_pool_size)` pool of every other running
+///   `dstack-vmm` (read from the `-c <config>` it was launched with) — this
+///   catches the reserved pool even when that VMM has no live CVM right now,
+///   and
+/// * any live `guest-cid=<n>` from a running QEMU, as a 1-wide range (covers a
+///   VMM whose config we couldn't read).
+///
+/// Best-effort: unreadable cmdlines/configs are skipped. Ranges are half-open
+/// `[start, end)`.
+pub fn occupied_cid_ranges() -> Vec<(u32, u32)> {
+    let mut ranges = Vec::new();
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir("/proc") else {
+        return ranges;
+    };
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let Ok(data) = std::fs::read(entry.path().join("cmdline")) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        // cmdline is NUL-separated argv.
+        let args: Vec<String> = data
+            .split(|&b| b == 0)
+            .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+            .map(|s| String::from_utf8_lossy(s).into_owned())
+            .collect();
+        if args.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // (a) another dstack-vmm's reserved pool, from its config.
+        let is_vmm = Path::new(&args[0]).file_name().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) == Some("dstack-vmm");
+        if is_vmm {
+            if let Some(cfg) = arg_value(&args, "-c").or_else(|| arg_value(&args, "--config")) {
+                if let Some((start, size)) = read_cid_pool(&cfg) {
+                    ranges.push((start, start.saturating_add(size)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // (b) any live guest-cid token.
+        for arg in &args {
+            for tok in arg.split([',', ' ']) {
+                if let Some(rest) = tok.strip_prefix("guest-cid=") {
+                    if let Ok(n) = rest.trim().parse::<u32>() {
+                        ranges.push((n, n.saturating_add(1)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ranges
+}
+
+/// value following `flag` in an argv (`-c foo` → `foo`).
+fn arg_value(args: &[String], flag: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    args.windows(2).find(|w| w[0] == flag).map(|w| w[1].clone())
+}
+
+/// read `[cvm]` `cid_start` / `cid_pool_size` from a vmm.toml by line scan
+/// (avoids a toml dependency; tolerates partial configs — size defaults 1000).
+fn read_cid_pool(config_path: &str) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(config_path).ok()?;
+    let mut start = None;
+    let mut size = None;
+    for line in text.lines() {
+        let l = line.trim();
+        if let Some(v) = l.strip_prefix("cid_start") {
+            start = parse_toml_u32(v);
+        } else if let Some(v) = l.strip_prefix("cid_pool_size") {
+            size = parse_toml_u32(v);
+        }
+    }
+    Some((start?, size.unwrap_or(1000)))
+}
+
+/// parse the `= <u32>` that follows a key (tolerating a trailing `# comment`).
+fn parse_toml_u32(after_key: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    after_key
+        .trim_start()
+        .strip_prefix('=')?
+        .split('#')
+        .next()?
+        .trim()
+        .parse()
+        .ok()
+}
+
+/// host-api vsock ports reserved by other running `dstack-vmm` processes (read
+/// from each one's `-c <config>`), so a fresh install can avoid colliding on the
+/// host's vsock port space. Best-effort; sorted, deduped.
+pub fn other_vmm_host_api_ports() -> Vec<u32> {
+    let mut ports = Vec::new();
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir("/proc") else {
+        return ports;
+    };
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let Ok(data) = std::fs::read(entry.path().join("cmdline")) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let args: Vec<String> = data
+            .split(|&b| b == 0)
+            .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+            .map(|s| String::from_utf8_lossy(s).into_owned())
+            .collect();
+        if args.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if Path::new(&args[0]).file_name().and_then(|f| f.to_str()) != Some("dstack-vmm") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(cfg) = arg_value(&args, "-c").or_else(|| arg_value(&args, "--config")) {
+            if let Some(p) = read_host_api_port(&cfg) {
+                ports.push(p);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ports.sort_unstable();
+    ports.dedup();
+    ports
+}
+
+/// read the `[host_api]` `port` from a vmm.toml (section-aware: `port` appears
+/// under several tables, so we only read the one inside `[host_api]`).
+fn read_host_api_port(config_path: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(config_path).ok()?;
+    let mut in_host_api = false;
+    for line in text.lines() {
+        let l = line.trim();
+        if l.starts_with('[') {
+            in_host_api = l == "[host_api]";
+        } else if in_host_api {
+            if let Some(v) = l.strip_prefix("port") {
+                if let Some(p) = parse_toml_u32(v) {
+                    return Some(p);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/layout.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/layout.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b9695d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/layout.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Filesystem layout shared by `dstackup` and the local `dstack` client.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+pub const DEFAULT_BIN_DIR: &str = "/usr/local/bin";
+pub const DEFAULT_LIBEXEC_DIR: &str = "/usr/local/libexec/dstack";
+pub const DEFAULT_SHARE_DIR: &str = "/usr/local/share/dstack";
+pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR: &str = "/etc/dstack";
+pub const DEFAULT_STATE_DIR: &str = "/var/lib/dstack";
+pub const DEFAULT_CACHE_DIR: &str = "/var/cache/dstack";
+pub const DEFAULT_RUN_DIR: &str = "/run/dstack";
+pub const STATE_FILE: &str = "dstackup-state.json";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct InstallLayout {
+    /// Explicit installation root supplied through `--prefix`.
+    ///
+    /// `None` means the default system-wide FHS layout is in use.
+    pub root: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub bin_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub libexec_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub share_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub config_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub state_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub cache_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub run_dir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl InstallLayout {
+    pub fn new(prefix: Option<&str>) -> Self {
+        match prefix {
+            Some(prefix) => {
+                let root = PathBuf::from(prefix);
+                Self {
+                    root: Some(root.clone()),
+                    bin_dir: root.join("bin"),
+                    libexec_dir: root.join("libexec/dstack"),
+                    share_dir: root.join("share/dstack"),
+                    config_dir: root.join("etc/dstack"),
+                    state_dir: root.join("var/lib/dstack"),
+                    cache_dir: root.join("var/cache/dstack"),
+                    run_dir: root.join("run/dstack"),
+                }
+            }
+            None => Self {
+                root: None,
+                bin_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_BIN_DIR),
+                libexec_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_LIBEXEC_DIR),
+                share_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_SHARE_DIR),
+                config_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR),
+                state_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_STATE_DIR),
+                cache_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_CACHE_DIR),
+                run_dir: PathBuf::from(DEFAULT_RUN_DIR),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn state_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.state_dir.join(STATE_FILE)
+    }
+
+    pub fn image_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.state_dir.join("images")
+    }
+
+    pub fn source_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cache_dir.join("source")
+    }
+
+    pub fn cargo_target_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cache_dir.join("target")
+    }
+
+    pub fn key_provider_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.share_dir.join("local-key-provider/build")
+    }
+
+    pub fn hello_nginx_compose(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.share_dir
+            .join("examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml")
+    }
+
+    pub fn state_path_for_prefix(prefix: Option<&str>) -> PathBuf {
+        Self::new(prefix).state_path()
+    }
+
+    pub fn image_dir_for_prefix(prefix: Option<&str>) -> PathBuf {
+        Self::new(prefix).image_dir()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_default(&self) -> bool {
+        self.root.is_none()
+    }
+
+    pub fn all_dirs_absolute(&self) -> bool {
+        [
+            &self.bin_dir,
+            &self.libexec_dir,
+            &self.share_dir,
+            &self.config_dir,
+            &self.state_dir,
+            &self.cache_dir,
+            &self.run_dir,
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .all(|path| path.is_absolute())
+    }
+
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(root) = &self.root {
+            validate_install_prefix(root)?;
+        }
+        for (name, path) in [
+            ("bin dir", &self.bin_dir),
+            ("libexec dir", &self.libexec_dir),
+            ("share dir", &self.share_dir),
+            ("config dir", &self.config_dir),
+            ("state dir", &self.state_dir),
+            ("cache dir", &self.cache_dir),
+            ("run dir", &self.run_dir),
+        ] {
+            validate_owned_dir(name, path)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn path_string(path: &Path) -> String {
+    path.display().to_string()
+}
+
+pub fn validate_install_prefix(prefix: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_absolute_path("--prefix", prefix)?;
+    validate_no_dot_segments("--prefix", prefix)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn validate_owned_path(name: &str, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_owned_dir(name, path)
+}
+
+fn validate_owned_dir(name: &str, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_absolute_path(name, path)?;
+    validate_no_dot_segments(name, path)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_no_dot_segments(name: &str, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    for segment in path.as_os_str().as_bytes().split(|byte| *byte == b'/') {
+        if segment == b"." || segment == b".." {
+            bail!("{name} must not contain . or .. path components");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_absolute_path(name: &str, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        bail!("{name} must be an absolute path");
+    }
+    if path == Path::new("/") {
+        bail!("{name} must not be /");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_layout_uses_system_paths() {
+        let layout = InstallLayout::new(None);
+        assert_eq!(layout.bin_dir, PathBuf::from("/usr/local/bin"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.libexec_dir,
+            PathBuf::from("/usr/local/libexec/dstack")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(layout.share_dir, PathBuf::from("/usr/local/share/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(layout.config_dir, PathBuf::from("/etc/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(layout.state_dir, PathBuf::from("/var/lib/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(layout.cache_dir, PathBuf::from("/var/cache/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(layout.run_dir, PathBuf::from("/run/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.state_path(),
+            PathBuf::from("/var/lib/dstack/dstackup-state.json")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.key_provider_dir(),
+            PathBuf::from("/usr/local/share/dstack/local-key-provider/build")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prefix_layout_is_self_contained() {
+        let layout = InstallLayout::new(Some("/opt/dstack-a"));
+        assert_eq!(layout.bin_dir, PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/bin"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.libexec_dir,
+            PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/libexec/dstack")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.share_dir,
+            PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/share/dstack")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(layout.config_dir, PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/etc/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.state_dir,
+            PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/var/lib/dstack")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.cache_dir,
+            PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/var/cache/dstack")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(layout.run_dir, PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/run/dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            layout.key_provider_dir(),
+            PathBuf::from("/opt/dstack-a/share/dstack/local-key-provider/build")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prefix_validation_rejects_root_and_parent_components() {
+        for bad in ["relative", "/", "/opt/../dstack", "/opt/./dstack"] {
+            assert!(
+                validate_install_prefix(Path::new(bad)).is_err(),
+                "{bad:?} should be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+        validate_install_prefix(Path::new("/opt/dstack-a")).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn layout_validation_rejects_root_owned_dirs() {
+        let mut layout = InstallLayout::new(Some("/opt/dstack-a"));
+        layout.share_dir = PathBuf::from("/");
+        assert!(layout.validate().is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/lib.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f86b9eaa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! shared internals for the `dstack` (client) and `dstackup` (host setup) binaries.
+//!
+//! `vmm` is a thin typed client over the VMM `Vmm` prpc service; `compose` builds
+//! the app-compose manifest; `ports` does host-port allocation; `config` renders
+//! the config files `dstackup install` writes; `fsutil` provides the atomic
+//! write + advisory lock the allowlist/state files need.
+
+/// re-export the generated VMM rpc types (VmConfiguration, PortMapping, …).
+pub use dstack_vmm_rpc as rpc;
+
+/// identifier string attached to outbound RPC calls.
+pub fn user_agent() -> String {
+    format!("dstack-cli/{}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+}
+
+pub mod compose;
+pub mod config;
+pub mod fsutil;
+pub mod host;
+pub mod layout;
+pub mod ports;
+pub mod vmm;
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/ports.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/ports.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae662442a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/ports.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! host-port helpers. The VMM does not auto-allocate host ports, so the client
+//! picks a free one and passes it explicitly in the VM configuration.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_vmm_rpc::PortMapping;
+use std::net::TcpListener;
+
+/// pick a currently-free TCP port on loopback by binding to port 0.
+///
+/// inherently racy (the port could be taken before the VMM binds it), but fine
+/// for a single interactive deploy; the VMM will surface a bind conflict.
+pub fn free_local_port() -> Result<u16> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").context("failed to find a free host port")?;
+    let port = listener.local_addr()?.port();
+    Ok(port)
+}
+
+/// whether `addr:port` can be bound right now. Best-effort and racy, but it
+/// catches the common "another service already owns this port" case so an
+/// install can refuse before it starts changing the host.
+pub fn tcp_port_free(addr: &str, port: u16) -> bool {
+    TcpListener::bind((addr, port)).is_ok()
+}
+
+/// parse a `--port` spec into a [`PortMapping`], auto-allocating the host port
+/// when it is omitted, `0`, or `auto`. Accepted forms:
+///
+/// * `<vm>`                      — auto host port, tcp, 127.0.0.1
+/// * `<host>:<vm>`               — tcp, 127.0.0.1
+/// * `<proto>:<host>:<vm>`
+/// * `<proto>:<addr>:<host>:<vm>`
+pub fn parse_port(spec: &str) -> Result<PortMapping> {
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = spec.split(':').collect();
+    let (proto, addr, host, vm) = match parts.as_slice() {
+        [vm] => ("tcp", "127.0.0.1", "auto", *vm),
+        [host, vm] => ("tcp", "127.0.0.1", *host, *vm),
+        [proto, host, vm] => (*proto, "127.0.0.1", *host, *vm),
+        [proto, addr, host, vm] => (*proto, *addr, *host, *vm),
+        _ => bail!(
+            "invalid --port '{spec}': expected vm | host:vm | proto:host:vm | proto:addr:host:vm"
+        ),
+    };
+    if !matches!(proto, "tcp" | "udp") {
+        bail!("invalid protocol in --port '{spec}': expected tcp or udp");
+    }
+    let vm_port = parse_port_number(vm, "vm", spec)? as u32;
+    let host_port: u32 = if host.is_empty() || host == "auto" || host == "0" {
+        free_local_port()? as u32
+    } else {
+        parse_port_number(host, "host", spec)? as u32
+    };
+    Ok(PortMapping {
+        protocol: proto.to_string(),
+        host_address: addr.to_string(),
+        host_port,
+        vm_port,
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_port_number(value: &str, label: &str, spec: &str) -> Result<u16> {
+    let port: u16 = value
+        .parse()
+        .with_context(|| format!("invalid {label} port in '{spec}'"))?;
+    if port == 0 {
+        bail!("invalid {label} port in --port '{spec}': port must be between 1 and 65535");
+    }
+    Ok(port)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_fixed_direct_host_mapping() {
+        let p = parse_port("8080:80").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.protocol, "tcp");
+        assert_eq!(p.host_address, "127.0.0.1");
+        assert_eq!(p.host_port, 8080);
+        assert_eq!(p.vm_port, 80);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_invalid_protocol_and_port_ranges() {
+        assert!(parse_port("sctp:8080:80").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_port("70000:80").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_port("8080:0").is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/vmm.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/vmm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbec5d7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli-core/src/vmm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! thin typed client over the VMM `Vmm` prpc service.
+//!
+//! talks to a local VMM over its unix control socket, or a remote VMM over an
+//! http(s) endpoint. prpc calls go to `/prpc/<Method>?json`; a few endpoints
+//! (e.g. `/logs`) are plain HTTP and are reached with [`http_client::http_request`].
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Result};
+use dstack_vmm_rpc::vmm_client::VmmClient;
+use dstack_vmm_rpc::{Id, StatusRequest, StatusResponse, VmConfiguration};
+use http_client::http_request_with_headers;
+use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
+
+/// default local VMM control socket (created by `dstackup install`).
+pub const DEFAULT_HOST: &str = "unix:/var/run/dstack/vmm.sock";
+
+/// a connection to a VMM — local unix socket or remote http endpoint.
+pub struct Vmm {
+    rpc: VmmClient<PrpcClient>,
+    /// base string usable with [`http_request_with_headers`] for non-prpc endpoints.
+    base: String,
+    /// bearer token sent with every request when the VMM has `[auth]` enabled.
+    auth_token: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Vmm {
+    /// connect to a VMM addressed by `host`:
+    /// `unix:/path/to/vmm.sock` (local) or `http(s)://host:port` (remote).
+    pub fn connect(host: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::connect_with_token(host, None)
+    }
+
+    /// like [`Vmm::connect`], additionally sending `Authorization: Bearer
+    /// <token>` with every request — required when the VMM has `[auth]`
+    /// enabled. An empty or `None` token sends no header.
+    pub fn connect_with_token(host: &str, token: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let host = host.trim();
+        let token = token.map(str::trim).filter(|t| !t.is_empty());
+        let with_token = |client: PrpcClient| match token {
+            Some(token) => client.with_bearer_token(token),
+            None => client,
+        };
+        if let Some(sock) = host.strip_prefix("unix:") {
+            let client = PrpcClient::new_unix(sock.to_string(), "/prpc".to_string());
+            let rpc = VmmClient::new(with_token(client));
+            Ok(Self {
+                rpc,
+                base: format!("unix:{sock}"),
+                auth_token: token.map(str::to_string),
+            })
+        } else if host.starts_with("http://") || host.starts_with("https://") {
+            let base = host.trim_end_matches('/').to_string();
+            let client = PrpcClient::new(format!("{base}/prpc"));
+            let rpc = VmmClient::new(with_token(client));
+            Ok(Self {
+                rpc,
+                base,
+                auth_token: token.map(str::to_string),
+            })
+        } else {
+            bail!(
+                "unsupported host '{host}': expected unix:/path/to/vmm.sock or http(s)://host:port"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// whether this connection targets a local unix socket.
+    pub fn is_local(&self) -> bool {
+        self.base.starts_with("unix:")
+    }
+
+    /// list deployed VMs (brief: no full configuration).
+    pub async fn status(&self) -> Result<StatusResponse> {
+        self.rpc
+            .status(StatusRequest {
+                brief: true,
+                ..Default::default()
+            })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("vmm Status rpc failed: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// compute the compose hash for a VM configuration (no side effects).
+    /// the app id is the first 40 hex chars of this hash. takes `&cfg` and
+    /// clones once because the generated prpc client consumes its argument.
+    pub async fn get_compose_hash(&self, cfg: &VmConfiguration) -> Result<String> {
+        self.rpc
+            .get_compose_hash(cfg.clone())
+            .await
+            .map(|c| c.hash)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("vmm GetComposeHash rpc failed: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// create (and, unless `cfg.stopped`, start) a VM; returns the new VM id.
+    pub async fn create_vm(&self, cfg: VmConfiguration) -> Result<String> {
+        self.rpc
+            .create_vm(cfg)
+            .await
+            .map(|id| id.id)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("vmm CreateVm rpc failed: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// stop a VM by id, keeping its disk (so its keys survive a re-install).
+    pub async fn stop_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.rpc
+            .stop_vm(Id { id: id.to_string() })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("vmm StopVm rpc failed: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// remove (and stop) a VM by id.
+    pub async fn remove_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.rpc
+            .remove_vm(Id { id: id.to_string() })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("vmm RemoveVm rpc failed: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// whether a VM with the given id currently exists.
+    pub async fn has_vm(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
+        match self.status().await {
+            Ok(s) => s.vms.iter().any(|v| v.id == id),
+            Err(_) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// fetch the last `lines` log lines for a VM (non-following).
+    ///
+    /// `/logs` is a plain-HTTP `GET` endpoint. It works over the local unix
+    /// socket and over the localhost HTTP endpoint written by `dstackup install`.
+    pub async fn logs(&self, id: &str, lines: u32) -> Result<String> {
+        let path = format!("/logs?id={id}&follow=false&ansi=false&lines={lines}");
+        let auth_header;
+        let mut headers: Vec<(&str, &str)> = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(token) = &self.auth_token {
+            auth_header = format!("Bearer {token}");
+            headers.push(("Authorization", auth_header.as_str()));
+        }
+        let (status, body) =
+            http_request_with_headers("GET", &self.base, &path, b"", &headers).await?;
+        if status != 200 {
+            bail!("vmm /logs returned status {status}");
+        }
+        Ok(String::from_utf8_lossy(&body).into_owned())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1ef71268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-cli"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+# the package is dstack-cli (clear it's a CLI, not the dstack project), but the
+# binary stays `dstack`.
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+dstack-cli-core.workspace = true
+dstack-volume.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-cli/src/main.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9624c3a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-cli/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,804 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstack` — client for deploying and managing apps on a dstack host.
+//!
+//! Works against a local VMM (unix socket) or a remote one (`--host` + `--token`).
+//! Setup/host tasks live in the separate `dstackup` binary.
+//!
+//! Command names follow the `phala` CLI where it makes sense (`deploy`, `apps`,
+//! `logs`, a global `-j/--json`).
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand, ValueEnum};
+use dstack_cli_core::layout::InstallLayout;
+use dstack_cli_core::vmm::{Vmm, DEFAULT_HOST};
+use dstack_cli_core::{compose, ports, rpc};
+use fs_err as fs;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(
+    name = "dstack",
+    version,
+    about = "client for deploying and managing dstack apps"
+)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// VMM endpoint: `unix:/path/to/vmm.sock` (local) or `http(s)://host:port` (remote).
+    /// Defaults to the local `dstackup install` endpoint, then the local control socket.
+    #[arg(long, global = true)]
+    host: Option<String>,
+
+    /// local `dstackup install` prefix to read defaults from. Omit for the default system install.
+    #[arg(long, global = true, value_name = "DIR")]
+    prefix: Option<String>,
+
+    /// auth token for a VMM with `[auth]` enabled (sent as `Authorization:
+    /// Bearer`). Falls back to `DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN`, then the token written by
+    /// `dstackup install`.
+    #[arg(long, global = true)]
+    token: Option<String>,
+
+    /// machine-readable JSON output (honored by `deploy` and `apps`).
+    #[arg(long, short = 'j', global = true)]
+    json: bool,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, ValueEnum)]
+enum ComposeRunner {
+    #[default]
+    DockerCompose,
+    NerdctlCompose,
+}
+
+impl ComposeRunner {
+    fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::DockerCompose => "docker-compose",
+            Self::NerdctlCompose => "nerdctl-compose",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, ValueEnum)]
+enum Snapshotter {
+    Overlayfs,
+    Stargz,
+}
+
+impl Snapshotter {
+    fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Overlayfs => "overlayfs",
+            Self::Stargz => "stargz",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Deploy an app from a docker-compose file.
+    Deploy {
+        /// path to the docker-compose file.
+        compose: Option<String>,
+        /// path to the docker-compose file.
+        #[arg(long = "compose", short = 'c', value_name = "PATH")]
+        compose_file: Option<String>,
+        /// app name.
+        #[arg(long, short = 'n', default_value = "app")]
+        name: String,
+        /// guest OS image name. Defaults to the image selected by `dstackup install`.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        image: Option<String>,
+        /// vCPUs.
+        #[arg(long, default_value_t = 2)]
+        vcpu: u32,
+        /// memory in MB.
+        #[arg(long, default_value_t = 2048)]
+        memory: u32,
+        /// disk size in GB.
+        #[arg(long, default_value_t = 20)]
+        disk: u32,
+        /// expose a port: `vm` | `host:vm` | `proto:host:vm` | `proto:addr:host:vm`
+        /// (host omitted/`auto`/`0` ⇒ a free host port is picked). Repeatable.
+        #[arg(long = "port", value_name = "SPEC")]
+        ports: Vec<String>,
+        /// attach a verity volume, as printed by `dstack verity`: the file name
+        /// in the vmm's volumes_dir, its verity_root, and the target
+        /// (an absolute mount path). Repeatable.
+        #[arg(long = "volume", value_name = "NAME:VERITY_ROOT:TARGET")]
+        volumes: Vec<String>,
+        /// deploy in non-KMS mode (ephemeral keys; no KMS required).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        no_kms: bool,
+        /// register the app's compose hash in this auth-allowlist.json. Defaults
+        /// to the local allowlist from `dstackup install`.
+        #[arg(long, value_name = "PATH")]
+        allowlist: Option<String>,
+        /// build + hash the compose and print it, without deploying.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        dry_run: bool,
+        /// compose frontend used inside the guest.
+        #[arg(long, value_enum, default_value = "docker-compose")]
+        runner: ComposeRunner,
+        /// containerd snapshotter (supported only with --runner nerdctl-compose).
+        #[arg(long, value_enum)]
+        snapshotter: Option<Snapshotter>,
+    },
+    /// List deployed apps.
+    Apps,
+    /// Show recent logs for an app.
+    Logs {
+        /// app, instance, or VM id.
+        id: String,
+        /// number of trailing log lines to fetch.
+        #[arg(long, default_value_t = 200)]
+        lines: u32,
+    },
+    /// Show details for an app.
+    Info {
+        /// app or instance id.
+        id: String,
+    },
+    /// Scaffold a new app project in the current directory.
+    Init,
+    /// Build a read-only verity data volume from a directory or filesystem image.
+    ///
+    /// The build needs no daemon or TEE. It prints a verity_root to paste into
+    /// the deploy command. See docs/verity-volumes.md.
+    Verity {
+        /// Pack this directory into a read-only data volume.
+        #[arg(long, value_name = "PATH")]
+        dir: Option<String>,
+        /// wrap an existing filesystem image instead of building squashfs. The
+        /// guest mounts it read-only after dm-verity verification.
+        #[arg(long = "fs-image", value_name = "PATH", conflicts_with = "dir")]
+        fs_image: Option<String>,
+        /// where to write the volume.
+        #[arg(long, short = 'o', default_value = "verity.img")]
+        output: String,
+        /// squashfs compression: `none` (the default), `zstd`, or `gzip`.
+        #[arg(long, value_enum, default_value_t, conflicts_with = "fs_image")]
+        compress: CompressionArg,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, ValueEnum)]
+enum CompressionArg {
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    Zstd,
+    Gzip,
+}
+
+impl From<CompressionArg> for dstack_volume::Compression {
+    fn from(value: CompressionArg) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            CompressionArg::None => Self::None,
+            CompressionArg::Zstd => Self::Zstd,
+            CompressionArg::Gzip => Self::Gzip,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    // progress (e.g. `verity` pulling layers) goes to stderr so it never mixes
+    // with `--json` on stdout. RUST_LOG overrides.
+    use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+        .with_target(false)
+        .without_time()
+        .with_env_filter(
+            EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("warn,dstack_volume=info")),
+        )
+        .init();
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    let defaults = LocalDefaults::read(cli.prefix.as_deref());
+    let use_local_defaults = cli.host.is_none();
+    let host = cli
+        .host
+        .clone()
+        .or_else(|| defaults.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.client_url.clone()))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_HOST.to_string());
+    // auth token: --token, then DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN, then the token file written
+    // by `dstackup install` (local defaults only).
+    let token = cli
+        .token
+        .clone()
+        .or_else(|| std::env::var("DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN").ok())
+        .filter(|t| !t.trim().is_empty())
+        .or_else(|| {
+            use_local_defaults
+                .then(|| defaults.as_ref().and_then(LocalDefaults::token))
+                .flatten()
+        });
+    let token = token.as_deref();
+    let json = cli.json;
+
+    match cli.command {
+        Command::Apps => cmd_apps(&host, token, json).await,
+        Command::Logs { id, lines } => cmd_logs(&host, token, &id, lines).await,
+        Command::Deploy {
+            compose,
+            compose_file,
+            name,
+            image,
+            vcpu,
+            memory,
+            disk,
+            ports,
+            volumes,
+            no_kms,
+            allowlist,
+            dry_run,
+            runner,
+            snapshotter,
+        } => {
+            let compose = resolve_compose_arg(compose, compose_file)?;
+            let image = if use_local_defaults {
+                image.or_else(|| defaults.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.image.clone()))
+            } else {
+                image
+            };
+            let allowlist = if use_local_defaults {
+                allowlist.or_else(|| {
+                    (!no_kms)
+                        .then(|| defaults.as_ref().and_then(LocalDefaults::allowlist_path))
+                        .flatten()
+                })
+            } else {
+                allowlist
+            };
+            cmd_deploy(
+                &host,
+                token,
+                &compose,
+                &name,
+                image.as_deref(),
+                vcpu,
+                memory,
+                disk,
+                &ports,
+                &volumes,
+                no_kms,
+                allowlist.as_deref(),
+                dry_run,
+                json,
+                runner,
+                snapshotter,
+            )
+            .await
+        }
+        Command::Info { .. } => stub("info"),
+        Command::Init => stub("init"),
+        Command::Verity {
+            dir,
+            fs_image,
+            output,
+            compress,
+        } => cmd_verity(dir.as_deref(), fs_image.as_deref(), &output, compress, json).await,
+    }
+}
+
+async fn cmd_verity(
+    dir: Option<&str>,
+    fs_image: Option<&str>,
+    output: &str,
+    compress: CompressionArg,
+    json: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let result = dstack_volume::verity(dstack_volume::VerityOptions {
+        dir: dir.map(std::path::PathBuf::from),
+        fs_image: fs_image.map(std::path::PathBuf::from),
+        output: output.into(),
+        compress: compress.into(),
+    })
+    .await?;
+
+    let volume_size = fs::metadata(&result.output)
+        .with_context(|| format!("stat {}", result.output.display()))?
+        .len();
+
+    if json {
+        print_json(&serde_json::json!({
+            "verityRoot": result.verity_root,
+            "output": result.output.display().to_string(),
+            "dataSize": result.data_size,
+            "volumeSize": volume_size,
+        }));
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let mib = volume_size as f64 / 1_048_576.0;
+    println!("wrote {} ({mib:.1} MiB)", result.output.display());
+    let file = result
+        .output
+        .file_name()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| result.output.display().to_string());
+    // a data volume mounts at a path you choose; it must be writable (the guest
+    // rootfs is read-only), e.g. under /run.
+    let target = "/run/models";
+    println!("\ncopy {file} into the vmm's volumes_dir, then deploy with:");
+    println!(
+        "  dstack deploy -c docker-compose.yaml --volume {file}:{}:{target}",
+        result.verity_root
+    );
+    println!("  (change {target} to your mount path)");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Parse a `--volume` spec `NAME:VERITY_ROOT:TARGET`.
+///
+/// `NAME` is the volume file in the vmm's volumes_dir. `VERITY_ROOT` and `TARGET`
+/// become a measured `verity_volumes` entry in the app-compose, so the guest only
+/// seeds content matching the attested root. `dstack verity` prints the exact
+/// spec to paste.
+///
+/// `TARGET` is an absolute read-only mount path in the guest.
+fn parse_volume(spec: &str) -> Result<dstack_types::VerityVolume> {
+    let mut parts = spec.splitn(3, ':');
+    let name = parts.next().unwrap_or_default();
+    let (root, target) = match (parts.next(), parts.next()) {
+        (Some(root), Some(target)) if !root.is_empty() && !target.is_empty() => (root, target),
+        _ => bail!("--volume must be NAME:VERITY_ROOT:TARGET (as printed by `dstack verity`), got '{spec}'"),
+    };
+    if name.is_empty()
+        || name.contains('/')
+        || name.contains("..")
+        || name.contains(',')
+        || name.contains('=')
+    {
+        bail!("volume name '{name}' must be a bare file name (no '/', '..', ',', '=')");
+    }
+    if root.len() != 64 || !root.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        bail!("verity_root '{root}' must be 64 hex chars (copy it from `dstack verity`)");
+    }
+    if !target.starts_with('/') {
+        bail!("target '{target}' must be an absolute path");
+    }
+    let mut verity_root = [0; 32];
+    hex::decode_to_slice(root, &mut verity_root).context("decoding verity_root")?;
+    Ok(dstack_types::VerityVolume {
+        source: name.to_string(),
+        verity_root,
+        target: target.into(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn resolve_compose_arg(positional: Option<String>, flagged: Option<String>) -> Result<String> {
+    match (positional, flagged) {
+        (Some(path), None) | (None, Some(path)) => Ok(path),
+        (Some(_), Some(_)) => bail!("pass the compose file once: either as <COMPOSE> or with -c"),
+        (None, None) => bail!("missing compose file: pass -c <docker-compose.yaml>"),
+    }
+}
+
+struct LocalDefaults {
+    client_url: Option<String>,
+    client_token_path: Option<String>,
+    image: Option<String>,
+    allowlist_path: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl LocalDefaults {
+    fn read(prefix: Option<&str>) -> Option<Self> {
+        let path = InstallLayout::state_path_for_prefix(prefix);
+        let body = fs::read_to_string(path).ok()?;
+        let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&body).ok()?;
+        Some(Self::from_value(&v))
+    }
+
+    fn from_value(v: &serde_json::Value) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client_url: v
+                .get("client_url")
+                .and_then(|x| x.as_str())
+                .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+                .map(str::to_string),
+            client_token_path: v
+                .get("client_token_path")
+                .and_then(|x| x.as_str())
+                .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+                .map(str::to_string),
+            image: v
+                .get("image")
+                .and_then(|x| x.as_str())
+                .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+                .map(str::to_string),
+            allowlist_path: v
+                .get("allowlist_path")
+                .and_then(|x| x.as_str())
+                .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+                .map(str::to_string),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn allowlist_path(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.allowlist_path.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// read the VMM API token from the file recorded by `dstackup install`.
+    fn token(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let path = self.client_token_path.as_ref()?;
+        let token = std::fs::read_to_string(path).ok()?;
+        let token = token.trim();
+        (!token.is_empty()).then(|| token.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn cmd_deploy(
+    host: &str,
+    token: Option<&str>,
+    compose_path: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    image: Option<&str>,
+    vcpu: u32,
+    memory: u32,
+    disk: u32,
+    port_specs: &[String],
+    volume_specs: &[String],
+    no_kms: bool,
+    allowlist: Option<&str>,
+    dry_run: bool,
+    json: bool,
+    runner: ComposeRunner,
+    snapshotter: Option<Snapshotter>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if matches!(runner, ComposeRunner::DockerCompose) && snapshotter.is_some() {
+        bail!("--snapshotter is only supported with --runner nerdctl-compose");
+    }
+    let yaml = fs::read_to_string(compose_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("reading compose file '{compose_path}'"))?;
+
+    let port_maps = port_specs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|s| ports::parse_port(s))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let parsed_volumes = volume_specs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|s| parse_volume(s))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    dstack_types::validate_verity_volumes(&parsed_volumes).map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+
+    // each --volume declares a measured verity_volumes entry, so the built
+    // app-compose (and thus app_id) binds the attested roots.
+    let app_compose = compose::build_app_compose_with_runtime_and_volumes(
+        name,
+        &yaml,
+        !no_kms,
+        runner.as_str(),
+        snapshotter.map(Snapshotter::as_str),
+        &parsed_volumes,
+    );
+
+    let mut cfg = rpc::VmConfiguration {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        image: image.unwrap_or_default().to_string(),
+        compose_file: app_compose.clone(),
+        vcpu,
+        memory,
+        disk_size: disk,
+        ports: port_maps.clone(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let vmm = Vmm::connect_with_token(host, token)?;
+    let hash = vmm.get_compose_hash(&cfg).await?;
+    let app_id = short(&hash, 40);
+    cfg.app_id = Some(app_id.clone());
+    if !json {
+        println!("compose hash: {hash}");
+        println!("app id:       {app_id}");
+    }
+
+    if dry_run {
+        if json {
+            print_json(&serde_json::json!({
+                "composeHash": hash,
+                "appId": app_id,
+                "appCompose": app_compose,
+                "dryRun": true,
+            }));
+        } else {
+            println!("--- app-compose ---\n{app_compose}");
+            println!("(dry run — not deploying)");
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if cfg.image.is_empty() {
+        bail!(
+            "an image is required to deploy: run `dstackup install` first, or pass --image <name>"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // register the compose hash so the KMS will issue keys (KMS mode, local).
+    if let Some(path) = allowlist {
+        dstack_cli_core::config::register_app_in_allowlist(
+            std::path::Path::new(path),
+            &app_id,
+            &hash,
+        )
+        .with_context(|| format!("registering app in {path}"))?;
+        if !json {
+            println!("registered compose hash in {path}");
+            println!(
+                "  (the KMS issues keys only if this is the allowlist its auth webhook serves)"
+            );
+        }
+    } else if !no_kms && !json {
+        println!("note: no --allowlist given; a KMS-mode app needs its compose hash registered to get keys");
+    }
+
+    let id = vmm.create_vm(cfg).await?;
+    if json {
+        let ports: Vec<_> = port_maps
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| {
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "vmPort": p.vm_port,
+                    "hostPort": p.host_port,
+                    "hostAddress": host_addr(p),
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        print_json(&serde_json::json!({
+            "vmId": id,
+            "appId": app_id,
+            "composeHash": hash,
+            "ports": ports,
+        }));
+    } else {
+        println!("deployed: vm {id}");
+        if port_maps.is_empty() {
+            println!("(no ports mapped - add --port <host_port>:<vm_port> to expose the app)");
+        }
+        for p in &port_maps {
+            println!(
+                "  app :{} -> http://{}:{}/",
+                p.vm_port,
+                host_addr(p),
+                p.host_port
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn stub(name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    // exit non-zero so `dstack <stub> && next` doesn't proceed as if it worked.
+    bail!(
+        "dstack {name}: not yet implemented ({})",
+        dstack_cli_core::user_agent()
+    )
+}
+
+async fn cmd_apps(host: &str, token: Option<&str>, json: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let vmm = Vmm::connect_with_token(host, token)?;
+    let resp = vmm.status().await?;
+    if json {
+        let arr: Vec<_> = resp
+            .vms
+            .iter()
+            .map(|vm| {
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "id": vm.id,
+                    "name": vm.name,
+                    "status": vm.status,
+                    "uptime": vm.uptime,
+                    "appId": vm.app_id,
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        print_json(&serde_json::Value::Array(arr));
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if resp.vms.is_empty() {
+        println!("no apps deployed");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    println!(
+        "{:<14}  {:<22}  {:<10}  {:<14}  APP ID",
+        "ID", "NAME", "STATUS", "UPTIME"
+    );
+    for vm in resp.vms {
+        println!(
+            "{:<14}  {:<22}  {:<10}  {:<14}  {}",
+            short(&vm.id, 12),
+            trunc(&vm.name, 22),
+            trunc(&vm.status, 10),
+            trunc(&vm.uptime, 14),
+            short(&vm.app_id, 40),
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn cmd_logs(host: &str, token: Option<&str>, id: &str, lines: u32) -> Result<()> {
+    let vmm = Vmm::connect_with_token(host, token)?;
+    let logs = vmm.logs(id, lines).await?;
+    print!("{logs}");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// the host address a port maps to (loopback when unset).
+fn host_addr(p: &rpc::PortMapping) -> &str {
+    if p.host_address.is_empty() {
+        "127.0.0.1"
+    } else {
+        &p.host_address
+    }
+}
+
+/// print a value as pretty JSON (infallible via Value's Display).
+fn print_json(v: &serde_json::Value) {
+    println!("{v:#}");
+}
+
+/// first `n` chars of an id-like string.
+fn short(s: &str, n: usize) -> String {
+    s.chars().take(n).collect()
+}
+
+/// truncate to `n` chars with an ellipsis if longer.
+fn trunc(s: &str, n: usize) -> String {
+    if s.chars().count() <= n {
+        s.to_string()
+    } else {
+        let mut out: String = s.chars().take(n.saturating_sub(1)).collect();
+        out.push('…');
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_local_install_defaults() {
+        let value = serde_json::json!({
+            "client_url": "http://127.0.0.1:19080",
+            "image": "dstack-0.5.11",
+            "allowlist_path": "/tmp/dstack/etc/dstack/auth-allowlist.json"
+        });
+        let defaults = LocalDefaults::from_value(&value);
+        assert_eq!(
+            defaults.client_url.as_deref(),
+            Some("http://127.0.0.1:19080")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(defaults.image.as_deref(), Some("dstack-0.5.11"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            defaults.allowlist_path().as_deref(),
+            Some("/tmp/dstack/etc/dstack/auth-allowlist.json")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_local_install_defaults_from_prefix() {
+        let install_root =
+            std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-cli-state-test-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let state_dir = install_root.join("var/lib/dstack");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&state_dir).unwrap();
+        fs::write(
+            state_dir.join(dstack_cli_core::layout::STATE_FILE),
+            r#"{
+              "client_url": "http://127.0.0.1:29080",
+              "image": "dstack-0.5.12",
+              "allowlist_path": "/tmp/custom-dstack/etc/dstack/auth-allowlist.json"
+            }"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let prefix = dstack_cli_core::layout::path_string(&install_root);
+        let defaults = LocalDefaults::read(Some(&prefix)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            defaults.client_url.as_deref(),
+            Some("http://127.0.0.1:29080")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(defaults.image.as_deref(), Some("dstack-0.5.12"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            defaults.allowlist_path().as_deref(),
+            Some("/tmp/custom-dstack/etc/dstack/auth-allowlist.json")
+        );
+
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(install_root);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_volume_specs() {
+        let root = "a".repeat(64);
+        let data = parse_volume(&format!("weights.img:{root}:/models/llama")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(data.source, "weights.img");
+        assert_eq!(data.verity_root, [0xaa; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(data.target, std::path::Path::new("/models/llama"));
+
+        assert!(parse_volume("weights.img").is_err()); // missing verity_root:target
+        assert!(parse_volume(&format!("weights.img:{root}")).is_err()); // missing target
+        assert!(parse_volume(&format!("../escape.img:{root}:/models")).is_err()); // path separator
+        assert!(parse_volume("x.img:nothex:/models").is_err()); // verity_root not hex
+        assert!(parse_volume(&format!("x.img:{root}:docker")).is_err()); // docker seed removed
+        assert!(parse_volume(&format!("x.img:{root}:relative/path")).is_err()); // bad target
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_phala_style_deploy_flags() {
+        let cli = Cli::parse_from([
+            "dstack",
+            "deploy",
+            "-n",
+            "hello",
+            "-c",
+            "examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml",
+            "--port",
+            "8080:80",
+        ]);
+        match cli.command {
+            Command::Deploy {
+                compose,
+                compose_file,
+                name,
+                memory,
+                ports,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(compose, None);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    compose_file.as_deref(),
+                    Some("examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml")
+                );
+                assert_eq!(name, "hello");
+                assert_eq!(memory, 2048);
+                assert_eq!(ports, vec!["8080:80"]);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected deploy command"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_verity_fs_image_flag() {
+        let cli = Cli::parse_from(["dstack", "verity", "--fs-image", "rootfs.ext4"]);
+        match cli.command {
+            Command::Verity { dir, fs_image, .. } => {
+                assert_eq!(dir, None);
+                assert_eq!(fs_image.as_deref(), Some("rootfs.ext4"));
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected verity command"),
+        }
+
+        assert!(Cli::try_parse_from([
+            "dstack",
+            "verity",
+            "--dir",
+            "data",
+            "--fs-image",
+            "rootfs.ext4"
+        ])
+        .is_err());
+        assert!(Cli::try_parse_from([
+            "dstack",
+            "verity",
+            "--fs-image",
+            "rootfs.ext4",
+            "--compress",
+            "zstd"
+        ])
+        .is_err());
+        assert!(Cli::try_parse_from([
+            "dstack",
+            "verity",
+            "--dir",
+            "data",
+            "--compress",
+            "invalid"
+        ])
+        .is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76262b6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-volume"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+binrw.workspace = true
+cmd_lib.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+sha2 = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+fs-err.workspace = true
+gpt = "4.1.0"
+tempfile.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+uuid.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/bin/dstack-volume.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/bin/dstack-volume.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..367fc33fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/bin/dstack-volume.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,523 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Discover and activate volumes supplied to a dstack guest.
+//!
+//! A volume is recognized by a `DSTACK_VOLUME` envelope at the start of its
+//! first partition, or at the start of the whole disk when it has no partition
+//! table. Everything read from a disk is untrusted: kind handlers use the
+//! measured app compose as their source of policy and cryptographic identity.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use cmd_lib::{run_cmd, run_fun};
+use dstack_types::{AppCompose, VerityVolume as RequestedVolume};
+use dstack_volume::volume_format::{
+    DstackVolumeHeader, DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE, DSTACK_VOLUME_KIND_VERITY, DSTACK_VOLUME_MAGIC,
+};
+use fs_err::{self as fs, File};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+const MAX_DISKS: usize = 64;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct BlockDisk {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    partitions: Vec<(u32, PathBuf)>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct VerityVolume {
+    data: PathBuf,
+    hash: PathBuf,
+    root_hash: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(about = "Discover and activate dstack verity volumes")]
+struct Cli {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: VolumeCommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum VolumeCommand {
+    /// Activate every verity volume required by the measured app compose.
+    MountAll {
+        #[arg(default_value = "app-compose.json")]
+        compose: PathBuf,
+    },
+    /// List recognized dstack volume devices.
+    Scan,
+    /// Compare required volumes with attached and active devices.
+    Status {
+        #[arg(default_value = "app-compose.json")]
+        compose: PathBuf,
+    },
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt().init();
+    match Cli::parse().command {
+        VolumeCommand::MountAll { compose } => mount_all(compose),
+        VolumeCommand::Scan => scan(),
+        VolumeCommand::Status { compose } => status(compose),
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_compose(compose_path: &Path) -> Result<AppCompose> {
+    // Deserialize the complete shared type before probing any untrusted disk.
+    // This validates roots and targets as part of parsing the measured compose.
+    serde_json::from_slice(&fs::read(compose_path)?)
+        .with_context(|| format!("parsing {}", compose_path.display()))
+}
+
+fn prepare_volumes() -> Result<Vec<VerityVolume>> {
+    let _ = run_cmd!(modprobe dm-verity);
+    let _ = run_cmd!(udevadm settle --timeout=5);
+    discover_volumes()
+}
+
+fn mount_all(compose_path: PathBuf) -> Result<()> {
+    let compose = read_compose(&compose_path)?;
+    dstack_types::validate_verity_volumes(&compose.verity_volumes).map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+    if compose.verity_volumes.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let volumes = prepare_volumes()?;
+    info!(
+        found = volumes.len(),
+        requested = compose.verity_volumes.len(),
+        "discovered dstack volumes"
+    );
+    let mut active_roots: HashMap<[u8; 32], PathBuf> = HashMap::new();
+    for (index, requested) in compose.verity_volumes.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(mapped) = active_roots.get(&requested.verity_root) {
+            mount_volume(requested, mapped).with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to mount required volume {index} at {}",
+                    requested.target.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mapped = activate_requested(index, requested, &volumes).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to activate required volume {index} at {}",
+                requested.target.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+        active_roots.insert(requested.verity_root, mapped);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn scan() -> Result<()> {
+    for volume in prepare_volumes()? {
+        println!(
+            "{}\tdata={}\thash={}",
+            hex::encode(volume.root_hash),
+            volume.data.display(),
+            volume.hash.display()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn status(compose_path: PathBuf) -> Result<()> {
+    let compose = read_compose(&compose_path)?;
+    let volumes = prepare_volumes()?;
+    for (index, requested) in compose.verity_volumes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let attached = volumes
+            .iter()
+            .any(|volume| volume.root_hash == requested.verity_root);
+        let expected_root = hex::encode(requested.verity_root);
+        let mut active = false;
+        for mapper_index in 0..compose.verity_volumes.len() {
+            let mapper_name = format!("dstack-verity{mapper_index}");
+            if Path::new("/dev/mapper").join(&mapper_name).exists()
+                && mapping_root(&mapper_name)?.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&expected_root)
+            {
+                active = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        println!(
+            "{index}\troot={}\ttarget={}\tattached={attached}\tactive={active}",
+            hex::encode(requested.verity_root),
+            requested.target.display()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn discover_volumes() -> Result<Vec<VerityVolume>> {
+    let mut found = Vec::new();
+    let disks = list_disks()?;
+    if disks.len() > MAX_DISKS {
+        warn!(
+            found = disks.len(),
+            limit = MAX_DISKS,
+            "block-device scan truncated"
+        );
+    }
+    for disk in disks.into_iter().take(MAX_DISKS) {
+        // A partitioned disk has exactly one envelope location: partition 1.
+        // Only a disk with no kernel-recognized partitions is probed at offset 0.
+        let probe = if disk.partitions.is_empty() {
+            &disk.path
+        } else if let Some((_, path)) = disk.partitions.iter().find(|(number, _)| *number == 1) {
+            path
+        } else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(header) = read_header(probe)? else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        match header.kind {
+            DSTACK_VOLUME_KIND_VERITY => match resolve_verity(&disk, header) {
+                Ok(volume) => found.push(volume),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    warn!(disk = %disk.path.display(), error = %format_args!("{err:#}"), "ignoring malformed verity volume")
+                }
+            },
+            kind => warn!(kind, disk = %disk.path.display(), "ignoring unsupported volume kind"),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(found)
+}
+
+fn list_disks() -> Result<Vec<BlockDisk>> {
+    list_disks_at(Path::new("/sys/class/block"), Path::new("/dev"))
+}
+
+fn list_disks_at(sysfs: &Path, devfs: &Path) -> Result<Vec<BlockDisk>> {
+    struct Entry {
+        name: std::ffi::OsString,
+        sysfs_path: PathBuf,
+        partition: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    let mut entries = Vec::new();
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(sysfs)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let class_path = entry.path();
+        let partition = if class_path.join("partition").exists() {
+            Some(
+                fs::read_to_string(class_path.join("partition"))?
+                    .trim()
+                    .parse()?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        entries.push(Entry {
+            name: entry.file_name(),
+            sysfs_path: fs::canonicalize(class_path)?,
+            partition,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let mut disks = entries
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|entry| entry.partition.is_none() && entry.sysfs_path.join("device").exists())
+        .map(|entry| BlockDisk {
+            path: devfs.join(&entry.name),
+            partitions: entries
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|partition| {
+                    let number = partition.partition?;
+                    (partition.sysfs_path.parent() == Some(entry.sysfs_path.as_path()))
+                        .then(|| (number, devfs.join(&partition.name)))
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    for disk in &mut disks {
+        disk.partitions.sort_by_key(|(number, _)| *number);
+    }
+    disks.sort_by(|left, right| left.path.cmp(&right.path));
+    Ok(disks)
+}
+
+fn read_header(path: &Path) -> Result<Option<DstackVolumeHeader>> {
+    let mut file = match File::open(path) {
+        Ok(file) => file,
+        Err(err) => {
+            warn!(path = %path.display(), %err, "cannot open block device");
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+    };
+    let mut bytes = [0u8; DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE];
+    if let Err(err) = file.read_exact(&mut bytes) {
+        if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        return Err(err).with_context(|| format!("reading {}", path.display()));
+    }
+    parse_header(&bytes).with_context(|| format!("parsing envelope on {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+fn parse_header(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<DstackVolumeHeader>> {
+    if bytes.len() < DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE || &bytes[..16] != DSTACK_VOLUME_MAGIC {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    Ok(Some(DstackVolumeHeader::decode(bytes)?))
+}
+
+fn resolve_verity(disk: &BlockDisk, header: DstackVolumeHeader) -> Result<VerityVolume> {
+    if disk.partitions.is_empty() {
+        bail!("raw verity layout is not defined by kind version 1");
+    }
+    let partition = |number| {
+        disk.partitions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|(n, _)| *n == number)
+            .map(|(_, path)| path.clone())
+            .with_context(|| format!("missing partition {number}"))
+    };
+    Ok(VerityVolume {
+        data: partition(2)?,
+        hash: partition(3)?,
+        root_hash: header.root_hash,
+    })
+}
+
+fn activate_requested(
+    index: usize,
+    requested: &RequestedVolume,
+    volumes: &[VerityVolume],
+) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let candidate = volumes
+        .iter()
+        .find(|volume| volume.root_hash == requested.verity_root)
+        .context("no attached volume advertises the measured root")?;
+
+    let mapper_name = format!("dstack-verity{index}");
+    let mapped = PathBuf::from(format!("/dev/mapper/{mapper_name}"));
+    let expected_root = hex::encode(requested.verity_root);
+    if mapped.exists() {
+        if mapping_root(&mapper_name)?.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&expected_root) {
+            if let Err(err) =
+                verify_first_block(&mapped).and_then(|_| mount_volume(requested, &mapped))
+            {
+                let _ = run_cmd!(veritysetup close $mapper_name);
+                return Err(err);
+            }
+            info!(mapper = mapper_name, "reused active verity mapping");
+            return Ok(mapped);
+        }
+        run_cmd!(veritysetup close $mapper_name).context("closing stale verity mapping")?;
+    }
+
+    // The on-disk root only selected a candidate. Pass the root from the
+    // measured compose to veritysetup, which is the actual trust decision.
+    let data = &candidate.data;
+    let hash = &candidate.hash;
+    run_cmd!(veritysetup open $data $mapper_name $hash $expected_root)
+        .context("opening dm-verity volume")?;
+    if let Err(err) = verify_first_block(&mapped).and_then(|_| mount_volume(requested, &mapped)) {
+        let _ = run_cmd!(veritysetup close $mapper_name);
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+    Ok(mapped)
+}
+
+fn verify_first_block(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut file = File::open(path).with_context(|| format!("opening {}", path.display()))?;
+    let mut block = [0u8; 4096];
+    file.read_exact(&mut block)
+        .with_context(|| format!("verifying first block of {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+fn mount_volume(requested: &RequestedVolume, mapped: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let fs_type = run_fun!(blkid -o value -s TYPE $mapped).unwrap_or_default();
+    let target = &requested.target;
+    fs::create_dir_all(target)?;
+    if is_mountpoint(target)? {
+        ensure_mounted_from(target, mapped)?;
+    } else {
+        mount_read_only(mapped, target, fs_type.trim())?;
+    }
+    info!(root = %hex::encode(requested.verity_root), target = %target.display(), "mounted verity volume");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn mount_read_only(device: &Path, target: &Path, fs_type: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let options = if matches!(fs_type, "ext3" | "ext4") {
+        "ro,noload"
+    } else {
+        "ro"
+    };
+    if fs_type.is_empty() {
+        run_cmd!(mount -o $options $device $target).context("mounting verity volume")?;
+    } else {
+        run_cmd!(mount -t $fs_type -o $options $device $target)
+            .context("mounting verity volume")?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_mountpoint(path: &Path) -> Result<bool> {
+    Ok(mountpoint_device(path)?.is_some())
+}
+
+fn ensure_mounted_from(target: &Path, device: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let mounted = mountpoint_device(target)?.context("mount point disappeared")?;
+    let expected = device_number(fs::metadata(device)?.rdev());
+    if mounted != expected {
+        bail!(
+            "{} is mounted from device {}:{}, expected {}:{}",
+            target.display(),
+            mounted.0,
+            mounted.1,
+            expected.0,
+            expected.1
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn mountpoint_device(path: &Path) -> Result<Option<(u64, u64)>> {
+    let target = path.as_os_str().as_bytes();
+    for line in fs::read_to_string("/proc/self/mountinfo")?.lines() {
+        let mut fields = line.split_ascii_whitespace();
+        let Some(device) = fields.nth(2) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(mountpoint) = fields.nth(1) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if unescape_mountinfo(mountpoint.as_bytes()) == target {
+            let (major, minor) = device
+                .split_once(':')
+                .context("invalid mountinfo device number")?;
+            return Ok(Some((major.parse()?, minor.parse()?)));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+fn device_number(device: u64) -> (u64, u64) {
+    let major = ((device >> 8) & 0xfff) | ((device >> 32) & 0xffff_f000);
+    let minor = (device & 0xff) | ((device >> 12) & 0xffff_ff00);
+    (major, minor)
+}
+
+fn unescape_mountinfo(value: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut decoded = Vec::with_capacity(value.len());
+    let mut index = 0;
+    while index < value.len() {
+        if value[index] == b'\\' && index + 3 < value.len() {
+            let octal = &value[index + 1..index + 4];
+            if octal.iter().all(|byte| matches!(byte, b'0'..=b'7')) {
+                decoded.push((octal[0] - b'0') * 64 + (octal[1] - b'0') * 8 + (octal[2] - b'0'));
+                index += 4;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        decoded.push(value[index]);
+        index += 1;
+    }
+    decoded
+}
+
+fn mapping_root(mapper_name: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let status = run_fun!(veritysetup status $mapper_name)?;
+    status
+        .lines()
+        .find_map(|line| {
+            let line = line.trim();
+            line.strip_prefix("root hash:")
+                .or_else(|| line.strip_prefix("Root hash:"))
+        })
+        .map(|root| root.trim().to_string())
+        .context("verity mapping status has no root hash")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cli_uses_default_compose_for_mount_all() {
+        let cli = Cli::try_parse_from(["dstack-volume", "mount-all"]).unwrap();
+        let VolumeCommand::MountAll { compose } = cli.command else {
+            panic!("unexpected command");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(compose, Path::new("app-compose.json"));
+    }
+
+    fn header() -> DstackVolumeHeader {
+        DstackVolumeHeader::new_verity([0x5a; 32])
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ignores_non_volume_data() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_header(&[0u8; DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE]).unwrap(),
+            None
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verity_kind_uses_second_and_third_partitions() {
+        let disk = BlockDisk {
+            path: "/dev/test".into(),
+            partitions: vec![
+                (1, "/dev/test1".into()),
+                (2, "/dev/test2".into()),
+                (3, "/dev/test3".into()),
+            ],
+        };
+        let volume = resolve_verity(&disk, header()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(volume.data, Path::new("/dev/test2"));
+        assert_eq!(volume.hash, Path::new("/dev/test3"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verity_kind_rejects_undefined_raw_layout() {
+        let disk = BlockDisk {
+            path: "/dev/test".into(),
+            partitions: vec![],
+        };
+        assert!(resolve_verity(&disk, header()).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_mountinfo_escapes() {
+        assert_eq!(unescape_mountinfo(b"/run/my\\040volume"), b"/run/my volume");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn discovers_partitions_from_sysfs_parentage() -> Result<()> {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let sysfs = temp.path().join("sys/class/block");
+        let devices = temp.path().join("sys/devices/block/vda");
+        let partition = devices.join("vda1");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&sysfs)?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(devices.join("device"))?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(&partition)?;
+        fs::write(partition.join("partition"), "1\n")?;
+        symlink(&devices, sysfs.join("vda"))?;
+        symlink(&partition, sysfs.join("vda1"))?;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            list_disks_at(&sysfs, Path::new("/dev"))?,
+            vec![BlockDisk {
+                path: "/dev/vda".into(),
+                partitions: vec![(1, "/dev/vda1".into())],
+            }]
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/lib.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a8aa5f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Build, describe, and activate dstack volumes.
+//!
+//! The output is a reproducible, dm-verity-protected raw disk image containing
+//! a filesystem that the guest mounts read-only at a measured path.
+//!
+//! The build needs no docker daemon and no TEE, and it's reproducible: the same
+//! inputs always give the same `verity_root`. The first partition contains a
+//! generic `DSTACK_VOLUME` envelope, followed by data and verity partitions.
+//! So anyone can recompute the root
+//! and check it against `app-compose.json`, without trusting the builder. See
+//! docs/verity-volumes.md.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+
+mod volume;
+pub mod volume_format;
+
+pub use volume::Compression;
+
+/// A fixed dm-verity salt.
+///
+/// The root is a function of the squashfs bytes and this salt, so keeping the
+/// salt constant is what lets anyone recompute the root. It isn't a secret:
+/// veritysetup writes it into the on-disk verity superblock anyway.
+const VERITY_SALT: &str = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+
+pub struct VerityOptions {
+    /// Build a volume from this directory.
+    pub dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// wrap an existing filesystem image as the verity data partition. This is
+    /// for hand-built ext4/xfs/etc. images; `dstack verity --dir` still produces
+    /// squashfs by default.
+    pub fs_image: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub output: PathBuf,
+    /// squashfs compression (default: none — zero decompression at read time).
+    pub compress: Compression,
+}
+
+pub struct VerityResult {
+    pub verity_root: String,
+    pub data_size: u64,
+    pub output: PathBuf,
+}
+
+pub async fn verity(opts: VerityOptions) -> Result<VerityResult> {
+    match (opts.dir, opts.fs_image) {
+        (Some(dir), None) => verity_dir(dir, opts.output, opts.compress).await,
+        (None, Some(fs_image)) => verity_fs_image(fs_image, opts.output).await,
+        _ => bail!("give exactly one source: --dir <path> or --fs-image <path>"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bake a directory tree into a reproducible squashfs data volume.
+async fn verity_dir(dir: PathBuf, output: PathBuf, compress: Compression) -> Result<VerityResult> {
+    if !dir.is_dir() {
+        bail!("--dir '{}' is not a directory", dir.display());
+    }
+    let out = output.clone();
+    let built = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+        volume::build_volume(&dir, &out, VERITY_SALT, compress)
+    })
+    .await
+    .context("the build task failed")??;
+
+    Ok(VerityResult {
+        verity_root: built.verity_root,
+        data_size: built.data_size,
+        output,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Wrap an already-built filesystem image. The guest discovers and mounts the
+/// filesystem only after dm-verity is active.
+async fn verity_fs_image(fs_image: PathBuf, output: PathBuf) -> Result<VerityResult> {
+    if !fs_image.is_file() {
+        bail!("--fs-image '{}' is not a file", fs_image.display());
+    }
+    let out = output.clone();
+    let built =
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || volume::build_fs_image(&fs_image, &out, VERITY_SALT))
+            .await
+            .context("the build task failed")??;
+
+    Ok(VerityResult {
+        verity_root: built.verity_root,
+        data_size: built.data_size,
+        output,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/volume.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/volume.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c8175788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/volume.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Pack a directory into a reproducible, verity-protected disk image.
+//!
+//! The output is a raw disk with three deterministic GPT partitions:
+//!
+//!   1. a generic `DSTACK_VOLUME` metadata block
+//!   2. the filesystem image
+//!   3. the dm-verity superblock and hash tree
+//!
+//! Keeping the verity data and hash devices in separate partitions means the
+//! guest never has to inspect filesystem metadata to find the hash tree. The
+//! partition table is only a locator hint; the measured verity root is still the
+//! content identity.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use crate::volume_format::{DstackVolumeHeader, DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use cmd_lib::{run_cmd, run_fun};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+/// Fixed build timestamp (2024-01-01), so the image is the same no matter when
+/// it's built. It never shows up at runtime: `mksquashfs -all-time` normalizes
+/// the store's own timestamps away.
+const EPOCH: &str = "1704067200";
+const BLOCK: u64 = 4096;
+const SECTOR: u64 = 512;
+// 1 MiB alignment.
+const PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS: u64 = 2048;
+// The `gpt` crate writes the primary/backup headers and partition arrays. We
+// still reserve enough trailing sectors in the raw image for the backup array
+// (128 entries * 128 bytes) plus the backup header.
+const GPT_ENTRY_SECTORS: u64 = 32;
+const VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE: usize = DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Compression {
+    /// No compression, so nothing is decompressed at read time (the default).
+    None,
+    Zstd,
+    Gzip,
+}
+
+impl Compression {
+    fn args(self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            // disable every compressible section: inodes, data, fragments,
+            // xattrs, id table.
+            Compression::None => vec!["-noI", "-noD", "-noF", "-noX", "-noId"],
+            Compression::Zstd => vec!["-comp", "zstd"],
+            Compression::Gzip => vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct BuiltVolume {
+    pub verity_root: String,
+    /// Size of the filesystem data partition.
+    pub data_size: u64,
+}
+
+/// Build `output`: a GPT disk image with the squashfs data partition and a
+/// separate dm-verity hash partition.
+///
+/// `store` is the directory to pack; `salt` fixes the verity root.
+///
+/// The verity UUID is derived from the squashfs bytes, so two different volumes
+/// get two different UUIDs. That matters because a VM can mount several volumes
+/// at once, and a fixed UUID would be shared by all of them.
+pub fn build_volume(
+    store: &Path,
+    output: &Path,
+    salt_hex: &str,
+    compress: Compression,
+) -> Result<BuiltVolume> {
+    require_tool("mksquashfs")?;
+    require_tool("veritysetup")?;
+
+    let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().context("creating volume scratch dir")?;
+    let data_path = tmp.path().join("data.fs");
+
+    // 1. reproducible squashfs.
+    let compression_args = compress.args();
+    run_cmd!(
+        mksquashfs $store $data_path $[compression_args]
+            -all-time $EPOCH -mkfs-time $EPOCH -noappend -no-progress -xattrs
+            >/dev/null
+    )
+    .context("running mksquashfs")?;
+
+    // 2. the verity data region must be block-aligned; pad the squashfs up.
+    let bytes_used = squashfs_bytes_used(&data_path)?;
+    seal_data_image(&data_path, bytes_used, output, salt_hex)
+}
+
+/// Wrap an existing filesystem image in the same partitioned verity disk format.
+///
+/// The input image is copied to a scratch file and padded to a 4096-byte verity
+/// block boundary. Its filesystem type is otherwise opaque to the verity layer.
+pub fn build_fs_image(fs_image: &Path, output: &Path, salt_hex: &str) -> Result<BuiltVolume> {
+    require_tool("veritysetup")?;
+    let len = fs::metadata(fs_image)
+        .with_context(|| format!("stat {}", fs_image.display()))?
+        .len();
+    if len == 0 {
+        bail!("filesystem image '{}' is empty", fs_image.display());
+    }
+
+    let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().context("creating volume scratch dir")?;
+    let data_path = tmp.path().join("data.fs");
+    fs::copy(fs_image, &data_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("copying {} into scratch", fs_image.display()))?;
+    seal_data_image(&data_path, len, output, salt_hex)
+}
+
+fn seal_data_image(
+    data_path: &Path,
+    data_len: u64,
+    output: &Path,
+    salt_hex: &str,
+) -> Result<BuiltVolume> {
+    let hash_tmp = tempfile::tempdir().context("creating verity hash scratch dir")?;
+    let hash_path = hash_tmp.path().join("verity.hash");
+    let data_size = data_len.div_ceil(BLOCK) * BLOCK;
+    {
+        let f = fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).open(data_path)?;
+        f.set_len(data_size)?;
+    }
+
+    // Build the verity hash device as a separate image. At runtime this is
+    // partition 2, so no --hash-offset is needed and the guest does not parse
+    // filesystem metadata before verity is active.
+    // Pin the superblock UUID too: veritysetup randomizes it otherwise, and we
+    // want the whole image reproducible, not just the root. The UUID sits in the
+    // hash tree, not the hashed data, so it never changes the root.
+    let uuid = uuid_from_data(data_path, data_size)?;
+    let out = run_fun!(
+        veritysetup format --salt $salt_hex --uuid $uuid
+            --hash sha256 --format 1 --data-block-size 4096 --hash-block-size 4096
+            $data_path $hash_path
+    )
+    .context("running veritysetup format")?;
+    let verity_root =
+        parse_root_hash(&out).context("could not find the root hash in veritysetup output")?;
+
+    // Wrap the two blobs in a deterministic GPT disk image. Partition 1 is the
+    // generic volume envelope, partition 2 is data, and partition 3 is verity.
+    build_partitioned_image(data_path, data_size, &hash_path, output, &verity_root)?;
+
+    Ok(BuiltVolume {
+        verity_root,
+        data_size,
+    })
+}
+
+/// squashfs superblock: `bytes_used` is a little-endian u64 at offset 40.
+fn squashfs_bytes_used(path: &Path) -> Result<u64> {
+    use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom};
+    let mut f = fs::File::open(path)?;
+    let mut magic = [0u8; 4];
+    f.read_exact(&mut magic)?;
+    if &magic != b"hsqs" {
+        bail!("not a squashfs image (bad magic)");
+    }
+    f.seek(SeekFrom::Start(40))?;
+    let mut buf = [0u8; 8];
+    f.read_exact(&mut buf)?;
+    Ok(u64::from_le_bytes(buf))
+}
+
+/// Derive a UUID from the first `len` bytes of `path`.
+fn uuid_from_data(path: &Path, len: u64) -> Result<String> {
+    Ok(uuid_from_file(path, len)?.to_string())
+}
+
+/// Deterministic, version-4-shaped UUID from arbitrary domain-separated
+/// material.
+fn uuid_from_material(parts: &[&[u8]]) -> Uuid {
+    let mut h = Sha256::new();
+    for part in parts {
+        h.update((part.len() as u64).to_le_bytes());
+        h.update(part);
+    }
+    uuid_from_digest(&h.finalize())
+}
+
+fn uuid_from_file(path: &Path, len: u64) -> Result<Uuid> {
+    use std::io::Read;
+    let mut f = fs::File::open(path)?;
+    let mut h = Sha256::new();
+    let mut remaining = len;
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; 1 << 20];
+    while remaining > 0 {
+        let n = remaining.min(buf.len() as u64) as usize;
+        f.read_exact(&mut buf[..n])?;
+        h.update(&buf[..n]);
+        remaining -= n as u64;
+    }
+    Ok(uuid_from_digest(&h.finalize()))
+}
+
+fn uuid_from_digest(d: &[u8]) -> Uuid {
+    let mut u = [0u8; 16];
+    u.copy_from_slice(&d[..16]);
+    u[6] = (u[6] & 0x0f) | 0x40; // version 4
+    u[8] = (u[8] & 0x3f) | 0x80; // RFC 4122 variant
+    Uuid::from_bytes(u)
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Partition {
+    first_lba: u64,
+    last_lba: u64,
+}
+
+struct GptLayout {
+    total_lbas: u64,
+    metadata: Partition,
+    data: Partition,
+    hash: Partition,
+}
+
+impl GptLayout {
+    fn new(data_size: u64, hash_size: u64) -> Result<Self> {
+        if data_size == 0 || hash_size == 0 {
+            bail!("data and hash images must be non-empty");
+        }
+        let data_sectors = data_size.div_ceil(SECTOR);
+        let hash_sectors = hash_size.div_ceil(SECTOR);
+
+        let metadata_first = PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS;
+        let metadata_last = metadata_first + VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE as u64 / SECTOR - 1;
+        let data_first = align_up(metadata_last + 1, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS);
+        let data_last = data_first + data_sectors - 1;
+        let hash_first = align_up(data_last + 1, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS);
+        let hash_last = hash_first + hash_sectors - 1;
+
+        // Leave room for the backup GPT entry array and header at the end.
+        let min_lbas = hash_last + 1 + GPT_ENTRY_SECTORS + 1;
+        let total_lbas = align_up(min_lbas, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS);
+        Ok(Self {
+            total_lbas,
+            metadata: Partition {
+                first_lba: metadata_first,
+                last_lba: metadata_last,
+            },
+            data: Partition {
+                first_lba: data_first,
+                last_lba: data_last,
+            },
+            hash: Partition {
+                first_lba: hash_first,
+                last_lba: hash_last,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn total_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.total_lbas * SECTOR
+    }
+}
+
+fn align_up(value: u64, alignment: u64) -> u64 {
+    value.div_ceil(alignment) * alignment
+}
+
+fn build_partitioned_image(
+    data_path: &Path,
+    data_size: u64,
+    hash_path: &Path,
+    output: &Path,
+    root_hash: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let hash_size = fs::metadata(hash_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("stat {}", hash_path.display()))?
+        .len();
+    let layout = GptLayout::new(data_size, hash_size)?;
+
+    let mut out = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .create(true)
+        .truncate(true)
+        .read(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(output)
+        .with_context(|| format!("creating {}", output.display()))?;
+    out.set_len(layout.total_bytes())?;
+
+    out = write_gpt(out, &layout, root_hash)?;
+
+    write_volume_header(&mut out, layout.metadata.first_lba * SECTOR, root_hash)?;
+    copy_into(data_path, &mut out, layout.data.first_lba * SECTOR)?;
+    copy_into(hash_path, &mut out, layout.hash.first_lba * SECTOR)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn write_gpt(mut out: fs::File, layout: &GptLayout, root_hash: &str) -> Result<fs::File> {
+    let protective_size = (layout.total_lbas - 1).min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32;
+    gpt::mbr::ProtectiveMBR::with_lb_size(protective_size)
+        .overwrite_lba0(&mut out)
+        .context("writing protective MBR")?;
+
+    let disk_uuid = uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-verity-disk", root_hash.as_bytes()]);
+    let mut disk = gpt::GptConfig::new()
+        .writable(true)
+        .logical_block_size(gpt::disk::LogicalBlockSize::Lb512)
+        .create_from_device(out, Some(disk_uuid))
+        .context("initializing GPT")?;
+
+    let mut parts = BTreeMap::new();
+    parts.insert(
+        1,
+        gpt::partition::Partition {
+            part_type_guid: gpt::partition_types::LINUX_FS,
+            part_guid: uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-volume-metadata", root_hash.as_bytes()]),
+            first_lba: layout.metadata.first_lba,
+            last_lba: layout.metadata.last_lba,
+            flags: 0,
+            name: "dstack-volume".to_string(),
+        },
+    );
+    parts.insert(
+        2,
+        gpt::partition::Partition {
+            part_type_guid: gpt::partition_types::LINUX_FS,
+            part_guid: uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-verity-data", root_hash.as_bytes()]),
+            first_lba: layout.data.first_lba,
+            last_lba: layout.data.last_lba,
+            flags: 0,
+            name: "dstack-data".to_string(),
+        },
+    );
+    parts.insert(
+        3,
+        gpt::partition::Partition {
+            part_type_guid: gpt::partition_types::LINUX_FS,
+            part_guid: uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-verity-hash", root_hash.as_bytes()]),
+            first_lba: layout.hash.first_lba,
+            last_lba: layout.hash.last_lba,
+            flags: 0,
+            name: "dstack-verity".to_string(),
+        },
+    );
+    disk.update_partitions(parts)
+        .context("installing GPT partitions")?;
+    disk.write().context("writing GPT")
+}
+
+fn write_volume_header(out: &mut fs::File, offset: u64, root_hash: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    use std::io::{Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+
+    let root = hex::decode(root_hash).context("decoding verity root hash")?;
+    let root: [u8; 32] = root
+        .as_slice()
+        .try_into()
+        .context("verity root must be a 32-byte SHA-256 digest")?;
+    let header = DstackVolumeHeader::new_verity(root)
+        .encode()
+        .context("encoding volume header")?;
+
+    out.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset))?;
+    out.write_all(&header)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn copy_into(src: &Path, out: &mut fs::File, offset: u64) -> Result<()> {
+    use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+    let mut input = fs::File::open(src)?;
+    out.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset))?;
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; 1 << 20];
+    loop {
+        let n = input.read(&mut buf)?;
+        if n == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        out.write_all(&buf[..n])?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn parse_root_hash(output: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    output
+        .lines()
+        .find_map(|l| l.strip_prefix("Root hash:"))
+        .map(|v| v.trim().to_string())
+}
+
+fn require_tool(name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let present = run_cmd!(which $name >/dev/null 2>&1).is_ok();
+    if !present {
+        bail!("`{name}` not found on PATH (install squashfs-tools / cryptsetup)");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_veritysetup_root() {
+        let sample = "VERITY header information for x\nUUID:  \nHash type:  1\n\
+                      Data blocks:  10\nRoot hash:      abc123def\n";
+        assert_eq!(parse_root_hash(sample).as_deref(), Some("abc123def"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uuid_is_deterministic_and_content_specific() {
+        use std::io::Write;
+        let mut a = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        a.write_all(b"hello world data").unwrap();
+        let mut b = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        b.write_all(b"different data..").unwrap();
+        let ua = uuid_from_data(a.path(), 16).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(ua, uuid_from_data(a.path(), 16).unwrap()); // deterministic
+        assert_ne!(ua, uuid_from_data(b.path(), 16).unwrap()); // content-specific
+        assert_eq!(ua.len(), 36);
+        assert_eq!(&ua[14..15], "4"); // version nibble
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gpt_layout_uses_three_aligned_partitions() {
+        let layout = GptLayout::new(4096, 8192).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(layout.metadata.first_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS);
+        assert_eq!(layout.metadata.last_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS + 7);
+        assert_eq!(layout.data.first_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS * 2);
+        assert_eq!(layout.data.last_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS * 2 + 7);
+        assert_eq!(layout.hash.first_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS * 3);
+        assert_eq!(layout.hash.last_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS * 3 + 15);
+        assert!(layout.total_lbas - 1 - GPT_ENTRY_SECTORS > layout.hash.last_lba);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn partitioned_image_is_valid_gpt() -> Result<()> {
+        use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let data_path = tmp.path().join("data.fs");
+        let hash_path = tmp.path().join("verity.hash");
+        let image_path = tmp.path().join("volume.img");
+        let data = vec![0x11; 4096];
+        let hash = vec![0x22; 8192];
+        fs::File::create(&data_path)?.write_all(&data)?;
+        fs::File::create(&hash_path)?.write_all(&hash)?;
+
+        let root_hash = "abababababababababababababababababababababababababababababababab";
+        build_partitioned_image(
+            &data_path,
+            data.len() as u64,
+            &hash_path,
+            &image_path,
+            root_hash,
+        )?;
+
+        let disk = gpt::GptConfig::new()
+            .logical_block_size(gpt::disk::LogicalBlockSize::Lb512)
+            .open(&image_path)?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            *disk.guid(),
+            uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-verity-disk", root_hash.as_bytes()])
+        );
+
+        let metadata = disk.partitions().get(&1).unwrap();
+        let data_partition = disk.partitions().get(&2).unwrap();
+        let hash_partition = disk.partitions().get(&3).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(metadata.name, "dstack-volume");
+        assert_eq!(data_partition.name, "dstack-data");
+        assert_eq!(hash_partition.name, "dstack-verity");
+        assert_eq!(
+            data_partition.part_guid,
+            uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-verity-data", root_hash.as_bytes()])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            hash_partition.part_guid,
+            uuid_from_material(&[b"dstack-verity-hash", root_hash.as_bytes()])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(metadata.first_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS);
+        assert_eq!(data_partition.first_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS * 2);
+        assert_eq!(hash_partition.first_lba, PARTITION_ALIGNMENT_SECTORS * 3);
+
+        let mut img = fs::File::open(&image_path)?;
+        let mut header = [0u8; VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE];
+        img.seek(SeekFrom::Start(metadata.first_lba * SECTOR))?;
+        img.read_exact(&mut header)?;
+        assert_eq!(&header[..16], b"DSTACK_VOLUME\0\0\0");
+        let decoded = DstackVolumeHeader::decode(&header)?;
+        assert_eq!(decoded.root_hash.as_slice(), hex::decode(root_hash)?);
+        let mut buf = vec![0; data.len()];
+        img.seek(SeekFrom::Start(data_partition.first_lba * SECTOR))?;
+        img.read_exact(&mut buf)?;
+        assert_eq!(buf, data);
+        let mut buf = vec![0; hash.len()];
+        img.seek(SeekFrom::Start(hash_partition.first_lba * SECTOR))?;
+        img.read_exact(&mut buf)?;
+        assert_eq!(buf, hash);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/volume_format.rs b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/volume_format.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df9fd4328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstack-volume/src/volume_format.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! On-disk dstack volume envelope shared by builders and guests.
+
+use std::io::Cursor;
+
+use binrw::{binrw, BinRead, BinWrite};
+
+pub const DSTACK_VOLUME_MAGIC: &[u8; 16] = b"DSTACK_VOLUME\0\0\0";
+pub const DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+pub const DSTACK_VOLUME_KIND_VERITY: u32 = 1;
+
+#[binrw]
+#[brw(little, magic = b"DSTACK_VOLUME\0\0\0")]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DstackVolumeHeader {
+    pub kind: u32,
+    pub root_hash: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+impl DstackVolumeHeader {
+    pub fn new_verity(root_hash: [u8; 32]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kind: DSTACK_VOLUME_KIND_VERITY,
+            root_hash,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode(&self) -> binrw::BinResult<[u8; DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE]> {
+        let mut block = [0u8; DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE];
+        self.write(&mut Cursor::new(&mut block[..]))?;
+        Ok(block)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode(block: &[u8]) -> binrw::BinResult<Self> {
+        if block.len() < DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE {
+            return Err(binrw::Error::AssertFail {
+                pos: 0,
+                message: format!(
+                    "volume header is truncated: {} < {DSTACK_VOLUME_HEADER_SIZE}",
+                    block.len()
+                ),
+            });
+        }
+        Self::read(&mut Cursor::new(block))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use dstack_types::VerityVolume;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn volume_header_round_trip() {
+        let expected = DstackVolumeHeader::new_verity([0x5a; 32]);
+        let encoded = expected.encode().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&encoded[..16], b"DSTACK_VOLUME\0\0\0");
+        assert_eq!(DstackVolumeHeader::decode(&encoded).unwrap(), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verity_volume_validates_root_and_target_during_deserialization(
+    ) -> Result<(), serde_json::Error> {
+        let volume: VerityVolume = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "source": "models.img",
+            "verity_root": "5a".repeat(32),
+            "target": "/run/models"
+        }))?;
+        assert_eq!(volume.verity_root, [0x5a; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(volume.target, std::path::PathBuf::from("/run/models"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(&volume)?["verity_root"],
+            "5a".repeat(32)
+        );
+
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<VerityVolume>(serde_json::json!({
+            "source": "models.img",
+            "verity_root": "abcd",
+            "target": "/run/models"
+        }))
+        .is_err());
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<VerityVolume>(serde_json::json!({
+            "source": "models.img",
+            "verity_root": "5a".repeat(32),
+            "target": "relative/path"
+        }))
+        .is_err());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/dstackup/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11bca8fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstackup"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstackup"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+dstack-cli-core.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+rand.workspace = true
+# reqwest (+ rustls/hyper) is already linked via dstack-cli-core's prpc client,
+# so using it for http here adds ~no binary cost and drops the curl dependency.
+reqwest = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "rt-multi-thread", "time"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/cid.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/cid.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73291b08f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/cid.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! pick a vsock CID window that doesn't collide with a VMM already on the host.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use rand::Rng;
+
+/// size of a VMM's CID pool (matches `config::VmmRender` default). This is what
+/// ends up in `cvm.cid_pool_size`.
+const CID_POOL_SIZE: u32 = 1000;
+
+/// spacing between candidate pool starts, and the width we require to be free
+/// before taking one.
+///
+/// This is an installer-side heuristic only: it is never written to vmm.toml and
+/// the VMM knows nothing about it. Requiring a whole stride to be free leaves an
+/// instance room to raise `cvm.cid_pool_size` later without walking into a
+/// neighbour, and striding the candidate space keeps a random pick cheap to
+/// verify.
+const CID_BLOCK_STRIDE: u32 = 10_000;
+
+/// lowest candidate start. The first stride is skipped because CIDs 0-2 are
+/// reserved (hypervisor, local, host).
+const CID_MIN: u32 = CID_BLOCK_STRIDE;
+
+/// highest candidate start, chosen so `start + CID_BLOCK_STRIDE` stays in u32.
+const CID_MAX: u32 = u32::MAX - CID_BLOCK_STRIDE;
+
+/// how many candidates to try before giving up.
+const CID_PICK_ATTEMPTS: usize = 8;
+
+/// whether `[start, start + width)` intersects any occupied range. Both sides
+/// are half-open.
+fn window_overlaps(start: u32, width: u32, occupied: &[(u32, u32)]) -> bool {
+    let end = start.saturating_add(width);
+    occupied.iter().any(|&(s, e)| start < e && s < end)
+}
+
+/// number of stride-aligned candidate blocks in `[CID_MIN, CID_MAX]`.
+fn candidate_blocks() -> u32 {
+    (CID_MAX - CID_MIN) / CID_BLOCK_STRIDE + 1
+}
+
+/// an endless stream of stride-aligned starts drawn uniformly from the CID space.
+///
+/// Random rather than "the next free block above everything in use": two installs
+/// racing on the same host would compute the same next block from the same
+/// observation and collide deterministically, and a single stray high CID from an
+/// unrelated QEMU would drag every later install up with it.
+fn random_starts() -> impl Iterator<Item = u32> {
+    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
+    let blocks = candidate_blocks();
+    std::iter::repeat_with(move || CID_MIN + rng.gen_range(0..blocks) * CID_BLOCK_STRIDE)
+}
+
+/// first candidate whose whole stride is free, within the attempt budget.
+fn first_free(candidates: impl Iterator<Item = u32>, occupied: &[(u32, u32)]) -> Option<u32> {
+    candidates
+        .take(CID_PICK_ATTEMPTS)
+        .find(|&start| !window_overlaps(start, CID_BLOCK_STRIDE, occupied))
+}
+
+/// choose a CID window that won't collide with a VMM already on this host.
+///
+/// Precedence: an explicit `--cid-start` is honored but refused on overlap; then
+/// the start a previous install recorded; then a random free block.
+pub(crate) fn pick_cid_start(
+    explicit: Option<u32>,
+    recorded: Option<u32>,
+    occupied: &[(u32, u32)],
+) -> Result<u32> {
+    pick_cid_start_from(explicit, recorded, occupied, random_starts())
+}
+
+fn pick_cid_start_from(
+    explicit: Option<u32>,
+    recorded: Option<u32>,
+    occupied: &[(u32, u32)],
+    candidates: impl Iterator<Item = u32>,
+) -> Result<u32> {
+    if let Some(start) = explicit {
+        // A start so high that its pool runs off the end of the CID space. The
+        // VMM rejects this too (`Config::validate`), but preflight is where it
+        // belongs: nothing has been written to the host yet.
+        if start.checked_add(CID_POOL_SIZE).is_none() {
+            bail!(
+                "--cid-start {start} leaves no room for a {CID_POOL_SIZE}-wide pool \
+                 (it overflows u32)"
+            );
+        }
+        // An explicit choice is checked against the pool it actually asks for,
+        // not the stride: the operator picked the number, so don't demand
+        // growth headroom they didn't ask for.
+        if window_overlaps(start, CID_POOL_SIZE, occupied) {
+            match first_free(candidates, occupied) {
+                Some(free) => bail!(
+                    "--cid-start {start} overlaps a CID range already reserved on this host; \
+                     pick a free start, e.g. --cid-start {free}"
+                ),
+                None => bail!(
+                    "--cid-start {start} overlaps a CID range already reserved on this host; \
+                     pick a free start"
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+        return Ok(start);
+    }
+
+    // A recorded start already belongs to this install, so a re-run reuses it
+    // verbatim and never moves a live instance's pool out from under its running
+    // CVMs. It is deliberately not re-checked: `occupied` includes this install's
+    // own VMM, so the check could only ever fail against itself.
+    if let Some(start) = recorded {
+        return Ok(start);
+    }
+
+    match first_free(candidates, occupied) {
+        Some(start) => {
+            println!("  [ok] cid-start {start} (avoids CIDs already reserved on this host)");
+            Ok(start)
+        }
+        None => bail!(
+            "could not find a free CID window in {CID_PICK_ATTEMPTS} attempts; \
+             pass --cid-start <start> explicitly"
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn takes_the_first_candidate_when_the_host_is_empty() {
+        let picked = pick_cid_start_from(None, None, &[], [40_000, 50_000].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked, 40_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn skips_candidates_whose_stride_is_taken() {
+        let occupied = [(40_000, 41_000), (50_000, 50_001)];
+        let picked =
+            pick_cid_start_from(None, None, &occupied, [40_000, 50_000, 60_000].into_iter())
+                .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked, 60_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_candidate_needs_its_whole_stride_free_not_just_its_pool() {
+        // 45_000 is clear of [40_000, 41_000) as a 1000-wide pool, but it sits
+        // inside that candidate's stride, so the block is rejected.
+        let occupied = [(45_000, 45_001)];
+        assert!(window_overlaps(40_000, CID_BLOCK_STRIDE, &occupied));
+        assert!(!window_overlaps(40_000, CID_POOL_SIZE, &occupied));
+        let picked =
+            pick_cid_start_from(None, None, &occupied, [40_000, 60_000].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked, 60_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gives_up_after_the_attempt_budget() {
+        let occupied = [(40_000, 50_000)];
+        let err = pick_cid_start_from(None, None, &occupied, std::iter::repeat(40_000))
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("could not find a free CID window"), "{err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_is_honored_when_its_pool_is_free() {
+        // Overlaps the *stride* of an occupied block but not its pool, which an
+        // explicit choice is allowed to do.
+        let occupied = [(40_000, 41_000)];
+        let picked =
+            pick_cid_start_from(Some(45_000), None, &occupied, [60_000].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked, 45_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_is_refused_on_overlap_and_suggests_a_free_start() {
+        let occupied = [(40_000, 41_000)];
+        let err = pick_cid_start_from(Some(40_500), None, &occupied, [60_000].into_iter())
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("--cid-start 40500 overlaps"), "{err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("e.g. --cid-start 60000"), "{err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_is_refused_when_its_pool_runs_off_the_end_of_the_cid_space() {
+        let err = pick_cid_start_from(Some(u32::MAX - 10), None, &[], [60_000].into_iter())
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("leaves no room for a 1000-wide pool"), "{err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_wins_over_a_recorded_start() {
+        let picked =
+            pick_cid_start_from(Some(45_000), Some(70_000), &[], [60_000].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked, 45_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_recorded_start_is_reused_verbatim() {
+        // The install's own VMM shows up in `occupied`; reusing must not treat
+        // that as a conflict, otherwise every re-run would move the pool.
+        let occupied = [(70_000, 71_000)];
+        let picked =
+            pick_cid_start_from(None, Some(70_000), &occupied, [60_000].into_iter()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked, 70_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn random_starts_are_aligned_and_leave_room_for_a_stride() {
+        for start in random_starts().take(64) {
+            assert!((CID_MIN..=CID_MAX).contains(&start), "{start} out of range");
+            assert_eq!(start % CID_BLOCK_STRIDE, 0, "{start} is not stride-aligned");
+            assert!(start.checked_add(CID_BLOCK_STRIDE).is_some(), "{start}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/cli.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/cli.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfcfbd927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/cli.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! command-line interface (clap definitions).
+
+use clap::{Args, Parser, Subcommand};
+use dstack_cli_core::config;
+
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_VMM_BIN: &str = "dstack-vmm";
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_AUTH_BIN: &str = "dstack-auth";
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_SUPERVISOR_BIN: &str = "supervisor";
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_SOURCE_REPO: &str = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack";
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_SOURCE_REF: &str = "next";
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_RELEASE_API_BASE_URL: &str = "https://api.github.com/repos";
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(name = "dstackup", version, about = "set up and manage a dstack host")]
+pub(crate) struct Cli {
+    /// VMM control socket / endpoint to talk to. Defaults to the local install state,
+    /// then the local control socket.
+    #[arg(long, global = true)]
+    pub(crate) host: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Base URL of the GitHub-compatible releases API, including its `/repos`
+    /// prefix. The owner/repository path is appended automatically.
+    #[arg(long, global = true, default_value = DEFAULT_RELEASE_API_BASE_URL)]
+    pub(crate) release_api_base_url: String,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    pub(crate) command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+// `Install` carries all the host-setup flags; the size gap to `Status`/`Destroy`
+// is irrelevant for a CLI enum constructed once at startup.
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
+pub(crate) enum Command {
+    /// Bring up the host stack: SGX preflight, render configs, and start the
+    /// VMM + auth webhook. (Gramine bring-up and KMS-in-CVM bootstrap follow.)
+    Install(InstallOpts),
+    /// Show the health of the host stack.
+    Status {
+        /// installation root to inspect. Omit for the default system install.
+        #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+        prefix: Option<String>,
+    },
+    /// Download or list guest OS images.
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    Image(ImageCmd),
+    /// Tear down the deployment (keeps configs + KMS keys unless --purge).
+    Destroy {
+        /// installation root to tear down. Omit for the default system install.
+        #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+        prefix: Option<String>,
+        /// also wipe generated config, state, cache, runtime files, and KMS keys.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        purge: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+/// where guest images live, shared by every `image` subcommand and resolved the
+/// same way `install` does: `--image-path` if given, else the layout image dir.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct ImageLoc {
+    /// image directory (overrides the layout image dir, e.g. an external store).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) image_path: Option<String>,
+    /// installation root. Omit for the default system install.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) prefix: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl ImageLoc {
+    /// the resolved image directory.
+    pub(crate) fn dir(&self) -> String {
+        crate::image::resolve_image_dir(self.image_path.as_deref(), self.prefix.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// `dstackup image` subcommands.
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(crate) enum ImageCmd {
+    /// Download a guest OS image from dstack guest-OS releases.
+    Pull {
+        /// image version to fetch (default: the latest release).
+        #[arg(long, value_name = "VERSION")]
+        version: Option<String>,
+        /// prefer a legacy gpu image; current unified images are already GPU-capable.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        gpu: bool,
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        loc: ImageLoc,
+        /// re-download even if the image is already present.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        force: bool,
+        /// proceed even if the release publishes no sha256 to verify against.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        insecure: bool,
+    },
+    /// List guest OS images already present locally.
+    List {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        loc: ImageLoc,
+    },
+    /// Remove one or more local guest OS images.
+    #[command(visible_alias = "remove")]
+    Rm {
+        /// image name(s) to delete (as shown by `dstackup image list`).
+        #[arg(value_name = "NAME", required = true)]
+        names: Vec<String>,
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        loc: ImageLoc,
+    },
+}
+
+/// flags for `dstackup install`.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct InstallOpts {
+    /// expose the dashboard on this IP (default: bind localhost only —
+    /// reach it via an SSH tunnel).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "IP")]
+    pub(crate) expose: Option<String>,
+
+    /// guest OS image name or release version to deploy.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "VERSION")]
+    pub(crate) image: Option<String>,
+
+    /// confidential-computing platform: `auto` (detect) | `tdx` | `amd-sev-snp`.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "auto")]
+    pub(crate) platform: String,
+
+    /// installation root. Omit for the default system install.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) prefix: Option<String>,
+
+    /// systemd instance suffix: units become `dstack-vmm-<instance>` etc.,
+    /// so a fresh install coexists with an existing `dstack-vmm.service`.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) instance: Option<String>,
+
+    /// guest image directory (default: the layout image directory).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) image_path: Option<String>,
+
+    /// dstack source checkout used to build managed binaries.
+    /// Defaults to the current checkout, or a source cache under the install layout.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) source: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Git repository used when dstackup needs to populate the source cache.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = DEFAULT_SOURCE_REPO)]
+    pub(crate) source_repo: String,
+
+    /// Git ref used when dstackup needs to populate the source cache.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = DEFAULT_SOURCE_REF)]
+    pub(crate) source_ref: String,
+
+    /// directory where dstackup installs user-facing dstack binaries.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) bin_dir: Option<String>,
+
+    /// directory where dstackup installs private host daemon binaries.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) libexec_dir: Option<String>,
+
+    /// directory where dstackup installs static assets and examples.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) share_dir: Option<String>,
+
+    /// use the configured binaries as-is; do not build or install managed binaries.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) skip_managed_binaries: bool,
+
+    /// dstack-vmm binary.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = DEFAULT_VMM_BIN)]
+    pub(crate) vmm_bin: String,
+
+    /// dstack-auth binary.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = DEFAULT_AUTH_BIN)]
+    pub(crate) auth_bin: String,
+
+    /// supervisor binary.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = DEFAULT_SUPERVISOR_BIN)]
+    pub(crate) supervisor_bin: String,
+
+    /// qemu binary.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64")]
+    pub(crate) qemu: String,
+
+    /// dashboard TCP port.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 9080)]
+    pub(crate) dashboard_port: u16,
+
+    /// auth webhook port.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 8001)]
+    pub(crate) auth_port: u16,
+
+    /// host-api vsock port (raise to coexist with an existing VMM on 10000).
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 10000)]
+    pub(crate) host_api_port: u32,
+
+    /// CID pool start (default: auto — the first free block, so it coexists
+    /// with any VMM already running on this host).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) cid_start: Option<u32>,
+
+    /// use an existing key provider at ADDR:PORT instead of running our own.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ADDR:PORT")]
+    pub(crate) use_existing_key_provider: Option<String>,
+
+    /// port for our own key provider (when not using an existing one).
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 3443)]
+    pub(crate) key_provider_port: u16,
+
+    /// key-provider build/compose directory (to start our own).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) key_provider_src: Option<String>,
+
+    /// KMS container image.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = config::DEFAULT_KMS_IMAGE)]
+    pub(crate) kms_image: String,
+
+    /// host port for the KMS RPC (default: an auto-picked free port).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) kms_port: Option<u16>,
+
+    /// skip the KMS-in-CVM deploy (bring up VMM + auth only).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) no_kms: bool,
+
+    /// proceed even if the app OS image can't be pinned in the host allowlist
+    /// (for example, a missing digest on platforms that can still boot without
+    /// it) — apps may boot an unmeasured image and still get keys. not
+    /// recommended.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) allow_unpinned_image: bool,
+
+    /// render + write configs only; do not start any process.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) no_start: bool,
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/destroy.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/destroy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb6bcd18f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/destroy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstackup destroy` — tear down what `install` started.
+
+use crate::install::read_token_file;
+use crate::state::{read_state, state_path};
+use crate::systemd::{remove_unit, systemctl, tool};
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_cli_core::layout::InstallLayout;
+use dstack_cli_core::vmm::Vmm;
+use std::fs;
+use std::io;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+/// tear down what `install` started; idempotent. Keeps generated config, state,
+/// and KMS keys unless `--purge`.
+pub(crate) async fn cmd_destroy(prefix: Option<&str>, purge: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let layout = InstallLayout::new(prefix);
+    layout.validate()?;
+    println!("dstackup destroy ({})", layout.state_dir.display());
+    match read_state(&layout.state_dir) {
+        Some(st) => {
+            // gracefully stop the KMS CVM first so its keys flush to disk
+            // (unless we purge). Stopping the VMM unit below reaps the supervisor
+            // and the CVM qemu via the unit's cgroup. Look it up by recorded id
+            // AND by name, so an install that died before persisting kms_vm_id
+            // (or a torn state file) doesn't leave the CVM orphaned.
+            let token = read_token_file(Path::new(&st.client_token_path));
+            if let Ok(vmm) = Vmm::connect_with_token(&st.client_url, token.as_deref()) {
+                let mut target = st.kms_vm_id.clone();
+                if target.is_none() {
+                    if let Ok(s) = vmm.status().await {
+                        target = s
+                            .vms
+                            .iter()
+                            .find(|v| v.name == "dstack-kms")
+                            .map(|v| v.id.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(id) = target {
+                    if vmm.has_vm(&id).await {
+                        let _ = vmm.stop_vm(&id).await;
+                        println!("  stopping KMS CVM (vm {id})");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // stop + remove the units. `systemctl stop` is synchronous and tears
+            // down the whole unit cgroup (VMM + supervisor + CVM qemu), so the
+            // host is back to baseline when this returns.
+            if !st.vmm_unit.is_empty() {
+                remove_unit(&st.vmm_unit);
+                println!("  stopped {}.service", st.vmm_unit);
+            }
+            if !st.auth_unit.is_empty() {
+                remove_unit(&st.auth_unit);
+                println!("  stopped {}.service", st.auth_unit);
+            }
+            systemctl(&["daemon-reload"]);
+            // stop our own key provider, if we started one.
+            if let Some(project) = &st.kp_own_project {
+                let _ = tool("docker")
+                    .args(["compose", "-p", project, "down"])
+                    .status();
+                println!("  stopped key provider (project {project})");
+            }
+            // remove the runtime-state marker so a later install starts fresh.
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(state_path(&layout.state_dir));
+        }
+        None => println!(
+            "  no install state at {} (nothing running to stop)",
+            layout.state_dir.display()
+        ),
+    }
+
+    if purge {
+        purge_layout(&layout)?;
+    } else {
+        println!(
+            "  configs kept at {}; state + KMS keys kept at {} (use --purge to wipe)",
+            layout.config_dir.display(),
+            layout.state_dir.display()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn purge_layout(layout: &InstallLayout) -> Result<()> {
+    for dir in [
+        &layout.config_dir,
+        &layout.state_dir,
+        &layout.cache_dir,
+        &layout.run_dir,
+    ] {
+        remove_dir_all_if_exists(dir)?;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(root) = &layout.root {
+        remove_dir_all_if_exists(&layout.share_dir)?;
+        remove_dir_all_if_exists(&layout.libexec_dir)?;
+
+        for file in [
+            layout.bin_dir.join("dstack"),
+            layout.bin_dir.join("dstackup"),
+        ] {
+            remove_file_if_exists(&file)?;
+        }
+
+        for dir in [
+            &layout.bin_dir,
+            &layout.libexec_dir,
+            &layout.share_dir,
+            &layout.config_dir,
+            &layout.state_dir,
+            &layout.cache_dir,
+            &layout.run_dir,
+        ] {
+            remove_empty_parents(dir, root)?;
+        }
+        remove_empty_dir(&layout.bin_dir)?;
+        remove_empty_dir(root)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn remove_dir_all_if_exists(dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    match fs::remove_dir_all(dir) {
+        Ok(()) => {
+            println!("  purged {}", dir.display());
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(()),
+        Err(e) => Err(e).with_context(|| format!("purging {}", dir.display())),
+    }
+}
+
+fn remove_file_if_exists(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    match fs::remove_file(path) {
+        Ok(()) => {
+            println!("  removed {}", path.display());
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(()),
+        Err(e) => Err(e).with_context(|| format!("removing {}", path.display())),
+    }
+}
+
+fn remove_empty_parents(path: &Path, stop_at: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut current = path.parent().map(PathBuf::from);
+    while let Some(dir) = current {
+        if !dir.starts_with(stop_at) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if dir == stop_at {
+            break;
+        }
+        remove_empty_dir(&dir)?;
+        current = dir.parent().map(PathBuf::from);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn remove_empty_dir(dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    match fs::remove_dir(dir) {
+        Ok(()) => {
+            println!("  removed empty dir {}", dir.display());
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(e)
+            if matches!(
+                e.kind(),
+                io::ErrorKind::NotFound | io::ErrorKind::DirectoryNotEmpty
+            ) =>
+        {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(e) => Err(e).with_context(|| format!("removing empty dir {}", dir.display())),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/image.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/image.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e598915ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/image.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,944 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstackup image` — fetch, list, and remove guest OS images.
+//!
+//! Images are published as `guest-os-v*` release tarballs in the dstack
+//! monorepo. Current releases use one hardware-adaptive `dstack-<ver>` image;
+//! legacy releases may also contain `dstack-nvidia-<ver>` variants.
+//! `install` validates the selected image against `digest.txt`, the OS image
+//! hash used on all platforms. HTTP + checksum are native (reqwest is
+//! already linked via the prpc client; sha2 verifies inline); only `tar` is
+//! shelled out, since GNU tar is ubiquitous and battle-tested on archive edges.
+
+use crate::cli::ImageCmd;
+use crate::systemd::tool;
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_cli_core::layout::{path_string, validate_owned_path, InstallLayout};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+const REPO: &str = "Dstack-TEE/dstack";
+const LEGACY_REPO: &str = "Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack";
+const RELEASE_TAG_PREFIX: &str = "guest-os-v";
+pub(crate) const RELEASES_URL: &str = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases?q=guest-os-v";
+const LEGACY_RELEASES_URL: &str = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases";
+const MONOREPO_GUEST_OS_MIN_VERSION: (u64, u64, u64) = (0, 6, 0);
+
+/// the single rule for where images live: `--image-path` if given, else the
+/// image directory from the install layout. `install` and every image subcommand resolve through
+/// here, so they can't drift.
+pub(crate) fn resolve_image_dir(image_path: Option<&str>, prefix: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    image_path
+        .map(str::to_string)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| path_string(&InstallLayout::image_dir_for_prefix(prefix)))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_image_dir(image_dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_owned_path("image directory", Path::new(image_dir))
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Release {
+    tag_name: String,
+    assets: Vec<Asset>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Asset {
+    name: String,
+    browser_download_url: String,
+    /// `"sha256:<hex>"` when the release publishes one (newer releases do); we
+    /// verify the download against it. absent on older releases.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    digest: Option<String>,
+}
+
+struct PullSpec {
+    version: String,
+    gpu: bool,
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn cmd_image(cmd: ImageCmd, release_api_base_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    match cmd {
+        ImageCmd::Pull {
+            version,
+            gpu,
+            loc,
+            force,
+            insecure,
+        } => {
+            let image_dir = loc.dir();
+            validate_image_dir(&image_dir)?;
+            pull(
+                version.as_deref(),
+                gpu,
+                &image_dir,
+                force,
+                insecure,
+                release_api_base_url,
+            )
+            .await?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        ImageCmd::List { loc } => {
+            let image_dir = loc.dir();
+            validate_image_dir(&image_dir)?;
+            list(&image_dir)
+        }
+        ImageCmd::Rm { names, loc } => {
+            let image_dir = loc.dir();
+            validate_image_dir(&image_dir)?;
+            remove(&names, &image_dir)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Download a guest image from the latest (or a specific) guest-OS release.
+pub(crate) async fn pull(
+    version: Option<&str>,
+    gpu: bool,
+    image_dir: &str,
+    force: bool,
+    insecure: bool,
+    release_api_base_url: &str,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    println!(
+        "dstackup image pull — {} image",
+        if gpu {
+            "gpu-capable (legacy nvidia variant preferred)"
+        } else {
+            "unified"
+        }
+    );
+    let release = fetch_release(version, release_api_base_url).await?;
+
+    let asset = pick_asset(&release.assets, gpu).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "no suitable {} image tarball in guest-OS release {} (assets: {})",
+            if gpu { "GPU-capable" } else { "unified" },
+            release.tag_name,
+            release
+                .assets
+                .iter()
+                .map(|a| a.name.as_str())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", ")
+        )
+    })?;
+    // never trust the asset name into a filesystem path (github forbids `/` in
+    // asset names, but don't rely on that structurally).
+    if !valid_image_name(&asset.name) {
+        bail!(
+            "refusing release asset with an unsafe name {:?}",
+            asset.name
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Release archives use their filename stem as the top-level image
+    // directory. Select the asset before this check because --gpu may resolve
+    // to a legacy dstack-nvidia archive or to the current unified image.
+    let expected = asset
+        .name
+        .strip_suffix(".tar.gz")
+        .context("guest image asset must end in .tar.gz")?;
+    if !force
+        && Path::new(image_dir)
+            .join(expected)
+            .join("metadata.json")
+            .exists()
+    {
+        println!("  [ok] {expected} already present (use --force to re-download)");
+        return Ok(expected.to_string());
+    }
+    println!("  [..] release {} -> {}", release.tag_name, asset.name);
+
+    fs::create_dir_all(image_dir).with_context(|| format!("creating {image_dir}"))?;
+
+    // download → verify checksum → unpack into a dot-prefixed staging dir →
+    // adopt (atomic rename) only once metadata.json is present. so a truncated
+    // download or a tar that dies mid-unpack can never masquerade as a valid
+    // image. temp artifacts are dot-prefixed (skipped by listings) and cleaned
+    // up regardless of outcome. (the `valid_image_name` check above is
+    // load-bearing for these two joins — keep it before any path use.)
+    let tmp = Path::new(image_dir).join(format!(".{}.partial", asset.name));
+    let staging = Path::new(image_dir).join(format!(".{}.staging", asset.name));
+    let _ = fs::remove_file(&tmp);
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&staging);
+    let adopted = stage_image(asset, image_dir, &tmp, &staging, insecure).await;
+    let _ = fs::remove_file(&tmp);
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&staging);
+    let name = adopted?;
+
+    println!("  [ok] image ready: {name}");
+    println!("  deploy with: dstackup install --image {name}   (or: dstack deploy -c <compose> --image {name})");
+    Ok(name)
+}
+
+/// download, verify, unpack into `staging`, and atomically move the unpacked
+/// image dir into `image_dir`. returns the image's (unpacked) directory name.
+async fn stage_image(
+    asset: &Asset,
+    image_dir: &str,
+    tmp: &Path,
+    staging: &Path,
+    insecure: bool,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    download_verified(
+        &asset.browser_download_url,
+        tmp,
+        asset.digest.as_deref(),
+        insecure,
+    )
+    .await?;
+    fs::create_dir_all(staging).with_context(|| format!("creating {}", staging.display()))?;
+    extract(&tmp.to_string_lossy(), &staging.to_string_lossy())?;
+    // Do not assume the unpacked directory name matches the release asset;
+    // adopt the directory that actually contains metadata.json.
+    let inner = image_subdirs(&staging.to_string_lossy())
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|d| staging.join(d).join("metadata.json").exists())
+        .context("unpacked tarball has no image dir with a metadata.json")?;
+    let dest = Path::new(image_dir).join(&inner);
+    let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&dest);
+    fs::rename(staging.join(&inner), &dest)
+        .with_context(|| format!("moving image into {}", dest.display()))?;
+    Ok(inner)
+}
+
+/// stream the download to `dest`, hashing as it goes, and verify against the
+/// release's `"sha256:<hex>"` digest in the same pass — fail closed on mismatch,
+/// and fail closed when no digest is published unless `insecure`. github
+/// 302-redirects to its object store; reqwest follows that by default.
+///
+/// the `std::fs` writes here are synchronous inside an async fn; that's fine for
+/// this single-task CLI (nothing else runs on the executor), and not worth a
+/// `spawn_blocking` dance.
+async fn download_verified(
+    url: &str,
+    dest: &Path,
+    expected: Option<&str>,
+    insecure: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    // fail closed BEFORE downloading hundreds of MB if we can't verify it.
+    if expected.is_none() && !insecure {
+        bail!("this release publishes no sha256 digest to verify the download against — pass --insecure to proceed unverified (not recommended)");
+    }
+    let mut resp = reqwest::get(url)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("requesting {url}"))?
+        .error_for_status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("download failed from {url}"))?;
+    let total = resp.content_length();
+    println!(
+        "  [..] downloading{}...",
+        total
+            .map(|n| format!(" {} MB", n / 1_048_576))
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    );
+    let mut file =
+        fs::File::create(dest).with_context(|| format!("creating {}", dest.display()))?;
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    let mut done: u64 = 0;
+    let mut next_pct = 25u64;
+    let mut next_bytes = 50 * 1_048_576u64;
+    while let Some(chunk) = resp.chunk().await.context("reading download stream")? {
+        hasher.update(&chunk);
+        file.write_all(&chunk)
+            .with_context(|| format!("writing {}", dest.display()))?;
+        done += chunk.len() as u64;
+        match total.filter(|t| *t > 0) {
+            // known size: percentage milestones.
+            Some(total) => {
+                let pct = done * 100 / total;
+                if pct >= next_pct {
+                    println!("  [..] {pct}%");
+                    next_pct = (pct / 25 + 1) * 25;
+                }
+            }
+            // chunked / unknown size: byte milestones, so it's never silent.
+            None => {
+                if done >= next_bytes {
+                    println!("  [..] {} MB", done / 1_048_576);
+                    next_bytes += 50 * 1_048_576;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let _ = file.sync_all();
+
+    let Some(expected) = expected else {
+        println!("  [!]  no sha256 digest published - integrity not verified (--insecure)");
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let want = expected
+        .strip_prefix("sha256:")
+        .unwrap_or(expected)
+        .to_lowercase();
+    let got = hex::encode(hasher.finalize());
+    if got != want {
+        bail!("image checksum mismatch (expected {want}, got {got}) — refusing a tampered or corrupt download");
+    }
+    println!("  [ok] sha256 verified");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn list(image_dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let imgs = installed_images(image_dir);
+    if imgs.is_empty() {
+        println!("{}", no_image_message(image_dir));
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    println!("images in {image_dir} (newest last):");
+    for name in &imgs {
+        println!("  {name}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// delete one or more local images by name (the `<image_dir>/<name>` dir).
+fn remove(names: &[String], image_dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut removed = 0;
+    for name in names {
+        // a name must be a plain dir component — never a path that could escape
+        // image_dir (`..`, `/foo`) and delete something we don't own.
+        if !valid_image_name(name) {
+            bail!("invalid image name {name:?} (expected a plain image name, see `dstackup image list`)");
+        }
+        let dir = Path::new(image_dir).join(name);
+        if !dir.is_dir() {
+            println!("  [!]  {name}: not found in {image_dir}");
+            continue;
+        }
+        fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).with_context(|| format!("removing {}", dir.display()))?;
+        println!("  [ok] removed {name}");
+        removed += 1;
+    }
+    if removed == 0 {
+        bail!("removed nothing (see `dstackup image list`)");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// a removable image name is a single path component, never `.`/`..` or a path
+/// (so `rm` can't be tricked into deleting outside the image dir).
+fn valid_image_name(name: &str) -> bool {
+    !name.is_empty()
+        && name != "."
+        && name != ".."
+        && !name.starts_with('.')
+        && !name.contains('/')
+        && !name.contains('\\')
+}
+
+/// resolve which guest image `install` should use: an explicit `--image` if
+/// given, else the newest image present locally. `require` (KMS mode, which
+/// boots a CVM at install time) makes "none" a hard error with download
+/// guidance; otherwise it returns `None` and prints a gentle note.
+pub(crate) fn resolve_image(
+    image_dir: &str,
+    requested: Option<&str>,
+    require: bool,
+) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    if let Some(name) = requested {
+        if !valid_image_name(name) {
+            bail!("invalid image name {name:?} (expected a plain image name, see `dstackup image list`)");
+        }
+        if Path::new(image_dir)
+            .join(name)
+            .join("metadata.json")
+            .exists()
+        {
+            return Ok(Some(name.to_string()));
+        }
+        bail!("{}", missing_named_image_message(image_dir, name));
+    }
+    let mut imgs = installed_images(image_dir);
+    if let Some(newest) = imgs.pop() {
+        if imgs.is_empty() {
+            println!("  [ok] using image {newest}");
+        } else {
+            println!(
+                "  [ok] using image {newest} (newest by fetch time; also present: {} — pass --image to choose)",
+                imgs.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        return Ok(Some(newest));
+    }
+    if require {
+        bail!("{}", no_image_message(image_dir));
+    }
+    println!("  [!]  no guest image in {image_dir} - `dstack deploy -c <compose>` will need one (`dstackup image pull`)");
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+/// resolve the image for install. If KMS mode needs an image and there is no
+/// local image yet, fetch the latest CPU image through the same verified pull
+/// path as `dstackup image pull`, then resolve from disk again.
+pub(crate) async fn resolve_or_pull_image(
+    image_dir: &str,
+    requested: Option<&str>,
+    require: bool,
+    required_files: &[&str],
+    release_api_base_url: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    if let Some(name) = requested {
+        if !valid_image_name(name) {
+            bail!("invalid image name {name:?} (expected a plain image name, see `dstackup image list`)");
+        }
+        if Path::new(image_dir)
+            .join(name)
+            .join("metadata.json")
+            .exists()
+        {
+            ensure_image_has_required_files(image_dir, name, required_files)?;
+            return Ok(Some(name.to_string()));
+        }
+        if let Some(spec) = pull_spec(name) {
+            println!("  [..] image {name} not found locally; downloading it");
+            let pulled = pull(
+                Some(&spec.version),
+                spec.gpu,
+                image_dir,
+                false,
+                false,
+                release_api_base_url,
+            )
+            .await?;
+            ensure_image_has_required_files(image_dir, &pulled, required_files)?;
+            return Ok(Some(pulled));
+        }
+        let resolved = resolve_image(image_dir, Some(name), require)?;
+        if let Some(resolved) = &resolved {
+            ensure_image_has_required_files(image_dir, resolved, required_files)?;
+        }
+        return Ok(resolved);
+    }
+
+    let mut imgs = installed_images(image_dir);
+    let skipped = retain_images_with_required_files(&mut imgs, image_dir, required_files);
+    if let Some(newest) = imgs.pop() {
+        if !skipped.is_empty() {
+            println!(
+                "  [!]  ignoring image(s) without {}: {}",
+                required_files_label(required_files),
+                skipped.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        if imgs.is_empty() {
+            println!("  [ok] using image {newest}");
+        } else {
+            println!(
+                "  [ok] using image {newest} (newest by fetch time; also present: {} - pass --image to choose)",
+                imgs.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        return Ok(Some(newest));
+    }
+
+    if !require {
+        if !required_files.is_empty() {
+            if skipped.is_empty() {
+                println!(
+                    "  [!]  no guest image in {image_dir} with {} - `dstack deploy -c <compose>` will need one (`dstackup image pull`)",
+                    required_files_label(required_files)
+                );
+            } else {
+                println!(
+                    "  [!]  no guest image in {image_dir} with {}; ignored {} - `dstack deploy -c <compose>` will need one (`dstackup image pull`)",
+                    required_files_label(required_files),
+                    skipped.join(", ")
+                );
+            }
+        } else {
+            println!("  [!]  no guest image in {image_dir} - `dstack deploy -c <compose>` will need one (`dstackup image pull`)");
+        }
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    if !required_files.is_empty() {
+        if skipped.is_empty() {
+            println!(
+                "  [..] no local guest image with {} found; downloading the latest cpu image",
+                required_files_label(required_files)
+            );
+        } else {
+            println!(
+                "  [..] no local guest image with {} found (ignored {}); downloading the latest cpu image",
+                required_files_label(required_files),
+                skipped.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+    } else {
+        println!("  [..] no local guest image found; downloading the latest cpu image");
+    }
+    let pulled = pull(None, false, image_dir, false, false, release_api_base_url).await?;
+
+    if Path::new(image_dir)
+        .join(&pulled)
+        .join("metadata.json")
+        .exists()
+    {
+        ensure_image_has_required_files(image_dir, &pulled, required_files)?;
+        Ok(Some(pulled))
+    } else {
+        bail!("downloaded image {pulled}, but it is not available in {image_dir}")
+    }
+}
+
+fn retain_images_with_required_files(
+    imgs: &mut Vec<String>,
+    image_dir: &str,
+    required_files: &[&str],
+) -> Vec<String> {
+    if required_files.is_empty() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let mut skipped = Vec::new();
+    imgs.retain(|name| {
+        let has_required_files = image_has_required_files(image_dir, name, required_files);
+        if !has_required_files {
+            skipped.push(name.clone());
+        }
+        has_required_files
+    });
+    skipped
+}
+
+fn image_has_required_files(image_dir: &str, image: &str, required_files: &[&str]) -> bool {
+    required_files
+        .iter()
+        .all(|file| Path::new(image_dir).join(image).join(file).is_file())
+}
+
+fn ensure_image_has_required_files(
+    image_dir: &str,
+    image: &str,
+    required_files: &[&str],
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let missing = missing_required_files(image_dir, image, required_files);
+    if missing.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    bail!(
+        "image {image:?} under {image_dir} is missing required file(s): {}",
+        missing.join(", ")
+    )
+}
+
+fn missing_required_files(image_dir: &str, image: &str, required_files: &[&str]) -> Vec<String> {
+    required_files
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|file| !Path::new(image_dir).join(image).join(file).is_file())
+        .map(|file| (*file).to_string())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn required_files_label(required_files: &[&str]) -> String {
+    if required_files.is_empty() {
+        "required file(s)".to_string()
+    } else {
+        required_files.join(", ")
+    }
+}
+
+fn pull_spec(name: &str) -> Option<PullSpec> {
+    if !valid_image_name(name) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if let Some(version) = name.strip_prefix("dstack-nvidia-") {
+        return release_version(version).map(|version| PullSpec { version, gpu: true });
+    }
+    if let Some(version) = name.strip_prefix("dstack-") {
+        return release_version(version).map(|version| PullSpec {
+            version,
+            gpu: false,
+        });
+    }
+    release_version(name).map(|version| PullSpec {
+        version,
+        gpu: false,
+    })
+}
+
+fn release_version(version: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let version = version.trim_start_matches('v');
+    let mut chars = version.chars();
+    if !chars.next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if !chars.all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '.' | '-' | '_')) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(version.to_string())
+}
+
+/// the `dstackup image pull` invocation that targets `image_dir` — bare for the
+/// default dir, else with the explicit `--image-path` so it's copy-paste correct.
+fn pull_cmd(image_dir: &str) -> String {
+    if image_dir == resolve_image_dir(None, None) {
+        "dstackup image pull".to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("dstackup image pull --image-path {image_dir}")
+    }
+}
+
+/// the friendly "no image — here's how to get one" message.
+pub(crate) fn no_image_message(image_dir: &str) -> String {
+    let pull = pull_cmd(image_dir);
+    format!(
+        "no guest image found in {image_dir}\n\n\
+         download the latest with:\n    \
+         {pull}            # current unified CPU/GPU image\n    \
+         {pull} --gpu      # prefer a legacy nvidia-specific asset\n\n\
+         images are published at {RELEASES_URL}"
+    )
+}
+
+fn missing_named_image_message(image_dir: &str, name: &str) -> String {
+    let pull = pull_cmd(image_dir);
+    format!(
+        "image '{name}' not found in {image_dir}\n\n\
+         download it with:\n    \
+         {pull} --version <version>\n\n\
+         or see what's available locally:\n    \
+         dstackup image list"
+    )
+}
+
+/// Get the latest (or a tagged) guest-OS release from the GitHub API.
+///
+/// Versions before 0.6.0 were released from `meta-dstack`; 0.6.0 and later are
+/// released from this monorepo. Do not probe the new repository first for old
+/// versions: the version boundary is authoritative and avoids redundant or
+/// misleading requests.
+async fn fetch_release(version: Option<&str>, release_api_base_url: &str) -> Result<Release> {
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    if let Some(version) = version {
+        let (version, url, releases_url) = tagged_release_location(version, release_api_base_url)?;
+        return fetch_tagged_release(&client, &url, releases_url)
+            .await?
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!("guest-OS version {version} was not found; check {releases_url}")
+            });
+    }
+
+    let api_base = release_api_base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/');
+    let list_url = format!("{api_base}/{REPO}/releases?per_page=100");
+    let releases: Vec<Release> = client
+        .get(&list_url)
+        .header("user-agent", "dstackup")
+        .header("accept", "application/vnd.github+json")
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .context("requesting dstack releases")?
+        .error_for_status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("github release lookup failed; check {RELEASES_URL}"))?
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .context("parsing dstack release list")?;
+    if let Some(release) = releases
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|release| release.tag_name.starts_with(RELEASE_TAG_PREFIX))
+    {
+        return Ok(release);
+    }
+
+    let legacy_url = format!("{api_base}/{LEGACY_REPO}/releases/latest");
+    fetch_tagged_release(&client, &legacy_url, LEGACY_RELEASES_URL)
+        .await?
+        .with_context(|| format!("no guest-OS release found; check {RELEASES_URL}"))
+}
+
+fn tagged_release_location(
+    version: &str,
+    release_api_base_url: &str,
+) -> Result<(String, String, &'static str)> {
+    let version = version
+        .trim_start_matches(RELEASE_TAG_PREFIX)
+        .trim_start_matches('v');
+    let core = numeric_version_core(version)?;
+    let (repo, tag_prefix, releases_url) = if core < MONOREPO_GUEST_OS_MIN_VERSION {
+        (LEGACY_REPO, "v", LEGACY_RELEASES_URL)
+    } else {
+        (REPO, RELEASE_TAG_PREFIX, RELEASES_URL)
+    };
+    Ok((
+        version.to_string(),
+        format!(
+            "{}/{repo}/releases/tags/{tag_prefix}{version}",
+            release_api_base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/')
+        ),
+        releases_url,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn numeric_version_core(version: &str) -> Result<(u64, u64, u64)> {
+    let mut parts = version.split('.');
+    let major = parts.next().unwrap_or_default();
+    let minor = parts.next().unwrap_or_default();
+    let patch = parts.next().unwrap_or_default();
+    let patch = patch.split_once('-').map_or(patch, |(numeric, _)| numeric);
+    if major.is_empty()
+        || minor.is_empty()
+        || patch.is_empty()
+        || !major.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
+        || !minor.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
+        || !patch.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
+    {
+        bail!("invalid guest-OS version {version:?}; expected MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH");
+    }
+    Ok((major.parse()?, minor.parse()?, patch.parse()?))
+}
+
+async fn fetch_tagged_release(
+    client: &reqwest::Client,
+    url: &str,
+    releases_url: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<Release>> {
+    let response = client
+        .get(url)
+        .header("user-agent", "dstackup")
+        .header("accept", "application/vnd.github+json")
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .context("requesting the github release")?;
+    if response.status() == reqwest::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    Ok(Some(
+        response
+            .error_for_status()
+            .with_context(|| format!("github release lookup failed; check {releases_url}"))?
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .context("parsing github release json")?,
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Pick a full bare-metal image tarball, never the `-uki` archive. For a GPU
+/// request, prefer a legacy `dstack-nvidia-*` asset when present and otherwise
+/// use the current unified image (which already contains conditional NVIDIA
+/// support).
+fn pick_asset(assets: &[Asset], gpu: bool) -> Option<&Asset> {
+    let matches = |a: &&Asset, want_legacy_gpu: bool| {
+        let n = a.name.as_str();
+        if !n.ends_with(".tar.gz") || n.ends_with("-uki.tar.gz") || n.contains("-dev") {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let is_gpu = n.starts_with("dstack-nvidia-");
+        if want_legacy_gpu {
+            is_gpu
+        } else {
+            n.starts_with("dstack-") && !is_gpu
+        }
+    };
+
+    if gpu {
+        assets
+            .iter()
+            .find(|asset| matches(asset, true))
+            .or_else(|| assets.iter().find(|asset| matches(asset, false)))
+    } else {
+        assets.iter().find(|asset| matches(asset, false))
+    }
+}
+
+fn extract(tarball: &str, into: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    println!("  [..] unpacking...");
+    // `tar` already refuses absolute/`..` members; drop owner/perms from the
+    // (root-run) extraction so a hostile member set can't carry setuid/ownership.
+    let ok = tool("tar")
+        .args([
+            "-xzf",
+            tarball,
+            "-C",
+            into,
+            "--no-same-owner",
+            "--no-same-permissions",
+        ])
+        .status()
+        .context("running tar")?
+        .success();
+    if !ok {
+        bail!("failed to unpack {tarball}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// subdirectory names directly under `dir`, excluding dot-prefixed entries (our
+/// `.partial`/`.staging` scratch, and never a real image name).
+fn image_subdirs(dir: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let Ok(rd) = fs::read_dir(dir) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    rd.flatten()
+        .filter(|e| e.path().is_dir())
+        .filter_map(|e| e.file_name().into_string().ok())
+        .filter(|n| !n.starts_with('.'))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// valid local images (a subdir with a `metadata.json`), oldest first so the
+/// caller can `.pop()` the newest. "newest" = most recently fetched (mtime),
+/// which is the right default after a `pull`.
+fn installed_images(image_dir: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut v: Vec<(SystemTime, String)> = image_subdirs(image_dir)
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|d| Path::new(image_dir).join(d).join("metadata.json").exists())
+        .map(|d| {
+            let mtime = fs::metadata(Path::new(image_dir).join(&d))
+                .and_then(|m| m.modified())
+                .unwrap_or(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH);
+            (mtime, d)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    v.sort_by_key(|(t, _)| *t);
+    v.into_iter().map(|(_, n)| n).collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn asset(name: &str) -> Asset {
+        Asset {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            browser_download_url: format!("https://x/{name}"),
+            digest: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn picks_cpu_and_gpu_skipping_dev() {
+        let assets = vec![
+            asset("dstack-dev-0.5.11.tar.gz"),
+            asset("dstack-0.5.11.tar.gz"),
+            asset("dstack-nvidia-dev-0.5.11.tar.gz"),
+            asset("dstack-nvidia-0.5.11.tar.gz"),
+            asset("checksums.txt"),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(
+            pick_asset(&assets, false).unwrap().name,
+            "dstack-0.5.11.tar.gz"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            pick_asset(&assets, true).unwrap().name,
+            "dstack-nvidia-0.5.11.tar.gz"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gpu_pull_falls_back_to_unified_image() {
+        let assets = vec![
+            asset("dstack-0.6.0-uki.tar.gz"),
+            asset("dstack-0.6.0.tar.gz"),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(
+            pick_asset(&assets, true).unwrap().name,
+            "dstack-0.6.0.tar.gz"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uki_archive_is_never_selected_as_a_host_image() {
+        let assets = vec![asset("dstack-nvidia-0.6.0.a2-uki.tar.gz")];
+        assert!(pick_asset(&assets, false).is_none());
+        assert!(pick_asset(&assets, true).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routes_pinned_releases_at_the_monorepo_boundary() {
+        for version in ["0.5.11", "v0.5.11", "guest-os-v0.5.11"] {
+            let (normalized, url, releases_url) =
+                tagged_release_location(version, crate::cli::DEFAULT_RELEASE_API_BASE_URL).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(normalized, "0.5.11");
+            assert_eq!(
+                url,
+                "https://api.github.com/repos/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/tags/v0.5.11"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(releases_url, LEGACY_RELEASES_URL);
+        }
+
+        for version in ["0.6.0", "0.6.0.a2", "1.0.0"] {
+            let (normalized, url, releases_url) =
+                tagged_release_location(version, crate::cli::DEFAULT_RELEASE_API_BASE_URL).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(normalized, version);
+            assert_eq!(
+                url,
+                format!("https://api.github.com/repos/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/tags/guest-os-v{version}")
+            );
+            assert_eq!(releases_url, RELEASES_URL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_versions_without_a_numeric_core() {
+        for version in ["0.6", "latest", "0.x.0", "0.6.x"] {
+            assert!(
+                tagged_release_location(version, crate::cli::DEFAULT_RELEASE_API_BASE_URL).is_err(),
+                "{version}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn release_api_base_url_is_configurable_and_trailing_slash_safe() {
+        let (_, url, _) =
+            tagged_release_location("0.6.0", "  http://127.0.0.1:1234/api/  ").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            "http://127.0.0.1:1234/api/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/tags/guest-os-v0.6.0"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn messages_mention_the_pull_command() {
+        assert!(no_image_message("/d").contains("dstackup image pull"));
+        assert!(missing_named_image_message("/d", "x").contains("dstackup image pull"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rm_rejects_path_escapes() {
+        assert!(valid_image_name("dstack-0.5.11"));
+        for bad in ["", ".", "..", ".partial", "/etc", "a/b", "..\\x"] {
+            assert!(!valid_image_name(bad), "{bad:?} should be rejected");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn image_dir_rejects_root_and_relative_paths() {
+        for bad in ["/", "images", "/var/lib/../dstack/images"] {
+            assert!(
+                validate_image_dir(bad).is_err(),
+                "{bad:?} should be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+        validate_image_dir("/var/lib/dstack/images").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_requested_image_for_pull() {
+        let cpu = pull_spec("dstack-0.5.11").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(cpu.version, "0.5.11");
+        assert!(!cpu.gpu);
+
+        let gpu = pull_spec("dstack-nvidia-0.5.11").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gpu.version, "0.5.11");
+        assert!(gpu.gpu);
+
+        let bare = pull_spec("v0.5.11").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bare.version, "0.5.11");
+        assert!(!bare.gpu);
+
+        assert!(pull_spec("").is_none());
+        assert!(pull_spec("custom-local-image").is_none());
+        assert!(pull_spec("dstack-dev-0.5.11").is_none());
+        assert!(pull_spec("a/b").is_none());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/install.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/install.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6599bc3cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/install.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1365 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstackup install` — bring up the host stack and bootstrap the KMS-in-CVM.
+
+use crate::cid::pick_cid_start;
+use crate::cli::{InstallOpts, DEFAULT_AUTH_BIN, DEFAULT_SUPERVISOR_BIN, DEFAULT_VMM_BIN};
+use crate::state::{read_state, write, write_state, State};
+use crate::systemd::{auth_unit_file, install_unit, tool, unit_active, unit_name, vmm_unit_file};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_cli_core::config::{self, HostConfig, VmmRender};
+use dstack_cli_core::host::Platform;
+use dstack_cli_core::layout::{path_string, InstallLayout};
+use dstack_cli_core::vmm::Vmm;
+use dstack_cli_core::{host, ports, rpc};
+use std::env;
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::Command as PCommand;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+const USER_BINARIES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("dstack", "dstack")];
+
+const DAEMON_BINARIES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("dstack-auth", "dstack-auth"),
+    ("dstack-vmm", "dstack-vmm"),
+    ("supervisor", "supervisor"),
+];
+
+pub(crate) async fn cmd_install(mut o: InstallOpts, release_api_base_url: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    // --expose is not safe yet: the rendered vmm.toml now gates the management
+    // API behind a generated token, but the transport is still plain HTTP, so
+    // exposing it would send that bearer token in cleartext to anyone on-path.
+    // Refuse until the TLS transport lands; the supported path is localhost + an
+    // SSH tunnel.
+    if let Some(ip) = &o.expose {
+        bail!(
+            "--expose {ip} is not yet safe: it would bind the VM-control plane on \
+             {ip}:{port} over plain HTTP, leaking the API token in cleartext. reach \
+             the dashboard over an SSH tunnel instead: ssh -L {port}:127.0.0.1:{port} <host>",
+            port = o.dashboard_port
+        );
+    }
+
+    println!("dstackup install — preflight");
+
+    // 1. resolve the platform (auto-detects the host) and gate on the host
+    //    actually supporting it: TDX needs SGX (local key provider); SNP needs
+    //    /dev/sev.
+    let platform = match host::Platform::parse_opt(&o.platform)? {
+        Some(p) => p,
+        None => host::Platform::detect().unwrap_or(host::Platform::Tdx),
+    };
+    host::require_platform(platform)?;
+    println!("  [ok] platform: {}", platform.vmm_str());
+
+    // 2. host IP (informational; used as the bind/SAN when --expose is set).
+    match host::detect_host_ip() {
+        Ok(ip) if host::is_link_local(&ip) => {
+            println!("  [!]  host ip {ip} is link-local")
+        }
+        Ok(ip) => println!("  [ok] host ip: {ip}"),
+        Err(e) => println!("  [!]  could not detect host ip: {e}"),
+    }
+
+    // 3. resolve paths (no side effects yet). The image dir resolves through the
+    //    same helper the `image` subcommands use, so `install --prefix X` and
+    //    `image pull --prefix X` always agree on where images live.
+    let mut layout = InstallLayout::new(o.prefix.as_deref());
+    apply_layout_overrides(&mut layout, &o);
+    validate_layout(&layout)?;
+    validate_install_opts(&o)?;
+    let explicit_prefix = o.prefix.is_some();
+    let images = crate::image::resolve_image_dir(o.image_path.as_deref(), o.prefix.as_deref());
+    crate::image::validate_image_dir(&images)?;
+    let mut st = read_state(&layout.state_dir).unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let bind = o.expose.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "127.0.0.1".to_string());
+    let dashboard_addr = format!("tcp:{bind}:{}", o.dashboard_port);
+    let client_url = format!("http://{bind}:{}", o.dashboard_port);
+    let kms_port = resolve_kms_port(&o, &st)?;
+
+    // management-API token: reuse the one a prior install wrote (so re-runs and
+    // an already-running VMM keep matching credentials), else mint a fresh one
+    // below once the config dir exists. The existing token authenticates the
+    // preflight probe against an already-running, auth-enabled VMM.
+    let token_path = layout.config_dir.join("vmm-auth-token");
+    let existing_token = read_token_file(&token_path);
+
+    // 4. preflight - fail BEFORE any side effect (image download, key provider,
+    //    dirs, units), so a CID/port clash can't half-install the host.
+    let cid_start = pick_cid_start(o.cid_start, st.cid_start, &host::occupied_cid_ranges())?;
+    let kms_owned = kms_port_owned(
+        &st,
+        &client_url,
+        existing_token.as_deref(),
+        kms_port,
+        o.no_kms,
+    )
+    .await;
+    let port_plan = tcp_port_plan(&o, &st, platform, &bind, &client_url, kms_port, kms_owned);
+    preflight_ports(&port_plan)?;
+
+    // 5. resolve the guest image: explicit --image, else the newest present
+    //    locally. In KMS mode, bootstrap needs an image now; if the image store is
+    //    empty, download the latest CPU image through the verified image path.
+    //    Pinning is validated before installing managed binaries, so an
+    //    incompatible image fails without leaving a half-built host install.
+    let required_image_files = required_image_files(!o.no_kms && !o.allow_unpinned_image);
+    o.image = crate::image::resolve_or_pull_image(
+        &images,
+        o.image.as_deref(),
+        !o.no_kms,
+        required_image_files,
+        release_api_base_url,
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let os_image_hash = resolve_image_pin(&o, &images, platform)?;
+
+    // 6. install the binaries managed by dstackup. The bootstrap installer only
+    //    installs dstackup; this step owns the local dstack CLI and host daemons.
+    prepare_managed_binaries(&mut o, &layout)?;
+
+    // 7. lay out the installation directories.
+    for dir in [
+        layout.config_dir.clone(),
+        layout.state_dir.clone(),
+        layout.state_dir.join("certs"),
+        layout.run_dir.clone(),
+    ] {
+        fs::create_dir_all(&dir).with_context(|| format!("creating {}", dir.display()))?;
+    }
+
+    // ensure a management-API token exists on disk (0600) before rendering the
+    // config that references it. The local `dstack` CLI reads this path from the
+    // install state, so it authenticates automatically.
+    let vmm_token = match existing_token {
+        Some(t) => t,
+        None => generate_vmm_token()?,
+    };
+    write_token_file(&token_path, &vmm_token)?;
+
+    // 8. resolve the key provider - run our own unless told to use an existing
+    //    one (TDX only; SNP has no SGX local provider).
+    let (kp_addr, kp_port, kp_own_project) =
+        resolve_key_provider(&o, platform, !o.no_start, &layout)?;
+
+    // KMS host port + URL, resolved during preflight so conflicts are caught
+    // before image download, builds, or systemd writes.
+    let kms_urls = if o.no_kms {
+        vec![]
+    } else {
+        vec![format!("https://10.0.2.2:{kms_port}")]
+    };
+
+    // 9. render configs.
+    let vmm = config::vmm_toml(&VmmRender {
+        dashboard_addr: dashboard_addr.clone(),
+        image_path: images.clone(),
+        qemu_path: o.qemu.clone(),
+        run_dir: layout.run_dir.display().to_string(),
+        vm_path: layout.state_dir.join("vm").display().to_string(),
+        supervisor_exe: o.supervisor_bin.clone(),
+        cid_start,
+        host_api_port: o.host_api_port,
+        key_provider_addr: kp_addr,
+        key_provider_port: kp_port as u32,
+        kms_urls: kms_urls.clone(),
+        platform,
+        auth_enabled: true,
+        auth_token: vmm_token.clone(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    // the KMS-in-CVM reaches the host auth webhook at 10.0.2.2:<auth_port>.
+    // The KMS's own image download-verify stays off for the single-node flow
+    // (it would need a published image source), but we PIN the app OS image in
+    // the webhook allowlist (resolved in preflight, fail-closed): digest.txt
+    // holds the measured image hash the KMS reports for an app (with
+    // platform measurement material such as measurement.snp.cbor committed by
+    // sha256sum.txt), so an app cannot boot under a different, unmeasured image
+    // and still receive keys.
+    // bootAuth/kms ignores osImages, so the KMS bootstrap itself is unaffected.
+    let host_cfg = HostConfig {
+        auth_webhook_url: format!("http://10.0.2.2:{}", o.auth_port),
+        os_image_hash: os_image_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
+        verify_os_image: false,
+        platform,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let kms = config::kms_toml(&host_cfg);
+    let allowlist = config::auth_allowlist_json(&host_cfg);
+
+    let vmm_path = layout.config_dir.join("vmm.toml");
+    let kms_path = layout.config_dir.join("kms.toml");
+    let allow_path = layout.config_dir.join("auth-allowlist.json");
+    write(&vmm_path, &vmm)?;
+    write(&kms_path, &kms)?;
+    write(&allow_path, &allowlist)?;
+    println!(
+        "  [ok] wrote {}, {}, {}",
+        vmm_path.display(),
+        kms_path.display(),
+        allow_path.display()
+    );
+
+    if o.no_start {
+        println!("  (--no-start: configs written; not starting any process)");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    st.prefix = layout.state_dir.display().to_string();
+    st.install_prefix = layout.root.as_ref().map(|p| p.display().to_string());
+    st.config_dir = layout.config_dir.display().to_string();
+    st.state_dir = layout.state_dir.display().to_string();
+    st.cache_dir = layout.cache_dir.display().to_string();
+    st.run_dir = layout.run_dir.display().to_string();
+    st.allowlist_path = allow_path.display().to_string();
+    st.client_url = client_url.clone();
+    st.client_token_path = token_path.display().to_string();
+    st.auth_port = o.auth_port;
+    st.cid_start = Some(cid_start);
+    st.platform = platform.vmm_str().to_string();
+    st.image = o.image.clone();
+    let instance = effective_instance(&o, &layout, explicit_prefix);
+    let auth_unit = unit_name("auth", &instance);
+    let vmm_unit = unit_name("vmm", &instance);
+
+    // 10. auth webhook systemd unit (idempotent).
+    if unit_active(&auth_unit) {
+        println!("  [ok] {auth_unit}.service already active");
+    } else {
+        install_unit(
+            &auth_unit,
+            &auth_unit_file(&o.auth_bin, &allow_path, o.auth_port, &layout.state_dir),
+        )
+        .context("installing the auth webhook unit")?;
+        println!(
+            "  [ok] started {auth_unit}.service on 127.0.0.1:{}",
+            o.auth_port
+        );
+    }
+    st.auth_unit = auth_unit.clone();
+
+    // 11. VMM systemd unit (idempotent).
+    if vmm_reachable(&client_url, Some(&vmm_token)).await {
+        println!("  [ok] VMM already serving at {client_url}");
+    } else {
+        install_unit(
+            &vmm_unit,
+            &vmm_unit_file(&o.vmm_bin, &vmm_path, &layout.state_dir, &auth_unit),
+        )
+        .context("installing the VMM unit")?;
+        println!("  [ok] started {vmm_unit}.service");
+        print!("  [..] waiting for VMM at {client_url} ");
+        if wait_ready(&client_url, Some(&vmm_token), Duration::from_secs(25)).await {
+            println!("=> ready");
+        } else {
+            println!("=> not ready within timeout (journalctl -u {vmm_unit})");
+        }
+    }
+    st.vmm_unit = vmm_unit.clone();
+
+    // persist what we have so far (so a later step / destroy can see it).
+    st.kp_own_project = kp_own_project;
+    write_state(&layout.state_dir, &st)?;
+
+    // 12. deploy + bootstrap the KMS-in-CVM (idempotent).
+    if o.no_kms {
+        println!("  (--no-kms: skipping KMS deploy)");
+    } else {
+        let vmm = Vmm::connect_with_token(&client_url, Some(&vmm_token))?;
+        let existing = match &st.kms_vm_id {
+            Some(id) if vmm.has_vm(id).await => Some(id.clone()),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(id) = existing {
+            println!("  [ok] KMS CVM already deployed (vm {id})");
+        } else {
+            let img = o
+                .image
+                .clone()
+                .context("kms deploy needs --image <version> (or pass --no-kms)")?;
+            let compose = config::kms_app_compose(&kms, &o.kms_image, platform);
+            let cfg = rpc::VmConfiguration {
+                name: "dstack-kms".into(),
+                image: img.clone(),
+                compose_file: compose,
+                vcpu: 4,
+                memory: 8192,
+                disk_size: 20,
+                ports: vec![rpc::PortMapping {
+                    protocol: "tcp".into(),
+                    host_address: "127.0.0.1".into(),
+                    host_port: kms_port as u32,
+                    vm_port: 8000,
+                }],
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            println!("  [..] deploying KMS CVM (os {img}, kms {})", o.kms_image);
+            let vm_id = vmm
+                .create_vm(cfg)
+                .await
+                .context("createVm for the kms cvm failed")?;
+            print!("  [..] waiting for KMS CVM boot (vm {vm_id}) ");
+            match wait_kms_vm_booted(&vmm, &vm_id, Duration::from_secs(240)).await {
+                KmsVmBootState::Ready => println!("=> booted"),
+                KmsVmBootState::Failed(reason) => {
+                    println!("=> failed ({reason}; check `dstack logs {vm_id}` / VMM log)")
+                }
+                KmsVmBootState::Pending => {
+                    println!("=> not ready in time (check `dstack logs {vm_id}` / VMM log)")
+                }
+            }
+            st.kms_vm_id = Some(vm_id);
+            st.kms_url = format!("https://10.0.2.2:{kms_port}");
+            write_state(&layout.state_dir, &st)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!();
+    println!("dashboard: {client_url}  (localhost — reach it via an SSH tunnel)");
+    if !st.kms_url.is_empty() {
+        println!(
+            "kms:       {}  (apps reach it via this address)",
+            st.kms_url
+        );
+    }
+    let dstack_cmd = if layout.is_default() {
+        "dstack".to_string()
+    } else {
+        path_string(&layout.bin_dir.join("dstack"))
+    };
+    println!(
+        "deploy an app with: sudo {dstack_cmd} deploy -c {} --port <host_port>:<vm_port>",
+        layout.hello_nginx_compose().display()
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn apply_layout_overrides(layout: &mut InstallLayout, o: &InstallOpts) {
+    if let Some(bin_dir) = &o.bin_dir {
+        layout.bin_dir = PathBuf::from(bin_dir);
+    }
+    if let Some(libexec_dir) = &o.libexec_dir {
+        layout.libexec_dir = PathBuf::from(libexec_dir);
+    }
+    if let Some(share_dir) = &o.share_dir {
+        layout.share_dir = PathBuf::from(share_dir);
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_layout(layout: &InstallLayout) -> Result<()> {
+    layout.validate()
+}
+
+fn effective_instance(
+    o: &InstallOpts,
+    layout: &InstallLayout,
+    explicit_prefix: bool,
+) -> Option<String> {
+    o.instance.clone().or_else(|| {
+        explicit_prefix
+            .then(|| layout.root.as_deref().map(prefix_instance))
+            .flatten()
+    })
+}
+
+fn prefix_instance(prefix: &Path) -> String {
+    let base = prefix
+        .file_name()
+        .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
+        .filter(|name| !name.is_empty())
+        .unwrap_or("prefix");
+    let slug = slugify_unit_part(base);
+    format!(
+        "{slug}-{:08x}",
+        fnv1a32(prefix.to_string_lossy().as_bytes())
+    )
+}
+
+fn slugify_unit_part(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    let mut last_dash = false;
+    for c in input.chars() {
+        let valid = c.is_ascii_alphanumeric();
+        if valid {
+            out.push(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            last_dash = false;
+        } else if !last_dash {
+            out.push('-');
+            last_dash = true;
+        }
+    }
+    let slug = out.trim_matches('-');
+    if slug.is_empty() {
+        "prefix".to_string()
+    } else {
+        slug.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn fnv1a32(bytes: &[u8]) -> u32 {
+    let mut hash = 0x811c9dc5u32;
+    for b in bytes {
+        hash ^= u32::from(*b);
+        hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x01000193);
+    }
+    hash
+}
+
+fn prepare_managed_binaries(o: &mut InstallOpts, layout: &InstallLayout) -> Result<()> {
+    if o.skip_managed_binaries {
+        println!("  [ok] using configured binaries (--skip-managed-binaries)");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if o.vmm_bin == DEFAULT_VMM_BIN {
+        o.vmm_bin = layout
+            .libexec_dir
+            .join(DEFAULT_VMM_BIN)
+            .display()
+            .to_string();
+    }
+    if o.auth_bin == DEFAULT_AUTH_BIN {
+        o.auth_bin = layout
+            .libexec_dir
+            .join(DEFAULT_AUTH_BIN)
+            .display()
+            .to_string();
+    }
+    if o.supervisor_bin == DEFAULT_SUPERVISOR_BIN {
+        o.supervisor_bin = layout
+            .libexec_dir
+            .join(DEFAULT_SUPERVISOR_BIN)
+            .display()
+            .to_string();
+    }
+
+    if o.no_start {
+        println!(
+            "  [ok] managed binary targets {}, {} (--no-start: not building)",
+            layout.bin_dir.display(),
+            layout.libexec_dir.display()
+        );
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let source = resolve_source_checkout(o, layout)?;
+    let target_dir = layout.cargo_target_dir();
+    create_build_owned_dir(&target_dir)?;
+    build_managed_binaries(&source, &target_dir)?;
+    install_managed_binaries(&target_dir, layout)?;
+    install_share_assets(&source, layout)?;
+    println!(
+        "  [ok] installed dstack binaries into {}, host daemons into {}",
+        layout.bin_dir.display(),
+        layout.libexec_dir.display()
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn resolve_source_checkout(o: &InstallOpts, layout: &InstallLayout) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    if let Some(source) = o.source.as_deref() {
+        return checked_source_checkout(PathBuf::from(source));
+    }
+
+    let cwd = env::current_dir().context("resolving current directory")?;
+    if is_dstack_checkout(&cwd) {
+        return checked_source_checkout(cwd);
+    }
+
+    let source = layout.source_dir();
+    sync_source_cache(&source, &o.source_repo, &o.source_ref)?;
+    checked_source_checkout(source)
+}
+
+fn checked_source_checkout(dir: PathBuf) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    if !is_dstack_checkout(&dir) {
+        bail!("{} is not a dstack source checkout", dir.display());
+    }
+    let dir = dir
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("canonicalizing {}", dir.display()))?;
+
+    // Accept either the monorepo root or its dstack/ core directory, but
+    // normalize new-layout checkouts to the monorepo root so public examples
+    // and other top-level assets remain reachable.
+    if is_core_source(&dir) {
+        if let Some(parent) = dir.parent() {
+            if parent.join("dstack") == dir
+                && parent.join("sdk").is_dir()
+                && parent.join("os").is_dir()
+            {
+                return Ok(parent.to_path_buf());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(dir)
+}
+
+fn sync_source_cache(source: &Path, repo: &str, git_ref: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let parent = source
+        .parent()
+        .with_context(|| format!("{} has no parent directory", source.display()))?;
+    create_build_owned_dir(parent)?;
+
+    if source.exists() {
+        if !is_dstack_checkout(source) || !source.join(".git").is_dir() {
+            bail!(
+                "{} exists but is not a dstack git checkout; pass --source DIR or remove the cache",
+                source.display()
+            );
+        }
+        println!("  [..] updating dstack source cache {}", source.display());
+        run_git_at(
+            source,
+            ["fetch", "--tags", "origin"],
+            "fetching dstack source",
+        )?;
+        run_git_at(
+            source,
+            ["checkout", git_ref],
+            "checking out dstack source ref",
+        )?;
+        let remote_ref = format!("origin/{git_ref}");
+        if git_status_at(source, ["rev-parse", "--verify", &remote_ref])? {
+            run_git_at(
+                source,
+                ["pull", "--ff-only", "origin", git_ref],
+                "fast-forwarding dstack source",
+            )?;
+        }
+    } else {
+        println!("  [..] cloning dstack source into {}", source.display());
+        let mut cmd = git_command();
+        let status = cmd
+            .arg("clone")
+            .arg(repo)
+            .arg(source)
+            .status()
+            .context("cloning dstack source")?;
+        if !status.success() {
+            bail!("failed to clone dstack source from {repo}");
+        }
+        run_git_at(
+            source,
+            ["fetch", "--tags", "origin"],
+            "fetching dstack tags",
+        )?;
+        run_git_at(
+            source,
+            ["checkout", git_ref],
+            "checking out dstack source ref",
+        )?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn run_git_at<const N: usize>(dir: &Path, args: [&str; N], what: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut cmd = git_command();
+    let status = cmd
+        .arg("-C")
+        .arg(dir)
+        .args(args)
+        .status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("{what} in {}", dir.display()))?;
+    if !status.success() {
+        bail!("{what} failed in {}", dir.display());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn git_status_at<const N: usize>(dir: &Path, args: [&str; N]) -> Result<bool> {
+    Ok(git_command()
+        .arg("-C")
+        .arg(dir)
+        .args(args)
+        .status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("running git in {}", dir.display()))?
+        .success())
+}
+
+fn is_core_source(dir: &Path) -> bool {
+    dir.join("Cargo.toml").is_file()
+        && dir.join("crates/dstack-cli").is_dir()
+        && dir.join("crates/dstack-auth").is_dir()
+        && dir.join("vmm").is_dir()
+        && dir.join("supervisor").is_dir()
+}
+
+fn is_dstack_checkout(dir: &Path) -> bool {
+    is_core_source(&dir.join("dstack")) || is_core_source(dir)
+}
+
+fn core_source(source: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    let nested = source.join("dstack");
+    if is_core_source(&nested) {
+        nested
+    } else {
+        source.to_path_buf()
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_managed_binaries(source: &Path, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let source = core_source(source);
+    let mut cmd = cargo_build_command(target_dir)?;
+    let target_dir_arg = path_string(target_dir);
+    cmd.current_dir(&source).args([
+        "build",
+        "--release",
+        "--target-dir",
+        &target_dir_arg,
+        "-p",
+        "dstack-cli",
+        "-p",
+        "dstack-auth",
+        "-p",
+        "dstack-vmm",
+        "-p",
+        "supervisor",
+    ]);
+    let status = cmd.status().context("building managed dstack binaries")?;
+    if !status.success() {
+        bail!("failed to build managed dstack binaries");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cargo_build_command(target_dir: &Path) -> Result<PCommand> {
+    if let Some((user, home)) = sudo_build_user() {
+        let cargo_home = home.join(".cargo/bin");
+        let mut cmd = tool("sudo");
+        cmd.args(["-H", "-u", &user, "env"]);
+        cmd.arg(format!(
+            "PATH={}:{}",
+            cargo_home.display(),
+            "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
+        ));
+        cmd.arg(format!("CARGO_TARGET_DIR={}", target_dir.display()));
+        cmd.arg("cargo");
+        return Ok(cmd);
+    }
+
+    let cargo =
+        find_cargo().context("could not find cargo; install Rust before running install")?;
+    let mut cmd = PCommand::new(cargo);
+    if let Some(path) = env::var_os("PATH") {
+        cmd.env("PATH", path);
+    }
+    cmd.env("CARGO_TARGET_DIR", target_dir);
+    Ok(cmd)
+}
+
+fn git_command() -> PCommand {
+    if let Some((user, home)) = sudo_build_user() {
+        let cargo_home = home.join(".cargo/bin");
+        let mut cmd = tool("sudo");
+        cmd.args(["-H", "-u", &user, "env"]);
+        cmd.arg(format!(
+            "PATH={}:{}",
+            cargo_home.display(),
+            "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
+        ));
+        cmd.arg("git");
+        return cmd;
+    }
+    tool("git")
+}
+
+fn sudo_build_user() -> Option<(String, PathBuf)> {
+    let user = env::var("SUDO_USER").ok()?;
+    if user.is_empty() || user == "root" {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let home = user_home(&user)?;
+    if !home.join(".cargo/bin/cargo").is_file() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some((user, home))
+}
+
+fn user_home(user: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let out = tool("getent").args(["passwd", user]).output().ok()?;
+    if !out.status.success() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let body = String::from_utf8(out.stdout).ok()?;
+    let home = body.lines().next()?.split(':').nth(5)?;
+    Some(PathBuf::from(home))
+}
+
+fn find_cargo() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    if let Some(cargo) = env::var_os("CARGO").map(PathBuf::from) {
+        if cargo.is_file() {
+            return Some(cargo);
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(paths) = env::var_os("PATH") {
+        for dir in env::split_paths(&paths) {
+            let candidate = dir.join("cargo");
+            if candidate.is_file() {
+                return Some(candidate);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let home = env::var_os("HOME").map(PathBuf::from)?;
+    let cargo = home.join(".cargo/bin/cargo");
+    cargo.is_file().then_some(cargo)
+}
+
+fn create_build_owned_dir(dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some((user, _)) = sudo_build_user() {
+        let status = tool("install")
+            .args(["-d", "-m", "0755", "-o", &user])
+            .arg(dir)
+            .status()
+            .with_context(|| format!("creating {}", dir.display()))?;
+        if !status.success() {
+            bail!("failed to create {}", dir.display());
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    fs::create_dir_all(dir).with_context(|| format!("creating {}", dir.display()))
+}
+
+fn create_install_dir(dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let status = tool("install")
+        .args(["-d", "-m", "0755"])
+        .arg(dir)
+        .status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("creating {}", dir.display()))?;
+    if !status.success() {
+        bail!("failed to create {}", dir.display());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn install_managed_binaries(target_dir: &Path, layout: &InstallLayout) -> Result<()> {
+    create_install_dir(&layout.bin_dir)?;
+    create_install_dir(&layout.libexec_dir)?;
+
+    for (built, installed, dest_dir) in USER_BINARIES
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(built, installed)| (*built, *installed, &layout.bin_dir))
+        .chain(
+            DAEMON_BINARIES
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(built, installed)| (*built, *installed, &layout.libexec_dir)),
+        )
+    {
+        let src = target_dir.join("release").join(built);
+        if !src.is_file() {
+            bail!("expected built binary {}", src.display());
+        }
+        let dest = dest_dir.join(installed);
+        let status = tool("install")
+            .args(["-m", "0755"])
+            .arg(&src)
+            .arg(&dest)
+            .status()
+            .with_context(|| format!("installing {}", dest.display()))?;
+        if !status.success() {
+            bail!("failed to install {}", dest.display());
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn install_share_assets(source: &Path, layout: &InstallLayout) -> Result<()> {
+    let core = core_source(source);
+    let examples = if source.join("examples").is_dir() {
+        source.join("examples")
+    } else {
+        core.join("examples")
+    };
+    copy_dir_exact(&core, &layout.share_dir)?;
+    copy_dir_exact(&examples, &layout.share_dir.join("examples"))?;
+    println!(
+        "  [ok] installed assets into {}",
+        layout.share_dir.display()
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn copy_dir_exact(src: &Path, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    if !src.is_dir() {
+        bail!("required asset directory missing: {}", src.display());
+    }
+    if dest.exists() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(dest).with_context(|| format!("removing {}", dest.display()))?;
+    }
+    copy_dir_all(src, dest)
+}
+
+fn copy_dir_all(src: &Path, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(dest).with_context(|| format!("creating {}", dest.display()))?;
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(src).with_context(|| format!("reading {}", src.display()))? {
+        let entry = entry.with_context(|| format!("reading {}", src.display()))?;
+        let src_path = entry.path();
+        let dest_path = dest.join(entry.file_name());
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .with_context(|| format!("reading file type for {}", src_path.display()))?;
+        if file_type.is_dir() {
+            if matches!(
+                entry.file_name().to_str(),
+                Some(".git" | "__pycache__" | "node_modules" | "target" | "tests")
+            ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            copy_dir_all(&src_path, &dest_path)?;
+        } else if file_type.is_file() {
+            fs::copy(&src_path, &dest_path).with_context(|| {
+                format!("copying {} to {}", src_path.display(), dest_path.display())
+            })?;
+            let metadata = entry
+                .metadata()
+                .with_context(|| format!("reading metadata for {}", src_path.display()))?;
+            fs::set_permissions(&dest_path, metadata.permissions())
+                .with_context(|| format!("setting permissions on {}", dest_path.display()))?;
+        } else if file_type.is_symlink() {
+            bail!(
+                "source assets may not contain symlinks: {}",
+                src_path.display()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// resolve the key provider for this install. Returns (addr, port, own_project).
+fn resolve_key_provider(
+    o: &InstallOpts,
+    platform: Platform,
+    start: bool,
+    layout: &InstallLayout,
+) -> Result<(String, u16, Option<String>)> {
+    if let Some(ep) = &o.use_existing_key_provider {
+        let (addr, port) = split_addr_port(ep)?;
+        println!("  [ok] using existing key provider at {addr}:{port}");
+        return Ok((addr, port, None));
+    }
+    // AMD SEV-SNP has no SGX local key provider; the rendered [key_provider]
+    // block is unused (the KMS-in-CVM runs with local_key_provider_enabled =
+    // false), so don't require or start one.
+    if platform == Platform::AmdSevSnp {
+        println!("  [ok] no local key provider (sev-snp)");
+        return Ok(("127.0.0.1".to_string(), o.key_provider_port, None));
+    }
+    // TDX: run our in-tree provider under Gramine from the installed assets unless
+    // the operator points at an external provider or build directory.
+    let default_key_provider_src = layout.key_provider_dir();
+    let src = match o.key_provider_src.as_deref() {
+        Some(src) => PathBuf::from(src),
+        None if !start
+            || default_key_provider_src
+                .join("docker-compose.yaml")
+                .exists() =>
+        {
+            println!(
+                "  [ok] using key provider source {}",
+                default_key_provider_src.display()
+            );
+            default_key_provider_src
+        }
+        None => {
+            bail!(
+                "no key provider: pass --use-existing-key-provider ADDR:PORT, \
+                 or --key-provider-src DIR to run our own"
+            )
+        }
+    };
+    let project = format!("dstack-kp-{}", o.key_provider_port);
+    if !start {
+        println!(
+            "  [ok] key provider source {} selected (not started because --no-start was passed)",
+            src.display()
+        );
+        return Ok(("127.0.0.1".to_string(), o.key_provider_port, None));
+    }
+    let status = tool("docker")
+        .env("KEY_PROVIDER_PORT", o.key_provider_port.to_string())
+        .args(["compose", "-p", &project, "-f"])
+        .arg(src.join("docker-compose.yaml"))
+        .args(["up", "-d"])
+        .status()
+        .context("running docker compose for the key provider")?;
+    if !status.success() {
+        bail!("failed to start our own key provider (docker compose up)");
+    }
+    println!(
+        "  [ok] started our own key provider (project {project}, :{})",
+        o.key_provider_port
+    );
+    Ok(("127.0.0.1".to_string(), o.key_provider_port, Some(project)))
+}
+
+fn split_addr_port(ep: &str) -> Result<(String, u16)> {
+    let (addr, port) = ep
+        .rsplit_once(':')
+        .with_context(|| format!("expected ADDR:PORT, got '{ep}'"))?;
+    Ok((
+        addr.to_string(),
+        port.parse()
+            .with_context(|| format!("bad port in '{ep}'"))?,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn os_image_digest_file(_platform: Platform) -> &'static str {
+    "digest.txt"
+}
+
+fn required_image_files(require_pin: bool) -> &'static [&'static str] {
+    if require_pin {
+        &["digest.txt"]
+    } else {
+        &[]
+    }
+}
+
+/// read the measured OS-image hash from the guest image's digest file,
+/// used to pin which image apps may boot.
+/// Returns None when there's no image selected or no readable digest.
+fn resolve_os_image_hash(images: &str, image: Option<&str>, platform: Platform) -> Option<String> {
+    let img = image?;
+    let digest_file = os_image_digest_file(platform);
+    let path = Path::new(images).join(img).join(digest_file);
+    let hash = fs::read_to_string(path).ok()?.trim().to_string();
+    (!hash.is_empty()).then_some(hash)
+}
+
+/// resolve the OS-image pin, failing CLOSED: in KMS mode a missing/empty
+/// image digest is a hard error (an unpinned app could boot any unmeasured
+/// image and still get keys), unless the operator opts out with
+/// `--allow-unpinned-image`. Returns Some(hash) to pin, or None when pinning
+/// is deliberately off (`--no-kms`, or the explicit opt-out).
+fn resolve_image_pin(o: &InstallOpts, images: &str, platform: Platform) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let hash = resolve_os_image_hash(images, o.image.as_deref(), platform);
+    match &hash {
+        Some(h) => println!("  [ok] pinning app os image {h}"),
+        None if o.no_kms => {}
+        None if o.allow_unpinned_image => {
+            println!("  [!]  app os image not pinned (--allow-unpinned-image) - apps' image is unchecked")
+        }
+        None => bail!(
+            "no os-image pin: could not read {digest_file} for image {:?} under {images}. \
+             {} apps must be pinned to the measured OS image before they can receive keys. \
+             use --image/--image-path with an image that contains {digest_file}, or pass \
+             --allow-unpinned-image to proceed unpinned (not recommended)",
+            o.image.as_deref().unwrap_or("<none>"),
+            platform.vmm_str(),
+            digest_file = os_image_digest_file(platform),
+        ),
+    }
+    Ok(hash)
+}
+
+fn resolve_kms_port(o: &InstallOpts, st: &State) -> Result<u16> {
+    if o.no_kms {
+        return Ok(0);
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = o.kms_port {
+        return Ok(p);
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = state_kms_port(st) {
+        return Ok(p);
+    }
+    ports::free_local_port()
+}
+
+fn state_kms_port(st: &State) -> Option<u16> {
+    st.kms_url.rsplit(':').next().and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct TcpPortCheck {
+    what: &'static str,
+    flag: &'static str,
+    addr: String,
+    port: u16,
+    check_free: bool,
+}
+
+fn tcp_port_plan(
+    o: &InstallOpts,
+    st: &State,
+    platform: Platform,
+    bind: &str,
+    client_url: &str,
+    kms_port: u16,
+    kms_owned: bool,
+) -> Vec<TcpPortCheck> {
+    let auth_owned =
+        st.auth_port == o.auth_port && !st.auth_unit.is_empty() && unit_active(&st.auth_unit);
+    let vmm_owned =
+        st.client_url == client_url && !st.vmm_unit.is_empty() && unit_active(&st.vmm_unit);
+
+    let mut ports = vec![
+        TcpPortCheck {
+            what: "dashboard",
+            flag: "--dashboard-port",
+            addr: bind.to_string(),
+            port: o.dashboard_port,
+            check_free: !vmm_owned,
+        },
+        TcpPortCheck {
+            what: "auth webhook",
+            flag: "--auth-port",
+            addr: "127.0.0.1".to_string(),
+            port: o.auth_port,
+            check_free: !auth_owned,
+        },
+    ];
+    if !o.no_kms {
+        ports.push(TcpPortCheck {
+            what: "kms",
+            flag: "--kms-port",
+            addr: "127.0.0.1".to_string(),
+            port: kms_port,
+            check_free: !kms_owned,
+        });
+    }
+    if platform == Platform::Tdx && o.use_existing_key_provider.is_none() {
+        let expected_project = format!("dstack-kp-{}", o.key_provider_port);
+        let key_provider_owned = st.kp_own_project.as_deref() == Some(expected_project.as_str());
+        ports.push(TcpPortCheck {
+            what: "key provider",
+            flag: "--key-provider-port",
+            addr: "127.0.0.1".to_string(),
+            port: o.key_provider_port,
+            check_free: !key_provider_owned,
+        });
+    }
+    ports
+}
+
+async fn kms_port_owned(
+    st: &State,
+    client_url: &str,
+    token: Option<&str>,
+    kms_port: u16,
+    no_kms: bool,
+) -> bool {
+    if no_kms
+        || st.client_url != client_url
+        || state_kms_port(st) != Some(kms_port)
+        || st.vmm_unit.is_empty()
+        || !unit_active(&st.vmm_unit)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let Some(kms_vm_id) = &st.kms_vm_id else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    match Vmm::connect_with_token(client_url, token) {
+        Ok(vmm) => vmm.has_vm(kms_vm_id).await,
+        Err(_) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// fail BEFORE any side effect if a port we need is already taken, so a clash
+/// refuses cleanly instead of half-installing. CIDs auto-offset (see
+/// `pick_cid_start`); ports are user-facing, so we refuse with guidance rather
+/// than silently moving the address the operator will connect to.
+fn preflight_ports(ports: &[TcpPortCheck]) -> Result<()> {
+    for (idx, a) in ports.iter().enumerate() {
+        for b in ports.iter().skip(idx + 1) {
+            if a.port == b.port && listener_addrs_overlap(&a.addr, &b.addr) {
+                bail!(
+                    "{} and {} both use {}:{}; choose distinct ports",
+                    a.flag,
+                    b.flag,
+                    common_listener_addr(&a.addr, &b.addr),
+                    a.port
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for port in ports {
+        if port.port == 0 {
+            bail!("{} must be between 1 and 65535", port.flag);
+        }
+        if port.check_free && !ports::tcp_port_free(&port.addr, port.port) {
+            bail!(
+                "{} port {}:{} is already in use; pass {} <free-port>",
+                port.what,
+                port.addr,
+                port.port,
+                port.flag
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn listener_addrs_overlap(a: &str, b: &str) -> bool {
+    a == b || a == "0.0.0.0" || b == "0.0.0.0" || a == "::" || b == "::"
+}
+
+fn common_listener_addr(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {
+    if a == b {
+        a.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{a}/{b}")
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_instance(instance: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if instance.is_empty() {
+        bail!("--instance must not be empty");
+    }
+    if !instance
+        .chars()
+        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '-' | '_' | '.'))
+    {
+        bail!("--instance may contain only ascii letters, digits, '-', '_', and '.'");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_install_opts(o: &InstallOpts) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some(instance) = o.instance.as_deref() {
+        validate_instance(instance)?;
+    }
+    if o.key_provider_port == 0 {
+        bail!("--key-provider-port must be between 1 and 65535");
+    }
+    if !o.no_kms && host::other_vmm_host_api_ports().contains(&o.host_api_port) {
+        bail!(
+            "host-api vsock port {} is already reserved by another dstack-vmm; pass --host-api-port <free-port>",
+            o.host_api_port
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum KmsVmBootState {
+    Pending,
+    Ready,
+    Failed(String),
+}
+
+/// poll VMM-reported guest boot state until the KMS CVM has completed the guest
+/// boot script. This avoids probing the KMS HTTPS endpoint before its CA is
+/// available, which would require disabling TLS certificate validation.
+async fn wait_kms_vm_booted(vmm: &Vmm, vm_id: &str, timeout: Duration) -> KmsVmBootState {
+    let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + timeout;
+    loop {
+        if let Ok(status) = vmm.status().await {
+            if let Some(vm) = status.vms.iter().find(|vm| vm.id == vm_id) {
+                let state = kms_vm_boot_state(
+                    &vm.status,
+                    &vm.boot_progress,
+                    &vm.boot_error,
+                    vm.instance_id.as_deref(),
+                );
+                if state != KmsVmBootState::Pending {
+                    return state;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            return KmsVmBootState::Pending;
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+fn kms_vm_boot_state(
+    status: &str,
+    boot_progress: &str,
+    boot_error: &str,
+    instance_id: Option<&str>,
+) -> KmsVmBootState {
+    let boot_error = boot_error.trim();
+    if !boot_error.is_empty() {
+        return KmsVmBootState::Failed(format!("boot error: {boot_error}"));
+    }
+    match status {
+        "exited" | "stopped" | "removing" => {
+            return KmsVmBootState::Failed(format!("vm status {status}"));
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    let has_instance = instance_id.is_some_and(|id| !id.trim().is_empty());
+    if status == "running" && boot_progress.trim() == "done" && has_instance {
+        return KmsVmBootState::Ready;
+    }
+    KmsVmBootState::Pending
+}
+
+/// one-shot liveness probe of the VMM.
+async fn vmm_reachable(client_url: &str, token: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    match Vmm::connect_with_token(client_url, token) {
+        Ok(vmm) => vmm.status().await.is_ok(),
+        Err(_) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// poll the VMM `Status` RPC until it succeeds or the deadline passes.
+async fn wait_ready(client_url: &str, token: Option<&str>, timeout: Duration) -> bool {
+    let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + timeout;
+    loop {
+        if let Ok(vmm) = Vmm::connect_with_token(client_url, token) {
+            if vmm.status().await.is_ok() {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        if tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            return false;
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
+    }
+}
+
+/// mint a 256-bit management-API token, hex-encoded, from the OS RNG.
+fn generate_vmm_token() -> Result<String> {
+    let mut buf = [0u8; 32];
+    let mut f = fs::File::open("/dev/urandom").context("opening /dev/urandom")?;
+    std::io::Read::read_exact(&mut f, &mut buf).context("reading /dev/urandom")?;
+    Ok(hex::encode(buf))
+}
+
+/// read a previously written management-API token, if the file exists and is
+/// non-empty.
+pub(crate) fn read_token_file(path: &Path) -> Option<String> {
+    let token = fs::read_to_string(path).ok()?;
+    let token = token.trim();
+    (!token.is_empty()).then(|| token.to_string())
+}
+
+/// write the management-API token atomically with owner-only (0600)
+/// permissions — it is a bearer credential, so it is created 0600 up front
+/// (never exposed with wider bits, even transiently).
+fn write_token_file(path: &Path, token: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    dstack_cli_core::fsutil::write_atomic_mode(path, token, 0o600)
+        .with_context(|| format!("writing {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn create_core_tree(root: &Path) {
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("crates/dstack-cli")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("crates/dstack-auth")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("vmm")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("supervisor")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(root.join("Cargo.toml"), "[workspace]\n").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn tcp_check(what: &'static str, flag: &'static str, port: u16) -> TcpPortCheck {
+        TcpPortCheck {
+            what,
+            flag,
+            addr: "127.0.0.1".to_string(),
+            port,
+            check_free: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preflight_rejects_duplicate_requested_ports() {
+        let checks = vec![
+            tcp_check("dashboard", "--dashboard-port", 19080),
+            tcp_check("kms", "--kms-port", 19080),
+        ];
+        let err = preflight_ports(&checks).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("--dashboard-port"));
+        assert!(err.contains("--kms-port"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn recognizes_and_normalizes_monorepo_source() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = temp.path();
+        create_core_tree(&root.join("dstack"));
+        fs::create_dir(root.join("sdk")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir(root.join("os")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir(root.join("examples")).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(is_dstack_checkout(root));
+        assert!(is_dstack_checkout(&root.join("dstack")));
+        assert_eq!(core_source(root), root.join("dstack"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            checked_source_checkout(root.join("dstack")).unwrap(),
+            root.canonicalize().unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn keeps_legacy_core_checkout_compatible() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        create_core_tree(temp.path());
+
+        assert!(is_dstack_checkout(temp.path()));
+        assert_eq!(core_source(temp.path()), temp.path());
+        assert_eq!(
+            checked_source_checkout(temp.path().to_path_buf()).unwrap(),
+            temp.path().canonicalize().unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn source_asset_copy_skips_unneeded_workspace_directories() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let source = temp.path().join("source");
+        let destination = temp.path().join("destination");
+        fs::create_dir_all(source.join("crate/src")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(source.join("crate/target/debug")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(source.join("crate/tests")).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(source.join("ui/node_modules/package")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(source.join("Cargo.toml"), "[workspace]\n").unwrap();
+        fs::write(source.join("crate/src/lib.rs"), "").unwrap();
+        fs::write(source.join("crate/target/debug/artifact"), "large").unwrap();
+        fs::write(source.join("crate/tests/integration.rs"), "large").unwrap();
+        fs::write(source.join("ui/node_modules/package/index.js"), "large").unwrap();
+
+        copy_dir_all(&source, &destination).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(destination.join("Cargo.toml").is_file());
+        assert!(destination.join("crate/src/lib.rs").is_file());
+        assert!(!destination.join("crate/target").exists());
+        assert!(!destination.join("crate/tests").exists());
+        assert!(!destination.join("ui/node_modules").exists());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preflight_rejects_zero_port() {
+        let err = preflight_ports(&[tcp_check("kms", "--kms-port", 0)])
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("--kms-port"));
+        assert!(err.contains("between 1 and 65535"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn instance_rejects_systemd_unsafe_characters() {
+        for bad in ["", "a/b", "a b", "a%b"] {
+            assert!(
+                validate_instance(bad).is_err(),
+                "{bad:?} should be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+        validate_instance("dstack-a_1.2").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn kms_vm_boot_state_requires_running_done_instance() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            kms_vm_boot_state("running", "done", "", Some("abc")),
+            KmsVmBootState::Ready
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            kms_vm_boot_state("running", "setting up docker", "", Some("abc")),
+            KmsVmBootState::Pending
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            kms_vm_boot_state("running", "done", "failed to start containers", Some("abc")),
+            KmsVmBootState::Failed("boot error: failed to start containers".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/main.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9529231e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstackup` — host setup and lifecycle for a dstack host.
+//!
+//! Local + privileged only (touches `/dev/sgx`, systemd, local files, the local
+//! VMM socket). Day-to-day app operations live in the separate `dstack` binary.
+//!
+//! Modules: `cli` (arg parsing), `install`/`destroy` (the commands), `state`
+//! (install-state persistence), `systemd` (unit management), `cid` (CID-window
+//! allocation).
+
+mod cid;
+mod cli;
+mod destroy;
+mod image;
+mod install;
+mod state;
+mod systemd;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use clap::Parser;
+use cli::{Cli, Command};
+use dstack_cli_core::host::{self, Platform};
+use dstack_cli_core::layout::InstallLayout;
+use dstack_cli_core::vmm::{Vmm, DEFAULT_HOST};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    match cli.command {
+        Command::Status { prefix } => {
+            let host = cli
+                .host
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| default_host(prefix.as_deref()));
+            let platform = default_platform(prefix.as_deref()).or_else(host::Platform::detect);
+            cmd_status(&host, platform).await
+        }
+        Command::Install(opts) => install::cmd_install(opts, &cli.release_api_base_url).await,
+        Command::Image(cmd) => image::cmd_image(cmd, &cli.release_api_base_url).await,
+        Command::Destroy { prefix, purge } => destroy::cmd_destroy(prefix.as_deref(), purge).await,
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_host(prefix: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    state::read_state(&InstallLayout::new(prefix).state_dir)
+        .and_then(|s| (!s.client_url.is_empty()).then_some(s.client_url))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_HOST.to_string())
+}
+
+fn default_platform(prefix: Option<&str>) -> Option<Platform> {
+    state::read_state(&InstallLayout::new(prefix).state_dir)
+        .and_then(|s| host::Platform::parse_opt(&s.platform).ok().flatten())
+}
+
+async fn cmd_status(host: &str, platform: Option<Platform>) -> Result<()> {
+    match platform {
+        Some(Platform::Tdx) => {
+            let sgx = host::check_sgx();
+            println!("platform: tdx");
+            println!(
+                "sgx:      enclave={}  provision={}  => {}",
+                sgx.enclave,
+                sgx.provision,
+                if sgx.ok() { "ok" } else { "missing" }
+            );
+        }
+        Some(Platform::AmdSevSnp) => {
+            let sev = host::check_sev();
+            println!("platform: amd-sev-snp");
+            println!(
+                "sev:      /dev/sev={}  => {}",
+                sev,
+                if sev { "ok" } else { "missing" }
+            );
+        }
+        None => {
+            println!("platform: undetected");
+            let sgx = host::check_sgx();
+            println!(
+                "sgx:      enclave={}  provision={}  => {}",
+                sgx.enclave,
+                sgx.provision,
+                if sgx.ok() { "ok" } else { "missing" }
+            );
+            let sev = host::check_sev();
+            println!(
+                "sev:      /dev/sev={}  => {}",
+                sev,
+                if sev { "ok" } else { "missing" }
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    match host::detect_host_ip() {
+        Ok(ip) => {
+            let note = if host::is_link_local(&ip) {
+                "  (link-local)"
+            } else {
+                ""
+            };
+            println!("host ip:  {ip}{note}");
+        }
+        Err(e) => println!("host ip:  (undetected: {e})"),
+    }
+    print!("vmm:      {host} => ");
+    match Vmm::connect(host) {
+        Ok(vmm) => match vmm.status().await {
+            Ok(s) => println!("reachable ({} vms)", s.vms.len()),
+            Err(e) => println!("unreachable ({e})"),
+        },
+        Err(e) => println!("invalid endpoint ({e})"),
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/state.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa075b985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! install-state persistence: what an install put in place, so re-runs are
+//! idempotent and `destroy` can reverse it cleanly.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct State {
+    /// Backward-compatible data prefix. New clients should use the explicit
+    /// directory fields below.
+    pub(crate) prefix: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) install_prefix: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) config_dir: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) state_dir: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) cache_dir: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) run_dir: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) allowlist_path: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) platform: String,
+    pub(crate) client_url: String,
+    /// path to the management-API bearer token file the local `dstack` CLI
+    /// reads to authenticate against the VMM.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) client_token_path: String,
+    pub(crate) auth_port: u16,
+    /// vsock CID pool start this install chose, so a re-run reuses it instead of
+    /// picking a fresh window and moving a live instance's pool. Absent in state
+    /// files written before this was recorded.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) cid_start: Option<u32>,
+    /// systemd unit names (without the `.service` suffix).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) vmm_unit: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) auth_unit: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) kms_vm_id: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) kms_url: String,
+    /// guest image selected by install for KMS and app deployments.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) image: Option<String>,
+    /// docker-compose project for a key provider we started ourselves.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub(crate) kp_own_project: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn state_path(prefix: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    prefix.join("dstackup-state.json")
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn read_state(prefix: &Path) -> Option<State> {
+    let body = fs::read_to_string(state_path(prefix)).ok()?;
+    serde_json::from_str(&body).ok()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn write_state(prefix: &Path, st: &State) -> Result<()> {
+    write(&state_path(prefix), &serde_json::to_string_pretty(st)?)
+}
+
+/// write a file atomically (temp + rename), so a crash mid-write never leaves
+/// a torn config or state file.
+pub(crate) fn write(path: &Path, body: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    dstack_cli_core::fsutil::write_atomic(path, body)
+        .with_context(|| format!("writing {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// `read_state` swallows a parse error into `None`, which an install reads as
+    /// "nothing here" — it would then re-pick the CID window and ports of a live
+    /// install. So a state file written before a field existed must still load.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_state_file_without_cid_start_still_loads() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let body = r#"{
+            "prefix": "/var/lib/dstack",
+            "client_url": "http://127.0.0.1:9080",
+            "auth_port": 8090
+        }"#;
+        fs::write(state_path(dir.path()), body).unwrap();
+
+        let st = read_state(dir.path()).expect("legacy state file must still parse");
+        assert_eq!(st.cid_start, None);
+        assert_eq!(st.auth_port, 8090);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/systemd.rs b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/systemd.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..974521e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/dstackup/src/systemd.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! systemd unit management + the sanitized external-tool spawner.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::Command as PCommand;
+
+/// spawn an external tool (systemctl/docker/curl) with a sanitized `PATH`, so a
+/// hijacked environment can't substitute a different binary while we run as root.
+pub(crate) fn tool(bin: &str) -> PCommand {
+    let mut c = PCommand::new(bin);
+    c.env("PATH", "/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin");
+    c
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn systemctl(args: &[&str]) -> bool {
+    tool("systemctl")
+        .args(args)
+        .status()
+        .map(|s| s.success())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+/// systemd unit name (no `.service` suffix): `dstack-<base>` or, with an
+/// instance, `dstack-<base>-<instance>` (so a fresh install coexists with an
+/// existing `dstack-vmm.service`).
+pub(crate) fn unit_name(base: &str, instance: &Option<String>) -> String {
+    match instance {
+        Some(i) if !i.is_empty() => format!("dstack-{base}-{i}"),
+        _ => format!("dstack-{base}"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn unit_active(unit: &str) -> bool {
+    systemctl(&["is-active", "--quiet", &format!("{unit}.service")])
+}
+
+/// write a unit file, reload systemd, and enable+start it (idempotent).
+pub(crate) fn install_unit(unit: &str, contents: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = format!("/etc/systemd/system/{unit}.service");
+    fs::write(&path, contents).with_context(|| format!("writing {path}"))?;
+    systemctl(&["daemon-reload"]);
+    if !systemctl(&["enable", "--now", &format!("{unit}.service")]) {
+        bail!("failed to enable+start {unit}.service");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// stop, disable, and remove a unit (idempotent — missing unit is fine).
+pub(crate) fn remove_unit(unit: &str) {
+    let svc = format!("{unit}.service");
+    let _ = systemctl(&["disable", "--now", &svc]);
+    let _ = fs::remove_file(format!("/etc/systemd/system/{svc}"));
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn auth_unit_file(bin: &str, allowlist: &Path, port: u16, prefix: &Path) -> String {
+    // bind 127.0.0.1 deliberately: the webhook decides key release, so it must
+    // never be reachable off-host. CVMs still reach it at 10.0.2.2:<port> via
+    // user-mode networking (NAT), which maps to the host loopback.
+    format!(
+        "[Unit]\nDescription=dstack auth webhook\nAfter=network.target\n\n[Service]\n\
+         ExecStart={bin} --config {cfg} --address 127.0.0.1 --port {port}\n\
+         Restart=always\nRestartSec=2\nWorkingDirectory={wd}\n\n\
+         [Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\n",
+        bin = systemd_arg(bin),
+        cfg = systemd_arg(&allowlist.display().to_string()),
+        wd = systemd_arg(&prefix.display().to_string()),
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn vmm_unit_file(bin: &str, config: &Path, prefix: &Path, auth_unit: &str) -> String {
+    // KillMode defaults to control-group, so `systemctl stop` tears down the
+    // VMM + supervisor + CVM qemus together (deterministic teardown).
+    format!(
+        "[Unit]\nDescription=dstack VMM\nAfter=network.target docker.service {auth}.service\nWants={auth}.service\n\n\
+         [Service]\nExecStart={bin} -c {cfg}\nRestart=always\nRestartSec=2\n\
+         TimeoutStopSec=120\nWorkingDirectory={wd}\n\n\
+         [Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target\n",
+        auth = auth_unit,
+        bin = systemd_arg(bin),
+        cfg = systemd_arg(&config.display().to_string()),
+        wd = systemd_arg(&prefix.display().to_string()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn systemd_arg(value: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(value.len() + 2);
+    out.push('"');
+    for ch in value.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '%' => out.push_str("%%"),
+            '"' => out.push_str("\\\""),
+            '\\' => out.push_str("\\\\"),
+            '\n' => out.push_str("\\n"),
+            '\r' => out.push_str("\\r"),
+            '\t' => out.push_str("\\t"),
+            ch => out.push(ch),
+        }
+    }
+    out.push('"');
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn systemd_arg_quotes_paths_and_escapes_specifiers() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            systemd_arg("/opt/dstack/bin/vmm"),
+            "\"/opt/dstack/bin/vmm\""
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            systemd_arg("/opt/dstack %/bin/\"vmm\""),
+            "\"/opt/dstack %%/bin/\\\"vmm\\\"\""
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65091e6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "mock-attestation"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "Development-only cryptographically valid attestation evidence generator"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-mock-attestation"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+rcgen.workspace = true
+ciborium.workspace = true
+p384 = { workspace = true, features = ["ecdsa", "pkcs8"] }
+p256 = { workspace = true, features = ["ecdsa", "pkcs8"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
+sev.workspace = true
+sev-snp-qvl.workspace = true
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+tpm-qvl.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+yasna.workspace = true
+chrono.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+axum = "0.8"
+hex.workspace = true
+urlencoding = "2"
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+time.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile.workspace = true
+nsm-qvl.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/README.md b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ac04abf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# mock-attestation
+
+Development-only, cryptographically valid attestation evidence for CI and the
+`dstack-tee-simulator` dev image.
+
+The crate derives a development PKI from a 32-byte seed and dynamically signs evidence for:
+
+- Intel TDX/DCAP, including TCB Info, QE Identity, PCK certificates and CRLs;
+- AMD SEV-SNP, including ARK, ASK, VCEK and reports;
+- TPM, including AK certificates, quotes, AIA and CRLs;
+- AWS NSM, including the certificate bundle and COSE Sign1 document.
+
+All evidence is verified in the test suite by the production QVLs. These keys
+are test credentials and must never be copied into a production image.
+
+## CLI
+
+Generate matching public roots and `tee-simulator.json`:
+
+```console
+dstack-mock-attestation generate \
+  --output ./mock-roots \
+  --collateral-base-url http://HOST_REACHABLE_FROM_VERIFIER:8088
+```
+
+Use the generated simulator config for both the guest-side simulator and the
+host-side Mock PCCS/KDS/AIA service:
+
+```console
+dstack-mock-attestation serve \
+  --listen 127.0.0.1:8088 \
+  --config ./mock-roots/tee-simulator.json \
+  --output ./active-mock-roots
+```
+
+The server exposes only production-shaped public collateral endpoints. Evidence
+is generated inside the development guest by `dstack-tee-simulator`; the HTTP
+service deliberately provides no unauthenticated signing endpoint.
+
+## Dev image
+
+Select the platform in the development-only `.tee-simulator.json`; omission
+defaults to TDX:
+
+```json
+{
+  "platform": "dstack-amd-sev-snp",
+  "mock_attestation_seed": "<64 hex characters>",
+  "collateral_base_url": "http://HOST_REACHABLE_FROM_VERIFIER:8088"
+}
+```
+
+Valid values mirror the supported attestation modes: `dstack-tdx`,
+`dstack-gcp-tdx`, `dstack-amd-sev-snp`, `dstack-nitro-enclave`, and
+`dstack-aws-nitro-tpm`. The simulator exposes
+the production guest ABI for the selected platform (TSM configfs, vTPM, or an
+NSM CUSE character device); attester libraries contain no mock HTTP or
+environment-variable path. The guest only reads the
+seed from `.tee-simulator.json`; it never writes credentials or roots back into
+`/dstack/.host-shared`. CI retains the generated public roots and mounts them
+into verifier/KMS/gateway. The independently running host collateral service
+reconstructs the same hierarchy from the seed. Configure it under
+`[attestation.urls]`: TDX uses `pccs`, and SEV-SNP uses `amd_kds`.
+
+The guest needs those roots too, to verify the KMS and the gateway it talks to.
+They do not travel from the host: `dstack-tee-simulator` derives them from the
+same seed and writes them to `/run/dstack/attestation`, guest tmpfs the host
+cannot reach, before `dstack-prepare` starts. `dstack-util` reads that one
+directory and nothing else, so a host can never nominate the trust anchor that
+authenticates its guest's key provider. Only the development image ships the
+simulator, and image contents are measured, so on a production image the
+directory never exists and vendor production roots are the only outcome.
+
+Every service configured with a mock root through its own TOML — KMS, gateway,
+`dstack-verifier` — must also explicitly set
+`attestation.insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors = true`. Merely mounting and
+configuring a mock root is rejected at startup while this flag remains false.
+The flag exists to make an operator acknowledge a hand-written non-production
+root, so it has no counterpart in the guest handoff above, where one program
+writes the roots and the next reads them out of a directory it authenticates.
+
+The seed adds only 64 hex bytes (the simulator config is well below 1 KiB).
+
+## Required negative tests
+
+The crate tests ensure every platform rejects a different root and modified
+signed bytes. SEV-SNP additionally performs expected `report_data` comparison
+inside its QVL API. TDX/TPM/NSM expose their authenticated binding field for
+the caller; the production `dstack-attest` layer performs the final equality
+check.
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/lib.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c84d0eb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Development-only attestation PKI and evidence generation.
+//!
+//! Private keys produced by this crate are test material and must never be
+//! installed in a production image.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use p256::pkcs8::EncodePrivateKey;
+use rcgen::KeyPair;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha384};
+
+pub mod nsm;
+pub mod server;
+
+/// Fail closed when authenticated evidence is not bound to the caller's
+/// challenge/report data.
+pub fn ensure_report_data(actual: &[u8], expected: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(actual == expected, "mock attestation report_data mismatch");
+    Ok(())
+}
+pub mod sev_snp;
+pub mod tdx;
+pub mod tpm;
+
+pub const MOCK_SEED_LEN: usize = 32;
+
+/// Returns whether the simulated platform provides its own TPM device.
+pub fn platform_provides_tpm(platform: dstack_types::TeeVariant) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        platform,
+        dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx | dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn parse_seed(value: &str) -> Result<[u8; MOCK_SEED_LEN]> {
+    let bytes = hex::decode(value).context("mock attestation seed must be hex")?;
+    bytes
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("mock attestation seed must be 32 bytes"))
+}
+
+pub fn random_seed() -> [u8; MOCK_SEED_LEN] {
+    rand::random()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn p256_key(seed: &[u8; 32], label: &str) -> Result<KeyPair> {
+    for counter in 0u32.. {
+        let bytes = Sha256::new()
+            .chain_update(b"dstack-mock-p256-v1")
+            .chain_update(seed)
+            .chain_update(label)
+            .chain_update(counter.to_be_bytes())
+            .finalize();
+        if let Ok(key) = p256::ecdsa::SigningKey::from_slice(&bytes) {
+            return Ok(KeyPair::from_pem(&key.to_pkcs8_pem(Default::default())?)?);
+        }
+    }
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn p384_key(seed: &[u8; 32], label: &str) -> Result<KeyPair> {
+    for counter in 0u32.. {
+        let bytes = Sha384::new()
+            .chain_update(b"dstack-mock-p384-v1")
+            .chain_update(seed)
+            .chain_update(label)
+            .chain_update(counter.to_be_bytes())
+            .finalize();
+        if let Ok(key) = p384::ecdsa::SigningKey::from_slice(&bytes) {
+            return Ok(KeyPair::from_pem(&key.to_pkcs8_pem(Default::default())?)?);
+        }
+    }
+    unreachable!()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AssetManifest {
+    pub version: u32,
+    pub tdx_root_ca: PathBuf,
+    pub tpm_root_ca: PathBuf,
+    pub nsm_root_ca: PathBuf,
+    pub sev_snp_milan_root_ca: PathBuf,
+    pub sev_snp_genoa_root_ca: PathBuf,
+    pub sev_snp_turin_root_ca: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl AssetManifest {
+    pub fn write_to(&self, output: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        fs_err::write(
+            output.join("manifest.json"),
+            serde_json::to_vec_pretty(self).context("failed to serialize asset manifest")?,
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn generate_assets(output: &Path) -> Result<AssetManifest> {
+    generate_assets_from_seed(output, random_seed(), "http://127.0.0.1:8088")
+}
+
+pub fn generate_assets_from_seed(
+    output: &Path,
+    seed: [u8; 32],
+    base_url: &str,
+) -> Result<AssetManifest> {
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(output)?;
+    let state = server::MockCollateralState::from_seed(seed, base_url)?;
+    state.write_roots(output)?;
+    let tdx = PathBuf::from("tdx-root-ca.pem");
+    let tpm = PathBuf::from("tpm-root-ca.pem");
+    let nsm = PathBuf::from("nsm-root-ca.pem");
+    let milan = PathBuf::from("sev-snp-root-ca.pem");
+    let genoa = milan.clone();
+    let turin = milan.clone();
+    let manifest = AssetManifest {
+        version: 1,
+        tdx_root_ca: tdx,
+        tpm_root_ca: tpm,
+        nsm_root_ca: nsm,
+        sev_snp_milan_root_ca: milan,
+        sev_snp_genoa_root_ca: genoa,
+        sev_snp_turin_root_ca: turin,
+    };
+    manifest.write_to(output)?;
+    fs_err::write(
+        output.join("tee-simulator.json"),
+        serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&serde_json::json!({
+            "platform": "dstack-tdx", "mock_attestation_seed": hex::encode(seed), "collateral_base_url": base_url
+        }))?,
+    )?;
+    Ok(manifest)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generates_all_platform_roots() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let manifest = generate_assets(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        for path in [
+            manifest.tdx_root_ca,
+            manifest.tpm_root_ca,
+            manifest.nsm_root_ca,
+            manifest.sev_snp_milan_root_ca,
+            manifest.sev_snp_genoa_root_ca,
+            manifest.sev_snp_turin_root_ca,
+        ] {
+            assert!(dir.path().join(path).exists());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn identifies_platforms_that_provide_a_tpm() {
+        assert!(platform_provides_tpm(
+            dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx
+        ));
+        assert!(platform_provides_tpm(
+            dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm
+        ));
+        assert!(!platform_provides_tpm(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackTdx));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/main.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03c8b10d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(about = "Generate development-only mock attestation assets")]
+struct Args {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Generate PKI roots and a manifest for every supported platform.
+    Generate {
+        #[arg(long)]
+        output: PathBuf,
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "http://127.0.0.1:8088")]
+        collateral_base_url: String,
+    },
+    /// Serve mock PCCS, AMD KDS and certificate collateral endpoints.
+    Serve {
+        #[arg(long, default_value = "127.0.0.1:8088")]
+        listen: std::net::SocketAddr,
+        /// Write the roots matching this server instance into this directory.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        output: Option<PathBuf>,
+        /// Read the seed and collateral URL from a simulator config JSON file.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        config: Option<PathBuf>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    match Args::parse().command {
+        Command::Generate {
+            output,
+            collateral_base_url,
+        } => {
+            mock_attestation::generate_assets_from_seed(
+                &output,
+                mock_attestation::random_seed(),
+                &collateral_base_url,
+            )?;
+        }
+        Command::Serve {
+            listen,
+            output,
+            config,
+        } => {
+            let state = if let Some(path) = config {
+                let config: dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig =
+                    serde_json::from_slice(&fs_err::read(path)?)?;
+                let seed = mock_attestation::parse_seed(
+                    config
+                        .mock_attestation_seed
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("mock_attestation_seed missing"))?,
+                )?;
+                let url = config
+                    .collateral_base_url
+                    .as_deref()
+                    .unwrap_or("http://127.0.0.1:8088");
+                std::sync::Arc::new(mock_attestation::server::MockCollateralState::from_seed(
+                    seed, url,
+                )?)
+            } else {
+                std::sync::Arc::new(mock_attestation::server::MockCollateralState::new()?)
+            };
+            if let Some(output) = output {
+                state.write_roots(&output)?;
+            }
+            mock_attestation::server::serve(listen, state).await?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/nsm.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/nsm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14831c7c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/nsm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use p384::ecdsa::{signature::hazmat::PrehashSigner, Signature, SigningKey};
+use p384::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
+use rcgen::{
+    BasicConstraints, Certificate, CertificateParams, CertifiedKey, DnType, IsCa, KeyPair,
+    KeyUsagePurpose,
+};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+use time::{Duration, OffsetDateTime};
+
+/// In-memory NSM test hierarchy. A fresh leaf is issued so validity follows CI
+/// wall-clock time rather than a checked-in fixture.
+pub struct NsmGenerator {
+    root: Certificate,
+    root_key: KeyPair,
+    leaf: Certificate,
+    leaf_key: KeyPair,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct Document {
+    module_id: String,
+    digest: String,
+    timestamp: u64,
+    pcrs: BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    certificate: Vec<u8>,
+    cabundle: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    public_key: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    user_data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    nonce: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+impl NsmGenerator {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_seed(rand::random())
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_seed(seed: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let CertifiedKey {
+            cert: root,
+            key_pair: root_key,
+        } = make_root(&seed)?;
+        let leaf_key = crate::p384_key(&seed, "nsm-leaf")?;
+        let mut params = CertificateParams::new(Vec::<String>::new())?;
+        params
+            .distinguished_name
+            .push(DnType::CommonName, "mock.nsm.dstack");
+        params.key_usages.push(KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature);
+        let (not_before, not_after) = validity();
+        params.not_before = not_before;
+        params.not_after = not_after;
+        let leaf = params.signed_by(&leaf_key, &root, &root_key)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            root,
+            root_key,
+            leaf,
+            leaf_key,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root.pem()
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_key_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root_key.serialize_pem()
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest(&self, report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let pcrs = (0..=2)
+            .map(|index| (index, vec![index as u8; 48]))
+            .collect();
+        self.attest_with_pcrs(report_data, pcrs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest_with_pcrs(
+        &self,
+        report_data: &[u8],
+        pcrs: BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.attest_with_claims(Some(report_data), None, None, pcrs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest_with_claims(
+        &self,
+        user_data: Option<&[u8]>,
+        nonce: Option<&[u8]>,
+        public_key: Option<&[u8]>,
+        pcrs: BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let timestamp = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .context("system clock before UNIX epoch")?
+            .as_millis() as u64;
+        let document = Document {
+            module_id: "mock-nsm".into(),
+            digest: "SHA384".into(),
+            timestamp,
+            pcrs,
+            certificate: self.leaf.der().to_vec(),
+            cabundle: vec![self.root.der().to_vec()],
+            public_key: public_key.map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+            user_data: user_data.map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+            nonce: nonce.map(ToOwned::to_owned),
+        };
+        let mut payload = Vec::new();
+        ciborium::into_writer(&document, &mut payload)?;
+
+        let mut protected = Vec::new();
+        let protected_map = BTreeMap::from([(1i64, ciborium::Value::Integer((-35).into()))]);
+        ciborium::into_writer(&protected_map, &mut protected)?;
+        let sig_structure = ciborium::Value::Array(vec![
+            ciborium::Value::Text("Signature1".into()),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(protected.clone()),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(Vec::new()),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(payload.clone()),
+        ]);
+        let mut to_sign = Vec::new();
+        ciborium::into_writer(&sig_structure, &mut to_sign)?;
+        let digest = Sha384::digest(to_sign);
+        let signing_key = SigningKey::from_pkcs8_pem(&self.leaf_key.serialize_pem())?;
+        let signature: Signature = signing_key.sign_prehash(&digest)?;
+
+        let cose = ciborium::Value::Array(vec![
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(protected),
+            ciborium::Value::Map(Vec::new()),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(payload),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(signature.to_bytes().to_vec()),
+        ]);
+        let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+        ciborium::into_writer(&cose, &mut encoded)?;
+        Ok(encoded)
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_root(seed: &[u8; 32]) -> Result<CertifiedKey> {
+    let key_pair = crate::p384_key(seed, "nsm-root")?;
+    let mut params = CertificateParams::new(Vec::<String>::new())?;
+    params
+        .distinguished_name
+        .push(DnType::CommonName, "Mock AWS Nitro Enclaves Root CA");
+    params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+    params.key_usages.extend([
+        KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+    ]);
+    let (not_before, not_after) = validity();
+    params.not_before = not_before;
+    params.not_after = not_after;
+    let cert = params.self_signed(&key_pair)?;
+    Ok(CertifiedKey { cert, key_pair })
+}
+
+fn validity() -> (OffsetDateTime, OffsetDateTime) {
+    let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+    (now - Duration::days(1), now + Duration::days(30))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generated_document_passes_real_qvl_and_negative_cases_fail() {
+        let generator = NsmGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        let report_data = [0x42; 64];
+        let evidence = generator.attest(&report_data).unwrap();
+        let verifier = nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(generator.root_ca_pem());
+        let verified = verifier.verify(&evidence, None, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(verified.user_data.as_deref(), Some(report_data.as_slice()));
+
+        let wrong = NsmGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        assert!(nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(wrong.root_ca_pem())
+            .verify(&evidence, None, None)
+            .is_err());
+
+        let mut tampered = evidence;
+        *tampered.last_mut().unwrap() ^= 1;
+        assert!(verifier.verify(&tampered, None, None).is_err());
+        assert!(
+            crate::ensure_report_data(verified.user_data.as_deref().unwrap(), &[0x24; 64]).is_err()
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/server.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/server.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b29be459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/server.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use axum::{
+    body::Body,
+    extract::State,
+    http::{header::CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue, Response, StatusCode},
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::get,
+    Router,
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::{nsm::NsmGenerator, sev_snp::SevSnpGenerator, tdx::TdxGenerator, tpm::TpmGenerator};
+
+pub struct MockCollateralState {
+    pub tdx: Arc<TdxGenerator>,
+    pub sev_snp: Arc<SevSnpGenerator>,
+    pub tpm: Arc<TpmGenerator>,
+    pub nsm: Arc<NsmGenerator>,
+}
+
+impl MockCollateralState {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::with_base_url("http://127.0.0.1:8088")
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_base_url(base_url: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_seed(rand::random(), base_url)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_seed(seed: [u8; 32], base_url: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            tdx: Arc::new(TdxGenerator::from_seed(seed)?),
+            sev_snp: Arc::new(SevSnpGenerator::from_seed(seed)?),
+            tpm: Arc::new(TpmGenerator::from_seed(seed, base_url)?),
+            nsm: Arc::new(NsmGenerator::from_seed(seed)?),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn write_roots(&self, output: &std::path::Path) -> Result<()> {
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(output)?;
+        fs_err::write(output.join("tdx-root-ca.pem"), self.tdx.root_ca_pem())?;
+        fs_err::write(
+            output.join("sev-snp-root-ca.pem"),
+            self.sev_snp.root_ca_pem(),
+        )?;
+        fs_err::write(output.join("tpm-root-ca.pem"), self.tpm.root_ca_pem())?;
+        fs_err::write(output.join("nsm-root-ca.pem"), self.nsm.root_ca_pem())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn router(state: Arc<MockCollateralState>) -> Router {
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/sgx/certification/v4/pckcrl", get(pck_crl))
+        .route("/sgx/certification/v4/rootcacrl", get(pccs_root_crl))
+        // Older guest images use the SGX PCS prefix for shared DCAP collateral.
+        // Serve both spellings so simulated TDX evidence remains compatible.
+        .route("/sgx/certification/v4/tcb", get(tcb_info))
+        .route("/sgx/certification/v4/qe/identity", get(qe_identity))
+        .route("/tdx/certification/v4/tcb", get(tcb_info))
+        .route("/tdx/certification/v4/qe/identity", get(qe_identity))
+        .route("/vcek/v1/Milan/cert_chain", get(sev_ca_chain))
+        .route("/vcek/v1/Milan/{chip_id}", get(sev_vcek))
+        .route("/tpm/aia/root.pem", get(tpm_root))
+        .route("/tpm/aia/intermediate.der", get(tpm_intermediate))
+        .route("/tpm/crl/root.crl", get(tpm_root_crl))
+        .route("/tpm/crl/intermediate.crl", get(tpm_intermediate_crl))
+        .with_state(state)
+}
+
+pub async fn serve(addr: SocketAddr, state: Arc<MockCollateralState>) -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(addr).await?;
+    serve_listener(listener, state).await
+}
+
+pub async fn serve_listener(
+    listener: tokio::net::TcpListener,
+    state: Arc<MockCollateralState>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    axum::serve(listener, router(state)).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn pccs_root_crl(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(hex::encode(state.tdx.root_crl_der()).into_bytes(), None)
+}
+
+async fn pck_crl(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let Ok(collateral) = state.tdx.sample_collateral() else {
+        return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+    };
+    binary(
+        state.tdx.pck_crl_der(),
+        Some(("SGX-PCK-CRL-Issuer-Chain", collateral.pck_crl_issuer_chain)),
+    )
+}
+
+async fn tcb_info(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let Ok(collateral) = state.tdx.sample_collateral() else {
+        return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+    };
+    let Ok(tcb_info) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&collateral.tcb_info) else {
+        return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+    };
+    json_response(
+        json!({"tcbInfo": tcb_info, "signature": hex::encode(collateral.tcb_info_signature)}),
+        Some((
+            "SGX-TCB-Info-Issuer-Chain",
+            collateral.tcb_info_issuer_chain,
+        )),
+    )
+}
+
+async fn qe_identity(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let Ok(collateral) = state.tdx.sample_collateral() else {
+        return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+    };
+    let Ok(qe_identity) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&collateral.qe_identity) else {
+        return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+    };
+    json_response(
+        json!({"enclaveIdentity": qe_identity, "signature": hex::encode(collateral.qe_identity_signature)}),
+        Some((
+            "SGX-Enclave-Identity-Issuer-Chain",
+            collateral.qe_identity_issuer_chain,
+        )),
+    )
+}
+
+async fn sev_ca_chain(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(state.sev_snp.ca_chain_pem(), None)
+}
+
+async fn sev_vcek(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(state.sev_snp.vcek_der(), None)
+}
+
+async fn tpm_root(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(state.tpm.root_ca_der(), None)
+}
+async fn tpm_intermediate(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(state.tpm.intermediate_der(), None)
+}
+async fn tpm_root_crl(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(state.tpm.root_crl_der(), None)
+}
+async fn tpm_intermediate_crl(State(state): State<Arc<MockCollateralState>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    binary(state.tpm.intermediate_crl_der(), None)
+}
+
+fn json_response(value: serde_json::Value, header: Option<(&str, String)>) -> Response<Body> {
+    let mut response = Response::new(Body::from(value.to_string()));
+    *response.status_mut() = StatusCode::OK;
+    response
+        .headers_mut()
+        .insert(CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"));
+    if let Some((name, value)) = header {
+        let Ok(name) = axum::http::HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()) else {
+            return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+        };
+        let Ok(value) = HeaderValue::from_str(&urlencoding::encode(&value)) else {
+            return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+        };
+        response.headers_mut().insert(name, value);
+    }
+    response
+}
+
+fn binary(value: Vec<u8>, header: Option<(&str, String)>) -> Response<Body> {
+    let mut response = Response::new(Body::from(value));
+    *response.status_mut() = StatusCode::OK;
+    if let Some((name, value)) = header {
+        let Ok(name) = axum::http::HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()) else {
+            return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+        };
+        let Ok(value) = HeaderValue::from_str(&urlencoding::encode(&value)) else {
+            return StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response();
+        };
+        response.headers_mut().insert(name, value);
+    }
+    response
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn independent_host_and_guest_from_sys_config_seed_interoperate() {
+        let seed = [0x5a; 32];
+        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let url = format!("http://{addr}");
+        // These states model separate host and CVM processes. No certificates,
+        // keys, or Arc state are exchanged after construction.
+        let host = Arc::new(MockCollateralState::from_seed(seed, &url).unwrap());
+        let guest = MockCollateralState::from_seed(seed, &url).unwrap();
+        let task = tokio::spawn(serve_listener(listener, host.clone()));
+
+        let report_data = [0x61; 64];
+        let tdx = guest.tdx.attest(report_data).unwrap();
+        let collateral = dcap_qvl::collateral::CollateralClient::with_default_http(&url)
+            .unwrap()
+            .fetch(&tdx.quote)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        let tdx_verifier = dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(host.tdx.root_ca_der());
+        tdx_verifier.verify(&tdx.quote, &collateral, now).unwrap();
+        let mut tampered = tdx.quote.clone();
+        tampered[200] ^= 1;
+        assert!(tdx_verifier.verify(&tampered, &collateral, now).is_err());
+
+        let sev = guest.sev_snp.attest(report_data).unwrap();
+        let sev_verifier = sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_with_root(
+            sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+            host.sev_snp.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+        );
+        sev_verifier
+            .verify(&sev.report, &sev.cert_chain, &report_data)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(sev_verifier
+            .verify(&sev.report, &sev.cert_chain, &[0x62; 64])
+            .is_err());
+
+        let qualifying = [0x63; 32];
+        let tpm = guest.tpm.attest(&qualifying).unwrap();
+        let tpm_verifier = tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(host.tpm.root_ca_pem());
+        tpm_verifier.verify(&tpm, &host.tpm.collateral()).unwrap();
+        assert!(crate::ensure_report_data(&qualifying, &[0x64; 32]).is_err());
+
+        let nsm = guest.nsm.attest(&report_data).unwrap();
+        let verified = nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(host.nsm.root_ca_pem())
+            .verify(&nsm, None, None)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(verified.user_data.as_deref(), Some(report_data.as_slice()));
+
+        let wrong = MockCollateralState::from_seed([0xa5; 32], &url).unwrap();
+        assert!(nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(wrong.nsm.root_ca_pem())
+            .verify(&nsm, None, None)
+            .is_err());
+        task.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn mock_pccs_and_kds_drive_real_qvls() {
+        let state = Arc::new(MockCollateralState::new().unwrap());
+        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let task = tokio::spawn(serve_listener(listener, state.clone()));
+        let base = format!("http://{addr}");
+
+        let tdx_evidence = state.tdx.attest([0x42; 64]).unwrap();
+        let collateral = dcap_qvl::collateral::CollateralClient::with_default_http(&base)
+            .unwrap()
+            .fetch(&tdx_evidence.quote)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(state.tdx.root_ca_der())
+            .verify(&tdx_evidence.quote, &collateral, now)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let sev_evidence = state.sev_snp.attest([0x43; 64]).unwrap();
+        let kds = sev_snp_qvl::AmdKdsClient::with_base_url(format!("{base}/vcek/v1")).unwrap();
+        sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_with_root(
+            sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+            state.sev_snp.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+        )
+        .fetch_and_verify(&kds, &sev_evidence.report, &[], &[0x43; 64])
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+        task.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn tpm_aia_and_crl_service_builds_verifiable_collateral() {
+        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let state =
+            Arc::new(MockCollateralState::with_base_url(&format!("http://{addr}")).unwrap());
+        let task = tokio::spawn(serve_listener(listener, state.clone()));
+        let quote = state.tpm.attest(&[0x42; 32]).unwrap();
+        let root = state.tpm.root_ca_pem();
+        let q = quote.clone();
+        let collateral = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+            let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+                .enable_all()
+                .build()
+                .unwrap();
+            runtime
+                .block_on(tpm_qvl::get_collateral(&q, &root))
+                .unwrap()
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+        tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(state.tpm.root_ca_pem())
+            .verify(&quote, &collateral)
+            .unwrap();
+        task.abort();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/sev_snp.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/sev_snp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..720078198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/sev_snp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use p384::ecdsa::{signature::DigestSigner, Signature as P384Signature, SigningKey};
+use p384::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
+use rcgen::{
+    BasicConstraints, Certificate, CertificateParams, CertifiedKey, DnType, IsCa, KeyPair,
+    KeyUsagePurpose,
+};
+use sev::firmware::guest::AttestationReport;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+use time::{Duration, OffsetDateTime};
+
+pub struct SevSnpGenerator {
+    root: Certificate,
+    root_key: KeyPair,
+    ask: Certificate,
+    vcek: Certificate,
+    vcek_key: KeyPair,
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct SevSnpEvidence {
+    pub report: Vec<u8>,
+    pub cert_chain: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+impl SevSnpGenerator {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_seed(rand::random())
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_seed(seed: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let CertifiedKey {
+            cert: root,
+            key_pair: root_key,
+        } = make_ca("Mock AMD Milan ARK", "sev-root", &seed, None)?;
+        let CertifiedKey {
+            cert: ask,
+            key_pair: ask_key,
+        } = make_ca(
+            "Mock AMD Milan ASK",
+            "sev-ask",
+            &seed,
+            Some((&root, &root_key)),
+        )?;
+        let vcek_key = crate::p384_key(&seed, "sev-vcek")?;
+        let mut params = base_params("Mock AMD VCEK")?;
+        params.key_usages.push(KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature);
+        let vcek = params.signed_by(&vcek_key, &ask, &ask_key)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            root,
+            root_key,
+            ask,
+            vcek,
+            vcek_key,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root.pem()
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_key_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root_key.serialize_pem()
+    }
+
+    pub fn ca_chain_pem(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        format!("{}{}", self.ask.pem(), self.root.pem()).into_bytes()
+    }
+
+    pub fn vcek_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.vcek.der().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<SevSnpEvidence> {
+        self.attest_with_host_data(report_data, [0x22; 32])
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest_with_host_data(
+        &self,
+        report_data: [u8; 64],
+        host_data: [u8; 32],
+    ) -> Result<SevSnpEvidence> {
+        self.attest_with_measurement(report_data, host_data, [0x33; 48])
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest_with_measurement(
+        &self,
+        report_data: [u8; 64],
+        host_data: [u8; 32],
+        measurement: [u8; 48],
+    ) -> Result<SevSnpEvidence> {
+        let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+        AttestationReport::default().write_bytes(&mut encoded)?;
+        encoded[0..4].copy_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+        encoded[52..56].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        encoded[0x50..0x90].copy_from_slice(&report_data);
+        encoded[0x90..0xc0].copy_from_slice(&measurement);
+        encoded[0xc0..0xe0].copy_from_slice(&host_data);
+        encoded[0x1a0..0x1e0].fill(0x33);
+        let signing_key = SigningKey::from_pkcs8_pem(&self.vcek_key.serialize_pem())?;
+        let signature: P384Signature =
+            signing_key.sign_digest(Sha384::new_with_prefix(&encoded[..0x2a0]));
+        write_amd_signature(&mut encoded[0x2a0..], &signature);
+        Ok(SevSnpEvidence {
+            report: encoded,
+            cert_chain: vec![self.ask.pem().into_bytes(), self.vcek.pem().into_bytes()],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn make_ca(
+    name: &str,
+    label: &str,
+    seed: &[u8; 32],
+    issuer: Option<(&Certificate, &KeyPair)>,
+) -> Result<CertifiedKey> {
+    let key_pair = crate::p384_key(seed, label)?;
+    let mut params = base_params(name)?;
+    params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+    params.key_usages.extend([
+        KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+    ]);
+    let cert = match issuer {
+        Some((issuer, issuer_key)) => params.signed_by(&key_pair, issuer, issuer_key)?,
+        None => params.self_signed(&key_pair)?,
+    };
+    Ok(CertifiedKey { cert, key_pair })
+}
+
+fn base_params(name: &str) -> Result<CertificateParams> {
+    let mut params = CertificateParams::new(Vec::<String>::new())?;
+    params.distinguished_name.push(DnType::CommonName, name);
+    let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+    params.not_before = now - Duration::days(1);
+    params.not_after = now + Duration::days(30);
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+fn write_amd_signature(output: &mut [u8], signature: &P384Signature) {
+    let bytes = signature.to_bytes();
+    output[..144].fill(0);
+    for (dst, src) in output[..48].iter_mut().zip(bytes[..48].iter().rev()) {
+        *dst = *src;
+    }
+    for (dst, src) in output[72..120].iter_mut().zip(bytes[48..].iter().rev()) {
+        *dst = *src;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generated_report_passes_real_qvl_and_negative_cases_fail() {
+        let generator = SevSnpGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        let report_data = [0x42; 64];
+        let evidence = generator.attest(report_data).unwrap();
+        let verifier = sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(
+            generator.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+            generator.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+            generator.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+        );
+        verifier
+            .verify(&evidence.report, &evidence.cert_chain, &report_data)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let wrong = SevSnpGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        let wrong_verifier = sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_with_root(
+            sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+            wrong.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+        );
+        assert!(wrong_verifier
+            .verify(&evidence.report, &evidence.cert_chain, &report_data)
+            .is_err());
+        let mut tampered = evidence.report.clone();
+        tampered[0x100] ^= 1;
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify(&tampered, &evidence.cert_chain, &report_data)
+            .is_err());
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify(&evidence.report, &evidence.cert_chain, &[0x24; 64])
+            .is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/tdx.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/tdx.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4f1b29b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/tdx.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use dcap_qvl::quote::{
+    AuthData, AuthDataV4, CertificationData, Data, EnclaveReport, Header,
+    QEReportCertificationData, Quote, Report, TDReport10,
+};
+use dcap_qvl::QuoteCollateralV3;
+use p256::ecdsa::{signature::Signer, Signature, SigningKey};
+use p256::pkcs8::{DecodePrivateKey, EncodePrivateKey};
+use rcgen::{
+    BasicConstraints, Certificate, CertificateParams, CertificateRevocationListParams,
+    CertifiedKey, CustomExtension, DnType, ExtendedKeyUsagePurpose, IsCa, KeyIdMethod, KeyPair,
+    KeyUsagePurpose, RemoteKeyPair, SerialNumber, SignatureAlgorithm, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256,
+};
+use scale::Encode;
+use serde_json::json;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use time::OffsetDateTime;
+
+const MOCK_PKI_NOT_BEFORE: i64 = 1_577_836_800; // 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
+const MOCK_PKI_NOT_AFTER: i64 = 4_102_444_800; // 2100-01-01T00:00:00Z
+
+const INTEL_QE_VENDOR_ID: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x93, 0x9a, 0x72, 0x33, 0xf7, 0x9c, 0x4c, 0xa9, 0x94, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0xb3, 0x95, 0x7f, 0x06, 0x07,
+];
+
+pub struct TdxGenerator {
+    root: Certificate,
+    root_signing_key: SigningKey,
+    pck_ca: Certificate,
+    pck: Certificate,
+    pck_key: SigningKey,
+    pck_crl: Vec<u8>,
+    tcb_signer: Certificate,
+    tcb_signer_key: SigningKey,
+    qe_signer: Certificate,
+    qe_signer_key: SigningKey,
+    root_crl: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+struct DeterministicP256KeyPair {
+    key: SigningKey,
+    public_key: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl DeterministicP256KeyPair {
+    fn new(key: SigningKey) -> Self {
+        let public_key = key
+            .verifying_key()
+            .to_encoded_point(false)
+            .as_bytes()
+            .to_vec();
+        Self { key, public_key }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RemoteKeyPair for DeterministicP256KeyPair {
+    fn public_key(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.public_key
+    }
+
+    fn sign(&self, message: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, rcgen::Error> {
+        let signature: Signature = self.key.sign(message);
+        Ok(signature.to_der().as_bytes().to_vec())
+    }
+
+    fn algorithm(&self) -> &'static SignatureAlgorithm {
+        &PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TdxEvidence {
+    pub quote: Vec<u8>,
+    pub collateral: QuoteCollateralV3,
+}
+
+impl TdxGenerator {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_seed(rand::random())
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_seed(seed: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (
+            CertifiedKey {
+                cert: root,
+                key_pair: root_key,
+            },
+            root_signing_key,
+        ) = make_root(&seed)?;
+        let (pck_ca, pck_ca_key) = make_ca(
+            "Mock Intel SGX PCK Platform CA",
+            "tdx-pck-ca",
+            &seed,
+            &root,
+            &root_key,
+        )?;
+        let (pck, pck_key) = make_leaf(
+            "Mock Intel SGX PCK Certificate",
+            "tdx-pck",
+            &seed,
+            &pck_ca,
+            &pck_ca_key,
+            true,
+        )?;
+        let (tcb_signer, tcb_signer_key) = make_leaf(
+            "Mock Intel SGX TCB Signing",
+            "tdx-tcb",
+            &seed,
+            &root,
+            &root_key,
+            false,
+        )?;
+        let (qe_signer, qe_signer_key) = make_leaf(
+            "Mock Intel SGX QE Identity Signing",
+            "tdx-qe",
+            &seed,
+            &root,
+            &root_key,
+            false,
+        )?;
+        let pck_crl = CertificateRevocationListParams {
+            this_update: fixed_time(MOCK_PKI_NOT_BEFORE)?,
+            next_update: fixed_time(MOCK_PKI_NOT_AFTER)?,
+            crl_number: SerialNumber::from(1u64),
+            issuing_distribution_point: None,
+            revoked_certs: Vec::new(),
+            key_identifier_method: KeyIdMethod::Sha256,
+        }
+        .signed_by(&pck_ca, &pck_ca_key)?
+        .der()
+        .to_vec();
+        let root_crl = CertificateRevocationListParams {
+            this_update: fixed_time(MOCK_PKI_NOT_BEFORE)?,
+            next_update: fixed_time(MOCK_PKI_NOT_AFTER)?,
+            crl_number: SerialNumber::from(1u64),
+            issuing_distribution_point: None,
+            revoked_certs: Vec::new(),
+            key_identifier_method: KeyIdMethod::Sha256,
+        }
+        .signed_by(&root, &root_key)?
+        .der()
+        .to_vec();
+        Ok(Self {
+            root,
+            root_signing_key,
+            pck_ca,
+            pck,
+            pck_key,
+            pck_crl,
+            tcb_signer,
+            tcb_signer_key,
+            qe_signer,
+            qe_signer_key,
+            root_crl,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.root.der().to_vec()
+    }
+    pub fn root_ca_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root.pem()
+    }
+    pub fn root_key_pem(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        Ok(self
+            .root_signing_key
+            .to_pkcs8_pem(Default::default())?
+            .to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn sample_collateral(&self) -> Result<QuoteCollateralV3> {
+        self.collateral()
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_crl_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.root_crl.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn pck_crl_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.pck_crl.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<TdxEvidence> {
+        self.attest_with_rtmrs(
+            report_data,
+            [[0x20; 48], [0x21; 48], [0x22; 48], [0x23; 48]],
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest_with_rtmrs(
+        &self,
+        report_data: [u8; 64],
+        rtmrs: [[u8; 48]; 4],
+    ) -> Result<TdxEvidence> {
+        self.attest_with_measurements(report_data, [0x11; 48], rtmrs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest_with_measurements(
+        &self,
+        report_data: [u8; 64],
+        mrtd: [u8; 48],
+        rtmrs: [[u8; 48]; 4],
+    ) -> Result<TdxEvidence> {
+        let auth_key = SigningKey::random(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+        let auth_pub = auth_key.verifying_key().to_encoded_point(false);
+        let auth_pub: [u8; 64] = auth_pub.as_bytes()[1..]
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid P-256 public key length"))?;
+        let qe_auth = vec![0u8; 32];
+        let mut qe_hash_input = Vec::from(auth_pub);
+        qe_hash_input.extend_from_slice(&qe_auth);
+        let mut qe_report = EnclaveReport {
+            cpu_svn: [0; 16],
+            misc_select: 0,
+            reserved1: [0; 28],
+            attributes: [0; 16],
+            mr_enclave: [0; 32],
+            reserved2: [0; 32],
+            mr_signer: [0x44; 32],
+            reserved3: [0; 96],
+            isv_prod_id: 1,
+            isv_svn: 1,
+            reserved4: [0; 60],
+            report_data: [0; 64],
+        };
+        qe_report.report_data[..32].copy_from_slice(&Sha256::digest(qe_hash_input));
+        let qe_report_bytes: [u8; 384] = qe_report
+            .encode()
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|bytes: Vec<u8>| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid QE report size {}", bytes.len()))?;
+        let qe_sig: Signature = self.pck_key.sign(&qe_report_bytes);
+
+        let pck_chain =
+            format!("{}{}{}", self.pck.pem(), self.pck_ca.pem(), self.root.pem()).into_bytes();
+        let qe_certification = QEReportCertificationData {
+            qe_report: qe_report_bytes,
+            qe_report_signature: qe_sig.to_bytes().into(),
+            qe_auth_data: Data::new(qe_auth),
+            certification_data: CertificationData {
+                cert_type: 5,
+                body: Data::new(pck_chain),
+            },
+        };
+        let td_report = TDReport10 {
+            tee_tcb_svn: [0; 16],
+            mr_seam: [0; 48],
+            mr_signer_seam: [0; 48],
+            seam_attributes: [0; 8],
+            td_attributes: [0, 0, 0, 0x10, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            xfam: [0; 8],
+            mr_td: mrtd,
+            mr_config_id: [0; 48],
+            mr_owner: [0; 48],
+            mr_owner_config: [0; 48],
+            rt_mr0: rtmrs[0],
+            rt_mr1: rtmrs[1],
+            rt_mr2: rtmrs[2],
+            rt_mr3: rtmrs[3],
+            report_data,
+        };
+        let header = Header {
+            version: 4,
+            attestation_key_type: 2,
+            tee_type: 0x81,
+            qe_svn: 1,
+            pce_svn: 0,
+            qe_vendor_id: INTEL_QE_VENDOR_ID,
+            user_data: [0; 20],
+        };
+        let mut auth = AuthDataV4 {
+            ecdsa_signature: [0; 64],
+            ecdsa_attestation_key: auth_pub,
+            certification_data: CertificationData {
+                cert_type: 6,
+                body: Data::new(qe_certification.encode()),
+            },
+            qe_report_data: qe_certification,
+        };
+        let mut quote = Quote {
+            header,
+            report: Report::TD10(td_report),
+            auth_data: AuthData::V4(auth.clone()),
+        };
+        let raw = quote.encode();
+        let quote_sig: Signature = auth_key.sign(&raw[..quote.signed_length()]);
+        auth.ecdsa_signature = quote_sig.to_bytes().into();
+        quote.auth_data = AuthData::V4(auth);
+
+        Ok(TdxEvidence {
+            quote: quote.encode(),
+            collateral: self.collateral()?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn collateral(&self) -> Result<QuoteCollateralV3> {
+        let now = chrono::Utc::now();
+        let issue =
+            (now - chrono::Duration::days(1)).to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Secs, true);
+        let next =
+            (now + chrono::Duration::days(30)).to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Secs, true);
+        let tcb_info = json!({
+            "id":"TDX", "version":3, "issueDate":issue, "nextUpdate":next,
+            "fmspc":"000000000000", "pceId":"0000", "tcbType":0, "tcbEvaluationDataNumber":1,
+            "tdxModule":{"mrsigner":"00".repeat(48),"attributes":"00".repeat(8),"attributesMask":"00".repeat(8)},
+            "tcbLevels":[{"tcb":{"sgxtcbcomponents":vec![json!({"svn":0});16],"pcesvn":0,"tdxtcbcomponents":vec![json!({"svn":0});16]},"tcbDate":issue,"tcbStatus":"UpToDate"}]
+        }).to_string();
+        let qe_identity = json!({
+            "id":"TD_QE", "version":2, "issueDate":issue, "nextUpdate":next,
+            "tcbEvaluationDataNumber":1, "miscselect":"00000000", "miscselectMask":"00000000",
+            "attributes":"00".repeat(16), "attributesMask":"00".repeat(16), "mrsigner":"44".repeat(32),
+            "isvprodid":1, "tcbLevels":[{"tcb":{"isvsvn":1},"tcbDate":issue,"tcbStatus":"UpToDate"}]
+        }).to_string();
+        Ok(QuoteCollateralV3 {
+            pck_crl_issuer_chain: format!("{}{}", self.pck_ca.pem(), self.root.pem()),
+            root_ca_crl: self.root_crl.clone(),
+            pck_crl: self.pck_crl.clone(),
+            tcb_info_issuer_chain: format!("{}{}", self.tcb_signer.pem(), self.root.pem()),
+            tcb_info_signature: sign_raw(&self.tcb_signer_key, tcb_info.as_bytes())?,
+            tcb_info,
+            qe_identity_issuer_chain: format!("{}{}", self.qe_signer.pem(), self.root.pem()),
+            qe_identity_signature: sign_raw(&self.qe_signer_key, qe_identity.as_bytes())?,
+            qe_identity,
+            pck_certificate_chain: None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn deterministic_key_pair(seed: &[u8; 32], label: &str) -> Result<(KeyPair, SigningKey)> {
+    let serialized = crate::p256_key(seed, label)?;
+    let signing_key = SigningKey::from_pkcs8_pem(&serialized.serialize_pem())?;
+    let key_pair =
+        KeyPair::from_remote(Box::new(DeterministicP256KeyPair::new(signing_key.clone())))?;
+    Ok((key_pair, signing_key))
+}
+
+fn make_root(seed: &[u8; 32]) -> Result<(CertifiedKey, SigningKey)> {
+    let (key_pair, signing_key) = deterministic_key_pair(seed, "tdx-root")?;
+    let mut params = cert_params("Mock Intel SGX Root CA")?;
+    params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+    params.key_usages.extend([
+        KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+    ]);
+    let cert = params.self_signed(&key_pair)?;
+    Ok((CertifiedKey { cert, key_pair }, signing_key))
+}
+
+fn make_ca(
+    name: &str,
+    label: &str,
+    seed: &[u8; 32],
+    issuer: &Certificate,
+    issuer_key: &KeyPair,
+) -> Result<(Certificate, KeyPair)> {
+    let (key, _) = deterministic_key_pair(seed, label)?;
+    let mut params = cert_params(name)?;
+    params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+    params.key_usages.extend([
+        KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+        KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+    ]);
+    let cert = params.signed_by(&key, issuer, issuer_key)?;
+    Ok((cert, key))
+}
+
+fn make_leaf(
+    name: &str,
+    label: &str,
+    seed: &[u8; 32],
+    root: &Certificate,
+    root_key: &KeyPair,
+    pck: bool,
+) -> Result<(Certificate, SigningKey)> {
+    let (key, signing_key) = deterministic_key_pair(seed, label)?;
+    let mut params = cert_params(name)?;
+    params.key_usages.push(KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature);
+    params
+        .extended_key_usages
+        .push(ExtendedKeyUsagePurpose::ServerAuth);
+    if pck {
+        params.custom_extensions.push(pck_extension());
+    }
+    let cert = params.signed_by(&key, root, root_key)?;
+    Ok((cert, signing_key))
+}
+
+fn cert_params(name: &str) -> Result<CertificateParams> {
+    let mut params = CertificateParams::new(vec!["mock.dstack.invalid".into()])?;
+    params.distinguished_name.push(DnType::CommonName, name);
+    params.serial_number = Some(SerialNumber::from(42u64));
+    params.not_before = fixed_time(MOCK_PKI_NOT_BEFORE)?;
+    params.not_after = fixed_time(MOCK_PKI_NOT_AFTER)?;
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+fn fixed_time(timestamp: i64) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+    Ok(OffsetDateTime::from_unix_timestamp(timestamp)?)
+}
+
+fn pck_extension() -> CustomExtension {
+    fn oid(writer: yasna::DERWriter, oid: &[u64]) {
+        writer.write_oid(&yasna::models::ObjectIdentifier::from_slice(oid));
+    }
+    let der = yasna::construct_der(|writer| {
+        writer.write_sequence(|writer| {
+            let entries: Vec<(&[u64], Vec<u8>, u8)> = vec![
+                (&[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 1], vec![0; 16], 0),
+                (&[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 3], vec![0; 2], 0),
+                (&[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 4], vec![0; 6], 0),
+                (&[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 5], vec![0], 2),
+            ];
+            for (entry_oid, value, kind) in entries {
+                writer.next().write_sequence(|w| {
+                    oid(w.next(), entry_oid);
+                    if kind == 2 {
+                        w.next().write_enum(0)
+                    } else {
+                        w.next().write_bytes(&value)
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            writer.next().write_sequence(|w| {
+                oid(w.next(), &[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 2]);
+                w.next().write_sequence(|w| {
+                    w.next().write_sequence(|w| {
+                        oid(w.next(), &[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 2, 17]);
+                        w.next().write_u8(0);
+                    });
+                    w.next().write_sequence(|w| {
+                        oid(w.next(), &[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1, 2, 18]);
+                        w.next().write_bytes(&[0; 16]);
+                    });
+                });
+            });
+        })
+    });
+    CustomExtension::from_oid_content(&[1, 2, 840, 113741, 1, 13, 1], der)
+}
+
+fn sign_raw(key: &SigningKey, message: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let sig: Signature = key.sign(message);
+    Ok(sig.to_bytes().to_vec())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn seeded_hierarchies_are_cross_process_compatible() {
+        let first = TdxGenerator::from_seed([0x31; 32]).unwrap();
+        let second = TdxGenerator::from_seed([0x31; 32]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(first.root_ca_der(), second.root_ca_der());
+        assert_eq!(first.root_crl_der(), second.root_crl_der());
+
+        let evidence = first.attest([0x42; 64]).unwrap();
+        let collateral = second.sample_collateral().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(evidence.collateral, collateral);
+
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(second.root_ca_der())
+            .verify(&evidence.quote, &collateral, now)
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generated_quote_passes_real_qvl_and_negative_cases_fail() {
+        let generator = TdxGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        let report_data = [0x42; 64];
+        let evidence = generator.attest(report_data).unwrap();
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        let verifier = dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(generator.root_ca_der());
+        let verified = verifier
+            .verify(&evidence.quote, &evidence.collateral, now)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(verified.report.as_td10().unwrap().report_data, report_data);
+        assert!(
+            dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(TdxGenerator::new().unwrap().root_ca_der())
+                .verify(&evidence.quote, &evidence.collateral, now)
+                .is_err()
+        );
+        let mut tampered = evidence.quote.clone();
+        tampered[100] ^= 1;
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify(&tampered, &evidence.collateral, now)
+            .is_err());
+        assert!(crate::ensure_report_data(
+            &verified.report.as_td10().unwrap().report_data,
+            &[0x24; 64]
+        )
+        .is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/tpm.rs b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/tpm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..78b038dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/mock-attestation/src/tpm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use dstack_types::Platform;
+use p256::ecdsa::{signature::hazmat::PrehashSigner, Signature, SigningKey};
+use p256::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey;
+use rcgen::{
+    BasicConstraints, Certificate, CertificateParams, CertificateRevocationListParams,
+    CrlDistributionPoint, CustomExtension, DnType, IsCa, KeyIdMethod, KeyPair, KeyUsagePurpose,
+    SerialNumber,
+};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use time::{Duration, OffsetDateTime};
+use tpm_qvl::QuoteCollateral;
+use tpm_types::{PcrValue, TpmQuote};
+
+pub struct TpmGenerator {
+    root: Certificate,
+    root_key: KeyPair,
+    intermediate: Certificate,
+    ak: Certificate,
+    ak_key: KeyPair,
+    intermediate_crl: Vec<u8>,
+    root_crl: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl TpmGenerator {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::with_base_url("http://127.0.0.1:8088")
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_base_url(base_url: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_seed(rand::random(), base_url)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_seed(seed: [u8; 32], base_url: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let root_key = crate::p256_key(&seed, "tpm-root")?;
+        let mut root_params = params("Mock TPM Root CA")?;
+        root_params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+        root_params.key_usages.extend([
+            KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+            KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+            KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+        ]);
+        root_params
+            .crl_distribution_points
+            .push(CrlDistributionPoint {
+                uris: vec![format!("{base_url}/tpm/crl/root.crl")],
+            });
+        let root = root_params.self_signed(&root_key)?;
+
+        let intermediate_key = crate::p256_key(&seed, "tpm-intermediate")?;
+        let mut intermediate_params = params("Mock TPM Attestation Intermediate CA")?;
+        intermediate_params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+        intermediate_params.key_usages.extend([
+            KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature,
+            KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign,
+            KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign,
+        ]);
+        intermediate_params
+            .custom_extensions
+            .push(aia(&format!("{base_url}/tpm/aia/root.pem")));
+        intermediate_params
+            .crl_distribution_points
+            .push(CrlDistributionPoint {
+                uris: vec![format!("{base_url}/tpm/crl/root.crl")],
+            });
+        let intermediate = intermediate_params.signed_by(&intermediate_key, &root, &root_key)?;
+        let ak_key = crate::p256_key(&seed, "tpm-ak")?;
+        let mut ak_params = params("Mock TPM Attestation Key")?;
+        ak_params.key_usages.push(KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature);
+        ak_params
+            .custom_extensions
+            .push(aia(&format!("{base_url}/tpm/aia/intermediate.der")));
+        ak_params
+            .crl_distribution_points
+            .push(CrlDistributionPoint {
+                uris: vec![format!("{base_url}/tpm/crl/intermediate.crl")],
+            });
+        let ak = ak_params.signed_by(&ak_key, &intermediate, &intermediate_key)?;
+        let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        let crl = |issuer: &Certificate, key: &KeyPair, number| -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+            Ok(CertificateRevocationListParams {
+                this_update: now - Duration::days(1),
+                next_update: now + Duration::days(30),
+                crl_number: SerialNumber::from(number),
+                issuing_distribution_point: None,
+                revoked_certs: Vec::new(),
+                key_identifier_method: KeyIdMethod::Sha256,
+            }
+            .signed_by(issuer, key)?
+            .der()
+            .to_vec())
+        };
+        let root_crl = crl(&root, &root_key, 1)?;
+        let intermediate_crl = crl(&intermediate, &intermediate_key, 2)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            root,
+            root_key,
+            intermediate,
+            ak,
+            ak_key,
+            intermediate_crl,
+            root_crl,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root.pem()
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.root.der().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_key_pem(&self) -> String {
+        self.root_key.serialize_pem()
+    }
+
+    pub fn collateral(&self) -> QuoteCollateral {
+        QuoteCollateral {
+            cert_chain_pem: self.intermediate.pem(),
+            crls: vec![self.intermediate_crl.clone()],
+            root_ca_crl: Some(self.root_crl.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn intermediate_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.intermediate.der().to_vec()
+    }
+    pub fn intermediate_crl_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.intermediate_crl.clone()
+    }
+    pub fn root_crl_der(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.root_crl.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn attest(&self, qualifying_data: &[u8]) -> Result<TpmQuote> {
+        let pcr = PcrValue {
+            index: 14,
+            algorithm: "sha256".into(),
+            value: vec![0x11; 32],
+        };
+        let pcr_digest = Sha256::digest(&pcr.value);
+        let mut message = Vec::new();
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0xff54_4347u32.to_be_bytes());
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0x8018u16.to_be_bytes());
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // qualified signer
+        message.extend_from_slice(&(qualifying_data.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        message.extend_from_slice(qualifying_data);
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_be_bytes()); // clock
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // reset count
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // restart count
+        message.push(1); // safe
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_be_bytes()); // firmware
+        message.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_be_bytes()); // selection count
+        message.extend_from_slice(&0x000bu16.to_be_bytes());
+        message.push(3);
+        message.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0x40, 0]); // PCR14
+        message.extend_from_slice(&(pcr_digest.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        message.extend_from_slice(&pcr_digest);
+
+        let digest = Sha256::digest(&message);
+        let key = SigningKey::from_pkcs8_pem(&self.ak_key.serialize_pem())?;
+        let signature: Signature = key.sign_prehash(&digest)?;
+        let bytes = signature.to_bytes();
+        let mut tpm_signature = Vec::with_capacity(72);
+        tpm_signature.extend_from_slice(&0x0018u16.to_be_bytes());
+        tpm_signature.extend_from_slice(&0x000bu16.to_be_bytes());
+        tpm_signature.extend_from_slice(&32u16.to_be_bytes());
+        tpm_signature.extend_from_slice(&bytes[..32]);
+        tpm_signature.extend_from_slice(&32u16.to_be_bytes());
+        tpm_signature.extend_from_slice(&bytes[32..]);
+
+        Ok(TpmQuote {
+            message,
+            signature: tpm_signature,
+            pcr_values: vec![pcr],
+            ak_cert: self.ak.der().to_vec(),
+            platform: Platform::Gcp,
+            event_log: Vec::new(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn aia(url: &str) -> CustomExtension {
+    let der = yasna::construct_der(|writer| {
+        writer.write_sequence(|writer| {
+            writer.next().write_sequence(|writer| {
+                writer
+                    .next()
+                    .write_oid(&yasna::models::ObjectIdentifier::from_slice(&[
+                        1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 2,
+                    ]));
+                writer
+                    .next()
+                    .write_tagged_implicit(yasna::Tag::context(6), |writer| {
+                        writer.write_ia5_string(url)
+                    });
+            });
+        })
+    });
+    CustomExtension::from_oid_content(&[1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 1, 1], der)
+}
+
+fn params(name: &str) -> Result<CertificateParams> {
+    let mut params = CertificateParams::new(Vec::<String>::new())?;
+    params.distinguished_name.push(DnType::CommonName, name);
+    let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+    params.not_before = now - Duration::days(1);
+    params.not_after = now + Duration::days(30);
+    Ok(params)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generated_quote_passes_real_qvl_and_negative_cases_fail() {
+        let generator = TpmGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        let qualifying_data = [0x42; 32];
+        let quote = generator.attest(&qualifying_data).unwrap();
+        let verifier = tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(generator.root_ca_pem());
+        verifier.verify(&quote, &generator.collateral()).unwrap();
+
+        let wrong = TpmGenerator::new().unwrap();
+        assert!(tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(wrong.root_ca_pem())
+            .verify(&quote, &generator.collateral())
+            .is_err());
+        let mut tampered = quote.clone();
+        tampered.message[10] ^= 1;
+        assert!(verifier.verify(&tampered, &generator.collateral()).is_err());
+        let verified = verifier.verify(&quote, &generator.collateral()).unwrap();
+        assert!(crate::ensure_report_data(&verified.attest.qualified_data, &[0x24; 32]).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/Cargo.toml b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ca99aedf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "qemu-acpi"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+license = "Apache-2.0"
+description = "Pure Rust generator for QEMU-compatible ACPI measurement blobs"
+
+[dependencies]
+acpi_tables.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/examples/dump.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/examples/dump.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1645447ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/examples/dump.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use qemu_acpi::{build, MachineConfig, QemuVersion};
+
+fn optional<T: FromStr>(args: &mut impl Iterator<Item = String>, default: T) -> Result<T, String> {
+    match args.next() {
+        Some(value) => value.parse().map_err(|_| format!("invalid value: {value}")),
+        None => Ok(default),
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+    let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
+    let nics: u32 = optional(&mut args, 1)?;
+    let cpus: u32 = optional(&mut args, 1)?;
+    let version = QemuVersion::from_str(&optional::<String>(&mut args, "11.1.0".into())?)
+        .map_err(|error| format!("invalid QEMU version: {error}"))?;
+    let gpus = optional(&mut args, 0)?;
+    let nvswitches = optional(&mut args, 0)?;
+    let hugepages = optional::<u8>(&mut args, 0)? == 1;
+    let root_verity = optional::<u8>(&mut args, 1)? != 0;
+    let hotplug_off = optional::<u8>(&mut args, 0)? == 1;
+    let smm = optional::<u8>(&mut args, 0)? == 1;
+    let hole = optional::<u64>(&mut args, 0)?;
+    let memory_size = optional(&mut args, 2u64 << 30)?;
+    let volumes = optional(&mut args, 0)?;
+    let pic = optional::<u8>(&mut args, 0)? == 1;
+    let blobs = build(&MachineConfig {
+        qemu_version: version,
+        cpu_count: cpus,
+        memory_size,
+        pic,
+        smm,
+        hugepages,
+        num_gpus: gpus,
+        num_nvswitches: nvswitches,
+        num_nics: nics,
+        num_verity_volumes: volumes,
+        hotplug_off,
+        root_verity,
+        pci_hole64_size: (hole != 0).then_some(hole),
+    })?;
+    let output_dir = std::env::var_os("QEMU_ACPI_OUTPUT_DIR")
+        .map(std::path::PathBuf::from)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| std::path::PathBuf::from("/tmp"));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&output_dir)?;
+    std::fs::write(output_dir.join("tables.bin"), blobs.tables)?;
+    std::fs::write(output_dir.join("loader.bin"), blobs.loader)?;
+    std::fs::write(output_dir.join("rsdp.bin"), blobs.rsdp)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/fixtures/README.md b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/fixtures/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..109eb4bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/fixtures/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# QEMU ACPI compatibility fixtures
+
+These binary fixtures are machine-generated `etc/acpi/tables` blobs. They
+capture QEMU's externally observable ACPI ABI and contain no QEMU source code.
+They must never be regenerated from the Rust implementation.
+
+## Pinned production reference
+
+The fixtures in this directory were generated from:
+
+- repository: <https://github.com/kvinwang/qemu-tdx>
+- branch: `dstack-qemu-acpi-11.1-compat`
+- revision: `9de6fdfff3a84103b83ca6b2e8c4fb8e05cf9195`
+- dstack image inputs: `dstack-0.5.5/ovmf.fd` and
+  `dstack-0.5.5/bzImage`
+
+Build the reference in a clean build directory:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/kvinwang/qemu-tdx.git qemu-tdx
+cd qemu-tdx
+git checkout 9de6fdfff3a84103b83ca6b2e8c4fb8e05cf9195
+git apply /path/to/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-dump-all-blobs.patch
+mkdir build-acpi && cd build-acpi
+CFLAGS='-DDUMP_ACPI_TABLES -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined -D__DATE__="" -D__TIME__="" -D__TIMESTAMP__=""' \
+LDFLAGS='-Wl,--build-id=none' \
+../configure --prefix=/tmp/qemu-acpi-compat-install \
+  --target-list=x86_64-softmmu --disable-werror
+ninja qemu-system-x86_64
+```
+
+Run the complete three-blob differential matrix with:
+
+```bash
+../scripts/differential-qemu.sh \
+  /path/to/qemu-tdx/build-acpi/qemu-system-x86_64 \
+  /path/to/dstack-0.5.5
+```
+
+The script compares `etc/acpi/tables`, `etc/table-loader`, and
+`etc/acpi/rsdp` byte for byte for normal, NUMA, and NUMA/PXB configurations.
+The dump patch is test-only instrumentation and does not change table
+construction.
+
+The trimmed `*-base.bin` files are test-only byte oracles. They are never read
+by non-test code and are not templates for generation. QEMU's trailing zero
+allocation is removed at the first all-zero table signature. The four variants
+for each compatibility family cover the Cartesian product of:
+
+- CPU hotplug enabled or disabled; and
+- ordinary Q35 or NUMA with one PXB.
+
+`qemu-11.1-q35-one-nic.bin` is an untrimmed byte-for-byte regression fixture.
+Fixture names identify the emulated compatibility version, not necessarily the
+source tree's release number.
+
+## Compatibility-reference scope
+
+The pinned reference is based on QEMU 9.2.1. Its 10.x and 11.x profiles are a
+dstack-maintained compatibility implementation composed from the relevant
+upstream ACPI changes. Therefore matching this reference proves compatibility
+with the QEMU binary used by dstack production, not by itself with every
+unmodified upstream QEMU release. Genuine upstream QEMU cross-validation must
+be recorded separately whenever a new compatibility family is added.
+
+## Genuine upstream cross-validation
+
+The following unmodified upstream release revisions were built locally, then
+instrumented with `scripts/qemu-upstream-dump.patch`:
+
+- QEMU 10.2.4: `3e0bcba1ca7d6607ca49a988d165f052a3a53323`
+- QEMU 11.0.3: `aeec49e8170de7846f476124602cf7acd400c3df`
+
+For each release, `scripts/differential-upstream.sh` compared all three blobs
+for normal, NUMA, and NUMA/PXB topologies. All six cases matched byte for byte.
+The upstream instrumentation normalizes only values that the production
+`DUMP_ACPI_TABLES` patch also normalizes (PM I/O, PCI windows, and MCFG), and
+bypasses TDX realization so the comparison can run without a TDX-capable KVM.
+It does not backport or alter ACPI generation logic.
+
+Example:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/qemu.git qemu-upstream
+cd qemu-upstream
+git checkout 3e0bcba1ca7d6607ca49a988d165f052a3a53323
+git apply /path/to/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-upstream-dump.patch
+mkdir build && cd build
+../configure --target-list=x86_64-softmmu --enable-kvm --enable-tcg \
+  --disable-docs --disable-werror
+ninja qemu-system-x86_64
+/path/to/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-upstream.sh \
+  ./qemu-system-x86_64 10.2.4
+```
+
+There was no genuine upstream QEMU 11.1 release at the time of this audit, so
+the `11.1` compatibility profile remains pinned to the production compatibility
+fork rather than being described as an upstream release profile.
+
+## Versions past the newest profile
+
+A QEMU version newer than the newest profile here is generated with that
+profile (`Compatibility::LATEST`) rather than rejected: most releases leave the
+Q35 ACPI ABI untouched, and when one does change it the generated blobs stop
+matching the measured ones, which is strictly more informative than refusing to
+generate. Adding a profile therefore means adding its fixtures **and** moving
+`Compatibility::LATEST` to it.
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/fixtures/qemu-10.0-q35-base.bin b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/fixtures/qemu-10.0-q35-base.bin
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diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/Dockerfile b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a2b55f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM ubuntu:24.04 AS builder
+
+ARG QEMU_REPOSITORY=https://github.com/kvinwang/qemu-tdx.git
+ARG QEMU_REVISION=9de6fdfff3a84103b83ca6b2e8c4fb8e05cf9195
+
+RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates git ninja-build pkg-config python3 python3-venv \
+        build-essential libglib2.0-dev libpixman-1-dev zlib1g-dev \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+RUN git clone --filter=blob:none "${QEMU_REPOSITORY}" /src/qemu \
+    && git -C /src/qemu checkout "${QEMU_REVISION}"
+
+WORKDIR /src/qemu/build-acpi
+RUN CFLAGS='-O2 -DDUMP_ACPI_TABLES -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined -D__DATE__="" -D__TIME__="" -D__TIMESTAMP__=""' \
+    LDFLAGS='-Wl,--build-id=none' \
+    ../configure \
+        --target-list=x86_64-softmmu \
+        --disable-werror \
+        --disable-docs \
+        --disable-gtk \
+        --disable-sdl \
+        --disable-vnc \
+        --disable-curses \
+        --disable-tools \
+        --disable-user \
+    && ninja qemu-system-x86_64
+
+FROM ubuntu:24.04
+
+ARG QEMU_REVISION=9de6fdfff3a84103b83ca6b2e8c4fb8e05cf9195
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/kvinwang/qemu-tdx" \
+      org.opencontainers.image.revision="${QEMU_REVISION}" \
+      org.opencontainers.image.licenses="GPL-2.0-or-later"
+
+RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+        libglib2.0-0 libpixman-1-0 zlib1g \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+COPY --from=builder /src/qemu/build-acpi/qemu-system-x86_64 /usr/local/bin/dstack-acpi-tables
+COPY --from=builder /src/qemu/pc-bios /usr/share/qemu
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/dstack-acpi-tables", "-L", "/usr/share/qemu", "-bios", "/usr/share/qemu/bios-256k.bin"]
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/README.md b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5eabc004e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# dstack ACPI reference image
+
+This directory builds the production QEMU compatibility fork at revision
+`9de6fdfff3a84103b83ca6b2e8c4fb8e05cf9195` with its test-only
+`DUMP_ACPI_TABLES` mode. The resulting command writes QEMU's 128 KiB
+`etc/acpi/tables` blob to standard output and exits without starting a VM.
+
+The image is a differential-test oracle only. Production Rust code does not
+depend on it. The source revision and GPL license are recorded as OCI labels;
+the corresponding source is available from the repository and revision named
+in the labels.
+
+Build locally with:
+
+```sh
+docker build -t kvin/dstack-acpi-tables:qemu-11.1 \
+  -f dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/reference/Dockerfile .
+```
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-qemu.sh b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-qemu.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..860dac4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-qemu.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+if (($# != 2)); then
+    echo "usage: $0 QEMU_SYSTEM_X86_64 DSTACK_IMAGE_DIR" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+qemu=$(realpath "$1")
+image_dir=$(realpath "$2")
+if [[ ! -x "$qemu" || ! -f "$image_dir/ovmf.fd" || ! -f "$image_dir/bzImage" ]]; then
+    echo "QEMU binary or dstack image inputs are invalid" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+crate_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+workspace=$(cd -- "$crate_dir/../.." && pwd)
+tmp=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/qemu-acpi-diff.XXXXXX")
+trap 'rm -rf -- "$tmp"' EXIT
+
+(cd "$workspace" && cargo build -p qemu-acpi --example dump)
+rust_dump="$workspace/target/debug/examples/dump"
+
+run_case() {
+    local version=$1 topology=$2
+    local hugepages=0 gpus=0
+    case "$topology" in
+        normal) ;;
+        numa) hugepages=1 ;;
+        numa-pxb) hugepages=1; gpus=8 ;;
+        *) echo "invalid internal topology: $topology" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+    esac
+
+    local output="$tmp/$version-$topology"
+    mkdir "$output"
+    local args=(
+        -L "$(dirname "$qemu")/../pc-bios"
+        -cpu qemu64 -smp 8 -m 2048M -nographic -nodefaults -serial stdio
+        -bios "$image_dir/ovmf.fd" -kernel "$image_dir/bzImage" -initrd /bin/sh
+        -drive "file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=hd1,format=raw,readonly=on"
+        -device "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd1"
+        -netdev "user,id=net0" -device "virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0"
+        -netdev "user,id=net1" -device "virtio-net-pci,netdev=net1"
+        -object "tdx-guest,id=tdx" -device "vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid=3"
+        -virtfs "local,path=/bin,mount_tag=host-shared,readonly=on,security_model=none,id=virtfs0"
+        -drive "file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=hd0,format=raw,readonly=on"
+        -device "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0"
+    )
+    local machine=q35,kernel-irqchip=split,confidential-guest-support=tdx,hpet=off,smm=off,pic=off
+    if ((hugepages)); then
+        args+=(
+            -numa "node,nodeid=0,cpus=0-7,memdev=mem0"
+            -object "memory-backend-file,id=mem0,size=2048M,mem-path=/dev/hugepages,share=on,prealloc=no"
+        )
+    fi
+    if ((gpus)); then
+        args+=(-object "iommufd,id=iommufd0" -device "pxb-pcie,id=pcie.node0,bus=pcie.0,addr=10,numa_node=0,bus_nr=5")
+        for ((index = 0; index < gpus; index++)); do
+            args+=(
+                -device "pcie-root-port,id=pci.$index,bus=pcie.node0,chassis=$index"
+                -device "vfio-pci,host=00:00.0,bus=pci.$index,iommufd=iommufd0"
+            )
+        done
+    fi
+
+    QEMU_ACPI_COMPAT_VER="$version" QEMU_ACPI_DUMP_DIR="$output" \
+        "$qemu" "${args[@]}" -machine "$machine"
+    "$rust_dump" 2 8 "$version" "$gpus" 0 "$hugepages"
+    cmp "$output/tables.bin" /tmp/rust.bin
+    cmp "$output/loader.bin" /tmp/rust-loader.bin
+    cmp "$output/rsdp.bin" /tmp/rust-rsdp.bin
+    printf '%-6s %-8s tables+loader+rsdp match\n' "$version" "$topology"
+}
+
+for version in 8.0.0 8.2.0 9.0.0 9.1.0 9.2.0 10.0.0 10.2.0 11.0.0 11.1.0 11.2.0; do
+    for topology in normal numa numa-pxb; do
+        run_case "$version" "$topology"
+    done
+done
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-random.py b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-random.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..409cb4c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-random.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Reproducible differential tests against the QEMU ACPI reference image."""
+
+# ruff: noqa: D101, D103
+
+import argparse
+import os
+import random
+import shutil
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+TABLE_BLOB_SIZE = 128 * 1024
+LOADER_COMMAND_SIZE = 128
+LOADER_BLOB_SIZE = 4096
+TABLES_FILE = "etc/acpi/tables"
+RSDP_FILE = "etc/acpi/rsdp"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Case:
+    version: str = "11.1.0"
+    cpus: int = 1
+    memory_mib: int = 2048
+    nics: int = 1
+    volumes: int = 0
+    gpus: int = 0
+    switches: int = 0
+    hugepages: bool = False
+    root_verity: bool = True
+    hotplug_off: bool = False
+    smm: bool = False
+    pic: bool = False
+    pci_hole64_size: int = 0
+
+
+def fixed_cases():
+    cases = [
+        Case(version=v)
+        for v in ["8.0.0", "9.1.0", "9.2.0", "10.0.0", "11.0.0", "11.1.0", "11.2.0"]
+    ]
+    cases += [Case(cpus=n) for n in [1, 8, 9, 254, 255, 256, 4096]]
+    cases += [Case(memory_mib=n) for n in [1, 2047, 2048, 2815, 2816, 1_048_576]]
+    cases += [
+        Case(nics=0, root_verity=False),
+        Case(nics=4, volumes=4),
+        Case(hotplug_off=True),
+        Case(smm=True, pic=True),
+        Case(pci_hole64_size=1 << 40),
+        Case(hugepages=True),
+        Case(hugepages=True, gpus=1),
+        Case(hugepages=True, gpus=8, switches=4),
+        Case(version="9.1.0", hugepages=True, gpus=1, hotplug_off=True),
+    ]
+    return cases
+
+
+def random_case(rng):
+    hugepages = rng.choice([False, True])
+    gpus = rng.randint(0, 8)
+    switches = rng.randint(0, 4) if gpus else 0
+    pxb = hugepages and gpus > 0
+    available = 25 if pxb else 26
+    passthrough = switches if pxb else gpus + switches
+    root_verity = rng.choice([False, True])
+    capacity = available - passthrough - (1 if root_verity else 0) + 1
+    if pxb:
+        # QEMU adds the fixed-address PXB after the ordinary virtio devices.
+        # Keep slot 0x10 free for it, matching configurations QEMU can realize.
+        capacity = min(capacity, 12 - int(root_verity))
+    nics = rng.randint(0, max(0, capacity))
+    volumes = rng.randint(0, max(0, capacity - nics))
+    return Case(
+        version=rng.choice(
+            ["8.0.0", "9.1.0", "9.2.0", "10.0.0", "11.0.0", "11.1.0", "11.2.0"]
+        ),
+        cpus=rng.choice([1, 2, 8, 9, 254, 255, 256, rng.randint(1, 512)]),
+        memory_mib=rng.choice([1, 2047, 2048, 2815, 2816, rng.randint(1, 1_048_576)]),
+        nics=nics,
+        volumes=volumes,
+        gpus=gpus,
+        switches=switches,
+        hugepages=hugepages,
+        root_verity=root_verity,
+        hotplug_off=rng.choice([False, True]),
+        smm=rng.choice([False, True]),
+        pic=rng.choice([False, True]),
+        pci_hole64_size=rng.choice([0, 32 << 30, 1 << 40]),
+    )
+
+
+def qemu_args(case):
+    args = [
+        "-cpu",
+        "qemu64",
+        "-smp",
+        str(case.cpus),
+        "-m",
+        f"{case.memory_mib}M",
+        "-nographic",
+        "-nodefaults",
+        "-serial",
+        "stdio",
+        "-drive",
+        "file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=hd1,format=raw,readonly=on",
+        "-device",
+        "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd1",
+    ]
+    for index in range(case.volumes):
+        args += [
+            "-drive",
+            f"file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=vol{index},format=raw,readonly=on",
+            "-device",
+            f"virtio-blk-pci,drive=vol{index}",
+        ]
+    for index in range(case.nics):
+        args += [
+            "-netdev",
+            f"socket,id=net{index},listen=:0",
+            "-device",
+            f"virtio-net-pci,netdev=net{index}",
+        ]
+    args += [
+        "-device",
+        "vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid=3",
+        "-virtfs",
+        "local,path=/bin,mount_tag=host-shared,readonly=on,security_model=none,id=virtfs0",
+    ]
+    if case.root_verity:
+        args += [
+            "-drive",
+            "file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=hd0,format=raw,readonly=on",
+            "-device",
+            "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0",
+        ]
+    else:
+        args += ["-cdrom", "/bin/sh"]
+    args += [
+        "-machine",
+        f"q35,kernel-irqchip=split,hpet=off,smm={'on' if case.smm else 'off'},pic={'on' if case.pic else 'off'}",
+    ]
+    if case.hugepages:
+        args += [
+            "-numa",
+            f"node,nodeid=0,cpus=0-{case.cpus - 1},memdev=mem0",
+            "-object",
+            f"memory-backend-file,id=mem0,size={case.memory_mib}M,mem-path=/tmp,share=on,prealloc=no",
+        ]
+    port = 0
+    if case.gpus:
+        args += ["-object", "iommufd,id=iommufd0"]
+        bus = "pcie.0"
+        if case.hugepages:
+            args += [
+                "-device",
+                "pxb-pcie,id=pcie.node0,bus=pcie.0,addr=10,numa_node=0,bus_nr=5",
+            ]
+            bus = "pcie.node0"
+        for _ in range(case.gpus):
+            args += [
+                "-device",
+                f"pcie-root-port,id=pci.{port},bus={bus},chassis={port}",
+                "-device",
+                f"vfio-pci,host=00:00.0,bus=pci.{port},iommufd=iommufd0",
+            ]
+            port += 1
+    for _ in range(case.switches):
+        args += [
+            "-device",
+            f"pcie-root-port,id=pci.{port},bus=pcie.0,chassis={port}",
+            "-device",
+            f"vfio-pci,host=00:00.0,bus=pci.{port},iommufd=iommufd0",
+        ]
+        port += 1
+    if case.hotplug_off:
+        args += ["-global", "ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off"]
+    if case.pci_hole64_size:
+        args += ["-global", f"q35-pcihost.pci-hole64-size=0x{case.pci_hole64_size:x}"]
+    return args
+
+
+def command(kind, payload):
+    data = struct.pack("<I", kind) + payload
+    return data + bytes(LOADER_COMMAND_SIZE - len(data))
+
+
+def filename(name):
+    encoded = name.encode()
+    return encoded + bytes(56 - len(encoded))
+
+
+def reference_blobs(tables):
+    if len(tables) < TABLE_BLOB_SIZE or len(tables) % TABLE_BLOB_SIZE:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"reference emitted invalid table allocation size {len(tables)}"
+        )
+    locations = {}
+    offset = 0
+    while tables[offset : offset + 4] != bytes(4):
+        signature = tables[offset : offset + 4]
+        length = struct.unpack_from("<I", tables, offset + 4)[0]
+        if length < 36 or offset + length > len(tables):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"invalid reference table {signature!r} length {length} at {offset}"
+            )
+        locations[signature] = (offset, length)
+        offset += length
+    rsdt_offset, rsdt_length = locations[b"RSDT"]
+    rsdp = b"RSD PTR \0BOCHS \0" + struct.pack("<I", rsdt_offset)
+    loader = command(1, filename(RSDP_FILE) + struct.pack("<IB", 16, 2))
+    loader += command(1, filename(TABLES_FILE) + struct.pack("<IB", 64, 1))
+
+    def checksum(signature):
+        start, length = locations[signature]
+        return command(
+            3, filename(TABLES_FILE) + struct.pack("<III", start + 9, start, length)
+        )
+
+    loader += checksum(b"DSDT")
+    fadt, _ = locations[b"FACP"]
+    for relative, size in [(36, 4), (40, 4), (140, 8)]:
+        loader += command(
+            2,
+            filename(TABLES_FILE)
+            + filename(TABLES_FILE)
+            + struct.pack("<IB", fadt + relative, size),
+        )
+    loader += checksum(b"FACP") + checksum(b"APIC")
+    if b"SRAT" in locations:
+        loader += checksum(b"SRAT")
+    loader += checksum(b"MCFG") + checksum(b"WAET")
+    for relative in range(36, rsdt_length, 4):
+        loader += command(
+            2,
+            filename(TABLES_FILE)
+            + filename(TABLES_FILE)
+            + struct.pack("<IB", rsdt_offset + relative, 4),
+        )
+    loader += checksum(b"RSDT")
+    loader += command(
+        2, filename(RSDP_FILE) + filename(TABLES_FILE) + struct.pack("<IB", 16, 4)
+    )
+    loader += command(3, filename(RSDP_FILE) + struct.pack("<III", 8, 0, 20))
+    return tables, loader + bytes(LOADER_BLOB_SIZE - len(loader)), rsdp
+
+
+def first_difference(left, right):
+    for index, pair in enumerate(zip(left, right)):
+        if pair[0] != pair[1]:
+            return index
+    return min(len(left), len(right))
+
+
+def run_case(case, image, rust_dump, output):
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env["QEMU_ACPI_COMPAT_VER"] = case.version
+    reference = subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", "run", "--rm", "-e", f"QEMU_ACPI_COMPAT_VER={case.version}", image]
+        + qemu_args(case),
+        check=True,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+    ).stdout
+    (output / "reference-tables.bin").write_bytes(reference)
+    subprocess.run(
+        [
+            rust_dump,
+            str(case.nics),
+            str(case.cpus),
+            case.version,
+            str(case.gpus),
+            str(case.switches),
+            str(int(case.hugepages)),
+            str(int(case.root_verity)),
+            str(int(case.hotplug_off)),
+            str(int(case.smm)),
+            str(case.pci_hole64_size),
+            str(case.memory_mib * 1024 * 1024),
+            str(case.volumes),
+            str(int(case.pic)),
+        ],
+        check=True,
+        env={**env, "QEMU_ACPI_OUTPUT_DIR": str(output)},
+    )
+    expected = reference_blobs(reference)
+    actual = tuple(
+        (output / name).read_bytes()
+        for name in ["tables.bin", "loader.bin", "rsdp.bin"]
+    )
+    for name, blob in zip(["tables", "loader", "rsdp"], expected):
+        (output / f"reference-{name}.bin").write_bytes(blob)
+    for name, wanted, got in zip(["tables", "loader", "rsdp"], expected, actual):
+        if wanted != got:
+            at = first_difference(wanted, got)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"{name} differs at byte {at}: expected {wanted[at : at + 16].hex(' ')}, got {got[at : at + 16].hex(' ')}"
+            )
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--image", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--rust-dump", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=lambda value: int(value, 0), default=0x1053)
+    parser.add_argument("--cases", type=int, default=32)
+    parser.add_argument("--failure-dir", type=Path)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    rng = random.Random(args.seed)
+    cases = fixed_cases() + [random_case(rng) for _ in range(args.cases)]
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="qemu-acpi-diff-") as directory:
+        output = Path(directory)
+        for index, case in enumerate(cases):
+            try:
+                run_case(case, args.image, args.rust_dump, output)
+            except Exception as error:
+                print(
+                    f"FAIL seed={args.seed:#x} case={index} config={case}",
+                    file=sys.stderr,
+                )
+                if args.failure_dir:
+                    if args.failure_dir.exists():
+                        shutil.rmtree(args.failure_dir)
+                    shutil.copytree(output, args.failure_dir)
+                    (args.failure_dir / "case.txt").write_text(
+                        f"seed={args.seed:#x}\nindex={index}\nconfig={case}\nerror={error}\n"
+                    )
+                raise
+            print(f"PASS {index + 1}/{len(cases)} {case}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-upstream.sh b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-upstream.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1a6773f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/differential-upstream.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+if (($# != 2)); then
+    echo "usage: $0 QEMU_SYSTEM_X86_64 QEMU_VERSION" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+qemu=$(realpath "$1")
+version=$2
+if [[ ! -x "$qemu" || ! "$version" =~ ^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    echo "invalid QEMU binary or semantic version" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+crate_dir=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+workspace=$(cd -- "$crate_dir/../.." && pwd)
+tmp=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/qemu-acpi-upstream.XXXXXX")
+trap 'rm -rf -- "$tmp"' EXIT
+(cd "$workspace" && cargo build -p qemu-acpi --example dump)
+rust_dump="$workspace/target/debug/examples/dump"
+
+for topology in normal numa numa-pxb; do
+    hugepages=0
+    gpus=0
+    case "$topology" in
+        normal) ;;
+        numa) hugepages=1 ;;
+        numa-pxb) hugepages=1; gpus=8 ;;
+    esac
+    output="$tmp/$topology"
+    mkdir "$output"
+    args=(
+        -cpu qemu64 -smp 8 -m 2048M -nographic -nodefaults -serial stdio
+        -drive "file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=hd1,format=raw,readonly=on"
+        -device "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd1"
+        -netdev "socket,id=net0,listen=:0" -device "virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0"
+        -netdev "socket,id=net1,listen=:0" -device "virtio-net-pci,netdev=net1"
+        -object "tdx-guest,id=tdx" -device "vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid=3"
+        -virtfs "local,path=/bin,mount_tag=host-shared,readonly=on,security_model=none,id=virtfs0"
+        -drive "file=/bin/sh,if=none,id=hd0,format=raw,readonly=on"
+        -device "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0"
+    )
+    machine=q35,kernel-irqchip=split,confidential-guest-support=tdx,hpet=off,smm=off,pic=off
+    if ((hugepages)); then
+        args+=(
+            -numa "node,nodeid=0,cpus=0-7,memdev=mem0"
+            -object "memory-backend-ram,id=mem0,size=2048M"
+        )
+    fi
+    if ((gpus)); then
+        args+=(-device "pxb-pcie,id=pcie.node0,bus=pcie.0,addr=10,numa_node=0,bus_nr=5")
+        for ((index = 0; index < gpus; index++)); do
+            # The endpoint does not emit AML. pci-testdev avoids requiring real
+            # VFIO hardware while preserving QEMU's root-port topology.
+            args+=(
+                -device "pcie-root-port,id=pci.$index,bus=pcie.node0,chassis=$index"
+                -device "pci-testdev,bus=pci.$index"
+            )
+        done
+    fi
+    QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR="$output" "$qemu" "${args[@]}" -machine "$machine"
+    "$rust_dump" 2 8 "$version" "$gpus" 0 "$hugepages"
+    cmp "$output/tables.bin" /tmp/rust.bin
+    cmp "$output/loader.bin" /tmp/rust-loader.bin
+    cmp "$output/rsdp.bin" /tmp/rust-rsdp.bin
+    printf '%-8s %-8s tables+loader+rsdp match\n' "$version" "$topology"
+done
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-dump-all-blobs.patch b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-dump-all-blobs.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a14e58a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-dump-all-blobs.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+From: dstack ACPI differential harness
+Subject: [TEST ONLY] dump all measured ACPI fw_cfg blobs
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+This instrumentation does not alter ACPI construction.  When
+QEMU_ACPI_DUMP_DIR is set, it writes the three measured blobs and exits.
+Without that variable, the existing DUMP_ACPI_TABLES behavior is unchanged.
+
+--- a/hw/i386/acpi-build.c
++++ b/hw/i386/acpi-build.c
+@@ -2775,6 +2775,31 @@ void acpi_setup(void)
+
+ #ifdef DUMP_ACPI_TABLES
+     {
++        const char *dump_dir = getenv("QEMU_ACPI_DUMP_DIR");
++        if (dump_dir) {
++            struct {
++                const char *name;
++                GArray *blob;
++            } outputs[] = {
++                { "tables.bin", tables.table_data },
++                { "loader.bin", tables.linker->cmd_blob },
++                { "rsdp.bin", tables.rsdp },
++            };
++
++            for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(outputs); i++) {
++                g_autofree char *path = g_build_filename(dump_dir,
++                                                         outputs[i].name,
++                                                         NULL);
++                g_autoptr(GError) error = NULL;
++                if (!g_file_set_contents(path, outputs[i].blob->data,
++                                         outputs[i].blob->len, &error)) {
++                    error_report("failed to dump %s: %s", path,
++                                 error->message);
++                    exit(1);
++                }
++            }
++            exit(0);
++        }
+         uint8_t *ptr = (uint8_t *)tables.table_data->data;
+         uint64_t size = tables.table_data->len;
+         int flags = fcntl(1, F_GETFL);
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-upstream-dump.patch b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-upstream-dump.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd02817ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/scripts/qemu-upstream-dump.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+Test-only upstream QEMU instrumentation used to compare the production helper
+ABI. QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR normalizes the same dynamic platform values as the
+production DUMP_ACPI_TABLES patch, bypasses TDX/KVM realization requirements,
+dumps all three measured fw_cfg blobs, and exits. It does not change the ACPI
+builders or version-compatibility logic being tested.
+
+diff --git a/hw/i386/acpi-build.c b/hw/i386/acpi-build.c
+index 9446a9f862..be1a01dbc2 100644
+--- a/hw/i386/acpi-build.c
++++ b/hw/i386/acpi-build.c
+@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ static void init_common_fadt_data(MachineState *ms, Object *o,
+      */
+     bool smm_enabled = object_property_get_bool(o, "smm-compat", NULL) ?
+         true : x86_machine_is_smm_enabled(x86ms);
+-    uint32_t io = object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_PM_IO_BASE, NULL);
++    uint32_t io = getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR") ? 0x600 :
++        object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_PM_IO_BASE, NULL);
+     AmlAddressSpace as = AML_AS_SYSTEM_IO;
+     AcpiFadtData fadt = {
+         .rev = 3,
+@@ -164,7 +165,8 @@ static void init_common_fadt_data(MachineState *ms, Object *o,
+         .plvl2_lat = 0xfff /* C2 state not supported */,
+         .plvl3_lat = 0xfff /* C3 state not supported */,
+         .smi_cmd = smm_enabled ? ACPI_PORT_SMI_CMD : 0,
+-        .sci_int = object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_SCI_INT, NULL),
++        .sci_int = getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR") ? 9 :
++            object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_SCI_INT, NULL),
+         .acpi_enable_cmd =
+             smm_enabled ?
+             object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_ACPI_ENABLE_CMD, NULL) :
+@@ -179,7 +181,8 @@ static void init_common_fadt_data(MachineState *ms, Object *o,
+         .pm_tmr = { .space_id = as, .bit_width = 4 * 8, .address = io + 0x08 },
+         .gpe0_blk = { .space_id = as, .bit_width =
+             object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_GPE0_BLK_LEN, NULL) * 8,
+-            .address = object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_GPE0_BLK, NULL)
++            .address = getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR") ? io + 0x20 :
++                object_property_get_uint(o, ACPI_PM_PROP_GPE0_BLK, NULL)
+         },
+     };
+
+@@ -295,6 +298,16 @@ static void acpi_get_pci_holes(Range *hole, Range *hole64)
+         return;
+     }
+
++    if (getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR")) {
++        X86MachineState *x86ms = X86_MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
++        uint64_t hole64_size = object_property_get_uint(
++            pci_host, PCI_HOST_PROP_PCI_HOLE64_SIZE, NULL);
++        range_set_bounds1(hole, x86ms->below_4g_mem_size, 0xfec00000);
++        range_set_bounds1(hole64, 0x380000000000ULL,
++                          0x380000000000ULL + hole64_size);
++        return;
++    }
++
+     range_set_bounds1(hole,
+                       object_property_get_uint(pci_host,
+                                                PCI_HOST_PROP_PCI_HOLE_START,
+@@ -1895,6 +1908,12 @@ struct AcpiBuildState {
+ static bool acpi_get_mcfg(AcpiMcfgInfo *mcfg)
+ {
+     Object *pci_host;
++
++    if (getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR")) {
++        mcfg->base = 0xe0000000;
++        mcfg->size = 0x10000000;
++        return true;
++    }
+     QObject *o;
+
+     pci_host = acpi_get_i386_pci_host();
+@@ -2204,6 +2223,34 @@ void acpi_setup(void)
+     acpi_build_tables_init(&tables);
+     acpi_build(&tables, MACHINE(pcms));
+
++    {
++        const char *dump_dir = getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR");
++        struct {
++            const char *name;
++            GArray *blob;
++        } outputs[] = {
++            { "tables.bin", tables.table_data },
++            { "loader.bin", tables.linker->cmd_blob },
++            { "rsdp.bin", tables.rsdp },
++        };
++
++        if (dump_dir) {
++            for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(outputs); i++) {
++                g_autofree char *path = g_build_filename(
++                    dump_dir, outputs[i].name, NULL);
++                g_autoptr(GError) error = NULL;
++
++                if (!g_file_set_contents(path, outputs[i].blob->data,
++                                         outputs[i].blob->len, &error)) {
++                    error_report("failed to dump %s: %s", path,
++                                 error->message);
++                    exit(1);
++                }
++            }
++            exit(0);
++        }
++    }
++
+     /* Now expose it all to Guest */
+     build_state->table_mr = acpi_add_rom_blob(acpi_build_update,
+                                               build_state, tables.table_data,
+diff --git a/target/i386/kvm/tdx.c b/target/i386/kvm/tdx.c
+index 7dcf5b4e4e..f2f17f7dcb 100644
+--- a/target/i386/kvm/tdx.c
++++ b/target/i386/kvm/tdx.c
+@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ static void tdx_cpu_instance_init(X86ConfidentialGuest *cg, CPUState *cpu)
+     X86CPUClass *xcc = X86_CPU_GET_CLASS(cpu);
+     X86CPU *x86cpu = X86_CPU(cpu);
+
+-    if (xcc->model) {
++    if (xcc->model && !getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR")) {
+         error_report("Named cpu model is not supported for TDX yet!");
+         exit(1);
+     }
+@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ static void tdx_guest_init(Object *obj)
+
+     qemu_mutex_init(&tdx->lock);
+
+-    cgs->require_guest_memfd = true;
++    cgs->require_guest_memfd = getenv("QEMU_DUMP_ACPI_DIR") == NULL;
+     tdx->attributes = TDX_TD_ATTRIBUTES_SEPT_VE_DISABLE;
+
+     object_property_add_uint64_ptr(obj, "attributes", &tdx->attributes,
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/aml_encode.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/aml_encode.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a34efdf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/aml_encode.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+use crate::Error;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+extern crate alloc;
+fn encode_pkg_length(value: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    if value < 0x40 {
+        return Ok(vec![value as u8]);
+    }
+    let follow = if value < 0x1000 {
+        1
+    } else if value < 0x100000 {
+        2
+    } else if value < 0x10000000 {
+        3
+    } else {
+        return Err(Error::MalformedTables("AML package exceeds 256 MiB".into()));
+    };
+    let mut out = vec![((follow << 6) as u8) | (value as u8 & 0x0f)];
+    for index in 0..follow {
+        out.push((value >> (4 + index * 8)) as u8);
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+pub(crate) fn integer(value: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    match value {
+        0 => vec![0],
+        1 => vec![1],
+        2..=0xff => vec![0x0a, value as u8],
+        0x100..=0xffff => {
+            let mut out = vec![0x0b];
+            out.extend_from_slice(&(value as u16).to_le_bytes());
+            out
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let mut out = vec![0x0c];
+            out.extend_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+            out
+        }
+    }
+}
+pub(crate) fn package(opcode: &[u8], body: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut total = body
+        .len()
+        .checked_add(1)
+        .ok_or_else(|| Error::MalformedTables("AML package size overflow".into()))?;
+    loop {
+        let length = encode_pkg_length(total)?;
+        let adjusted = body
+            .len()
+            .checked_add(length.len())
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::MalformedTables("AML package size overflow".into()))?;
+        if adjusted == total {
+            let capacity = opcode
+                .len()
+                .checked_add(total)
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::MalformedTables("AML package size overflow".into()))?;
+            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
+            out.extend_from_slice(opcode);
+            out.extend_from_slice(&length);
+            out.extend_from_slice(body);
+            return Ok(out);
+        }
+        total = adjusted;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/cpu.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/cpu.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3adad2ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/cpu.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::aml_encode::{integer, package};
+use crate::Error;
+
+fn hex_digit(value: u32) -> u8 {
+    match value & 0xf {
+        0..=9 => b'0' + (value & 0xf) as u8,
+        _ => b'A' + ((value & 0xf) as u8 - 10),
+    }
+}
+fn name(index: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
+    [
+        b'C',
+        hex_digit(index >> 8),
+        hex_digit(index >> 4),
+        hex_digit(index),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn method(method_name: &[u8; 4], flags: u8, terms: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut body = Vec::with_capacity(5 + terms.len());
+    body.extend_from_slice(method_name);
+    body.push(flags);
+    body.extend_from_slice(terms);
+    package(&[0x14], &body)
+}
+
+fn status(index: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut terms = vec![0xa4]; // Return
+    terms.extend_from_slice(b"CSTA");
+    terms.extend_from_slice(&integer(index));
+    method(b"_STA", 0x08, &terms)
+}
+
+fn mat(index: u32, x2apic: bool) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut entry = Vec::new();
+    if x2apic {
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&[9, 16, 0, 0]);
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&index.to_le_bytes());
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&index.to_le_bytes());
+    } else {
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&[0, 8, index as u8, index as u8]);
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    let mut buffer = integer(entry.len() as u32);
+    buffer.extend_from_slice(&entry);
+    let buffer = package(&[0x11], &buffer)?;
+    let mut out = vec![0x08];
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"_MAT");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&buffer);
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn eject(index: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut call = b"CEJ0".to_vec();
+    call.extend_from_slice(&integer(index));
+    method(b"_EJ0", 1, &call)
+}
+
+fn ost(index: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut call = b"COST".to_vec();
+    call.extend_from_slice(&integer(index));
+    call.extend_from_slice(&[0x68, 0x69, 0x6a]);
+    method(b"_OST", 0x0b, &call)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn object(index: u32, numa: bool) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let x2apic = index >= 255;
+    let mut body = Vec::new();
+    body.extend_from_slice(&name(index));
+    if x2apic {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&[0x08]);
+        body.extend_from_slice(b"_HID");
+        body.extend_from_slice(&[0x0d]);
+        body.extend_from_slice(b"ACPI0007\0");
+        body.extend_from_slice(&[0x08]);
+        body.extend_from_slice(b"_UID");
+        body.extend_from_slice(&integer(index));
+    } else {
+        body.push(index as u8); // ProcID
+        body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // PblkAddr
+        body.push(0); // PblkLen
+    }
+    body.extend_from_slice(&status(index)?);
+    body.extend_from_slice(&mat(index, x2apic)?);
+    if index != 0 {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&eject(index)?);
+    }
+    body.extend_from_slice(&ost(index)?);
+    if numa {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&[0x08, b'_', b'P', b'X', b'M', 0x00]);
+    }
+    package(if x2apic { &[0x5b, 0x82] } else { &[0x5b, 0x83] }, &body)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_processor_matches_qemu() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let Ok(expected) = hex::decode("5b83450443303031010000000000140c5f53544108a44353544101085f4d4154110b0a080008010101000000140b5f454a300143454a3001140e5f4f53540b434f53540168696a") else { panic!("valid test vector") };
+        assert_eq!(object(1, false)?, expected);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multi_byte_integer_processor_matches_qemu() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let Ok(expected) = hex::decode("5b83480443303032020000000000140d5f53544108a4435354410a02085f4d4154110b0a080008020201000000140c5f454a300143454a300a02140f5f4f53540b434f53540a0268696a") else { panic!("valid test vector") };
+        assert_eq!(object(2, false)?, expected);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/cpus.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/cpus.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..730326e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/cpus.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! CPU hotplug scaffolding: the `PRES` register window and the `CPUS`
+//! container with one processor object per possible CPU.
+//!
+//! This is QEMU's `build_cpus_aml()` (`hw/acpi/cpu.c`). The two devices are
+//! emitted bare here; the caller wraps them in `Scope (_SB)`.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Device (\_SB.PCI0.PRES) {
+//!     Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0A06"))
+//!     Name (_UID, "CPU Hotplug resources")
+//!     Mutex (CPLK, 0x00)
+//!     Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!         IO (Decode16, 0x0CD8, 0x0CD8, 0x01, 0x0C)
+//!     })
+//!     OperationRegion (PRST, SystemIO, 0x0CD8, 0x0C)
+//!     Field (PRST, ByteAcc, NoLock, WriteAsZeros) {
+//!         Offset (0x04), CPEN, 1, CINS, 1, CRMV, 1, CEJ0, 1, CEJF, 1,
+//!         Offset (0x05), CCMD, 8
+//!     }
+//!     Field (PRST, DWordAcc, NoLock, Preserve) {
+//!         CSEL, 32, Offset (0x08), CDAT, 32
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! Device (\_SB.CPUS) {
+//!     Name (_HID, "ACPI0010")
+//!     Name (_CID, EisaId ("PNP0A05"))
+//!     Method (CTFY, 2, NotSerialized) {
+//!         If ((Arg0 == Zero)) { Notify (C000, Arg1) }
+//!     }
+//!     Method (CSTA, 1, Serialized) {
+//!         Acquire (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK, 0xFFFF)
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CSEL = Arg0
+//!         Local0 = Zero
+//!         If ((\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPEN == One)) { Local0 = 0x0F }
+//!         Release (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK)
+//!         Return (Local0)
+//!     }
+//!     Method (CEJ0, 1, Serialized) {
+//!         Acquire (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK, 0xFFFF)
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CSEL = Arg0
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CEJ0 = One
+//!         Release (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK)
+//!     }
+//!     Method (CSCN, 0, Serialized) {
+//!         Acquire (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK, 0xFFFF)
+//!         Name (CNEW, Package (0xFF) {})
+//!         Name (CEJL, Package (0xFF) {})
+//!         Local3 = Zero
+//!         Local4 = One
+//!         While ((Local4 == One)) {
+//!             Local4 = Zero
+//!             Local0 = One
+//!             Local1 = Zero
+//!             Local5 = Zero
+//!             While (((Local0 == One) && (Local3 < One))) {
+//!                 Local0 = Zero
+//!                 \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CSEL = Local3
+//!                 \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CCMD = Zero
+//!                 If ((\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CDAT < Local3)) { Break }
+//!                 If (((Local1 == 0xFF) || (Local5 == 0xFF))) {
+//!                     Local4 = One
+//!                     Break
+//!                 }
+//!                 Local3 = \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CDAT
+//!                 If ((\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CINS == One)) {
+//!                     CNEW [Local1] = Local3
+//!                     Local1++
+//!                     Local0 = One
+//!                 }
+//!                 If ((\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CRMV == One)) {
+//!                     CEJL [Local5] = Local3
+//!                     Local5++
+//!                     Local0 = One
+//!                 }
+//!                 Local3++
+//!             }
+//!             Local2 = Zero
+//!             While ((Local2 < Local1)) {
+//!                 Local3 = DerefOf (CNEW [Local2])
+//!                 CTFY (Local3, One)
+//!                 Debug = Local3
+//!                 \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CSEL = Local3
+//!                 \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CINS = One
+//!                 Local2++
+//!             }
+//!             Local2 = Zero
+//!             While ((Local2 < Local5)) {
+//!                 Local3 = DerefOf (CEJL [Local2])
+//!                 CTFY (Local3, 0x03)
+//!                 \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CSEL = Local3
+//!                 \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CRMV = One
+//!                 Local2++
+//!             }
+//!         }
+//!         Release (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK)
+//!     }
+//!     Method (COST, 4, Serialized) {
+//!         Acquire (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK, 0xFFFF)
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CSEL = Arg0
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CCMD = One
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CDAT = Arg1
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CCMD = 0x02
+//!         \_SB.PCI0.PRES.CDAT = Arg2
+//!         Release (\_SB.PCI0.PRES.CPLK)
+//!     }
+//!     Processor (C000, 0x00, 0x00000000, 0x00) {
+//!         Method (_STA, 0, Serialized) { Return (CSTA (Zero)) }
+//!         Name (_MAT, Buffer (0x08) { 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 })
+//!         Method (_OST, 3, Serialized) { COST (Zero, Arg0, Arg1, Arg2) }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    Acquire, Arg, DeRefOf, Device, EISAName, Else, Equal, Field, FieldAccessType, FieldEntry,
+    FieldLockRule, FieldUpdateRule, If, Index, LessThan, Local, Method, MethodCall, Mutex, Name,
+    Notify, One, OpRegion, OpRegionSpace, Path, Release, ResourceTemplate, Return, Store, While,
+    Zero, IO,
+};
+use acpi_tables::{Aml, AmlSink};
+
+use super::ops::{emit, pkg_length, Increment, Raw};
+use crate::Error;
+
+/// Base of the CPU hotplug register block (`ACPI_CPU_HOTPLUG_BASE`) and its
+/// length (`ACPI_CPU_HOTPLUG_REG_LEN`).
+const HOTPLUG_BASE: u16 = 0x0cd8;
+const HOTPLUG_LEN: u8 = 12;
+
+/// Largest number of CPUs one scan pass can collect: the ACPI 1.0 `Package`
+/// the scan method uses to cache them holds at most 255 elements.
+const MAX_CPUS_PER_PASS: u8 = 255;
+
+/// `CPHP_GET_NEXT_CPU_WITH_EVENT_CMD`, `CPHP_OST_EVENT_CMD`,
+/// `CPHP_OST_STATUS_CMD`: the values written to the command register.
+const CMD_GET_NEXT_CPU: u8 = 0;
+const CMD_OST_EVENT: u8 = 1;
+const CMD_OST_STATUS: u8 = 2;
+
+/// `Notify()` reason codes: device check (a CPU appeared) and eject request.
+const DEVICE_CHECK: u8 = 1;
+const EJECT_REQUEST: u8 = 3;
+
+/// Device holding the hotplug registers. Every field below is addressed
+/// through its full path, because the methods that use them live in a
+/// sibling device.
+const RES: &str = "\\_SB_.PCI0.PRES";
+
+/// Path of one register field inside the hotplug resource device.
+fn res(field: &str) -> Path {
+    Path::new(&format!("{RES}.{field}"))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build(
+    cpu_count: u32,
+    numa: bool,
+    initialize_selector: bool,
+    queued_eject: bool,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let mut out = resource_device(initialize_selector);
+    out.extend(cpus_device(cpu_count, numa, queued_eject)?);
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// `Device (\_SB.PCI0.PRES)`: the I/O window plus the fields overlaid on it.
+fn resource_device(initialize_selector: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &EISAName::new("PNP0A06"));
+    let uid = Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &"CPU Hotplug resources");
+    let lock = Mutex::new(Path::new("CPLK"), 0);
+
+    let io = IO::new(HOTPLUG_BASE, HOTPLUG_BASE, 1, HOTPLUG_LEN);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&io]));
+
+    let region = OpRegion::new(
+        Path::new("PRST"),
+        OpRegionSpace::SystemIO,
+        &HOTPLUG_BASE,
+        &HOTPLUG_LEN,
+    );
+
+    // Flag bits, byte-accessed: one bit each for enabled, insert event,
+    // remove event, eject request and firmware-eject request, then the
+    // command register.
+    let flags = Field::new(
+        Path::new("PRST"),
+        FieldAccessType::Byte,
+        FieldLockRule::NoLock,
+        FieldUpdateRule::WriteAsZeroes,
+        vec![
+            FieldEntry::Reserved(4 * 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CPEN", 1),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CINS", 1),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CRMV", 1),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CEJ0", 1),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CEJF", 1),
+            FieldEntry::Reserved(3),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CCMD", 8),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    // The same window seen as two dwords: the CPU selector and the data
+    // register, with the flag/command bytes skipped.
+    let words = Field::new(
+        Path::new("PRST"),
+        FieldAccessType::DWord,
+        FieldLockRule::NoLock,
+        FieldUpdateRule::Preserve,
+        vec![
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CSEL", 32),
+            FieldEntry::Reserved(4 * 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"CDAT", 32),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let selector = Path::new("CSEL");
+    let initialize = Store::new(&selector, &Zero {});
+    let initialize = Method::new(Path::new("_INI"), 0, true, vec![&initialize]);
+    let initialize = initialize_selector.then(|| emit(&initialize));
+    let initialize = Raw(match initialize.as_deref() {
+        Some(bytes) => bytes,
+        None => &[],
+    });
+
+    emit(&Device::new(
+        Path::new(RES),
+        vec![
+            &hid as &dyn Aml,
+            &uid,
+            &lock,
+            &crs,
+            &region,
+            &flags,
+            &words,
+            &initialize,
+        ],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Device (\_SB.CPUS)`: the control methods plus one object per CPU.
+fn cpus_device(cpu_count: u32, numa: bool, queued_eject: bool) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &"ACPI0010");
+    let cid = Name::new(Path::new("_CID"), &EISAName::new("PNP0A05"));
+
+    let notify = notify_method(cpu_count);
+    let status = status_method();
+    let eject = eject_method();
+    let scan = scan_method(cpu_count, queued_eject);
+    let ost = ost_method();
+
+    let mut processors = Vec::new();
+    for index in 0..cpu_count {
+        processors.extend(crate::cpu::object(index, numa)?);
+    }
+
+    let methods = [notify, status, eject, scan, ost].concat();
+    let (methods, processors) = (Raw(&methods), Raw(&processors));
+    Ok(emit(&Device::new(
+        Path::new("\\_SB_.CPUS"),
+        vec![&hid as &dyn Aml, &cid, &methods, &processors],
+    )))
+}
+
+/// `Method (CTFY, 2)`: dispatch a notification to the named CPU object,
+/// since `Notify` needs a literal name rather than a computed one.
+fn notify_method(cpu_count: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut cases = Vec::new();
+    for index in 0..cpu_count {
+        let selected = Equal::new(&Arg(0), &index);
+        let cpu = Path::new(&cpu_name(index));
+        let notify = Notify::new(&cpu, &Arg(1));
+        cases.extend(emit(&If::new(&selected, vec![&notify])));
+    }
+    let cases = Raw(&cases);
+    emit(&Method::new(Path::new("CTFY"), 2, false, vec![&cases]))
+}
+
+/// `Method (CSTA, 1)`: report whether the selected CPU is enabled.
+fn status_method() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let status = Local(0);
+    let csel = res("CSEL");
+    let cpen = res("CPEN");
+    let acquire = Acquire::new(res("CPLK"), 0xffff);
+    let select = Store::new(&csel, &Arg(0));
+    let clear = Store::new(&status, &Zero {});
+    let enabled = Equal::new(&cpen, &One {});
+    let present = Store::new(&status, &0x0fu8);
+    let check = If::new(&enabled, vec![&present]);
+    let release = Release::new(res("CPLK"));
+    let result = Return::new(&status);
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("CSTA"),
+        1,
+        true,
+        vec![&acquire, &select, &clear, &check, &release, &result],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Method (CEJ0, 1)`: ask the hotplug controller to eject the selected CPU.
+fn eject_method() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let csel = res("CSEL");
+    let cej0 = res("CEJ0");
+    let acquire = Acquire::new(res("CPLK"), 0xffff);
+    let select = Store::new(&csel, &Arg(0));
+    let eject = Store::new(&cej0, &One {});
+    let release = Release::new(res("CPLK"));
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("CEJ0"),
+        1,
+        true,
+        vec![&acquire, &select, &eject, &release],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Method (CSCN)`: walk the CPUs with pending events, in batches of at most
+/// `MAX_CPUS_PER_PASS`, notifying OSPM about each insert and each eject.
+fn scan_method(cpu_count: u32, queued_eject: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (csel, ccmd, cdat) = (res("CSEL"), res("CCMD"), res("CDAT"));
+    let (cins, crmv) = (res("CINS"), res("CRMV"));
+    let (added_list, eject_list) = (Path::new("CNEW"), Path::new("CEJL"));
+
+    let has_event = Local(0);
+    let num_added = Local(1);
+    let cpu_idx = Local(2);
+    let uid = Local(3);
+    let has_job = Local(4);
+    let num_eject = Local(5);
+
+    let acquire = Acquire::new(res("CPLK"), 0xffff);
+    // Named packages, not locals: old Windows cannot hold a package in a
+    // local, and its packages are capped at 255 elements.
+    let declare_added = Name::new(Path::new("CNEW"), &FixedPackage(MAX_CPUS_PER_PASS));
+    let declare_eject_term = Name::new(Path::new("CEJL"), &FixedPackage(MAX_CPUS_PER_PASS));
+    let declare_eject_bytes = queued_eject.then(|| emit(&declare_eject_term));
+    let declare_eject = Raw(match declare_eject_bytes.as_deref() {
+        Some(bytes) => bytes,
+        None => &[],
+    });
+    let first_uid = Store::new(&uid, &Zero {});
+    let arm_job = Store::new(&has_job, &One {});
+
+    // Inner loop: collect CPUs with events until the batch is full, the scan
+    // wraps around, or every CPU has been looked at.
+    let clear_event = Store::new(&has_event, &Zero {});
+    let select = Store::new(&csel, &uid);
+    let next_cpu = Store::new(&ccmd, &CMD_GET_NEXT_CPU);
+    let wrapped = LessThan::new(&cdat, &uid);
+    let wrap_exit = If::new(&wrapped, vec![&Break]);
+    let added_full = Equal::new(&num_added, &MAX_CPUS_PER_PASS);
+    let eject_full = Equal::new(&num_eject, &MAX_CPUS_PER_PASS);
+    let both_full = LOr::new(&added_full, &eject_full);
+    let batch_full_bytes = if queued_eject {
+        emit(&both_full)
+    } else {
+        emit(&added_full)
+    };
+    let batch_full = Raw(&batch_full_bytes);
+    let resume_later = Store::new(&has_job, &One {});
+    let batch_exit = If::new(&batch_full, vec![&resume_later, &Break]);
+    let load_uid = Store::new(&uid, &cdat);
+
+    let mark_event = Store::new(&has_event, &One {});
+    let added_slot = Index::new(&Zero {}, &added_list, &num_added);
+    let cache_added = Store::new(&added_slot, &uid);
+    let count_added = Increment::new(&num_added);
+    let inserted = Equal::new(&cins, &One {});
+    let on_insert = If::new(&inserted, vec![&cache_added, &count_added, &mark_event]);
+
+    let eject_slot = Index::new(&Zero {}, &eject_list, &num_eject);
+    let cache_eject = Store::new(&eject_slot, &uid);
+    let count_eject = Increment::new(&num_eject);
+    let removed = Equal::new(&crmv, &One {});
+    let queued_remove = If::new(&removed, vec![&cache_eject, &count_eject, &mark_event]);
+    let notify_removed = MethodCall::new(Path::new("CTFY"), vec![&uid, &EJECT_REQUEST]);
+    let clear_removed = Store::new(&crmv, &One {});
+    let immediate_remove = If::new(&removed, vec![&notify_removed, &clear_removed, &mark_event]);
+    let immediate_remove = Else::new(vec![&immediate_remove]);
+    let on_remove_bytes = if queued_eject {
+        emit(&queued_remove)
+    } else {
+        emit(&immediate_remove)
+    };
+    let on_remove = Raw(&on_remove_bytes);
+
+    let next_uid = Increment::new(&uid);
+    let pending = Equal::new(&has_event, &One {});
+    let in_range = LessThan::new(&uid, &cpu_count);
+    let scanning = LAnd::new(&pending, &in_range);
+    let scan_loop = While::new(
+        &scanning,
+        vec![
+            &clear_event,
+            &select,
+            &next_cpu,
+            &wrap_exit,
+            &batch_exit,
+            &load_uid,
+            &on_insert,
+            &on_remove,
+            &next_uid,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    // Notify OSPM about the collected CPUs and clear the events that got
+    // them onto the lists.
+    let first_idx = Store::new(&cpu_idx, &Zero {});
+    let next_idx = Increment::new(&cpu_idx);
+
+    let zero = Zero {};
+    let added_slot_by_idx = Index::new(&zero, &added_list, &cpu_idx);
+    let added_elem = DeRefOf::new(&added_slot_by_idx);
+    let take_added = Store::new(&uid, &added_elem);
+    let notify_added = MethodCall::new(Path::new("CTFY"), vec![&uid, &DEVICE_CHECK]);
+    let trace = Store::new(&Debug, &uid);
+    let select_added = Store::new(&csel, &uid);
+    let clear_insert = Store::new(&cins, &One {});
+    let more_added = LessThan::new(&cpu_idx, &num_added);
+    let added_loop = While::new(
+        &more_added,
+        vec![
+            &take_added,
+            &notify_added,
+            &trace,
+            &select_added,
+            &clear_insert,
+            &next_idx,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let eject_slot_by_idx = Index::new(&zero, &eject_list, &cpu_idx);
+    let eject_elem = DeRefOf::new(&eject_slot_by_idx);
+    let take_eject = Store::new(&uid, &eject_elem);
+    let notify_eject = MethodCall::new(Path::new("CTFY"), vec![&uid, &EJECT_REQUEST]);
+    let select_eject = Store::new(&csel, &uid);
+    let clear_remove = Store::new(&crmv, &One {});
+    let more_eject = LessThan::new(&cpu_idx, &num_eject);
+    let eject_loop_term = While::new(
+        &more_eject,
+        vec![
+            &take_eject,
+            &notify_eject,
+            &select_eject,
+            &clear_remove,
+            &next_idx,
+        ],
+    );
+    let eject_loop_bytes = queued_eject.then(|| emit(&eject_loop_term));
+    let eject_loop = Raw(match eject_loop_bytes.as_deref() {
+        Some(bytes) => bytes,
+        None => &[],
+    });
+    let reset_eject_index_bytes = queued_eject.then(|| emit(&first_idx));
+    let reset_eject_index = Raw(match reset_eject_index_bytes.as_deref() {
+        Some(bytes) => bytes,
+        None => &[],
+    });
+
+    let clear_job = Store::new(&has_job, &Zero {});
+    let arm_event = Store::new(&has_event, &One {});
+    let reset_added = Store::new(&num_added, &Zero {});
+    let reset_eject_term = Store::new(&num_eject, &Zero {});
+    let reset_eject_bytes = queued_eject.then(|| emit(&reset_eject_term));
+    let reset_eject = Raw(match reset_eject_bytes.as_deref() {
+        Some(bytes) => bytes,
+        None => &[],
+    });
+    let batching = Equal::new(&has_job, &One {});
+    let batch_loop = While::new(
+        &batching,
+        vec![
+            &clear_job,
+            &arm_event,
+            &reset_added,
+            &reset_eject,
+            &scan_loop,
+            &first_idx,
+            &added_loop,
+            &reset_eject_index,
+            &eject_loop,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let release = Release::new(res("CPLK"));
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("CSCN"),
+        0,
+        true,
+        vec![
+            &acquire,
+            &declare_added,
+            &declare_eject,
+            &first_uid,
+            &arm_job,
+            &batch_loop,
+            &release,
+        ],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Method (COST, 4)`: hand an `_OST` status report to the controller.
+fn ost_method() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (csel, ccmd, cdat) = (res("CSEL"), res("CCMD"), res("CDAT"));
+    let acquire = Acquire::new(res("CPLK"), 0xffff);
+    let select = Store::new(&csel, &Arg(0));
+    let event_cmd = Store::new(&ccmd, &CMD_OST_EVENT);
+    let event = Store::new(&cdat, &Arg(1));
+    let status_cmd = Store::new(&ccmd, &CMD_OST_STATUS);
+    let status = Store::new(&cdat, &Arg(2));
+    let release = Release::new(res("CPLK"));
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("COST"),
+        4,
+        true,
+        vec![
+            &acquire,
+            &select,
+            &event_cmd,
+            &event,
+            &status_cmd,
+            &status,
+            &release,
+        ],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `CPU_NAME_FMT`: the AML name of a CPU object.
+fn cpu_name(index: u32) -> String {
+    format!("C{index:03X}")
+}
+
+/// `Package (count) {}`: a package that reserves room for `count` elements
+/// but declares none. `PackageBuilder` always derives the count from the
+/// elements added to it, so it cannot express this.
+struct FixedPackage(u8);
+
+impl Aml for FixedPackage {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x12);
+        sink.vec(&pkg_length(1));
+        sink.byte(self.0);
+    }
+}
+
+/// `Break`
+struct Break;
+
+impl Aml for Break {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0xa5);
+    }
+}
+
+/// `Debug`, the store target that forwards to the debug object.
+struct Debug;
+
+impl Aml for Debug {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x5b);
+        sink.byte(0x31);
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! logical_op {
+    ($(#[$doc:meta])* $name:ident, $opcode:expr) => {
+        $(#[$doc])*
+        struct $name<'a> {
+            left: &'a dyn Aml,
+            right: &'a dyn Aml,
+        }
+
+        impl<'a> $name<'a> {
+            fn new(left: &'a dyn Aml, right: &'a dyn Aml) -> Self {
+                Self { left, right }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Aml for $name<'_> {
+            fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+                sink.byte($opcode);
+                self.left.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+                self.right.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+logical_op!(
+    /// `(left && right)`
+    LAnd,
+    0x90
+);
+logical_op!(
+    /// `(left || right)`
+    LOr,
+    0x91
+);
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        let generated =
+            super::build(1, false, false, true).unwrap_or_else(|error| panic!("{error}"));
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&generated, 6299, 7354);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/crs.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/crs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a763c89c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/crs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! The PCI0 root bus resources: the windows the root bridge decodes, plus the
+//! two container devices that reserve the ACPI IO ports out of them.
+//!
+//! The caller wraps this term sequence in `Scope (\_SB.PCI0)`.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!     WordBusNumber (ResourceProducer, MinFixed, MaxFixed, PosDecode,
+//!         0x0000, 0x0000, 0x00FF, 0x0000, 0x0100, ,, )
+//!     IO (Decode16, 0x0CF8, 0x0CF8, 0x01, 0x08, )
+//!     WordIO (ResourceProducer, MinFixed, MaxFixed, PosDecode, EntireRange,
+//!         0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0CF7, 0x0000, 0x0CF8, ,, , TypeStatic, DenseTranslation)
+//!     WordIO (ResourceProducer, MinFixed, MaxFixed, PosDecode, EntireRange,
+//!         0x0000, 0x0D00, 0xFFFF, 0x0000, 0xF300, ,, , TypeStatic, DenseTranslation)
+//!     DWordMemory (ResourceProducer, PosDecode, MinFixed, MaxFixed, Cacheable, ReadWrite,
+//!         0x00000000, 0x000A0000, 0x000BFFFF, 0x00000000, 0x00020000,
+//!         ,, , AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic)
+//!     DWordMemory (ResourceProducer, PosDecode, MinFixed, MaxFixed, NonCacheable, ReadWrite,
+//!         0x00000000, 0x80000000, 0xDFFFFFFF, 0x00000000, 0x60000000,
+//!         ,, , AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic)
+//!     DWordMemory (ResourceProducer, PosDecode, MinFixed, MaxFixed, NonCacheable, ReadWrite,
+//!         0x00000000, 0xF0000000, 0xFEBFFFFF, 0x00000000, 0x0EC00000,
+//!         ,, , AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic)
+//!     QWordMemory (ResourceProducer, PosDecode, MinFixed, MaxFixed, Cacheable, ReadWrite,
+//!         0x0000000000000000, 0x0000380000000000, 0x00003807FFFFFFFF,
+//!         0x0000000000000000, 0x0000000800000000, ,, , AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic)
+//! })
+//! Device (GPE0) {
+//!     Name (_HID, "PNP0A06")
+//!     Name (_UID, "GPE0 resources")
+//!     Name (_STA, 0x0B)
+//!     Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () { IO (Decode16, 0x0620, 0x0620, 0x01, 0x10, ) })
+//! }
+//! Device (PHPR) {
+//!     Name (_HID, "PNP0A06")
+//!     Name (_UID, "PCI Hotplug resources")
+//!     Name (_STA, 0x0B)
+//!     Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () { IO (Decode16, 0x0CC0, 0x0CC0, 0x01, 0x18, ) })
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    AddressSpace, AddressSpaceCacheable, Device, Name, Path, ResourceTemplate, IO,
+};
+use acpi_tables::{Aml, AmlSink};
+
+use super::ops::emit_all;
+
+/// Bus numbers the root bridge claims. Q35 exposes one segment of 256.
+const BUS_MIN: u16 = 0x0000;
+pub(crate) const BUS_MAX: u16 = 0x00ff;
+
+/// The PCI configuration mechanism 1 ports (`CF8`/`CFC`), consumed by the
+/// bridge itself rather than forwarded onto the bus.
+const PCI_CONFIG_IO_BASE: u16 = 0x0cf8;
+const PCI_CONFIG_IO_LEN: u8 = 0x08;
+
+/// Every fixed IO descriptor below is byte aligned.
+const IO_ALIGN: u8 = 0x01;
+
+/// Port IO forwarded to the bus, split around the configuration ports above.
+const IO_LOW_MIN: u16 = 0x0000;
+const IO_LOW_MAX: u16 = 0x0cf7;
+const IO_HIGH_MIN: u16 = 0x0d00;
+const IO_HIGH_MAX: u16 = 0xffff;
+
+/// The legacy VGA framebuffer aperture.
+const VGA_MEM_MIN: u32 = 0x000a_0000;
+const VGA_MEM_MAX: u32 = 0x000b_ffff;
+
+/// The 32-bit PCI hole: RAM below 4G ends where this window starts, so a
+/// larger guest moves `PCI32_MIN` down.
+#[cfg(test)]
+const PCI32_MIN: u32 = 0x8000_0000;
+const PCI32_MAX: u32 = 0xdfff_ffff;
+
+/// The window above PCIe ECAM and below the local APIC page.
+const MMIO32_MIN: u32 = 0xf000_0000;
+const MMIO32_MAX: u32 = 0xfebf_ffff;
+
+/// The 64-bit PCI hole, placed just above the guest's addressable RAM.
+const PCI64_MIN: u64 = 0x0000_3800_0000_0000;
+const PCI64_MAX: u64 = 0x0000_3807_ffff_ffff;
+
+struct Pci64Window {
+    max: u64,
+    length: u64,
+}
+
+impl Aml for Pci64Window {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x8a);
+        sink.word(43);
+        sink.byte(0); // memory range
+        sink.byte(0x0c); // MinFixed | MaxFixed
+        sink.byte(0x03); // cacheable, read/write
+        sink.qword(0); // granularity
+        sink.qword(PCI64_MIN);
+        sink.qword(self.max);
+        sink.qword(0); // translation
+        sink.qword(self.length);
+    }
+}
+
+/// GPE0 block ports, reserved so no PCI device is assigned over them.
+const GPE0_IO_BASE: u16 = 0x0620;
+const GPE0_IO_LEN: u8 = 0x10;
+
+/// PCI hotplug register block ports, reserved for the same reason.
+const PHPR_IO_BASE: u16 = 0x0cc0;
+const PHPR_IO_LEN: u8 = 0x18;
+
+/// `Name (_HID, "PNP0A06")`: both reservations are generic containers.
+const CONTAINER_HID: &str = "PNP0A06";
+/// `Name (_STA, 0x0B)`: present, enabled and functioning, but not shown in UI.
+const STA_HIDDEN: u8 = 0x0b;
+
+/// One IO port reservation device: a container that exists only to take a
+/// fixed port range out of the root bus window.
+fn reservation(name: &str, description: &'static str, base: u16, length: u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &CONTAINER_HID);
+    let uid = Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &description);
+    let sta = Name::new(Path::new("_STA"), &STA_HIDDEN);
+
+    let port = IO::new(base, base, IO_ALIGN, length);
+    let template = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&port]);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &template);
+
+    emit_all(&[&Device::new(Path::new(name), vec![&hid, &uid, &sta, &crs])])
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build(
+    low_ram_end: u32,
+    pci_hole64_size: Option<u64>,
+    pci_hotplug: bool,
+    bus_max: u16,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let buses = AddressSpace::new_bus_number(BUS_MIN, bus_max);
+    let config = IO::new(
+        PCI_CONFIG_IO_BASE,
+        PCI_CONFIG_IO_BASE,
+        IO_ALIGN,
+        PCI_CONFIG_IO_LEN,
+    );
+    let io_low = AddressSpace::new_io(IO_LOW_MIN, IO_LOW_MAX, None);
+    let io_high = AddressSpace::new_io(IO_HIGH_MIN, IO_HIGH_MAX, None);
+    let vga = AddressSpace::new_memory(
+        AddressSpaceCacheable::Cacheable,
+        true,
+        VGA_MEM_MIN,
+        VGA_MEM_MAX,
+        None,
+    );
+    let pci32 = AddressSpace::new_memory(
+        AddressSpaceCacheable::NotCacheable,
+        true,
+        low_ram_end,
+        PCI32_MAX,
+        None,
+    );
+    let mmio32 = AddressSpace::new_memory(
+        AddressSpaceCacheable::NotCacheable,
+        true,
+        MMIO32_MIN,
+        MMIO32_MAX,
+        None,
+    );
+    let pci64_length = pci_hole64_size.unwrap_or(PCI64_MAX - PCI64_MIN + 1);
+    let pci64 = Pci64Window {
+        max: PCI64_MIN.wrapping_add(pci64_length).wrapping_sub(1),
+        length: pci64_length,
+    };
+
+    let template = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![
+        &buses, &config, &io_low, &io_high, &vga, &pci32, &mmio32, &pci64,
+    ]);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &template);
+
+    let mut out = emit_all(&[&crs]);
+    out.extend(reservation(
+        "GPE0",
+        "GPE0 resources",
+        GPE0_IO_BASE,
+        GPE0_IO_LEN,
+    ));
+    if pci_hotplug {
+        out.extend(reservation(
+            "PHPR",
+            "PCI Hotplug resources",
+            PHPR_IO_BASE,
+            PHPR_IO_LEN,
+        ));
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(
+            &super::build(super::PCI32_MIN, None, true, super::BUS_MAX),
+            7395,
+            7732,
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/dbg.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/dbg.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15eac7602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/dbg.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (\)`: the QEMU debug port and the `DBUG` string writer.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (\) {
+//!     OperationRegion (DBG, SystemIO, 0x0402, One)
+//!     Field (DBG, ByteAcc, NoLock, Preserve) { DBGB, 8 }
+//!     Method (DBUG, 1, NotSerialized) {
+//!         ToHexString (Arg0, Local0)
+//!         ToBuffer (Local0, Local0)
+//!         Local1 = (SizeOf (Local0) - One)
+//!         Local2 = Zero
+//!         While ((Local2 < Local1)) {
+//!             DBGB = DerefOf (Local0 [Local2])
+//!             Local2++
+//!         }
+//!         DBGB = 0x0A
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    Arg, DeRefOf, FieldAccessType, FieldEntry, FieldLockRule, FieldUpdateRule, Index, LessThan,
+    Local, One, OpRegion, OpRegionSpace, Path, SizeOf, Store, Subtract, ToBuffer, While, Zero,
+};
+
+use super::ops::{emit_all, root_scope, Increment, ToHexString};
+
+pub(crate) fn build() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let region = OpRegion::new(
+        Path::new("DBG_"),
+        OpRegionSpace::SystemIO,
+        &0x402u16,
+        &One {},
+    );
+    let field = acpi_tables::aml::Field::new(
+        Path::new("DBG_"),
+        FieldAccessType::Byte,
+        FieldLockRule::NoLock,
+        FieldUpdateRule::Preserve,
+        vec![FieldEntry::Named(*b"DBGB", 8)],
+    );
+
+    let (local0, local1, local2) = (Local(0), Local(1), Local(2));
+    let to_hex = ToHexString::new(&local0, &Arg(0));
+    let to_buffer = ToBuffer::new(&local0, &local0);
+    let size = SizeOf::new(&local0);
+    let length = Subtract::new(&local1, &size, &One {});
+    let init = Store::new(&local2, &Zero {});
+
+    let dbgb = Path::new("DBGB");
+    let index = Index::new(&Zero {}, &local0, &local2);
+    let deref = DeRefOf::new(&index);
+    let write = Store::new(&dbgb, &deref);
+    let advance = Increment::new(&local2);
+    let condition = LessThan::new(&local2, &local1);
+    let loop_ = While::new(&condition, vec![&write, &advance]);
+
+    let newline = Store::new(&dbgb, &0x0au8);
+    let method = acpi_tables::aml::Method::new(
+        Path::new("DBUG"),
+        1,
+        false,
+        vec![&to_hex, &to_buffer, &length, &init, &loop_, &newline],
+    );
+
+    root_scope(&emit_all(&[&region, &field, &method]))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(), 36, 110);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/fwcf.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/fwcf.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04e60dc63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/fwcf.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (\_SB.PCI0)`: the fw_cfg device, so the guest can find the fw_cfg
+//! I/O ports without probing them.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (\_SB.PCI0) {
+//!     Device (FWCF) {
+//!         Name (_HID, "QEMU0002")
+//!         Name (_STA, 0x0B)
+//!         Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!             IO (Decode16, 0x0510, 0x0510, 0x01, 0x0C)
+//!         })
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{AmlStr, Device, Name, Path, ResourceTemplate, Scope, IO};
+
+use super::ops::emit;
+
+pub(crate) fn build() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let id: AmlStr = "QEMU0002";
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &id);
+    // Present and functioning, but hidden from the user interface.
+    let sta = Name::new(Path::new("_STA"), &0x0bu8);
+
+    // The fw_cfg selector, data and DMA registers at 0x510..0x51c.
+    let ports = IO::new(0x510, 0x510, 0x01, 0x0c);
+    let template = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&ports]);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &template);
+
+    let device = Device::new(Path::new("FWCF"), vec![&hid, &sta, &crs]);
+    Scope::raw(Path::new("\\_SB_.PCI0"), emit(&device))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(), 7774, 7834);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/gpe.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/gpe.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46342124b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/gpe.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! The general purpose event block: its device ID, and the two edge-triggered
+//! handlers QEMU wires up. These three fragments are far apart in the table,
+//! so each is built and verified separately.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (_GPE) {
+//!     Name (_HID, "ACPI0006")
+//! }
+//!
+//! Method (\_GPE._E02, 0, NotSerialized) {
+//!     \_SB.CPUS.CSCN ()
+//! }
+//!
+//! Scope (_GPE) {
+//!     Method (_E01, 0, NotSerialized) {
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! `_E01` is deliberately empty here: it is the PCI hotplug event, and the
+//! baseline machine has no hotplug-capable bridge for it to scan.
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{Method, MethodCall, Name, Path, Scope};
+
+use super::ops::emit_all;
+
+/// `Name (_HID, "ACPI0006")`: the GPE block device ID.
+const GPE_BLOCK_HID: &str = "ACPI0006";
+
+/// `Scope (_GPE) { Name (_HID, "ACPI0006") }`
+pub(crate) fn hid() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let id = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &GPE_BLOCK_HID);
+    emit_all(&[&Scope::new(Path::new("_GPE"), vec![&id])])
+}
+
+/// `Method (\_GPE._E02, 0, NotSerialized) { \_SB.CPUS.CSCN () }`, the CPU
+/// hotplug event: rescan the CPU devices.
+pub(crate) fn e02() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let scan = MethodCall::new(Path::new("\\_SB_.CPUS.CSCN"), vec![]);
+    emit_all(&[&Method::new(
+        Path::new("\\_GPE._E02"),
+        0,
+        false,
+        vec![&scan],
+    )])
+}
+
+/// `Scope (_GPE) { Method (_E01, 0, NotSerialized) {} }`, the PCI hotplug
+/// event.
+pub(crate) fn e01() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let handler = Method::new(Path::new("_E01"), 0, false, vec![]);
+    emit_all(&[&Scope::new(Path::new("_GPE"), vec![&handler])])
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn hid_matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::hid(), 6271, 6292);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn e02_matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::e02(), 7354, 7382);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn e01_matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::e01(), 8245, 8258);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/links.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/links.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e55e9c527
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/links.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! PCI interrupt link devices: the two shared helpers plus sixteen devices.
+//!
+//! `IQST`/`IQCR` decode a PCI interrupt route register (the `PRQx` bytes the
+//! LPC device exposes as a field): bit 7 means "disabled", the low nibble is
+//! the routed ISA IRQ.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Method (IQST, 1, NotSerialized) {
+//!     If ((0x80 & Arg0)) { Return (0x09) }   // present, not enabled
+//!     Return (0x0B)                           // present and enabled
+//! }
+//! Method (IQCR, 1, Serialized) {
+//!     Name (PRR0, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!         Interrupt (ResourceConsumer, Level, ActiveHigh, Shared, ,, _Y00) { 0 }
+//!     })
+//!     CreateDWordField (PRR0, \_SB.IQCR._Y00._INT, PRRI)
+//!     PRRI = (Arg0 & 0x0F)
+//!     Return (PRR0)
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! `LNKA`..`LNKH` are the eight routable links, one per PIRQ. They differ only
+//! in device name, `_UID` (0..7) and the route register they read and write
+//! (`PRQA`..`PRQH`); the ASL below is `LNKA` with those three holes.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Device (LNKA) {
+//!     Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0C0F"))
+//!     Name (_UID, Zero)
+//!     Name (_PRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!         Interrupt (ResourceConsumer, Level, ActiveHigh, Shared, ,, ) { 5, 10, 11 }
+//!     })
+//!     Method (_STA, 0, NotSerialized) { Return (IQST (PRQA)) }
+//!     Method (_DIS, 0, NotSerialized) { PRQA |= 0x80 }
+//!     Method (_CRS, 0, NotSerialized) { Return (IQCR (PRQA)) }
+//!     Method (_SRS, 1, NotSerialized) {
+//!         CreateDWordField (Arg0, 0x05, PRRI)
+//!         PRQA = PRRI
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! `GSIA`..`GSIH` are the fixed IOAPIC GSIs 16..23 that the same PIRQs land on
+//! when the chipset is not in PIC mode. They are not routable, so `_CRS` is a
+//! constant and `_DIS`/`_SRS` are empty. They differ only in device name and in
+//! the single number that is both `_UID` and the interrupt: `0x10 + index`.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Device (GSIA) {
+//!     Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0C0F"))
+//!     Name (_UID, 0x10)
+//!     Name (_PRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!         Interrupt (ResourceConsumer, Level, ActiveHigh, Shared, ,, ) { 0x10 }
+//!     })
+//!     Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!         Interrupt (ResourceConsumer, Level, ActiveHigh, Shared, ,, ) { 0x10 }
+//!     })
+//!     Method (_DIS, 0, NotSerialized) { }
+//!     Method (_SRS, 1, NotSerialized) { }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    And, Arg, CreateDWordField, Device, EISAName, If, Interrupt, Method, MethodCall, Name, Or,
+    Path, ResourceTemplate, Return, Store, Zero,
+};
+use acpi_tables::{Aml, AmlSink};
+
+use super::ops::emit;
+
+/// PNP ID shared by every link device, routable or not.
+const LINK_HID: &str = "PNP0C0F";
+/// The suffix letters, in the order QEMU emits the devices.
+const LETTERS: [char; 8] = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H'];
+/// ISA IRQs a PIRQ may be routed to. QEMU offers the same three for every link.
+const LINK_IRQS: [u32; 3] = [5, 10, 11];
+/// GSI of the first non-routable link; the rest follow consecutively.
+const GSI_BASE: u8 = 0x10;
+/// `_STA` bit set when a device is present but not enabled.
+const STA_PRESENT: u8 = 0x09;
+/// `_STA` bits set when a device is present and enabled.
+const STA_ENABLED: u8 = 0x0b;
+/// Route register bit meaning "this PIRQ is masked".
+const ROUTE_DISABLE: u8 = 0x80;
+/// Route register mask selecting the routed ISA IRQ.
+const ROUTE_IRQ: u8 = 0x0f;
+/// Byte offset of the interrupt number inside an extended IRQ descriptor, as
+/// seen from the start of a single-descriptor resource template buffer.
+const DESCRIPTOR_INT_OFFSET: u8 = 0x05;
+
+/// Extended interrupt descriptor listing several interrupt numbers.
+/// `acpi_tables::aml::Interrupt` only models the single-number form, which is
+/// all a `_CRS` ever needs, but a `_PRS` enumerates every possible routing.
+struct InterruptList<'a> {
+    consumer: bool,
+    edge_triggered: bool,
+    active_low: bool,
+    shared: bool,
+    numbers: &'a [u32],
+}
+
+impl<'a> InterruptList<'a> {
+    fn new(
+        consumer: bool,
+        edge_triggered: bool,
+        active_low: bool,
+        shared: bool,
+        numbers: &'a [u32],
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            consumer,
+            edge_triggered,
+            active_low,
+            shared,
+            numbers,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Aml for InterruptList<'_> {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x89); /* Extended IRQ Descriptor */
+        sink.word(2 + 4 * self.numbers.len() as u16);
+        let flags = ((self.shared as u8) << 3)
+            | ((self.active_low as u8) << 2)
+            | ((self.edge_triggered as u8) << 1)
+            | self.consumer as u8;
+        sink.byte(flags);
+        sink.byte(self.numbers.len() as u8);
+        for number in self.numbers {
+            sink.dword(*number);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build(edge_triggered: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = interrupt_status();
+    out.extend(interrupt_resource(edge_triggered));
+    for (index, letter) in LETTERS.iter().enumerate() {
+        out.extend(link_device(*letter, index as u8, edge_triggered));
+    }
+    for (index, letter) in LETTERS.iter().enumerate() {
+        out.extend(gsi_device(*letter, GSI_BASE + index as u8, edge_triggered));
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// `Method (IQST, 1)`: turn a route register value into a `_STA` result.
+fn interrupt_status() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let masked = And::new(&Zero {}, &ROUTE_DISABLE, &Arg(0));
+    let present = Return::new(&STA_PRESENT);
+    let disabled = If::new(&masked, vec![&present]);
+    let enabled = Return::new(&STA_ENABLED);
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("IQST"),
+        1,
+        false,
+        vec![&disabled, &enabled],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Method (IQCR, 1)`: turn a route register value into a `_CRS` buffer.
+/// Serialized because it patches the interrupt number into a named buffer.
+fn interrupt_resource(edge_triggered: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let template = Interrupt::new(true, edge_triggered, false, true, 0);
+    let buffer = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&template]);
+    let named = Name::new(Path::new("PRR0"), &buffer);
+
+    let source = Path::new("PRR0");
+    let field = Path::new("PRRI");
+    let overlay = CreateDWordField::new(&field, &source, &DESCRIPTOR_INT_OFFSET);
+
+    let routed = And::new(&Zero {}, &Arg(0), &ROUTE_IRQ);
+    let target = Path::new("PRRI");
+    let patch = Store::new(&target, &routed);
+
+    let result = Path::new("PRR0");
+    let ret = Return::new(&result);
+
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("IQCR"),
+        1,
+        true,
+        vec![&named, &overlay, &patch, &ret],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// One routable link: `Device (LNK<letter>)` over route register `PRQ<letter>`.
+fn link_device(letter: char, uid: u8, edge_triggered: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &EISAName::new(LINK_HID));
+    let unique = Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &uid);
+
+    let possible = InterruptList::new(true, edge_triggered, false, true, &LINK_IRQS);
+    let buffer = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&possible]);
+    let prs = Name::new(Path::new("_PRS"), &buffer);
+
+    let register = format!("PRQ{letter}");
+
+    // _STA: Return (IQST (PRQx))
+    let status_arg = Path::new(&register);
+    let status_call = MethodCall::new(Path::new("IQST"), vec![&status_arg]);
+    let status_ret = Return::new(&status_call);
+    let sta = Method::new(Path::new("_STA"), 0, false, vec![&status_ret]);
+
+    // _DIS: PRQx |= 0x80
+    let disable_target = Path::new(&register);
+    let disable_source = Path::new(&register);
+    let mask = Or::new(&disable_target, &disable_source, &ROUTE_DISABLE);
+    let dis = Method::new(Path::new("_DIS"), 0, false, vec![&mask]);
+
+    // _CRS: Return (IQCR (PRQx))
+    let current_arg = Path::new(&register);
+    let current_call = MethodCall::new(Path::new("IQCR"), vec![&current_arg]);
+    let current_ret = Return::new(&current_call);
+    let crs = Method::new(Path::new("_CRS"), 0, false, vec![&current_ret]);
+
+    // _SRS: CreateDWordField (Arg0, 0x05, PRRI); PRQx = PRRI
+    let field = Path::new("PRRI");
+    let overlay = CreateDWordField::new(&field, &Arg(0), &DESCRIPTOR_INT_OFFSET);
+    let store_target = Path::new(&register);
+    let store_source = Path::new("PRRI");
+    let apply = Store::new(&store_target, &store_source);
+    let srs = Method::new(Path::new("_SRS"), 1, false, vec![&overlay, &apply]);
+
+    let name = format!("LNK{letter}");
+    emit(&Device::new(
+        Path::new(&name),
+        vec![&hid, &unique, &prs, &sta, &dis, &crs, &srs],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// One fixed link: `Device (GSI<letter>)` pinned to interrupt `gsi`.
+fn gsi_device(letter: char, gsi: u8, edge_triggered: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &EISAName::new(LINK_HID));
+    let unique = Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &gsi);
+
+    let interrupt = Interrupt::new(true, edge_triggered, false, true, u32::from(gsi));
+    let possible = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&interrupt]);
+    let prs = Name::new(Path::new("_PRS"), &possible);
+    let current = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&interrupt]);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &current);
+
+    let empty: Vec<&dyn Aml> = Vec::new();
+    let dis = Method::new(Path::new("_DIS"), 0, false, empty.clone());
+    let srs = Method::new(Path::new("_SRS"), 1, false, empty);
+
+    let name = format!("GSI{letter}");
+    emit(&Device::new(
+        Path::new(&name),
+        vec![&hid, &unique, &prs, &crs, &dis, &srs],
+    ))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(false), 4552, 6271);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/mod.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f33fb9de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! From-scratch generation of QEMU's Q35 DSDT.
+//!
+//! The DSDT is the only ACPI table QEMU builds out of AML rather than fixed
+//! records, and it is 93% of `etc/acpi/tables`. Every term here is emitted in
+//! the same order QEMU's `build_dsdt()` emits it, because the byte stream is
+//! the measured artifact: an equivalent-but-differently-ordered DSDT would be
+//! a different RTMR0.
+//!
+//! Each submodule owns one contiguous byte range of the table and is verified
+//! against the captured QEMU fixture on its own, so a mismatch points at a
+//! region instead of at the whole blob.
+
+use crate::{Compatibility, Error, MachineConfig};
+use acpi_tables::aml::{Path, Scope};
+
+mod cpus;
+mod crs;
+mod dbg;
+mod fwcf;
+mod gpe;
+mod links;
+mod notify;
+mod ops;
+mod pci0;
+mod pcihp;
+mod pic;
+mod prt;
+mod pxb;
+mod sstate;
+
+/// DSDT body: everything after the 36-byte ACPI table header.
+pub(crate) fn body(config: &MachineConfig) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let pci_hotplug = !config.hotplug_off;
+    let has_pxb = config.hugepages && config.num_gpus > 0;
+    let low_ram_end = if config.memory_size >= 0xb000_0000 {
+        0x8000_0000
+    } else {
+        config.memory_size as u32
+    };
+    let fixed_slots = 4 + u32::from(config.root_verity);
+    let regular_slots = fixed_slots + config.num_nics + config.num_verity_volumes;
+    let root_ports = if config.hugepages && config.num_gpus > 0 {
+        config.num_nvswitches
+    } else {
+        config.num_gpus + config.num_nvswitches
+    };
+    let modern_serial_irq = matches!(
+        config.qemu_version.compatibility(),
+        Some(Compatibility::V11_1)
+    );
+    let initialize_cpu_selector = matches!(
+        config.qemu_version.compatibility(),
+        Some(Compatibility::V8 | Compatibility::V9Pre92 | Compatibility::V9_2 | Compatibility::V10)
+    );
+    let queued_cpu_eject = matches!(
+        config.qemu_version.compatibility(),
+        Some(Compatibility::V10 | Compatibility::V11_0 | Compatibility::V11_1)
+    );
+    let modern_device_label = !matches!(
+        config.qemu_version.compatibility(),
+        Some(Compatibility::V8 | Compatibility::V9Pre92)
+    );
+    let edge_triggered_links = !modern_device_label;
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    out.extend(dbg::build()); //           36..110   Scope(\) debug port
+    out.extend(pci0::build(pci_hotplug)); // 110..426 Scope(_SB) PCI0 + DRAC
+    if pci_hotplug {
+        out.extend(pcihp::build(modern_device_label));
+    }
+    out.extend(pic::build()); //          777..796   PICF + _PIC
+    out.extend(Scope::raw(
+        Path::new("_SB_"),
+        [prt::build(), links::build(edge_triggered_links)].concat(),
+    )); //                                796..6271  Scope(_SB) routing + links
+    out.extend(gpe::hid()); //           6271..6292  Scope(_GPE) _HID
+    out.extend(Scope::raw(
+        Path::new("_SB_"),
+        cpus::build(
+            config.cpu_count,
+            config.hugepages,
+            initialize_cpu_selector,
+            queued_cpu_eject,
+        )?,
+    ));
+    out.extend(gpe::e02()); //           7354..7382  \_GPE._E02
+    if has_pxb {
+        out.extend(pxb::build());
+    }
+    out.extend(Scope::raw(
+        Path::new("\\_SB_.PCI0"),
+        crs::build(
+            low_ram_end,
+            config.pci_hole64_size,
+            pci_hotplug,
+            if has_pxb { 4 } else { crs::BUS_MAX },
+        ),
+    ));
+    out.extend(sstate::build()); //      7732..7774  Scope(\) _S3/_S4/_S5
+    out.extend(fwcf::build()); //        7774..7834  Scope(\_SB.PCI0) FWCF
+    out.extend(notify::build(
+        regular_slots,
+        root_ports,
+        modern_serial_irq,
+        has_pxb.then_some(0x80),
+    ));
+    if pci_hotplug {
+        out.extend(gpe::e01());
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Complete DSDT, including its standard ACPI header.
+pub(crate) fn table(config: &MachineConfig) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+    let body = body(config)?;
+    let length = 36 + body.len();
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(length);
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"DSDT");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&(length as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&[1, 0]); // revision, checksum (fixed by firmware)
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"BOCHS ");
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"BXPC    ");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"BXPC");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend(body);
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod fixture {
+    /// Captured QEMU output for the baseline machine: 1 vCPU, no extra PCI
+    /// devices, CPU hotplug on, no NUMA/PXB. It is a test oracle only and is
+    /// never part of generation.
+    const BASE: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-base.bin");
+    const DSDT_OFFSET: usize = 64;
+    const DSDT_LEN: usize = 8258;
+    /// Length of the ACPI table header preceding the AML body.
+    pub(crate) const HEADER_LEN: usize = 36;
+
+    pub(crate) fn dsdt() -> &'static [u8] {
+        &BASE[DSDT_OFFSET..DSDT_OFFSET + DSDT_LEN]
+    }
+
+    /// The whole captured `etc/acpi/tables` blob, trimmed of its trailing
+    /// zero padding. Offsets are the ones the loader relocates against.
+    pub(crate) fn base() -> &'static [u8] {
+        BASE
+    }
+
+    /// Compare generated bytes against a byte range of the whole blob.
+    pub(crate) fn assert_blob_range(actual: &[u8], start: usize, end: usize) {
+        assert_slice(actual, &base()[start..end], start);
+    }
+
+    /// Compare generated bytes against a DSDT byte range, reporting the first
+    /// divergence with enough context to find it in an `iasl -d` listing.
+    pub(crate) fn assert_region(actual: &[u8], start: usize, end: usize) {
+        assert_slice(actual, &dsdt()[start..end], start);
+    }
+
+    fn assert_slice(actual: &[u8], expected: &[u8], start: usize) {
+        if actual == expected {
+            return;
+        }
+        let common = actual
+            .iter()
+            .zip(expected)
+            .take_while(|(a, b)| a == b)
+            .count();
+        let window = |bytes: &[u8], from: usize| {
+            bytes
+                .iter()
+                .skip(from)
+                .take(16)
+                .map(|b| format!("{b:02x}"))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(" ")
+        };
+        panic!(
+            "region at offset {start} does not match QEMU\n\
+             matched {common} of {} bytes (generated {} bytes)\n\
+             first difference at offset {}\n\
+               expected: {}\n\
+               actual:   {}",
+            expected.len(),
+            actual.len(),
+            start + common,
+            window(expected, common),
+            window(actual, common),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::fixture;
+    use crate::{MachineConfig, QemuVersion};
+
+    fn config() -> MachineConfig {
+        MachineConfig {
+            qemu_version: QemuVersion::new(11, 1, 0),
+            cpu_count: 1,
+            memory_size: 2 << 30,
+            pic: false,
+            smm: false,
+            hugepages: false,
+            num_gpus: 0,
+            num_nvswitches: 0,
+            num_nics: 0,
+            num_verity_volumes: 0,
+            hotplug_off: false,
+            root_verity: true,
+            pci_hole64_size: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The whole body, once every region lands. Until then the per-region
+    /// tests are the ones that matter; this is the integration check that no
+    /// term is missing, duplicated, or emitted out of order.
+    #[test]
+    fn body_matches_qemu() {
+        let generated = super::body(&config()).unwrap_or_else(|error| panic!("{error}"));
+        fixture::assert_region(&generated, fixture::HEADER_LEN, fixture::dsdt().len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn table_matches_qemu() {
+        let generated = super::table(&config()).unwrap_or_else(|error| panic!("{error}"));
+        assert_eq!(generated, fixture::dsdt());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/notify.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/notify.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2039a5bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/notify.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (\_SB) { Scope (PCI0) { .. } }`: one descriptor per populated slot on
+//! the root bus, and the ISA scaffolding hanging off the ICH9 LPC bridge.
+//!
+//! QEMU walks every devfn of the bus (`build_append_pci_bus_devices`,
+//! `hw/acpi/pcihp.c`) and emits `Device (S<devfn>) { Name (_ADR, ..) }` for the
+//! populated ones, then lets each device append its own AML. Only the LPC
+//! bridge does (`build_ich9_isa_aml`, `hw/isa/lpc_ich9.c`).
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (\_SB) {
+//!     Scope (PCI0) {
+//!         Device (S00) { Name (_ADR, Zero) }
+//!         Device (S08) { Name (_ADR, 0x00010000) }
+//!         Device (S10) { Name (_ADR, 0x00020000) }
+//!         Device (S18) { Name (_ADR, 0x00030000) }
+//!         Device (S20) { Name (_ADR, 0x00040000) }
+//!         Device (SF8) {
+//!             Name (_ADR, 0x001F0000)
+//!             OperationRegion (PIRQ, PCI_Config, 0x60, 0x0C)
+//!             Scope (\_SB) {
+//!                 Field (PCI0.SF8.PIRQ, ByteAcc, NoLock, Preserve) {
+//!                     PRQA, 8, PRQB, 8, PRQC, 8, PRQD, 8,
+//!                     Offset (0x08),
+//!                     PRQE, 8, PRQF, 8, PRQG, 8, PRQH, 8
+//!                 }
+//!             }
+//!             Device (KBD) {
+//!                 Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0303"))
+//!                 Name (_STA, 0x0F)
+//!                 Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!                     IO (Decode16, 0x0060, 0x0060, 0x01, 0x01)
+//!                     IO (Decode16, 0x0064, 0x0064, 0x01, 0x01)
+//!                     IRQNoFlags () {1}
+//!                 })
+//!             }
+//!             Device (MOU) {
+//!                 Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0F13"))
+//!                 Name (_STA, 0x0F)
+//!                 Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () { IRQNoFlags () {12} })
+//!             }
+//!             Device (COM1) {
+//!                 Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0501"))
+//!                 Name (_UID, One)
+//!                 Name (_STA, 0x0F)
+//!                 Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!                     IO (Decode16, 0x03F8, 0x03F8, 0x00, 0x08)
+//!                     IRQ (Level, ActiveLow, Shared, ) {4}
+//!                 })
+//!             }
+//!             Device (RTC) {
+//!                 Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0B00"))
+//!                 Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!                     IO (Decode16, 0x0070, 0x0070, 0x01, 0x08)
+//!                     IRQNoFlags () {8}
+//!                 })
+//!             }
+//!         }
+//!         Device (SFA) { Name (_ADR, 0x001F0002) }
+//!         Device (SFB) { Name (_ADR, 0x001F0003) }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    Device, EISAName, Field, FieldAccessType, FieldEntry, FieldLockRule, FieldUpdateRule, Name,
+    OpRegion, OpRegionSpace, Path, ResourceTemplate, Scope, IO,
+};
+use acpi_tables::{Aml, AmlSink};
+
+use super::ops::{emit, Raw};
+
+/// Devfns populated on the root bus of the baseline machine by the ICH9 chipset:
+/// LPC (which emits extra AML), SATA, and SMBus.
+const CHIPSET_DEVFNS: &[u8] = &[0xf8, 0xfa, 0xfb];
+
+/// The ICH9 LPC bridge, the only function that contributes its own AML.
+const LPC_DEVFN: u8 = 0xf8;
+
+pub(crate) fn build(
+    slot_count: u32,
+    root_port_count: u32,
+    modern_serial_irq: bool,
+    pxb_devfn: Option<u8>,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let lpc = lpc_children(modern_serial_irq);
+
+    let mut devices = Vec::new();
+    for slot in 0..slot_count {
+        devices.push(((slot * 8) as u8, false));
+    }
+    if let Some(devfn) = pxb_devfn {
+        devices.push((devfn, false));
+    }
+    let mut slot = slot_count;
+    for _ in 0..root_port_count {
+        if pxb_devfn == Some((slot * 8) as u8) {
+            slot += 1;
+        }
+        devices.push(((slot * 8) as u8, true));
+        slot += 1;
+    }
+    for &devfn in CHIPSET_DEVFNS {
+        devices.push((devfn, false));
+    }
+    devices.sort_unstable_by_key(|(devfn, _)| *devfn);
+
+    let mut bus = Vec::new();
+    for (devfn, root_port) in devices {
+        bus.extend(pci_device(devfn, root_port, &lpc));
+    }
+
+    Scope::raw(Path::new("\\_SB_"), Scope::raw(Path::new("PCI0"), bus))
+}
+
+fn pci_device(devfn: u8, root_port: bool, lpc: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // QEMU names the device after the devfn but addresses it by the
+    // ACPI 1.0b Table 6-2 PCI form: (device << 16) | function.
+    let name = format!("S{devfn:02X}_");
+    let address = (u32::from(devfn >> 3) << 16) | u32::from(devfn & 0x07);
+    let adr = Name::new(Path::new("_ADR"), &address);
+
+    let child_address = Name::new(Path::new("_ADR"), &0u8);
+    let child = root_port.then(|| emit(&Device::new(Path::new("S00_"), vec![&child_address])));
+    let extra = Raw(if devfn == LPC_DEVFN { lpc } else { &[] });
+    let child = Raw(match child.as_deref() {
+        Some(bytes) => bytes,
+        None => &[],
+    });
+    emit(&Device::new(Path::new(&name), vec![&adr, &extra, &child]))
+}
+
+/// The children the ICH9 LPC bridge appends to its own device descriptor.
+fn lpc_children(modern_serial_irq: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // PCI-to-ISA interrupt routing registers in the bridge's config space.
+    let pirq = OpRegion::new(
+        Path::new("PIRQ"),
+        OpRegionSpace::PCIConfig,
+        &0x60u8,
+        &0x0cu8,
+    );
+
+    // The field lands in \_SB rather than in the device, because the link
+    // devices that read PRQA..PRQH live there. It has to follow the operation
+    // region it names.
+    let routing = Field::new(
+        Path::new("PCI0.SF8_.PIRQ"),
+        FieldAccessType::Byte,
+        FieldLockRule::NoLock,
+        FieldUpdateRule::Preserve,
+        vec![
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQA", 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQB", 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQC", 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQD", 8),
+            // Offset (0x08): PIRQE..PIRQH sit at 0x68, four bytes on.
+            FieldEntry::Reserved(0x20),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQE", 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQF", 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQG", 8),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PRQH", 8),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let mut out = emit(&pirq);
+    out.extend(Scope::raw(Path::new("\\_SB_"), emit(&routing)));
+    out.extend(isa_devices(modern_serial_irq));
+    out
+}
+
+/// The devices on the bridge's ISA bus, in qbus order.
+fn isa_devices(modern_serial_irq: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+
+    // i8042: data port, command port, keyboard IRQ (hw/input/pckbd.c).
+    let kbd_data = IO::new(0x60, 0x60, 0x01, 0x01);
+    let kbd_command = IO::new(0x64, 0x64, 0x01, 0x01);
+    let kbd_irq = Irq::no_flags(1);
+    out.extend(isa_device(
+        "KBD_",
+        "PNP0303",
+        None,
+        Some(0x0f),
+        vec![&kbd_data, &kbd_command, &kbd_irq],
+    ));
+
+    // The i8042's mouse half is a separate ACPI device sharing the ports.
+    let mouse_irq = Irq::no_flags(12);
+    out.extend(isa_device(
+        "MOU_",
+        "PNP0F13",
+        None,
+        Some(0x0f),
+        vec![&mouse_irq],
+    ));
+
+    // 16550A serial port (hw/char/serial-isa.c).
+    let com_ports = IO::new(0x3f8, 0x3f8, 0x00, 0x08);
+    let com_irq = if modern_serial_irq {
+        Irq::level_active_low_shared(4)
+    } else {
+        Irq::no_flags(4)
+    };
+    out.extend(isa_device(
+        "COM1",
+        "PNP0501",
+        Some(1),
+        Some(0x0f),
+        vec![&com_ports, &com_irq],
+    ));
+
+    // MC146818 RTC. QEMU only answers on the first two ports but reserves
+    // eight, following physical hardware (hw/rtc/mc146818rtc.c).
+    let rtc_ports = IO::new(0x70, 0x70, 0x01, 0x08);
+    let rtc_irq = Irq::no_flags(8);
+    out.extend(isa_device(
+        "RTC_",
+        "PNP0B00",
+        None,
+        None,
+        vec![&rtc_ports, &rtc_irq],
+    ));
+
+    out
+}
+
+/// `Device (name) { _HID, [_UID], [_STA], _CRS }`, the shape every ISA device
+/// here shares.
+fn isa_device(
+    name: &str,
+    hid: &str,
+    uid: Option<u8>,
+    sta: Option<u8>,
+    resources: Vec<&dyn Aml>,
+) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &EISAName::new(hid));
+    let uid = uid.map(|uid| Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &uid));
+    let sta = sta.map(|sta| Name::new(Path::new("_STA"), &sta));
+    let template = ResourceTemplate::new(resources);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &template);
+
+    let mut children: Vec<&dyn Aml> = vec![&hid];
+    children.extend(uid.iter().map(|name| name as &dyn Aml));
+    children.extend(sta.iter().map(|name| name as &dyn Aml));
+    children.push(&crs);
+
+    emit(&Device::new(Path::new(name), children))
+}
+
+/// The short IRQ resource descriptor, ACPI 6.5 §6.4.2.1. `acpi_tables` only
+/// models the extended form (`Interrupt`), which is not what QEMU emits for
+/// these legacy devices.
+struct Irq {
+    mask: u16,
+    /// `None` selects the two-byte `IRQNoFlags ()` form.
+    flags: Option<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Irq {
+    /// `IRQNoFlags () {irq}`: edge triggered, active high, exclusive.
+    fn no_flags(irq: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            mask: 1u16 << irq,
+            flags: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `IRQ (Level, ActiveLow, Shared, ) {irq}`.
+    fn level_active_low_shared(irq: u8) -> Self {
+        // Bit 0 clear is level triggered, bit 3 is active low, bit 4 is shared.
+        Self {
+            mask: 1u16 << irq,
+            flags: Some((1 << 3) | (1 << 4)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Aml for Irq {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        match self.flags {
+            None => {
+                sink.byte(0x22);
+                sink.word(self.mask);
+            }
+            Some(flags) => {
+                sink.byte(0x23);
+                sink.word(self.mask);
+                sink.byte(flags);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(5, 0, true, None), 7834, 8245);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/ops.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/ops.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68213c4b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/ops.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AML terms QEMU emits that `acpi_tables` does not model, plus the helper
+//! that turns any term into bytes.
+//!
+//! Keep this module small: anything that exists upstream should be used from
+//! upstream, so this stays a list of genuine gaps rather than a second builder.
+
+use acpi_tables::{Aml, AmlSink};
+
+/// Serialize one AML term.
+pub(crate) fn emit(term: &dyn Aml) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    term.to_aml_bytes(&mut bytes);
+    bytes
+}
+
+/// Serialize a list of AML terms in order.
+pub(crate) fn emit_all(terms: &[&dyn Aml]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    for term in terms {
+        term.to_aml_bytes(&mut bytes);
+    }
+    bytes
+}
+
+macro_rules! object_op {
+    ($(#[$doc:meta])* $name:ident, $opcode:expr) => {
+        $(#[$doc])*
+        pub(crate) struct $name<'a> {
+            operand: &'a dyn Aml,
+        }
+
+        impl<'a> $name<'a> {
+            pub(crate) fn new(operand: &'a dyn Aml) -> Self {
+                Self { operand }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Aml for $name<'_> {
+            fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+                sink.byte($opcode);
+                self.operand.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+object_op!(
+    /// `Increment (operand)`
+    Increment,
+    0x75
+);
+object_op!(
+    /// `LNot (operand)`
+    LNot,
+    0x92
+);
+
+/// `ToHexString (operand, target)`
+pub(crate) struct ToHexString<'a> {
+    operand: &'a dyn Aml,
+    target: &'a dyn Aml,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ToHexString<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(target: &'a dyn Aml, operand: &'a dyn Aml) -> Self {
+        Self { operand, target }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Aml for ToHexString<'_> {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x98);
+        self.operand.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+        self.target.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+    }
+}
+
+/// AML `PkgLength` for a term body of `content` bytes, using the same width
+/// rule as QEMU: the smallest encoding that still fits once the length bytes
+/// are counted in.
+pub(crate) fn pkg_length(content: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let width = if content < (1 << 6) - 1 {
+        1
+    } else if content < (1 << 12) - 2 {
+        2
+    } else if content < (1 << 20) - 3 {
+        3
+    } else {
+        4
+    };
+    let length = content + width;
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(width);
+    if width == 1 {
+        out.push(length as u8);
+        return out;
+    }
+    out.push((((width - 1) as u8) << 6) | (length & 0x0f) as u8);
+    for index in 0..width - 1 {
+        out.push((length >> (4 + index * 8)) as u8);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// `Scope (\) { .. }`. `acpi_tables::aml::Path` requires four-character name
+/// segments, so it cannot express the root scope's null name.
+pub(crate) fn root_scope(children: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut body = vec![b'\\', 0x00];
+    body.extend_from_slice(children);
+    let mut out = vec![0x10];
+    out.extend(pkg_length(body.len()));
+    out.extend(body);
+    out
+}
+
+/// Raw pre-encoded AML, for terms that are more readable as bytes than as a
+/// tree. Used sparingly and always next to the ASL it encodes.
+pub(crate) struct Raw<'a>(pub(crate) &'a [u8]);
+
+impl Aml for Raw<'_> {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.vec(self.0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pci0.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pci0.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b6d17399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pci0.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (_SB)`: the PCI Express host bridge and the DRAM controller stub.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (_SB) {
+//!     Device (PCI0) {
+//!         Name (_HID, EisaId ("PNP0A08"))
+//!         Name (_CID, EisaId ("PNP0A03"))
+//!         Name (_UID, Zero)
+//!         Method (_OSC, 4, NotSerialized) {
+//!             CreateDWordField (Arg3, Zero, CDW1)
+//!             If ((Arg0 == ToUUID ("33db4d5b-1ff7-401c-9657-7441c03dd766"))) {
+//!                 CreateDWordField (Arg3, 0x04, CDW2)
+//!                 CreateDWordField (Arg3, 0x08, CDW3)
+//!                 Local0 = CDW3
+//!                 Local0 &= 0x1E
+//!                 If ((Arg1 != One)) {
+//!                     CDW1 |= 0x08
+//!                 }
+//!                 If ((CDW3 != Local0)) {
+//!                     CDW1 |= 0x10
+//!                 }
+//!                 CDW3 = Local0
+//!             } Else {
+//!                 CDW1 |= 0x04
+//!             }
+//!             Return (Arg3)
+//!         }
+//!         Method (EDSM, 5, Serialized) {
+//!             If ((Arg2 == Zero)) {
+//!                 Local0 = Buffer (One) { 0x00 }
+//!                 If ((Arg0 != ToUUID ("e5c937d0-3553-4d7a-9117-ea4d19c3434d"))) {
+//!                     Return (Local0)
+//!                 }
+//!                 If ((Arg1 < 0x02)) {
+//!                     Return (Local0)
+//!                 }
+//!                 Local0 [Zero] = 0x81
+//!                 Return (Local0)
+//!             }
+//!             If ((Arg2 == 0x07)) {
+//!                 Local0 = Package (0x02) { Zero, "" }
+//!                 Local1 = DerefOf (Arg4 [Zero])
+//!                 Local0 [Zero] = Local1
+//!                 Return (Local0)
+//!             }
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//!     Device (DRAC) {
+//!         Name (_HID, "PNP0C01")
+//!         Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+//!             DWordMemory (ResourceProducer, PosDecode, MinFixed, MaxFixed,
+//!                 NonCacheable, ReadWrite,
+//!                 0x00000000,         // Granularity
+//!                 0xE0000000,         // Range Minimum
+//!                 0xEFFFFFFF,         // Range Maximum
+//!                 0x00000000,         // Translation Offset
+//!                 0x10000000,         // Length
+//!                 ,, , AddressRangeMemory, TypeStatic)
+//!         })
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    AddressSpace, AddressSpaceCacheable, AmlStr, And, Arg, BufferData, CreateDWordField, DeRefOf,
+    Device, EISAName, Else, Equal, If, Index, LessThan, Local, Method, Name, NotEqual, One, Or,
+    Package, Path, ResourceTemplate, Return, Scope, Store, Uuid, Zero,
+};
+
+use super::ops::{emit, Raw};
+
+/// PCI Firmware Specification host bridge `_OSC` UUID.
+const OSC_UUID: &str = "33db4d5b-1ff7-401c-9657-7441c03dd766";
+/// PCI Firmware Specification device labeling `_DSM` UUID, the only function
+/// set `EDSM` implements.
+const DSM_LABEL_UUID: &str = "e5c937d0-3553-4d7a-9117-ea4d19c3434d";
+
+/// The MMCONFIG window `DRAC` reserves: 256 MiB at 0xE0000000.
+const MCFG_BASE: u32 = 0xE000_0000;
+const MCFG_LAST: u32 = 0xEFFF_FFFF;
+
+pub(crate) fn build(pci_hotplug: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let pci0 = pci0(pci_hotplug);
+    let drac = drac();
+    emit(&Scope::new(
+        Path::new("_SB_"),
+        vec![&Raw(&pci0), &Raw(&drac)],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Device (PCI0)`: the PCIe host bridge, its `_OSC` capability negotiation
+/// and the `EDSM` helper every per-slot `_DSM` forwards to.
+fn pci0(pci_hotplug: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &EISAName::new("PNP0A08"));
+    let cid = Name::new(Path::new("_CID"), &EISAName::new("PNP0A03"));
+    let uid = Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &Zero {});
+    let osc = osc(pci_hotplug);
+    let edsm = edsm();
+
+    emit(&Device::new(
+        Path::new("PCI0"),
+        vec![&hid, &cid, &uid, &Raw(&osc), &Raw(&edsm)],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Method (_OSC, 4, NotSerialized)`. Arg3 is the capability buffer the OS
+/// passes in; the method masks it down to what QEMU actually supports and
+/// records the outcome in the status dword.
+pub(crate) fn osc(pci_hotplug: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (arg0, arg1, arg3) = (Arg(0), Arg(1), Arg(3));
+    let local0 = Local(0);
+    let zero = Zero {};
+    let one = One {};
+    let (cdw1, cdw2, cdw3) = (Path::new("CDW1"), Path::new("CDW2"), Path::new("CDW3"));
+
+    let create_cdw1 = CreateDWordField::new(&cdw1, &arg3, &zero);
+
+    let uuid = Uuid::new(OSC_UUID);
+    let recognized = Equal::new(&arg0, &uuid);
+
+    let create_cdw2 = CreateDWordField::new(&cdw2, &arg3, &0x04u8);
+    let create_cdw3 = CreateDWordField::new(&cdw3, &arg3, &0x08u8);
+    let load = Store::new(&local0, &cdw3);
+    // keep only the control bits QEMU grants: SHPC, PME, AER, PCIe capability
+    let supported: u8 = if pci_hotplug { 0x1e } else { 0x1f };
+    let mask = And::new(&local0, &local0, &supported);
+
+    let wrong_revision = NotEqual::new(&arg1, &one);
+    let set_revision_error = Or::new(&cdw1, &cdw1, &0x08u8);
+    let revision_check = If::new(&wrong_revision, vec![&set_revision_error]);
+
+    let masked_off = NotEqual::new(&cdw3, &local0);
+    let set_capability_error = Or::new(&cdw1, &cdw1, &0x10u8);
+    let capability_check = If::new(&masked_off, vec![&set_capability_error]);
+
+    let store_back = Store::new(&cdw3, &local0);
+    let granted = If::new(
+        &recognized,
+        vec![
+            &create_cdw2,
+            &create_cdw3,
+            &load,
+            &mask,
+            &revision_check,
+            &capability_check,
+            &store_back,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    // unrecognized UUID: set the "unrecognized" bit and grant nothing
+    let set_uuid_error = Or::new(&cdw1, &cdw1, &0x04u8);
+    let rejected = Else::new(vec![&set_uuid_error]);
+
+    let ret = Return::new(&arg3);
+
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("_OSC"),
+        4,
+        false,
+        vec![&create_cdw1, &granted, &rejected, &ret],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Method (EDSM, 5, Serialized)`: the shared body of every PCI slot `_DSM`.
+/// Arg0..Arg3 are the `_DSM` arguments; Arg4 is the slot's label package,
+/// supplied by the caller so this body can be emitted once.
+fn edsm() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (arg0, arg1, arg2, arg4) = (Arg(0), Arg(1), Arg(2), Arg(4));
+    let (local0, local1) = (Local(0), Local(1));
+    let zero = Zero {};
+
+    let ret_local0 = Return::new(&local0);
+
+    // function 0: report the supported function bitmap
+    let query = Equal::new(&arg2, &zero);
+    let empty = BufferData::new(vec![0x00]);
+    let init = Store::new(&local0, &empty);
+
+    let label_uuid = Uuid::new(DSM_LABEL_UUID);
+    let other_uuid = NotEqual::new(&arg0, &label_uuid);
+    let uuid_check = If::new(&other_uuid, vec![&ret_local0]);
+
+    let old_revision = LessThan::new(&arg1, &0x02u8);
+    let revision_check = If::new(&old_revision, vec![&ret_local0]);
+
+    // functions 0 and 7 are supported, so bits 0 and 7 of the first byte
+    let slot0 = Index::new(&zero, &local0, &zero);
+    let set_bitmap = Store::new(&slot0, &0x81u8);
+
+    let query_branch = If::new(
+        &query,
+        vec![
+            &init,
+            &uuid_check,
+            &revision_check,
+            &set_bitmap,
+            &ret_local0,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    // function 7: return {slot number, label}, with the slot number lifted
+    // out of the caller-supplied package
+    let label = Equal::new(&arg2, &0x07u8);
+    let blank: AmlStr = "";
+    let template = Package::new(vec![&zero, &blank]);
+    let alloc = Store::new(&local0, &template);
+
+    let caller_slot0 = Index::new(&zero, &arg4, &zero);
+    let deref = DeRefOf::new(&caller_slot0);
+    let take_slot = Store::new(&local1, &deref);
+    let put_slot = Store::new(&slot0, &local1);
+
+    let label_branch = If::new(&label, vec![&alloc, &take_slot, &put_slot, &ret_local0]);
+
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("EDSM"),
+        5,
+        true,
+        vec![&query_branch, &label_branch],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `Device (DRAC)`: the DRAM controller. It exists only to claim the MMCONFIG
+/// window as a producer, so the OS keeps it out of the PCI resource pool.
+fn drac() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let hid_value: AmlStr = "PNP0C01";
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &hid_value);
+
+    let window = AddressSpace::new_memory(
+        AddressSpaceCacheable::NotCacheable,
+        true,
+        MCFG_BASE,
+        MCFG_LAST,
+        None,
+    );
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&window]));
+
+    emit(&Device::new(Path::new("DRAC"), vec![&hid, &crs]))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(true), 110, 426);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pcihp.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pcihp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce7014436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pcihp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (_SB.PCI0)`: the ACPI PCI hotplug registers and the methods that
+//! drive them.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (_SB.PCI0) {
+//!     OperationRegion (PCST, SystemIO, 0x0CC0, 0x08)
+//!     Field (PCST, DWordAcc, NoLock, WriteAsZeros) { PCIU, 32, PCID, 32 }
+//!     OperationRegion (SEJ, SystemIO, 0x0CC8, 0x04)
+//!     Field (SEJ, DWordAcc, NoLock, WriteAsZeros) { B0EJ, 32 }
+//!     OperationRegion (BNMR, SystemIO, 0x0CD0, 0x08)
+//!     Field (BNMR, DWordAcc, NoLock, WriteAsZeros) { BNUM, 32, PIDX, 32 }
+//!     Mutex (BLCK, 0x00)
+//!     Method (PCEJ, 2, NotSerialized) {
+//!         Acquire (BLCK, 0xFFFF)
+//!         BNUM = Arg0
+//!         B0EJ = (One << Arg1)
+//!         Release (BLCK)
+//!         Return (Zero)
+//!     }
+//!     Method (AIDX, 2, NotSerialized) {
+//!         Acquire (BLCK, 0xFFFF)
+//!         BNUM = Arg0
+//!         PIDX = (One << Arg1)
+//!         Local0 = PIDX
+//!         Release (BLCK)
+//!         Return (Local0)
+//!     }
+//!     Method (PDSM, 5, Serialized) {
+//!         If ((Arg2 == Zero)) {
+//!             Local0 = Buffer (One) { 0x00 }
+//!             If ((Arg0 != ToUUID ("e5c937d0-3553-4d7a-9117-ea4d19c3434d"))) {
+//!                 Return (Local0)
+//!             }
+//!             If ((Arg1 < 0x02)) {
+//!                 Return (Local0)
+//!             }
+//!             Local1 = Zero
+//!             Local2 = AIDX (DerefOf (Arg4 [Zero]), DerefOf (Arg4 [One]))
+//!             If (!((Local2 == Zero) | (Local2 == 0xFFFFFFFF))) {
+//!                 Local1 |= One
+//!                 Local1 |= (One << 0x07)
+//!             }
+//!             Local0 [Zero] = Local1
+//!             Return (Local0)
+//!         }
+//!         If ((Arg2 == 0x07)) {
+//!             Local2 = AIDX (DerefOf (Arg4 [Zero]), DerefOf (Arg4 [One]))
+//!             Local0 = Package (0x02) {}
+//!             If (!((Local2 == Zero) || (Local2 == 0xFFFFFFFF))) {
+//!                 Local0 [Zero] = Local2
+//!                 Local0 [One] = ""
+//!             }
+//!             Return (Local0)
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    Acquire, AmlStr, Arg, BufferData, DeRefOf, Equal, Field, FieldAccessType, FieldEntry,
+    FieldLockRule, FieldUpdateRule, If, Index, LessThan, Local, Method, MethodCall, Mutex,
+    NotEqual, One, OpRegion, OpRegionSpace, Or, Path, Release, Return, Scope, ShiftLeft, Store,
+    Uuid, Zero,
+};
+use acpi_tables::{Aml, AmlSink};
+
+use super::ops::{emit, emit_all, pkg_length, LNot};
+
+/// `LOr (a, b)`. `acpi_tables` models the comparison operators and the bitwise
+/// ones, but not the logical connectives, and QEMU uses both `Or` and `LOr` in
+/// `PDSM` on otherwise identical operands.
+struct LOr<'a> {
+    a: &'a dyn Aml,
+    b: &'a dyn Aml,
+}
+
+impl<'a> LOr<'a> {
+    fn new(a: &'a dyn Aml, b: &'a dyn Aml) -> Self {
+        Self { a, b }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Aml for LOr<'_> {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x91);
+        self.a.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+        self.b.to_aml_bytes(sink);
+    }
+}
+
+/// `Package (count) {}`: a package that reserves element slots but initializes
+/// none of them. `Package` and `PackageBuilder` both derive the count from the
+/// elements they are given, so neither can express the empty form.
+struct EmptyPackage(u8);
+
+impl Aml for EmptyPackage {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x12);
+        sink.vec(&pkg_length(1));
+        sink.byte(self.0);
+    }
+}
+
+struct LegacyPair;
+
+impl Aml for LegacyPair {
+    fn to_aml_bytes(&self, sink: &mut dyn AmlSink) {
+        sink.byte(0x12);
+        sink.vec(&pkg_length(4));
+        sink.byte(2);
+        sink.byte(0); // Zero
+        sink.byte(0x0d); // empty string
+        sink.byte(0);
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build(modern_device_label: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut children = registers();
+    children.extend(pcej());
+    children.extend(aidx());
+    children.extend(pdsm(modern_device_label));
+    Scope::raw(Path::new("_SB_.PCI0"), children)
+}
+
+/// The three hotplug I/O windows, their fields, and the mutex that serializes
+/// the two-step "select a bus, then act on it" register protocol.
+fn registers() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let dword_field = |region: &str, entries: Vec<FieldEntry>| {
+        Field::new(
+            Path::new(region),
+            FieldAccessType::DWord,
+            FieldLockRule::NoLock,
+            FieldUpdateRule::WriteAsZeroes,
+            entries,
+        )
+    };
+
+    let pcst = OpRegion::new(
+        Path::new("PCST"),
+        OpRegionSpace::SystemIO,
+        &0x0cc0u16,
+        &0x08u8,
+    );
+    let pcst_field = dword_field(
+        "PCST",
+        vec![
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PCIU", 32),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PCID", 32),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let sej = OpRegion::new(
+        Path::new("SEJ_"),
+        OpRegionSpace::SystemIO,
+        &0x0cc8u16,
+        &0x04u8,
+    );
+    let sej_field = dword_field("SEJ_", vec![FieldEntry::Named(*b"B0EJ", 32)]);
+
+    let bnmr = OpRegion::new(
+        Path::new("BNMR"),
+        OpRegionSpace::SystemIO,
+        &0x0cd0u16,
+        &0x08u8,
+    );
+    let bnmr_field = dword_field(
+        "BNMR",
+        vec![
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"BNUM", 32),
+            FieldEntry::Named(*b"PIDX", 32),
+        ],
+    );
+
+    let lock = Mutex::new(Path::new("BLCK"), 0x00);
+
+    emit_all(&[
+        &pcst,
+        &pcst_field,
+        &sej,
+        &sej_field,
+        &bnmr,
+        &bnmr_field,
+        &lock,
+    ])
+}
+
+/// `PCEJ (bus, slot)`: eject the slot by writing its bit to `B0EJ`.
+fn pcej() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (bnum, b0ej) = (Path::new("BNUM"), Path::new("B0EJ"));
+    let (arg0, arg1) = (Arg(0), Arg(1));
+
+    let acquire = Acquire::new(Path::new("BLCK"), 0xffff);
+    let select = Store::new(&bnum, &arg0);
+    let slot_bit = ShiftLeft::new(&Zero {}, &One {}, &arg1);
+    let eject = Store::new(&b0ej, &slot_bit);
+    let release = Release::new(Path::new("BLCK"));
+    let ret = Return::new(&Zero {});
+
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("PCEJ"),
+        2,
+        false,
+        vec![&acquire, &select, &eject, &release, &ret],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `AIDX (bus, slot)`: read back the ACPI index the firmware assigned to the
+/// slot, or 0/0xFFFFFFFF when the host does not report one.
+fn aidx() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let local0 = Local(0);
+    let (bnum, pidx) = (Path::new("BNUM"), Path::new("PIDX"));
+    let (arg0, arg1) = (Arg(0), Arg(1));
+
+    let acquire = Acquire::new(Path::new("BLCK"), 0xffff);
+    let select = Store::new(&bnum, &arg0);
+    let slot_bit = ShiftLeft::new(&Zero {}, &One {}, &arg1);
+    let request = Store::new(&pidx, &slot_bit);
+    let read = Store::new(&local0, &pidx);
+    let release = Release::new(Path::new("BLCK"));
+    let ret = Return::new(&local0);
+
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("AIDX"),
+        2,
+        false,
+        vec![&acquire, &select, &request, &read, &release, &ret],
+    ))
+}
+
+/// `PDSM (uuid, revision, function, args, slot)`: the `_DSM` body shared by
+/// every hotplug-capable slot. Function 0 reports which functions exist,
+/// function 7 returns the slot's ACPI index and (empty) label.
+fn pdsm(modern_device_label: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let (local0, local1, local2) = (Local(0), Local(1), Local(2));
+    let (arg0, arg1, arg2, arg4) = (Arg(0), Arg(1), Arg(2), Arg(4));
+
+    // shared by both branches: AIDX (DerefOf (Arg4 [Zero]), DerefOf (Arg4 [One]))
+    let bus_index = Index::new(&Zero {}, &arg4, &Zero {});
+    let bus = DeRefOf::new(&bus_index);
+    let slot_index = Index::new(&Zero {}, &arg4, &One {});
+    let slot = DeRefOf::new(&slot_index);
+    let aidx_call = MethodCall::new(Path::new("AIDX"), vec![&bus, &slot]);
+    let read_index = Store::new(&local2, &aidx_call);
+
+    // shared by both branches: the "no index reported" test, once as a bitwise
+    // Or and once as a logical LOr, matching QEMU term for term.
+    let unassigned = Equal::new(&local2, &Zero {});
+    let invalid = Equal::new(&local2, &0xffff_ffffu32);
+    let no_index_bitwise = Or::new(&Zero {}, &unassigned, &invalid);
+    let has_index_bitwise = LNot::new(&no_index_bitwise);
+    let no_index_logical = LOr::new(&unassigned, &invalid);
+    let has_index_logical = LNot::new(&no_index_logical);
+
+    let ret0 = Return::new(&local0);
+
+    // If ((Arg2 == Zero)): the supported-function bitmap.
+    let empty_bitmap = BufferData::new(vec![0x00]);
+    let init_bitmap = Store::new(&local0, &empty_bitmap);
+
+    let uuid = Uuid::new("e5c937d0-3553-4d7a-9117-ea4d19c3434d");
+    let wrong_uuid = NotEqual::new(&arg0, &uuid);
+    let bail_uuid = If::new(&wrong_uuid, vec![&ret0]);
+    let old_revision = LessThan::new(&arg1, &0x02u8);
+    let bail_revision = If::new(&old_revision, vec![&ret0]);
+
+    let init_bits = Store::new(&local1, &Zero {});
+    let function_zero = Or::new(&local1, &local1, &One {});
+    let function_seven_bit = ShiftLeft::new(&Zero {}, &One {}, &0x07u8);
+    let function_seven = Or::new(&local1, &local1, &function_seven_bit);
+    let set_bits = If::new(&has_index_bitwise, vec![&function_zero, &function_seven]);
+
+    let bitmap_slot = Index::new(&Zero {}, &local0, &Zero {});
+    let store_bits = Store::new(&bitmap_slot, &local1);
+    let is_query = Equal::new(&arg2, &Zero {});
+    let query = If::new(
+        &is_query,
+        vec![
+            &init_bitmap,
+            &bail_uuid,
+            &bail_revision,
+            &init_bits,
+            &read_index,
+            &set_bits,
+            &store_bits,
+            &ret0,
+        ],
+    );
+
+    // If ((Arg2 == 0x07)): the device name, as (ACPI index, label) pair.
+    let empty_pair = EmptyPackage(0x02);
+    let legacy_pair = LegacyPair;
+    let init_empty_pair = Store::new(&local0, &empty_pair);
+    let init_legacy_pair = Store::new(&local0, &legacy_pair);
+    let init_pair_bytes = if modern_device_label {
+        emit(&init_empty_pair)
+    } else {
+        emit(&init_legacy_pair)
+    };
+    let init_pair = super::ops::Raw(&init_pair_bytes);
+    let index_slot = Index::new(&Zero {}, &local0, &Zero {});
+    let store_index = Store::new(&index_slot, &local2);
+    let label: AmlStr = "";
+    let label_slot = Index::new(&Zero {}, &local0, &One {});
+    let store_label = Store::new(&label_slot, &label);
+    let modern_fill = If::new(&has_index_logical, vec![&store_index, &store_label]);
+    let fill_pair_bytes = if modern_device_label {
+        emit(&modern_fill)
+    } else {
+        emit(&store_index)
+    };
+    let fill_pair = super::ops::Raw(&fill_pair_bytes);
+    let is_name = Equal::new(&arg2, &0x07u8);
+    let modern_name = If::new(&is_name, vec![&read_index, &init_pair, &fill_pair, &ret0]);
+    let legacy_name = If::new(&is_name, vec![&init_pair, &read_index, &fill_pair, &ret0]);
+    let name_bytes = if modern_device_label {
+        emit(&modern_name)
+    } else {
+        emit(&legacy_name)
+    };
+    let name = super::ops::Raw(&name_bytes);
+
+    emit(&Method::new(
+        Path::new("PDSM"),
+        5,
+        true,
+        vec![&query, &name],
+    ))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(true), 426, 777);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pic.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26055a46f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! The interrupt model the OS selected. `_PIC` only records the choice; the
+//! `_PRT` methods later in the table read `PICF` back to decide which routing
+//! package to return.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Name (PICF, Zero)
+//! Method (_PIC, 1, NotSerialized) {
+//!     PICF = Arg0
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{Arg, Method, Name, Path, Store, Zero};
+
+use super::ops::emit_all;
+
+pub(crate) fn build() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let picf = Path::new("PICF");
+    let flag = Name::new(Path::new("PICF"), &Zero {});
+    let record = Store::new(&picf, &Arg(0));
+    let method = Method::new(Path::new("_PIC"), 1, false, vec![&record]);
+
+    emit_all(&[&flag, &method])
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(), 777, 796);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/prt.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/prt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67ce13b23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/prt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (PCI0)`: the two PCI interrupt routing tables and `_PRT`.
+//!
+//! `PRTP` (PIC mode) routes every slot/pin pair to a `LNKx` link device,
+//! `PRTA` (APIC mode) routes it to the matching `GSIx` device. Both are a
+//! `Package` of 128 entries — 32 slots by 4 pins — with identical shape:
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (PCI0) {
+//!     Name (PRTP, Package (0x80) {
+//!         Package (0x04) { 0xFFFF, Zero, LNKE, Zero },  // slot 0, INTA
+//!         ...                                           // 127 more
+//!     })
+//!     Name (PRTA, Package (0x80) { ... })               // same, GSIx
+//!     Method (_PRT, 0, NotSerialized) {
+//!         If ((PICF == Zero)) { Return (PRTP) }
+//!         Else               { Return (PRTA) }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Construction rule (QEMU `build_q35_routing_table()` /
+//! `append_q35_prt_entry()` in `hw/i386/acpi-build.c`): entry `(slot, pin)`
+//! holds the address `(slot << 16) | 0xffff`, the pin index, the link name,
+//! and `Zero` for the (unused) source index. The link letter is
+//! `base + (head + pin) % 4`, where the per-slot `base`/`head` follow the
+//! chipset's default `D<N>IR` values:
+//!
+//! * slots `0x00..=0x17` — base `E`, head `slot & 3` (PIRQ\[E-H\], rotating)
+//! * slot `0x18` — base `E`, head 0
+//! * slots `0x19..=0x1d` — base `A`, head 0 (INTA -> PIRQA)
+//! * slot `0x1e` — base `E`, head 0 (PCIe->PCI bridge, PIRQ\[E-H\])
+//! * slot `0x1f` — base `A`, head 0
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{Else, Equal, If, Method, Name, PackageBuilder, Path, Return, Scope, Zero};
+
+use super::ops::emit_all;
+
+/// One 128-entry routing table. `prefix` is the three-character device family
+/// (`LNK` for PIC mode, `GSI` for APIC mode).
+fn routing_table(prefix: &str) -> PackageBuilder {
+    let mut table = PackageBuilder::new();
+    for slot in 0u32..32 {
+        let base = if matches!(slot, 0x19..=0x1d | 0x1f) {
+            b'A'
+        } else {
+            b'E'
+        };
+        let head = if slot < 0x18 { slot as u8 & 3 } else { 0 };
+        // Slot 0's address is 0xffff, which QEMU emits as a word rather than a
+        // dword; the `u32` encoder narrows to the same shortest form.
+        let address = (slot << 16) | 0xffff;
+        for pin in 0u8..4 {
+            let name = format!("{prefix}{}", (base + (head + pin) % 4) as char);
+            let mut entry = PackageBuilder::new();
+            entry.add_element(&address);
+            entry.add_element(&pin);
+            entry.add_element(&Path::new(&name));
+            entry.add_element(&Zero {});
+            table.add_element(&entry);
+        }
+    }
+    table
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let prtp = Name::new(Path::new("PRTP"), &routing_table("LNK"));
+    let prta = Name::new(Path::new("PRTA"), &routing_table("GSI"));
+
+    let picf = Path::new("PICF");
+    let zero = Zero {};
+    let pic_mode = Equal::new(&picf, &zero);
+    let pic_table = Path::new("PRTP");
+    let apic_table = Path::new("PRTA");
+    let return_pic = Return::new(&pic_table);
+    let return_apic = Return::new(&apic_table);
+    let if_pic = If::new(&pic_mode, vec![&return_pic]);
+    let else_apic = Else::new(vec![&return_apic]);
+    let prt = Method::new(Path::new("_PRT"), 0, false, vec![&if_pic, &else_apic]);
+
+    Scope::raw(Path::new("PCI0"), emit_all(&[&prtp, &prta, &prt]))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(), 804, 4552);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pxb.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pxb.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..439e5369f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/pxb.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! ACPI host bridge emitted for dstack's GPU PXB.
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{
+    AddressSpace, Device, EISAName, Method, Name, PackageBuilder, Path, ResourceTemplate, Return,
+    Scope, Zero,
+};
+
+use super::ops::{emit, Raw};
+
+const BUS: u8 = 5;
+
+fn routing_table() -> PackageBuilder {
+    let mut table = PackageBuilder::new();
+    for slot in 0u32..32 {
+        let address = (slot << 16) | 0xffff;
+        for pin in 0u8..4 {
+            let letter = (b'A' + ((slot as u8 + pin + 3) & 3)) as char;
+            let link = Path::new(&format!("LNK{letter}"));
+            let mut entry = PackageBuilder::new();
+            entry.add_element(&address);
+            entry.add_element(&pin);
+            entry.add_element(&link);
+            entry.add_element(&Zero {});
+            table.add_element(&entry);
+        }
+    }
+    table
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let uid = Name::new(Path::new("_UID"), &BUS);
+    let bbn = Name::new(Path::new("_BBN"), &BUS);
+    let hid = Name::new(Path::new("_HID"), &EISAName::new("PNP0A08"));
+    let cid = Name::new(Path::new("_CID"), &EISAName::new("PNP0A03"));
+    let osc = super::pci0::osc(false);
+    let pxm = Name::new(Path::new("_PXM"), &Zero {});
+
+    let routes = routing_table();
+    let return_routes = Return::new(&routes);
+    let prt = Method::new(Path::new("_PRT"), 0, false, vec![&return_routes]);
+
+    let buses = AddressSpace::new_bus_number(u16::from(BUS), u16::from(BUS));
+    let resources = ResourceTemplate::new(vec![&buses]);
+    let crs = Name::new(Path::new("_CRS"), &resources);
+
+    let osc = Raw(&osc);
+    let bridge = Device::new(
+        Path::new("PC05"),
+        vec![&uid, &bbn, &hid, &cid, &osc, &pxm, &prt, &crs],
+    );
+    Scope::raw(Path::new("\\_SB_"), emit(&bridge))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/sstate.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/sstate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25a39b85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/dsdt/sstate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `Scope (\)`: the sleep state packages QEMU advertises for S3/S4/S5.
+//!
+//! ```asl
+//! Scope (\) {
+//!     Name (_S3, Package (0x04) { One, One, Zero, Zero })
+//!     Name (_S4, Package (0x04) { 0x02, 0x02, Zero, Zero })
+//!     Name (_S5, Package (0x04) { Zero, Zero, Zero, Zero })
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use acpi_tables::aml::{Name, One, Package, Path, Zero};
+
+use super::ops::{emit_all, root_scope};
+
+pub(crate) fn build() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let one = One {};
+    let zero = Zero {};
+    let two = 2u8;
+
+    // Each package is { PM1a SLP_TYP, PM1b SLP_TYP, reserved, reserved }.
+    let s3 = Package::new(vec![&one, &one, &zero, &zero]);
+    let s4 = Package::new(vec![&two, &two, &zero, &zero]);
+    let s5 = Package::new(vec![&zero, &zero, &zero, &zero]);
+
+    let s3 = Name::new(Path::new("_S3_"), &s3);
+    let s4 = Name::new(Path::new("_S4_"), &s4);
+    let s5 = Name::new(Path::new("_S5_"), &s5);
+
+    root_scope(&emit_all(&[&s3, &s4, &s5]))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_qemu() {
+        super::super::fixture::assert_region(&super::build(), 7732, 7774);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/fixed_tables.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/fixed_tables.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1462aed6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/fixed_tables.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Fixed-layout ACPI tables emitted by QEMU's Q35 machine.
+//!
+//! Checksums stay zero in these blobs. QEMU's table-loader asks firmware to
+//! calculate them after it has relocated the table pointers.
+
+const OEM_ID: &[u8; 6] = b"BOCHS ";
+const OEM_TABLE_ID: &[u8; 8] = b"BXPC    ";
+const CREATOR_ID: &[u8; 4] = b"BXPC";
+
+const DSDT_OFFSET: u32 = 64;
+const PM_IO_BASE: u32 = 0x0600;
+const GPE0_IO_BASE: u32 = 0x0620;
+const SCI_INTERRUPT: u16 = 9;
+const SMI_COMMAND_PORT: u32 = 0x00b2;
+const ACPI_ENABLE_COMMAND: u8 = 2;
+const ACPI_DISABLE_COMMAND: u8 = 3;
+const LOCAL_APIC_ADDRESS: u32 = 0xfee0_0000;
+const IO_APIC_ADDRESS: u32 = 0xfec0_0000;
+const MCFG_BASE: u64 = 0xe000_0000;
+
+fn put(out: &mut [u8], offset: usize, bytes: &[u8]) {
+    out[offset..offset + bytes.len()].copy_from_slice(bytes);
+}
+
+/// Standard 36-byte ACPI system-description-table header.
+fn header(signature: &[u8; 4], length: usize, revision: u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = vec![0; length];
+    put(&mut out, 0, signature);
+    put(&mut out, 4, &(length as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    out[8] = revision;
+    put(&mut out, 10, OEM_ID);
+    put(&mut out, 16, OEM_TABLE_ID);
+    put(&mut out, 24, &1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    put(&mut out, 28, CREATOR_ID);
+    put(&mut out, 32, &1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+/// Firmware ACPI Control Structure. Unlike the other records it has no SDT
+/// header and is never checksummed.
+pub(crate) fn facs() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = vec![0; 64];
+    put(&mut out, 0, b"FACS");
+    put(&mut out, 4, &64u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+/// Fixed ACPI Description Table for Q35/ICH9.
+pub(crate) fn fadt(smm: bool, cpu_count: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = header(b"FACP", 244, 3);
+    // Firmware patches FIRMWARE_CTRL; DSDT is blob-relative until relocation.
+    put(&mut out, 40, &DSDT_OFFSET.to_le_bytes());
+    out[44] = 1; // Multiple APIC interrupt model.
+    put(&mut out, 46, &SCI_INTERRUPT.to_le_bytes());
+    if smm {
+        put(&mut out, 48, &SMI_COMMAND_PORT.to_le_bytes());
+        out[52] = ACPI_ENABLE_COMMAND;
+        out[53] = ACPI_DISABLE_COMMAND;
+    }
+    // Legacy fixed-register addresses and lengths.
+    put(&mut out, 56, &PM_IO_BASE.to_le_bytes()); // PM1a event block
+    put(&mut out, 64, &(PM_IO_BASE + 4).to_le_bytes()); // PM1a control block
+    put(&mut out, 76, &(PM_IO_BASE + 8).to_le_bytes()); // PM timer
+    put(&mut out, 80, &GPE0_IO_BASE.to_le_bytes());
+    out[88] = 4; // PM1 event length
+    out[89] = 2; // PM1 control length
+    out[91] = 4; // PM timer length
+    out[92] = 16; // GPE0 block length
+    put(&mut out, 96, &0x0fffu16.to_le_bytes()); // C2 unsupported
+    put(&mut out, 98, &0x0fffu16.to_le_bytes()); // C3 unsupported
+    out[108] = 0x32; // RTC century register
+    put(&mut out, 109, &2u16.to_le_bytes()); // 8042 present
+    let mut flags = (1 << 0) | (1 << 2) | (1 << 5) | (1 << 7) | (1 << 10) | (1 << 15);
+    if cpu_count > 8 {
+        flags |= 1 << 18; // Force APIC clustered logical destination mode.
+    }
+    put(&mut out, 112, &(flags as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    // Reset register: System I/O, byte access, port 0xcf9; reset value 0x0f.
+    out[116] = 1;
+    out[117] = 8;
+    put(&mut out, 120, &0x0cf9u64.to_le_bytes());
+    out[128] = 0x0f;
+    // X_FIRMWARE_CTRL is zero; X_DSDT repeats the blob-relative DSDT offset.
+    put(&mut out, 140, &u64::from(DSDT_OFFSET).to_le_bytes());
+    gas(&mut out, 148, 32, PM_IO_BASE);
+    gas(&mut out, 172, 16, PM_IO_BASE + 4);
+    gas(&mut out, 208, 32, PM_IO_BASE + 8);
+    gas(&mut out, 220, 128, GPE0_IO_BASE);
+    out
+}
+
+fn gas(out: &mut [u8], offset: usize, width: u8, address: u32) {
+    out[offset] = 1; // System I/O
+    out[offset + 1] = width;
+    put(out, offset + 4, &u64::from(address).to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+/// Multiple APIC Description Table.
+pub(crate) fn madt(cpu_count: u32, pic: bool, legacy_irq_overrides: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let legacy_cpus = cpu_count.min(255) as usize;
+    let x2apic_cpus = cpu_count.saturating_sub(255) as usize;
+    let cpu_bytes = legacy_cpus * 8 + x2apic_cpus * 16;
+    let interrupt_tail = if legacy_irq_overrides { 172 } else { 62 };
+    let lint_len = if cpu_count <= 255 { 6 } else { 12 };
+    let tail_len = interrupt_tail + lint_len;
+    let mut out = header(b"APIC", 44 + cpu_bytes + tail_len, 3);
+    put(&mut out, 36, &LOCAL_APIC_ADDRESS.to_le_bytes());
+    put(&mut out, 40, &(pic as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    for index in 0..cpu_count {
+        if index < 255 {
+            let at = 44 + index as usize * 8;
+            put(&mut out, at, &[0, 8, index as u8, index as u8]);
+            put(&mut out, at + 4, &1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        } else {
+            let at = 44 + legacy_cpus * 8 + (index as usize - 255) * 16;
+            put(&mut out, at, &[9, 16, 0, 0]);
+            put(&mut out, at + 4, &index.to_le_bytes());
+            put(&mut out, at + 8, &1u32.to_le_bytes());
+            put(&mut out, at + 12, &index.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    let at = 44 + cpu_bytes;
+    put(&mut out, at, &[1, 12, 0, 0]); // I/O APIC ID 0
+    put(&mut out, at + 4, &IO_APIC_ADDRESS.to_le_bytes());
+    if legacy_irq_overrides {
+        for irq in 0u8..16 {
+            let entry = at + 12 + usize::from(irq) * 10;
+            put(&mut out, entry, &[2, 10, 0, irq]);
+            let gsi = if irq == 0 { 2 } else { u32::from(irq) };
+            put(&mut out, entry + 4, &gsi.to_le_bytes());
+            put(&mut out, entry + 8, &5u16.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+    } else {
+        // IRQ0 -> GSI2, then overrides for IRQ5/9/10/11 (level, active-low).
+        put(&mut out, at + 12, &[2, 10, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        for (n, irq) in [5u8, 9, 10, 11].into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let entry = at + 22 + n * 10;
+            put(&mut out, entry, &[2, 10, 0, irq]);
+            put(&mut out, entry + 4, &u32::from(irq).to_le_bytes());
+            put(&mut out, entry + 8, &13u16.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    let lint = at + interrupt_tail;
+    if cpu_count <= 255 {
+        put(&mut out, lint, &[4, 6, 0xff, 0, 0, 1]);
+    } else {
+        put(&mut out, lint, &[0x0a, 12, 0, 0]);
+        put(&mut out, lint + 4, &u32::MAX.to_le_bytes());
+        put(&mut out, lint + 8, &[1, 0, 0, 0]);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn mcfg() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = header(b"MCFG", 60, 1);
+    put(&mut out, 44, &MCFG_BASE.to_le_bytes());
+    out[55] = 0xff; // buses 0..255, segment group zero
+    out
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn waet() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = header(b"WAET", 40, 1);
+    put(&mut out, 36, &2u32.to_le_bytes()); // ACPI PM timer is reliable
+    out
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn rsdt(entries: &[u32]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = header(b"RSDT", 36 + entries.len() * 4, 1);
+    for (index, entry) in entries.iter().enumerate() {
+        put(&mut out, 36 + index * 4, &entry.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn facs_matches_qemu() {
+        crate::dsdt::fixture::assert_blob_range(&facs(), 0, 64);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn fadt_matches_qemu() {
+        crate::dsdt::fixture::assert_blob_range(&fadt(false, 1), 8322, 8566);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn madt_matches_qemu() {
+        crate::dsdt::fixture::assert_blob_range(&madt(1, false, false), 8566, 8686);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn mcfg_matches_qemu() {
+        crate::dsdt::fixture::assert_blob_range(&mcfg(), 8686, 8746);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn waet_matches_qemu() {
+        crate::dsdt::fixture::assert_blob_range(&waet(), 8746, 8786);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn rsdt_matches_qemu() {
+        crate::dsdt::fixture::assert_blob_range(&rsdt(&[8322, 8566, 8686, 8746]), 8786, 8838);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/fw_cfg.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/fw_cfg.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7fc976a3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/fw_cfg.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Construction of QEMU's `etc/table-loader` and `etc/acpi/rsdp` blobs.
+//!
+//! QEMU records one fixed-size (128-byte) loader command whenever an ACPI
+//! table needs allocation, pointer relocation, or a checksum. Command order is
+//! observable and therefore part of the measured ACPI ABI.
+
+use crate::{AcpiBlobs, Error};
+
+const LOADER_COMMAND_SIZE: usize = 128;
+const LOADER_FILE_NAME_SIZE: usize = 56;
+const LOADER_BLOB_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+const ACPI_HEADER_SIZE: u32 = 36;
+const ACPI_CHECKSUM_OFFSET: u32 = 9;
+
+const TABLES_FILE: &str = "etc/acpi/tables";
+const RSDP_FILE: &str = "etc/acpi/rsdp";
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct TableLocation {
+    offset: u32,
+    checksum_offset: u32,
+    length: u32,
+}
+
+fn malformed(message: impl Into<String>) -> Error {
+    Error::MalformedTables(message.into())
+}
+
+fn append_file_name(output: &mut Vec<u8>, file_name: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    if file_name.len() > LOADER_FILE_NAME_SIZE {
+        return Err(malformed("fw_cfg file name exceeds QEMU loader limit"));
+    }
+    output.extend_from_slice(file_name.as_bytes());
+    output.resize(output.len() + LOADER_FILE_NAME_SIZE - file_name.len(), 0);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn finish_command(output: &mut Vec<u8>, payload_size: usize) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let padding = LOADER_COMMAND_SIZE
+        .checked_sub(payload_size)
+        .ok_or_else(|| malformed("fw_cfg loader command exceeds 128 bytes"))?;
+    output.resize(output.len() + padding, 0);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn append_allocate(
+    output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    file_name: &str,
+    alignment: u32,
+    zone: u8,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    output.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    append_file_name(output, file_name)?;
+    output.extend_from_slice(&alignment.to_le_bytes());
+    output.push(zone);
+    finish_command(output, 4 + LOADER_FILE_NAME_SIZE + 4 + 1)
+}
+
+fn append_add_pointer(
+    output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    destination_file: &str,
+    source_file: &str,
+    offset: u32,
+    pointer_size: u8,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    output.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+    append_file_name(output, destination_file)?;
+    append_file_name(output, source_file)?;
+    output.extend_from_slice(&offset.to_le_bytes());
+    output.push(pointer_size);
+    finish_command(output, 4 + 2 * LOADER_FILE_NAME_SIZE + 4 + 1)
+}
+
+fn append_add_checksum(
+    output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    file_name: &str,
+    checksum_offset: u32,
+    start: u32,
+    length: u32,
+) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    output.extend_from_slice(&3u32.to_le_bytes());
+    append_file_name(output, file_name)?;
+    output.extend_from_slice(&checksum_offset.to_le_bytes());
+    output.extend_from_slice(&start.to_le_bytes());
+    output.extend_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+    finish_command(output, 4 + LOADER_FILE_NAME_SIZE + 3 * 4)
+}
+
+fn parse_table_locations(tables: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<([u8; 4], TableLocation)>, Error> {
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    let mut offset = 0usize;
+
+    while offset < tables.len() {
+        // QEMU pads the blob with zeroes after the final table.
+        if tables.get(offset..offset + 4) == Some(&[0, 0, 0, 0]) {
+            break;
+        }
+        let signature: [u8; 4] = tables
+            .get(offset..offset.saturating_add(4))
+            .and_then(|bytes| bytes.try_into().ok())
+            .ok_or_else(|| malformed("truncated ACPI table signature"))?;
+        let length = tables
+            .get(offset.saturating_add(4)..offset.saturating_add(8))
+            .and_then(|bytes| <&[u8; 4]>::try_from(bytes).ok())
+            .map(|bytes| u32::from_le_bytes(*bytes))
+            .ok_or_else(|| malformed("truncated ACPI table header"))?;
+        if length < ACPI_HEADER_SIZE {
+            return Err(malformed("invalid ACPI table length"));
+        }
+        let next = offset
+            .checked_add(length as usize)
+            .filter(|next| *next <= tables.len())
+            .ok_or_else(|| malformed("ACPI table extends beyond blob"))?;
+        let table_offset = u32::try_from(offset)
+            .map_err(|_| malformed("ACPI table offset exceeds 32-bit loader ABI"))?;
+        let checksum_offset = table_offset
+            .checked_add(ACPI_CHECKSUM_OFFSET)
+            .ok_or_else(|| malformed("ACPI checksum offset overflow"))?;
+        result.push((
+            signature,
+            TableLocation {
+                offset: table_offset,
+                checksum_offset,
+                length,
+            },
+        ));
+        offset = next;
+    }
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+fn required_table(
+    locations: &[([u8; 4], TableLocation)],
+    signature: &[u8; 4],
+) -> Result<TableLocation, Error> {
+    locations
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|(candidate, location)| (candidate == signature).then_some(*location))
+        .ok_or_else(|| malformed(String::from_utf8_lossy(signature).into_owned()))
+}
+
+fn optional_table(
+    locations: &[([u8; 4], TableLocation)],
+    signature: &[u8; 4],
+) -> Option<TableLocation> {
+    locations
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|(candidate, location)| (candidate == signature).then_some(*location))
+}
+
+fn append_table_checksum(output: &mut Vec<u8>, table: TableLocation) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    append_add_checksum(
+        output,
+        TABLES_FILE,
+        table.checksum_offset,
+        table.offset,
+        table.length,
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn finish(tables: Vec<u8>) -> Result<AcpiBlobs, Error> {
+    let locations = parse_table_locations(&tables)?;
+    let dsdt = required_table(&locations, b"DSDT")?;
+    let fadt = required_table(&locations, b"FACP")?;
+    let madt = required_table(&locations, b"APIC")?;
+    let srat = optional_table(&locations, b"SRAT");
+    let mcfg = required_table(&locations, b"MCFG")?;
+    let waet = required_table(&locations, b"WAET")?;
+    let rsdt = required_table(&locations, b"RSDT")?;
+
+    let mut rsdp = b"RSD PTR \0BOCHS \0".to_vec();
+    rsdp.extend_from_slice(&rsdt.offset.to_le_bytes());
+
+    let mut loader = Vec::with_capacity(LOADER_BLOB_SIZE);
+    append_allocate(&mut loader, RSDP_FILE, 16, 2)?;
+    append_allocate(&mut loader, TABLES_FILE, 64, 1)?;
+
+    // This sequence mirrors QEMU's build order. In particular, SRAT is built
+    // between MADT and MCFG only for NUMA configurations.
+    append_table_checksum(&mut loader, dsdt)?;
+    for (offset, pointer_size) in [(36, 4), (40, 4), (140, 8)] {
+        append_add_pointer(
+            &mut loader,
+            TABLES_FILE,
+            TABLES_FILE,
+            fadt.offset
+                .checked_add(offset)
+                .ok_or_else(|| malformed("FADT pointer offset overflow"))?,
+            pointer_size,
+        )?;
+    }
+    append_table_checksum(&mut loader, fadt)?;
+    append_table_checksum(&mut loader, madt)?;
+    if let Some(srat) = srat {
+        append_table_checksum(&mut loader, srat)?;
+    }
+    append_table_checksum(&mut loader, mcfg)?;
+    append_table_checksum(&mut loader, waet)?;
+
+    let rsdt_payload_length = rsdt
+        .length
+        .checked_sub(ACPI_HEADER_SIZE)
+        .ok_or_else(|| malformed("RSDT shorter than ACPI header"))?;
+    if rsdt_payload_length % 4 != 0 {
+        return Err(malformed("RSDT entry area is not 32-bit aligned"));
+    }
+    for entry_offset in (ACPI_HEADER_SIZE..rsdt.length).step_by(4) {
+        append_add_pointer(
+            &mut loader,
+            TABLES_FILE,
+            TABLES_FILE,
+            rsdt.offset
+                .checked_add(entry_offset)
+                .ok_or_else(|| malformed("RSDT pointer offset overflow"))?,
+            4,
+        )?;
+    }
+    append_table_checksum(&mut loader, rsdt)?;
+    append_add_pointer(&mut loader, RSDP_FILE, TABLES_FILE, 16, 4)?;
+    append_add_checksum(&mut loader, RSDP_FILE, 8, 0, 20)?;
+
+    if loader.len() > LOADER_BLOB_SIZE {
+        return Err(malformed("fw_cfg loader exceeds QEMU allocation"));
+    }
+    loader.resize(LOADER_BLOB_SIZE, 0);
+    Ok(AcpiBlobs {
+        tables,
+        rsdp,
+        loader,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_truncated_and_invalid_tables() {
+        assert!(parse_table_locations(b"DSDT").is_err());
+
+        let mut short = [0u8; 36];
+        short[..4].copy_from_slice(b"DSDT");
+        short[4..8].copy_from_slice(&35u32.to_le_bytes());
+        assert!(parse_table_locations(&short).is_err());
+
+        short[4..8].copy_from_slice(&37u32.to_le_bytes());
+        assert!(parse_table_locations(&short).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/generated_tables.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/generated_tables.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5767747e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/generated_tables.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Assembly of the ACPI table blob from generated records only.
+
+use crate::{
+    dsdt, fixed_tables, srat, AcpiBlobs, Compatibility, Error, MachineConfig, TABLE_BLOB_SIZE,
+};
+
+pub(crate) fn build(config: &MachineConfig) -> Result<AcpiBlobs, Error> {
+    let mut tables = fixed_tables::facs();
+    tables.extend(dsdt::table(config)?);
+
+    let fadt_offset = tables.len() as u32;
+    tables.extend(fixed_tables::fadt(config.smm, config.cpu_count));
+    let madt_offset = tables.len() as u32;
+    let legacy_irq_overrides = matches!(
+        config.qemu_version.compatibility(),
+        Some(Compatibility::V8 | Compatibility::V9Pre92)
+    );
+    tables.extend(fixed_tables::madt(
+        config.cpu_count,
+        config.pic,
+        legacy_irq_overrides,
+    ));
+    let srat_offset = config.hugepages.then_some(tables.len() as u32);
+    if config.hugepages {
+        tables.extend(srat::build(
+            config.cpu_count,
+            config.memory_size,
+            config.pci_hole64_size,
+        ));
+    }
+    let mcfg_offset = tables.len() as u32;
+    tables.extend(fixed_tables::mcfg());
+    let waet_offset = tables.len() as u32;
+    tables.extend(fixed_tables::waet());
+
+    let mut entries = vec![fadt_offset, madt_offset];
+    entries.extend(srat_offset);
+    entries.extend([mcfg_offset, waet_offset]);
+    tables.extend(fixed_tables::rsdt(&entries));
+    tables.resize(tables.len().div_ceil(TABLE_BLOB_SIZE) * TABLE_BLOB_SIZE, 0);
+    crate::fw_cfg::finish(tables)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::QemuVersion;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn baseline_matches_qemu_from_scratch() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let config = MachineConfig {
+            qemu_version: QemuVersion::new(11, 1, 0),
+            cpu_count: 1,
+            memory_size: 2 << 30,
+            pic: false,
+            smm: false,
+            hugepages: false,
+            num_gpus: 0,
+            num_nvswitches: 0,
+            num_nics: 0,
+            num_verity_volumes: 0,
+            hotplug_off: false,
+            root_verity: true,
+            pci_hole64_size: None,
+        };
+        let actual = build(&config)?;
+        let expected = include_bytes!("../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-base.bin");
+        assert_eq!(&actual.tables[..expected.len()], *expected);
+        assert!(actual.tables[expected.len()..]
+            .iter()
+            .all(|byte| *byte == 0));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/golden_tests.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/golden_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a13b4893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/golden_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::{build, Error, MachineConfig, QemuVersion};
+
+    fn config(nics: u32, volumes: u32) -> MachineConfig {
+        MachineConfig {
+            qemu_version: QemuVersion::new(11, 1, 0),
+            cpu_count: 1,
+            memory_size: 2 << 30,
+            pic: false,
+            smm: false,
+            hugepages: false,
+            num_gpus: 0,
+            num_nvswitches: 0,
+            num_nics: nics,
+            num_verity_volumes: volumes,
+            hotplug_off: false,
+            root_verity: true,
+            pci_hole64_size: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_nic_matches_qemu_byte_for_byte() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let actual = build(&config(1, 0))?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual.tables,
+            include_bytes!("../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-one-nic.bin")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual.loader,
+            include_bytes!("../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-one-nic-loader.bin")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual.rsdp,
+            include_bytes!("../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-one-nic-rsdp.bin")
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn numa_loader_and_rsdp_match_qemu_byte_for_byte() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut numa = config(1, 0);
+        numa.hugepages = true;
+        let actual = build(&numa)?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual.loader,
+            include_bytes!("../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-numa-one-nic-loader.bin")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            actual.rsdp,
+            include_bytes!("../fixtures/qemu-11.1-q35-numa-one-nic-rsdp.bin")
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn qemu_hash(config: MachineConfig) -> Result<String, Error> {
+        use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+        // Keep ownership local so callers can conveniently vary the config.
+        config.validate()?;
+        Ok(hex::encode(Sha256::digest(build(&config)?.tables)))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn qemu_version_and_cpu_goldens() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let versions = [
+            (
+                (8, 2, 0),
+                "ff0c03c7f4026a95b0b2f2e08cef7d501a3a44b4df036c9f26de91828f0215f6",
+            ),
+            (
+                (9, 1, 0),
+                "ff0c03c7f4026a95b0b2f2e08cef7d501a3a44b4df036c9f26de91828f0215f6",
+            ),
+            (
+                (9, 2, 1),
+                "b183eba66c6e96556f28cefe60ca92620b82488fcefaf66167aad61e2b2e73d1",
+            ),
+            (
+                (10, 0, 0),
+                "d0410a8abdbba6d86a19a2eefd491376727e4e2d80c54349d7f30deca14ca6e1",
+            ),
+            (
+                (11, 0, 0),
+                "e211dd453e651ef320d28c65d23f578e96468614614e7b1172f18df5052d0f1f",
+            ),
+            (
+                (11, 1, 0),
+                "09f99e5dcf36b80a9258e849b3a9a70e7914244008e6a92a689eb22e4cc17a8f",
+            ),
+        ];
+        for ((major, minor, micro), expected) in versions {
+            let mut c = config(1, 0);
+            c.qemu_version = QemuVersion::new(major, minor, micro);
+            assert_eq!(qemu_hash(c)?, expected);
+        }
+
+        let cpus = [
+            (
+                1,
+                "09f99e5dcf36b80a9258e849b3a9a70e7914244008e6a92a689eb22e4cc17a8f",
+            ),
+            (
+                2,
+                "1362c6f473801b34f93df4e2966b2d3350f7f9113750da78a2cb799177157da8",
+            ),
+            (
+                8,
+                "0f9fc08c5efd03f1cb3cfaa1a0a09c45dcfbc18183dbc5aa1367ad10eb65135a",
+            ),
+            (
+                64,
+                "089fda95fb5d45ba9a5f46ebc99d85e1331daa4dd38f60597eec9a3d95c94bb5",
+            ),
+            (
+                256,
+                "d1c3291dbdf0ccc4acdecce5f78fbe80e0ca7d6d803a62c9f5b59ee8c7e0a1b5",
+            ),
+            (
+                4096,
+                "6a4bbd704addd10996632d6535432598c742789e60b29d055a7784be927588a5",
+            ),
+        ];
+        for (count, expected) in cpus {
+            let mut c = config(1, 0);
+            c.cpu_count = count;
+            assert_eq!(qemu_hash(c)?, expected);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn qemu_device_count_goldens() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let cases = [
+            (
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+                "93a140bbc031dc313ed4011b838c8b22ffdecb474435d9fcb294be97194c953c",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+                "09f99e5dcf36b80a9258e849b3a9a70e7914244008e6a92a689eb22e4cc17a8f",
+            ),
+            (
+                2,
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+                "fbf083121cc3b46b3b7913e45e635e6bb31e11f0cb6e029aa504bc4de68e2d64",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                1,
+                0,
+                0,
+                "fbf083121cc3b46b3b7913e45e635e6bb31e11f0cb6e029aa504bc4de68e2d64",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                4,
+                0,
+                0,
+                "7d722d7e3d811aa7978030af1d2a6c6aa68a5ab9267d7dff4e57babdf1476870",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                0,
+                1,
+                0,
+                "f47ab428541cb334c6de6e59e7fcf44a5db7b314e9dd4c643978968917eb25b2",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                0,
+                8,
+                0,
+                "ae3fefc72eb747cbff363e4f5ac7f3366f257849dc5f2719a9368303abaef4cc",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                0,
+                1,
+                1,
+                "8a48a13bc6041d73f7decce488054a8d25800cc82e11fa9bd1687e010ac9c9b0",
+            ),
+            (
+                1,
+                0,
+                1,
+                4,
+                "2052ea73c74e1462947e600c95742e48cae0f7a84bc0ec79ab12f7a7818aec7a",
+            ),
+        ];
+        for (nics, volumes, gpus, switches, expected) in cases {
+            let mut c = config(nics, volumes);
+            c.num_gpus = gpus;
+            c.num_nvswitches = switches;
+            assert_eq!(qemu_hash(c)?, expected);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn qemu_memory_layout_boundaries() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let cases = [
+            (
+                1,
+                "8d7620126cfd2a2edabbc8c9f289ca2993f547d595eed61fd508d24f2b52e3ac",
+            ),
+            (
+                2049,
+                "646e5cc620fd7819f8f4756c712619d2a72c29a175fc04b79867cee80e67cf82",
+            ),
+            (
+                2815,
+                "ee35c5e548a3f527dd12b1dd6ee14e093fd6063056470b3ef6cb6c844e4186a4",
+            ),
+            (
+                2816,
+                "3bf181108245994ceb7e983b1fa62009dcd56f7b49fd1e96ef15eb07d04aefc9",
+            ),
+            (
+                1_048_576,
+                "f22a114b0975b18200553442d6c9fab172fb930252c1a95926c594b2c25bca57",
+            ),
+        ];
+        for (mib, expected) in cases {
+            let mut c = config(1, 0);
+            c.cpu_count = 2;
+            c.memory_size = mib * 1024 * 1024;
+            c.hugepages = true;
+            c.num_gpus = 1;
+            assert_eq!(qemu_hash(c)?, expected);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pxb_supports_qemus_full_gpu_range() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        for gpus in [1, 8, 32] {
+            let mut c = config(1, 0);
+            c.hugepages = true;
+            c.num_gpus = gpus;
+            assert_eq!(
+                qemu_hash(c)?,
+                "a8449287b161102ca136f892d13d6bc853d1abdc9ba7804e886f0a42784878c3"
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn device_kinds_share_qemus_slot_allocation() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        assert_eq!(build(&config(5, 0))?.tables, build(&config(1, 4))?.tables);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hostile_counts_are_rejected_without_generation() {
+        let mut c = config(u32::MAX, u32::MAX);
+        c.cpu_count = u32::MAX;
+        c.num_gpus = u32::MAX;
+        c.num_nvswitches = u32::MAX;
+        assert!(crate::build(&c).is_err());
+
+        let mut c = config(1, 0);
+        c.cpu_count = 0;
+        assert!(crate::build(&c).is_err());
+
+        let mut c = config(1, 0);
+        c.memory_size = 0;
+        assert!(crate::build(&c).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validated_boundary_inputs_generate_safely() -> Result<(), Error> {
+        for version in [
+            QemuVersion::new(8, 0, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(9, 1, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(9, 2, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(10, 0, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(11, 0, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(11, 1, 0),
+        ] {
+            for cpus in [1, 255, 256, 4096] {
+                for memory_size in [1, 0xafff_ffff, 0xb000_0000, u64::MAX] {
+                    let mut c = config(0, 0);
+                    c.qemu_version = version;
+                    c.cpu_count = cpus;
+                    c.memory_size = memory_size;
+                    c.pci_hole64_size = Some(u64::MAX);
+                    crate::build(&c)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/lib.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7c5b0f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Pure Rust generation of the QEMU Q35 ACPI blobs measured by dstack.
+//!
+//! This crate intentionally models the observable ACPI ABI rather than a
+//! virtual machine. Its output is expected to match QEMU byte for byte for a
+//! supported compatibility profile and machine topology.
+//!
+//! QEMU releases newer than the newest modeled profile are generated with that
+//! profile (see [`QemuVersion::compatibility`]) instead of being rejected, so a
+//! QEMU upgrade that leaves the ACPI ABI alone keeps working and one that does
+//! not surfaces as a blob mismatch the caller can act on.
+
+mod aml_encode;
+mod cpu;
+mod dsdt;
+mod fixed_tables;
+mod fw_cfg;
+mod generated_tables;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod golden_tests;
+mod profile;
+mod srat;
+mod topology;
+
+pub use profile::{Compatibility, QemuVersion};
+pub use topology::{MachineConfig, TopologyError};
+
+/// Allocation granularity of QEMU's `etc/acpi/tables` fw_cfg blob.
+pub const TABLE_BLOB_SIZE: usize = 128 * 1024;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AcpiBlobs {
+    pub tables: Vec<u8>,
+    pub rsdp: Vec<u8>,
+    pub loader: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum Error {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Topology(#[from] TopologyError),
+    #[error("no ACPI compatibility profile for QEMU {0}; releases older than 8.0 are not modeled")]
+    UnsupportedVersion(QemuVersion),
+    #[error("malformed generated ACPI tables: missing {0}")]
+    MalformedTables(String),
+}
+
+/// Generate the complete set of fw_cfg blobs measured by dstack.
+///
+/// The implementation accepts arbitrary valid counts and sizes; the familiar
+/// small matrices used by differential tests are not implementation limits.
+pub fn build(config: &MachineConfig) -> Result<AcpiBlobs, Error> {
+    config.validate()?;
+    generated_tables::build(config)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/profile.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/profile.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c74e7d43d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/profile.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use core::fmt;
+use core::str::FromStr;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct QemuVersion {
+    pub major: u32,
+    pub minor: u32,
+    pub micro: u32,
+}
+
+impl QemuVersion {
+    pub const fn new(major: u32, minor: u32, micro: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            major,
+            minor,
+            micro,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Map a QEMU version onto the ACPI compatibility profile to generate with.
+    ///
+    /// Versions newer than the newest modeled profile fall back to
+    /// [`Compatibility::LATEST`] rather than failing: most QEMU releases do not
+    /// change the Q35 ACPI ABI, so extrapolating is right far more often than
+    /// not, and when it is wrong the generated blobs simply do not match the
+    /// measured ones. Refusing to generate turns every such deployment into a
+    /// verification error, which is the same outcome with less information, so
+    /// the caller is left to decide what a mismatch means.
+    ///
+    /// Versions older than 8.0 return `None`: their ABI was never modeled, and
+    /// clamping *down* to the oldest profile would be a guess in the direction
+    /// where QEMU's ACPI output is known to differ.
+    pub const fn compatibility(self) -> Option<Compatibility> {
+        match (self.major, self.minor) {
+            (8, _) => Some(Compatibility::V8),
+            (9, 0..=1) => Some(Compatibility::V9Pre92),
+            (9, _) => Some(Compatibility::V9_2),
+            (10, _) => Some(Compatibility::V10),
+            (11, 0) => Some(Compatibility::V11_0),
+            (11, 1..) => Some(Compatibility::V11_1),
+            (12.., _) => Some(Compatibility::LATEST),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for QemuVersion {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}.{}.{}", self.major, self.minor, self.micro)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for QemuVersion {
+    type Err = &'static str;
+
+    fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut parts = value.split('.');
+        let major = parts
+            .next()
+            .ok_or("missing major")?
+            .parse()
+            .map_err(|_| "invalid major")?;
+        let minor = parts
+            .next()
+            .ok_or("missing minor")?
+            .parse()
+            .map_err(|_| "invalid minor")?;
+        let micro = parts
+            .next()
+            .ok_or("missing micro")?
+            .parse()
+            .map_err(|_| "invalid micro")?;
+        if parts.next().is_some() {
+            return Err("too many version components");
+        }
+        Ok(Self::new(major, minor, micro))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub enum Compatibility {
+    V8,
+    V9Pre92,
+    V9_2,
+    V10,
+    V11_0,
+    V11_1,
+}
+
+impl Compatibility {
+    /// Newest modeled profile, used for QEMU versions released after it.
+    /// Update this together with every new profile.
+    pub const LATEST: Self = Self::V11_1;
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn versions_map_to_their_own_profile() {
+        let cases = [
+            ((8, 2, 2), Compatibility::V8),
+            ((9, 1, 0), Compatibility::V9Pre92),
+            ((9, 2, 1), Compatibility::V9_2),
+            ((10, 0, 0), Compatibility::V10),
+            ((11, 0, 3), Compatibility::V11_0),
+            ((11, 1, 0), Compatibility::V11_1),
+        ];
+        for ((major, minor, micro), expected) in cases {
+            assert_eq!(
+                QemuVersion::new(major, minor, micro).compatibility(),
+                Some(expected),
+                "{major}.{minor}.{micro}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A QEMU release newer than the newest modeled profile must still produce
+    /// blobs: if its ACPI ABI is unchanged they match, and if it changed the
+    /// caller sees a digest mismatch instead of a "cannot generate" error.
+    #[test]
+    fn versions_newer_than_the_newest_profile_clamp_to_it() {
+        for version in [
+            QemuVersion::new(11, 9, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(12, 0, 0),
+            QemuVersion::new(99, 4, 1),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(version.compatibility(), Some(Compatibility::LATEST));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn versions_older_than_the_oldest_profile_are_rejected() {
+        for version in [QemuVersion::new(7, 2, 0), QemuVersion::new(0, 0, 0)] {
+            assert_eq!(version.compatibility(), None);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/srat.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/srat.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ceb480a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/srat.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+fn header(length: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = b"SRAT".to_vec();
+    out.extend_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&[1, 0]);
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"BOCHS ");
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"BXPC    ");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"BXPC");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_le_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+fn memory_affinity(base: u64, length: u64, enabled: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = vec![1, 40];
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // proximity domain
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&base.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&(enabled as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_le_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build(cpu_count: u32, memory_size: u64, pci_hole64_size: Option<u64>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut body = Vec::new();
+    for index in 0..cpu_count {
+        if index < 255 {
+            body.extend_from_slice(&[0, 16, 0, index as u8]);
+            body.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+            body.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]);
+            body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        } else {
+            body.extend_from_slice(&[2, 24]);
+            body.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+            body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+            body.extend_from_slice(&index.to_le_bytes());
+            body.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+            body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+            body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    let low = if memory_size >= 0xb000_0000 {
+        0x8000_0000
+    } else {
+        memory_size
+    };
+    body.extend_from_slice(&memory_affinity(0, low.min(0xa_0000), true));
+    if low > 0x10_0000 {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&memory_affinity(0x10_0000, low - 0x10_0000, true));
+    } else {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&memory_affinity(0, 0, false));
+    }
+    if memory_size > low {
+        let high_length = memory_size - low;
+        let high_end = 0x1_0000_0000u64.saturating_add(high_length);
+        // qemu64 is an AMD CPU model. QEMU relocates RAM above 1 TiB when the
+        // rounded end of RAM plus the Q35 64-bit PCI hole reaches AMD's
+        // reserved HyperTransport range (pc_max_used_gpa/pc_memory_init).
+        let pci_hole_start = high_end.saturating_add((1 << 30) - 1) & !((1 << 30) - 1);
+        let pci_hole_size = pci_hole64_size.unwrap_or(1 << 35);
+        let max_used = pci_hole_start
+            .saturating_add(pci_hole_size)
+            .saturating_sub(1);
+        let high_base = if max_used >= 0xfd_0000_0000 {
+            0x100_0000_0000
+        } else {
+            0x1_0000_0000
+        };
+        body.extend_from_slice(&memory_affinity(high_base, high_length, true));
+    } else {
+        body.extend_from_slice(&memory_affinity(0, 0, false));
+    }
+    let mut out = header((48 + body.len()) as u32);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&body);
+    out
+}
diff --git a/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/topology.rs b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/topology.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4db35d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/crates/qemu-acpi/src/topology.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::QemuVersion;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct MachineConfig {
+    pub qemu_version: QemuVersion,
+    pub cpu_count: u32,
+    pub memory_size: u64,
+    pub pic: bool,
+    pub smm: bool,
+    pub hugepages: bool,
+    pub num_gpus: u32,
+    pub num_nvswitches: u32,
+    pub num_nics: u32,
+    pub num_verity_volumes: u32,
+    pub hotplug_off: bool,
+    pub root_verity: bool,
+    pub pci_hole64_size: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum TopologyError {
+    #[error("cpu_count must be greater than zero")]
+    NoCpus,
+    #[error("memory_size must be greater than zero")]
+    NoMemory,
+    #[error("cpu_count exceeds the Q35 limit of 4096: {0}")]
+    TooManyCpus(u32),
+    #[error("the requested topology needs {requested} devices on the root PCIe bus, but QEMU has only {available} free slots")]
+    TooManyRootBusDevices { requested: i64, available: i64 },
+    #[error("the requested topology needs {requested} GPU root ports on the PXB, but QEMU supports at most 32")]
+    TooManyPxbPorts { requested: u32 },
+    #[error("the requested topology places {requested} devices before the fixed-address PXB, but QEMU has only {available} slots there")]
+    TooManyPrePxbDevices { requested: u64, available: u64 },
+    #[error("NVSwitch passthrough requires an iommufd object, but no GPU creates one")]
+    NvswitchWithoutIommufd,
+}
+
+impl MachineConfig {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), TopologyError> {
+        if self.cpu_count == 0 {
+            return Err(TopologyError::NoCpus);
+        }
+        if self.memory_size == 0 {
+            return Err(TopologyError::NoMemory);
+        }
+        if self.cpu_count > 4096 {
+            return Err(TopologyError::TooManyCpus(self.cpu_count));
+        }
+        if self.hugepages && self.num_gpus > 32 {
+            return Err(TopologyError::TooManyPxbPorts {
+                requested: self.num_gpus,
+            });
+        }
+        if self.hugepages && self.num_gpus > 0 {
+            let requested = 4
+                + u64::from(self.root_verity)
+                + u64::from(self.num_nics)
+                + u64::from(self.num_verity_volumes);
+            if requested > 16 {
+                return Err(TopologyError::TooManyPrePxbDevices {
+                    requested,
+                    available: 16,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        let fixed_delta = i64::from(self.root_verity) - 1;
+        let passthrough_ports = if self.hugepages && self.num_gpus > 0 {
+            i64::from(self.num_nvswitches)
+        } else {
+            i64::from(self.num_gpus) + i64::from(self.num_nvswitches)
+        };
+        let requested = i64::from(self.num_nics)
+            + i64::from(self.num_verity_volumes)
+            + fixed_delta
+            + passthrough_ports;
+        let available = if self.hugepages && self.num_gpus > 0 {
+            25
+        } else {
+            26
+        };
+        if requested > available {
+            return Err(TopologyError::TooManyRootBusDevices {
+                requested,
+                available,
+            });
+        }
+        if self.num_nvswitches > 0 && self.num_gpus == 0 {
+            return Err(TopologyError::NvswitchWithoutIommufd);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn pxb_config() -> MachineConfig {
+        MachineConfig {
+            qemu_version: QemuVersion::new(11, 1, 0),
+            cpu_count: 1,
+            memory_size: 2 << 30,
+            pic: false,
+            smm: false,
+            hugepages: true,
+            num_gpus: 1,
+            num_nvswitches: 0,
+            num_nics: 1,
+            num_verity_volumes: 0,
+            hotplug_off: false,
+            root_verity: true,
+            pci_hole64_size: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fixed_address_pxb_slot_must_remain_free() {
+        let mut config = pxb_config();
+        config.num_nics = 11;
+        assert!(config.validate().is_ok());
+
+        config.num_nics = 12;
+        assert!(matches!(
+            config.validate(),
+            Err(TopologyError::TooManyPrePxbDevices {
+                requested: 17,
+                available: 16
+            })
+        ));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ct_monitor/Cargo.toml b/dstack/ct_monitor/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a49394432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ct_monitor/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "ct_monitor"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "env"] }
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc", "std"] }
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+regex.workspace = true
+reqwest = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["json", "rustls", "charset", "hickory-dns"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/ct_monitor/src/main.rs b/dstack/ct_monitor/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ddc2e2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ct_monitor/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use regex::Regex;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha512};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
+use x509_parser::prelude::*;
+
+const BASE_URL: &str = "https://crt.sh";
+
+/// Quoted public key with TDX quote
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct QuotedPublicKey {
+    /// Hex-encoded public key
+    public_key: String,
+    /// JSON-encoded GetQuoteResponse
+    quote: String,
+}
+
+/// GetQuoteResponse from guest-agent
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct GetQuoteResponse {
+    /// TDX quote (hex-encoded in JSON)
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    quote: Vec<u8>,
+    /// JSON-encoded event log
+    event_log: String,
+    /// VM configuration
+    vm_config: String,
+}
+
+/// Request for dstack-verifier
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+struct VerificationRequest {
+    quote: String,
+    event_log: String,
+    vm_config: String,
+}
+
+/// Response from dstack-verifier
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct VerificationResponse {
+    is_valid: bool,
+    details: VerificationDetails,
+    reason: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct VerificationDetails {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    quote_verified: bool,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    event_log_verified: bool,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    os_image_hash_verified: bool,
+    report_data: Option<String>,
+    app_info: Option<AppInfo>,
+}
+
+/// App info from verification response
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct AppInfo {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    app_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct AcmeInfoResponse {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    account_uri: String,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    hist_keys: Vec<String>,
+    quoted_hist_keys: Vec<QuotedPublicKey>,
+}
+
+struct Monitor {
+    gateway_uri: String,
+    verifier_url: String,
+    base_domain: String,
+    known_keys: BTreeSet<Vec<u8>>,
+    last_checked: Option<u64>,
+    client: reqwest::Client,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CTLog {
+    id: u64,
+    issuer_ca_id: u64,
+    issuer_name: String,
+    common_name: String,
+    name_value: String,
+    not_before: String,
+    not_after: String,
+    serial_number: String,
+    result_count: u64,
+    entry_timestamp: String,
+}
+
+impl Monitor {
+    /// Create a new monitor
+    /// `gateway` format: `base_domain[:port]`, e.g., `example.com` or `example.com:8443`
+    fn new(gateway: String, verifier_url: String) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (base_domain, gateway_uri) = Self::parse_gateway(&gateway)?;
+        validate_domain(&base_domain)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            gateway_uri,
+            verifier_url,
+            base_domain,
+            known_keys: BTreeSet::new(),
+            last_checked: None,
+            client: reqwest::Client::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Parse gateway input into base_domain and gateway URI
+    /// Input: `base_domain[:port]`, e.g., `example.com` or `example.com:8443`
+    /// Output: (base_domain, gateway_uri)
+    fn parse_gateway(gateway: &str) -> Result<(String, String)> {
+        let (base_domain, port) = match gateway.rsplit_once(':') {
+            Some((domain, port_str)) => {
+                // Validate port is a number
+                let _: u16 = port_str.parse().context("invalid port number")?;
+                (domain.to_string(), Some(port_str.to_string()))
+            }
+            None => (gateway.to_string(), None),
+        };
+
+        let gateway_uri = match port {
+            Some(p) => format!("https://gateway.{}:{}", base_domain, p),
+            None => format!("https://gateway.{}", base_domain),
+        };
+
+        Ok((base_domain, gateway_uri))
+    }
+
+    /// Compute expected report_data for a public key using zt-cert content type
+    fn compute_expected_report_data(public_key: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
+        // Format: sha512("zt-cert:" + public_key)
+        let mut hasher = Sha512::new();
+        hasher.update(b"zt-cert:");
+        hasher.update(public_key);
+        hasher.finalize().into()
+    }
+
+    /// Verify a quoted public key using the verifier service
+    /// Returns (public_key, app_info)
+    async fn verify_quoted_key(&self, quoted_key: &QuotedPublicKey) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, AppInfo)> {
+        let public_key =
+            hex::decode(&quoted_key.public_key).context("invalid hex in public_key")?;
+
+        if quoted_key.quote.is_empty() {
+            bail!("empty quote for public key");
+        }
+
+        // Parse the GetQuoteResponse from the quote field
+        let quote_response: GetQuoteResponse =
+            serde_json::from_str(&quoted_key.quote).context("failed to parse quote response")?;
+
+        // Build verification request
+        let verify_request = VerificationRequest {
+            quote: hex::encode(&quote_response.quote),
+            event_log: quote_response.event_log,
+            vm_config: quote_response.vm_config,
+        };
+
+        // Call verifier
+        let verify_url = format!("{}/verify", self.verifier_url.trim_end_matches('/'));
+        let response = self
+            .client
+            .post(&verify_url)
+            .json(&verify_request)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to call verifier")?;
+
+        if !response.status().is_success() {
+            bail!("verifier returned HTTP {}", response.status().as_u16());
+        }
+
+        let verify_response: VerificationResponse = response
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to parse verifier response")?;
+
+        if !verify_response.is_valid {
+            bail!(
+                "quote verification failed: {}",
+                verify_response.reason.unwrap_or_default()
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Verify report_data matches expected value
+        let expected_report_data = Self::compute_expected_report_data(&public_key);
+        let expected_hex = hex::encode(expected_report_data);
+
+        let actual_report_data = verify_response
+            .details
+            .report_data
+            .context("verifier did not return report_data")?;
+
+        if actual_report_data != expected_hex {
+            bail!(
+                "report_data mismatch: expected {}, got {}",
+                expected_hex,
+                actual_report_data
+            );
+        }
+
+        let app_info = verify_response
+            .details
+            .app_info
+            .context("verifier did not return app_info")?;
+
+        Ok((public_key, app_info))
+    }
+
+    async fn refresh_known_keys(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let acme_info_url = format!(
+            "{}/.dstack/acme-info",
+            self.gateway_uri.trim_end_matches('/')
+        );
+        info!("fetching known public keys from {}", acme_info_url);
+
+        let response = self
+            .client
+            .get(&acme_info_url)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to fetch acme-info")?;
+
+        if !response.status().is_success() {
+            bail!(
+                "failed to fetch acme-info: HTTP {}",
+                response.status().as_u16()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let info: AcmeInfoResponse = response
+            .json()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to parse acme-info response")?;
+
+        info!(
+            "got {} quoted public keys, verifying...",
+            info.quoted_hist_keys.len()
+        );
+
+        let mut verified_keys = BTreeSet::new();
+        for (i, quoted_key) in info.quoted_hist_keys.iter().enumerate() {
+            match self.verify_quoted_key(quoted_key).await {
+                Ok((public_key, app_info)) => {
+                    info!(
+                        "✅ verified public key {}: {}",
+                        i,
+                        hex_fmt::HexFmt(&public_key)
+                    );
+                    info!("   app_id: {}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(&app_info.app_id));
+                    info!(
+                        "   compose_hash: {}",
+                        hex_fmt::HexFmt(&app_info.compose_hash)
+                    );
+                    info!(
+                        "   os_image_hash: {}",
+                        hex_fmt::HexFmt(&app_info.os_image_hash)
+                    );
+                    verified_keys.insert(public_key);
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!(
+                        "⚠️ failed to verify public key {}: {}",
+                        i,
+                        hex_fmt::HexFmt(&quoted_key.public_key)
+                    );
+                    warn!("   error: {:#}", e);
+                    // Continue with other keys, but don't add this one
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if verified_keys.is_empty() && !info.quoted_hist_keys.is_empty() {
+            bail!("no public keys could be verified");
+        }
+
+        self.known_keys = verified_keys;
+        info!("verified {} public keys", self.known_keys.len());
+        for key in self.known_keys.iter() {
+            debug!("    {}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(key));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn get_logs(&self, count: u32) -> Result<Vec<CTLog>> {
+        let url = format!(
+            "{}/?q={}&output=json&limit={}",
+            BASE_URL, self.base_domain, count
+        );
+        let response = reqwest::get(&url).await?;
+        Ok(response.json().await?)
+    }
+
+    async fn check_one_log(&self, log: &CTLog) -> Result<()> {
+        let cert_url = format!("{}/?d={}", BASE_URL, log.id);
+        let cert_data = reqwest::get(&cert_url).await?.text().await?;
+
+        let pem = Pem::iter_from_buffer(cert_data.as_bytes())
+            .next()
+            .transpose()
+            .context("failed to parse pem")?
+            .context("empty pem")?;
+        let cert = pem.parse_x509().context("invalid x509 certificate")?;
+
+        let pubkey = cert.public_key().raw;
+        if !self.known_keys.contains(pubkey) {
+            error!("❌ error in {:?}", log);
+            bail!(
+                "certificate has issued to unknown pubkey: {:?}",
+                hex_fmt::HexFmt(pubkey)
+            );
+        }
+        info!("✅ checked log id={}", log.id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn check_new_logs(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let logs = self.get_logs(10000).await?;
+        debug!("got {} logs", logs.len());
+        let mut found_last_checked = false;
+
+        for log in logs.iter() {
+            let log_id = log.id;
+
+            if let Some(last_checked) = self.last_checked {
+                if log_id == last_checked {
+                    found_last_checked = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            debug!("🔍 checking log id={}", log_id);
+            self.check_one_log(log).await?;
+        }
+
+        if !found_last_checked && self.last_checked.is_some() {
+            bail!("last checked log not found, something went wrong");
+        }
+
+        if !logs.is_empty() {
+            let last_log = &logs[0];
+            debug!("last checked: {}", last_log.id);
+            self.last_checked = Some(last_log.id);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn run(&mut self) {
+        info!("monitoring {}...", self.base_domain);
+        loop {
+            if let Err(err) = self.refresh_known_keys().await {
+                error!("error refreshing known keys: {}", err);
+            }
+            if let Err(err) = self.check_new_logs().await {
+                error!("error: {}", err);
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(60)).await;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_domain(domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let domain_regex =
+        Regex::new(r"^(?:[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}$")
+            .context("invalid regex")?;
+    if !domain_regex.is_match(domain) {
+        bail!("invalid domain name");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Args {
+    /// Gateway address in format: base_domain[:port]
+    /// e.g., "example.com" or "example.com:8443"
+    #[arg(short, long, env = "GATEWAY")]
+    gateway: String,
+
+    /// The dstack-verifier URL
+    #[arg(short, long, env = "VERIFIER_URL")]
+    verifier_url: String,
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    let mut monitor = Monitor::new(args.gateway, args.verifier_url)?;
+    monitor.run().await;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/Cargo.toml b/dstack/dstack-attest/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5f1d556c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-attest"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+rmp-serde.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+ez-hash.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+rustix = { workspace = true, features = ["process"] }
+hex.workspace = true
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+pem.workspace = true
+scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+sev-snp-attest.workspace = true
+sev-snp-qvl.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
+tdx-attest.workspace = true
+tpm-attest.workspace = true
+nsm-attest.workspace = true
+nsm-qvl.workspace = true
+tpm-qvl.workspace = true
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+insta.workspace = true
+errify.workspace = true
+aws-nitro-enclaves-nsm-api = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
+ciborium = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+hmac = { version = "0.12", optional = true }
+rand = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+rsa = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+tpm2 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
+[features]
+quote = [
+    "aws-nitro-enclaves-nsm-api",
+    "ciborium",
+    "hmac",
+    "rand",
+    "rsa",
+    "tpm2",
+]
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+futures = { workspace = true }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+dstack-mr = { workspace = true }
+rcgen = { workspace = true }
+tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/amd_sev_snp.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/amd_sev_snp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86f7a9feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/amd_sev_snp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AMD SEV-SNP verification compatibility re-exports.
+
+pub use sev_snp_qvl::*;
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e55d63827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/attestation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3298 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Attestation functions
+
+/// Byte range of the REPORT_DATA field within a TDX quote.
+/// In Intel TDX ECDSA quote format, the TD Report body starts at offset 568
+/// and REPORT_DATA occupies bytes 568..632 (64 bytes).
+pub const TDX_QUOTE_REPORT_DATA_RANGE: std::ops::Range<usize> = 568..632;
+
+use std::{borrow::Cow, time::SystemTime};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use cc_eventlog::{EventLogVersion, RuntimeEvent, TdxEvent};
+use dcap_qvl::{
+    collateral::CollateralClient,
+    quote::{EnclaveReport, Quote, Report, TDReport10, TDReport15},
+    verify::VerifiedReport as TdxVerifiedReport,
+};
+pub use dstack_types::CollateralUrls;
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+use dstack_types::SysConfig;
+use dstack_types::{mr_config::MrConfigV3, KeyProviderInfo, Platform, VmConfig};
+use ez_hash::{sha256, Hasher, Sha256, Sha384};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use scale::{Decode, Encode, Error as ScaleError, Input, Output};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+use sha2::Digest as _;
+use tpm_qvl::verify::VerifiedReport as TpmVerifiedReport;
+
+/// File paths for attestation trust anchors. Empty fields retain the vendor
+/// production roots. Paths are read by the verifier, never by the attester.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct RootCaPaths {
+    pub tdx: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    pub gcp_tpm: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    pub aws_nitro_enclave: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    pub aws_nitro_tpm: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    pub sev_snp_milan: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    pub sev_snp_genoa: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    pub sev_snp_turin: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct AttestationVerifierConfig {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub urls: CollateralUrls,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub root_ca: RootCaPaths,
+}
+
+pub struct AttestationVerifier {
+    tdx: dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier,
+    tdx_collateral: CollateralClient,
+    gcp_tpm: tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier,
+    aws_nitro_enclave: nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier,
+    aws_nitro_tpm: nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier,
+    sev_snp: sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier,
+    amd_kds: AmdKdsClient,
+}
+
+impl AttestationVerifier {
+    pub fn load(config: &AttestationVerifierConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        let roots = &config.root_ca;
+        let RootCaPaths {
+            tdx,
+            gcp_tpm,
+            aws_nitro_enclave,
+            aws_nitro_tpm,
+            sev_snp_milan,
+            sev_snp_genoa,
+            sev_snp_turin,
+        } = roots;
+        let external_requested = [
+            tdx,
+            gcp_tpm,
+            aws_nitro_enclave,
+            aws_nitro_tpm,
+            sev_snp_milan,
+            sev_snp_genoa,
+            sev_snp_turin,
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .any(Option::is_some);
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            !external_requested || config.insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors,
+            "external attestation trust anchors are configured but \
+             insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors is false"
+        );
+        let tdx = match read_root_file(tdx.as_deref(), "TDX")? {
+            Some(root) => dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(tdx_root_der(root)?),
+            None => dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(),
+        };
+        let gcp_tpm = match read_root_file(gcp_tpm.as_deref(), "GCP TPM")? {
+            Some(root) => tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(validated_pem_string(root, "GCP TPM")?),
+            None => tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(Platform::Gcp)?,
+        };
+        let nsm = |path, name| -> Result<nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier> {
+            Ok(match read_root_file(path, name)? {
+                Some(root) => nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(validated_pem_string(root, name)?),
+                None => nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(),
+            })
+        };
+        let mut sev_snp = sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod();
+        for (path, name, product) in [
+            (
+                sev_snp_milan.as_deref(),
+                "SEV-SNP Milan",
+                sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+            ),
+            (
+                sev_snp_genoa.as_deref(),
+                "SEV-SNP Genoa",
+                sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Genoa,
+            ),
+            (
+                sev_snp_turin.as_deref(),
+                "SEV-SNP Turin",
+                sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Turin,
+            ),
+        ] {
+            if let Some(root) = read_root_file(path, name)? {
+                validate_x509_certificate(&root, name)?;
+                sev_snp = sev_snp.with_root(product, root);
+            }
+        }
+        let pccs = config
+            .urls
+            .pccs
+            .as_deref()
+            .filter(|v| !v.trim().is_empty())
+            .unwrap_or(dcap_qvl::collateral::PHALA_PCCS_URL);
+        let amd_kds = config
+            .urls
+            .amd_kds
+            .as_deref()
+            .filter(|v| !v.trim().is_empty())
+            .unwrap_or(sev_snp_qvl::AMD_KDS_DEFAULT_BASE_URL);
+        Ok(Self {
+            tdx,
+            tdx_collateral: CollateralClient::with_default_http(pccs)?,
+            gcp_tpm,
+            aws_nitro_enclave: nsm(aws_nitro_enclave.as_deref(), "AWS Nitro Enclave")?,
+            aws_nitro_tpm: nsm(aws_nitro_tpm.as_deref(), "AWS NitroTPM")?,
+            sev_snp,
+            amd_kds: AmdKdsClient::with_base_url(amd_kds)?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_prod(collateral_urls: Option<&CollateralUrls>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let collateral_urls = collateral_urls.cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(Self {
+            tdx: dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(),
+            tdx_collateral: CollateralClient::with_default_http(
+                collateral_urls
+                    .pccs
+                    .as_deref()
+                    .filter(|url| !url.trim().is_empty())
+                    .unwrap_or(dcap_qvl::collateral::PHALA_PCCS_URL),
+            )?,
+            gcp_tpm: tpm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(Platform::Gcp)?,
+            aws_nitro_enclave: nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(),
+            aws_nitro_tpm: nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(),
+            sev_snp: sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_prod(),
+            amd_kds: AmdKdsClient::with_base_url(
+                collateral_urls
+                    .amd_kds
+                    .as_deref()
+                    .filter(|url| !url.trim().is_empty())
+                    .unwrap_or(sev_snp_qvl::AMD_KDS_DEFAULT_BASE_URL),
+            )?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_tdx_quote(&self, quote: &[u8]) -> Result<TdxVerifiedReport> {
+        let collateral = self.tdx_collateral.fetch(quote).await?;
+        let now = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .context("system clock is before UNIX epoch")?
+            .as_secs();
+        self.tdx.verify(quote, &collateral, now)
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_root_file(path: Option<&std::path::Path>, platform: &str) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let Some(path) = path else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    fs_err::read(path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {platform} root CA from {}", path.display()))
+        .map(Some)
+}
+
+fn validated_pem_string(root: Vec<u8>, platform: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    validate_x509_certificate(&root, platform)?;
+    String::from_utf8(root).with_context(|| format!("{platform} root CA is not UTF-8 PEM"))
+}
+
+fn validate_x509_certificate(root: &[u8], platform: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    use x509_parser::prelude::{FromDer, X509Certificate};
+    let der = if root.starts_with(b"-----BEGIN") {
+        pem::parse(root)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {platform} root CA PEM"))?
+            .into_contents()
+    } else {
+        root.to_vec()
+    };
+    let (remaining, certificate) = X509Certificate::from_der(&der)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {platform} root CA certificate"))?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(remaining.is_empty(), "trailing data in {platform} root CA");
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        certificate.is_ca(),
+        "{platform} root certificate is not a CA"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn tdx_root_der(root: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    validate_x509_certificate(&root, "TDX")?;
+    if root.starts_with(b"-----BEGIN") {
+        return Ok(pem::parse(root)?.into_contents());
+    }
+    Ok(root)
+}
+
+// Re-export TpmQuote from tpm-types
+pub use tpm_types::TpmQuote;
+
+use crate::amd_sev_snp::{AmdKdsClient, VerifiedAmdSnpReport};
+use crate::v1::{strip_tdx_event_log_for_config, strip_tdx_runtime_event_log};
+pub use crate::v1::{Attestation as AttestationV1, PlatformEvidence, StackEvidence};
+
+pub const SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE: std::ops::Range<usize> = 0x50..0x90;
+
+/// Path to sys-config.json in the host-shared dir.
+///
+/// Honors `DSTACK_HOST_SHARED_DIR` (exported by `dstack-util setup` because the
+/// canonical `/dstack/.host-shared` is only bind-mounted after setup finishes).
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+fn sys_config_path() -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    dstack_types::shared_filenames::host_shared_dir()
+        .join(dstack_types::shared_filenames::SYS_CONFIG)
+}
+
+/// Global lock for quote generation. The underlying TDX driver does not support concurrent access.
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+static QUOTE_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+
+/// Read vm_config from sys-config.json
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+fn read_vm_config(path: Option<&std::path::Path>) -> Result<String> {
+    let path = path.map_or_else(sys_config_path, std::path::Path::to_path_buf);
+    let content = match fs_err::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(content) => content,
+        Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(String::new()),
+        Err(err) => return Err(err).context("Failed to read sys-config"),
+    };
+    let sys_config: SysConfig =
+        serde_json::from_str(&content).context("Failed to parse sys-config")?;
+    Ok(sys_config.vm_config)
+}
+
+/// Read the canonical mr_config document from sys-config.json.
+///
+/// Uses the same accessor as the guest config-id verifier so both agree on
+/// where `mr_config` lives (top-level field, falling back to the one embedded
+/// in `vm_config`).
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+fn read_mr_config_document(path: Option<&std::path::Path>) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let path = path.map_or_else(sys_config_path, std::path::Path::to_path_buf);
+    let content = match fs_err::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(content) => content,
+        Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(None),
+        Err(err) => return Err(err).context("Failed to read sys-config"),
+    };
+    let sys_config: SysConfig =
+        serde_json::from_str(&content).context("Failed to parse sys-config")?;
+    Ok(sys_config.mr_config_document())
+}
+
+fn is_msgpack_map_prefix(byte: u8) -> bool {
+    // fixmap (0x80..=0x8f), map16 (0xde), map32 (0xdf)
+    matches!(byte, 0x80..=0x8f | 0xde | 0xdf)
+}
+
+impl From<Attestation> for AttestationV1 {
+    fn from(attestation: Attestation) -> Self {
+        let Attestation {
+            quote,
+            runtime_events,
+            report_data,
+            config,
+            report: _,
+        } = attestation;
+
+        let platform = platform_from_legacy_quote(quote);
+        let stack = StackEvidence::Dstack {
+            report_data: report_data.to_vec(),
+            runtime_events,
+            config,
+        };
+        Self::new(platform, stack)
+    }
+}
+
+fn platform_from_legacy_quote(quote: AttestationQuote) -> PlatformEvidence {
+    match quote {
+        AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote { quote, event_log }) => {
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, event_log }
+        }
+        AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(SnpQuote {
+            report,
+            cert_chain,
+            mr_config,
+        }) => PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+            report,
+            cert_chain,
+            mr_config,
+        },
+        AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(DstackGcpTdxQuote {
+            tdx_quote: TdxQuote { quote, event_log },
+            tpm_quote,
+        }) => PlatformEvidence::GcpTdx {
+            quote,
+            event_log,
+            tpm_quote,
+        },
+        AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(DstackNitroQuote { nsm_quote }) => {
+            PlatformEvidence::NitroEnclave { nsm_quote }
+        }
+        AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote { attestation_doc }) => {
+            PlatformEvidence::AwsNitroTpm { attestation_doc }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn platform_into_legacy_quote(platform: PlatformEvidence) -> AttestationQuote {
+    match platform {
+        PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, event_log } => {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote { quote, event_log })
+        }
+        PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+            report,
+            cert_chain,
+            mr_config,
+        } => AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(SnpQuote {
+            report,
+            cert_chain,
+            mr_config,
+        }),
+        PlatformEvidence::GcpTdx {
+            quote,
+            event_log,
+            tpm_quote,
+        } => AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(DstackGcpTdxQuote {
+            tdx_quote: TdxQuote { quote, event_log },
+            tpm_quote,
+        }),
+        PlatformEvidence::NitroEnclave { nsm_quote } => {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(DstackNitroQuote { nsm_quote })
+        }
+        PlatformEvidence::AwsNitroTpm { attestation_doc } => {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote { attestation_doc })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn replay_runtime_events<H: Hasher>(
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+    to_event: Option<&str>,
+) -> H::Output {
+    cc_eventlog::replay_events::<H>(runtime_events, to_event)
+}
+
+fn find_event(runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent], name: &str) -> Result<RuntimeEvent> {
+    for event in runtime_events {
+        if event.event == "system-ready" {
+            break;
+        }
+        if event.event == name {
+            return Ok(event.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    Err(anyhow!("event {name} not found"))
+}
+
+fn find_event_payload(runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent], event: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    find_event(runtime_events, event).map(|event| event.payload)
+}
+
+/// Returns ordered payloads for matching boot-time events.
+///
+/// Events after `system-ready` are application-controlled and intentionally
+/// excluded from system measurements exposed through decoded app info.
+fn find_event_payloads(runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent], name: &str) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+    runtime_events
+        .iter()
+        .take_while(|event| event.event != "system-ready")
+        .filter(|event| event.event == name)
+        .map(|event| event.payload.clone())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn decode_vm_config_with_fallback(config: &str, fallback_config: &str) -> Result<VmConfig> {
+    let config = if config.is_empty() {
+        fallback_config
+    } else {
+        config
+    };
+    let config = if config.is_empty() { "{}" } else { config };
+    let config = vm_config_json_from_config(config).unwrap_or(Cow::Borrowed(config));
+    serde_json::from_str(&config).context("Failed to parse vm config")
+}
+
+fn vm_config_json_from_config(config: &str) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
+    let value = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(config).ok()?;
+    value
+        .get("vm_config")
+        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+        .map(|vm_config| Cow::Owned(vm_config.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn mr_config_document_from_value(value: &serde_json::Value) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let Some(mr_config) = value.get("mr_config") else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let document = mr_config
+        .as_str()
+        .context("amd sev-snp mr_config must be a JSON string")?;
+    MrConfigV3::from_document(document).context("Invalid amd sev-snp mr_config document")?;
+    Ok(Some(document.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn mr_config_document_from_config(config: &str) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let Ok(value) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(config) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config_document_from_value(&value)? {
+        return Ok(Some(mr_config));
+    }
+
+    let Some(vm_config) = value.get("vm_config").and_then(|value| value.as_str()) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let vm_config = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(vm_config)
+        .context("Failed to parse nested vm_config for amd sev-snp mr_config")?;
+    mr_config_document_from_value(&vm_config)
+}
+
+pub use dstack_types::TeeVariant;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+fn has_sev_snp_tsm_provider() -> bool {
+    crate::sev_snp::has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(std::path::Path::new("/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report"))
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "quote"))]
+fn has_sev_snp_tsm_provider() -> bool {
+    false
+}
+
+fn choose_dstack_tee_variant(has_tdx: bool, has_sev_snp: bool) -> Result<TeeVariant> {
+    if has_tdx {
+        return Ok(TeeVariant::DstackTdx);
+    }
+    if has_sev_snp {
+        return Ok(TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp);
+    }
+    bail!("Unsupported platform: Dstack(-tdx/-amd-sev-snp)");
+}
+
+/// Detect the attestation variant exposed by the current guest environment.
+pub fn detect_tee_variant() -> Result<TeeVariant> {
+    let has_tdx = tdx_attest::is_tdx_available();
+    let has_sev_snp = std::path::Path::new("/dev/sev-guest").exists() || has_sev_snp_tsm_provider();
+
+    // First, try to detect platform from DMI product name
+    let platform = Platform::detect_or_dstack();
+    match platform {
+        Platform::Dstack => choose_dstack_tee_variant(has_tdx, has_sev_snp),
+        Platform::Gcp => {
+            // GCP platform: TDX + TPM dual mode
+            if has_tdx {
+                return Ok(TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx);
+            }
+            bail!("Unsupported platform: GCP(-tdx)");
+        }
+        Platform::NitroEnclave => Ok(TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave),
+        Platform::AwsEc2 => {
+            if std::path::Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists()
+                || std::path::Path::new("/dev/tpm0").exists()
+            {
+                return Ok(TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm);
+            }
+            bail!("unsupported platform: AWS EC2 without NitroTPM");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The content type of a quote. A CVM should only generate quotes for these types.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum QuoteContentType<'a> {
+    /// The public key of KMS root CA
+    KmsRootCa,
+    /// The public key of the RA-TLS certificate
+    RaTlsCert,
+    /// App defined data
+    AppData,
+    /// The custom content type
+    Custom(&'a str),
+}
+
+/// The default hash algorithm used to hash the report data.
+pub const DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM: &str = "sha512";
+
+impl QuoteContentType<'_> {
+    /// The tag of the content type used in the report data.
+    pub fn tag(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::KmsRootCa => "kms-root-ca",
+            Self::RaTlsCert => "ratls-cert",
+            Self::AppData => "app-data",
+            Self::Custom(tag) => tag,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the content to the report data.
+    pub fn to_report_data(&self, content: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
+        self.to_report_data_with_hash(content, "")
+            .or_panic("sha512 hash should not fail")
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the content to the report data with a specific hash algorithm.
+    pub fn to_report_data_with_hash(&self, content: &[u8], hash: &str) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
+        macro_rules! do_hash {
+            ($hash: ty) => {{
+                // The format is:
+                // hash(<tag>:<content>)
+                let mut hasher = <$hash>::new();
+                hasher.update(self.tag().as_bytes());
+                hasher.update(b":");
+                hasher.update(content);
+                let output = hasher.finalize();
+
+                let mut padded = [0u8; 64];
+                padded[..output.len()].copy_from_slice(&output);
+                padded
+            }};
+        }
+        let hash = if hash.is_empty() {
+            DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM
+        } else {
+            hash
+        };
+        let output = match hash {
+            "sha256" => do_hash!(sha2::Sha256),
+            "sha384" => do_hash!(sha2::Sha384),
+            "sha512" => do_hash!(sha2::Sha512),
+            "sha3-256" => do_hash!(sha3::Sha3_256),
+            "sha3-384" => do_hash!(sha3::Sha3_384),
+            "sha3-512" => do_hash!(sha3::Sha3_512),
+            "keccak256" => do_hash!(sha3::Keccak256),
+            "keccak384" => do_hash!(sha3::Keccak384),
+            "keccak512" => do_hash!(sha3::Keccak512),
+            "raw" => content.try_into().ok().context("invalid content length")?,
+            _ => bail!("invalid hash algorithm"),
+        };
+        Ok(output)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Verified Nitro Enclave attestation report
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct NitroVerifiedReport {
+    /// Module ID
+    pub module_id: String,
+    /// PCR0 - Enclave image hash
+    pub pcrs: NitroPcrs,
+    /// User data from attestation
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub user_data: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Timestamp
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+}
+
+/// Verified AWS EC2 NitroTPM attestation report.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport {
+    /// Module ID from the NitroTPM attestation document.
+    pub module_id: String,
+    /// Signature-verified NitroTPM PCR map.
+    pub pcrs: std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional public key from the NitroTPM attestation document.
+    pub public_key: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// User data from attestation.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub user_data: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Optional nonce from the NitroTPM attestation document.
+    pub nonce: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Timestamp.
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+}
+
+/// Represents a verified attestation
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum DstackVerifiedReport {
+    DstackTdx(TdxVerifiedReport),
+    DstackGcpTdx {
+        tdx_report: TdxVerifiedReport,
+        tpm_report: TpmVerifiedReport,
+    },
+    DstackNitroEnclave(NitroVerifiedReport),
+    DstackAmdSevSnp(VerifiedAmdSnpReport),
+    DstackAwsNitroTpm(AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport),
+}
+
+impl DstackVerifiedReport {
+    pub fn tdx_report(&self) -> Option<&TdxVerifiedReport> {
+        match self {
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(report) => Some(report),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(_) => None,
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx { tdx_report, .. } => Some(tdx_report),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(_)
+            | DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn amd_snp_report(&self) -> Option<&VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+        match self {
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(report) => Some(report),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(_)
+            | DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx { .. }
+            | DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(_)
+            | DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents a verified attestation
+pub type VerifiedAttestation = Attestation<DstackVerifiedReport>;
+
+/// Represents a TDX quote
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct TdxQuote {
+    /// The quote gererated by Intel QE
+    pub quote: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The event log
+    pub event_log: Vec<TdxEvent>,
+}
+
+/// Represents an AMD SEV-SNP attestation report.
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct SnpQuote {
+    /// Raw SNP report bytes.
+    pub report: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Optional certificate chain blobs, when exposed by the kernel/firmware path.
+    pub cert_chain: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// MrConfigV3 document bound by the report HOST_DATA field.
+    pub mr_config: String,
+}
+
+/// Represents an NSM (Nitro Security Module) attestation document
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct NsmQuote {
+    /// The COSE Sign1 attestation document from NSM
+    pub document: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+enum LegacyVersionedAttestation {
+    V0 { attestation: Attestation },
+}
+
+/// Maximum size for encoded attestation bytes (10 MiB).
+/// Prevents OOM when decoding untrusted input.
+const MAX_ATTESTATION_BYTES: usize = 10 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+/// Represents a versioned attestation.
+///
+/// **SCALE note**: `VersionedAttestation` implements `Encode`/`Decode` so it can
+/// be embedded in SCALE structs (e.g. `CertSigningRequestV2`).  The `Decode` impl
+/// consumes all remaining input, so it **must** be the last field in any SCALE
+/// container.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum VersionedAttestation {
+    /// Legacy SCALE-encoded attestation.
+    V0 {
+        /// The attestation report
+        attestation: Attestation,
+    },
+    /// CBOR-encoded attestation schema.
+    V1 {
+        /// The version 1 attestation.
+        attestation: AttestationV1,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Encode for VersionedAttestation {
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> usize {
+        0
+    }
+
+    fn encode_to<T: Output + ?Sized>(&self, dest: &mut T) {
+        let bytes = self
+            .to_bytes()
+            .or_panic("VersionedAttestation should always encode successfully");
+        dest.write(&bytes);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Decode for VersionedAttestation {
+    fn decode<I: Input>(input: &mut I) -> Result<Self, ScaleError> {
+        let Some(remaining_len) = input.remaining_len()? else {
+            return Err(ScaleError::from(
+                "VersionedAttestation requires a bounded input to decode",
+            ));
+        };
+        if remaining_len > MAX_ATTESTATION_BYTES {
+            return Err(ScaleError::from(
+                "attestation bytes exceed maximum allowed size",
+            ));
+        }
+        let mut bytes = vec![0u8; remaining_len];
+        input.read(&mut bytes)?;
+        Self::from_bytes(&bytes).map_err(|err| {
+            ScaleError::from(std::io::Error::new(
+                std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+                err.to_string(),
+            ))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl VersionedAttestation {
+    /// Decode versioned attestation bytes.
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        if bytes.len() > MAX_ATTESTATION_BYTES {
+            bail!(
+                "attestation bytes too large: {} > {}",
+                bytes.len(),
+                MAX_ATTESTATION_BYTES
+            );
+        }
+        let Some(first) = bytes.first().copied() else {
+            bail!("Empty attestation bytes");
+        };
+        if first == 0x00 {
+            let mut input = bytes;
+            let legacy = LegacyVersionedAttestation::decode(&mut input)
+                .context("Failed to decode legacy VersionedAttestation")?;
+            if !input.is_empty() {
+                bail!(
+                    "Trailing bytes after legacy VersionedAttestation: {}",
+                    input.len()
+                );
+            }
+            return match legacy {
+                LegacyVersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation } => Ok(Self::V0 { attestation }),
+            };
+        }
+        if is_msgpack_map_prefix(first) {
+            let attestation = AttestationV1::from_msgpack(bytes)?;
+            return Ok(Self::V1 { attestation });
+        }
+        bail!("Unknown attestation wire format");
+    }
+
+    /// Encode versioned attestation bytes.
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::V0 { attestation } => Ok(LegacyVersionedAttestation::V0 {
+                attestation: attestation.clone(),
+            }
+            .encode()),
+            Self::V1 { attestation } => attestation.to_msgpack(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn from_scale(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::from_bytes(bytes)
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn to_scale(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.to_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// Project any version into the V1 attestation schema.
+    pub fn into_v1(self) -> AttestationV1 {
+        match self {
+            Self::V0 { attestation } => attestation.into_v1(),
+            Self::V1 { attestation } => attestation,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Strip data for certificate embedding.
+    pub fn into_stripped(self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::V0 { mut attestation } => {
+                match &mut attestation.quote {
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(tdx_quote) => {
+                        tdx_quote.event_log = strip_tdx_event_log_for_config(
+                            std::mem::take(&mut tdx_quote.event_log),
+                            &attestation.config,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(quote) => {
+                        quote.tdx_quote.event_log = strip_tdx_runtime_event_log(std::mem::take(
+                            &mut quote.tdx_quote.event_log,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_)
+                    | AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_)
+                    | AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => {}
+                }
+                Self::V0 { attestation }
+            }
+            Self::V1 { attestation } => Self::V1 {
+                attestation: attestation.into_stripped(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TDX-specific helpers for attestation schemas that carry TDX platform evidence.
+pub trait TdxAttestationExt {
+    /// Returns the raw TDX quote bytes if the attestation is backed by TDX.
+    fn tdx_quote_bytes(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>>;
+
+    /// Returns the parsed TDX event log if the attestation is backed by TDX.
+    fn tdx_event_log(&self) -> Option<&[TdxEvent]>;
+
+    /// Returns the TDX event log serialized as JSON.
+    fn tdx_event_log_string(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.tdx_event_log().map(|event_log| {
+            let mut events: Vec<TdxEvent> = event_log.to_vec();
+            cc_eventlog::tdx::fill_v2_preimages(&mut events);
+            serde_json::to_string(&events).unwrap_or_default()
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the parsed TD10 report from the embedded TDX quote.
+    fn td10_report(&self) -> Option<TDReport10>;
+}
+
+impl TdxAttestationExt for AttestationV1 {
+    fn tdx_quote_bytes(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.platform.tdx_quote().map(|quote| quote.to_vec())
+    }
+
+    fn tdx_event_log(&self) -> Option<&[TdxEvent]> {
+        self.platform.tdx_event_log()
+    }
+
+    fn td10_report(&self) -> Option<TDReport10> {
+        self.platform
+            .tdx_quote()
+            .and_then(|quote| Quote::parse(quote).ok())
+            .and_then(|quote| quote.report.as_td10().cloned())
+    }
+}
+
+impl AttestationV1 {
+    /// Convert a V1 dstack attestation back to the legacy SCALE schema.
+    ///
+    /// This is only lossless for the original dstack stack with V1 runtime
+    /// events. Pod payloads and newer event encodings must remain on the V1
+    /// msgpack wire format.
+    pub fn try_into_legacy(self) -> Result<Attestation> {
+        let Self {
+            platform, stack, ..
+        } = self;
+        let StackEvidence::Dstack {
+            report_data,
+            runtime_events,
+            config,
+        } = stack
+        else {
+            bail!("dstack-pod attestation cannot be represented by the legacy schema");
+        };
+        if runtime_events
+            .iter()
+            .any(|event| !matches!(event.version, EventLogVersion::V1))
+        {
+            bail!("non-V1 runtime events cannot be represented by the legacy schema");
+        }
+        Ok(Attestation {
+            quote: platform_into_legacy_quote(platform),
+            runtime_events,
+            report_data: report_data
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("stack.report_data must be 64 bytes"))?,
+            config,
+            report: (),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the VM config from the external or embedded config.
+    pub fn decode_vm_config<'a>(&'a self, config: &'a str) -> Result<VmConfig> {
+        decode_vm_config_with_fallback(config, self.stack.config())
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the app info from the platform-specific app info source.
+    pub fn decode_app_info(&self, boottime_mr: bool) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        self.decode_app_info_ex(boottime_mr, "")
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the app info from the platform-specific app info source with an
+    /// optional external vm_config.
+    #[errify::errify("decode app info")]
+    pub fn decode_app_info_ex(&self, boottime_mr: bool, vm_config: &str) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        let runtime_events = self.stack.runtime_events();
+
+        let non_snp_context = || -> Result<(Vec<u8>, [u8; 32], Vec<u8>)> {
+            let key_provider_info = if boottime_mr {
+                vec![]
+            } else {
+                find_event_payload(runtime_events, "key-provider").unwrap_or_default()
+            };
+            let mr_key_provider = if key_provider_info.is_empty() {
+                [0u8; 32]
+            } else {
+                sha256(&key_provider_info)
+            };
+            let os_image_hash = self
+                .decode_vm_config(vm_config)
+                .context("Failed to decode os image hash")?
+                .os_image_hash;
+            Ok((key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash))
+        };
+        let build_app_info = |mrs: Mrs,
+                              key_provider_info: Vec<u8>,
+                              os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+                              compose_hash: Vec<u8>| {
+            AppInfo {
+                app_id: find_event_payload(runtime_events, "app-id").unwrap_or_default(),
+                instance_id: find_event_payload(runtime_events, "instance-id").unwrap_or_default(),
+                device_id: sha256(Vec::<u8>::new()).to_vec(),
+                mr_system: mrs.mr_system,
+                mr_aggregated: mrs.mr_aggregated,
+                key_provider_info,
+                os_image_hash,
+                compose_hash,
+                init_script_hashes: Some(find_event_payloads(runtime_events, "init-script-hash")),
+            }
+        };
+
+        match &self.platform {
+            PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+                report, mr_config, ..
+            } => decode_app_info_sev_snp(report, Some(mr_config), self.stack.config(), vm_config),
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, .. } => {
+                let (key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs =
+                    decode_mr_tdx_from_quote(boottime_mr, &mr_key_provider, quote, runtime_events)?;
+                let compose_hash =
+                    find_event_payload(runtime_events, "compose-hash").unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::GcpTdx { tpm_quote, .. } => {
+                let (key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs = decode_mr_gcp_tpm_from_v1(
+                    boottime_mr,
+                    &mr_key_provider,
+                    &os_image_hash,
+                    tpm_quote,
+                    runtime_events,
+                )?;
+                let compose_hash =
+                    find_event_payload(runtime_events, "compose-hash").unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::NitroEnclave { nsm_quote } => {
+                let (key_provider_info, _mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs = decode_mr_nitro_nsm_from_v1(&DstackNitroQuote {
+                    nsm_quote: nsm_quote.clone(),
+                })?;
+                let compose_hash = os_image_hash.clone();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::AwsNitroTpm { attestation_doc } => {
+                let (key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let pcrs = DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote {
+                    attestation_doc: attestation_doc.clone(),
+                }
+                .decode_pcrs()?;
+                let mrs = decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(
+                    boottime_mr,
+                    &mr_key_provider,
+                    &pcrs,
+                    runtime_events,
+                )?;
+                let compose_hash =
+                    find_event_payload(runtime_events, "compose-hash").unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn verify(self, verifier: &AttestationVerifier) -> Result<VerifiedAttestation> {
+        self.verify_with_time(verifier, None).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn verify_with_time(
+        self,
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+        now: Option<SystemTime>,
+    ) -> Result<VerifiedAttestation> {
+        let AttestationV1 {
+            version: _,
+            platform,
+            stack,
+        } = self;
+        // Verify report_data_payload binding: if present, the report_data must
+        // be derived from the payload via the AppData content type scheme.
+        if let Some(payload) = stack.report_data_payload() {
+            let report_data: [u8; 64] = stack.report_data()?;
+            let expected = QuoteContentType::AppData.to_report_data(payload.as_bytes());
+            if report_data != expected {
+                bail!("report_data does not match report_data_payload");
+            }
+        }
+        let (report_data, runtime_events, config) = match stack {
+            StackEvidence::Dstack {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+            }
+            | StackEvidence::DstackPod {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                ..
+            } => (
+                report_data
+                    .as_slice()
+                    .try_into()
+                    .map_err(|_| anyhow!("stack.report_data must be 64 bytes"))?,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+            ),
+        };
+        let report = match &platform {
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, .. } => DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(
+                verify_tdx_quote_with_events(verifier, quote, &runtime_events, &report_data)
+                    .await?,
+            ),
+            PlatformEvidence::GcpTdx {
+                quote, tpm_quote, ..
+            } => {
+                let tdx_report =
+                    verify_tdx_quote_with_events(verifier, quote, &runtime_events, &report_data)
+                        .await?;
+                let tpm_report = verifier
+                    .gcp_tpm
+                    .fetch_and_verify(tpm_quote)
+                    .await
+                    .context("failed to verify TPM quote")?;
+                let qualifying_data = sha256(quote);
+                if tpm_report.attest.qualified_data != qualifying_data[..] {
+                    bail!("tpm qualified_data mismatch");
+                }
+                let pcr_ind: u32 = 14; // GcpTdx runtime PCR
+                let replayed_rt_pcr = cc_eventlog::replay_events::<Sha256>(&runtime_events, None);
+                let quoted_rt_pcr = tpm_report
+                    .get_pcr(pcr_ind)
+                    .context("no runtime PCR in TPM report")?;
+                if replayed_rt_pcr != quoted_rt_pcr[..] {
+                    bail!(
+                        "PCR{pcr_ind} mismatch, quoted: {}, replayed: {}",
+                        hex::encode(quoted_rt_pcr),
+                        hex::encode(replayed_rt_pcr),
+                    );
+                }
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx {
+                    tdx_report,
+                    tpm_report,
+                }
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::NitroEnclave { nsm_quote } => {
+                let nsm = DstackNitroQuote {
+                    nsm_quote: nsm_quote.clone(),
+                };
+                let verified_report = verifier
+                    .aws_nitro_enclave
+                    .verify(&nsm.nsm_quote, None, now)
+                    .context("NSM attestation verification failed")?;
+                let Some(user_data) = verified_report.user_data.clone() else {
+                    bail!("NSM attestation document does not contain user_data");
+                };
+                if user_data != report_data[..] {
+                    bail!("NSM user_data does not match report_data");
+                }
+                // Use the PCRs from the signature-verified report, not a
+                // re-parse of the raw document, so the values that feed
+                // os_image_hash / MR derivation are authenticated.
+                let pcrs = NitroPcrs::from_verified(&verified_report.pcrs)
+                    .context("verified NSM report missing PCR0/1/2")?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(NitroVerifiedReport {
+                    module_id: verified_report.module_id,
+                    pcrs,
+                    user_data,
+                    timestamp: verified_report.timestamp,
+                })
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::AwsNitroTpm { attestation_doc } => {
+                let verified_report = verify_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation_doc(
+                    verifier,
+                    attestation_doc,
+                    &runtime_events,
+                    &report_data,
+                    now,
+                )
+                .context("NitroTPM attestation verification failed")?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(verified_report)
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+                report,
+                cert_chain,
+                mr_config,
+            } => {
+                let verified = verifier
+                    .sev_snp
+                    .fetch_and_verify(&verifier.amd_kds, report, cert_chain, &report_data)
+                    .await?;
+                verify_snp_mr_config_host_data(mr_config, &verified.host_data)?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(verified)
+            }
+        };
+
+        match &platform {
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx { event_log, .. }
+            | PlatformEvidence::GcpTdx { event_log, .. } => {
+                cc_eventlog::tdx::validate_v2_preimages(event_log)
+                    .context("Failed to validate TDX V2 event digest preimages")?;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        Ok(VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: platform_into_legacy_quote(platform),
+            runtime_events,
+            report_data,
+            config,
+            report,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Verify the quote against a RA-TLS public key.
+    pub async fn verify_with_ra_pubkey(
+        self,
+        ra_pubkey_der: &[u8],
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+    ) -> Result<VerifiedAttestation> {
+        let expected_report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(ra_pubkey_der);
+        if self.report_data()? != expected_report_data {
+            bail!("report data mismatch");
+        }
+        self.verify(verifier).await
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct DstackGcpTdxQuote {
+    pub tdx_quote: TdxQuote,
+    pub tpm_quote: TpmQuote,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct DstackNitroQuote {
+    pub nsm_quote: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote {
+    pub attestation_doc: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct NitroPcrs {
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub pcr0: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub pcr1: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes")]
+    pub pcr2: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl NitroPcrs {
+    /// Build `NitroPcrs` from the PCR map of a signature-verified NSM report
+    /// (`nsm_qvl::NsmVerifiedReport::pcrs`). This is the trusted source of PCR
+    /// values: it has been authenticated by the COSE signature, unlike
+    /// [`DstackNitroQuote::decode_pcrs`] which re-parses the raw document.
+    pub fn from_verified(pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>) -> Result<NitroPcrs> {
+        let pcr0 = pcrs.get(&0).cloned().context("PCR 0 not found")?;
+        let pcr1 = pcrs.get(&1).cloned().context("PCR 1 not found")?;
+        let pcr2 = pcrs.get(&2).cloned().context("PCR 2 not found")?;
+        Ok(NitroPcrs { pcr0, pcr1, pcr2 })
+    }
+
+    fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
+        self.pcr0.iter().all(|&b| b == 0)
+            && self.pcr1.iter().all(|&b| b == 0)
+            && self.pcr2.iter().all(|&b| b == 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the enclave ran in debug mode. AWS zeroes PCR0/1/2 for debug
+    /// enclaves, so there is no measurement of the actual code; verifiers must
+    /// refuse to authorize such enclaves.
+    pub fn is_debug(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_zero()
+    }
+
+    /// The OS image hash = sha256(pcr0 || pcr1 || pcr2). Callers must reject
+    /// debug enclaves (see [`is_debug`](Self::is_debug)) before trusting this.
+    pub fn image_hash(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        sha256([&self.pcr0, &self.pcr1, &self.pcr2]).to_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DstackNitroQuote {
+    pub fn decode_cose(&self) -> Result<nsm_attest::AttestationDocument> {
+        nsm_attest::AttestationDocument::from_cose(&self.nsm_quote)
+            .context("Failed to decode NSM attestation document")
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_image_hash(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let pcrs = self.decode_pcrs()?;
+        let hash = if pcrs.is_zero() {
+            [0u8; 32]
+        } else {
+            sha256([&pcrs.pcr0, &pcrs.pcr1, &pcrs.pcr2])
+        };
+        Ok(hash.to_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_pcrs(&self) -> Result<NitroPcrs> {
+        let doc = self.decode_cose()?;
+        let pcr0 = doc.pcrs.get(&0).cloned().context("PCR 0 not found")?;
+        let pcr1 = doc.pcrs.get(&1).cloned().context("PCR 1 not found")?;
+        let pcr2 = doc.pcrs.get(&2).cloned().context("PCR 2 not found")?;
+        Ok(NitroPcrs { pcr0, pcr1, pcr2 })
+    }
+}
+
+const AWS_NITRO_TPM_BOOT_PCRS: &[u16] = &[4, 7, 12];
+/// All dstack measured events (TDX RTMR3 analogue). Non-resettable on NitroTPM.
+const AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR: u16 = 14;
+/// Optional config commitment PCR, extended once from the guest-computed MrConfig V2 id.
+pub(crate) const AWS_NITRO_TPM_CONFIG_PCR: u16 = 8;
+
+fn aws_nitro_tpm_pcr(pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>, index: u16) -> Result<&[u8]> {
+    pcrs.get(&index)
+        .map(Vec::as_slice)
+        .with_context(|| format!("PCR {index} not found"))
+}
+
+fn aws_nitro_tpm_replayed_event_pcr(
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+    boottime_mr: bool,
+) -> <Sha384 as Hasher>::Output {
+    replay_runtime_events::<Sha384>(runtime_events, boottime_mr.then_some("boot-mr-done"))
+}
+
+/// Bind the event log to the quoted PCR14 register.
+///
+/// Always replays the **full** event log and requires it to equal the quoted
+/// PCR14, exactly like the TDX RTMR3 (`verify_tdx_quote_with_events`) and GCP
+/// PCR14 verify paths. The boot-time snapshot boundary is a property of the MR
+/// derivation, not of this integrity check, so it is intentionally not applied
+/// here — otherwise a full runtime quote could never satisfy a boot-time
+/// (`boottime_mr`) decode.
+fn aws_nitro_tpm_verify_event_pcr(
+    pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let quoted = aws_nitro_tpm_pcr(pcrs, AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR)?;
+    let replayed = aws_nitro_tpm_replayed_event_pcr(runtime_events, false);
+    if quoted != replayed.as_slice() {
+        bail!(
+            "PCR{AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR} mismatch, quoted: {}, replayed: {}",
+            hex::encode(quoted),
+            hex::encode(replayed),
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_values(
+    pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+) -> Result<Vec<&[u8]>> {
+    AWS_NITRO_TPM_BOOT_PCRS
+        .iter()
+        .map(|index| aws_nitro_tpm_pcr(pcrs, *index))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Compute the AWS NitroTPM `boot_pcr_digest` as `sha256(PCR4 || PCR7 || PCR12)`.
+///
+/// This is the single source of truth for the boot-PCR binding; the verifier
+/// and KMS must derive the value the same way, so both call this rather than
+/// re-hardcoding the PCR set. The value is checked against
+/// `aws_measurement.boot_pcr_digest` (`aws_measurement` is mandatory on AWS).
+pub fn aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_digest(
+    pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    Ok(sha256(aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_values(pcrs)?).to_vec())
+}
+
+impl DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote {
+    pub(crate) fn decode_pcrs(&self) -> Result<std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>> {
+        let cose = nsm_qvl::CoseSign1::from_bytes(&self.attestation_doc)
+            .context("failed to decode NitroTPM COSE document")?;
+        let doc = nsm_qvl::AttestationDocument::from_cbor(&cose.payload)
+            .context("failed to decode NitroTPM attestation document")?;
+        Ok(doc.pcrs)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub enum AttestationQuote {
+    DstackTdx(TdxQuote),
+    DstackGcpTdx(DstackGcpTdxQuote),
+    DstackNitroEnclave(DstackNitroQuote),
+    DstackAmdSevSnp(SnpQuote),
+    /// Keep this last to preserve SCALE discriminants for existing variants.
+    DstackAwsNitroTpm(DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote),
+}
+
+impl AttestationQuote {
+    pub fn variant(&self) -> TeeVariant {
+        match self {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(_) => TeeVariant::DstackTdx,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_) => TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(_) => TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_) => TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod compatibility_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use scale::Encode;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tee_variant_scale_discriminants_preserve_existing_wire_values() {
+        assert_eq!(TeeVariant::DstackTdx.encode(), vec![0]);
+        assert_eq!(TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx.encode(), vec![1]);
+        assert_eq!(TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave.encode(), vec![2]);
+        assert_eq!(TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp.encode(), vec![3]);
+        assert_eq!(TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm.encode(), vec![4]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tee_variant_deserializes_canonical_names() {
+        let parse = |value| serde_json::from_str::<TeeVariant>(value).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#""dstack-tdx""#), TeeVariant::DstackTdx);
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#""dstack-gcp-tdx""#), TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx);
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse(r#""dstack-amd-sev-snp""#),
+            TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse(r#""dstack-nitro-enclave""#),
+            TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attestation_quote_scale_discriminants_preserve_existing_wire_values() {
+        let gcp = AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(DstackGcpTdxQuote {
+            tdx_quote: TdxQuote {
+                quote: Vec::new(),
+                event_log: Vec::new(),
+            },
+            tpm_quote: TpmQuote {
+                message: Vec::new(),
+                signature: Vec::new(),
+                pcr_values: Vec::new(),
+                ak_cert: Vec::new(),
+                platform: dstack_types::Platform::Gcp,
+                event_log: Vec::new(),
+            },
+        });
+        assert_eq!(gcp.encode()[0], 1);
+        let nitro = AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(DstackNitroQuote {
+            nsm_quote: Vec::new(),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(nitro.encode()[0], 2);
+        let quote = AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(SnpQuote {
+            report: Vec::new(),
+            cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+            mr_config: String::new(),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(quote.encode()[0], 3);
+        let quote = AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote {
+            attestation_doc: Vec::new(),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(quote.encode()[0], 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dstack_tee_variant_prefers_tdx_when_both_tdx_and_tsm_exist() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            choose_dstack_tee_variant(true, true).unwrap(),
+            TeeVariant::DstackTdx
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dstack_tee_variant_uses_snp_when_only_snp_exists() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            choose_dstack_tee_variant(false, true).unwrap(),
+            TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Attestation data
+#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct Attestation<R = ()> {
+    /// The quote
+    pub quote: AttestationQuote,
+
+    /// Runtime events carried by runtime-event-sourced platforms.
+    pub runtime_events: Vec<RuntimeEvent>,
+
+    /// The report data
+    pub report_data: [u8; 64],
+
+    /// The configuration of the VM
+    pub config: String,
+
+    /// Verified report
+    pub report: R,
+}
+
+impl<T> Attestation<T> {
+    pub fn report_data_payload(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn tdx_quote_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut TdxQuote> {
+        match &mut self.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(quote) => Some(quote),
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_) => None,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(q) => Some(&mut q.tdx_quote),
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_) | AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tdx_quote(&self) -> Option<&TdxQuote> {
+        match &self.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(quote) => Some(quote),
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_) => None,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(q) => Some(&q.tdx_quote),
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_) | AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tpm_quote(&self) -> Option<&TpmQuote> {
+        match &self.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(_) => None,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_) => None,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(q) => Some(&q.tpm_quote),
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_) | AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get TDX quote bytes
+    pub fn get_tdx_quote_bytes(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.tdx_quote().map(|q| q.quote.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Populate `preimage` on every V2 runtime event in the TDX event log.
+    ///
+    /// Useful before serializing an attestation so relying parties get the
+    /// digest pre-images alongside events.
+    pub fn fill_event_preimages(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(q) = self.tdx_quote_mut() {
+            cc_eventlog::tdx::fill_v2_preimages(&mut q.event_log);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get TDX event log bytes
+    pub fn get_tdx_event_log_bytes(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.tdx_quote()
+            .map(|q| serde_json::to_vec(&q.event_log).unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+
+    /// Get TDX event log string with RTMR[0-2] payloads stripped to reduce size.
+    /// Only digests are kept for boot-time events; runtime events (RTMR3) retain full payload.
+    ///
+    pub fn get_tdx_event_log_string(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.tdx_quote().map(|q| {
+            let mut stripped: Vec<_> = q
+                .event_log
+                .iter()
+                .map(|event| {
+                    let mut stripped = event.stripped();
+                    // Keep the marker used by TDX-lite verification to identify
+                    // the three RTMR0 ACPI digest events.
+                    if cc_eventlog::tdx::is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event) {
+                        stripped.event_payload = event.event_payload.clone();
+                    }
+                    stripped
+                })
+                .collect();
+            cc_eventlog::tdx::fill_v2_preimages(&mut stripped);
+            serde_json::to_string(&stripped).unwrap_or_default()
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_td10_report(&self) -> Option<TDReport10> {
+        self.tdx_quote()
+            .and_then(|q| Quote::parse(&q.quote).ok())
+            .and_then(|quote| quote.report.as_td10().cloned())
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait GetDeviceId {
+    fn get_devide_id(&self) -> Vec<u8>;
+
+    /// The signature-verified Nitro PCRs, when this report is a verified Nitro
+    /// report. Returns `None` for raw/unverified reports (e.g. `()`), in which
+    /// case callers fall back to parsing the raw document.
+    fn verified_nitro_pcrs(&self) -> Option<&NitroPcrs> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs(&self) -> Option<&std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetDeviceId for () {
+    fn get_devide_id(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetDeviceId for DstackVerifiedReport {
+    fn get_devide_id(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        match self {
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(tdx_report) => tdx_report.ppid.to_vec(),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(report) => report.chip_id.to_vec(),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx { tdx_report, .. } => tdx_report.ppid.to_vec(),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(report) => {
+                // i-1234567890abcdef0-enc9876543210abcde -> i-1234567890abcdef0
+                report
+                    .module_id
+                    .split_once('-')
+                    .map(|(id, _)| id.as_bytes().to_vec())
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+            }
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(report) => report.module_id.as_bytes().to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn verified_nitro_pcrs(&self) -> Option<&NitroPcrs> {
+        match self {
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(report) => Some(&report.pcrs),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs(&self) -> Option<&std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>> {
+        match self {
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(report) => Some(&report.pcrs),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Mrs {
+    mr_system: [u8; 32],
+    mr_aggregated: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+fn key_provider_info_from_mr_config(mr_config: &MrConfigV3) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    serde_json::to_vec(&KeyProviderInfo::new(
+        mr_config.key_provider_name().to_string(),
+        hex::encode(mr_config.key_provider_id.as_deref().unwrap_or_default()),
+    ))
+    .context("Failed to serialize key provider info")
+}
+
+fn verify_snp_mr_config_host_data(
+    mr_config_document: &str,
+    host_data: &[u8; 32],
+) -> Result<MrConfigV3> {
+    let mr_config = MrConfigV3::from_document(mr_config_document)
+        .context("Invalid amd sev-snp mr_config document")?;
+    let expected = MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(mr_config_document);
+    if expected != *host_data {
+        bail!(
+            "amd sev-snp HOST_DATA mismatch, quoted: {}, expected: {}",
+            hex::encode(host_data),
+            hex::encode(expected),
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(mr_config)
+}
+
+fn decode_mr_sev_snp(measurement: &[u8; 48], host_data: &[u8; 32]) -> Mrs {
+    let mr_system = sha2::Sha256::digest(measurement).into();
+    let mr_aggregated = {
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(measurement);
+        hasher.update(host_data);
+        hasher.finalize().into()
+    };
+    Mrs {
+        mr_system,
+        mr_aggregated,
+    }
+}
+
+fn decode_app_info_sev_snp(
+    report: &[u8],
+    mr_config: Option<&str>,
+    embedded_config: &str,
+    external_vm_config: &str,
+) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+    let parsed = crate::amd_sev_snp::parse_amd_snp_report(report)?;
+    let mr_config_document = if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config {
+        Cow::Borrowed(mr_config)
+    } else if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config_document_from_config(external_vm_config)? {
+        Cow::Owned(mr_config)
+    } else if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config_document_from_config(embedded_config)? {
+        Cow::Owned(mr_config)
+    } else {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp mr_config is missing");
+    };
+    let mr_config = verify_snp_mr_config_host_data(mr_config_document.as_ref(), &parsed.host_data)?;
+
+    let key_provider_info = key_provider_info_from_mr_config(&mr_config)?;
+    let os_image_hash =
+        decode_vm_config_with_fallback(external_vm_config, embedded_config)?.os_image_hash;
+    let mrs = decode_mr_sev_snp(&parsed.measurement, &parsed.host_data);
+
+    Ok(AppInfo {
+        app_id: mr_config.app_id.unwrap_or_default(),
+        instance_id: mr_config.instance_id.unwrap_or_default(),
+        device_id: sha256(parsed.chip_id).to_vec(),
+        mr_system: mrs.mr_system,
+        mr_aggregated: mrs.mr_aggregated,
+        key_provider_info,
+        os_image_hash,
+        compose_hash: mr_config.compose_hash,
+        init_script_hashes: mr_config.init_script_hashes,
+    })
+}
+
+fn decode_mr_gcp_tpm_from_v1(
+    boottime_mr: bool,
+    mr_key_provider: &[u8],
+    os_image_hash: &[u8],
+    tpm_quote: &TpmQuote,
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+) -> Result<Mrs> {
+    let mr_system = sha256([os_image_hash, mr_key_provider]);
+    let pcr0 = tpm_quote
+        .pcr_values
+        .iter()
+        .find(|p| p.index == 0)
+        .context("PCR 0 not found")?;
+    let pcr2 = tpm_quote
+        .pcr_values
+        .iter()
+        .find(|p| p.index == 2)
+        .context("PCR 2 not found")?;
+    let runtime_pcr =
+        cc_eventlog::replay_events::<Sha256>(runtime_events, boottime_mr.then_some("boot-mr-done"));
+    let mr_aggregated = sha256([&pcr0.value[..], &pcr2.value, &runtime_pcr]);
+    Ok(Mrs {
+        mr_system,
+        mr_aggregated,
+    })
+}
+
+fn decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(
+    boottime_mr: bool,
+    mr_key_provider: &[u8],
+    pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+) -> Result<Mrs> {
+    let mut boot_pcrs = aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_values(pcrs)?;
+    let mut mr_system_inputs = boot_pcrs.clone();
+    mr_system_inputs.push(mr_key_provider);
+    let mr_system = sha256(mr_system_inputs);
+    // Bind the full event log to the quoted PCR14 first (defense-in-depth,
+    // mirrors the TDX/GCP verify paths), then take the boot-snapshot value for
+    // the MR. Splitting these two lets a full runtime quote still produce a
+    // boot-time (`boottime_mr`) MR instead of failing the integrity check.
+    aws_nitro_tpm_verify_event_pcr(pcrs, runtime_events)?;
+    let launch_pcr = aws_nitro_tpm_replayed_event_pcr(runtime_events, boottime_mr);
+    boot_pcrs.push(launch_pcr.as_slice());
+    let mr_aggregated = sha256(boot_pcrs);
+    Ok(Mrs {
+        mr_system,
+        mr_aggregated,
+    })
+}
+
+fn decode_mr_nitro_nsm_from_v1(nsm_quote: &DstackNitroQuote) -> Result<Mrs> {
+    let pcrs = nsm_quote.decode_pcrs()?;
+    let mr_system = sha256([&pcrs.pcr0, &pcrs.pcr1, &pcrs.pcr2]);
+    let mr_aggregated = mr_system;
+    Ok(Mrs {
+        mr_system,
+        mr_aggregated,
+    })
+}
+
+fn decode_mr_tdx_from_quote(
+    boottime_mr: bool,
+    mr_key_provider: &[u8],
+    quote: &[u8],
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+) -> Result<Mrs> {
+    let quote = Quote::parse(quote).context("Failed to parse quote")?;
+    let rtmr3 =
+        replay_runtime_events::<Sha384>(runtime_events, boottime_mr.then_some("boot-mr-done"));
+    let td_report = quote.report.as_td10().context("TDX report not found")?;
+    let mr_system = sha256([
+        &td_report.mr_td[..],
+        &td_report.rt_mr0,
+        &td_report.rt_mr1,
+        &td_report.rt_mr2,
+        mr_key_provider,
+    ]);
+    let mr_aggregated = {
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        for d in [
+            &td_report.mr_td,
+            &td_report.rt_mr0,
+            &td_report.rt_mr1,
+            &td_report.rt_mr2,
+            &rtmr3,
+        ] {
+            hasher.update(d);
+        }
+        if td_report.mr_config_id != [0u8; 48]
+            || td_report.mr_owner != [0u8; 48]
+            || td_report.mr_owner_config != [0u8; 48]
+        {
+            hasher.update(td_report.mr_config_id);
+            hasher.update(td_report.mr_owner);
+            hasher.update(td_report.mr_owner_config);
+        }
+        hasher.finalize().into()
+    };
+    Ok(Mrs {
+        mr_system,
+        mr_aggregated,
+    })
+}
+
+async fn verify_tdx_quote_with_events(
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+    quote: &[u8],
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+    report_data: &[u8; 64],
+) -> Result<TdxVerifiedReport> {
+    let tdx_report = verifier
+        .verify_tdx_quote(quote)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to verify TDX quote")?;
+    validate_tcb(&tdx_report)?;
+
+    let td_report = tdx_report.report.as_td10().context("no td report")?;
+    let replayed_rtmr = replay_runtime_events::<Sha384>(runtime_events, None);
+    if replayed_rtmr != td_report.rt_mr3 {
+        bail!(
+            "RTMR3 mismatch, quoted: {}, replayed: {}",
+            hex::encode(td_report.rt_mr3),
+            hex::encode(replayed_rtmr)
+        );
+    }
+
+    if td_report.report_data != report_data[..] {
+        bail!("tdx report_data mismatch");
+    }
+    Ok(tdx_report)
+}
+
+fn verify_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation_doc(
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+    attestation_doc: &[u8],
+    runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+    report_data: &[u8; 64],
+    now: Option<SystemTime>,
+) -> Result<AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport> {
+    let verified_report = verifier
+        .aws_nitro_tpm
+        .verify(attestation_doc, None, now)
+        .context("COSE attestation document verification failed")?;
+
+    let Some(user_data) = verified_report.user_data.clone() else {
+        bail!("NitroTPM attestation document does not contain user_data");
+    };
+    if user_data != report_data[..] {
+        bail!("NitroTPM user_data does not match report_data");
+    }
+
+    aws_nitro_tpm_verify_event_pcr(&verified_report.pcrs, runtime_events)?;
+
+    Ok(AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport {
+        module_id: verified_report.module_id,
+        pcrs: verified_report.pcrs,
+        public_key: verified_report.public_key,
+        user_data,
+        nonce: verified_report.nonce,
+        timestamp: verified_report.timestamp,
+    })
+}
+
+impl<T: GetDeviceId> Attestation<T> {
+    fn decode_mr_gcp_tpm(
+        &self,
+        boottime_mr: bool,
+        mr_key_provider: &[u8],
+        os_image_hash: &[u8],
+        tpm_quote: &TpmQuote,
+    ) -> Result<Mrs> {
+        let mr_system = sha256([os_image_hash, mr_key_provider]);
+        let pcr0 = tpm_quote
+            .pcr_values
+            .iter()
+            .find(|p| p.index == 0)
+            .context("PCR 0 not found")?;
+        let pcr2 = tpm_quote
+            .pcr_values
+            .iter()
+            .find(|p| p.index == 2)
+            .context("PCR 2 not found")?;
+        let runtime_pcr =
+            self.replay_runtime_events::<Sha256>(boottime_mr.then_some("boot-mr-done"));
+        let mr_aggregated = sha256([&pcr0.value[..], &pcr2.value, &runtime_pcr]);
+        Ok(Mrs {
+            mr_system,
+            mr_aggregated,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn decode_mr_nitro_nsm(&self, nsm_quote: &DstackNitroQuote) -> Result<Mrs> {
+        // Prefer the signature-verified PCRs from the report; only fall back to
+        // re-parsing the raw document for unverified reports (e.g. previews),
+        // which never feed an authorization decision.
+        let pcrs = match self.report.verified_nitro_pcrs() {
+            Some(pcrs) => pcrs.clone(),
+            None => nsm_quote.decode_pcrs()?,
+        };
+
+        // Compute mr_system from PCR values and mr_key_provider
+        let mr_system = sha256([&pcrs.pcr0, &pcrs.pcr1, &pcrs.pcr2]);
+        let mr_aggregated = mr_system;
+
+        Ok(Mrs {
+            mr_system,
+            mr_aggregated,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm(
+        &self,
+        boottime_mr: bool,
+        mr_key_provider: &[u8],
+        quote: &DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote,
+    ) -> Result<Mrs> {
+        let pcrs = match self.report.verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs() {
+            Some(pcrs) => pcrs.clone(),
+            None => quote.decode_pcrs()?,
+        };
+        decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(boottime_mr, mr_key_provider, &pcrs, &self.runtime_events)
+    }
+
+    fn decode_mr_tdx(
+        &self,
+        boottime_mr: bool,
+        mr_key_provider: &[u8],
+        tdx_quote: &TdxQuote,
+    ) -> Result<Mrs> {
+        let quote = Quote::parse(&tdx_quote.quote).context("Failed to parse quote")?;
+        let rtmr3 = self.replay_runtime_events::<Sha384>(boottime_mr.then_some("boot-mr-done"));
+        let td_report = quote.report.as_td10().context("TDX report not found")?;
+        let mr_system = sha256([
+            &td_report.mr_td[..],
+            &td_report.rt_mr0,
+            &td_report.rt_mr1,
+            &td_report.rt_mr2,
+            mr_key_provider,
+        ]);
+        let mr_aggregated = {
+            let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+            for d in [
+                &td_report.mr_td,
+                &td_report.rt_mr0,
+                &td_report.rt_mr1,
+                &td_report.rt_mr2,
+                &rtmr3,
+            ] {
+                hasher.update(d);
+            }
+            // For backward compatibility. Don't include mr_config_id, mr_owner, mr_owner_config if they are all 0.
+            if td_report.mr_config_id != [0u8; 48]
+                || td_report.mr_owner != [0u8; 48]
+                || td_report.mr_owner_config != [0u8; 48]
+            {
+                hasher.update(td_report.mr_config_id);
+                hasher.update(td_report.mr_owner);
+                hasher.update(td_report.mr_owner_config);
+            }
+            hasher.finalize().into()
+        };
+        Ok(Mrs {
+            mr_system,
+            mr_aggregated,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the VM config from the external or embedded config
+    pub fn decode_vm_config<'a>(&'a self, mut config: &'a str) -> Result<VmConfig> {
+        if config.is_empty() {
+            config = &self.config;
+        }
+        if config.is_empty() {
+            // No vm config for nitro enclave
+            config = "{}";
+        }
+        let vm_config: VmConfig =
+            serde_json::from_str(config).context("Failed to parse vm config")?;
+        Ok(vm_config)
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the app info from the platform-specific app info source.
+    pub fn decode_app_info(&self, boottime_mr: bool) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        self.decode_app_info_ex(boottime_mr, "")
+    }
+
+    #[errify::errify("decode app info")]
+    pub fn decode_app_info_ex(&self, boottime_mr: bool, vm_config: &str) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        let non_snp_context = || -> Result<(Vec<u8>, [u8; 32], Vec<u8>)> {
+            let key_provider_info = if boottime_mr {
+                vec![]
+            } else {
+                self.find_event_payload("key-provider").unwrap_or_default()
+            };
+            let mr_key_provider = if key_provider_info.is_empty() {
+                [0u8; 32]
+            } else {
+                sha256(&key_provider_info)
+            };
+            let os_image_hash = self
+                .decode_vm_config(vm_config)
+                .context("Failed to decode os image hash")?
+                .os_image_hash;
+            Ok((key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash))
+        };
+        let build_app_info = |mrs: Mrs,
+                              key_provider_info: Vec<u8>,
+                              os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+                              compose_hash: Vec<u8>| {
+            AppInfo {
+                app_id: self.find_event_payload("app-id").unwrap_or_default(),
+                instance_id: self.find_event_payload("instance-id").unwrap_or_default(),
+                device_id: sha256(self.report.get_devide_id()).to_vec(),
+                mr_system: mrs.mr_system,
+                mr_aggregated: mrs.mr_aggregated,
+                key_provider_info,
+                os_image_hash,
+                compose_hash,
+                init_script_hashes: Some(find_event_payloads(
+                    &self.runtime_events,
+                    "init-script-hash",
+                )),
+            }
+        };
+
+        match &self.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(q) => {
+                decode_app_info_sev_snp(&q.report, Some(&q.mr_config), &self.config, vm_config)
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(q) => {
+                let (key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs = self.decode_mr_tdx(boottime_mr, &mr_key_provider, q)?;
+                let compose_hash = self.find_event_payload("compose-hash").unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(q) => {
+                let (key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs = self.decode_mr_gcp_tpm(
+                    boottime_mr,
+                    &mr_key_provider,
+                    &os_image_hash,
+                    &q.tpm_quote,
+                )?;
+                let compose_hash = self.find_event_payload("compose-hash").unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(q) => {
+                let (key_provider_info, _mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs = self.decode_mr_nitro_nsm(q)?;
+                let compose_hash = os_image_hash.clone();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(q) => {
+                let (key_provider_info, mr_key_provider, os_image_hash) = non_snp_context()?;
+                let mrs = self.decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm(boottime_mr, &mr_key_provider, q)?;
+                let compose_hash = self.find_event_payload("compose-hash").unwrap_or_default();
+                Ok(build_app_info(
+                    mrs,
+                    key_provider_info,
+                    os_image_hash,
+                    compose_hash,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Attestation<T> {
+    /// Decode the quote
+    pub fn decode_tdx_quote(&self) -> Result<Quote> {
+        let Some(tdx_quote) = self.tdx_quote() else {
+            bail!("tdx_quote not found");
+        };
+        Quote::parse(&tdx_quote.quote)
+    }
+
+    fn find_event(&self, name: &str) -> Result<RuntimeEvent> {
+        for event in &self.runtime_events {
+            if event.event == "system-ready" {
+                break;
+            }
+            if event.event == name {
+                return Ok(event.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        Err(anyhow!("event {name} not found"))
+    }
+
+    /// Replay event logs
+    pub fn replay_runtime_events<H: Hasher>(&self, to_event: Option<&str>) -> H::Output {
+        cc_eventlog::replay_events::<H>(&self.runtime_events, to_event)
+    }
+
+    fn find_event_payload(&self, event: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.find_event(event).map(|event| event.payload)
+    }
+
+    /// SHA-256 payloads of all measured init scripts, in execution order.
+    /// Application-emitted events after `system-ready` are excluded.
+    pub fn decode_init_script_hashes(&self) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+        find_event_payloads(&self.runtime_events, "init-script-hash")
+    }
+
+    fn find_event_hex_payload(&self, event: &str) -> Result<String> {
+        self.find_event(event)
+            .map(|event| hex::encode(&event.payload))
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the app-id from the event log
+    pub fn decode_app_id(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.find_event_hex_payload("app-id")
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the instance-id from the event log
+    pub fn decode_instance_id(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.find_event_hex_payload("instance-id")
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the upgraded app-id from the event log
+    pub fn decode_compose_hash(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.find_event_hex_payload("compose-hash")
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the rootfs hash from the event log
+    pub fn decode_rootfs_hash(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.find_event_hex_payload("rootfs-hash")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Attestation {
+    /// Reconstruct from tdx quote and event log, for backward compatibility
+    pub fn from_tdx_quote(quote: Vec<u8>, event_log: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let tdx_eventlog: Vec<TdxEvent> =
+            serde_json::from_slice(event_log).context("Failed to parse tdx_event_log")?;
+        let runtime_events = tdx_eventlog
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|event| event.to_runtime_event())
+            .collect();
+        let report_data = {
+            let quote = Quote::parse(&quote).context("Invalid TDX quote")?;
+            let report = quote.report.as_td10().context("Invalid TDX report")?;
+            report.report_data
+        };
+        Ok(Attestation {
+            quote: AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote {
+                quote,
+                event_log: tdx_eventlog,
+            }),
+            runtime_events,
+            report_data,
+            config: "".into(),
+            report: (),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+impl Attestation {
+    /// Create an attestation for local machine (auto-detect mode)
+    pub fn local() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::quote(&[0u8; 64])
+    }
+
+    /// Create an attestation from a report data
+    pub fn quote(report_data: &[u8; 64]) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::quote_with_app_id(report_data, None)
+    }
+
+    pub fn quote_with_app_id(report_data: &[u8; 64], app_id: Option<[u8; 20]>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::quote_with_app_id_and_sys_config(report_data, app_id, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Create an attestation using an explicit sys-config path.
+    pub fn quote_with_sys_config(
+        report_data: &[u8; 64],
+        sys_config: &std::path::Path,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::quote_with_app_id_and_sys_config(report_data, None, Some(sys_config))
+    }
+
+    fn quote_with_app_id_and_sys_config(
+        report_data: &[u8; 64],
+        app_id: Option<[u8; 20]>,
+        sys_config: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Lock to prevent concurrent quote generation (TDX driver doesn't support it)
+        let _guard = QUOTE_LOCK
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("Quote lock poisoned"))?;
+
+        let mode = detect_tee_variant()?;
+        let config = match mode {
+            TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp
+            | TeeVariant::DstackTdx
+            | TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx
+            // AWS prefers host-shared vm_config because it carries the
+            // aws_measurement and unified os_image_hash validated below.
+            | TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm => {
+                read_vm_config(sys_config).context("Failed to read vm config")?
+            }
+            // NitroEnclave derives config from the signed image hash below.
+            TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave => String::new(),
+        };
+        let runtime_events = match mode {
+            TeeVariant::DstackTdx | TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx | TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm => {
+                RuntimeEvent::read_all().context("Failed to read runtime events")?
+            }
+            TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp => vec![],
+            TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave => match app_id {
+                Some(app_id) => vec![RuntimeEvent::new(
+                    "app-id".to_string(),
+                    app_id.to_vec(),
+                    EventLogVersion::V1,
+                )],
+                None => vec![],
+            },
+        };
+
+        let mut quote = match mode {
+            TeeVariant::DstackTdx => {
+                let quote = tdx_attest::get_quote(report_data).context("Failed to get quote")?;
+                let event_log =
+                    cc_eventlog::tdx::read_event_log().context("Failed to read event log")?;
+                AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote { quote, event_log })
+            }
+            TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp => {
+                let quote = crate::sev_snp::get_report(*report_data)
+                    .context("Failed to get SEV-SNP report")?;
+                AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(quote)
+            }
+            TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx => {
+                let quote = tdx_attest::get_quote(report_data).context("Failed to get quote")?;
+                let event_log =
+                    cc_eventlog::tdx::read_event_log().context("Failed to read event log")?;
+                let tpm_qualifying_data = sha256(&quote);
+                let tdx_quote = TdxQuote { quote, event_log };
+                let tpm_ctx =
+                    tpm_attest::TpmContext::detect().context("Failed to open TPM context")?;
+                let tpm_quote = tpm_ctx
+                    .create_quote(&tpm_qualifying_data, &tpm_attest::dstack_pcr_policy())
+                    .context("Failed to create TPM quote")?;
+                AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(DstackGcpTdxQuote {
+                    tdx_quote,
+                    tpm_quote,
+                })
+            }
+            TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave => {
+                let nsm_quote = nsm_attest::get_attestation(report_data)
+                    .context("Failed to get NSM attestation")?;
+                AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(DstackNitroQuote { nsm_quote })
+            }
+            TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm => {
+                // Challenge binding is report_data → NitroTPM user_data only
+                // (same role as TDX/GCP report_data; no separate nonce/public_key).
+                let attestation_doc = crate::aws_nitro_tpm::attestation_document(report_data)
+                    .context("failed to get NitroTPM attestation document")?;
+                AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote { attestation_doc })
+            }
+        };
+        let config = match &quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_)
+            | AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(_)
+            | AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(_) => config,
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(quote) => {
+                let os_image_hash = quote
+                    .decode_image_hash()
+                    .context("Failed to decode image hash")?;
+                serde_json::to_string(&serde_json::json!({
+                    "os_image_hash": hex::encode(os_image_hash),
+                }))
+                .context("Failed to serialize config")?
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(quote) => {
+                // The embedded vm_config must be self-verifiable against the
+                // signed PCRs: os_image_hash → aws_measurement → boot_pcr_digest.
+                // Anything else is an unverifiable host claim — fail loudly
+                // instead of silently rewriting it.
+                let pcrs = quote
+                    .decode_pcrs()
+                    .context("failed to decode NitroTPM PCRs")?;
+                let vm_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(&config)
+                    .context("invalid vm_config in sys-config on AWS NitroTPM")?;
+                let document = vm_config
+                    .aws_measurement
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .context("vm_config.aws_measurement is required on AWS NitroTPM")?;
+                document
+                    .verify(&vm_config.os_image_hash)
+                    .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+                    .context("aws_measurement does not match os_image_hash")?;
+                let measurement = document
+                    .decode_measurement()
+                    .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+                    .context("failed to decode aws_measurement")?;
+                let quoted_digest = aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_digest(&pcrs)
+                    .context("failed to compute boot_pcr_digest from attestation")?;
+                if measurement.boot_pcr_digest.as_slice() != quoted_digest.as_slice() {
+                    bail!(
+                        "aws_measurement boot_pcr_digest mismatch vs attestation: expected={}, quoted={}",
+                        hex::encode(&measurement.boot_pcr_digest),
+                        hex::encode(&quoted_digest)
+                    );
+                }
+                config
+            }
+        };
+        if let AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(quote) = &mut quote {
+            quote.mr_config =
+                read_mr_config_document(sys_config)?.context("amd sev-snp mr_config is missing")?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            quote,
+            runtime_events,
+            report_data: *report_data,
+            config,
+            report: (),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Attestation {
+    pub fn into_v1(self) -> AttestationV1 {
+        self.into()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn verify(self, verifier: &AttestationVerifier) -> Result<VerifiedAttestation> {
+        self.verify_with_time(verifier, None).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn verify_with_time(
+        self,
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+        now: Option<SystemTime>,
+    ) -> Result<VerifiedAttestation> {
+        let report = match &self.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(q) => {
+                let report = self.verify_tdx(verifier, &q.quote).await?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(report)
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(q) => {
+                let verified = verifier
+                    .sev_snp
+                    .fetch_and_verify(
+                        &verifier.amd_kds,
+                        &q.report,
+                        &q.cert_chain,
+                        &self.report_data,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                verify_snp_mr_config_host_data(&q.mr_config, &verified.host_data)?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(verified)
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(q) => {
+                let tdx_report = self.verify_tdx(verifier, &q.tdx_quote.quote).await?;
+                let tpm_report = self
+                    .verify_tpm(verifier, &q.tpm_quote, &sha256(&q.tdx_quote.quote))
+                    .await
+                    .context("Failed to verify TPM quote")?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx {
+                    tdx_report,
+                    tpm_report,
+                }
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(quote) => {
+                let report = self
+                    .verify_nitro_enclave_with_time(verifier, quote, now)
+                    .await
+                    .context("Failed to verify Nitro Enclave")?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(report)
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(quote) => {
+                let report = verify_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation_doc(
+                    verifier,
+                    &quote.attestation_doc,
+                    &self.runtime_events,
+                    &self.report_data,
+                    now,
+                )
+                .context("failed to verify NitroTPM attestation document")?;
+                DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(report)
+            }
+        };
+
+        match &self.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(q) => {
+                cc_eventlog::tdx::validate_v2_preimages(&q.event_log)
+                    .context("Failed to validate TDX V2 event digest preimages")?;
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(q) => {
+                cc_eventlog::tdx::validate_v2_preimages(&q.tdx_quote.event_log)
+                    .context("Failed to validate TDX V2 event digest preimages")?;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        Ok(VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: self.quote,
+            runtime_events: self.runtime_events,
+            report_data: self.report_data,
+            config: self.config,
+            report,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap into a versioned attestation for encoding.
+    ///
+    /// When any runtime event uses a non-V1 event-log version, force the V1
+    /// msgpack wire format so the `version` field is preserved (SCALE
+    /// V0 skips it for legacy binary compat). Otherwise default to V0 for
+    /// backward compat with callers that expect the SCALE format.
+    pub fn into_versioned(mut self) -> VersionedAttestation {
+        // V2 event digests cannot be reconstructed from the serialized event
+        // fields alone. Populate their canonical preimages before the legacy
+        // quote is projected into either wire schema.
+        self.fill_event_preimages();
+        let has_v2 = self
+            .runtime_events
+            .iter()
+            .any(|e| !matches!(e.version, EventLogVersion::V1));
+        if has_v2 {
+            VersionedAttestation::V1 {
+                attestation: self.into(),
+            }
+        } else {
+            VersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation: self }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Verify the quote
+    pub async fn verify_with_ra_pubkey(
+        self,
+        ra_pubkey_der: &[u8],
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+    ) -> Result<VerifiedAttestation> {
+        let expected_report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(ra_pubkey_der);
+        if self.report_data != expected_report_data {
+            bail!("report data mismatch");
+        }
+        self.verify(verifier).await
+    }
+
+    /// Verify Nitro Enclave attestation with optional custom time (testing hook)
+    ///
+    /// This performs full cryptographic verification:
+    /// 1. Verifies COSE Sign1 signature using ECDSA P-384 with SHA-384
+    /// 2. Verifies certificate chain from attestation document to AWS Nitro root CA
+    /// 3. Validates user_data matches expected report_data
+    async fn verify_nitro_enclave_with_time(
+        &self,
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+        nsm_quote: &DstackNitroQuote,
+        now: Option<SystemTime>,
+    ) -> Result<NitroVerifiedReport> {
+        // Verify COSE signature and certificate chain using nsm-qvl
+        // CRL fetch is unreliable (e.g. 403 from S3), so keep it disabled here by default.
+        let verified_report = verifier
+            .aws_nitro_enclave
+            .verify(&nsm_quote.nsm_quote, None, now)
+            .context("NSM attestation verification failed")?;
+
+        // Verify user_data matches report_data
+        let Some(user_data) = verified_report.user_data.clone() else {
+            bail!("NSM attestation document does not contain user_data");
+        };
+        if user_data != self.report_data {
+            bail!("NSM user_data does not match report_data");
+        }
+
+        // Decode PCRs from quote
+        let pcrs = nsm_quote
+            .decode_pcrs()
+            .context("Failed to decode nitro pcrs")?;
+
+        Ok(NitroVerifiedReport {
+            module_id: verified_report.module_id,
+            pcrs,
+            user_data,
+            timestamp: verified_report.timestamp,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_tpm(
+        &self,
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+        quote: &TpmQuote,
+        qualifying_data: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<TpmVerifiedReport> {
+        let report = verifier.gcp_tpm.fetch_and_verify(quote).await?;
+        let pcr_ind = self
+            .quote
+            .variant()
+            .tpm_event_pcr_and_bank()
+            .map(|(pcr, _)| pcr)
+            .context("Failed to get event PCR no")?;
+        let replayed_rt_pcr = self.replay_runtime_events::<Sha256>(None);
+        let quoted_rt_pcr = report
+            .get_pcr(pcr_ind)
+            .context("No runtime PCR in TPM report")?;
+        if replayed_rt_pcr != quoted_rt_pcr[..] {
+            bail!(
+                "PCR{pcr_ind} mismatch, quoted: {}, replayed: {}",
+                hex::encode(quoted_rt_pcr),
+                hex::encode(replayed_rt_pcr),
+            );
+        }
+        if report.attest.qualified_data != qualifying_data {
+            bail!("tpm qualified_data mismatch");
+        }
+        Ok(report)
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_tdx(
+        &self,
+        verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+        quote: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<TdxVerifiedReport> {
+        let tdx_report = verifier
+            .verify_tdx_quote(quote)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to verify TDX quote")?;
+        validate_tcb(&tdx_report)?;
+
+        let td_report = tdx_report.report.as_td10().context("no td report")?;
+        let replayed_rtmr = self.replay_runtime_events::<Sha384>(None);
+        if replayed_rtmr != td_report.rt_mr3 {
+            bail!(
+                "RTMR3 mismatch, quoted: {}, replayed: {}",
+                hex::encode(td_report.rt_mr3),
+                hex::encode(replayed_rtmr)
+            );
+        }
+
+        if td_report.report_data != self.report_data[..] {
+            bail!("tdx report_data mismatch");
+        }
+        Ok(tdx_report)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Validate the TCB attributes
+pub fn validate_tcb(report: &TdxVerifiedReport) -> Result<()> {
+    fn validate_td10(report: &TDReport10) -> Result<()> {
+        let is_debug = report.td_attributes[0] & 0x01 != 0;
+        if is_debug {
+            bail!("Debug mode is not allowed");
+        }
+        if report.mr_signer_seam != [0u8; 48] {
+            bail!("Invalid mr signer seam");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn validate_td15(report: &TDReport15) -> Result<()> {
+        if report.mr_service_td != [0u8; 48] {
+            bail!("Invalid mr service td");
+        }
+        validate_td10(&report.base)
+    }
+    fn validate_sgx(report: &EnclaveReport) -> Result<()> {
+        let is_debug = report.attributes[0] & 0x02 != 0;
+        if is_debug {
+            bail!("Debug mode is not allowed");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    match &report.report {
+        Report::TD15(report) => validate_td15(report),
+        Report::TD10(report) => validate_td10(report),
+        Report::SgxEnclave(report) => validate_sgx(report),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information about the app extracted from the platform-specific app info source.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AppInfo {
+    /// App ID
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub app_id: Vec<u8>,
+    /// SHA256 of the app compose file
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// ID of the CVM instance
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+    /// ID of the device
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub device_id: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Measurement of everything except the app info
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub mr_system: [u8; 32],
+    /// Measurement of the entire vm execution environment
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub mr_aggregated: [u8; 32],
+    /// Measurement of the app image
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Key provider info
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub key_provider_info: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Optional SHA-256 pins for init scripts, in execution order. `None`
+    /// means the evidence did not bind this field. On SEV-SNP, `Some(vec![])`
+    /// explicitly binds an empty script list. On TDX and Nitro it only means
+    /// that no `init-script-hash` events were measured before `system-ready`;
+    /// pre-0.6.0 images emit no such events even when they run an init script.
+    #[serde(default, with = "dstack_types::init_script_hashes::option")]
+    pub init_script_hashes: Option<Vec<Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_info_defaults_missing_init_script_hashes() {
+        let app_info: AppInfo = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "app_id": "",
+            "compose_hash": "",
+            "instance_id": "",
+            "device_id": "",
+            "mr_system": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "mr_aggregated": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "os_image_hash": "",
+            "key_provider_info": ""
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(app_info.init_script_hashes.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_info_preserves_explicit_empty_init_script_hashes() {
+        let app_info: AppInfo = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "app_id": "",
+            "compose_hash": "",
+            "instance_id": "",
+            "device_id": "",
+            "mr_system": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "mr_aggregated": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            "os_image_hash": "",
+            "key_provider_info": "",
+            "init_script_hashes": []
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app_info.init_script_hashes, Some(Vec::new()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_trust_anchor_requires_explicit_insecure_opt_in() {
+        let config = AttestationVerifierConfig {
+            root_ca: RootCaPaths {
+                tdx: Some("/tmp/mock-tdx-root.pem".into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let error = AttestationVerifier::load(&config)
+            .err()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors is false"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn production_attestation_verifier_loads_all_safe_defaults() {
+        AttestationVerifier::load(&AttestationVerifierConfig::default())
+            .expect("production roots and URLs must load");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn opted_in_external_root_is_read_during_load() {
+        let config = AttestationVerifierConfig {
+            insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors: true,
+            root_ca: RootCaPaths {
+                tdx: Some("/definitely/missing/tdx-root.pem".into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let error = AttestationVerifier::load(&config)
+            .err()
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("failed to read TDX root CA"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn root_file_is_loaded_without_environment_indirection() {
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-root-ca-test-{}", std::process::id()));
+        fs_err::write(&path, b"test root").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            read_root_file(Some(&path), "test").unwrap(),
+            Some(b"test root".to_vec())
+        );
+        fs_err::remove_file(path).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_external_root_is_parsed_during_load() {
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dstack-invalid-root-ca-test-{}",
+            std::process::id()
+        ));
+        fs_err::write(&path, b"not a certificate").unwrap();
+        let roots = [
+            RootCaPaths {
+                tdx: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RootCaPaths {
+                gcp_tpm: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RootCaPaths {
+                aws_nitro_enclave: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RootCaPaths {
+                aws_nitro_tpm: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RootCaPaths {
+                sev_snp_milan: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RootCaPaths {
+                sev_snp_genoa: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            RootCaPaths {
+                sev_snp_turin: Some(path.clone()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ];
+        for root_ca in roots {
+            let config = AttestationVerifierConfig {
+                insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors: true,
+                root_ca,
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            let error = AttestationVerifier::load(&config)
+                .err()
+                .expect("invalid external root must fail during load");
+            assert!(
+                format!("{error:#}").contains("root CA"),
+                "unexpected error: {error:#}"
+            );
+        }
+        fs_err::remove_file(path).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn patch_v1_report_data(attestation: AttestationV1, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> AttestationV1 {
+        attestation.with_report_data(report_data)
+    }
+
+    fn dummy_tdx_attestation(report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Attestation {
+        Attestation {
+            quote: AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote {
+                quote: vec![0u8; TDX_QUOTE_REPORT_DATA_RANGE.end],
+                event_log: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data,
+            config: "{}".into(),
+            report: (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn tdx_event(imr: u32, event_type: u32, event_payload: &[u8]) -> TdxEvent {
+        TdxEvent {
+            imr,
+            event_type,
+            digest: vec![event_type as u8; 48],
+            event: String::new(),
+            event_payload: event_payload.to_vec(),
+            version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn get_quote_event_log_keeps_acpi_data_payloads() {
+        let mut attestation = dummy_tdx_attestation([0u8; 64]);
+        let AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(tdx_quote) = &mut attestation.quote else {
+            panic!("expected TDX attestation");
+        };
+        tdx_quote.event_log = vec![
+            tdx_event(0, 10, b"ACPI DATA"),
+            tdx_event(0, 10, b"ACPI DATA"),
+            tdx_event(0, 10, b"ACPI DATA"),
+            tdx_event(0, 4, b"boot-payload"),
+            tdx_event(
+                3,
+                cc_eventlog::DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE,
+                b"v1-runtime-payload",
+            ),
+            {
+                let mut event = tdx_event(
+                    3,
+                    cc_eventlog::DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE,
+                    b"v2-runtime-payload",
+                );
+                event.version = EventLogVersion::V2;
+                event
+            },
+        ];
+
+        // The ACPI DATA marker payload is retained regardless of the
+        // vm_config's tdx_attestation_variant (including no vm_config at
+        // all), so a verifier can choose lite verification for any TDX boot.
+        let events: Vec<TdxEvent> = serde_json::from_str(
+            &attestation
+                .get_tdx_event_log_string()
+                .expect("TDX event log"),
+        )
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("decode GetQuote event log: {e}"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            events
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|event| cc_eventlog::tdx::is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event))
+                .count(),
+            3,
+            "GetQuote must retain all three TDX-lite ACPI DATA markers"
+        );
+        assert!(events[3].event_payload.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(events[4].event_payload, b"v1-runtime-payload");
+        assert!(
+            events[4].preimage.is_none(),
+            "V1 output must remain unchanged"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(events[5].event_payload, b"v2-runtime-payload");
+        assert!(events[5].preimage.is_some(), "V2 must include its preimage");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_to_report_data_with_hash() {
+        let content_type = QuoteContentType::AppData;
+        let content = b"test content";
+
+        let report_data = content_type.to_report_data(content);
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(report_data),
+            "7ea0b744ed5e9c0c83ff9f575668e1697652cd349f2027cdf26f918d4c53e8cd50b5ea9b449b4c3d50e20ae00ec29688d5a214e8daff8a10041f5d624dae8a01"
+        );
+
+        // Test SHA-256
+        let result = content_type
+            .to_report_data_with_hash(content, "sha256")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result[32..], [0u8; 32]); // Check padding
+        assert_ne!(result[..32], [0u8; 32]); // Check hash is non-zero
+
+        // Test SHA-384
+        let result = content_type
+            .to_report_data_with_hash(content, "sha384")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result[48..], [0u8; 16]); // Check padding
+        assert_ne!(result[..48], [0u8; 48]); // Check hash is non-zero
+
+        // Test default
+        let result = content_type.to_report_data_with_hash(content, "").unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(result, [0u8; 64]); // Should fill entire buffer
+
+        // Test raw content
+        let exact_content = [42u8; 64];
+        let result = content_type
+            .to_report_data_with_hash(&exact_content, "raw")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, exact_content);
+
+        // Test invalid raw content length
+        let invalid_content = [42u8; 65];
+        assert!(content_type
+            .to_report_data_with_hash(&invalid_content, "raw")
+            .is_err());
+
+        // Test invalid hash algorithm
+        assert!(content_type
+            .to_report_data_with_hash(content, "invalid")
+            .is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v1_roundtrip_preserves_payload_in_stack() {
+        let report_data = [42u8; 64];
+        let payload = r#"{"pod_uid":"abc","workload_id":"default/app"}"#.to_string();
+        let attestation = dummy_tdx_attestation(report_data)
+            .into_v1()
+            .into_dstack_pod(payload.clone());
+        let encoded = VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation }.to_bytes().unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(encoded.first(), Some(0x80..=0x8f)));
+        let decoded = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&encoded)
+            .expect("decode attestation")
+            .into_v1();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.report_data_payload(), Some(payload.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(decoded.report_data().unwrap(), report_data);
+        let attestation = decoded;
+        assert!(matches!(attestation.platform, PlatformEvidence::Tdx { .. }));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            attestation.stack,
+            StackEvidence::DstackPod {
+                report_data_payload, ..
+            } if report_data_payload == payload
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn patching_v1_report_data_preserves_payload_in_stack() {
+        let original = dummy_tdx_attestation([1u8; 64])
+            .into_v1()
+            .into_dstack_pod("payload".into());
+        let patched = patch_v1_report_data(original, [9u8; 64]);
+        assert_eq!(patched.report_data_payload(), Some("payload"));
+        assert_eq!(patched.report_data().unwrap(), [9u8; 64]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_v0_upgrade_uses_dstack_stack() {
+        let upgraded = dummy_tdx_attestation([3u8; 64]).into_v1();
+        assert!(matches!(upgraded.platform, PlatformEvidence::Tdx { .. }));
+        assert!(matches!(upgraded.stack, StackEvidence::Dstack { .. }));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v1_dstack_with_v1_events_converts_losslessly_to_legacy() {
+        let mut legacy = dummy_tdx_attestation([0x5a; 64]);
+        legacy.runtime_events.push(cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "legacy-event".into(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3],
+            cc_eventlog::EventLogVersion::V1,
+        ));
+        let converted = legacy.clone().into_v1().try_into_legacy().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(converted.report_data, legacy.report_data);
+        assert_eq!(converted.runtime_events.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            converted.into_versioned(),
+            VersionedAttestation::V0 { .. }
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn v1_conversion_rejects_lossy_legacy_projection() {
+        let pod = dummy_tdx_attestation([0x5b; 64])
+            .into_v1()
+            .into_dstack_pod("payload".into());
+        assert!(pod.try_into_legacy().is_err());
+        let mut v2 = dummy_tdx_attestation([0x5c; 64]).into_v1();
+        if let StackEvidence::Dstack { runtime_events, .. } = &mut v2.stack {
+            runtime_events.push(cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent::new(
+                "v2-event".into(),
+                vec![4, 5, 6],
+                cc_eventlog::EventLogVersion::V2,
+            ));
+        }
+        assert!(v2.try_into_legacy().is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn versioned_v0_projects_to_v1() {
+        let projected = dummy_tdx_attestation([5u8; 64]).into_versioned().into_v1();
+        assert!(matches!(projected.platform, PlatformEvidence::Tdx { .. }));
+        match projected.stack {
+            StackEvidence::Dstack {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(report_data, vec![5u8; 64]);
+                assert!(runtime_events.is_empty());
+                assert_eq!(config, "{}");
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected dstack stack"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn into_versioned_uses_v0_when_all_events_are_v1() {
+        let mut att = dummy_tdx_attestation([7u8; 64]);
+        att.runtime_events.push(cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "app-id".into(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3],
+            cc_eventlog::EventLogVersion::V1,
+        ));
+        let versioned = att.into_versioned();
+        assert!(
+            matches!(versioned, VersionedAttestation::V0 { .. }),
+            "V1-only events should stay on the V0/SCALE wire format"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn into_versioned_upgrades_to_v1_when_any_event_is_v2() {
+        let mut att = dummy_tdx_attestation([8u8; 64]);
+        let AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(tdx_quote) = &mut att.quote else {
+            panic!("expected TDX attestation");
+        };
+        tdx_quote.event_log.push(
+            cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent::new(
+                "compose-hash".into(),
+                vec![4, 5, 6],
+                cc_eventlog::EventLogVersion::V2,
+            )
+            .into(),
+        );
+        att.runtime_events.push(cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "app-id".into(),
+            vec![1, 2, 3],
+            cc_eventlog::EventLogVersion::V1,
+        ));
+        att.runtime_events.push(cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent::new(
+            "compose-hash".into(),
+            vec![4, 5, 6],
+            cc_eventlog::EventLogVersion::V2,
+        ));
+        // RA-TLS certificates use the stripped representation. Its runtime
+        // events must retain the advertised digest paired with each preimage.
+        let encoded = att.into_versioned().into_stripped().to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation } =
+            VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&encoded).unwrap()
+        else {
+            panic!("presence of a V2 event must force the V1 msgpack wire format");
+        };
+        let PlatformEvidence::Tdx { event_log, .. } = attestation.platform else {
+            panic!("expected TDX platform evidence");
+        };
+        assert!(
+            event_log[0].preimage.is_some(),
+            "serialized V2 TDX events must carry their canonical digest preimage"
+        );
+        cc_eventlog::tdx::validate_v2_preimages(&event_log).unwrap();
+    }
+    fn v1_event(event: String, payload: Vec<u8>) -> RuntimeEvent {
+        RuntimeEvent::new(event, payload, EventLogVersion::V1)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn init_script_hashes_exclude_application_events_after_system_ready() {
+        let events = vec![
+            v1_event("init-script-hash".into(), vec![0x11; 32]),
+            v1_event("init-script-hash".into(), vec![0x22; 32]),
+            v1_event("system-ready".into(), Vec::new()),
+            v1_event("init-script-hash".into(), vec![0xff; 32]),
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            find_event_payloads(&events, "init-script-hash"),
+            vec![vec![0x11; 32], vec![0x22; 32]]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nitro_pcrs_from_verified_extracts_0_1_2() {
+        let mut map = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+        map.insert(0u16, vec![0xaa; 48]);
+        map.insert(1u16, vec![0xbb; 48]);
+        map.insert(2u16, vec![0xcc; 48]);
+        map.insert(3u16, vec![0xdd; 48]); // ignored
+        let pcrs = NitroPcrs::from_verified(&map).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(pcrs.pcr0, vec![0xaa; 48]);
+        assert_eq!(pcrs.pcr1, vec![0xbb; 48]);
+        assert_eq!(pcrs.pcr2, vec![0xcc; 48]);
+
+        // missing a required PCR is an error
+        map.remove(&1u16);
+        assert!(NitroPcrs::from_verified(&map).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nitro_pcrs_debug_detection_and_image_hash() {
+        let debug = NitroPcrs {
+            pcr0: vec![0u8; 48],
+            pcr1: vec![0u8; 48],
+            pcr2: vec![0u8; 48],
+        };
+        assert!(debug.is_debug());
+
+        let prod = NitroPcrs {
+            pcr0: vec![1u8; 48],
+            pcr1: vec![0u8; 48],
+            pcr2: vec![0u8; 48],
+        };
+        assert!(!prod.is_debug());
+        // image_hash = sha256(pcr0 || pcr1 || pcr2), never the all-zero sentinel
+        assert_eq!(
+            prod.image_hash(),
+            sha256([&prod.pcr0, &prod.pcr1, &prod.pcr2]).to_vec()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_mr_aggregated_replays_pcr14_like_rtmr3() -> Result<()> {
+        let pcr4 = vec![0x04; 48];
+        let pcr7 = vec![0x07; 48];
+        let pcr12 = vec![0x12; 48];
+        let mut pcrs = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+        pcrs.insert(4u16, pcr4.clone());
+        pcrs.insert(7u16, pcr7.clone());
+        pcrs.insert(12u16, pcr12.clone());
+
+        let mr_key_provider = sha256(b"aws nitrotpm key provider");
+        let events = vec![
+            v1_event("system-preparing".into(), Vec::new()),
+            v1_event("app-id".into(), vec![0x11; 20]),
+            v1_event("compose-hash".into(), vec![0x22; 32]),
+            v1_event("instance-id".into(), vec![0x33; 20]),
+            v1_event("boot-mr-done".into(), Vec::new()),
+            v1_event("key-provider".into(), b"tpm".to_vec()),
+            v1_event("system-ready".into(), Vec::new()),
+        ];
+        let replayed_pcr14 = cc_eventlog::replay_events::<Sha384>(&events, None);
+        pcrs.insert(AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR, replayed_pcr14.to_vec());
+
+        let mrs = decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(false, &mr_key_provider, &pcrs, &events)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            mrs.mr_system,
+            sha256([
+                pcr4.as_slice(),
+                pcr7.as_slice(),
+                pcr12.as_slice(),
+                mr_key_provider.as_slice(),
+            ])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mrs.mr_aggregated,
+            sha256([
+                pcr4.as_slice(),
+                pcr7.as_slice(),
+                pcr12.as_slice(),
+                replayed_pcr14.as_slice(),
+            ])
+        );
+
+        let mut changed_events = events.clone();
+        changed_events[2] = v1_event("compose-hash".into(), vec![0xee; 32]);
+        let changed_pcr14 = cc_eventlog::replay_events::<Sha384>(&changed_events, None);
+        let mut changed_pcrs = pcrs.clone();
+        changed_pcrs.insert(AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR, changed_pcr14.to_vec());
+        let changed_mrs = decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(
+            false,
+            &mr_key_provider,
+            &changed_pcrs,
+            &changed_events,
+        )?;
+
+        assert_eq!(mrs.mr_system, changed_mrs.mr_system);
+        assert_ne!(mrs.mr_aggregated, changed_mrs.mr_aggregated);
+
+        let mut changed_pcrs = pcrs.clone();
+        changed_pcrs.insert(12, vec![0x99; 48]);
+        let changed_pcr12 =
+            decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(false, &mr_key_provider, &changed_pcrs, &events)?;
+        assert_ne!(mrs.mr_system, changed_pcr12.mr_system);
+        assert_ne!(mrs.mr_aggregated, changed_pcr12.mr_aggregated);
+
+        let mut missing_pcrs = pcrs.clone();
+        missing_pcrs.remove(&AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR);
+        let err = match decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(
+            false,
+            &mr_key_provider,
+            &missing_pcrs,
+            &events,
+        ) {
+            Ok(_) => panic!("missing PCR14 must be rejected"),
+            Err(err) => err,
+        };
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("PCR 14 not found"));
+
+        let mut mismatched_pcrs = pcrs.clone();
+        mismatched_pcrs.insert(AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR, vec![0xff; 48]);
+        let err = match decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(
+            false,
+            &mr_key_provider,
+            &mismatched_pcrs,
+            &events,
+        ) {
+            Ok(_) => panic!("mismatched PCR14 must be rejected"),
+            Err(err) => err,
+        };
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("PCR14 mismatch"));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_pcr14_replays_full_event_log_like_rtmr3() -> Result<()> {
+        // Single PCR14 lane: all events (including after system-ready) are
+        // measured and must be replayed for full (non-boottime) decode.
+        let events = vec![
+            v1_event("system-preparing".into(), Vec::new()),
+            v1_event("app-id".into(), vec![0x11; 20]),
+            v1_event("compose-hash".into(), vec![0x22; 32]),
+            v1_event("instance-id".into(), vec![0x33; 20]),
+            v1_event("boot-mr-done".into(), Vec::new()),
+            v1_event("storage-fs".into(), b"ext4".to_vec()),
+            v1_event("system-ready".into(), Vec::new()),
+            v1_event("app-runtime".into(), b"ready".to_vec()),
+        ];
+
+        let full_pcr = cc_eventlog::replay_events::<Sha384>(&events, None);
+        let early_pcr = cc_eventlog::replay_events::<Sha384>(&events, Some("boot-mr-done"));
+        let mr_key_provider = sha256(b"aws nitrotpm key provider");
+        let pcrs = std::collections::BTreeMap::from([
+            (4u16, vec![0x04; 48]),
+            (7u16, vec![0x07; 48]),
+            (12u16, vec![0x12; 48]),
+            (AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR, full_pcr.to_vec()),
+        ]);
+
+        let mrs = decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(false, &mr_key_provider, &pcrs, &events)?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            mrs.mr_aggregated,
+            sha256([
+                pcrs[&4].as_slice(),
+                pcrs[&7].as_slice(),
+                pcrs[&12].as_slice(),
+                full_pcr.as_slice(),
+            ])
+        );
+
+        // A full runtime quote (PCR14 covers the whole log) decoded in
+        // boottime mode binds the full replay to the quoted register, then
+        // returns the boot-mr-done snapshot for the MR — it must NOT fail the
+        // integrity check. This is the SignCert path (runtime quote, boot-time
+        // MR).
+        let early_from_full =
+            decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(true, &mr_key_provider, &pcrs, &events)?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            early_from_full.mr_aggregated,
+            sha256([
+                pcrs[&4].as_slice(),
+                pcrs[&7].as_slice(),
+                pcrs[&12].as_slice(),
+                early_pcr.as_slice(),
+            ])
+        );
+
+        // A genuine early quote carries both the truncated PCR14 and the
+        // truncated event log; the full replay of that log equals the quoted
+        // early PCR14, so the binding passes and the MR uses the same value.
+        let early_events: Vec<RuntimeEvent> = events
+            .iter()
+            .take_while(|event| event.event != "boot-mr-done")
+            .cloned()
+            .chain(std::iter::once(v1_event("boot-mr-done".into(), Vec::new())))
+            .collect();
+        let mut early_pcrs = pcrs.clone();
+        early_pcrs.insert(AWS_NITRO_TPM_EVENT_PCR, early_pcr.to_vec());
+        let early_ok =
+            decode_mr_aws_nitro_tpm_from_pcrs(true, &mr_key_provider, &early_pcrs, &early_events)?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            early_ok.mr_aggregated,
+            sha256([
+                early_pcrs[&4].as_slice(),
+                early_pcrs[&7].as_slice(),
+                early_pcrs[&12].as_slice(),
+                early_pcr.as_slice(),
+            ])
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn versioned_wire_formats_reject_malformed_boundaries() {
+        assert!(VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&[]).is_err());
+        assert!(VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&[0xff]).is_err());
+        assert!(VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&vec![0xff; MAX_ATTESTATION_BYTES + 1]).is_err());
+
+        let legacy = dummy_tdx_attestation([0x31; 64]).into_versioned();
+        assert!(matches!(legacy, VersionedAttestation::V0 { .. }));
+        let legacy_bytes = legacy.to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let decoded = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&legacy_bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.into_v1().report_data().unwrap(), [0x31; 64]);
+        assert!(VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&legacy_bytes[..legacy_bytes.len() - 1]).is_err());
+        assert!(
+            VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&[legacy_bytes.as_slice(), &[0xaa]].concat()).is_err()
+        );
+
+        let current = dummy_tdx_attestation([0x32; 64])
+            .into_v1()
+            .into_dstack_pod("versioned-boundary".into());
+        let current = VersionedAttestation::V1 {
+            attestation: current,
+        };
+        let current_bytes = current.to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let decoded = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&current_bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.into_v1().report_data().unwrap(), [0x32; 64]);
+        assert!(
+            VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&current_bytes[..current_bytes.len() - 1]).is_err()
+        );
+        assert!(
+            VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&[current_bytes.as_slice(), &[0xaa]].concat())
+                .is_err()
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/aws_nitro_tpm.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/aws_nitro_tpm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbfde07f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/aws_nitro_tpm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context as _, Result};
+use aws_nitro_enclaves_nsm_api::api as nsm_api;
+use hmac::{Hmac, Mac};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use rand::{rngs::OsRng, Rng, RngCore};
+use rsa::{BigUint, Oaep, RsaPublicKey};
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha256, Sha512};
+use tpm2::{
+    tpm_rh, ResponseBuffer as TpmResponseBuffer, TpmAlgId, TpmCommand, TpmContext, TpmaNv,
+    TpmtPublic,
+};
+
+const TPM2_VENDOR_AWS_NSM_REQUEST: u32 = 0x20000001;
+const TPM2_NV_INDEX_FIRST: u32 = 0x0100_0000;
+const TPM2_NV_INDEX_LAST: u32 = 0x01ff_ffff;
+const MESSAGE_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 8192;
+const MESSAGE_BUFFER_AUTH_SIZE: usize = 64;
+const NONCE_SIZE: usize = 64;
+const SALT_SIZE: usize = 32;
+const RSA_DEFAULT_EXPONENT: u32 = 65_537;
+const TPMA_SESSION_CONTINUE_SESSION: u8 = 1 << 0;
+
+type HmacSha512 = Hmac<Sha512>;
+
+pub(crate) fn attestation_document(report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let request = nsm_api::Request::Attestation {
+        user_data: Some(report_data.to_vec().into()),
+        nonce: None,
+        public_key: None,
+    };
+
+    let device_path = tpm_device_path();
+    let device_path = device_path
+        .to_str()
+        .context("invalid TPM device path")?
+        .to_string();
+    let mut tpm = TpmContext::new(Some(&device_path))?;
+
+    let template = TpmtPublic::rsa_ek();
+    let (ek_handle, ek_public) = tpm
+        .create_primary(tpm_rh::ENDORSEMENT, &template)
+        .context("failed to create NitroTPM endorsement key")?;
+    let result = request_attestation_document(&mut tpm, ek_handle, &ek_public, &request);
+
+    if let Err(error) = tpm.flush_context(ek_handle) {
+        tracing::warn!(?error, "failed to flush NitroTPM endorsement key");
+    }
+
+    result
+}
+
+fn tpm_device_path() -> PathBuf {
+    if let Some(path) = std::env::var_os("TPM_DEVICE") {
+        return PathBuf::from(path);
+    }
+    if std::path::Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists() {
+        return PathBuf::from("/dev/tpmrm0");
+    }
+    PathBuf::from("/dev/tpm0")
+}
+
+fn request_attestation_document(
+    tpm: &mut TpmContext,
+    ek_handle: u32,
+    ek_public: &[u8],
+    request: &nsm_api::Request,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let ek_public_key = rsa_public_key_from_tpm_public(ek_public)
+        .context("failed to decode NitroTPM endorsement key public area")?;
+    let message_buffer =
+        MessageBuffer::from_request(tpm, request).context("failed to create NitroTPM buffer")?;
+
+    let result = (|| {
+        nsm_request(tpm, ek_handle, &ek_public_key, &message_buffer)
+            .context("NitroTPM NSM vendor command failed")?;
+
+        match message_buffer.read_response(tpm)? {
+            nsm_api::Response::Attestation { document } => Ok(document),
+            nsm_api::Response::Error(error) => bail!("NitroTPM NSM error response: {error:?}"),
+            response => bail!("unexpected NitroTPM NSM response: {response:?}"),
+        }
+    })();
+
+    if let Err(error) = tpm.nv_undefine(message_buffer.index) {
+        tracing::warn!(
+            ?error,
+            index = format_args!("0x{:08x}", message_buffer.index),
+            "failed to undefine NitroTPM message buffer"
+        );
+    }
+
+    result
+}
+
+struct MessageBuffer {
+    index: u32,
+    auth: Vec<u8>,
+    name: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl MessageBuffer {
+    fn from_request(tpm: &mut TpmContext, request: &nsm_api::Request) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut auth = vec![0u8; MESSAGE_BUFFER_AUTH_SIZE];
+        OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut auth);
+
+        let index = tpm
+            .find_free_handle(TPM2_NV_INDEX_FIRST, TPM2_NV_INDEX_LAST)?
+            .context("could not find free TPM NV index handle")?;
+        let attributes = TpmaNv::new().with_auth_read().with_auth_write();
+
+        let defined = tpm.nv_define_with_auth(
+            index,
+            MESSAGE_BUFFER_SIZE,
+            &auth,
+            TpmAlgId::Sha512,
+            attributes,
+        )?;
+        if !defined {
+            bail!("failed to define NitroTPM message buffer at 0x{index:08x}");
+        }
+
+        let mut request_bytes = Vec::new();
+        ciborium::into_writer(request, &mut request_bytes)
+            .context("failed to serialize NitroTPM NSM request")?;
+        if request_bytes.len() > MESSAGE_BUFFER_SIZE {
+            bail!(
+                "NitroTPM NSM request is too large: {} > {}",
+                request_bytes.len(),
+                MESSAGE_BUFFER_SIZE
+            );
+        }
+        tpm.nv_write_with_auth(index, &auth, &request_bytes)
+            .context("failed to write NitroTPM NSM request")?;
+
+        let (_, name) = tpm
+            .nv_read_public_with_name(index)
+            .context("failed to read NitroTPM message buffer name")?;
+
+        Ok(Self { index, auth, name })
+    }
+
+    fn read_response(&self, tpm: &mut TpmContext) -> Result<nsm_api::Response> {
+        let response = tpm
+            .nv_read_with_auth(self.index, &self.auth)
+            .context("failed to read NitroTPM NSM response")?;
+        ciborium::from_reader(response.as_slice())
+            .context("failed to deserialize NitroTPM NSM response")
+    }
+}
+
+fn nsm_request(
+    tpm: &mut TpmContext,
+    salt_key_handle: u32,
+    salt_public_key: &RsaPublicKey,
+    message_buffer: &MessageBuffer,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let auth_session = AuthSession::new(tpm, salt_key_handle, salt_public_key)?;
+    let cp_hash = nsm_request_cp_hash(&message_buffer.name);
+    let auth_area = auth_session.auth_area(&message_buffer.auth, &cp_hash);
+
+    let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions_raw(TPM2_VENDOR_AWS_NSM_REQUEST);
+    // NV auth
+    cmd.add_handle(message_buffer.index);
+    // NV index
+    cmd.add_handle(message_buffer.index);
+    // Authorization area
+    cmd.add_auth_area(&auth_area);
+
+    let response = tpm.execute_raw(&cmd.finalize())?;
+    response
+        .ensure_success()
+        .context("NitroTPM NSM request failed")?;
+
+    if let Err(error) = tpm.flush_context(auth_session.handle) {
+        tracing::warn!(?error, "failed to flush NitroTPM auth session");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn nsm_request_cp_hash(message_buffer_name: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
+    let mut hasher = Sha512::new();
+    hasher.update(TPM2_VENDOR_AWS_NSM_REQUEST.to_be_bytes());
+    hasher.update(message_buffer_name);
+    hasher.update(message_buffer_name);
+    hasher.finalize().into()
+}
+
+struct AuthSession {
+    handle: u32,
+    session_key: [u8; 64],
+    nonce_tpm: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl AuthSession {
+    fn new(
+        tpm: &mut TpmContext,
+        salt_key_handle: u32,
+        salt_public_key: &RsaPublicKey,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut nonce_caller = [0u8; NONCE_SIZE];
+        let salt: [u8; SALT_SIZE] = OsRng.gen();
+        OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut nonce_caller);
+
+        let encrypted_salt = encrypt_salt(salt_public_key, &salt)?;
+        let (handle, nonce_tpm) = tpm.start_hmac_auth_session_salted(
+            salt_key_handle,
+            &encrypted_salt,
+            &nonce_caller,
+            TpmAlgId::Sha512,
+        )?;
+        let session_key = derive_session_key(&salt, &nonce_tpm, &nonce_caller);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            handle,
+            session_key,
+            nonce_tpm,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn auth_area(&self, auth_value: &[u8], cp_hash: &[u8; 64]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut nonce_caller = [0u8; NONCE_SIZE];
+        OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut nonce_caller);
+
+        let session_attributes = TPMA_SESSION_CONTINUE_SESSION;
+        let auth_hmac = auth_hmac(
+            &self.session_key,
+            auth_value,
+            cp_hash,
+            &nonce_caller,
+            &self.nonce_tpm,
+            session_attributes,
+        );
+
+        let mut auth_area = Vec::new();
+        auth_area.extend_from_slice(&self.handle.to_be_bytes());
+        auth_area.extend_from_slice(&(nonce_caller.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        auth_area.extend_from_slice(&nonce_caller);
+        auth_area.push(session_attributes);
+        auth_area.extend_from_slice(&(auth_hmac.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        auth_area.extend_from_slice(&auth_hmac);
+        auth_area
+    }
+}
+
+fn encrypt_salt(salt_public_key: &RsaPublicKey, salt: &[u8; SALT_SIZE]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    salt_public_key
+        .encrypt(
+            &mut OsRng,
+            Oaep::new_with_label::<Sha256, _>("SECRET\0"),
+            salt,
+        )
+        .context("failed to encrypt NitroTPM auth-session salt")
+}
+
+fn derive_session_key(salt: &[u8], nonce_tpm: &[u8], nonce_caller: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
+    let mut info = Vec::with_capacity(4 + nonce_tpm.len() + nonce_caller.len() + 4);
+    info.extend_from_slice(b"ATH\0");
+    info.extend_from_slice(nonce_tpm);
+    info.extend_from_slice(nonce_caller);
+    info.extend_from_slice(&512u32.to_be_bytes());
+    kbkdf_ctr_hmac_sha512(salt, &info)
+}
+
+fn kbkdf_ctr_hmac_sha512(key: &[u8], info: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
+    let mut mac = HmacSha512::new_from_slice(key).or_panic("hmac accepts any key length");
+    mac.update(&1u32.to_be_bytes());
+    mac.update(info);
+    mac.finalize().into_bytes().into()
+}
+
+fn auth_hmac(
+    session_key: &[u8],
+    auth_value: &[u8],
+    cp_hash: &[u8; 64],
+    nonce_caller: &[u8],
+    nonce_tpm: &[u8],
+    session_attributes: u8,
+) -> [u8; 64] {
+    let mut key = Vec::with_capacity(session_key.len() + auth_value.len());
+    key.extend_from_slice(session_key);
+    key.extend_from_slice(auth_value);
+
+    let mut mac = HmacSha512::new_from_slice(&key).or_panic("hmac accepts any key length");
+    mac.update(cp_hash);
+    mac.update(nonce_caller);
+    mac.update(nonce_tpm);
+    mac.update(&[session_attributes]);
+    mac.finalize().into_bytes().into()
+}
+
+fn rsa_public_key_from_tpm_public(public_area: &[u8]) -> Result<RsaPublicKey> {
+    let mut buf = TpmResponseBuffer::new(public_area);
+
+    let type_alg = buf.get_u16()?;
+    if type_alg != TpmAlgId::Rsa.to_u16() {
+        bail!("NitroTPM endorsement key is not RSA");
+    }
+    let _name_alg = buf.get_u16()?;
+    let _object_attributes = buf.get_u32()?;
+    let _auth_policy = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+    let symmetric_alg = buf.get_u16()?;
+    if symmetric_alg != TpmAlgId::Null.to_u16() {
+        let _key_bits = buf.get_u16()?;
+        let _mode = buf.get_u16()?;
+    }
+
+    let scheme = buf.get_u16()?;
+    if scheme != TpmAlgId::Null.to_u16() {
+        let _hash_alg = buf.get_u16()?;
+    }
+
+    let _key_bits = buf.get_u16()?;
+    let exponent = match buf.get_u32()? {
+        0 => RSA_DEFAULT_EXPONENT,
+        value => value,
+    };
+    let modulus = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+    RsaPublicKey::new(BigUint::from_bytes_be(&modulus), BigUint::from(exponent))
+        .context("failed to build RSA public key from NitroTPM endorsement key")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rsa::traits::PublicKeyParts;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nsm_request_cp_hash_uses_vendor_command_and_two_handle_names() {
+        let name: Vec<u8> = (0..68).collect();
+        let expected: [u8; 64] = hex::decode(
+            "c3869a4e945d90e6688365a59e14d2c5ab3d2b4579261a4a4377fe918d5d3509\
+             33284223b6a569e384124d2bceb2173dac7a4171181efed7a5697d862174f9dc",
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .try_into()
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(nsm_request_cp_hash(&name), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn auth_area_uses_hmac_session_layout() {
+        let session_key = [0x42u8; 64];
+        let nonce_tpm = vec![0x24u8; 64];
+        let session = AuthSession {
+            handle: 0x0200_0000,
+            session_key,
+            nonce_tpm,
+        };
+        let auth_value = [0x11u8; 64];
+        let cp_hash = [0x33u8; 64];
+
+        let auth_area = session.auth_area(&auth_value, &cp_hash);
+
+        assert_eq!(&auth_area[0..4], &[0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]);
+        assert_eq!(u16::from_be_bytes(auth_area[4..6].try_into().unwrap()), 64);
+        let nonce_caller = &auth_area[6..70];
+        assert_eq!(auth_area[70], TPMA_SESSION_CONTINUE_SESSION);
+        assert_eq!(
+            u16::from_be_bytes(auth_area[71..73].try_into().unwrap()),
+            64
+        );
+        let expected_hmac = auth_hmac(
+            &session.session_key,
+            &auth_value,
+            &cp_hash,
+            nonce_caller,
+            &session.nonce_tpm,
+            TPMA_SESSION_CONTINUE_SESSION,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(&auth_area[73..137], expected_hmac.as_slice());
+        assert_eq!(auth_area.len(), 137);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rsa_public_key_from_tpm_public_defaults_zero_exponent() {
+        let mut modulus = vec![0xffu8; 256];
+        modulus[255] = 0xfd;
+        let public_area = rsa_public_area(&modulus, 0);
+
+        let key = rsa_public_key_from_tpm_public(&public_area).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(key.n(), &BigUint::from_bytes_be(&modulus));
+        assert_eq!(key.e(), &BigUint::from(RSA_DEFAULT_EXPONENT));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rsa_public_key_from_tpm_public_uses_explicit_exponent() {
+        let mut modulus = vec![0xf3u8; 256];
+        modulus[255] = 0xfb;
+        let public_area = rsa_public_area(&modulus, 3);
+
+        let key = rsa_public_key_from_tpm_public(&public_area).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(key.n(), &BigUint::from_bytes_be(&modulus));
+        assert_eq!(key.e(), &BigUint::from(3u32));
+    }
+
+    fn rsa_public_area(modulus: &[u8], exponent: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut public_area = Vec::new();
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&TpmAlgId::Rsa.to_u16().to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&TpmAlgId::Sha256.to_u16().to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&TpmAlgId::Aes.to_u16().to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&128u16.to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&TpmAlgId::Cfb.to_u16().to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&TpmAlgId::Null.to_u16().to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&2048u16.to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&exponent.to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(&(modulus.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        public_area.extend_from_slice(modulus);
+        public_area
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/lib.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0739059b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use cc_eventlog::{EventLogVersion, RuntimeEvent};
+
+pub use cc_eventlog as ccel;
+pub use tdx_attest as tdx;
+pub use tpm_attest as tpm;
+
+use crate::attestation::{detect_tee_variant, TeeVariant};
+
+pub mod amd_sev_snp;
+pub mod attestation;
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+mod aws_nitro_tpm;
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+mod sev_snp;
+pub mod trust_anchors;
+mod v1;
+
+const RUNTIME_EVENT_DIR: &str = "/run/log/dstack";
+const RUNTIME_EVENT_VERSION_FILE: &str = "/run/log/dstack/runtime_event_version";
+const RUNTIME_EVENT_LOCK_FILE: &str = "/run/log/dstack/runtime_event.lock";
+
+/// Build the verifier a guest authenticates the KMS and the gateway with.
+///
+/// Trust anchors are taken from [`trust_anchors::ANCHOR_DIR`] when that
+/// directory holds a set published inside this guest. When it does not — the
+/// only outcome on a production image — the vendor production roots apply.
+///
+/// `collateral_urls` selects where signed collateral is fetched from; the trust
+/// anchor still has to sign it.
+pub fn default_verifier(
+    collateral_urls: &attestation::CollateralUrls,
+) -> anyhow::Result<attestation::AttestationVerifier> {
+    use attestation::{AttestationVerifier, AttestationVerifierConfig};
+
+    let Some(root_ca) =
+        trust_anchors::load_anchors(std::path::Path::new(trust_anchors::ANCHOR_DIR))
+            .context("failed to load local attestation anchors")?
+    else {
+        return AttestationVerifier::new_prod(Some(collateral_urls));
+    };
+    tracing::warn!(
+        dir = trust_anchors::ANCHOR_DIR,
+        "verifying attestation against external trust anchors published by the in-guest TEE \
+         simulator; this guest cannot verify production evidence"
+    );
+    AttestationVerifier::load(&AttestationVerifierConfig {
+        // The opt-in exists to make an operator acknowledge a non-production
+        // root in a hand-written service config. Nothing here is hand-written:
+        // the roots came from a guest-local directory `load_anchors` already
+        // authenticated, so the flag has no one left to warn.
+        insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors: true,
+        urls: collateral_urls.clone(),
+        root_ca,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Acquire the system-wide runtime event lock, blocking until it is available.
+///
+/// The wait is deliberately unbounded. The lock serializes the event-log append
+/// with the measurement-register extension, and that ordering is what makes
+/// replay reproduce the quoted register value. Proceeding after a timeout would
+/// break the invariant, and failing after one would abort a boot that is merely
+/// slow, so waiting is the only safe option. A holder that dies releases the
+/// lock automatically (flock is dropped when the file descriptor closes), which
+/// leaves a live but wedged holder as the sole way to block emission.
+fn runtime_event_lock() -> anyhow::Result<fs_err::File> {
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(RUNTIME_EVENT_DIR)
+        .context("failed to create runtime event log directory")?;
+    let lock = fs_err::OpenOptions::new()
+        .create(true)
+        .truncate(false)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(RUNTIME_EVENT_LOCK_FILE)
+        .context("failed to open runtime event lock")?;
+    rustix::fs::flock(&lock, rustix::fs::FlockOperation::LockExclusive)
+        .context("failed to lock runtime event emission")?;
+    Ok(lock)
+}
+
+/// Configure the system-wide digest format used by subsequently emitted events.
+///
+/// The setting is persisted under `/run/log/dstack`, so separate dstack-util
+/// processes share it. This must be called before [`emit_runtime_event`].
+/// Repeating the same configuration is allowed; changing it is rejected.
+pub fn set_runtime_event_version(version: EventLogVersion) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let _lock = runtime_event_lock()?;
+    set_runtime_event_version_file(RUNTIME_EVENT_VERSION_FILE, version)
+}
+
+fn set_runtime_event_version_file(
+    path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+    version: EventLogVersion,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+    let value = match version {
+        EventLogVersion::V1 => "1",
+        EventLogVersion::V2 => "2",
+    };
+    match fs_err::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(configured) => {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                configured.trim() == value,
+                "runtime event version is already set to {} for this boot and cannot be \
+                 changed to {value}; the setting is fixed when system setup runs, so restart \
+                 the CVM to apply a new app-compose `event_log_version`",
+                configured.trim()
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+            safe_write::safe_write(path, value.as_bytes())
+                .context("failed to write runtime event version")
+        }
+        Err(err) => Err(err).context("failed to read runtime event version"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn runtime_event_version() -> anyhow::Result<EventLogVersion> {
+    runtime_event_version_file(RUNTIME_EVENT_VERSION_FILE)
+}
+
+fn runtime_event_version_file(
+    path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<EventLogVersion> {
+    let value = fs_err::read_to_string(path).context(
+        "runtime event version is not configured; complete dstack system setup before emitting events",
+    )?;
+    match value.trim() {
+        "1" => Ok(EventLogVersion::V1),
+        "2" => Ok(EventLogVersion::V2),
+        value => anyhow::bail!("invalid runtime event version: {value}"),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod runtime_event_version_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn temp_path(name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+        std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-{name}-{}", std::process::id()))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_conflicting_runtime_event_version() {
+        let path = temp_path("event-version-conflict");
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_file(&path);
+        set_runtime_event_version_file(&path, EventLogVersion::V1).unwrap();
+        set_runtime_event_version_file(&path, EventLogVersion::V1).unwrap();
+        let err = set_runtime_event_version_file(&path, EventLogVersion::V2).unwrap_err();
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        assert!(message.contains("already set to 1"), "{message}");
+        assert!(
+            message.contains("restart the CVM"),
+            "the conflict error must tell the operator how to apply a new version: {message}"
+        );
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_file(path);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reports_unconfigured_runtime_event_version() {
+        let path = temp_path("event-version-missing");
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_file(&path);
+        let err = runtime_event_version_file(path).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("complete dstack system setup"));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Emit a dstack measured event using the system-configured digest format.
+///
+/// The event-log append and platform-register extension are serialized by a
+/// system-wide file lock so their ordering cannot diverge across processes.
+///
+/// - TDX-family: RTMR3
+/// - GCP TPM: SHA256 PCR14
+/// - AWS NitroTPM: SHA384 PCR14
+pub fn emit_runtime_event(event: &str, payload: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // Hold the system-wide lock across both the log append and register
+    // extension so separate processes cannot make their ordering diverge.
+    let _lock = runtime_event_lock()?;
+    let version = runtime_event_version()?;
+    let event = RuntimeEvent::new(event.to_string(), payload.to_vec(), version);
+    let mode = detect_tee_variant()?;
+
+    if mode.has_tdx() {
+        let digest = event.sha384_digest();
+        let event_type = event.cc_event_type();
+        tdx_attest::extend_rtmr(3, event_type, digest).context("Failed to extend TDX RTMR")?;
+    }
+    if let Some((pcr, bank)) = mode.tpm_event_pcr_and_bank() {
+        let tpm = tpm_attest::TpmContext::detect().context("Failed to detect TPM device")?;
+        match bank {
+            "sha256" => {
+                let digest = event.sha256_digest();
+                tpm.pcr_extend_sha256(pcr, &digest)
+                    .context("failed to extend TPM PCR")?;
+            }
+            "sha384" => {
+                let digest = event.sha384_digest();
+                tpm.pcr_extend(pcr, &digest, "sha384")
+                    .context("failed to extend TPM PCR")?;
+            }
+            bank => anyhow::bail!("unsupported TPM PCR bank: {bank}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Commit the userspace log only after the platform register accepted the
+    // measurement. A device failure must never leave an unmeasured event in
+    // the trusted replay log.
+    event.emit().context("Failed to emit runtime event")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Measure the AWS config commitment into PCR8 (mr_config analogue).
+///
+/// `config_id` is the `MrConfig` id the guest computed from its measured app
+/// identity during setup. Extends PCR8 exactly once from zero and reads the
+/// register back, so a polluted or double-extended PCR8 fails at boot instead
+/// of producing quotes that can never verify. Does **not** append to the
+/// dstack event log / PCR14 lane — config is a separate register.
+pub fn measure_aws_config_pcr(config_id: &[u8; 48]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let mode = detect_tee_variant()?;
+    if mode != TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let config_pcr = u32::from(crate::attestation::AWS_NITRO_TPM_CONFIG_PCR);
+    let tpm = tpm_attest::TpmContext::detect().context("Failed to detect TPM device")?;
+    tpm.pcr_extend(config_pcr, config_id, "sha384")
+        .context("failed to extend AWS NitroTPM config PCR8")?;
+    let quoted = tpm
+        .pcr_read_single(config_pcr, "sha384")
+        .context("failed to read back AWS config PCR8")?;
+    let expected = expected_aws_config_pcr(config_id);
+    if quoted.as_slice() != expected.as_slice() {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "invalid AWS config PCR8 after extend (polluted or double-extended), quoted: {}, expected: {}",
+            hex::encode(&quoted),
+            hex::encode(expected)
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Expected PCR8 value after a single SHA384 extend of the raw `config_id`
+/// from zero: `sha384(0^48 || config_id)`.
+///
+/// The config id is extended as-is (it is already 48 bytes, the SHA384 bank
+/// digest size), so a verifier that recovers the claimed `config_id` can parse
+/// its version byte and recompute this value directly.
+fn expected_aws_config_pcr(config_id: &[u8; 48]) -> [u8; 48] {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+    let mut material = [0u8; 96];
+    material[48..].copy_from_slice(config_id);
+    Sha384::digest(material).into()
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/sev_snp.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/sev_snp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92cad1e59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/sev_snp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AMD SEV-SNP guest report adapter for dstack attestation.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+
+use crate::attestation::SnpQuote;
+
+pub fn get_report(report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<SnpQuote> {
+    let quote = sev_snp_attest::get_report(report_data)?;
+    Ok(SnpQuote {
+        report: quote.report,
+        cert_chain: quote.cert_chain,
+        mr_config: String::new(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(root: &Path) -> bool {
+    sev_snp_attest::has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(root)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/trust_anchors.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/trust_anchors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd2eb9b68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/trust_anchors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Trust anchors published inside a guest, and the checks that make them
+//! trustworthy to read.
+//!
+//! A CVM must never let its host pick the trust anchor that verifies remote
+//! attestation. The host sits outside the trust boundary, so a host-supplied
+//! root would let it stand up a fake key provider and hand the guest keys it
+//! never earned.
+//!
+//! An image that must verify non-production evidence still needs external
+//! roots, so that handoff runs entirely inside the guest: `dstack-tee-simulator`
+//! derives them from its seed and writes them to [`ANCHOR_DIR`], a tmpfs
+//! directory the host cannot reach. Only the development image ships the
+//! simulator, and image contents are measured, so on a production image nothing
+//! ever creates that directory and the vendor production roots are the only
+//! reachable outcome.
+//!
+//! [`crate::default_verifier`] is the only thing that should act on what
+//! [`load_anchors`] returns.
+
+use std::{
+    os::unix::fs::MetadataExt as _,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+
+use crate::attestation::RootCaPaths;
+
+/// Guest tmpfs directory carrying locally published trust anchors.
+pub const ANCHOR_DIR: &str = "/run/dstack/attestation";
+
+const ROOTS_FILE: &str = "roots.json";
+
+/// Path of the published [`RootCaPaths`] within a trust anchor directory.
+///
+/// The publisher writes it; [`load_anchors`] is the only reader.
+pub fn roots_path(dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    dir.join(ROOTS_FILE)
+}
+
+/// Load trust anchors published inside this guest, if any.
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(None)` when nothing published anchors, which is the only outcome
+/// on a production image.
+pub fn load_anchors(dir: &Path) -> Result<Option<RootCaPaths>> {
+    let path = roots_path(dir);
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    ensure_owned_and_unwritable(dir, "trust anchor directory")?;
+    let meta = ensure_owned_and_unwritable(&path, "published roots")?;
+    if !meta.is_file() {
+        bail!("published roots is not a regular file");
+    }
+    let root_ca: RootCaPaths =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&fs_err::read(&path).context("failed to read published roots")?)
+            .context("failed to parse published roots")?;
+    for root in [
+        &root_ca.tdx,
+        &root_ca.gcp_tpm,
+        &root_ca.aws_nitro_enclave,
+        &root_ca.aws_nitro_tpm,
+        &root_ca.sev_snp_milan,
+        &root_ca.sev_snp_genoa,
+        &root_ca.sev_snp_turin,
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .flatten()
+    {
+        // Confining every root to the published directory keeps a stale or
+        // tampered file from redirecting the verifier at a host-shared root.
+        if root.parent() != Some(dir) || root.file_name().is_none() {
+            bail!(
+                "trust anchor {} is outside {}",
+                root.display(),
+                dir.display()
+            );
+        }
+        ensure_owned_and_unwritable(root, "trust anchor")?;
+    }
+    Ok(Some(root_ca))
+}
+
+/// Reject anything this process does not own or that others could rewrite.
+///
+/// Symlink metadata, not the followed target: a symlink planted by another user
+/// would otherwise pass the check while resolving somewhere unowned.
+fn ensure_owned_and_unwritable(path: &Path, what: &str) -> Result<std::fs::Metadata> {
+    let meta = fs_err::symlink_metadata(path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to stat {what} {}", path.display()))?;
+    let euid = rustix::process::geteuid().as_raw();
+    if meta.uid() != euid {
+        bail!(
+            "{what} {} is owned by uid {} instead of {euid}",
+            path.display(),
+            meta.uid()
+        );
+    }
+    if meta.mode() & 0o022 != 0 {
+        bail!(
+            "{what} {} is writable by group or others (mode {:o})",
+            path.display(),
+            meta.mode() & 0o7777
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(meta)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    // Mirrors what `crate::default_verifier` does with a loaded set, so the
+    // published roots are proven usable by the real verifier.
+    use crate::attestation::{AttestationVerifier, AttestationVerifierConfig};
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt as _;
+
+    fn sample_root() -> String {
+        let key = rcgen::KeyPair::generate_for(&rcgen::PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let mut params = rcgen::CertificateParams::new(vec![]).unwrap();
+        params.is_ca = rcgen::IsCa::Ca(rcgen::BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+        params.self_signed(&key).unwrap().pem()
+    }
+
+    /// Stand in for the publisher, which lives in `dstack-tee-simulator`.
+    fn publish(dir: &Path, tdx_root: &str) -> RootCaPaths {
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+        fs_err::set_permissions(dir, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700)).unwrap();
+        let root = dir.join("tdx-root-ca.pem");
+        safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(&root, tdx_root.as_bytes(), 0o600).unwrap();
+        let root_ca = RootCaPaths {
+            tdx: Some(root),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        write_roots(dir, &root_ca);
+        root_ca
+    }
+
+    fn write_roots(dir: &Path, root_ca: &RootCaPaths) {
+        safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(
+            roots_path(dir),
+            serde_json::to_vec(root_ca).unwrap(),
+            0o600,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn verifier_for(root_ca: RootCaPaths) -> Result<AttestationVerifier> {
+        AttestationVerifier::load(&AttestationVerifierConfig {
+            insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors: true,
+            urls: Default::default(),
+            root_ca,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn absent_directory_selects_production_roots() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        assert!(load_anchors(&dir.path().join("missing")).unwrap().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn published_roots_round_trip() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir = dir.path().join("attestation");
+        let published = publish(&dir, &sample_root());
+
+        let root_ca = load_anchors(&dir).unwrap().expect("anchors should load");
+        assert_eq!(root_ca.tdx, published.tdx);
+        assert_eq!(root_ca.gcp_tpm, None);
+        // What was published must be loadable by the real verifier.
+        verifier_for(root_ca).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_malformed_root_fails_verifier_construction() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir = dir.path().join("attestation");
+        publish(&dir, "not a certificate");
+        let root_ca = load_anchors(&dir).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(verifier_for(root_ca).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn world_writable_roots_are_rejected() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir = dir.path().join("attestation");
+        publish(&dir, &sample_root());
+        fs_err::set_permissions(roots_path(&dir), std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o666)).unwrap();
+        let error = load_anchors(&dir).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("writable by group or others"), "{error}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trust_anchor_outside_the_directory_is_rejected() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let anchors = dir.path().join("attestation");
+        let mut root_ca = publish(&anchors, &sample_root());
+        root_ca.tdx = Some(dir.path().join("host-shared-root.pem"));
+        write_roots(&anchors, &root_ca);
+        let error = load_anchors(&anchors).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("is outside"), "{error}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/src/v1.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/v1.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cf6f25ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/src/v1.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use cc_eventlog::{
+    tdx::{self, TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD},
+    RuntimeEvent, TdxEvent,
+};
+use dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tpm_types::TpmQuote;
+
+pub const ATTESTATION_VERSION: u64 = 1;
+
+pub(crate) fn is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event: &TdxEvent) -> bool {
+    tdx::is_tdx_acpi_data_event(event)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn strip_tdx_runtime_event_log(event_log: Vec<TdxEvent>) -> Vec<TdxEvent> {
+    event_log
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|event| event.imr == 3)
+        .map(|event| event.stripped())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn strip_tdx_lite_acpi_data_event(event: TdxEvent) -> TdxEvent {
+    let mut event = event.stripped();
+    event.event_payload = TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD.to_vec();
+    event
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn strip_tdx_lite_event_log(event_log: Vec<TdxEvent>) -> Vec<TdxEvent> {
+    event_log
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|event| {
+            if is_tdx_acpi_data_event(&event) {
+                Some(strip_tdx_lite_acpi_data_event(event))
+            } else if event.imr == 3 {
+                Some(event.stripped())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Always keep the RTMR0 ACPI DATA digest events (in addition to RTMR3
+/// runtime events), regardless of the boot's `tdx_attestation_variant`. This
+/// makes `strip_tdx_lite_event_log`'s output a strict superset of
+/// `strip_tdx_runtime_event_log`'s, so a verifier can independently choose
+/// lite or legacy verification for any TDX boot instead of being limited to
+/// whatever the VMM resolved at launch. See
+/// `dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant` for the full rationale.
+///
+/// `config` is accepted for API stability but no longer changes the result.
+pub(crate) fn strip_tdx_event_log_for_config(
+    event_log: Vec<TdxEvent>,
+    _config: &str,
+) -> Vec<TdxEvent> {
+    strip_tdx_lite_event_log(event_log)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", content = "data")]
+pub enum PlatformEvidence {
+    #[serde(rename = "tdx")]
+    Tdx {
+        quote: Vec<u8>,
+        event_log: Vec<TdxEvent>,
+    },
+    #[serde(rename = "gcp-tdx")]
+    GcpTdx {
+        quote: Vec<u8>,
+        event_log: Vec<TdxEvent>,
+        tpm_quote: TpmQuote,
+    },
+    #[serde(rename = "nitro-enclave")]
+    NitroEnclave { nsm_quote: Vec<u8> },
+    #[serde(rename = "aws-nitro-tpm")]
+    AwsNitroTpm { attestation_doc: Vec<u8> },
+    #[serde(rename = "sev-snp")]
+    SevSnp {
+        report: Vec<u8>,
+        cert_chain: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+        mr_config: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl PlatformEvidence {
+    pub fn tdx_quote(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tdx { quote, .. } | Self::GcpTdx { quote, .. } => Some(quote.as_slice()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tdx_event_log(&self) -> Option<&[TdxEvent]> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tdx { event_log, .. } | Self::GcpTdx { event_log, .. } => {
+                Some(event_log.as_slice())
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tpm_quote(&self) -> Option<&TpmQuote> {
+        match self {
+            Self::GcpTdx { tpm_quote, .. } => Some(tpm_quote),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn nsm_quote(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        match self {
+            Self::NitroEnclave { nsm_quote } => Some(nsm_quote.as_slice()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sev_snp_report(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        match self {
+            Self::SevSnp { report, .. } => Some(report.as_slice()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sev_snp_cert_chain(&self) -> Option<&[Vec<u8>]> {
+        match self {
+            Self::SevSnp { cert_chain, .. } => Some(cert_chain.as_slice()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sev_snp_mr_config_document(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::SevSnp { mr_config, .. } => Some(mr_config.as_str()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sev_snp_mr_config(&self) -> Option<MrConfigV3> {
+        self.sev_snp_mr_config_document()
+            .and_then(|document| MrConfigV3::from_document(document).ok())
+    }
+
+    pub fn tdx_event_log_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Vec<TdxEvent>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tdx { event_log, .. } => Some(event_log),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_stripped(self) -> Self {
+        self.into_stripped_for_config("")
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_stripped_for_config(self, config: &str) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Tdx { quote, event_log } => Self::Tdx {
+                quote,
+                event_log: strip_tdx_event_log_for_config(event_log, config),
+            },
+            Self::GcpTdx {
+                quote,
+                event_log,
+                tpm_quote,
+            } => Self::GcpTdx {
+                quote,
+                event_log: strip_tdx_runtime_event_log(event_log),
+                tpm_quote,
+            },
+            other => other,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "kind", content = "data")]
+pub enum StackEvidence {
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack")]
+    Dstack {
+        report_data: Vec<u8>,
+        runtime_events: Vec<RuntimeEvent>,
+        config: String,
+    },
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack-pod")]
+    DstackPod {
+        report_data: Vec<u8>,
+        runtime_events: Vec<RuntimeEvent>,
+        config: String,
+        report_data_payload: String,
+    },
+}
+
+fn decode_report_data(report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
+    report_data
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("stack.report_data must be 64 bytes"))
+}
+
+impl StackEvidence {
+    pub fn report_data(&self) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Dstack { report_data, .. } | Self::DstackPod { report_data, .. } => {
+                decode_report_data(report_data)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_events(&self) -> &[RuntimeEvent] {
+        match self {
+            Self::Dstack { runtime_events, .. } | Self::DstackPod { runtime_events, .. } => {
+                runtime_events.as_slice()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn config(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Dstack { config, .. } | Self::DstackPod { config, .. } => config,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn report_data_payload(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Dstack { .. } => None,
+            Self::DstackPod {
+                report_data_payload,
+                ..
+            } => Some(report_data_payload.as_str()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_dstack_pod(self, report_data_payload: String) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Dstack {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+            }
+            | Self::DstackPod {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                ..
+            } => Self::DstackPod {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                report_data_payload,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Attestation {
+    pub version: u64,
+    pub platform: PlatformEvidence,
+    pub stack: StackEvidence,
+}
+
+impl Attestation {
+    pub fn new(platform: PlatformEvidence, stack: StackEvidence) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: ATTESTATION_VERSION,
+            platform,
+            stack,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_msgpack(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut normalized = self.clone();
+        normalized.version = ATTESTATION_VERSION;
+        rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&normalized).context("failed to encode attestation as msgpack")
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_msgpack(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut cursor = std::io::Cursor::new(bytes);
+        let mut decoder = rmp_serde::Deserializer::new(&mut cursor);
+        let value =
+            Self::deserialize(&mut decoder).context("failed to decode attestation from msgpack")?;
+        drop(decoder);
+        if cursor.position() != bytes.len() as u64 {
+            bail!(
+                "trailing bytes after attestation msgpack: {}",
+                bytes.len() as u64 - cursor.position()
+            );
+        }
+        if value.version != ATTESTATION_VERSION {
+            bail!(
+                "unsupported attestation version: expected {}, got {}",
+                ATTESTATION_VERSION,
+                value.version
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn report_data(&self) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
+        self.stack.report_data()
+    }
+
+    pub fn report_data_payload(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.stack.report_data_payload()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_stripped(self) -> Self {
+        let config = self.stack.config().to_string();
+        Self {
+            version: self.version,
+            platform: self.platform.into_stripped_for_config(&config),
+            stack: self.stack,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_dstack_pod(self, report_data_payload: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: self.version,
+            platform: self.platform,
+            stack: self.stack.into_dstack_pod(report_data_payload),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return a new attestation with the report_data patched in both platform quote and stack.
+    pub fn with_report_data(self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Self {
+        use crate::attestation::{SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE, TDX_QUOTE_REPORT_DATA_RANGE};
+
+        let platform = match self.platform {
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx {
+                mut quote,
+                event_log,
+            } => {
+                if quote.len() >= TDX_QUOTE_REPORT_DATA_RANGE.end {
+                    quote[TDX_QUOTE_REPORT_DATA_RANGE].copy_from_slice(&report_data);
+                }
+                PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, event_log }
+            }
+            PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+                mut report,
+                cert_chain,
+                mr_config,
+            } => {
+                if report.len() >= SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE.end {
+                    report[SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE].copy_from_slice(&report_data);
+                }
+                PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+                    report,
+                    cert_chain,
+                    mr_config,
+                }
+            }
+            other => other,
+        };
+        let stack = match self.stack {
+            StackEvidence::Dstack {
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                ..
+            } => StackEvidence::Dstack {
+                report_data: report_data.to_vec(),
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+            },
+            StackEvidence::DstackPod {
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                report_data_payload,
+                ..
+            } => StackEvidence::DstackPod {
+                report_data: report_data.to_vec(),
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                report_data_payload,
+            },
+        };
+        Self {
+            version: self.version,
+            platform,
+            stack,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE;
+    use dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3;
+    use dstack_types::EventLogVersion;
+
+    fn test_mr_config_document() -> String {
+        MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x33; 20],
+        )
+        .to_canonical_json()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn msgpack_roundtrip_preserves_attestation() {
+        let attestation = Attestation::new(
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx {
+                quote: vec![1u8, 2, 3],
+                event_log: vec![TdxEvent {
+                    imr: 3,
+                    event_type: 0x08000001,
+                    digest: vec![0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc],
+                    event: "pod".into(),
+                    event_payload: vec![0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef],
+                    version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+                    preimage: None,
+                }],
+            },
+            StackEvidence::DstackPod {
+                report_data: vec![7u8; 64],
+                runtime_events: vec![RuntimeEvent {
+                    event: "pod".into(),
+                    payload: vec![0xca, 0xfe, 0xba, 0xbe],
+                    version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+                }],
+                config: "{}".into(),
+                report_data_payload: "{\"hello\":\"world\"}".into(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let encoded = attestation.to_msgpack().expect("encode msgpack");
+        assert!(matches!(encoded.first(), Some(0x80..=0x8f)));
+        let decoded = Attestation::from_msgpack(&encoded).expect("decode msgpack");
+        assert_eq!(decoded.version, ATTESTATION_VERSION);
+        match decoded.platform {
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, event_log } => {
+                assert_eq!(quote, vec![1u8, 2, 3]);
+                assert_eq!(event_log.len(), 1);
+                assert_eq!(event_log[0].event, "pod");
+                assert_eq!(event_log[0].event_payload, vec![0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected tdx platform evidence"),
+        }
+        match decoded.stack {
+            StackEvidence::DstackPod {
+                report_data,
+                runtime_events,
+                config,
+                report_data_payload,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(report_data, vec![7u8; 64]);
+                assert_eq!(runtime_events.len(), 1);
+                assert_eq!(runtime_events[0].event, "pod");
+                assert_eq!(runtime_events[0].payload, vec![0xca, 0xfe, 0xba, 0xbe]);
+                assert_eq!(config, "{}");
+                assert_eq!(report_data_payload, "{\"hello\":\"world\"}");
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected dstack-pod stack evidence"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sev_snp_msgpack_roundtrip_preserves_evidence() {
+        let attestation = Attestation::new(
+            PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+                report: vec![0x11; 1184],
+                cert_chain: vec![vec![0x22, 0x33]],
+                mr_config: test_mr_config_document(),
+            },
+            StackEvidence::Dstack {
+                report_data: vec![9u8; 64],
+                runtime_events: vec![],
+                config: "{}".into(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let encoded = attestation.to_msgpack().expect("encode msgpack");
+        let decoded = Attestation::from_msgpack(&encoded).expect("decode msgpack");
+        assert_eq!(
+            decoded.platform.sev_snp_report(),
+            Some(vec![0x11; 1184].as_slice())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            decoded.platform.sev_snp_cert_chain(),
+            Some(vec![vec![0x22, 0x33]].as_slice())
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn boot_event(idx: usize) -> TdxEvent {
+        TdxEvent {
+            imr: 0,
+            event_type: idx as u32,
+            digest: vec![idx as u8; 48],
+            event: String::new(),
+            event_payload: vec![0xff; idx + 1],
+            version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn acpi_data_event(idx: usize) -> TdxEvent {
+        TdxEvent {
+            imr: 0,
+            event_type: TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE,
+            digest: vec![idx as u8; 48],
+            event: String::new(),
+            event_payload: TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD.to_vec(),
+            version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn runtime_event() -> TdxEvent {
+        RuntimeEvent {
+            event: "app-id".into(),
+            payload: vec![0x42],
+            version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+        }
+        .into()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lite_stripping_keeps_only_acpi_data_digests_and_runtime_payloads() {
+        let mut event_log = (0..20).map(boot_event).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        event_log[3] = acpi_data_event(3);
+        event_log[8] = acpi_data_event(8);
+        event_log[15] = acpi_data_event(15);
+        event_log.push(runtime_event());
+
+        let stripped = strip_tdx_lite_event_log(event_log);
+
+        assert_eq!(stripped.len(), 4);
+        assert_eq!(
+            stripped[0..3]
+                .iter()
+                .map(|event| event.digest.clone())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![vec![3u8; 48], vec![8u8; 48], vec![15u8; 48]]
+        );
+        assert!(stripped[0..3]
+            .iter()
+            .all(|event| event.imr == 0 && event.event_payload == TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD));
+        assert_eq!(stripped[3].imr, 3);
+        assert_eq!(stripped[3].event, "app-id");
+        assert_eq!(stripped[3].event_payload, vec![0x42]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sev_snp_with_report_data_patches_report_and_stack() {
+        let mut report = vec![0x11; 1184];
+        report[crate::attestation::SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE].copy_from_slice(&[0x22; 64]);
+        let attestation = Attestation::new(
+            PlatformEvidence::SevSnp {
+                report,
+                cert_chain: vec![],
+                mr_config: test_mr_config_document(),
+            },
+            StackEvidence::Dstack {
+                report_data: vec![0x22; 64],
+                runtime_events: vec![],
+                config: "{}".into(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let patched = attestation.with_report_data([0x33; 64]);
+        assert_eq!(patched.report_data().unwrap(), [0x33; 64]);
+        let report = patched.platform.sev_snp_report().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            &report[crate::attestation::SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE],
+            &[0x33; 64]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0bbb2aa1
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation_dbg.bin b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation_dbg.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f909e5cb
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_attestation_dbg.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_verify.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_verify.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5becbb36e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/nitro_verify.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Integration test: verify Nitro Enclave attestation end-to-end
+
+use dstack_attest::attestation::{
+    AttestationQuote, AttestationVerifier, DstackVerifiedReport, VersionedAttestation,
+};
+use nsm_qvl::{AttestationDocument, CoseSign1};
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+// Real Nitro Enclave attestation captured from an enclave
+const NITRO_ATTESTATION_BIN: &[u8] = include_bytes!("nitro_attestation.bin");
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn verify_nitro_attestation_bin() {
+    // Decode VersionedAttestation from SCALE
+    let versioned = VersionedAttestation::from_scale(NITRO_ATTESTATION_BIN)
+        .expect("decode VersionedAttestation");
+    let VersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation } = versioned else {
+        panic!("expected V0 attestation");
+    };
+
+    let app_info = attestation.decode_app_info(false).unwrap();
+    let app_info_str = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&app_info).unwrap();
+
+    println!("App Info: {app_info_str}");
+    insta::assert_snapshot!("app_info", app_info_str);
+
+    // Perform full verification (COSE signature + cert chain + user_data).
+    // Use the attestation's own timestamp to keep freshness checks stable for this sample.
+    let fixed_now = match &attestation.quote {
+        AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(quote) => {
+            let cose =
+                CoseSign1::from_bytes(&quote.nsm_quote).expect("parse COSE Sign1 from quote");
+            let doc =
+                AttestationDocument::from_cbor(&cose.payload).expect("parse attestation document");
+            SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH
+                .checked_add(Duration::from_millis(doc.timestamp))
+                .expect("attestation timestamp overflow")
+        }
+        _ => panic!("unexpected quote type"),
+    };
+    let verifier = AttestationVerifier::new_prod(None).unwrap();
+    let verified = attestation
+        .verify_with_time(&verifier, Some(fixed_now))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    let DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(report) = verified.report else {
+        panic!("Nitro attestation verification failed");
+    };
+    println!("✓ Nitro attestation verified successfully");
+    insta::assert_snapshot!(
+        "nitro_report",
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&report).unwrap()
+    );
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_ask.pem b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_ask.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26c059c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_ask.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_attestation.bin b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_attestation.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a0fb4e12
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_attestation.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_fixture.README.md b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_fixture.README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b88fd4b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_fixture.README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# AMD SEV-SNP attestation test fixture
+
+Real AMD SEV-SNP attestation captured from a live dstack CVM, used by
+`tests/sev_snp_verify.rs` for an offline end-to-end verification test.
+
+## Files
+
+| File | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `sev_snp_attestation.bin` | `VersionedAttestation` (SCALE V0) — the full attestation as produced inside the CVM. Contains the 1184-byte SNP report + the `mr_config` document. |
+| `sev_snp_ask.pem` | AMD SEV intermediate cert (ASK, `CN=SEV-Milan`) for the chip that signed the report. |
+| `sev_snp_vcek.pem` | Per-chip VCEK (`CN=SEV-VCEK`) for the report's `chip_id` + reported TCB. |
+
+The AMD root key (ARK) is **not** bundled — `sev-snp-qvl` uses its built-in ARK,
+so the test verifies the full chain ARK → ASK → VCEK → report signature with
+nothing fetched from AMD KDS (fully offline / deterministic).
+
+## Provenance
+
+- Captured 2026-06-17 from a dstack SEV-SNP CVM (app `attest-test`) running the
+  merged `dstack-nvidia-0.6.0.a2` image on an AMD EPYC Milan host.
+- Generated inside the guest with:
+  ```
+  dstack-util quote-report \
+    --report-data 6174746573742d746573742d666978747572652d32303236 \
+    --output attest.json
+  ```
+  (`report-data` = ASCII `attest-test-fixture-2026`, the marker the test asserts.)
+- The `attestation` hex field of that JSON was decoded to `sev_snp_attestation.bin`.
+- The unsigned outer `config.sev_snp_measurement` JSON has been normalized to the
+  current schema by removing the obsolete standalone `rootfs_hash` field; rootfs
+  identity remains in the measured `dstack.rootfs_hash=...` cmdline.
+- ASK/VCEK were fetched from AMD KDS (`https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1/Milan/...`)
+  for the report's `chip_id` and TCB and pinned here so the test stays offline.
+
+## Verified values (informational)
+
+```
+chip_id:    38d174589d2dff97a6d40cb9f9d90b9507c027491219083cef3ce73e
+            d18f7289142d941ad61eabecd27d25f268c1095d665f6001358e98a4769c82734a6bb877
+measurement 7f51e17f72a04d5422cb2c00998166536019a217376f3aa45a630e59c805a599...
+host_data:  783f0057820acb99249af56cc3b07b4e8d80f65183167cba9cf437bb680f742f
+tcb_status: OutOfDate   (this fixture host's firmware TCB; tests verify reporting, auth policy decides acceptability)
+```
+
+## Refreshing
+
+VCEK/ASK are immutable for a given chip + TCB, so these never expire. If the
+report itself is regenerated (e.g. different host or firmware), re-capture all
+three files together — the VCEK must match the new report's `chip_id`/TCB.
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_vcek.pem b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_vcek.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..beca88b0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_vcek.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_verify.rs b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_verify.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38a19145c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_verify.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Integration test: verify a real AMD SEV-SNP attestation end-to-end, offline.
+//!
+//! The fixtures were captured from a live dstack SEV-SNP CVM (see
+//! `sev_snp_fixture.README.md`). Verification is fully offline: the VCEK and ASK
+//! are bundled so the test never reaches AMD KDS, and the AMD root (ARK) is the
+//! one built into `sev-snp-qvl`.
+
+use dstack_attest::attestation::{AttestationQuote, VersionedAttestation};
+use dstack_mr::sev::{sev_os_image_measurement_from_input, verify_sev_launch, MeasurementInput};
+use dstack_types::{mr_config::MrConfigV3, KeyProviderKind};
+use sev_snp_qvl::{verify_amd_snp_attestation, AmdSnpAttestationInput, VerifiedAmdSnpReport};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+/// Real SEV-SNP attestation captured from a dstack CVM (VersionedAttestation, SCALE V0).
+const SEV_ATTESTATION_BIN: &[u8] = include_bytes!("sev_snp_attestation.bin");
+/// AMD SEV intermediate (ASK / CN=SEV-Milan) for the chip that produced the report.
+const SEV_ASK_PEM: &[u8] = include_bytes!("sev_snp_ask.pem");
+/// Per-chip VCEK (CN=SEV-VCEK) for the report's chip_id + reported TCB.
+const SEV_VCEK_PEM: &[u8] = include_bytes!("sev_snp_vcek.pem");
+
+/// report_data marker passed to `dstack-util quote-report` when capturing the fixture.
+const REPORT_DATA_MARKER: &[u8] = b"attest-test-fixture-2026";
+
+fn expected_report_data() -> [u8; 64] {
+    let mut rd = [0u8; 64];
+    rd[..REPORT_DATA_MARKER.len()].copy_from_slice(REPORT_DATA_MARKER);
+    rd
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn verify_sev_snp_attestation_bin() {
+    // Decode the VersionedAttestation captured from the CVM.
+    let versioned =
+        VersionedAttestation::from_scale(SEV_ATTESTATION_BIN).expect("decode VersionedAttestation");
+    let VersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation } = versioned else {
+        panic!("expected V0 attestation");
+    };
+
+    // The outer report_data carries our capture marker.
+    assert_eq!(
+        attestation.report_data,
+        expected_report_data(),
+        "outer attestation report_data marker"
+    );
+
+    let AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(quote) = &attestation.quote else {
+        panic!("expected an AMD SEV-SNP quote");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(quote.report.len(), 1184, "raw SNP report length");
+    assert!(
+        !quote.mr_config.is_empty(),
+        "SEV-SNP quote must carry the mr_config document"
+    );
+
+    // Offline hardware verification: ARK (builtin) -> ASK -> VCEK -> report signature.
+    let verified = verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+        report: &quote.report,
+        ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+        vcek_pem: SEV_VCEK_PEM,
+    })
+    .expect("verify SEV-SNP attestation offline");
+
+    // The signed report_data matches the marker we requested.
+    assert_eq!(
+        verified.report_data,
+        expected_report_data(),
+        "signed report_data marker"
+    );
+    // A real launch measurement is present.
+    assert_ne!(verified.measurement, [0u8; 48], "measurement must be set");
+    // HOST_DATA binds the mr_config document; it must be non-zero for a dstack CVM.
+    assert_ne!(verified.host_data, [0u8; 32], "host_data must be set");
+
+    println!("measurement: {}", hex::encode(verified.measurement));
+    println!("host_data:   {}", hex::encode(verified.host_data));
+    println!("chip_id:     {}", hex::encode(verified.chip_id));
+    println!("tcb_status:  {}", verified.tcb_info.tcb_status());
+
+    // End-to-end OS image binding, fully offline — exactly what dstack-verifier
+    // does after the hardware report verifies. Recompute the launch measurement
+    // from the self-contained `sev_snp_measurement` document embedded in the
+    // attestation config, require it to equal the hardware MEASUREMENT, require
+    // HOST_DATA to bind the MrConfigV3 document, and verify the unified
+    // os_image_hash against sha256sum.txt + measurement.snp.cbor.
+    let config = upgrade_snp_config_for_split_measurement(&attestation.config);
+    let binding =
+        dstack_mr::sev::verify_sev_launch(&verified.measurement, &verified.host_data, &config)
+            .expect("recompute SEV launch + verify os_image_hash from the attestation config");
+
+    // The os_image_hash matches the value advertised in the CVM config.
+    let config_value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&config).expect("config json");
+    assert_eq!(
+        hex::encode(&binding.os_image_hash),
+        config_value["os_image_hash"]
+            .as_str()
+            .expect("os_image_hash"),
+        "verified os_image_hash"
+    );
+    // The HOST_DATA-bound app identity is recovered from the mr_config document.
+    assert_eq!(
+        hex::encode(binding.mr_config.app_id.as_deref().unwrap_or_default()),
+        "86e59625be93207bc2351c4d1bba20037cec8e16",
+        "mr_config app_id bound by HOST_DATA"
+    );
+    println!("os_image_hash: {}", hex::encode(&binding.os_image_hash));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Forged / tampered quote coverage (all offline, using the real fixture).
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn decoded_attestation() -> dstack_attest::attestation::Attestation {
+    let versioned =
+        VersionedAttestation::from_scale(SEV_ATTESTATION_BIN).expect("decode VersionedAttestation");
+    let VersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation } = versioned else {
+        panic!("expected V0 attestation");
+    };
+    attestation
+}
+
+fn fixture_report() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let attestation = decoded_attestation();
+    let AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(quote) = &attestation.quote else {
+        panic!("expected an AMD SEV-SNP quote");
+    };
+    quote.report.clone()
+}
+
+fn upgrade_snp_config_for_split_measurement(config: &str) -> String {
+    let mut value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(config).expect("config json");
+    let measurement_doc = value["sev_snp_measurement"]
+        .as_str()
+        .expect("sev_snp_measurement string")
+        .to_string();
+    let measurement_value: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(&measurement_doc).expect("measurement json");
+    if measurement_value.get("measurement").is_some()
+        && measurement_value.get("checksum_file").is_some()
+    {
+        return config.to_string();
+    }
+
+    let input: MeasurementInput =
+        serde_json::from_value(measurement_value).expect("legacy SNP measurement input");
+    let measurement = sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(&input)
+        .expect("image measurement")
+        .to_cbor_vec();
+    let sha256sum = format!(
+        "{}  {}\n",
+        hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&measurement)),
+        dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+    )
+    .into_bytes();
+    let document = dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+        checksum_file: sha256sum,
+        measurement,
+        vcpus: input.vcpus,
+        vcpu_type: input.vcpu_type,
+        guest_features: input.guest_features,
+    };
+    value["os_image_hash"] = serde_json::Value::String(hex::encode(
+        dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&document.checksum_file),
+    ));
+    value["sev_snp_measurement"] =
+        serde_json::Value::String(serde_json::to_string(&document).expect("serialize document"));
+    value.to_string()
+}
+
+fn fixture_config() -> String {
+    upgrade_snp_config_for_split_measurement(&decoded_attestation().config)
+}
+
+fn verified_fixture_report() -> VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+    let report = fixture_report();
+    verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+        report: &report,
+        ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+        vcek_pem: SEV_VCEK_PEM,
+    })
+    .expect("verify SEV-SNP attestation offline")
+}
+
+/// Rewrite the image CBOR inside the embedded `sev_snp_measurement` document.
+fn with_image_measurement(
+    config: &str,
+    f: impl FnOnce(&mut dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement),
+) -> String {
+    let mut value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(config).expect("config json");
+    let measurement_doc = value["sev_snp_measurement"]
+        .as_str()
+        .expect("sev_snp_measurement string")
+        .to_string();
+    let mut document: dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument =
+        serde_json::from_str(&measurement_doc).expect("measurement json");
+    let mut image = dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&document.measurement)
+        .expect("decode measurement.snp.cbor");
+    f(&mut image);
+    document.measurement = image.to_cbor_vec();
+    document.checksum_file = format!(
+        "{}  {}\n",
+        hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&document.measurement)),
+        dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+    )
+    .into_bytes();
+    value["os_image_hash"] = serde_json::Value::String(hex::encode(
+        dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&document.checksum_file),
+    ));
+    value["sev_snp_measurement"] =
+        serde_json::Value::String(serde_json::to_string(&document).expect("reserialize"));
+    value.to_string()
+}
+
+/// Replace the embedded MrConfigV3 document with a different one.
+fn set_mr_config(config: &str, mr_config_doc: &str) -> String {
+    let mut value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(config).expect("config json");
+    value["mr_config"] = serde_json::Value::String(mr_config_doc.to_string());
+    value.to_string()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn forged_report_bytes_fail_signature_verification() {
+    let report = fixture_report();
+    // Flip a byte in each signed field (and the signature itself); the VCEK
+    // signature over the report must no longer verify.
+    // SNP ATTESTATION_REPORT offsets: report_data 0x50, measurement 0x90,
+    // host_data 0xC0, signature 0x2A0.
+    for (name, offset) in [
+        ("report_data", 0x50usize),
+        ("measurement", 0x90),
+        ("host_data", 0xC0),
+        ("signature", 0x2A0),
+    ] {
+        let mut tampered = report.clone();
+        tampered[offset] ^= 0xff;
+        let result = verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+            report: &tampered,
+            ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+            vcek_pem: SEV_VCEK_PEM,
+        });
+        assert!(
+            result.is_err(),
+            "tampering the {name} field must invalidate the report signature"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // A well-formed-length but zeroed report has no valid signature.
+    let zeroed = vec![0u8; 1184];
+    assert!(
+        verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+            report: &zeroed,
+            ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+            vcek_pem: SEV_VCEK_PEM,
+        })
+        .is_err(),
+        "a zeroed report must not verify"
+    );
+
+    // A truncated report must be rejected, not parsed.
+    assert!(
+        verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+            report: &report[..200],
+            ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+            vcek_pem: SEV_VCEK_PEM,
+        })
+        .is_err(),
+        "a truncated report must be rejected"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tampered_real_amd_ask_fails_chain_verification() {
+    let report = fixture_report();
+    let mut ask_der = pem::parse(SEV_ASK_PEM)
+        .expect("parse real AMD ASK")
+        .into_contents();
+    let last = ask_der.last_mut().expect("ASK DER is non-empty");
+    *last ^= 1;
+    let tampered_ask = pem::encode(&pem::Pem::new("CERTIFICATE", ask_der));
+
+    let error = verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+        report: &report,
+        ask_pem: tampered_ask.as_bytes(),
+        vcek_pem: SEV_VCEK_PEM,
+    })
+    .expect_err("tampered AMD ASK must fail verification");
+    assert!(
+        error.to_string().contains("cert chain verification"),
+        "unexpected error: {error:#}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrong_collateral_is_rejected() {
+    let report = fixture_report();
+    // The ASK presented as the VCEK leaf: the report signature won't verify
+    // against the intermediate key.
+    assert!(
+        verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+            report: &report,
+            ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+            vcek_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+        })
+        .is_err(),
+        "using the ASK as the VCEK must be rejected"
+    );
+
+    // Garbage VCEK PEM.
+    let junk = b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nbm90IGEgY2VydA==\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n";
+    assert!(
+        verify_amd_snp_attestation(&AmdSnpAttestationInput {
+            report: &report,
+            ask_pem: SEV_ASK_PEM,
+            vcek_pem: junk,
+        })
+        .is_err(),
+        "a malformed VCEK must be rejected"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn forged_launch_measurement_is_rejected() {
+    let verified = verified_fixture_report();
+    let config = fixture_config();
+    let mut forged = verified.measurement;
+    forged[0] ^= 0xff;
+    let err = verify_sev_launch(&forged, &verified.host_data, &config)
+        .expect_err("a measurement that disagrees with the launch inputs must reject");
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"),
+        "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn forged_host_data_is_rejected() {
+    let verified = verified_fixture_report();
+    let config = fixture_config();
+    let mut forged = verified.host_data;
+    forged[0] ^= 0xff;
+    let err = verify_sev_launch(&verified.measurement, &forged, &config)
+        .expect_err("host_data that does not bind the mr_config must reject");
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp host_data mismatch"),
+        "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tampered_launch_inputs_break_os_image_binding() {
+    // Swap in a different kernel hash in the advertised launch inputs: the
+    // recomputed measurement no longer equals the hardware MEASUREMENT, so the
+    // forged (allow-listed-looking) os_image_hash is never trusted.
+    let verified = verified_fixture_report();
+    let tampered = with_image_measurement(&fixture_config(), |m| {
+        m.kernel_hash = vec![0; 32];
+    });
+    let err = verify_sev_launch(&verified.measurement, &verified.host_data, &tampered)
+        .expect_err("tampered launch inputs must reject");
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"),
+        "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn substituted_mr_config_breaks_host_data_binding() {
+    // Present a well-formed but different-identity MrConfigV3 document. The
+    // hardware HOST_DATA still binds the original document, so this is rejected.
+    let verified = verified_fixture_report();
+    let evil = MrConfigV3::new(
+        vec![0xab; 20],
+        vec![0xcd; 32],
+        None,
+        KeyProviderKind::None,
+        Vec::new(),
+        vec![0xef; 20],
+    );
+    let tampered = set_mr_config(&fixture_config(), &evil.to_canonical_json());
+    let err = verify_sev_launch(&verified.measurement, &verified.host_data, &tampered)
+        .expect_err("a substituted mr_config must reject");
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp host_data mismatch"),
+        "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn advertised_os_image_hash_must_match_sha256sum() {
+    // A forged top-level os_image_hash is rejected because it must equal
+    // sha256(sha256sum.txt) for the supplied measurement material.
+    let verified = verified_fixture_report();
+    let mut value: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(&fixture_config()).expect("config json");
+    value["os_image_hash"] = serde_json::Value::String("de".repeat(32));
+    let tampered = value.to_string();
+
+    let err = verify_sev_launch(&verified.measurement, &verified.host_data, &tampered)
+        .expect_err("a bogus advertised os_image_hash must reject");
+    assert!(
+        err.to_string()
+            .contains("amd sev-snp measurement material does not match os_image_hash"),
+        "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/snapshots/nitro_verify__app_info.snap b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/snapshots/nitro_verify__app_info.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d62ea8cc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/snapshots/nitro_verify__app_info.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+---
+source: dstack-attest/tests/nitro_verify.rs
+assertion_line: 29
+expression: app_info_str
+---
+{
+  "app_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4",
+  "compose_hash": "1894b0b29e94a9db16e88a2914f0923e52bb16c08bf3bb484df786a147e2eb79",
+  "instance_id": "",
+  "device_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855",
+  "mr_system": "1894b0b29e94a9db16e88a2914f0923e52bb16c08bf3bb484df786a147e2eb79",
+  "mr_aggregated": "1894b0b29e94a9db16e88a2914f0923e52bb16c08bf3bb484df786a147e2eb79",
+  "os_image_hash": "1894b0b29e94a9db16e88a2914f0923e52bb16c08bf3bb484df786a147e2eb79",
+  "key_provider_info": "",
+  "init_script_hashes": []
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/snapshots/nitro_verify__nitro_report.snap b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/snapshots/nitro_verify__nitro_report.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dafa10583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-attest/tests/snapshots/nitro_verify__nitro_report.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+source: dstack-attest/tests/nitro_verify.rs
+assertion_line: 36
+expression: "serde_json::to_string_pretty(&report).unwrap()"
+---
+{
+  "module_id": "i-0827e799ec9232d44-enc019b5640fdf630d6",
+  "pcrs": {
+    "pcr0": "eb7d0dab08ff41546d7e5659aee883af7b32bb2e58e46815b719f9f7bfae7b880188a10d86317e6509923740526cf74a",
+    "pcr1": "0343b056cd8485ca7890ddd833476d78460aed2aa161548e4e26bedf321726696257d623e8805f3f605946b3d8b0c6aa",
+    "pcr2": "d7b0a76788c1be24898bd148117ea1239578ba0e72f5d87a33a6c6476026675b6f996940f062e0e3f0b5edd2ddf78811"
+  },
+  "user_data": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b8550000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+  "timestamp": 1766678659346
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/.gitignore b/dstack/dstack-mr/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea8c4bf7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/target
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/Cargo.toml b/dstack/dstack-mr/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e3248486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-mr"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "A CLI tool for calculating TDX/SEV measurements for dstack images"
+
+[lib]
+name = "dstack_mr"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-mr"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+thiserror.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+binrw.workspace = true
+object.workspace = true
+hex-literal.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+qemu-acpi.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["blocking"] }
+flate2.workspace = true
+tar.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/cli/Cargo.toml b/dstack/dstack-mr/cli/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..336b0a791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-mr-cli"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-mr"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+clap.workspace = true
+dstack-mr.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+size-parser.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/cli/src/main.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/cli/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..896b7814a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/cli/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use dstack_mr::{Machine, OvmfVariant, ovmf_variant_for_image, ovmf_variant_for_version};
+use dstack_types::{ImageInfo, VmConfig};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use size_parser::parse_memory_size;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// Measure a machine configuration
+    Measure(MachineConfig),
+    /// Compute expected MRs from a `VmConfig` JSON and explain the RTMR0 event log entry by
+    /// entry. Optionally compare against actual MRTD/RTMR hex values from a quote.
+    Diagnose(DiagnoseConfig),
+}
+
+type Bool = bool;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct MachineConfig {
+    /// Number of CPUs
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "1")]
+    cpu: u32,
+
+    /// Memory size in bytes
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "2G", value_parser = parse_memory_size)]
+    memory: u64,
+
+    /// Path to dstack image metadata.json
+    metadata: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Enable two-pass add pages
+    #[arg(long)]
+    two_pass_add_pages: Option<Bool>,
+
+    /// Enable PIC
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pic: Option<Bool>,
+
+    /// Enable SMM
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false")]
+    smm: Bool,
+
+    /// PCI hole64 size (accepts decimal or hex with 0x prefix)
+    #[arg(long, value_parser = parse_memory_size)]
+    pci_hole64_size: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Enable hugepages
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false")]
+    hugepages: bool,
+
+    /// Number of GPUs
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "0")]
+    num_gpus: u32,
+
+    /// Number of NVSwitches
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "0")]
+    num_nvswitches: u32,
+
+    /// Number of virtio-net NICs
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "1")]
+    num_nics: u32,
+
+    /// Number of virtio-blk verity volumes
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "0")]
+    num_verity_volumes: u32,
+
+    /// Attach a QEMU tpm-tis device backed by swtpm
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false")]
+    swtpm: bool,
+
+    /// Disable hotplug
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false")]
+    hotplug_off: Bool,
+
+    /// Enable root verity
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "true")]
+    root_verity: Bool,
+
+    /// QEMU version
+    #[arg(long)]
+    qemu_version: Option<String>,
+
+    /// dstack OS version (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH), validated before using the supported OVMF
+    /// measurement layout. If omitted, falls back to `image_info.version`.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    dstack_os_version: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Output JSON
+    #[arg(long)]
+    json: bool,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    match &cli.command {
+        Commands::Measure(config) => {
+            let metadata =
+                fs::read_to_string(&config.metadata).context("Failed to read image metadata")?;
+            let image_info: ImageInfo =
+                serde_json::from_str(&metadata).context("Failed to parse image metadata")?;
+            let parent_dir = config.metadata.parent().unwrap_or(".".as_ref());
+            let firmware_path = parent_dir.join(&image_info.bios).display().to_string();
+            let kernel_path = parent_dir.join(&image_info.kernel).display().to_string();
+            let initrd_path = parent_dir.join(&image_info.initrd).display().to_string();
+            let cmdline = image_info.cmdline + " initrd=initrd";
+
+            // CLI flag wins, then the explicit `ovmf_variant` in metadata.json,
+            // and finally the OS version field. Older metadata.json files may
+            // carry neither, in which case fall back to the default.
+            let ovmf_variant = if let Some(v) = config.dstack_os_version.as_deref() {
+                ovmf_variant_for_version(v)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("invalid dstack OS version: {v}"))?
+            } else if let Some(variant) = image_info.ovmf_variant {
+                variant
+            } else if !image_info.version.is_empty() {
+                ovmf_variant_for_version(&image_info.version)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("invalid dstack OS version: {}", image_info.version))?
+            } else {
+                OvmfVariant::default()
+            };
+
+            let machine = Machine::builder()
+                .cpu_count(config.cpu)
+                .memory_size(config.memory)
+                .firmware(&firmware_path)
+                .kernel(&kernel_path)
+                .initrd(&initrd_path)
+                .kernel_cmdline(&cmdline)
+                .maybe_two_pass_add_pages(config.two_pass_add_pages)
+                .maybe_pic(config.pic)
+                .smm(config.smm)
+                .maybe_pci_hole64_size(config.pci_hole64_size)
+                .hugepages(config.hugepages)
+                .num_gpus(config.num_gpus)
+                .num_nvswitches(config.num_nvswitches)
+                .num_nics(config.num_nics)
+                .num_verity_volumes(config.num_verity_volumes)
+                .swtpm(config.swtpm)
+                .hotplug_off(config.hotplug_off)
+                .root_verity(config.root_verity)
+                .maybe_qemu_version(config.qemu_version.clone())
+                .ovmf_variant(ovmf_variant)
+                .build();
+
+            let measurements = machine
+                .measure()
+                .context("Failed to measure machine configuration")?;
+
+            if config.json {
+                println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&measurements)?);
+            } else {
+                println!("Machine measurements:");
+                println!("MRTD: {}", hex::encode(measurements.mrtd));
+                println!("RTMR0: {}", hex::encode(measurements.rtmr0));
+                println!("RTMR1: {}", hex::encode(measurements.rtmr1));
+                println!("RTMR2: {}", hex::encode(measurements.rtmr2));
+            }
+        }
+        Commands::Diagnose(config) => run_diagnose(config)?,
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct DiagnoseConfig {
+    /// VmConfig JSON. Matches the schema VMM serializes into KMS metadata
+    /// (dstack_types::VmConfig). When KMS/verifier reports an MR mismatch, dump
+    /// the same VmConfig payload it used and pass it here.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    vm_config: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Image directory containing ovmf.fd / bzImage / initramfs.cpio.gz /
+    /// metadata.json. If omitted, falls back to looking up `vm_config.image`
+    /// under `--image-base-dir`.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    image_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Base directory containing one subdir per image (e.g.
+    /// /opt/dstack/dstack-images). Only used when `--image-dir` is not given.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    image_base_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Optional actual measurements for comparison. Hex strings (no `0x` prefix).
+    #[arg(long)]
+    actual_mrtd: Option<String>,
+    #[arg(long)]
+    actual_rtmr0: Option<String>,
+    #[arg(long)]
+    actual_rtmr1: Option<String>,
+    #[arg(long)]
+    actual_rtmr2: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Actual quote event log JSON used to identify the first divergent RTMR0 event.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    actual_event_log: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Output JSON
+    #[arg(long)]
+    json: bool,
+}
+
+/// Semantic label for each RTMR0 event log entry. Indices match
+/// `tdvf::rtmr0_log` (see dstack-mr/src/tdvf.rs).
+fn rtmr0_labels(_variant: OvmfVariant) -> &'static [(&'static str, &'static str)] {
+    &[
+        (
+            "td_hob",
+            "varies-with: memory_size, firmware section layout",
+        ),
+        ("cfv_image", "fixed: hardcoded constant"),
+        ("efi:SecureBoot", "fixed: TDX EFI variable"),
+        ("efi:PK", "fixed: TDX EFI variable"),
+        ("efi:KEK", "fixed: TDX EFI variable"),
+        ("efi:db", "fixed: TDX EFI variable"),
+        ("efi:dbx", "fixed: TDX EFI variable"),
+        ("separator", "fixed: sha384(0x00000000)"),
+        (
+            "acpi_loader",
+            "varies-with: cpu_count, pic, smm, hpet, hotplug_off, pci_hole64, root_verity, host_share_mode, num_gpus, num_nvswitches, hugepages, qemu_version",
+        ),
+        ("acpi_rsdp", "same as acpi_loader"),
+        ("acpi_tables", "same as acpi_loader"),
+        (
+            "boot_order",
+            "fixed: sha384(0x0000) — raw 2 bytes in legacy OVMF",
+        ),
+        ("Boot0000", "fixed: legacy OVMF UiApp constant"),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn resolve_image_dir(config: &DiagnoseConfig, vm: &VmConfig) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    if let Some(dir) = &config.image_dir {
+        return Ok(dir.clone());
+    }
+    let base = config
+        .image_base_dir
+        .as_ref()
+        .context("either --image-dir or --image-base-dir must be set")?;
+    let image_name = vm
+        .image
+        .as_ref()
+        .context("vm_config.image is empty; pass --image-dir directly")?;
+    Ok(base.join(image_name))
+}
+
+fn check(label: &str, expected: &[u8], actual_hex: &Option<String>) -> Option<bool> {
+    actual_hex.as_ref().map(|hex_str| {
+        let trimmed = hex_str.trim().trim_start_matches("0x");
+        match hex::decode(trimmed) {
+            Ok(actual) if actual == expected => {
+                println!("  {label}: MATCH");
+                true
+            }
+            Ok(actual) => {
+                println!(
+                    "  {label}: MISMATCH\n    expected: {}\n    actual:   {}",
+                    hex::encode(expected),
+                    hex::encode(&actual),
+                );
+                false
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("  {label}: invalid actual hex ({e})");
+                false
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn compare_rtmr0_event_log(
+    expected: &[Vec<u8>],
+    actual_path: &PathBuf,
+    labels: &[(&str, &str)],
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    let raw = fs::read_to_string(actual_path).context("failed to read --actual-event-log")?;
+    let events: Vec<serde_json::Value> =
+        serde_json::from_str(&raw).context("failed to parse actual event log JSON")?;
+    let actual: Vec<Vec<u8>> = events
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|event| event.get("imr").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64) == Some(0))
+        .map(|event| {
+            let digest = event
+                .get("digest")
+                .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_str)
+                .context("RTMR0 event has no digest")?;
+            hex::decode(digest).context("RTMR0 event digest is not hex")
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+    let count = expected.len().max(actual.len());
+    for index in 0..count {
+        if expected.get(index) == actual.get(index) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (label, _) = labels.get(index).copied().unwrap_or(("(unlabelled)", ""));
+        println!(
+            "  FIRST DIVERGENT RTMR0 EVENT: index={index} label={label}\n    expected: {}\n    actual:   {}",
+            expected
+                .get(index)
+                .map(hex::encode)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "<missing>".to_string()),
+            actual
+                .get(index)
+                .map(hex::encode)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "<missing>".to_string()),
+        );
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+    println!("  RTMR0 EVENT LOG: MATCH");
+    Ok(true)
+}
+
+fn run_diagnose(config: &DiagnoseConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    let raw = fs::read_to_string(&config.vm_config).context("failed to read --vm-config")?;
+    let vm: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(&raw).context("failed to parse VmConfig JSON")?;
+
+    let image_dir = resolve_image_dir(config, &vm)?;
+    let metadata_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+    let metadata = fs::read_to_string(&metadata_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", metadata_path.display()))?;
+    let image_info: ImageInfo = serde_json::from_str(&metadata)?;
+
+    let firmware = image_dir.join(&image_info.bios).display().to_string();
+    let kernel = image_dir.join(&image_info.kernel).display().to_string();
+    let initrd = image_dir.join(&image_info.initrd).display().to_string();
+    let cmdline = format!("{} initrd=initrd", image_info.cmdline);
+
+    // Same resolution order as the verifier (see verifier::compute_measurement_details):
+    // explicit vm_config.ovmf_variant > image_info.ovmf_variant > parse vm_config.image
+    // > parse image_info.version > legacy default.
+    let ovmf_variant = vm
+        .ovmf_variant
+        .or(image_info.ovmf_variant)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let from_image = ovmf_variant_for_image(vm.image.as_deref());
+            if !image_info.version.is_empty() {
+                ovmf_variant_for_version(&image_info.version).unwrap_or(from_image)
+            } else {
+                from_image
+            }
+        });
+
+    let details = Machine::builder()
+        .cpu_count(vm.cpu_count)
+        .memory_size(vm.memory_size)
+        .firmware(&firmware)
+        .kernel(&kernel)
+        .initrd(&initrd)
+        .kernel_cmdline(&cmdline)
+        .root_verity(true)
+        .hotplug_off(vm.hotplug_off)
+        .maybe_two_pass_add_pages(vm.qemu_single_pass_add_pages)
+        .maybe_pic(vm.pic)
+        .maybe_qemu_version(vm.qemu_version.clone())
+        .maybe_pci_hole64_size(if vm.pci_hole64_size > 0 {
+            Some(vm.pci_hole64_size)
+        } else {
+            None
+        })
+        .hugepages(vm.hugepages)
+        .num_gpus(vm.num_gpus)
+        .num_nvswitches(vm.num_nvswitches)
+        .host_share_mode(vm.host_share_mode.clone())
+        .ovmf_variant(ovmf_variant)
+        .build()
+        .measure_with_logs()
+        .context("failed to compute expected MRs")?;
+
+    let labels = rtmr0_labels(ovmf_variant);
+
+    if config.json {
+        let log: Vec<serde_json::Value> = details.rtmr_logs[0]
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, h)| {
+                let (label, note) = labels.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(("(unlabelled)", ""));
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "index": i,
+                    "label": label,
+                    "digest": hex::encode(h),
+                    "note": note,
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let out = serde_json::json!({
+            "ovmf_variant": format!("{:?}", ovmf_variant),
+            "mrtd": hex::encode(&details.measurements.mrtd),
+            "rtmr0": hex::encode(&details.measurements.rtmr0),
+            "rtmr1": hex::encode(&details.measurements.rtmr1),
+            "rtmr2": hex::encode(&details.measurements.rtmr2),
+            "rtmr0_log": log,
+        });
+        println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&out)?);
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    println!("=== inputs ===");
+    println!(
+        "  cpu={} mem={} qemu_version={:?} pic={:?} two_pass={:?}",
+        vm.cpu_count, vm.memory_size, vm.qemu_version, vm.pic, vm.qemu_single_pass_add_pages,
+    );
+    println!(
+        "  hugepages={} num_gpus={} num_nvswitches={} hotplug_off={} pci_hole64={}",
+        vm.hugepages, vm.num_gpus, vm.num_nvswitches, vm.hotplug_off, vm.pci_hole64_size,
+    );
+    println!("  host_share_mode={:?}", vm.host_share_mode);
+    println!("  image_dir={}", image_dir.display());
+    println!("  ovmf_variant={:?}", ovmf_variant);
+
+    println!("\n=== expected measurements ===");
+    println!("  MRTD:  {}", hex::encode(&details.measurements.mrtd));
+    println!("  RTMR0: {}", hex::encode(&details.measurements.rtmr0));
+    println!("  RTMR1: {}", hex::encode(&details.measurements.rtmr1));
+    println!("  RTMR2: {}", hex::encode(&details.measurements.rtmr2));
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== RTMR0 event log ({} entries) ===",
+        details.rtmr_logs[0].len()
+    );
+    for (i, hash) in details.rtmr_logs[0].iter().enumerate() {
+        let (label, note) = labels.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(("(unlabelled)", ""));
+        println!("  [{:>2}] {:<20} {}", i, label, hex::encode(hash));
+        if !note.is_empty() {
+            println!("       {note}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let want_compare = config.actual_mrtd.is_some()
+        || config.actual_rtmr0.is_some()
+        || config.actual_rtmr1.is_some()
+        || config.actual_rtmr2.is_some()
+        || config.actual_event_log.is_some();
+    if want_compare {
+        println!("\n=== comparison ===");
+        let mut all_ok = true;
+        if let Some(actual_event_log) = &config.actual_event_log {
+            all_ok &= compare_rtmr0_event_log(&details.rtmr_logs[0], actual_event_log, labels)?;
+        }
+        for (label, expected, actual) in [
+            ("MRTD ", &details.measurements.mrtd, &config.actual_mrtd),
+            ("RTMR0", &details.measurements.rtmr0, &config.actual_rtmr0),
+            ("RTMR1", &details.measurements.rtmr1, &config.actual_rtmr1),
+            ("RTMR2", &details.measurements.rtmr2, &config.actual_rtmr2),
+        ] {
+            if let Some(ok) = check(label, expected, actual) {
+                all_ok &= ok;
+            }
+        }
+        if !all_ok {
+            bail!("one or more measurements mismatched");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/acpi.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/acpi.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00a544f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/acpi.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! QEMU-compatible ACPI table generation for TDX measurement.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use qemu_acpi::{MachineConfig, QemuVersion};
+
+use crate::Machine;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Tables {
+    pub tables: Vec<u8>,
+    pub rsdp: Vec<u8>,
+    pub loader: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Machine<'_> {
+    pub fn build_tables(&self) -> Result<Tables> {
+        if self.swtpm {
+            bail!("swtpm measurement is not supported");
+        }
+        let options = self
+            .versioned_options()
+            .context("failed to get QEMU-versioned options")?;
+        match self.host_share_mode.as_str() {
+            "" | "9p" | "vvfat" | "vhd" => {}
+            value => bail!("invalid shared disk mode: {value}"),
+        }
+        let config = MachineConfig {
+            qemu_version: QemuVersion::new(options.version.0, options.version.1, options.version.2),
+            cpu_count: self.cpu_count,
+            memory_size: self.memory_size,
+            pic: options.pic,
+            smm: self.smm,
+            hugepages: self.hugepages,
+            num_gpus: self.num_gpus,
+            num_nvswitches: self.num_nvswitches,
+            num_nics: self.num_nics,
+            num_verity_volumes: self.num_verity_volumes,
+            hotplug_off: self.hotplug_off,
+            root_verity: self.root_verity,
+            pci_hole64_size: self.pci_hole64_size,
+        };
+        let blobs = qemu_acpi::build(&config).context("failed to generate QEMU ACPI tables")?;
+        Ok(Tables {
+            tables: blobs.tables,
+            rsdp: blobs.rsdp,
+            loader: blobs.loader,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/kernel.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/kernel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4e969563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/kernel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::{measure_sha384, num::read_le, utf16_encode};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use object::pe;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+
+/// QEMU's TDX setup-header patch places the initrd at a memory-dependent
+/// address below this guest-memory size. At and above this threshold the
+/// patched kernel Authenticode hash is stable for a given kernel/initrd pair.
+pub const TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY: u64 = 0xB0000000;
+/// QEMU's low-memory initrd placement also resolves to the same below-4G
+/// placement at exactly 2 GiB, so it shares the high-memory patched kernel hash.
+pub const TDX_KERNEL_HASH_COMPAT_2G_MEMORY: u64 = 0x80000000;
+
+pub fn tdx_kernel_hash_uses_precomputed_high_mem(memory_size: u64) -> bool {
+    memory_size == TDX_KERNEL_HASH_COMPAT_2G_MEMORY
+        || memory_size >= TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY
+}
+
+/// Calculates the Authenticode hash of a PE/COFF file
+fn authenticode_sha384_hash(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let lfanew_offset = 0x3c;
+    let lfanew: u32 = read_le(data, lfanew_offset, "DOS header")?;
+
+    let pe_sig_offset = lfanew as usize;
+    let pe_sig: u32 = read_le(data, pe_sig_offset, "PE signature offset")?;
+    if pe_sig != pe::IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE {
+        bail!("Invalid PE signature");
+    }
+
+    let coff_header_offset = pe_sig_offset + 4;
+    let optional_header_size =
+        read_le::<u16>(data, coff_header_offset + 16, "COFF header size")? as usize;
+
+    let optional_header_offset = coff_header_offset + 20;
+    let magic: u16 = read_le(data, optional_header_offset, "header magic")?;
+
+    let is_pe32_plus = magic == 0x20b;
+
+    let checksum_offset = optional_header_offset + 64;
+    let checksum_end = checksum_offset + 4;
+
+    let data_dir_offset = optional_header_offset + if is_pe32_plus { 112 } else { 96 };
+    let cert_dir_offset = data_dir_offset + (pe::IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_SECURITY * 8);
+    let cert_dir_end = cert_dir_offset + 8;
+
+    let size_of_headers_offset = optional_header_offset + 60;
+    let size_of_headers = read_le::<u32>(data, size_of_headers_offset, "size_of_headers")? as usize;
+
+    let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+    hasher.update(&data[0..checksum_offset]);
+    hasher.update(&data[checksum_end..cert_dir_offset]);
+    hasher.update(&data[cert_dir_end..size_of_headers]);
+
+    let mut sum_of_bytes_hashed = size_of_headers;
+
+    let num_sections_offset = coff_header_offset + 2;
+    let num_sections = read_le::<u16>(data, num_sections_offset, "number of sections")? as usize;
+
+    let section_table_offset = optional_header_offset + optional_header_size;
+    let section_size = 40;
+
+    let mut sections = Vec::with_capacity(num_sections);
+    for i in 0..num_sections {
+        let section_offset = section_table_offset + (i * section_size);
+
+        let ptr_raw_data_offset = section_offset + 20;
+        let ptr_raw_data =
+            read_le::<u32>(data, ptr_raw_data_offset, "pointer_to_raw_data")? as usize;
+
+        let size_raw_data_offset = section_offset + 16;
+        let size_raw_data =
+            read_le::<u32>(data, size_raw_data_offset, "size_of_raw_data")? as usize;
+
+        if size_raw_data > 0 {
+            sections.push((ptr_raw_data, size_raw_data));
+        }
+    }
+
+    sections.sort_by_key(|&(offset, _)| offset);
+
+    for (offset, size) in sections {
+        let start = offset;
+        let end = start + size;
+
+        if end <= data.len() {
+            hasher.update(&data[start..end]);
+        } else {
+            let available_size = data.len().saturating_sub(start);
+            if available_size > 0 {
+                hasher.update(&data[start..start + available_size]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        sum_of_bytes_hashed += size;
+    }
+
+    let file_size = data.len();
+
+    let cert_table_addr_offset = cert_dir_offset;
+    let cert_table_size_offset = cert_dir_offset + 4;
+
+    let cert_table_addr =
+        read_le::<u32>(data, cert_table_addr_offset, "certificate table address")? as usize;
+    let cert_table_size =
+        read_le::<u32>(data, cert_table_size_offset, "certificate table size")? as usize;
+
+    if cert_table_addr > 0 && cert_table_size > 0 && file_size > sum_of_bytes_hashed {
+        let trailing_data_len = file_size - sum_of_bytes_hashed;
+
+        if trailing_data_len > cert_table_size {
+            let hashed_trailing_len = trailing_data_len.saturating_sub(cert_table_size);
+            let trailing_start = sum_of_bytes_hashed;
+
+            if trailing_start + hashed_trailing_len <= data.len() {
+                hasher.update(&data[trailing_start..trailing_start + hashed_trailing_len]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let remainder = file_size % 8;
+    if remainder != 0 {
+        let padding = vec![0u8; 8 - remainder];
+        hasher.update(&padding);
+    }
+    Ok(hasher.finalize().to_vec())
+}
+
+/// Patches the kernel image as qemu does.
+fn patch_kernel(
+    kernel_data: &[u8],
+    initrd_size: u32,
+    mem_size: u64,
+    acpi_data_size: u32,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    const MIN_KERNEL_LENGTH: usize = 0x1000;
+    if kernel_data.len() < MIN_KERNEL_LENGTH {
+        bail!("the kernel image is too short");
+    }
+
+    let mut kd = kernel_data.to_vec();
+
+    let protocol = u16::from_le_bytes(kd[0x206..0x208].try_into().context("impossible failure")?);
+
+    let (real_addr, cmdline_addr) = if protocol < 0x200 || (kd[0x211] & 0x01) == 0 {
+        (0x90000_u32, 0x9a000_u32)
+    } else {
+        (0x10000_u32, 0x20000_u32)
+    };
+
+    if protocol >= 0x200 {
+        kd[0x210] = 0xb0; // type_of_loader = Qemu v0
+    }
+    if protocol >= 0x201 {
+        kd[0x211] |= 0x80; // loadflags |= CAN_USE_HEAP
+        let heap_end_ptr = cmdline_addr.saturating_sub(real_addr).saturating_sub(0x200);
+        kd[0x224..0x228].copy_from_slice(&heap_end_ptr.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    if protocol >= 0x202 {
+        kd[0x228..0x22C].copy_from_slice(&cmdline_addr.to_le_bytes());
+    } else {
+        kd[0x20..0x22].copy_from_slice(&0xa33f_u16.to_le_bytes());
+        let offset = cmdline_addr.saturating_sub(real_addr) as u16;
+        kd[0x22..0x24].copy_from_slice(&offset.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    if initrd_size > 0 {
+        if protocol < 0x200 {
+            bail!("the kernel image is too old for ramdisk");
+        }
+        let mut initrd_max = if protocol >= 0x20c {
+            let xlf =
+                u16::from_le_bytes(kd[0x236..0x238].try_into().context("impossible failure")?);
+            if (xlf & 0x40) != 0 {
+                u32::MAX
+            } else {
+                0x37ffffff
+            }
+        } else if protocol >= 0x203 {
+            let max =
+                u32::from_le_bytes(kd[0x22c..0x230].try_into().context("impossible failure")?);
+            if max == 0 {
+                0x37ffffff
+            } else {
+                max
+            }
+        } else {
+            0x37ffffff
+        };
+
+        let lowmem = if mem_size < TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY {
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY
+        } else {
+            0x80000000
+        };
+        let below_4g_mem_size = if mem_size >= lowmem {
+            lowmem as u32
+        } else {
+            mem_size as u32
+        };
+
+        if let Some(available_mem) = below_4g_mem_size.checked_sub(acpi_data_size) {
+            if initrd_max >= available_mem {
+                initrd_max = available_mem.saturating_sub(1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // If acpi_data_size >= below_4g_mem_size, we have no memory available
+            bail!(
+                "ACPI data size ({}) exceeds available memory ({})",
+                acpi_data_size,
+                below_4g_mem_size
+            );
+        }
+        if initrd_size >= initrd_max {
+            bail!("initrd is too large");
+        }
+
+        let initrd_addr = initrd_max.saturating_sub(initrd_size) & !4095;
+        kd[0x218..0x21C].copy_from_slice(&initrd_addr.to_le_bytes());
+        kd[0x21C..0x220].copy_from_slice(&initrd_size.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    Ok(kd)
+}
+
+/// Compute the first RTMR[1] event digest: the Authenticode SHA-384 hash of the
+/// kernel after QEMU applies its setup-header patches.
+pub(crate) fn patched_kernel_authenticode_sha384(
+    kernel_data: &[u8],
+    initrd_size: u32,
+    mem_size: u64,
+    acpi_data_size: u32,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let kd = patch_kernel(kernel_data, initrd_size, mem_size, acpi_data_size)
+        .context("Failed to patch kernel")?;
+    authenticode_sha384_hash(&kd).context("Failed to compute kernel hash")
+}
+
+/// Measures a QEMU-patched TDX kernel image.
+pub(crate) fn rtmr1_log(
+    kernel_data: &[u8],
+    initrd_size: u32,
+    mem_size: u64,
+    acpi_data_size: u32,
+) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let kernel_hash =
+        patched_kernel_authenticode_sha384(kernel_data, initrd_size, mem_size, acpi_data_size)?;
+    Ok(vec![
+        kernel_hash,
+        measure_sha384(b"Calling EFI Application from Boot Option"),
+        measure_sha384(&[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]), // Separator
+        measure_sha384(b"Exit Boot Services Invocation"),
+        measure_sha384(b"Exit Boot Services Returned with Success"),
+    ])
+}
+
+/// Measures the kernel command line by converting to UTF-16LE and hashing.
+pub(crate) fn measure_cmdline(cmdline: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut utf16_cmdline = utf16_encode(cmdline);
+    utf16_cmdline.extend([0, 0]);
+    measure_sha384(&utf16_cmdline)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn initrd_addr(kernel: &[u8]) -> u32 {
+        u32::from_le_bytes(kernel[0x218..0x21c].try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_kernel_patch_uses_precomputed_digest_at_2g_and_high_memory() {
+        let mut kernel = vec![0u8; 0x1000];
+        // Linux boot protocol >= 2.12 with XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G makes
+        // QEMU derive the initrd address from available low memory.
+        kernel[0x206..0x208].copy_from_slice(&0x020cu16.to_le_bytes());
+        kernel[0x236..0x238].copy_from_slice(&0x0040u16.to_le_bytes());
+
+        let below_2g = patch_kernel(&kernel, 0x100000, 0x80000000 - 0x1000, 0x28000).unwrap();
+        let at_2g = patch_kernel(&kernel, 0x100000, 0x80000000, 0x28000).unwrap();
+        let between_2g_and_high_mem = patch_kernel(
+            &kernel,
+            0x100000,
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY - 0x1000,
+            0x28000,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let at_threshold = patch_kernel(
+            &kernel,
+            0x100000,
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY,
+            0x28000,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let above_threshold = patch_kernel(
+            &kernel,
+            0x100000,
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY + 0x4000_0000,
+            0x28000,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_ne!(initrd_addr(&below_2g), initrd_addr(&at_2g));
+        assert_ne!(
+            initrd_addr(&between_2g_and_high_mem),
+            initrd_addr(&at_threshold)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(initrd_addr(&at_2g), initrd_addr(&at_threshold));
+        assert_eq!(initrd_addr(&at_threshold), initrd_addr(&above_threshold));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/lib.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de2a1cd7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+
+pub use dstack_types::OvmfVariant;
+pub use machine::{Machine, TdxMeasurementDetails};
+
+use util::{measure_log, measure_sha384, utf16_encode};
+
+pub type RtmrLog = Vec<Vec<u8>>;
+pub type RtmrLogs = [RtmrLog; 3];
+
+mod acpi;
+mod kernel;
+mod machine;
+pub mod measurement;
+mod num;
+pub mod sev;
+mod tdvf;
+pub mod tdx;
+mod util;
+
+/// Return the supported OVMF variant for a dstack OS version string.
+///
+/// Current images use `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH`; historical images may append one
+/// non-empty dot-separated release or pre-release component. The first three
+/// components remain numeric. All valid versions currently use `Pre202505`.
+pub fn ovmf_variant_for_version(version: &str) -> Result<OvmfVariant> {
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = version.split('.').collect();
+    if !(3..=4).contains(&parts.len()) || parts.get(3).is_some_and(|part| part.is_empty()) {
+        bail!("expected MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[.SUFFIX], got {version}");
+    }
+    for part in &parts[..3] {
+        part.parse::<u32>()
+            .with_context(|| format!("invalid version component: {part}"))?;
+    }
+    Ok(OvmfVariant::Pre202505)
+}
+
+/// Extract the `MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH` version suffix from a dstack image name.
+///
+/// Recognises any `<prefix>-MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[.SUFFIX]` shape, e.g.
+/// `dstack-0.5.10`, `dstack-dev-0.5.10`, `dstack-nvidia-0.5.10`,
+/// `dstack-nvidia-dev-0.5.10`, `dstack-0.5.10.rc1`, `dstack-dev-0.6.1.dev`.
+///
+/// The optional `.SUFFIX` is permitted to be non-numeric (pre-release tag,
+/// build label, etc.) and is dropped from the returned slice — only the
+/// numeric `X.Y.Z` is needed to validate the image version.
+///
+/// Returns `None` when the segment after the last `-` is not at least a valid
+/// `X.Y.Z` triple of non-empty numeric components.
+pub fn extract_version_from_image_name(image: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    let tail = image.rsplit('-').next()?;
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = tail.split('.').collect();
+    if !(3..=4).contains(&parts.len()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let core_numeric = parts[..3]
+        .iter()
+        .all(|p| !p.is_empty() && p.parse::<u32>().is_ok());
+    let suffix_ok = parts.len() == 3 || !parts[3].is_empty();
+    if !(core_numeric && suffix_ok) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Slice off the optional `.SUFFIX` so callers get just `X.Y.Z`.
+    let core_len = parts[0].len() + 1 + parts[1].len() + 1 + parts[2].len();
+    Some(&tail[..core_len])
+}
+
+/// Return the supported OVMF variant from an image name like `dstack-0.5.10`.
+///
+/// Falls back to `OvmfVariant::default()` (= `Pre202505`) when the image name is
+/// missing or doesn't carry a parseable version suffix. Use this only as a
+/// fallback for images that pre-date `VmConfig::ovmf_variant`.
+pub fn ovmf_variant_for_image(image: Option<&str>) -> OvmfVariant {
+    image
+        .and_then(extract_version_from_image_name)
+        .and_then(|v| ovmf_variant_for_version(v).ok())
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod ovmf_variant_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pre_202505_for_all_versions() {
+        for v in [
+            "0.4.99",
+            "0.5.4.1",
+            "0.5.7",
+            "0.5.8",
+            "0.5.9",
+            "0.5.10",
+            "0.5.10.rc1",
+            "0.5.99",
+            "0.6.0",
+            "0.6.1",
+            "0.6.2",
+            "0.7.0",
+            "1.0.0",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(
+                ovmf_variant_for_version(v).unwrap(),
+                OvmfVariant::Pre202505,
+                "{v}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_malformed_version() {
+        assert!(ovmf_variant_for_version("0.5").is_err());
+        assert!(ovmf_variant_for_version("0.5.10-dev").is_err());
+        assert!(ovmf_variant_for_version("v0.5.10").is_err());
+        assert!(ovmf_variant_for_version("0.5.10.").is_err());
+        assert!(ovmf_variant_for_version("0.5.10.1.2").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_version_from_image_name() {
+        // Three-segment plain versions across the known prefix shapes.
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-0.5.10"),
+            Some("0.5.10")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-dev-0.5.10"),
+            Some("0.5.10")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-nvidia-0.5.10"),
+            Some("0.5.10")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-nvidia-dev-0.6.1"),
+            Some("0.6.1")
+        );
+        // Optional .SUFFIX is allowed and dropped; suffix may be non-numeric.
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-0.5.10.rc1"),
+            Some("0.5.10")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-dev-0.6.1.dev"),
+            Some("0.6.1")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-nvidia-dev-0.5.10.1"),
+            Some("0.5.10")
+        );
+        // Rejections.
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack"), None);
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-rc1"), None);
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-0.5"), None);
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-0.5.10."), None);
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-0.5.10.1.2"), None);
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-0..10"), None);
+        assert_eq!(extract_version_from_image_name("dstack-a.b.c"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ovmf_variant_for_image_handles_missing_and_unknown() {
+        assert_eq!(ovmf_variant_for_image(None), OvmfVariant::Pre202505);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ovmf_variant_for_image(Some("dstack")),
+            OvmfVariant::Pre202505
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ovmf_variant_for_image(Some("dstack-0.5.9")),
+            OvmfVariant::Pre202505
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ovmf_variant_for_image(Some("dstack-0.5.10")),
+            OvmfVariant::Pre202505
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            ovmf_variant_for_image(Some("dstack-nvidia-dev-0.6.1")),
+            OvmfVariant::Pre202505
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn serializes_with_snake_case() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_string(&OvmfVariant::Pre202505).unwrap(),
+            "\"pre202505\""
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::from_str::<OvmfVariant>("\"pre202505\"").unwrap(),
+            OvmfVariant::Pre202505
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Contains all the measurement values for TDX.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TdxMeasurements {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub mrtd: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub rtmr0: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub rtmr1: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub rtmr2: Vec<u8>,
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/machine.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/machine.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eda97e61f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/machine.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::acpi::Tables;
+use crate::tdvf::Tdvf;
+use crate::util::debug_print_log;
+use crate::{kernel, OvmfVariant, RtmrLogs, TdxMeasurements};
+use crate::{measure_log, measure_sha384};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use log::debug;
+
+#[derive(Debug, bon::Builder)]
+pub struct Machine<'a> {
+    pub cpu_count: u32,
+    pub memory_size: u64,
+    pub firmware: &'a str,
+    pub kernel: &'a str,
+    pub initrd: &'a str,
+    pub kernel_cmdline: &'a str,
+    pub two_pass_add_pages: Option<bool>,
+    pub pic: Option<bool>,
+    pub qemu_version: Option<String>,
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    pub smm: bool,
+    pub pci_hole64_size: Option<u64>,
+    pub hugepages: bool,
+    pub num_gpus: u32,
+    pub num_nvswitches: u32,
+    /// Number of virtio-net NICs. Each NIC contributes a PCI device to the
+    /// ACPI/DSDT layout measured into RTMR0. Defaults to 1 so callers that
+    /// predate this field keep the historical single-NIC layout.
+    #[builder(default = 1)]
+    pub num_nics: u32,
+    /// Number of virtio-blk verity volumes attached before the NICs.
+    #[builder(default)]
+    pub num_verity_volumes: u32,
+    /// Whether QEMU attaches a tpm-tis device backed by swtpm.
+    #[builder(default)]
+    pub swtpm: bool,
+    pub hotplug_off: bool,
+    pub root_verity: bool,
+    #[builder(default)]
+    pub host_share_mode: String,
+    /// Selects which OVMF measurement event layout to expect.
+    /// Defaults to the supported pre-202505 layout.
+    #[builder(default)]
+    pub ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant,
+}
+
+fn parse_version_tuple(v: &str) -> Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+    let mut parts = v.split('.');
+    let major = parts
+        .next()
+        .context("Version string must have exactly 3 parts (major.minor.patch)")?
+        .parse::<u32>()
+        .context("Invalid version number")?;
+    let minor = parts
+        .next()
+        .context("Version string must have exactly 3 parts (major.minor.patch)")?
+        .parse::<u32>()
+        .context("Invalid version number")?;
+    let patch = parts
+        .next()
+        .context("Version string must have exactly 3 parts (major.minor.patch)")?
+        .parse::<u32>()
+        .context("Invalid version number")?;
+    if parts.next().is_some() {
+        bail!("Version string must have exactly 3 parts (major.minor.patch)");
+    }
+    Ok((major, minor, patch))
+}
+
+impl Machine<'_> {
+    pub fn versioned_options(&self) -> Result<VersionedOptions> {
+        let version = match &self.qemu_version {
+            Some(v) => Some(parse_version_tuple(v).context("Failed to parse QEMU version")?),
+            None => None,
+        };
+        let default_pic;
+        let default_two_pass;
+        let version = version.unwrap_or((9, 1, 0));
+        if version < (8, 0, 0) {
+            bail!("Unsupported QEMU version: {version:?}");
+        }
+        if ((8, 0, 0)..(9, 0, 0)).contains(&version) {
+            default_pic = true;
+            default_two_pass = true;
+        } else {
+            default_pic = false;
+            default_two_pass = false;
+        };
+        Ok(VersionedOptions {
+            version,
+            pic: self.pic.unwrap_or(default_pic),
+            two_pass_add_pages: self.two_pass_add_pages.unwrap_or(default_two_pass),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct VersionedOptions {
+    pub version: (u32, u32, u32),
+    pub pic: bool,
+    pub two_pass_add_pages: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TdxMeasurementDetails {
+    pub measurements: TdxMeasurements,
+    pub rtmr_logs: RtmrLogs,
+    pub acpi_tables: Tables,
+}
+
+impl Machine<'_> {
+    pub fn measure(&self) -> Result<TdxMeasurements> {
+        self.measure_with_logs().map(|details| details.measurements)
+    }
+
+    pub fn measure_with_logs(&self) -> Result<TdxMeasurementDetails> {
+        debug!("measuring machine: {self:#?}");
+        let fw_data = fs::read(self.firmware)?;
+        let kernel_data = fs::read(self.kernel)?;
+        let initrd_data = fs::read(self.initrd)?;
+        let tdvf = Tdvf::parse(&fw_data).context("Failed to parse TDVF metadata")?;
+
+        let mrtd = tdvf.mrtd(self).context("Failed to compute MR TD")?;
+
+        let (rtmr0_log, acpi_tables) = tdvf
+            .rtmr0_log(self)
+            .context("Failed to compute RTMR0 log")?;
+        debug_print_log("RTMR0", &rtmr0_log);
+        let rtmr0 = measure_log(&rtmr0_log);
+
+        let rtmr1_log = kernel::rtmr1_log(
+            &kernel_data,
+            initrd_data.len() as u32,
+            self.memory_size,
+            0x28000,
+        )?;
+        debug_print_log("RTMR1", &rtmr1_log);
+        let rtmr1 = measure_log(&rtmr1_log);
+
+        let rtmr2_log = vec![
+            kernel::measure_cmdline(self.kernel_cmdline),
+            measure_sha384(&initrd_data),
+        ];
+        debug_print_log("RTMR2", &rtmr2_log);
+        let rtmr2 = measure_log(&rtmr2_log);
+
+        Ok(TdxMeasurementDetails {
+            measurements: TdxMeasurements {
+                mrtd,
+                rtmr0,
+                rtmr1,
+                rtmr2,
+            },
+            rtmr_logs: [rtmr0_log, rtmr1_log, rtmr2_log],
+            acpi_tables,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/main.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b5e52d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `dstack-mr` CLI.
+//!
+//! Exposes build-time OS-image measurement material/hash computations.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+const USAGE: &str = "\
+usage:
+  dstack-mr measure-os <image_dir>
+  dstack-mr inspect-measurement [tdx|snp|gcp|aws] <measurement.cbor>
+  dstack-mr tdx-measurement-cbor <image_dir>
+  dstack-mr snp-measurement-cbor <image_dir>
+  dstack-mr gcp-measurement-cbor <uki_auth_hash_file>
+  dstack-mr aws-measurement-cbor <pcr4_hex> <pcr7_hex> <pcr12_hex>
+  dstack-mr tdx-measurement-hash <image_dir>
+  dstack-mr snp-measurement-hash <image_dir>
+
+features:
+  split-cbor-measurement-v3";
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
+    match args.next().as_deref() {
+        Some("measure-os") => {
+            let image_dir = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let document = dstack_mr::measurement::os_image_measurement_document_for_image_dir(
+                Path::new(&image_dir),
+            )
+            .context("failed to compute os image measurement document")?;
+            println!(
+                "{}",
+                serde_json::to_string(&document)
+                    .context("failed to serialize os image measurement document")?
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("inspect-measurement") => {
+            let first = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let second = args.next();
+            let (kind, measurement_cbor) = match second {
+                Some(path) => (first, path),
+                None => (infer_measurement_kind(&first)?, first),
+            };
+            let document = inspect_measurement(&kind, Path::new(&measurement_cbor))
+                .context("failed to inspect os image measurement document")?;
+            println!(
+                "{}",
+                serde_json::to_string_pretty(&document)
+                    .context("failed to serialize decoded measurement document")?
+            );
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("snp-measurement-cbor") => {
+            let image_dir = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let cbor =
+                dstack_mr::sev::sev_os_image_measurement_cbor_for_image_dir(Path::new(&image_dir))
+                    .context("failed to compute amd sev-snp measurement CBOR")?;
+            std::io::stdout()
+                .write_all(&cbor)
+                .context("failed to write amd sev-snp measurement CBOR")?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("gcp-measurement-cbor") => {
+            let hash_file = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let hash =
+                read_hex_file(&hash_file).context("failed to read GCP UKI Authenticode hash")?;
+            let hash =
+                hex::decode(hash.trim()).context("GCP UKI Authenticode hash is not valid hex")?;
+            let cbor = dstack_types::GcpOsImageMeasurement::new(hash)
+                .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?
+                .to_cbor_vec();
+            std::io::stdout()
+                .write_all(&cbor)
+                .context("failed to write GCP measurement CBOR")?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("aws-measurement-cbor") => {
+            let pcr4 = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let pcr7 = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let pcr12 = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let cbor = aws_measurement_cbor(&pcr4, &pcr7, &pcr12)
+                .context("failed to build AWS measurement CBOR")?;
+            std::io::stdout()
+                .write_all(&cbor)
+                .context("failed to write AWS measurement CBOR")?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("tdx-measurement-cbor") => {
+            let image_dir = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let cbor =
+                dstack_mr::tdx::tdx_os_image_measurement_cbor_for_image_dir(Path::new(&image_dir))
+                    .context("failed to compute tdx measurement CBOR")?;
+            std::io::stdout()
+                .write_all(&cbor)
+                .context("failed to write tdx measurement CBOR")?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("snp-measurement-hash") | Some("sev-measurement-hash") => {
+            let image_dir = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let hash = dstack_mr::sev::sev_measurement_hash_for_image_dir(Path::new(&image_dir))
+                .context("failed to compute amd sev-snp measurement hash")?;
+            println!("{}", hex::encode(hash));
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("tdx-measurement-hash") => {
+            let image_dir = args.next().context(USAGE)?;
+            let hash = dstack_mr::tdx::tdx_measurement_hash_for_image_dir(Path::new(&image_dir))
+                .context("failed to compute tdx measurement hash")?;
+            println!("{}", hex::encode(hash));
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some("-h") | Some("--help") => {
+            println!("{USAGE}");
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Some(other) => bail!("unknown subcommand {other:?}\n{USAGE}"),
+        None => bail!("{USAGE}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn inspect_measurement(kind: &str, path: &Path) -> Result<Value> {
+    let cbor = fs_err::read(path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    match kind {
+        "tdx" => dstack_types::TdxOsImageMeasurement::cbor_json_value_from_slice(&cbor)
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg),
+        "snp" | "sev" => dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement::cbor_json_value_from_slice(&cbor)
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg),
+        "gcp" => dstack_types::GcpOsImageMeasurement::cbor_json_value_from_slice(&cbor)
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg),
+        "aws" => {
+            let measurement = dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&cbor)
+                .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+            serde_json::to_value(measurement).context("failed to convert AWS measurement to JSON")
+        }
+        other => bail!("unknown measurement kind {other:?}; expected tdx, snp, gcp, or aws"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn decode_sha384_pcr_hex(label: &str, hex_value: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let bytes =
+        hex::decode(hex_value.trim()).with_context(|| format!("{label} is not valid hex"))?;
+    if bytes.len() != dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurement::PCR_SHA384_LEN {
+        bail!(
+            "{label} must be {} bytes (SHA384), got {}",
+            dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurement::PCR_SHA384_LEN,
+            bytes.len()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+/// Encode `measurement.aws.cbor` as a single `boot_pcr_digest =
+/// sha256(PCR4||PCR7||PCR12)` (same composition as legacy image hash).
+fn aws_measurement_cbor(pcr4_hex: &str, pcr7_hex: &str, pcr12_hex: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let measurement = dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurement::from_boot_pcrs(
+        &decode_sha384_pcr_hex("pcr4", pcr4_hex)?,
+        &decode_sha384_pcr_hex("pcr7", pcr7_hex)?,
+        &decode_sha384_pcr_hex("pcr12", pcr12_hex)?,
+    )
+    .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+    Ok(measurement.to_cbor_vec())
+}
+
+fn read_hex_file(path: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let path = Path::new(path);
+    fs_err::read_to_string(path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+fn infer_measurement_kind(path: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let filename = Path::new(path)
+        .file_name()
+        .and_then(|name| name.to_str())
+        .unwrap_or(path);
+    if filename.contains(".tdx.") || filename.contains("tdx") {
+        Ok("tdx".to_string())
+    } else if filename.contains(".snp.") || filename.contains("snp") || filename.contains("sev") {
+        Ok("snp".to_string())
+    } else if filename.contains(".gcp.") || filename.contains("gcp") {
+        Ok("gcp".to_string())
+    } else if filename.contains(".aws.") || filename.contains("aws") {
+        Ok("aws".to_string())
+    } else {
+        bail!(
+            "cannot infer measurement kind from {filename:?}; pass tdx, snp, gcp, or aws explicitly"
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/measurement.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/measurement.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b4e30bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/measurement.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Compatibility helpers for build-time OS-image measurement documents.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::{
+    GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument, OsImageMeasurementDocument, SevOsImageMeasurementDocument,
+    TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument, GCP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME, SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+    TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct ImageMetadata {
+    #[serde(default, rename = "bios-sev")]
+    bios_sev: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Generate a compatibility `measurement.json` for an image directory that has
+/// already produced `sha256sum.txt` plus split measurement CBOR files.
+///
+/// New image builds should ship `measurement.tdx.cbor` / `measurement.snp.cbor`
+/// directly instead of this combined JSON document.
+pub fn os_image_measurement_document_for_image_dir(
+    image_dir: &Path,
+) -> Result<OsImageMeasurementDocument> {
+    let meta_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+    let meta_str = fs::read_to_string(&meta_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", meta_path.display()))?;
+    let meta: ImageMetadata =
+        serde_json::from_str(&meta_str).context("failed to parse image metadata.json")?;
+    let sha256sum_path = image_dir.join("sha256sum.txt");
+    let sha256sum = fs::read(&sha256sum_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", sha256sum_path.display()))?;
+
+    let tdx_path = image_dir.join(TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME);
+    let tdx = if tdx_path.exists() {
+        Some(TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+            sha256sum.clone(),
+            fs::read(&tdx_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", tdx_path.display()))?,
+        ))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    let snp = if meta.bios_sev.is_some() {
+        let snp_path = image_dir.join(SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME);
+        Some(SevOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+            sha256sum,
+            fs::read(&snp_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", snp_path.display()))?,
+        ))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    let gcp_path = image_dir.join(GCP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME);
+    let gcp = if gcp_path.exists() {
+        Some(GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+            fs::read(&sha256sum_path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", sha256sum_path.display()))?,
+            fs::read(&gcp_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", gcp_path.display()))?,
+        ))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    Ok(OsImageMeasurementDocument::new(tdx, snp, gcp))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/num.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/num.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56a7bd797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/num.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+
+pub(crate) trait Num {
+    fn read_le(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+impl Num for u16 {
+    fn read_le(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
+        if data.len() < 2 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(u16::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1]]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Num for u32 {
+    fn read_le(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
+        let bytes = data.get(0..4)?.try_into().ok()?;
+        Some(u32::from_le_bytes(bytes))
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn read_le<T: Num>(data: &[u8], index: usize, name: &str) -> Result<T> {
+    let data = &data
+        .get(index..)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Missing {name}"))?;
+    T::read_le(data).with_context(|| format!("Invalid {name}"))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/sev.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/sev.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59ff62f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/sev.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1742 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AMD SEV-SNP launch-measurement recomputation.
+//!
+//! This is the single source of truth shared by `dstack-kms` (key release) and
+//! `dstack-verifier` (attestation verification). It recomputes the expected SNP
+//! launch `MEASUREMENT` from self-contained launch inputs (the
+//! `sev_snp_measurement` document a VMM embeds in `vm_config`).
+//!
+//! It deals only in primitive, hardware-verified values (`measurement`,
+//! `host_data`) so it can stay free of attestation/RA-TLS types and be reused by
+//! both the KMS and the verifier without a dependency cycle. Verifying the report
+//! signature/collateral is the caller's job; this module recomputes the launch
+//! measurement and checks it against the already-verified one.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use binrw::{binread, BinRead, BinReaderExt};
+use dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha384};
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::Cursor;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+const LD_BYTES: usize = 48;
+const ZEROS_LD: [u8; LD_BYTES] = [0u8; LD_BYTES];
+/// Maximum number of vCPUs accepted in a measurement input.
+pub const MAX_VCPUS: u32 = 512;
+/// Maximum number of OVMF metadata sections accepted in a measurement input.
+pub const MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS: usize = 64;
+/// 64 GiB worth of 4 KiB pages — upper bound on measured OVMF metadata pages.
+pub const MAX_OVMF_METADATA_PAGES: u64 = 16_777_216;
+// VMSA page GPA: (u64)(-1) page-aligned, bits >51 cleared.
+const VMSA_GPA: u64 = 0x0000_FFFF_FFFF_F000;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct OvmfSectionParam {
+    pub gpa: u64,
+    pub size: u64,
+    /// Raw OVMF SEV metadata section type:
+    /// 1=SNP_SEC_MEMORY, 2=SNP_SECRETS, 3=CPUID, 4=SVSM_CAA,
+    /// 0x10=SNP_KERNEL_HASHES.
+    pub section_type: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct MeasurementInput {
+    /// Original image kernel cmdline used for SNP measured launch.
+    pub base_cmdline: String,
+    /// 48-byte OVMF GCTX launch digest seed supplied by the VMM.
+    pub ovmf_hash: String,
+    /// 32-byte kernel SHA-256 hash.
+    pub kernel_hash: String,
+    /// 32-byte initrd SHA-256 hash. An empty string is treated as the SHA-256 of
+    /// an empty initrd, matching QEMU/sev-snp-measure behavior.
+    pub initrd_hash: String,
+    /// GPA of the SevHashTable, from OVMF footer metadata.
+    pub sev_hashes_table_gpa: u64,
+    /// AP reset EIP, from OVMF footer metadata.
+    pub sev_es_reset_eip: u32,
+    pub vcpus: u32,
+    pub vcpu_type: Option<String>,
+    /// SNP guest features bitmask used at launch. QEMU uses 0x1 for SNP with
+    /// kernel hashes enabled in the current VMM path.
+    pub guest_features: u64,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_ovmf_sections_bounded")]
+    pub ovmf_sections: Vec<OvmfSectionParam>,
+}
+
+fn deserialize_ovmf_sections_bounded<'de, D>(
+    deserializer: D,
+) -> std::result::Result<Vec<OvmfSectionParam>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    struct BoundedOvmfSections;
+
+    impl<'de> serde::de::Visitor<'de> for BoundedOvmfSections {
+        type Value = Vec<OvmfSectionParam>;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            write!(
+                formatter,
+                "at most {MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS} OVMF metadata sections"
+            )
+        }
+
+        fn visit_seq<A>(self, mut seq: A) -> std::result::Result<Vec<OvmfSectionParam>, A::Error>
+        where
+            A: serde::de::SeqAccess<'de>,
+        {
+            let mut sections =
+                Vec::with_capacity(seq.size_hint().unwrap_or(0).min(MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS));
+            while let Some(section) = seq.next_element()? {
+                if sections.len() >= MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS {
+                    return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+                        "ovmf section count must not exceed {MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS}"
+                    )));
+                }
+                sections.push(section);
+            }
+            Ok(sections)
+        }
+    }
+
+    deserializer.deserialize_seq(BoundedOvmfSections)
+}
+
+/// Validate a `MeasurementInput` for shape/bounds before recomputation.
+pub fn validate_measurement_input(input: &MeasurementInput) -> Result<()> {
+    if input.guest_features == 0 {
+        bail!("guest_features must be non-zero");
+    }
+
+    rootfs_hash_from_cmdline(Some(&input.base_cmdline))?;
+    decode_required_hex("kernel_hash", &input.kernel_hash, 32)?;
+    decode_optional_hex("initrd_hash", &input.initrd_hash, 32)?;
+    if input.vcpus == 0 {
+        bail!("vcpus must be greater than zero");
+    }
+    if input.vcpus > MAX_VCPUS {
+        bail!("vcpus must not exceed {MAX_VCPUS}");
+    }
+    match input.vcpu_type.as_deref() {
+        Some(vcpu_type) if !vcpu_type.trim().is_empty() => {
+            vcpu_sig_from_type(vcpu_type)?;
+        }
+        _ => bail!("vcpu_type is required"),
+    }
+
+    if input.ovmf_sections.is_empty() {
+        bail!("ovmf_sections are required for amd sev-snp");
+    }
+
+    decode_required_hex("ovmf_hash", &input.ovmf_hash, 48)?;
+    if input.ovmf_sections.len() > MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS {
+        bail!("ovmf section count must not exceed {MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS}");
+    }
+    if input.sev_hashes_table_gpa == 0 {
+        bail!("sev_hashes_table_gpa must be non-zero");
+    }
+    if input.sev_es_reset_eip == 0 {
+        bail!("sev_es_reset_eip must be non-zero");
+    }
+
+    let mut has_kernel_hashes_section = false;
+    let mut measured_pages = 0u64;
+    for section in &input.ovmf_sections {
+        if section.size == 0 {
+            bail!("ovmf section size must be greater than zero");
+        }
+        let pages = section.size.div_ceil(4096);
+        measured_pages = measured_pages
+            .checked_add(pages)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("ovmf metadata page count overflow"))?;
+        if measured_pages > MAX_OVMF_METADATA_PAGES {
+            bail!("ovmf metadata page count must not exceed {MAX_OVMF_METADATA_PAGES}");
+        }
+        let section_type = SectionType::from_u32(section.section_type).ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!("unknown ovmf section_type {:#x}", section.section_type)
+        })?;
+        has_kernel_hashes_section |= section_type == SectionType::SnpKernelHashes;
+    }
+    if !has_kernel_hashes_section {
+        bail!("ovmf metadata does not include a snp_kernel_hashes section");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn decode_required_hex(name: &str, value: &str, expected_len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        bail!("{name} must not be empty");
+    }
+    decode_optional_hex(name, value, expected_len)
+}
+
+pub fn decode_optional_hex(name: &str, value: &str, expected_len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(Vec::new());
+    }
+    let bytes = hex::decode(value).map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("{name} must be valid hex"))?;
+    if bytes.len() != expected_len {
+        bail!("{name} must be {expected_len} bytes");
+    }
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+struct Gctx {
+    ld: [u8; LD_BYTES],
+}
+
+impl Gctx {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { ld: ZEROS_LD }
+    }
+
+    fn from_ovmf_hash(hex_value: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let raw = hex::decode(hex_value).context("ovmf_hash must be valid hex")?;
+        let ld: [u8; LD_BYTES] = raw
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("ovmf_hash must be 48 bytes"))?;
+        Ok(Self { ld })
+    }
+
+    /// SNP spec §8.17.2 PAGE_INFO layout (112 bytes): current digest,
+    /// contents digest, length, page type, permissions/reserved, and GPA.
+    fn update(&mut self, page_type: u8, gpa: u64, contents: &[u8; LD_BYTES]) {
+        let mut buf = [0u8; 0x70];
+        buf[..LD_BYTES].copy_from_slice(&self.ld);
+        buf[48..96].copy_from_slice(contents);
+        buf[96..98].copy_from_slice(&0x70u16.to_le_bytes());
+        buf[98] = page_type;
+        buf[104..112].copy_from_slice(&gpa.to_le_bytes());
+        let mut digest = [0u8; LD_BYTES];
+        digest.copy_from_slice(&Sha384::digest(buf));
+        self.ld = digest;
+    }
+
+    fn sha384(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; LD_BYTES] {
+        let mut out = [0u8; LD_BYTES];
+        out.copy_from_slice(&Sha384::digest(data));
+        out
+    }
+
+    fn update_normal_pages(&mut self, start_gpa: u64, data: &[u8]) {
+        for (i, chunk) in data.chunks(4096).enumerate() {
+            self.update(0x01, start_gpa + (i * 4096) as u64, &Self::sha384(chunk));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn update_zero_pages(&mut self, gpa: u64, len: usize) {
+        for i in (0..len).step_by(4096) {
+            self.update(0x03, gpa + i as u64, &ZEROS_LD);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn update_secrets_page(&mut self, gpa: u64) {
+        self.update(0x05, gpa, &ZEROS_LD);
+    }
+
+    fn update_cpuid_page(&mut self, gpa: u64) {
+        self.update(0x06, gpa, &ZEROS_LD);
+    }
+
+    fn update_vmsa_page(&mut self, page: &[u8]) {
+        self.update(0x02, VMSA_GPA, &Self::sha384(page));
+    }
+}
+
+const GUID_LE_HASH_TABLE_HEADER: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x06, 0xd6, 0x38, 0x94, 0x22, 0x4f, 0xc9, 0x4c, 0xb4, 0x79, 0xa7, 0x93, 0xd4, 0x11, 0xfd, 0x21,
+];
+const GUID_LE_KERNEL_ENTRY: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x37, 0x94, 0xe7, 0x4d, 0xd2, 0xab, 0x7f, 0x42, 0xb8, 0x35, 0xd5, 0xb1, 0x72, 0xd2, 0x04, 0x5b,
+];
+const GUID_LE_INITRD_ENTRY: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x31, 0xf7, 0xba, 0x44, 0x2f, 0x3a, 0xd7, 0x4b, 0x9a, 0xf1, 0x41, 0xe2, 0x91, 0x69, 0x78, 0x1d,
+];
+const GUID_LE_CMDLINE_ENTRY: [u8; 16] = [
+    0xd8, 0x2d, 0xd0, 0x97, 0x20, 0xbd, 0x94, 0x4c, 0xaa, 0x78, 0xe7, 0x71, 0x4d, 0x36, 0xab, 0x2a,
+];
+
+fn sev_entry(guid: &[u8; 16], hash: &[u8; 32]) -> [u8; 50] {
+    let mut entry = [0u8; 50];
+    entry[..16].copy_from_slice(guid);
+    entry[16..18].copy_from_slice(&50u16.to_le_bytes());
+    entry[18..].copy_from_slice(hash);
+    entry
+}
+
+fn build_sev_hashes_page(
+    kernel_hash_hex: &str,
+    initrd_hash_hex: &str,
+    append: &str,
+    page_offset: usize,
+) -> Result<[u8; 4096]> {
+    let kernel_hash: [u8; 32] = hex::decode(kernel_hash_hex)
+        .context("kernel_hash must be valid hex")?
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("kernel_hash must be 32 bytes"))?;
+
+    let initrd_hash: [u8; 32] = if initrd_hash_hex.is_empty() {
+        let mut h = [0u8; 32];
+        h.copy_from_slice(&Sha256::digest(b""));
+        h
+    } else {
+        hex::decode(initrd_hash_hex)
+            .context("initrd_hash must be valid hex")?
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("initrd_hash must be 32 bytes"))?
+    };
+
+    let mut cmdline_bytes = append.as_bytes().to_vec();
+    cmdline_bytes.push(0);
+    let mut cmdline_hash = [0u8; 32];
+    cmdline_hash.copy_from_slice(&Sha256::digest(&cmdline_bytes));
+
+    let cmdline_entry = sev_entry(&GUID_LE_CMDLINE_ENTRY, &cmdline_hash);
+    let initrd_entry = sev_entry(&GUID_LE_INITRD_ENTRY, &initrd_hash);
+    let kernel_entry = sev_entry(&GUID_LE_KERNEL_ENTRY, &kernel_hash);
+
+    const TABLE_SIZE: usize = 16 + 2 + 50 + 50 + 50;
+    let mut table = [0u8; TABLE_SIZE];
+    table[..16].copy_from_slice(&GUID_LE_HASH_TABLE_HEADER);
+    table[16..18].copy_from_slice(&(TABLE_SIZE as u16).to_le_bytes());
+    table[18..68].copy_from_slice(&cmdline_entry);
+    table[68..118].copy_from_slice(&initrd_entry);
+    table[118..168].copy_from_slice(&kernel_entry);
+
+    const PADDED: usize = (TABLE_SIZE + 15) & !(15usize);
+    if page_offset + PADDED > 4096 {
+        bail!("sev hash table overflows 4096-byte page");
+    }
+    let mut page = [0u8; 4096];
+    page[page_offset..page_offset + TABLE_SIZE].copy_from_slice(&table);
+    Ok(page)
+}
+
+fn measured_kernel_cmdline(input: &str) -> String {
+    input.trim().to_string()
+}
+
+fn effective_initrd_hash_from_hex(value: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(Sha256::digest(b"").to_vec());
+    }
+    decode_required_hex("initrd_hash", value, 32)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SectionType {
+    SnpSecMemory = 1,
+    SnpSecrets = 2,
+    Cpuid = 3,
+    SvsmCaa = 4,
+    SnpKernelHashes = 0x10,
+}
+
+impl SectionType {
+    pub fn from_u32(value: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            1 => Some(Self::SnpSecMemory),
+            2 => Some(Self::SnpSecrets),
+            3 => Some(Self::Cpuid),
+            4 => Some(Self::SvsmCaa),
+            0x10 => Some(Self::SnpKernelHashes),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct MetadataSection {
+    pub gpa: u64,
+    pub size: u64,
+    pub section_type: SectionType,
+}
+
+pub struct OvmfInfo {
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+    pub gpa: u64,
+    pub sections: Vec<MetadataSection>,
+    pub sev_hashes_table_gpa: u64,
+    pub sev_es_reset_eip: u32,
+}
+
+const GUID_FOOTER_TABLE: [u8; 16] = [
+    0xde, 0x82, 0xb5, 0x96, 0xb2, 0x1f, 0xf7, 0x45, 0xba, 0xea, 0xa3, 0x66, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0x08, 0x2d,
+];
+const GUID_SEV_HASH_TABLE_RV: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x1f, 0x37, 0x55, 0x72, 0x3b, 0x3a, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x92, 0x7b, 0x1d, 0xa6, 0xef, 0xa8, 0xd4, 0x54,
+];
+const GUID_SEV_ES_RESET_BLK: [u8; 16] = [
+    0xde, 0x71, 0xf7, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x1a, 0xcb, 0x4f, 0x89, 0x0e, 0x68, 0xc7, 0x7e, 0x2f, 0xb4, 0x4e,
+];
+const GUID_SEV_META_DATA: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x66, 0x65, 0x88, 0xdc, 0x4a, 0x98, 0x98, 0x47, 0xa7, 0x5e, 0x55, 0x85, 0xa7, 0xbf, 0x67, 0xcc,
+];
+
+const FOUR_GIB: u64 = 0x1_0000_0000;
+const OVMF_RESET_VECTOR_TAIL_SIZE: usize = 32;
+const OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE: usize = 18; // u16 size + GUID
+
+#[binread]
+#[br(little)]
+struct OvmfFooterTail {
+    total_size: u16,
+    #[br(temp, assert(guid == GUID_FOOTER_TABLE, "ovmf footer guid not found"))]
+    guid: [u8; 16],
+}
+
+#[derive(BinRead)]
+#[br(little)]
+struct OvmfFooterEntryTail {
+    size: u16,
+    guid: [u8; 16],
+}
+
+#[binread]
+#[br(little, magic = b"ASEV")]
+struct SevMetadataRaw {
+    #[br(temp)]
+    _size: u32,
+    #[br(temp, assert(version == 1, "ovmf sev metadata has unsupported version"))]
+    version: u32,
+    #[br(temp, assert(num_items as usize <= MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS, "ovmf sev metadata section count exceeds limit"))]
+    num_items: u32,
+    #[br(count = num_items)]
+    sections: Vec<SevMetadataSectionRaw>,
+}
+
+#[derive(BinRead)]
+#[br(little)]
+struct SevMetadataSectionRaw {
+    gpa: u32,
+    size: u32,
+    section_type: u32,
+}
+
+struct OvmfFooter {
+    sev_hashes_table_gpa: u64,
+    sev_es_reset_eip: u32,
+    metadata_offset_from_end: usize,
+}
+
+struct OvmfFooterEntry<'a> {
+    guid: [u8; 16],
+    data: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+fn read_le<T>(buf: &[u8], what: &str) -> Result<T>
+where
+    T: for<'a> BinRead<Args<'a> = ()>,
+{
+    Cursor::new(buf)
+        .read_le::<T>()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {what}"))
+}
+
+fn ovmf_gpa(size: usize) -> Result<u64> {
+    FOUR_GIB
+        .checked_sub(u64::try_from(size).context("ovmf binary size does not fit in u64")?)
+        .context("ovmf binary is larger than 4 gib")
+}
+
+fn ovmf_footer_table_bytes(data: &[u8]) -> Result<&[u8]> {
+    let footer_off = data
+        .len()
+        .checked_sub(OVMF_RESET_VECTOR_TAIL_SIZE + OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE)
+        .context("ovmf binary too small to contain footer table")?;
+
+    let footer: OvmfFooterTail = read_le(
+        data.get(footer_off..)
+            .context("ovmf footer out of bounds")?,
+        "ovmf footer",
+    )?;
+    if (footer.total_size as usize) < OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE {
+        bail!("ovmf footer table has invalid total size");
+    }
+
+    let table_size = footer.total_size as usize - OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE;
+    let table_start = footer_off
+        .checked_sub(table_size)
+        .context("ovmf footer table is out of bounds")?;
+    data.get(table_start..footer_off)
+        .context("ovmf footer table is out of bounds")
+}
+
+fn ovmf_footer_entries(table: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<OvmfFooterEntry<'_>>> {
+    let mut entries = Vec::new();
+    let mut end = table.len();
+    while end >= OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE {
+        let header_off = end - OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE;
+        let tail: OvmfFooterEntryTail = read_le(&table[header_off..end], "ovmf footer entry tail")?;
+        let entry_size = tail.size as usize;
+        if entry_size < OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE || entry_size > end {
+            bail!("ovmf footer table has invalid entry size");
+        }
+
+        let data_start = end - entry_size;
+        entries.push(OvmfFooterEntry {
+            guid: tail.guid,
+            data: &table[data_start..header_off],
+        });
+        end = data_start;
+    }
+    if end != 0 {
+        bail!("ovmf footer table has trailing bytes");
+    }
+    Ok(entries)
+}
+
+fn parse_ovmf_footer(data: &[u8]) -> Result<OvmfFooter> {
+    let mut sev_hashes_table_gpa = None;
+    let mut sev_es_reset_eip = None;
+    let mut metadata_offset_from_end = None;
+
+    for entry in ovmf_footer_entries(ovmf_footer_table_bytes(data)?)? {
+        if entry.data.len() < 4 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if entry.guid == GUID_SEV_HASH_TABLE_RV {
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa =
+                Some(read_le::<u32>(entry.data, "ovmf sev hash table entry")? as u64);
+        } else if entry.guid == GUID_SEV_ES_RESET_BLK {
+            sev_es_reset_eip = Some(read_le::<u32>(entry.data, "ovmf sev-es reset entry")?);
+        } else if entry.guid == GUID_SEV_META_DATA {
+            metadata_offset_from_end =
+                Some(read_le::<u32>(entry.data, "ovmf sev metadata entry")? as usize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let sev_hashes_table_gpa =
+        sev_hashes_table_gpa.context("ovmf sev hash table entry not found in footer table")?;
+    if sev_hashes_table_gpa == 0 {
+        bail!("ovmf sev hash table entry is zero");
+    }
+
+    let sev_es_reset_eip =
+        sev_es_reset_eip.context("ovmf sev_es_reset_block entry not found in footer table")?;
+    if sev_es_reset_eip == 0 {
+        bail!("ovmf sev_es_reset_block entry is zero");
+    }
+
+    let metadata_offset_from_end =
+        metadata_offset_from_end.context("ovmf sev metadata entry not found in footer table")?;
+    Ok(OvmfFooter {
+        sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+        sev_es_reset_eip,
+        metadata_offset_from_end,
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_ovmf_metadata_sections(
+    data: &[u8],
+    offset_from_end: usize,
+) -> Result<Vec<MetadataSection>> {
+    let meta_start = data
+        .len()
+        .checked_sub(offset_from_end)
+        .context("ovmf sev metadata offset exceeds file size")?;
+    let raw: SevMetadataRaw = read_le(
+        data.get(meta_start..)
+            .context("ovmf sev metadata offset exceeds file size")?,
+        "ovmf sev metadata",
+    )?;
+
+    raw.sections
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|section| {
+            let section_type = SectionType::from_u32(section.section_type).ok_or_else(|| {
+                let section_type_value = section.section_type;
+                anyhow::anyhow!("unknown ovmf section_type {section_type_value:#x}")
+            })?;
+            Ok(MetadataSection {
+                gpa: section.gpa as u64,
+                size: section.size as u64,
+                section_type,
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+impl OvmfInfo {
+    pub fn load(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let path = path.as_ref();
+        let data = fs::read(path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("cannot read ovmf binary '{}'", path.display()))?;
+        Self::parse(data)
+    }
+
+    fn parse(data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let footer = parse_ovmf_footer(&data)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            gpa: ovmf_gpa(data.len())?,
+            sections: parse_ovmf_metadata_sections(&data, footer.metadata_offset_from_end)?,
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa: footer.sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+            sev_es_reset_eip: footer.sev_es_reset_eip,
+            data,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_u16_le_at(buf: &mut [u8], off: usize, value: u16) {
+    buf[off..off + 2].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+fn write_u32_le_at(buf: &mut [u8], off: usize, value: u32) {
+    buf[off..off + 4].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+fn write_u64_le_at(buf: &mut [u8], off: usize, value: u64) {
+    buf[off..off + 8].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
+fn write_vmcb_seg(buf: &mut [u8], off: usize, selector: u16, attrib: u16, limit: u32, base: u64) {
+    write_u16_le_at(buf, off, selector);
+    write_u16_le_at(buf, off + 2, attrib);
+    write_u32_le_at(buf, off + 4, limit);
+    write_u64_le_at(buf, off + 8, base);
+}
+
+fn amd_cpu_sig(family: u32, model: u32, stepping: u32) -> u32 {
+    let (family_low, family_high) = if family > 0xf {
+        (0xf, (family - 0xf) & 0xff)
+    } else {
+        (family, 0)
+    };
+    let model_low = model & 0xf;
+    let model_high = (model >> 4) & 0xf;
+    (family_high << 20)
+        | (model_high << 16)
+        | (family_low << 8)
+        | (model_low << 4)
+        | (stepping & 0xf)
+}
+
+fn vcpu_sig_from_type(vcpu_type: &str) -> Result<u32> {
+    match vcpu_type.trim().to_lowercase().as_str() {
+        "epyc" | "epyc-v1" | "epyc-v2" | "epyc-ibpb" | "epyc-v3" | "epyc-v4" => {
+            Ok(amd_cpu_sig(23, 1, 2))
+        }
+        "epyc-rome" | "epyc-rome-v1" | "epyc-rome-v2" | "epyc-rome-v3" => {
+            Ok(amd_cpu_sig(23, 49, 0))
+        }
+        "epyc-milan" | "epyc-milan-v1" | "epyc-milan-v2" => Ok(amd_cpu_sig(25, 1, 1)),
+        "epyc-genoa" | "epyc-genoa-v1" => Ok(amd_cpu_sig(25, 17, 0)),
+        other => bail!("unknown vcpu_type {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_vmsa_page(eip: u32, vcpu_sig: u32, sev_features: u64) -> Box<[u8; 4096]> {
+    let mut page = Box::new([0u8; 4096]);
+    let p = page.as_mut_slice();
+
+    let cs_base = (eip as u64) & 0xffff_0000;
+    let rip = (eip as u64) & 0x0000_ffff;
+
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x000, 0, 0x0093, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x010, 0xf000, 0x009b, 0xffff, cs_base);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x020, 0, 0x0093, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x030, 0, 0x0093, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x040, 0, 0x0093, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x050, 0, 0x0093, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x060, 0, 0x0000, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x070, 0, 0x0082, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x080, 0, 0x0000, 0xffff, 0);
+    write_vmcb_seg(p, 0x090, 0, 0x008b, 0xffff, 0);
+
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x0D0, 0x1000);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x148, 0x40);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x158, 0x10);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x160, 0x400);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x168, 0xffff_0ff0);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x170, 0x2);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x178, rip);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x268, 0x0007_0406_0007_0406);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x310, vcpu_sig as u64);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x3B0, sev_features);
+    write_u64_le_at(p, 0x3E8, 0x1);
+    write_u32_le_at(p, 0x408, 0x1f80);
+    write_u16_le_at(p, 0x410, 0x037f);
+
+    page
+}
+
+/// Recompute the AMD SEV-SNP launch `MEASUREMENT` from self-contained inputs.
+pub fn compute_expected_measurement(input: &MeasurementInput) -> Result<[u8; 48]> {
+    let vcpu_type = input
+        .vcpu_type
+        .as_deref()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("vcpu_type is required"))?;
+
+    let cmdline = measured_kernel_cmdline(&input.base_cmdline);
+    let resolved_sections = input
+        .ovmf_sections
+        .iter()
+        .map(|section| {
+            let section_type = SectionType::from_u32(section.section_type).ok_or_else(|| {
+                anyhow::anyhow!("unknown ovmf section_type {:#x}", section.section_type)
+            })?;
+            Ok(MetadataSection {
+                gpa: section.gpa,
+                size: section.size,
+                section_type,
+            })
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let mut gctx = Gctx::from_ovmf_hash(&input.ovmf_hash)?;
+    let effective_hashes_gpa = input.sev_hashes_table_gpa;
+    let effective_reset_eip = input.sev_es_reset_eip;
+
+    let mut has_kernel_hashes_section = false;
+    for section in &resolved_sections {
+        let gpa = section.gpa;
+        let size = usize::try_from(section.size)
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("ovmf section size is too large"))?;
+        match section.section_type {
+            SectionType::SnpSecMemory => gctx.update_zero_pages(gpa, size),
+            SectionType::SnpSecrets => gctx.update_secrets_page(gpa),
+            SectionType::Cpuid => gctx.update_cpuid_page(gpa),
+            SectionType::SvsmCaa => gctx.update_zero_pages(gpa, size),
+            SectionType::SnpKernelHashes => {
+                has_kernel_hashes_section = true;
+                if effective_hashes_gpa == 0 {
+                    bail!("snp_kernel_hashes section present but sev_hashes_table_gpa is 0");
+                }
+                let page_offset = (effective_hashes_gpa & 0xfff) as usize;
+                let page = build_sev_hashes_page(
+                    &input.kernel_hash,
+                    &input.initrd_hash,
+                    &cmdline,
+                    page_offset,
+                )?;
+                gctx.update_normal_pages(gpa, &page);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if !has_kernel_hashes_section {
+        bail!("ovmf metadata does not include a snp_kernel_hashes section");
+    }
+
+    let vcpu_sig = vcpu_sig_from_type(vcpu_type)?;
+    let bsp_vmsa = build_vmsa_page(0xffff_fff0, vcpu_sig, input.guest_features);
+    let ap_vmsa = build_vmsa_page(effective_reset_eip, vcpu_sig, input.guest_features);
+
+    for i in 0..input.vcpus as usize {
+        let vmsa_page = if i == 0 {
+            bsp_vmsa.as_ref()
+        } else {
+            ap_vmsa.as_ref()
+        };
+        gctx.update_vmsa_page(vmsa_page);
+    }
+
+    Ok(gctx.ld)
+}
+
+/// Project a verified `MeasurementInput` to the shared image-invariant
+/// measurement (excludes per-deployment fields like vcpus).
+fn sev_os_image_measurement(
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+) -> Result<dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement> {
+    // Validate that the measured command line commits the rootfs identity. The
+    // compact image projection does not carry a separate rootfs_hash because it
+    // is already committed by `kernel_cmdline_sha256`.
+    rootfs_hash_from_cmdline(Some(&input.base_cmdline))?;
+    Ok(dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement {
+        base_cmdline: measured_kernel_cmdline(&input.base_cmdline),
+        ovmf_hash: decode_required_hex("ovmf_hash", &input.ovmf_hash, 48)?,
+        kernel_hash: decode_required_hex("kernel_hash", &input.kernel_hash, 32)?,
+        initrd_hash: effective_initrd_hash_from_hex(&input.initrd_hash)?,
+        sev_hashes_table_gpa: input.sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+        sev_es_reset_eip: input.sev_es_reset_eip,
+        ovmf_sections: input
+            .ovmf_sections
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| dstack_types::OvmfSection {
+                gpa: s.gpa,
+                size: s.size,
+                section_type: s.section_type,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+) -> Result<dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement> {
+    sev_os_image_measurement(input)
+}
+
+/// OVMF launch-measurement metadata: the GCTX launch digest of the firmware
+/// bytes plus the SEV footer fields needed to recompute the launch measurement.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct OvmfMeasurementInfo {
+    /// 48-byte GCTX launch digest (hex) after measuring the OVMF binary bytes.
+    pub ovmf_hash: String,
+    pub sev_hashes_table_gpa: u64,
+    pub sev_es_reset_eip: u32,
+    pub sections: Vec<OvmfSectionParam>,
+}
+
+/// Parse an OVMF (SEV firmware) binary and compute its launch-measurement
+/// metadata: the GCTX digest over the firmware bytes plus the SEV footer fields.
+pub fn ovmf_measurement_info(path: &Path) -> Result<OvmfMeasurementInfo> {
+    let ovmf = OvmfInfo::load(path)?;
+    let mut gctx = Gctx::new();
+    gctx.update_normal_pages(ovmf.gpa, &ovmf.data);
+    Ok(OvmfMeasurementInfo {
+        ovmf_hash: hex::encode(gctx.ld),
+        sev_hashes_table_gpa: ovmf.sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+        sev_es_reset_eip: ovmf.sev_es_reset_eip,
+        sections: ovmf
+            .sections
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| OvmfSectionParam {
+                gpa: s.gpa,
+                size: s.size,
+                section_type: s.section_type as u32,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// The subset of an image's `metadata.json` needed to compute the SEV
+/// os_image_hash. Kept local (rather than depending on the VMM `ImageInfo`) so
+/// `dstack-mr` stays self-contained.
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
+struct ImageMetadata {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    cmdline: Option<String>,
+    kernel: String,
+    initrd: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    bios: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, rename = "bios-sev")]
+    bios_sev: Option<String>,
+}
+
+fn file_sha256(path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let data = fs::read(path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(Sha256::digest(data).to_vec())
+}
+
+pub fn rootfs_hash_from_cmdline(cmdline: Option<&str>) -> Result<String> {
+    let rootfs_hash = cmdline
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .split_whitespace()
+        .find_map(|param| param.strip_prefix("dstack.rootfs_hash="))
+        .map(ToString::to_string)
+        .context("dstack.rootfs_hash is required in amd sev-snp measured cmdline")?;
+    Ok(hex::encode(decode_required_hex(
+        "dstack.rootfs_hash",
+        &rootfs_hash,
+        32,
+    )?))
+}
+
+/// Compute the AMD SEV-SNP image-invariant measurement projection from an OS
+/// image directory containing `metadata.json` plus the SEV firmware, kernel and
+/// initrd.
+pub fn sev_os_image_measurement_for_image_dir(
+    image_dir: &Path,
+) -> Result<dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement> {
+    let meta_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+    let meta_str = fs::read_to_string(&meta_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", meta_path.display()))?;
+    let meta: ImageMetadata =
+        serde_json::from_str(&meta_str).context("failed to parse image metadata.json")?;
+
+    // Measure the firmware the guest actually launches with: prefer the SEV
+    // firmware (bios-sev), fall back to the generic bios.
+    let bios = meta
+        .bios_sev
+        .as_deref()
+        .or(meta.bios.as_deref())
+        .context("bios-sev/bios is required for amd sev-snp os_image_hash")?;
+    let ovmf = ovmf_measurement_info(&image_dir.join(bios))?;
+    // Validate that the measured command line commits the rootfs identity. The
+    // compact image projection does not carry a separate rootfs_hash because it
+    // is already committed by `kernel_cmdline_sha256`.
+    rootfs_hash_from_cmdline(meta.cmdline.as_deref())?;
+
+    Ok(dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement {
+        base_cmdline: measured_kernel_cmdline(
+            meta.cmdline
+                .as_deref()
+                .context("metadata.json cmdline is required for amd sev-snp measurement")?,
+        ),
+        ovmf_hash: decode_required_hex("ovmf_hash", &ovmf.ovmf_hash, 48)?,
+        kernel_hash: file_sha256(&image_dir.join(&meta.kernel))?,
+        initrd_hash: file_sha256(&image_dir.join(&meta.initrd))?,
+        sev_hashes_table_gpa: ovmf.sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+        sev_es_reset_eip: ovmf.sev_es_reset_eip,
+        ovmf_sections: ovmf
+            .sections
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| dstack_types::OvmfSection {
+                gpa: s.gpa,
+                size: s.size,
+                section_type: s.section_type,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Compute the AMD SEV-SNP measurement-material hash from an OS image directory.
+pub fn sev_measurement_hash_for_image_dir(image_dir: &Path) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+    Ok(sev_os_image_measurement_for_image_dir(image_dir)?.measurement_hash())
+}
+
+/// Generate the raw `measurement.snp.cbor` bytes for an image directory.
+pub fn sev_os_image_measurement_cbor_for_image_dir(image_dir: &Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    Ok(sev_os_image_measurement_for_image_dir(image_dir)?.to_cbor_vec())
+}
+
+/// `sha256(MEASUREMENT || HOST_DATA)` — the SNP aggregated identity digest.
+pub fn snp_mr_aggregated_digest(measurement: &[u8; 48], host_data: &[u8; 32]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut h = Sha256::new();
+    h.update(measurement);
+    h.update(host_data);
+    h.finalize().to_vec()
+}
+
+/// Validate the shape of an MrConfigV3 document carried by HOST_DATA.
+pub fn validate_mr_config(mr_config: &MrConfigV3) -> Result<()> {
+    if mr_config.version != 3 {
+        bail!("mr_config version must be 3");
+    }
+    if let Some(app_id) = mr_config.app_id.as_deref() {
+        ensure_len("mr_config.app_id", app_id, 20)?;
+    }
+    ensure_len("mr_config.compose_hash", &mr_config.compose_hash, 32)?;
+    if let Some(gpu_policy_hash) = &mr_config.gpu_policy_hash {
+        ensure_len("mr_config.gpu_policy_hash", gpu_policy_hash, 32)?;
+    }
+    if let Some(instance_id) = mr_config.instance_id.as_deref() {
+        ensure_len("mr_config.instance_id", instance_id, 20)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ensure_len(name: &str, value: &[u8], expected_len: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    if value.len() != expected_len {
+        bail!("{name} must be {expected_len} bytes");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Check that the hardware-verified `HOST_DATA` equals the hash of the supplied
+/// MrConfigV3 document, binding app/config identity to the report.
+pub fn validate_snp_mr_config_binding(
+    host_data: &[u8; 32],
+    mr_config_document: &str,
+) -> Result<MrConfigV3> {
+    let mr_config = MrConfigV3::from_document(mr_config_document)
+        .context("invalid amd sev-snp mr_config document")?;
+    let expected = MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(mr_config_document);
+    if expected != *host_data {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp host_data mismatch");
+    }
+    validate_mr_config(&mr_config)?;
+    Ok(mr_config)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Deserialize)]
+struct SevSnpMeasurementVmConfig {
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes", default)]
+    os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    sev_snp_measurement: Option<String>,
+    mr_config: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct SnpMeasurementDocument {
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub checksum_file: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub measurement: Vec<u8>,
+    pub vcpus: u32,
+    pub vcpu_type: Option<String>,
+    pub guest_features: u64,
+}
+
+pub fn measurement_input_from_snp_document(
+    document: &SnpMeasurementDocument,
+) -> Result<MeasurementInput> {
+    let image = dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&document.measurement)
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+        .context("invalid measurement.snp.cbor")?;
+    Ok(MeasurementInput {
+        base_cmdline: image.base_cmdline,
+        ovmf_hash: hex::encode(image.ovmf_hash),
+        kernel_hash: hex::encode(image.kernel_hash),
+        initrd_hash: hex::encode(image.initrd_hash),
+        sev_hashes_table_gpa: image.sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+        sev_es_reset_eip: image.sev_es_reset_eip,
+        vcpus: document.vcpus,
+        vcpu_type: document.vcpu_type.clone(),
+        guest_features: document.guest_features,
+        ovmf_sections: image
+            .ovmf_sections
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|s| OvmfSectionParam {
+                gpa: s.gpa,
+                size: s.size,
+                section_type: s.section_type,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Launch inputs extracted from a VMM-produced `vm_config` string.
+pub struct SnpLaunchInputs {
+    pub input: MeasurementInput,
+    /// Raw `sev_snp_measurement` document carried by vm_config.
+    pub measurement_document: String,
+    /// Unified OS image hash from vm_config: `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`.
+    pub os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Raw MrConfigV3 document bound by HOST_DATA.
+    pub mr_config_document: String,
+}
+
+/// Parse the SNP launch-measurement inputs (`sev_snp_measurement`) and the
+/// `mr_config` document out of a VMM `vm_config` string.
+///
+/// The fields are intentionally explicit so missing SNP launch inputs fail
+/// closed instead of falling back to TDX event-log decoding. Both the top-level
+/// shape and the legacy nested `vm_config` string shape are accepted.
+pub fn parse_snp_inputs_from_vm_config(vm_config: &str) -> Result<SnpLaunchInputs> {
+    let value: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(vm_config).context("failed to parse vm_config for amd sev-snp")?;
+    let parsed: SevSnpMeasurementVmConfig = serde_json::from_value(value.clone())
+        .context("failed to parse vm_config for amd sev-snp")?;
+    let nested = value
+        .get("vm_config")
+        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+        .map(|vm_config| {
+            serde_json::from_str::<SevSnpMeasurementVmConfig>(vm_config)
+                .context("failed to parse nested vm_config for amd sev-snp")
+        })
+        .transpose()?;
+    let measurement_document = parsed
+        .sev_snp_measurement
+        .or_else(|| {
+            nested
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|nested| nested.sev_snp_measurement.clone())
+        })
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("sev_snp_measurement is required for amd sev-snp"))?;
+    let os_image_hash = if !parsed.os_image_hash.is_empty() {
+        parsed.os_image_hash
+    } else {
+        nested
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|nested| nested.os_image_hash.clone())
+            .filter(|hash| !hash.is_empty())
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("os_image_hash is required for amd sev-snp"))?
+    };
+    let document: SnpMeasurementDocument = serde_json::from_str(&measurement_document)
+        .context("invalid amd sev-snp measurement document")?;
+    dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+        document.checksum_file.clone(),
+        document.measurement.clone(),
+    )
+    .verify(&os_image_hash)
+    .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+    .context("amd sev-snp measurement material does not match os_image_hash")?;
+    let input = measurement_input_from_snp_document(&document)?;
+    validate_measurement_input(&input)?;
+    let mr_config_document = parsed
+        .mr_config
+        .or_else(|| nested.and_then(|nested| nested.mr_config))
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("mr_config is required for amd sev-snp"))?;
+    MrConfigV3::from_document(&mr_config_document)
+        .context("invalid amd sev-snp mr_config document")?;
+    Ok(SnpLaunchInputs {
+        input,
+        measurement_document,
+        os_image_hash,
+        mr_config_document,
+    })
+}
+
+/// The verified SNP image binding produced by [`verify_sev_launch`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SevImageBinding {
+    /// Unified os_image_hash from vm_config after verifying it matches
+    /// sha256(sha256sum.txt) and commits to measurement.snp.cbor.
+    pub os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// App/config identity bound by HOST_DATA.
+    pub mr_config: MrConfigV3,
+}
+
+/// End-to-end SNP launch verification against an already hardware-verified
+/// report.
+///
+/// Given the verified `MEASUREMENT` and `HOST_DATA` from a report whose
+/// signature/collateral have already been checked, this:
+///   1. parses `sev_snp_measurement` + `mr_config` from `vm_config`,
+///   2. recomputes the launch measurement and checks it equals `measurement`
+///      (this is what makes the otherwise-untrusted launch inputs trustworthy),
+///   3. checks `HOST_DATA` binds the `mr_config` document, and
+///   4. returns the unified `os_image_hash` after checking it commits to the
+///      supplied `sha256sum.txt` and `measurement.snp.cbor`.
+pub fn verify_sev_launch(
+    verified_measurement: &[u8; 48],
+    verified_host_data: &[u8; 32],
+    vm_config: &str,
+) -> Result<SevImageBinding> {
+    let inputs = parse_snp_inputs_from_vm_config(vm_config)?;
+    validate_measurement_input(&inputs.input)?;
+    let expected = compute_expected_measurement(&inputs.input)?;
+    if &expected != verified_measurement {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch");
+    }
+    let mr_config = validate_snp_mr_config_binding(verified_host_data, &inputs.mr_config_document)?;
+    Ok(SevImageBinding {
+        os_image_hash: inputs.os_image_hash,
+        mr_config,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn hex_of(byte: u8, len: usize) -> String {
+        hex::encode(vec![byte; len])
+    }
+
+    fn ovmf_footer_entry(data: &[u8], guid: &[u8; 16]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut entry = data.to_vec();
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&((data.len() + OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE) as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        entry.extend_from_slice(guid);
+        entry
+    }
+
+    fn synthetic_snp_ovmf() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut ovmf = vec![0u8; 4096];
+        let meta_start = 512usize;
+        ovmf[meta_start..meta_start + 4].copy_from_slice(b"ASEV");
+        write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, meta_start + 8, 1);
+        write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, meta_start + 12, 4);
+        let sections = [
+            (0x1000u32, 0x1000u32, 1u32),
+            (0x2000u32, 0x1000u32, 2u32),
+            (0x3000u32, 0x1000u32, 3u32),
+            (0x4000u32, 0x1000u32, 0x10u32),
+        ];
+        for (i, (gpa, size, section_type)) in sections.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let off = meta_start + 16 + i * 12;
+            write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, off, gpa);
+            write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, off + 4, size);
+            write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, off + 8, section_type);
+        }
+
+        let mut table = Vec::new();
+        table.extend(ovmf_footer_entry(
+            &0x4000u32.to_le_bytes(),
+            &GUID_SEV_HASH_TABLE_RV,
+        ));
+        table.extend(ovmf_footer_entry(
+            &0xffff_fff0u32.to_le_bytes(),
+            &GUID_SEV_ES_RESET_BLK,
+        ));
+        table.extend(ovmf_footer_entry(
+            &((ovmf.len() - meta_start) as u32).to_le_bytes(),
+            &GUID_SEV_META_DATA,
+        ));
+
+        let footer_off = ovmf.len() - OVMF_RESET_VECTOR_TAIL_SIZE - OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE;
+        let table_start = footer_off - table.len();
+        ovmf[table_start..footer_off].copy_from_slice(&table);
+        write_u16_le_at(
+            &mut ovmf,
+            footer_off,
+            (table.len() + OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE) as u16,
+        );
+        ovmf[footer_off + 2..footer_off + OVMF_FOOTER_ENTRY_SIZE]
+            .copy_from_slice(&GUID_FOOTER_TABLE);
+        ovmf
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ovmf_parser_matches_synthetic_footer_metadata_vector() {
+        let ovmf = synthetic_snp_ovmf();
+        let info = OvmfInfo::parse(ovmf.clone()).expect("synthetic ovmf parses");
+        assert_eq!(info.gpa, FOUR_GIB - ovmf.len() as u64);
+        assert_eq!(info.sev_hashes_table_gpa, 0x4000);
+        assert_eq!(info.sev_es_reset_eip, 0xffff_fff0);
+
+        let sections: Vec<(u64, u64, SectionType)> = info
+            .sections
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| (s.gpa, s.size, s.section_type))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            sections,
+            vec![
+                (0x1000, 0x1000, SectionType::SnpSecMemory),
+                (0x2000, 0x1000, SectionType::SnpSecrets),
+                (0x3000, 0x1000, SectionType::Cpuid),
+                (0x4000, 0x1000, SectionType::SnpKernelHashes),
+            ]
+        );
+
+        let mut gctx = Gctx::new();
+        gctx.update_normal_pages(info.gpa, &info.data);
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(gctx.ld),
+            "7c0f80f0a8d0ab1ee23fe763b255b8b210bb71113febcda60d76c00e84512f0cc141ffaa61be7bd22164736e85ec52d3",
+            "synthetic OVMF launch digest vector should not drift"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn valid_input() -> MeasurementInput {
+        let rootfs_hash = hex_of(0x33, 32);
+        MeasurementInput {
+            base_cmdline: format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={rootfs_hash}"),
+            ovmf_hash: hex_of(0x44, 48),
+            kernel_hash: hex_of(0x55, 32),
+            initrd_hash: hex_of(0x66, 32),
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa: 0x80_1000,
+            sev_es_reset_eip: 0xffff_fff0,
+            vcpus: 2,
+            vcpu_type: Some("epyc-v4".to_string()),
+            guest_features: 1,
+            ovmf_sections: vec![
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x100000,
+                    size: 0x2000,
+                    section_type: 1,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x80_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 0x10,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x81_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 2,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x82_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 3,
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn snp_document(input: &MeasurementInput) -> SnpMeasurementDocument {
+        let measurement = sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(input)
+            .expect("image measurement")
+            .to_cbor_vec();
+        let sha256sum = format!(
+            "{}  {}\n",
+            hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&measurement)),
+            dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        SnpMeasurementDocument {
+            checksum_file: sha256sum,
+            measurement,
+            vcpus: input.vcpus,
+            vcpu_type: input.vcpu_type.clone(),
+            guest_features: input.guest_features,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn measurement_document(input: &MeasurementInput) -> String {
+        serde_json::to_string(&snp_document(input)).expect("measurement document serializes")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measurement_document_serializes_bytes_as_base64() {
+        let document = measurement_document(&valid_input());
+        let value: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_str(&document).expect("measurement document json");
+        let checksum_file = value["checksum_file"]
+            .as_str()
+            .expect("checksum_file string");
+        let measurement = value["measurement"].as_str().expect("measurement string");
+        assert!(
+            checksum_file.contains(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_hexdigit()),
+            "checksum_file should use base64, got {checksum_file}"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            measurement.contains(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_hexdigit()),
+            "measurement should use base64, got {measurement}"
+        );
+        let parsed: SnpMeasurementDocument =
+            serde_json::from_str(&document).expect("base64 document parses");
+        assert_eq!(parsed, snp_document(&valid_input()));
+    }
+
+    fn os_image_hash(input: &MeasurementInput) -> Vec<u8> {
+        dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&snp_document(input).checksum_file).to_vec()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measurement_input_requires_base_cmdline() {
+        let mut value = serde_json::to_value(valid_input()).expect("serialize measurement input");
+        value
+            .as_object_mut()
+            .expect("measurement input is an object")
+            .remove("base_cmdline");
+        let err = serde_json::from_value::<MeasurementInput>(value)
+            .expect_err("missing base_cmdline must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("missing field `base_cmdline`"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.base_cmdline = "   ".to_string();
+        let err =
+            validate_measurement_input(&input).expect_err("empty measured cmdline must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("dstack.rootfs_hash is required"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measurement_input_does_not_carry_standalone_rootfs_hash() {
+        let value = serde_json::to_value(valid_input()).expect("serialize measurement input");
+        assert!(value.get("rootfs_hash").is_none());
+        serde_json::from_value::<MeasurementInput>(value).expect("measurement input parses");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measurement_document_rejects_standalone_rootfs_hash() {
+        let mut value = serde_json::to_value(valid_input()).expect("serialize measurement input");
+        value["rootfs_hash"] = serde_json::Value::String(hex_of(0x34, 32));
+        let err = serde_json::from_value::<MeasurementInput>(value)
+            .expect_err("standalone rootfs_hash must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("unknown field `rootfs_hash`"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unified_os_image_hash_covers_sha256sum_entries() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let baseline = os_image_hash(&input);
+
+        // Image-determined fields MUST change the os_image_hash.
+        let image_cases: Vec<(&str, fn(&mut MeasurementInput))> = vec![
+            ("base_cmdline.rootfs_hash", |i| {
+                i.base_cmdline = format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={}", hex_of(0x34, 32))
+            }),
+            ("base_cmdline", |i| {
+                i.base_cmdline = format!(
+                    "console=ttyS0 loglevel=8 dstack.rootfs_hash={}",
+                    hex_of(0x33, 32)
+                )
+            }),
+            ("ovmf_hash", |i| i.ovmf_hash = hex_of(0x45, 48)),
+            ("kernel_hash", |i| i.kernel_hash = hex_of(0x56, 32)),
+            ("initrd_hash", |i| i.initrd_hash = hex_of(0x67, 32)),
+            ("sev_hashes_table_gpa", |i| i.sev_hashes_table_gpa += 0x1000),
+            ("sev_es_reset_eip", |i| i.sev_es_reset_eip = 0xffff_0000),
+            ("ovmf_sections.gpa", |i| i.ovmf_sections[0].gpa += 0x1000),
+            ("ovmf_sections.size", |i| i.ovmf_sections[0].size += 0x1000),
+            ("ovmf_sections.section_type", |i| {
+                i.ovmf_sections[0].section_type = 4
+            }),
+        ];
+        for (name, mutate) in image_cases {
+            let mut changed = input.clone();
+            mutate(&mut changed);
+            assert_ne!(
+                baseline,
+                os_image_hash(&changed),
+                "{name} must change the SNP os_image_hash"
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Per-deployment fields MUST NOT change the os_image_hash because they
+        // are outside measurement.snp.cbor and sha256sum.txt.
+        let deployment_cases: Vec<(&str, fn(&mut MeasurementInput))> = vec![
+            ("vcpus", |i| i.vcpus = 3),
+            ("vcpu_type", |i| {
+                i.vcpu_type = Some("epyc-milan".to_string())
+            }),
+            ("guest_features", |i| i.guest_features = 3),
+        ];
+        for (name, mutate) in deployment_cases {
+            let mut changed = input.clone();
+            mutate(&mut changed);
+            assert_eq!(
+                baseline,
+                os_image_hash(&changed),
+                "{name} must NOT change the SNP os_image_hash"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gctx_update_is_deterministic_and_order_sensitive() {
+        let contents = Gctx::sha384(b"page");
+        let mut first = Gctx::new();
+        first.update(0x01, 0x1000, &contents);
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(first.ld),
+            "3ebc1a70acc0bae5ae2788fae29a0371f983b19a68faf9843064f36040f58571ce5bb6bcdc9c361087073f8cffd92635"
+        );
+
+        let mut second = Gctx::new();
+        second.update(0x01, 0x2000, &contents);
+        assert_ne!(first.ld, second.ld);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn builds_sev_hashes_page_at_requested_offset() {
+        let page = build_sev_hashes_page(&hex_of(0x55, 32), "", "console=ttyS0", 0x80)
+            .expect("sev hashes page should build");
+        assert_eq!(&page[..0x80], &[0u8; 0x80]);
+        assert_eq!(&page[0x80..0x90], &GUID_LE_HASH_TABLE_HEADER);
+        assert_eq!(u16::from_le_bytes([page[0x90], page[0x91]]), 168);
+        assert_eq!(
+            &page[0x92..0xa2],
+            &GUID_LE_CMDLINE_ENTRY,
+            "cmdline entry must be first"
+        );
+        let empty_hash = Sha256::digest(b"");
+        assert_eq!(&page[0x80 + 68 + 18..0x80 + 68 + 50], empty_hash.as_slice());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vcpu_type_mapping_is_strict() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            vcpu_sig_from_type("EPYC-v4").unwrap(),
+            amd_cpu_sig(23, 1, 2)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            vcpu_sig_from_type("epyc-genoa-v1").unwrap(),
+            amd_cpu_sig(25, 17, 0)
+        );
+        let err = vcpu_sig_from_type("not-a-cpu").expect_err("unknown vcpu should reject");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unknown vcpu_type"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measurement_vector_does_not_drift() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let expected = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(expected),
+            "88b48404819692fd2a5068f1a07bf1973bbcaa1314adc670705f9388762a759faf889f8e2c71fe1ec892554415257960",
+            "synthetic measurement vector should not drift silently"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Real `sev_snp_measurement` document captured from a live dstack SEV-SNP
+    /// CVM (the same fixture used by `dstack-attest/tests/sev_snp_verify.rs`).
+    const REAL_MEASUREMENT_DOC: &str = r#"{"base_cmdline":"console=ttyS0 init=/init panic=1 net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 mce=off oops=panic pci=noearly pci=nommconf random.trust_cpu=y random.trust_bootloader=n tsc=reliable no-kvmclock dstack.rootfs_hash=ca5adaef0ac3a36108035925763b48a5818f634e700fbaab561d419fd30d7121 dstack.rootfs_size=490713088","ovmf_hash":"ffb57e393469a497c0e3b07bd1c97d8611e555f464d14491837665893ac642b263a71f9507ff100a847897fe0c3f8c6f","kernel_hash":"dd9ea274ce9a07090b22e8284b0c841b65c021c2d15ca57d0f16731089dd226c","initrd_hash":"5f844c4a2ca5a3d0711b3db38293b21ba929bb8e0b3c5bc1a779a57f69221c19","sev_hashes_table_gpa":8457216,"sev_es_reset_eip":8433668,"vcpus":2,"vcpu_type":"EPYC-v4","guest_features":1,"ovmf_sections":[{"gpa":8388608,"size":36864,"section_type":1},{"gpa":8429568,"size":12288,"section_type":1},{"gpa":8441856,"size":4096,"section_type":2},{"gpa":8445952,"size":4096,"section_type":3},{"gpa":8450048,"size":4096,"section_type":4},{"gpa":8458240,"size":61440,"section_type":1},{"gpa":8454144,"size":4096,"section_type":16}]}"#;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn real_fixture_recomputes_measurement() {
+        let input: MeasurementInput =
+            serde_json::from_str(REAL_MEASUREMENT_DOC).expect("real measurement doc parses");
+        validate_measurement_input(&input).expect("real measurement input is valid");
+
+        // Recomputed launch measurement must equal the hardware-signed value
+        // from the captured report (see sev_snp_fixture.README.md).
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).expect("recompute measurement");
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(measurement),
+            "7f51e17f72a04d5422cb2c00998166536019a217376f3aa45a630e59c805a599847ff250dbffcd07e1ba639771d6f05d",
+        );
+
+        let document = snp_document(&input);
+        let image_hash = dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&document.checksum_file);
+        dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+            document.checksum_file,
+            document.measurement,
+        )
+        .verify(&image_hash)
+        .expect("fixture measurement material verifies against sha256sum.txt");
+    }
+
+    // ---- Forged-quote / tampered-input coverage for `verify_sev_launch` ----
+    //
+    // These build a self-consistent (launch-inputs, mr_config, MEASUREMENT,
+    // HOST_DATA) tuple, then forge one piece at a time and require rejection. The
+    // hardware report's MEASUREMENT/HOST_DATA are simulated by the values we pass
+    // as "verified"; on real hardware they come from the signed report, so an
+    // attacker cannot change them to match forged inputs.
+
+    fn synthetic_mr_config() -> MrConfigV3 {
+        MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x33; 20],
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn synthetic_vm_config(input: &MeasurementInput, mr_config: &MrConfigV3) -> String {
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(os_image_hash(input)),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": measurement_document(input),
+            "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+        })
+        .to_string()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `(input, mr_config, verified_measurement, verified_host_data, vm_config)`
+    /// for an honest, internally-consistent SNP launch.
+    fn honest_case() -> (MeasurementInput, MrConfigV3, [u8; 48], [u8; 32], String) {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let mr_config = synthetic_mr_config();
+        let host_data = MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&mr_config.to_canonical_json());
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).expect("measurement");
+        let vm_config = synthetic_vm_config(&input, &mr_config);
+        (input, mr_config, measurement, host_data, vm_config)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_accepts_consistent_inputs() {
+        let (input, mr_config, measurement, host_data, vm_config) = honest_case();
+        let binding = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &vm_config)
+            .expect("honest launch verifies");
+        assert_eq!(binding.os_image_hash, os_image_hash(&input));
+        assert_eq!(binding.mr_config.app_id, mr_config.app_id);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_rejects_forged_measurement() {
+        let (_input, _mr, measurement, host_data, vm_config) = honest_case();
+        let mut forged = measurement;
+        forged[0] ^= 0xff;
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&forged, &host_data, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("forged hardware measurement must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_rejects_forged_host_data() {
+        let (_input, _mr, measurement, host_data, vm_config) = honest_case();
+        let mut forged = host_data;
+        forged[0] ^= 0xff;
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &forged, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("forged hardware host_data must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp host_data mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_rejects_tampered_measured_inputs() {
+        // Fields that feed the launch MEASUREMENT: tampering the advertised
+        // inputs while keeping the honest hardware MEASUREMENT is caught by the
+        // measurement-equality check, so the (would-be different) os_image_hash
+        // never gets a chance to be trusted.
+        let (input, mr_config, measurement, host_data, _vm_config) = honest_case();
+        let cases: Vec<(&str, fn(&mut MeasurementInput))> = vec![
+            ("base_cmdline", |i| {
+                i.base_cmdline = format!(
+                    "console=ttyS0 evil=1 dstack.rootfs_hash={}",
+                    hex_of(0x33, 32)
+                )
+            }),
+            ("ovmf_hash", |i| i.ovmf_hash = hex_of(0x99, 48)),
+            ("kernel_hash", |i| i.kernel_hash = hex_of(0x99, 32)),
+            ("initrd_hash", |i| i.initrd_hash = hex_of(0x99, 32)),
+            // Only the in-page offset (& 0xfff) of the hash table is measured, so
+            // tamper the low bits to actually move the measured table position.
+            ("sev_hashes_table_gpa", |i| i.sev_hashes_table_gpa += 0x40),
+            ("sev_es_reset_eip", |i| i.sev_es_reset_eip = 0xffff_0000),
+            ("ovmf_sections.gpa", |i| i.ovmf_sections[0].gpa += 0x1000),
+            ("vcpus", |i| i.vcpus = 4),
+            ("vcpu_type", |i| {
+                i.vcpu_type = Some("epyc-milan".to_string())
+            }),
+            ("guest_features", |i| i.guest_features = 3),
+        ];
+        for (name, mutate) in cases {
+            let mut tampered = input.clone();
+            mutate(&mut tampered);
+            let vm_config = synthetic_vm_config(&tampered, &mr_config);
+            let err = match verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &vm_config) {
+                Ok(binding) => panic!(
+                    "{name} tampering was accepted; derived os_image_hash {}",
+                    hex::encode(binding.os_image_hash)
+                ),
+                Err(e) => e.to_string(),
+            };
+            assert!(
+                err.contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"),
+                "{name}: unexpected error: {err}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tampering_cmdline_rootfs_hash_rejects_launch() {
+        // rootfs identity comes from the measured kernel cmdline. Tampering it
+        // changes both the SNP MEASUREMENT and the derived os_image_hash.
+        let (input, mr_config, measurement, host_data, vm_config) = honest_case();
+        let honest = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &vm_config)
+            .expect("honest launch verifies");
+
+        let mut tampered = input.clone();
+        tampered.base_cmdline = format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={}", hex_of(0x99, 32));
+        let tampered_vm = synthetic_vm_config(&tampered, &mr_config);
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &tampered_vm)
+            .expect_err("tampered rootfs hash in cmdline must not verify");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+        let tampered_hash = os_image_hash(&tampered);
+        assert_ne!(
+            honest.os_image_hash, tampered_hash,
+            "a tampered rootfs hash must change the derived os_image_hash"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_rejects_tampered_mr_config() {
+        // Changing app/compose/instance identity changes the MrConfigV3 document,
+        // so the honest HOST_DATA no longer binds it.
+        let (input, _mr, measurement, host_data, _vm) = honest_case();
+        let evil_mr_configs = [
+            MrConfigV3::new(
+                vec![0xee; 20],
+                vec![0x22; 32],
+                None,
+                dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+                Vec::new(),
+                vec![0x33; 20],
+            ),
+            MrConfigV3::new(
+                vec![0x11; 20],
+                vec![0xee; 32],
+                None,
+                dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+                Vec::new(),
+                vec![0x33; 20],
+            ),
+            MrConfigV3::new(
+                vec![0x11; 20],
+                vec![0x22; 32],
+                None,
+                dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+                Vec::new(),
+                vec![0xee; 20],
+            ),
+            MrConfigV3::new(
+                vec![0x11; 20],
+                vec![0x22; 32],
+                Some(vec![0xee; 32]),
+                dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+                Vec::new(),
+                vec![0x33; 20],
+            ),
+        ];
+        for evil in evil_mr_configs {
+            let vm_config = synthetic_vm_config(&input, &evil);
+            let err = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &vm_config)
+                .expect_err("substituted mr_config must reject");
+            assert!(
+                err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp host_data mismatch"),
+                "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_rejects_bad_advertised_os_image_hash() {
+        // The advertised os_image_hash must equal sha256(sha256sum.txt), and
+        // sha256sum.txt must commit to measurement.snp.cbor.
+        let (input, mr_config, measurement, host_data, _vm) = honest_case();
+        let bogus = vec![0xde; 32];
+        let vm_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(&bogus),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": measurement_document(&input),
+            "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("bogus advertised os_image_hash must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("amd sev-snp measurement material does not match os_image_hash"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swapping_os_image_changes_hash_and_is_rejected() {
+        // An attacker booting a different OS image cannot present an allowed
+        // image's inputs: the booted image's MEASUREMENT differs from the
+        // advertised inputs' recomputed measurement.
+        let honest = valid_input();
+        let honest_hash = os_image_hash(&honest);
+
+        let mut malicious = honest.clone();
+        malicious.kernel_hash = hex_of(0xab, 32); // different kernel == different image
+        let malicious_measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&malicious).unwrap();
+        let malicious_hash = os_image_hash(&malicious);
+        assert_ne!(
+            honest_hash, malicious_hash,
+            "different image must hash differently"
+        );
+
+        let mr_config = synthetic_mr_config();
+        let host_data = MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&mr_config.to_canonical_json());
+        // Hardware measured the malicious image, but the quote advertises the
+        // honest (allowed) inputs.
+        let vm_config = synthetic_vm_config(&honest, &mr_config);
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&malicious_measurement, &host_data, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("advertised honest inputs must not pass for a different booted image");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_sev_launch_requires_measurement_and_mr_config() {
+        let (input, mr_config, measurement, host_data, _vm) = honest_case();
+
+        let no_measurement =
+            serde_json::json!({ "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json() }).to_string();
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &no_measurement)
+            .expect_err("missing sev_snp_measurement must fail closed");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("sev_snp_measurement is required"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+
+        let no_mr_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(os_image_hash(&input)),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": measurement_document(&input)
+        })
+        .to_string();
+        let err = verify_sev_launch(&measurement, &host_data, &no_mr_config)
+            .expect_err("missing mr_config must fail closed");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("mr_config is required"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/tdvf.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/tdvf.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b6b7d3af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/tdvf.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use hex_literal::hex;
+use scale::Decode;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+
+use crate::acpi::Tables;
+use crate::num::read_le;
+use crate::{measure_log, measure_sha384, utf16_encode, Machine, OvmfVariant, RtmrLog};
+
+const PAGE_SIZE: u64 = 0x1000;
+const MR_EXTEND_GRANULARITY: usize = 0x100;
+
+const ATTRIBUTE_MR_EXTEND: u32 = 0x00000001;
+const ATTRIBUTE_PAGE_AUG: u32 = 0x00000002;
+
+const TDVF_SECTION_TD_HOB: u32 = 0x02;
+const TDVF_SECTION_TEMP_MEM: u32 = 0x03;
+
+pub enum PageAddOrder {
+    TwoPass,
+    SinglePass,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct AcpiTableHashes {
+    pub loader: Vec<u8>,
+    pub rsdp: Vec<u8>,
+    pub tables: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn rtmr0_log_from_td_hob_hash_with_acpi_hashes(
+    td_hob_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant,
+    acpi_hashes: &AcpiTableHashes,
+) -> Result<RtmrLog> {
+    let cfv_image_hash = hex!("344BC51C980BA621AAA00DA3ED7436F7D6E549197DFE699515DFA2C6583D95E6412AF21C097D473155875FFD561D6790");
+
+    let secureboot_hash =
+        measure_tdx_efi_variable("8BE4DF61-93CA-11D2-AA0D-00E098032B8C", "SecureBoot")?;
+    let pk_hash = measure_tdx_efi_variable("8BE4DF61-93CA-11D2-AA0D-00E098032B8C", "PK")?;
+    let kek_hash = measure_tdx_efi_variable("8BE4DF61-93CA-11D2-AA0D-00E098032B8C", "KEK")?;
+    let db_hash = measure_tdx_efi_variable("D719B2CB-3D3A-4596-A3BC-DAD00E67656F", "db")?;
+    let dbx_hash = measure_tdx_efi_variable("D719B2CB-3D3A-4596-A3BC-DAD00E67656F", "dbx")?;
+    let separator_hash = measure_sha384(&[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]);
+
+    let log = match ovmf_variant {
+        OvmfVariant::Pre202505 => {
+            // Boot0000 = OVMF UiApp (fixed digest for pre-202505 firmware).
+            let boot000_hash = hex!("23ADA07F5261F12F34A0BD8E46760962D6B4D576A416F1FEA1C64BC656B1D28EACF7047AE6E967C58FD2A98BFA74C298");
+            vec![
+                td_hob_hash,
+                cfv_image_hash.to_vec(),
+                secureboot_hash,
+                pk_hash,
+                kek_hash,
+                db_hash,
+                dbx_hash,
+                separator_hash,
+                acpi_hashes.loader.clone(),
+                acpi_hashes.rsdp.clone(),
+                acpi_hashes.tables.clone(),
+                measure_sha384(&[0x00, 0x00]), // BootOrder (raw 2 bytes in legacy OVMF)
+                boot000_hash.to_vec(),
+            ]
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(log)
+}
+
+/// Helper to decode little-endian integers from byte slice using scale codec
+fn decode_le<T: Decode>(data: &[u8], context: &str) -> Result<T> {
+    T::decode(&mut &data[..])
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to decode {} as little-endian", context))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Decode)]
+struct TdvfSection {
+    data_offset: u32,
+    raw_data_size: u32,
+    memory_address: u64,
+    memory_data_size: u64,
+    sec_type: u32,
+    attributes: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Decode)]
+struct TdvfDescriptor {
+    signature: [u8; 4], // "TDVF"
+    _length: u32,
+    version: u32,
+    num_sections: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct Tdvf<'a> {
+    fw: &'a [u8],
+    sections: Vec<TdvfSection>,
+}
+
+/// Encodes a GUID string into its binary representation.
+fn encode_guid(guid_str: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(16);
+    let atoms: Vec<&str> = guid_str.split('-').collect();
+
+    if atoms.len() != 5 {
+        return Err(anyhow!("Invalid GUID format"));
+    }
+
+    for (idx, atom) in atoms.iter().enumerate() {
+        let raw = hex::decode(atom).context("Failed to decode hex in GUID")?;
+
+        if idx <= 2 {
+            // Little-endian: reverse the bytes
+            for i in (0..raw.len()).rev() {
+                data.push(raw[i]);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Big-endian: keep as-is
+            data.extend_from_slice(&raw);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(data)
+}
+
+/// Measures an EFI variable event.
+fn measure_tdx_efi_variable(vendor_guid: &str, var_name: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    data.extend_from_slice(&encode_guid(vendor_guid)?);
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(var_name.len() as u64).to_le_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_le_bytes());
+    data.extend(utf16_encode(var_name));
+    Ok(measure_sha384(&data))
+}
+
+impl<'a> Tdvf<'a> {
+    /// Parse TDVF firmware metadata
+    ///
+    /// This function uses scale codec for clean, panic-free parsing.
+    /// Correctness is verified by integration test in tests/tdvf_parse.rs
+    /// which ensures identical measurements to the original implementation.
+    pub fn parse(fw: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Tdvf<'a>> {
+        const TDX_METADATA_OFFSET_GUID: &str = "e47a6535-984a-4798-865e-4685a7bf8ec2";
+        const TABLE_FOOTER_GUID: &str = "96b582de-1fb2-45f7-baea-a366c55a082d";
+        const BYTES_AFTER_TABLE_FOOTER: usize = 32;
+
+        if fw.len() < BYTES_AFTER_TABLE_FOOTER {
+            bail!("TDVF firmware too small");
+        }
+        let offset = fw.len() - BYTES_AFTER_TABLE_FOOTER;
+        let encoded_footer_guid = encode_guid(TABLE_FOOTER_GUID)?;
+        if offset < 16 {
+            bail!("TDVF firmware offset too small for GUID");
+        }
+        let guid = &fw[offset - 16..offset];
+
+        if guid != encoded_footer_guid {
+            bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Invalid footer GUID");
+        }
+
+        if offset < 18 {
+            bail!("TDVF firmware offset too small for tables length");
+        }
+        let tables_len = decode_le::<u16>(&fw[offset - 18..offset - 16], "tables length")? as usize;
+        if tables_len == 0 || tables_len > offset.saturating_sub(18) {
+            bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Invalid tables length");
+        }
+        let table_start = offset.saturating_sub(18).saturating_sub(tables_len);
+        let tables = &fw[table_start..offset - 18];
+        let mut offset = tables.len();
+
+        let mut data: Option<&[u8]> = None;
+        let encoded_guid = encode_guid(TDX_METADATA_OFFSET_GUID)?;
+        loop {
+            if offset < 18 {
+                break;
+            }
+            let guid = &tables[offset - 16..offset];
+            let entry_len = read_le::<u16>(tables, offset - 18, "entry length")? as usize;
+            if entry_len > offset.saturating_sub(18) {
+                bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Invalid entry length");
+            }
+            if guid == encoded_guid {
+                let entry_start = offset.saturating_sub(18).saturating_sub(entry_len);
+                data = Some(&tables[entry_start..offset - 18]);
+                break;
+            }
+            offset = offset.saturating_sub(entry_len);
+        }
+
+        let data = data.context("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Missing TDVF metadata")?;
+
+        if data.len() < 4 {
+            bail!("TDVF metadata data too small");
+        }
+        let tdvf_meta_offset_raw =
+            decode_le::<u32>(&data[data.len() - 4..], "TDVF metadata offset")? as usize;
+        if tdvf_meta_offset_raw > fw.len() {
+            bail!("TDVF metadata offset exceeds firmware size");
+        }
+        let tdvf_meta_offset = fw.len() - tdvf_meta_offset_raw;
+
+        // Decode TDVF descriptor using scale codec
+        let descriptor = TdvfDescriptor::decode(&mut &fw[tdvf_meta_offset..])
+            .context("failed to decode TDVF descriptor")?;
+
+        if &descriptor.signature != b"TDVF" {
+            bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Invalid TDVF descriptor");
+        }
+        if descriptor.version != 1 {
+            bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Unsupported TDVF version");
+        }
+        let num_sections = descriptor.num_sections as usize;
+
+        let mut meta = Tdvf {
+            fw,
+            sections: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        // Decode all sections using scale codec
+        for i in 0..num_sections {
+            let sec_offset = tdvf_meta_offset + 16 + 32 * i;
+            let s = TdvfSection::decode(&mut &fw[sec_offset..])
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to decode TDVF section {}", i))?;
+
+            if s.memory_address % PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
+                bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Section memory address not aligned");
+            }
+            if s.memory_data_size < s.raw_data_size as u64 {
+                bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Section memory data size less than raw");
+            }
+            if s.memory_data_size % PAGE_SIZE != 0 {
+                bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Section memory data size not aligned");
+            }
+            if s.attributes & ATTRIBUTE_MR_EXTEND != 0
+                && s.raw_data_size as u64 > s.memory_data_size
+            {
+                bail!("Failed to parse TDVF metadata: Section raw data size less than memory");
+            }
+
+            meta.sections.push(s);
+        }
+
+        Ok(meta)
+    }
+
+    fn compute_mrtd(&self, variant: PageAddOrder) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut h = Sha384::new();
+
+        let mem_page_add = |h: &mut Sha384, s: &TdvfSection, page: u64| {
+            if s.attributes & ATTRIBUTE_PAGE_AUG == 0 {
+                let mut buf = [0u8; 128];
+                buf[..12].copy_from_slice(b"MEM.PAGE.ADD");
+                let gpa = s.memory_address + page * PAGE_SIZE;
+                buf[16..24].copy_from_slice(&gpa.to_le_bytes());
+                h.update(buf);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mr_extend = |h: &mut Sha384, s: &TdvfSection, page: u64| {
+            if s.attributes & ATTRIBUTE_MR_EXTEND != 0 {
+                for i in 0..(PAGE_SIZE as usize / MR_EXTEND_GRANULARITY) {
+                    let mut buf = [0u8; 128];
+                    buf[..9].copy_from_slice(b"MR.EXTEND");
+                    let gpa =
+                        s.memory_address + page * PAGE_SIZE + (i * MR_EXTEND_GRANULARITY) as u64;
+                    buf[16..24].copy_from_slice(&gpa.to_le_bytes());
+                    h.update(buf);
+
+                    let chunk_offset = s.data_offset as usize
+                        + (page * PAGE_SIZE) as usize
+                        + i * MR_EXTEND_GRANULARITY;
+                    h.update(&self.fw[chunk_offset..chunk_offset + MR_EXTEND_GRANULARITY]);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        for s in &self.sections {
+            let num_pages = s.memory_data_size / PAGE_SIZE;
+            match variant {
+                PageAddOrder::TwoPass => {
+                    for page in 0..num_pages {
+                        mem_page_add(&mut h, s, page);
+                    }
+                    for page in 0..num_pages {
+                        mr_extend(&mut h, s, page);
+                    }
+                }
+                PageAddOrder::SinglePass => {
+                    for page in 0..num_pages {
+                        mem_page_add(&mut h, s, page);
+                        mr_extend(&mut h, s, page);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(h.finalize().to_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn mrtd_single_pass(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.compute_mrtd(PageAddOrder::SinglePass)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn mrtd_two_pass(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.compute_mrtd(PageAddOrder::TwoPass)
+    }
+
+    pub fn mrtd(&self, machine: &Machine) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let opts = machine
+            .versioned_options()
+            .context("Failed to get versioned options")?;
+        self.compute_mrtd(if opts.two_pass_add_pages {
+            PageAddOrder::TwoPass
+        } else {
+            PageAddOrder::SinglePass
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Build the compact TdHobWitnessV1 byte string for this TDVF.
+    ///
+    /// The witness contains only the accepted TD HOB/TEMP_MEM ranges needed to
+    /// reconstruct the TD HOB for any VM memory size. All addresses/sizes are
+    /// represented in 4 KiB pages using unsigned LEB128 varints:
+    ///
+    ///   varuint base_page
+    ///   varuint td_hob_page_delta
+    ///   varuint range_count
+    ///   repeated range_count:
+    ///     varuint start_page_delta
+    ///     varuint page_count
+    ///
+    /// `base_page` is the minimum accepted range start page. Deltas are relative
+    /// to it. Ranges are sorted by start page and intentionally not merged; the
+    /// TD HOB measurement code emits adjacent accepted ranges as separate HOB
+    /// resources when TDVF metadata describes them separately.
+    pub(crate) fn td_hob_witness_v1(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        fn put_varuint(mut value: u64, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+            loop {
+                let mut byte = (value & 0x7f) as u8;
+                value >>= 7;
+                if value != 0 {
+                    byte |= 0x80;
+                }
+                out.push(byte);
+                if value == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut ranges = Vec::<(u64, u64)>::new();
+        let mut td_hob_page = None;
+
+        for s in &self.sections {
+            if matches!(s.sec_type, TDVF_SECTION_TD_HOB | TDVF_SECTION_TEMP_MEM) {
+                let start_page = s.memory_address / PAGE_SIZE;
+                let page_count = s.memory_data_size / PAGE_SIZE;
+                if page_count == 0 {
+                    bail!("TD HOB witness range must not be empty");
+                }
+                ranges.push((start_page, page_count));
+            }
+            if s.sec_type == TDVF_SECTION_TD_HOB
+                && td_hob_page.replace(s.memory_address / PAGE_SIZE).is_some()
+            {
+                bail!("TDVF metadata contains more than one TD_HOB section");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ranges.is_empty() {
+            bail!("TDVF metadata has no TD_HOB/TEMP_MEM sections");
+        }
+        let td_hob_page = td_hob_page.context("TDVF metadata is missing TD_HOB section")?;
+
+        ranges.sort_by_key(|&(start_page, _)| start_page);
+        let mut prev_end = None;
+        for &(start_page, page_count) in &ranges {
+            if let Some(end) = prev_end {
+                if start_page < end {
+                    bail!("TD HOB witness ranges must not overlap");
+                }
+            }
+            prev_end = Some(start_page + page_count);
+        }
+
+        let base_page = ranges[0].0;
+        if td_hob_page < base_page {
+            bail!("TD_HOB page is below TD HOB witness base page");
+        }
+
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(4 + ranges.len() * 2);
+        put_varuint(base_page, &mut out);
+        put_varuint(td_hob_page - base_page, &mut out);
+        put_varuint(ranges.len() as u64, &mut out);
+        for (start_page, page_count) in ranges {
+            put_varuint(start_page - base_page, &mut out);
+            put_varuint(page_count, &mut out);
+        }
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn rtmr0(&self, machine: &Machine) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let (rtmr0_log, _) = self.rtmr0_log(machine)?;
+        Ok(measure_log(&rtmr0_log))
+    }
+
+    pub fn rtmr0_log(&self, machine: &Machine) -> Result<(RtmrLog, Tables)> {
+        let tables = machine.build_tables()?;
+        let acpi_hashes = AcpiTableHashes {
+            tables: measure_sha384(&tables.tables),
+            rsdp: measure_sha384(&tables.rsdp),
+            loader: measure_sha384(&tables.loader),
+        };
+        let log = self.rtmr0_log_with_acpi_hashes(
+            machine.memory_size,
+            machine.ovmf_variant,
+            &acpi_hashes,
+        )?;
+        Ok((log, tables))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn rtmr0_log_with_acpi_hashes(
+        &self,
+        memory_size: u64,
+        ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant,
+        acpi_hashes: &AcpiTableHashes,
+    ) -> Result<RtmrLog> {
+        let td_hob_hash = self.measure_td_hob(memory_size)?;
+        rtmr0_log_from_td_hob_hash_with_acpi_hashes(td_hob_hash, ovmf_variant, acpi_hashes)
+    }
+
+    fn measure_td_hob(&self, memory_size: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut memory_acceptor = MemoryAcceptor::new(0, memory_size);
+        let mut td_hob = Vec::new();
+
+        let mut td_hob_base_addr = 0x809000u64;
+        for s in &self.sections {
+            if let TDVF_SECTION_TD_HOB | TDVF_SECTION_TEMP_MEM = s.sec_type {
+                memory_acceptor.accept(s.memory_address, s.memory_address + s.memory_data_size);
+            }
+            if s.sec_type == TDVF_SECTION_TD_HOB {
+                td_hob_base_addr = s.memory_address;
+            }
+        }
+
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00]); // HobType
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&56u16.to_le_bytes()); // HobLength
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]); // Reserved
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&9u32.to_le_bytes()); // Version
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]); // BootMode
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiMemoryTop
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiMemoryBottom
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiFreeMemoryTop
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiFreeMemoryBottom
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiEndOfHobList (placeholder)
+
+        let mut add_memory_resource_hob = |resource_type: u8, start: u64, length: u64| {
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0x03, 0x00]); // HobType
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&48u16.to_le_bytes()); // HobLength
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]); // Reserved
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 16]); // Owner
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&resource_type.to_le_bytes());
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 3]); // Padding for resource type
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&7u32.to_le_bytes()); // ResourceAttribute
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&start.to_le_bytes());
+            td_hob.extend_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+        };
+
+        let (_, last_start, last_end) = memory_acceptor.ranges.pop().context("No ranges")?;
+
+        for (accepted, start, end) in memory_acceptor.ranges {
+            if end < start {
+                bail!("Invalid memory range: end < start");
+            }
+            let size = end - start;
+            if accepted {
+                add_memory_resource_hob(0x00, start, size);
+            } else {
+                add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, start, size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if last_end < last_start {
+            bail!("Invalid last memory range: end < start");
+        }
+        if memory_size >= 0xB0000000 {
+            if last_start < 0x80000000u64 {
+                add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, last_start, 0x80000000u64 - last_start);
+            }
+            if last_end > 0x80000000u64 {
+                add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, 0x100000000, last_end - 0x80000000u64);
+            }
+        } else {
+            add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, last_start, last_end - last_start);
+        }
+
+        let end_of_hob_list = td_hob_base_addr + td_hob.len() as u64 + 8;
+        td_hob[48..56].copy_from_slice(&end_of_hob_list.to_le_bytes());
+
+        Ok(measure_sha384(&td_hob))
+    }
+}
+
+struct MemoryAcceptor {
+    ranges: Vec<(bool, u64, u64)>,
+}
+
+impl MemoryAcceptor {
+    fn new(start: u64, size: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ranges: vec![(false, start, start + size)],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn accept(&mut self, start: u64, end: u64) {
+        if start >= end {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut new_ranges = Vec::new();
+
+        for &(is_accepted, range_start, range_end) in &self.ranges {
+            if is_accepted || range_end <= start || range_start >= end {
+                new_ranges.push((is_accepted, range_start, range_end));
+            } else {
+                if range_start < start {
+                    new_ranges.push((false, range_start, start));
+                }
+                if range_end > end {
+                    new_ranges.push((false, end, range_end));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        new_ranges.push((true, start, end));
+        new_ranges.sort_by_key(|&(_, start, _)| start);
+        self.ranges = new_ranges;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn td_hob_witness_v1_encodes_current_dstack_ranges_compactly() -> Result<()> {
+        let tdvf = Tdvf {
+            fw: &[],
+            sections: vec![
+                TdvfSection {
+                    data_offset: 0,
+                    raw_data_size: 0,
+                    memory_address: 0x810000,
+                    memory_data_size: 0x10000,
+                    sec_type: TDVF_SECTION_TEMP_MEM,
+                    attributes: 0,
+                },
+                TdvfSection {
+                    data_offset: 0,
+                    raw_data_size: 0,
+                    memory_address: 0x80b000,
+                    memory_data_size: 0x2000,
+                    sec_type: TDVF_SECTION_TEMP_MEM,
+                    attributes: 0,
+                },
+                TdvfSection {
+                    data_offset: 0,
+                    raw_data_size: 0,
+                    memory_address: 0x809000,
+                    memory_data_size: 0x2000,
+                    sec_type: TDVF_SECTION_TD_HOB,
+                    attributes: 0,
+                },
+                TdvfSection {
+                    data_offset: 0,
+                    raw_data_size: 0,
+                    memory_address: 0x800000,
+                    memory_data_size: 0x6000,
+                    sec_type: TDVF_SECTION_TEMP_MEM,
+                    attributes: 0,
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(tdvf.td_hob_witness_v1()?),
+            "80100904000609020b021010"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/tdx.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/tdx.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71e112ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/tdx.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Build-time TDX OS-image static measurement material.
+//!
+//! The current verifier path recomputes TDX MRs from a downloaded image. This
+//! module emits the image-static material needed by the no-image-download path:
+//! MRTD candidates, compact TD HOB witness, command line, kernel/initrd digests
+//! and sizes. VM-specific inputs (RAM size, vCPU count, QEMU topology knobs) are
+//! intentionally excluded and must come from `VmConfig`.
+
+use crate::kernel::{
+    patched_kernel_authenticode_sha384, tdx_kernel_hash_uses_precomputed_high_mem,
+    TDX_KERNEL_HASH_COMPAT_2G_MEMORY, TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY,
+};
+use crate::tdvf::{rtmr0_log_from_td_hob_hash_with_acpi_hashes, AcpiTableHashes, Tdvf};
+use crate::util::{measure_log, measure_sha384};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::{
+    OvmfVariant, TdxImageMeasurement, TdxMrtdCandidates, TdxOsImageMeasurement,
+    TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument, TdxTdvfMeasurement, VmConfig,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+struct ImageMetadata {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    cmdline: Option<String>,
+    kernel: String,
+    initrd: String,
+    bios: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    version: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    ovmf_variant: Option<OvmfVariant>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes {
+    pub loader: Vec<u8>,
+    pub rsdp: Vec<u8>,
+    pub tables: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TdxMeasurementsWithoutRtmr0 {
+    pub mrtd: Vec<u8>,
+    pub rtmr1: Vec<u8>,
+    pub rtmr2: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+fn validate_bytes_field(value: &[u8], field: &str, expected_len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    if value.len() != expected_len {
+        bail!(
+            "{field} has invalid length {}, expected {expected_len}",
+            value.len()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(value.to_vec())
+}
+
+/// Build the machine description the lite path measures against.
+///
+/// Only the VM-shape inputs matter here: the firmware, kernel and initrd paths
+/// stay empty because the lite path never reads image files, and the callers
+/// (MRTD candidate selection and ACPI table generation) only consume the QEMU
+/// topology knobs.
+fn machine_from_vm_config(vm_config: &VmConfig, ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant) -> crate::Machine<'_> {
+    crate::Machine::builder()
+        .cpu_count(vm_config.cpu_count)
+        .memory_size(vm_config.memory_size)
+        .firmware("")
+        .kernel("")
+        .initrd("")
+        .kernel_cmdline("")
+        .root_verity(true)
+        .hotplug_off(vm_config.hotplug_off)
+        .maybe_two_pass_add_pages(vm_config.qemu_single_pass_add_pages)
+        .maybe_pic(vm_config.pic)
+        .maybe_qemu_version(vm_config.qemu_version.clone())
+        .maybe_pci_hole64_size(if vm_config.pci_hole64_size > 0 {
+            Some(vm_config.pci_hole64_size)
+        } else {
+            None
+        })
+        .hugepages(vm_config.hugepages)
+        .num_gpus(vm_config.num_gpus)
+        .num_nics(vm_config.num_nics)
+        .num_verity_volumes(vm_config.num_verity_volumes)
+        .swtpm(vm_config.swtpm)
+        .num_nvswitches(vm_config.num_nvswitches)
+        .host_share_mode(vm_config.host_share_mode.clone())
+        .ovmf_variant(ovmf_variant)
+        .build()
+}
+
+/// Recompute the three RTMR0 ACPI digests from the VM shape in `vm_config`.
+///
+/// The ACPI tables QEMU hands to OVMF depend only on the deployment topology
+/// (vCPU count, RAM size, PCI devices, QEMU version), never on the OS image, so
+/// they can be regenerated without downloading anything. The lite path
+/// otherwise replays the digests the guest reported in its event log, which
+/// makes those three RTMR0 entries self-consistent but unconstrained; comparing
+/// against these expected digests is what turns them into a verified value.
+pub fn expected_rtmr0_acpi_hashes(
+    vm_config: &VmConfig,
+    ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant,
+) -> Result<TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes> {
+    let tables = machine_from_vm_config(vm_config, ovmf_variant)
+        .build_tables()
+        .context("failed to generate expected ACPI tables")?;
+    Ok(TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes {
+        loader: measure_sha384(&tables.loader),
+        rsdp: measure_sha384(&tables.rsdp),
+        tables: measure_sha384(&tables.tables),
+    })
+}
+
+fn select_mrtd(measurement: &TdxOsImageMeasurement, vm_config: &VmConfig) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let machine = machine_from_vm_config(vm_config, measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant);
+    let opts = machine
+        .versioned_options()
+        .context("failed to resolve QEMU measurement options")?;
+    let mrtd = if opts.two_pass_add_pages {
+        &measurement.tdvf.mrtd.two_pass
+    } else {
+        &measurement.tdvf.mrtd.single_pass
+    };
+    validate_bytes_field(mrtd, "tdx.measurement.tdvf.mrtd", 48)
+}
+
+fn read_varuint(input: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<u64> {
+    let mut value = 0u64;
+    let mut shift = 0u32;
+    loop {
+        let (&byte, rest) = input
+            .split_first()
+            .context("truncated TD HOB witness varuint")?;
+        *input = rest;
+        value |= ((byte & 0x7f) as u64) << shift;
+        if byte & 0x80 == 0 {
+            return Ok(value);
+        }
+        shift += 7;
+        if shift >= 64 {
+            bail!("TD HOB witness varuint is too large");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn measure_td_hob_from_witness_data(data: &[u8], memory_size: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut input = data;
+    let base_page = read_varuint(&mut input)?;
+    let td_hob_page_delta = read_varuint(&mut input)?;
+    let range_count = read_varuint(&mut input)?;
+    let td_hob_base_addr = (base_page + td_hob_page_delta)
+        .checked_mul(0x1000)
+        .context("TD HOB base address overflow")?;
+
+    let mut memory_acceptor = MemoryAcceptor::new(0, memory_size);
+    for _ in 0..range_count {
+        let start_page_delta = read_varuint(&mut input)?;
+        let page_count = read_varuint(&mut input)?;
+        let start = (base_page + start_page_delta)
+            .checked_mul(0x1000)
+            .context("TD HOB range start overflow")?;
+        let len = page_count
+            .checked_mul(0x1000)
+            .context("TD HOB range length overflow")?;
+        memory_acceptor.accept(start, start + len);
+    }
+    if !input.is_empty() {
+        bail!("TD HOB witness has trailing bytes");
+    }
+
+    let mut td_hob = Vec::new();
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00]); // HobType
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&56u16.to_le_bytes()); // HobLength
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]); // Reserved
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&9u32.to_le_bytes()); // Version
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]); // BootMode
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiMemoryTop
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiMemoryBottom
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiFreeMemoryTop
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiFreeMemoryBottom
+    td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 8]); // EfiEndOfHobList (placeholder)
+
+    let mut add_memory_resource_hob = |resource_type: u8, start: u64, length: u64| {
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0x03, 0x00]); // HobType
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&48u16.to_le_bytes()); // HobLength
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 4]); // Reserved
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 16]); // Owner
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&resource_type.to_le_bytes());
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 3]); // Padding for resource type
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&7u32.to_le_bytes()); // ResourceAttribute
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&start.to_le_bytes());
+        td_hob.extend_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+    };
+
+    let (_, last_start, last_end) = memory_acceptor.ranges.pop().context("No ranges")?;
+
+    for (accepted, start, end) in memory_acceptor.ranges {
+        if end < start {
+            bail!("Invalid memory range: end < start");
+        }
+        let size = end - start;
+        if accepted {
+            add_memory_resource_hob(0x00, start, size);
+        } else {
+            add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, start, size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if last_end < last_start {
+        bail!("Invalid last memory range: end < start");
+    }
+    if memory_size >= TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY {
+        if last_start < 0x80000000u64 {
+            add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, last_start, 0x80000000u64 - last_start);
+        }
+        if last_end > 0x80000000u64 {
+            add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, 0x100000000, last_end - 0x80000000u64);
+        }
+    } else {
+        add_memory_resource_hob(0x07, last_start, last_end - last_start);
+    }
+
+    let end_of_hob_list = td_hob_base_addr + td_hob.len() as u64 + 8;
+    td_hob[48..56].copy_from_slice(&end_of_hob_list.to_le_bytes());
+
+    Ok(measure_sha384(&td_hob))
+}
+
+struct MemoryAcceptor {
+    ranges: Vec<(bool, u64, u64)>,
+}
+
+impl MemoryAcceptor {
+    fn new(start: u64, size: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ranges: vec![(false, start, start + size)],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn accept(&mut self, start: u64, end: u64) {
+        if start >= end {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut new_ranges = Vec::new();
+
+        for &(is_accepted, range_start, range_end) in &self.ranges {
+            if is_accepted || range_end <= start || range_start >= end {
+                new_ranges.push((is_accepted, range_start, range_end));
+            } else {
+                if range_start < start {
+                    new_ranges.push((false, range_start, start));
+                }
+                if range_end > end {
+                    new_ranges.push((false, end, range_end));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        new_ranges.push((true, start, end));
+        new_ranges.sort_by_key(|&(_, start, _)| start);
+        self.ranges = new_ranges;
+    }
+}
+
+fn rtmr1_log_from_kernel_hash(kernel_hash: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+    vec![
+        kernel_hash,
+        measure_sha384(b"Calling EFI Application from Boot Option"),
+        measure_sha384(&[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]), // Separator
+        measure_sha384(b"Exit Boot Services Invocation"),
+        measure_sha384(b"Exit Boot Services Returned with Success"),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Return the measured TDX kernel command line for a metadata cmdline.
+///
+/// This mirrors the existing dstack TDX measurement replay path, which measures
+/// the image-provided cmdline plus OVMF/QEMU's `initrd=initrd` suffix.
+pub fn measured_kernel_cmdline(base_cmdline: &str) -> String {
+    format!("{base_cmdline} initrd=initrd")
+}
+
+/// Generate the image-static TDX measurement material from an image directory.
+pub fn tdx_os_image_measurement_for_image_dir(image_dir: &Path) -> Result<TdxOsImageMeasurement> {
+    let meta_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+    let meta_str = fs::read_to_string(&meta_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", meta_path.display()))?;
+    let meta: ImageMetadata =
+        serde_json::from_str(&meta_str).context("failed to parse image metadata.json")?;
+
+    let base_cmdline = meta
+        .cmdline
+        .filter(|s| !s.trim().is_empty())
+        .context("metadata.json cmdline is required for TDX measurement")?
+        .to_string();
+
+    // Validate that the image identity carried by the measured cmdline is
+    // well-formed. The normalized rootfs hash is not stored separately to keep
+    // the TDX projection compact; it is already committed by the measured
+    // kernel command line digest.
+    crate::sev::rootfs_hash_from_cmdline(Some(&base_cmdline))
+        .context("failed to parse dstack.rootfs_hash from TDX cmdline")?;
+
+    let ovmf_variant = meta
+        .ovmf_variant
+        .or_else(|| {
+            if meta.version.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                crate::ovmf_variant_for_version(&meta.version).ok()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    let fw_data = fs::read(image_dir.join(&meta.bios))
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", image_dir.join(&meta.bios).display()))?;
+    let tdvf = Tdvf::parse(&fw_data).context("failed to parse TDX TDVF metadata")?;
+
+    let initrd_path = image_dir.join(&meta.initrd);
+    let initrd =
+        fs::read(&initrd_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", initrd_path.display()))?;
+    let kernel_path = image_dir.join(&meta.kernel);
+    let kernel =
+        fs::read(&kernel_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", kernel_path.display()))?;
+    let kernel_authenticode = patched_kernel_authenticode_sha384(
+        &kernel,
+        initrd.len() as u32,
+        TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY,
+        0x28000,
+    )
+    .context("failed to compute high-memory QEMU-patched kernel hash")?;
+
+    Ok(TdxOsImageMeasurement {
+        image: TdxImageMeasurement {
+            kernel_cmdline_sha384: crate::kernel::measure_cmdline(&measured_kernel_cmdline(
+                &base_cmdline,
+            )),
+            kernel_authenticode,
+            initrd_sha384: measure_sha384(&initrd),
+        },
+        tdvf: TdxTdvfMeasurement {
+            ovmf_variant,
+            mrtd: TdxMrtdCandidates {
+                single_pass: tdvf.mrtd_single_pass()?,
+                two_pass: tdvf.mrtd_two_pass()?,
+            },
+            td_hob_witness: tdvf.td_hob_witness_v1()?,
+        },
+    })
+}
+
+/// Generate the raw `measurement.tdx.cbor` bytes for an image directory.
+pub fn tdx_os_image_measurement_cbor_for_image_dir(image_dir: &Path) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    Ok(tdx_os_image_measurement_for_image_dir(image_dir)?.to_cbor_vec())
+}
+
+/// Compute the TDX static measurement-material hash for an image directory.
+pub fn tdx_measurement_hash_for_image_dir(image_dir: &Path) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+    Ok(tdx_os_image_measurement_for_image_dir(image_dir)?.measurement_hash())
+}
+
+/// Compute expected TDX measurements from self-contained TDX measurement
+/// material and the three ACPI table digests captured in RTMR[0].
+///
+/// This path intentionally does not download or read the OS image. Because
+/// QEMU's patched kernel Authenticode hash depends on exact guest RAM below
+/// `TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY`, the no-image-download path supports
+/// CVMs at or above that threshold plus the exact 2 GiB placement, which QEMU
+/// patches to the same kernel bytes as the high-memory case.
+pub fn tdx_measurements_from_measurement_document(
+    document: &TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument,
+    vm_config: &VmConfig,
+    acpi_hashes: &TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes,
+) -> Result<crate::TdxMeasurements> {
+    if !tdx_kernel_hash_uses_precomputed_high_mem(vm_config.memory_size) {
+        bail!(
+            "TDX lite attestation without image download requires memory_size == {} bytes ({} MiB) or >= {} bytes ({} MiB); got {} bytes",
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_COMPAT_2G_MEMORY,
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_COMPAT_2G_MEMORY / 1024 / 1024,
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY,
+            TDX_KERNEL_HASH_STABLE_MIN_MEMORY / 1024 / 1024,
+            vm_config.memory_size
+        );
+    }
+
+    let measurement = document
+        .decode_measurement()
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+        .context("failed to decode TDX measurement CBOR")?;
+    let mrtd = select_mrtd(&measurement, vm_config)?;
+
+    let td_hob_hash =
+        measure_td_hob_from_witness_data(&measurement.tdvf.td_hob_witness, vm_config.memory_size)
+            .context("failed to measure TD HOB from witness")?;
+    let rtmr0_log = rtmr0_log_from_td_hob_hash_with_acpi_hashes(
+        td_hob_hash,
+        measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant,
+        &AcpiTableHashes {
+            loader: acpi_hashes.loader.clone(),
+            rsdp: acpi_hashes.rsdp.clone(),
+            tables: acpi_hashes.tables.clone(),
+        },
+    )
+    .context("failed to compute RTMR0 from measurement document")?;
+    let rtmr0 = measure_log(&rtmr0_log);
+
+    let kernel_hash = validate_bytes_field(
+        &measurement.image.kernel_authenticode,
+        "tdx.measurement.image.kernel_authenticode",
+        48,
+    )?;
+    let rtmr1 = measure_log(&rtmr1_log_from_kernel_hash(kernel_hash));
+
+    let initrd_hash = validate_bytes_field(
+        &measurement.image.initrd_sha384,
+        "tdx.measurement.image.initrd_sha384",
+        48,
+    )?;
+    let kernel_cmdline_hash = validate_bytes_field(
+        &measurement.image.kernel_cmdline_sha384,
+        "tdx.measurement.image.kernel_cmdline_sha384",
+        48,
+    )?;
+    let rtmr2 = measure_log(&[kernel_cmdline_hash, initrd_hash]);
+
+    Ok(crate::TdxMeasurements {
+        mrtd,
+        rtmr0,
+        rtmr1,
+        rtmr2,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Compute image-critical TDX measurements without RTMR[0].
+///
+/// RTMR[0] contains QEMU-generated ACPI blobs and other launch-environment
+/// material. This helper verifies the OS-image binding pieces that do not need
+/// QEMU: MRTD (TDVF firmware), RTMR[1] (QEMU-patched kernel image), and RTMR[2]
+/// (kernel command line + initrd).
+pub fn tdx_measurements_for_image_dir_without_rtmr0(
+    image_dir: &Path,
+    vm_config: &VmConfig,
+) -> Result<TdxMeasurementsWithoutRtmr0> {
+    let meta_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+    let meta_str = fs::read_to_string(&meta_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", meta_path.display()))?;
+    let meta: ImageMetadata =
+        serde_json::from_str(&meta_str).context("failed to parse image metadata.json")?;
+
+    let base_cmdline = meta
+        .cmdline
+        .filter(|s| !s.trim().is_empty())
+        .context("metadata.json cmdline is required for TDX measurement")?
+        .to_string();
+    let kernel_cmdline = measured_kernel_cmdline(&base_cmdline);
+
+    let firmware_path = image_dir.join(&meta.bios);
+    let kernel_path = image_dir.join(&meta.kernel);
+    let initrd_path = image_dir.join(&meta.initrd);
+
+    let fw_data = fs::read(&firmware_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", firmware_path.display()))?;
+    let kernel_data =
+        fs::read(&kernel_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", kernel_path.display()))?;
+    let initrd_data =
+        fs::read(&initrd_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", initrd_path.display()))?;
+
+    let ovmf_variant = vm_config
+        .ovmf_variant
+        .or(meta.ovmf_variant)
+        .or_else(|| {
+            if meta.version.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                crate::ovmf_variant_for_version(&meta.version).ok()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| crate::ovmf_variant_for_image(vm_config.image.as_deref()));
+
+    let firmware = firmware_path.display().to_string();
+    let kernel = kernel_path.display().to_string();
+    let initrd = initrd_path.display().to_string();
+    let machine = crate::Machine::builder()
+        .cpu_count(vm_config.cpu_count)
+        .memory_size(vm_config.memory_size)
+        .firmware(&firmware)
+        .kernel(&kernel)
+        .initrd(&initrd)
+        .kernel_cmdline(&kernel_cmdline)
+        .root_verity(true)
+        .hotplug_off(vm_config.hotplug_off)
+        .maybe_two_pass_add_pages(vm_config.qemu_single_pass_add_pages)
+        .maybe_pic(vm_config.pic)
+        .maybe_qemu_version(vm_config.qemu_version.clone())
+        .maybe_pci_hole64_size(if vm_config.pci_hole64_size > 0 {
+            Some(vm_config.pci_hole64_size)
+        } else {
+            None
+        })
+        .hugepages(vm_config.hugepages)
+        .num_gpus(vm_config.num_gpus)
+        .num_nics(vm_config.num_nics)
+        .num_verity_volumes(vm_config.num_verity_volumes)
+        .swtpm(vm_config.swtpm)
+        .num_nvswitches(vm_config.num_nvswitches)
+        .host_share_mode(vm_config.host_share_mode.clone())
+        .ovmf_variant(ovmf_variant)
+        .build();
+
+    let tdvf = Tdvf::parse(&fw_data).context("failed to parse TDX TDVF metadata")?;
+    let mrtd = tdvf.mrtd(&machine).context("failed to compute MRTD")?;
+
+    let rtmr1_log = crate::kernel::rtmr1_log(
+        &kernel_data,
+        initrd_data.len() as u32,
+        vm_config.memory_size,
+        0x28000,
+    )
+    .context("failed to compute RTMR1")?;
+    let rtmr1 = measure_log(&rtmr1_log);
+
+    let rtmr2_log = vec![
+        crate::kernel::measure_cmdline(&kernel_cmdline),
+        measure_sha384(&initrd_data),
+    ];
+    let rtmr2 = measure_log(&rtmr2_log);
+
+    Ok(TdxMeasurementsWithoutRtmr0 { mrtd, rtmr1, rtmr2 })
+}
+
+/// Compute TDX measurements without invoking QEMU-derived helper binaries.
+///
+/// RTMR[0] includes ACPI blobs generated by QEMU at launch time. The caller
+/// supplies the already-measured ACPI event digests from the hardware-bound
+/// event log; this function recomputes the rest of the TDX image measurement
+/// from image files and VM configuration.
+pub fn tdx_measurements_for_image_dir_with_acpi_hashes(
+    image_dir: &Path,
+    vm_config: &VmConfig,
+    acpi_hashes: &TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes,
+) -> Result<crate::TdxMeasurements> {
+    let meta_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+    let meta_str = fs::read_to_string(&meta_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", meta_path.display()))?;
+    let meta: ImageMetadata =
+        serde_json::from_str(&meta_str).context("failed to parse image metadata.json")?;
+
+    let base_cmdline = meta
+        .cmdline
+        .filter(|s| !s.trim().is_empty())
+        .context("metadata.json cmdline is required for TDX measurement")?
+        .to_string();
+    let kernel_cmdline = measured_kernel_cmdline(&base_cmdline);
+
+    let firmware_path = image_dir.join(&meta.bios);
+    let kernel_path = image_dir.join(&meta.kernel);
+    let initrd_path = image_dir.join(&meta.initrd);
+
+    let fw_data = fs::read(&firmware_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", firmware_path.display()))?;
+    let kernel_data =
+        fs::read(&kernel_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", kernel_path.display()))?;
+    let initrd_data =
+        fs::read(&initrd_path).with_context(|| format!("cannot read {}", initrd_path.display()))?;
+
+    let ovmf_variant = vm_config
+        .ovmf_variant
+        .or(meta.ovmf_variant)
+        .or_else(|| {
+            if meta.version.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                crate::ovmf_variant_for_version(&meta.version).ok()
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| crate::ovmf_variant_for_image(vm_config.image.as_deref()));
+
+    let firmware = firmware_path.display().to_string();
+    let kernel = kernel_path.display().to_string();
+    let initrd = initrd_path.display().to_string();
+    let machine = crate::Machine::builder()
+        .cpu_count(vm_config.cpu_count)
+        .memory_size(vm_config.memory_size)
+        .firmware(&firmware)
+        .kernel(&kernel)
+        .initrd(&initrd)
+        .kernel_cmdline(&kernel_cmdline)
+        .root_verity(true)
+        .hotplug_off(vm_config.hotplug_off)
+        .maybe_two_pass_add_pages(vm_config.qemu_single_pass_add_pages)
+        .maybe_pic(vm_config.pic)
+        .maybe_qemu_version(vm_config.qemu_version.clone())
+        .maybe_pci_hole64_size(if vm_config.pci_hole64_size > 0 {
+            Some(vm_config.pci_hole64_size)
+        } else {
+            None
+        })
+        .hugepages(vm_config.hugepages)
+        .num_gpus(vm_config.num_gpus)
+        .num_nics(vm_config.num_nics)
+        .num_verity_volumes(vm_config.num_verity_volumes)
+        .swtpm(vm_config.swtpm)
+        .num_nvswitches(vm_config.num_nvswitches)
+        .host_share_mode(vm_config.host_share_mode.clone())
+        .ovmf_variant(ovmf_variant)
+        .build();
+
+    let tdvf = Tdvf::parse(&fw_data).context("failed to parse TDX TDVF metadata")?;
+    let mrtd = tdvf.mrtd(&machine).context("failed to compute MRTD")?;
+
+    let rtmr0_log = tdvf
+        .rtmr0_log_with_acpi_hashes(
+            vm_config.memory_size,
+            ovmf_variant,
+            &AcpiTableHashes {
+                loader: acpi_hashes.loader.clone(),
+                rsdp: acpi_hashes.rsdp.clone(),
+                tables: acpi_hashes.tables.clone(),
+            },
+        )
+        .context("failed to compute RTMR0 without ACPI table generation")?;
+    let rtmr0 = measure_log(&rtmr0_log);
+
+    let rtmr1_log = crate::kernel::rtmr1_log(
+        &kernel_data,
+        initrd_data.len() as u32,
+        vm_config.memory_size,
+        0x28000,
+    )
+    .context("failed to compute RTMR1")?;
+    let rtmr1 = measure_log(&rtmr1_log);
+
+    let rtmr2_log = vec![
+        crate::kernel::measure_cmdline(&kernel_cmdline),
+        measure_sha384(&initrd_data),
+    ];
+    let rtmr2 = measure_log(&rtmr2_log);
+
+    Ok(crate::TdxMeasurements {
+        mrtd,
+        rtmr0,
+        rtmr1,
+        rtmr2,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/src/util.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/util.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b394944f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/src/util.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use log::debug;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+
+/// Computes a SHA384 hash of the given data.
+pub(crate) fn measure_sha384(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    Sha384::new_with_prefix(data).finalize().to_vec()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn utf16_encode(input: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    input
+        .encode_utf16()
+        .flat_map(|c| c.to_le_bytes().into_iter())
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn debug_print_log(name: &str, log: &[Vec<u8>]) {
+    debug!("{name} event log:");
+    for (i, entry) in log.iter().enumerate() {
+        debug!("[{i}] digest: {}", hex::encode(entry));
+    }
+}
+/// Computes a measurement of the given RTMR event log.
+pub(crate) fn measure_log(log: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut mr = [0u8; 48]; // SHA384 output size
+    for entry in log {
+        let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+        hasher.update(mr);
+        hasher.update(entry);
+        mr = hasher.finalize().into();
+    }
+    mr.to_vec()
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-mr/tests/tdvf_parse.rs b/dstack/dstack-mr/tests/tdvf_parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c7e93827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-mr/tests/tdvf_parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Integration test to verify TDVF firmware parsing correctness
+//!
+//! This test ensures that the scale codec-based parsing produces
+//! identical measurements to the original implementation.
+//!
+//! The test downloads a real dstack release from GitHub and verifies
+//! that the measurements remain consistent with the baseline.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_mr::Machine;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+// dstack release to download for testing
+const DSTACK_VERSION: &str = "v0.5.5";
+const DSTACK_RELEASE_URL: &str =
+    "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v0.5.5/dstack-0.5.5.tar.gz";
+
+// Expected measurements from baseline (verified with original implementation)
+// These are the measurements for dstack v0.5.5 with default configuration
+// Generated with: dstack-mr measure /path/to/dstack-0.5.5/metadata.json --json
+const EXPECTED_MRTD: &str = "f06dfda6dce1cf904d4e2bab1dc370634cf95cefa2ceb2de2eee127c9382698090d7a4a13e14c536ec6c9c3c8fa87077";
+const EXPECTED_RTMR0: &str = "68102e7b524af310f7b7d426ce75481e36c40f5d513a9009c046e9d37e31551f0134d954b496a3357fd61d03f07ffe96";
+const EXPECTED_RTMR1: &str = "daa9380dc33b14728a9adb222437cf14db2d40ffc4d7061d8f3c329f6c6b339f71486d33521287e8faeae22301f4d815";
+const EXPECTED_RTMR2: &str = "1c41080c9c74be158e55b92f2958129fc1265647324c4a0dc403292cfa41d4c529f39093900347a11c8c1b82ed8c5edf";
+
+/// Download and extract dstack release tarball if not already cached
+fn get_test_image_dir() -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let cache_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join("dstack-mr-test-cache");
+    let version_dir = cache_dir.join(DSTACK_VERSION);
+    let image_dir = version_dir.join("dstack-0.5.5");
+    let metadata_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+
+    // Return cached version if it exists
+    if metadata_path.exists() {
+        return Ok(image_dir);
+    }
+
+    eprintln!("Downloading dstack {DSTACK_VERSION} release for testing...",);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&version_dir)?;
+
+    // Download tarball
+    let tarball_path = version_dir.join("dstack.tar.gz");
+    let response =
+        reqwest::blocking::get(DSTACK_RELEASE_URL).context("failed to download dstack release")?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        anyhow::bail!("failed to download: HTTP {}", response.status());
+    }
+
+    let bytes = response.bytes().context("failed to read response")?;
+    std::fs::write(&tarball_path, bytes).context("failed to write tarball")?;
+
+    eprintln!("Extracting tarball...");
+
+    // Extract tarball
+    let tarball = std::fs::File::open(&tarball_path)?;
+    let decoder = flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(tarball);
+    let mut archive = tar::Archive::new(decoder);
+    archive
+        .unpack(&version_dir)
+        .context("failed to extract tarball")?;
+
+    // Verify extraction
+    if !metadata_path.exists() {
+        anyhow::bail!("metadata.json not found after extraction");
+    }
+
+    eprintln!("Test image ready at: {}", image_dir.display());
+
+    Ok(image_dir)
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore] // Run with: cargo test --release -- --ignored
+fn test_tdvf_parse_produces_correct_measurements() -> Result<()> {
+    // Get or download test image
+    let image_dir = get_test_image_dir()?;
+    let metadata_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+
+    let metadata = std::fs::read_to_string(&metadata_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", metadata_path.display()))?;
+    let image_info: dstack_types::ImageInfo = serde_json::from_str(&metadata)?;
+
+    let firmware_path = image_dir.join(&image_info.bios).display().to_string();
+    let kernel_path = image_dir.join(&image_info.kernel).display().to_string();
+    let initrd_path = image_dir.join(&image_info.initrd).display().to_string();
+    let cmdline = image_info.cmdline + " initrd=initrd";
+
+    eprintln!("Building machine configuration...");
+    let machine = Machine::builder()
+        .cpu_count(1)
+        .memory_size(2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024) // 2GB
+        .firmware(&firmware_path)
+        .kernel(&kernel_path)
+        .initrd(&initrd_path)
+        .kernel_cmdline(&cmdline)
+        .two_pass_add_pages(true)
+        .pic(true)
+        .smm(false)
+        .hugepages(false)
+        .num_gpus(0)
+        .num_nvswitches(0)
+        .hotplug_off(false)
+        .root_verity(true)
+        .build();
+
+    eprintln!("Computing measurements (this parses TDVF firmware)...");
+    let measurements = machine.measure()?;
+
+    eprintln!("Verifying measurements against baseline...");
+
+    // Verify measurements match expected values
+    assert_eq!(
+        hex::encode(&measurements.mrtd),
+        EXPECTED_MRTD,
+        "MRTD mismatch - TDVF parsing may have regressed"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        hex::encode(&measurements.rtmr0),
+        EXPECTED_RTMR0,
+        "RTMR0 mismatch - TDVF parsing may have regressed"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        hex::encode(&measurements.rtmr1),
+        EXPECTED_RTMR1,
+        "RTMR1 mismatch - TDVF parsing may have regressed"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        hex::encode(&measurements.rtmr2),
+        EXPECTED_RTMR2,
+        "RTMR2 mismatch - TDVF parsing may have regressed"
+    );
+
+    eprintln!("✅ All measurements match baseline - TDVF parsing is correct!");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-types/Cargo.toml b/dstack/dstack-types/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dba0358c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-types/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-types"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ciborium.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+or-panic.workspace = true
+scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+serde_with.workspace = true
+serde_jcs.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
+size-parser = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-types/src/lib.rs b/dstack/dstack-types/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..465ba815b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-types/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2420 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{io::Cursor, path::Path};
+
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+use size_parser::human_size;
+
+/// Bound event-log growth and MrConfigV3 size while supporting independent
+/// infrastructure-provider initialization stages.
+pub const MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS: usize = 5;
+
+pub mod init_script_hashes {
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+    use serde_human_bytes::ByteBuf;
+
+    pub fn serialize<S>(values: &[Vec<u8>], serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        values
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .map(ByteBuf::from)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .serialize(serializer)
+    }
+
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let values = Vec::<ByteBuf>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        if values.len() > super::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS {
+            return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+                "init_script_hashes supports at most {} hashes",
+                super::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS
+            )));
+        }
+        if values.iter().any(|value| value.len() != 32) {
+            return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(
+                "each init_script_hash must be 32 bytes",
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(values.into_iter().map(ByteBuf::into_vec).collect())
+    }
+
+    pub mod option {
+        use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+        use serde_human_bytes::ByteBuf;
+
+        pub fn serialize<S>(values: &Option<Vec<Vec<u8>>>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+        where
+            S: Serializer,
+        {
+            values
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|values| {
+                    values
+                        .iter()
+                        .cloned()
+                        .map(ByteBuf::from)
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                })
+                .serialize(serializer)
+        }
+
+        pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Vec<Vec<u8>>>, D::Error>
+        where
+            D: Deserializer<'de>,
+        {
+            Option::<Vec<ByteBuf>>::deserialize(deserializer)?
+                .map(|values| {
+                    if values.len() > super::super::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS {
+                        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+                            "init_script_hashes supports at most {} hashes",
+                            super::super::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS
+                        )));
+                    }
+                    if values.iter().any(|value| value.len() != 32) {
+                        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(
+                            "each init_script_hash must be 32 bytes",
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    Ok(values.into_iter().map(ByteBuf::into_vec).collect())
+                })
+                .transpose()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Identifies which OVMF flavour the guest image was built with.
+///
+/// Only the pre-202505 OVMF measurement layout is supported.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum OvmfVariant {
+    /// Pre-202505 OVMF (13 RTMR[0] events).
+    #[default]
+    Pre202505,
+}
+
+impl OvmfVariant {
+    pub fn to_u8(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Pre202505 => 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_u8(value: u8) -> Option<Self> {
+        match value {
+            0 => Some(Self::Pre202505),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Records which TDX attestation/hash scheme the VMM resolved for this boot
+/// (used by KMS's own key-release check and by the guest's fail-closed
+/// `requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables` gate). It does not restrict what a
+/// verifier can do: the guest's event log always retains the RTMR0 ACPI
+/// digest events and `vm_config.tdx_measurement` is attached whenever the
+/// image provides it, regardless of this flag, so any verifier can
+/// independently pick `Legacy` or `Lite` verification for the same
+/// attestation by supplying its own vm_config.
+///
+/// `Legacy` recomputes the full TDX launch measurement using the
+/// image/QEMU-derived path (`vm_config.os_image_hash` is `digest.txt`, i.e.
+/// `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`).
+///
+/// `Lite` recomputes measurements from `vm_config.tdx_measurement`
+/// (`sha256sum.txt` plus the TDX measurement CBOR file) and the event log's
+/// ACPI digests, without downloading the image or running QEMU. The
+/// attestation quote remains the existing `DstackTdx` in both cases.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum TdxAttestationVariant {
+    #[default]
+    Legacy,
+    Lite,
+}
+
+impl TdxAttestationVariant {
+    pub fn is_legacy(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Legacy)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_lite(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Lite)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Event log version controlling the digest format.
+///
+/// Using an enum ensures exhaustive matching — adding a new version
+/// forces all match sites to be updated.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum EventLogVersion {
+    /// Legacy binary digest: `SHA384(event_type_le || ":" || name || ":" || payload)`
+    #[default]
+    V1,
+    /// JSON canonical digest (JCS RFC 8785), hashed as canonical JSON bytes:
+    /// `SHA384({"name":"...","payload":"hex...","type":134217729})`
+    V2,
+}
+
+impl EventLogVersion {
+    pub fn is_v1(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::V1)
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_u32(v: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+        match v {
+            1 => Some(EventLogVersion::V1),
+            2 => Some(EventLogVersion::V2),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for EventLogVersion {
+    fn serialize<S: serde::Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        match self {
+            EventLogVersion::V1 => serializer.serialize_u32(1),
+            EventLogVersion::V2 => serializer.serialize_u32(2),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for EventLogVersion {
+    fn deserialize<D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let v = u32::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        EventLogVersion::from_u32(v)
+            .ok_or_else(|| serde::de::Error::custom(format!("unknown event log version: {v}")))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AppCompose {
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_manifest_version")]
+    pub manifest_version: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    // Deprecated
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub features: Vec<String>,
+    pub runner: String,
+    /// containerd snapshotter used by the `nerdctl-compose` runner.
+    /// The field is invalid for other runners.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub snapshotter: Option<ContainerSnapshotter>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub docker_compose_file: Option<String>,
+    /// Bash scripts executed before the application runner starts.
+    ///
+    /// A single string is accepted for backward compatibility and is treated
+    /// as a one-element list.
+    #[serde(
+        default,
+        deserialize_with = "deserialize_init_scripts",
+        serialize_with = "serialize_init_scripts",
+        skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty"
+    )]
+    pub init_script: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub public_logs: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub public_sysinfo: bool,
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub public_tcbinfo: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub kms_enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(
+        deserialize_with = "deserialize_gateway_enabled",
+        serialize_with = "serialize_gateway_enabled",
+        flatten
+    )]
+    pub gateway_enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub local_key_provider_enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub key_provider: Option<KeyProviderKind>,
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub key_provider_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub allowed_envs: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub no_instance_id: bool,
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub secure_time: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub storage_fs: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, with = "human_size")]
+    pub swap_size: u64,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "EventLogVersion::is_v1")]
+    pub event_log_version: EventLogVersion,
+    /// Per-port policy consumed by the gateway (PROXY protocol opt-in,
+    /// optional port whitelist).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub port_policy: PortPolicy,
+    /// Guest-side requirements enforced by guests that understand this field.
+    ///
+    /// Use manifest_version "3" (string) when setting this field so older
+    /// guests, which only accept numeric manifest versions, fail closed instead
+    /// of silently ignoring the requirements.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub requirements: Option<Requirements>,
+    /// Read-only, dm-verity-protected volumes pre-seeded into the CVM. Each
+    /// `verity_root` is measured (it is part of these compose bytes), so the
+    /// guest only mounts content matching the attested app. See
+    /// docs/verity-volumes.md.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub verity_volumes: Vec<VerityVolume>,
+}
+
+fn deserialize_init_scripts<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Vec<String>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(untagged)]
+    enum InitScripts {
+        One(String),
+        Many(Vec<String>),
+    }
+
+    let scripts = match Option::<InitScripts>::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+        None => Vec::new(),
+        Some(InitScripts::One(script)) => vec![script],
+        Some(InitScripts::Many(scripts)) => scripts,
+    };
+    if scripts.len() > MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS {
+        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+            "init_script supports at most {MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS} scripts"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(scripts)
+}
+
+fn serialize_init_scripts<S>(scripts: &[String], serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: serde::Serializer,
+{
+    if let [script] = scripts {
+        serializer.serialize_str(script)
+    } else {
+        scripts.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A pre-baked, read-only dm-verity volume attached to the CVM.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct VerityVolume {
+    /// Bare image file name resolved by the VMM under `cvm.volumes_dir`.
+    pub source: String,
+    /// dm-verity root hash (hex): the volume's content identity and integrity
+    /// check. The guest matches attached devices against it.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub verity_root: [u8; 32],
+    /// Absolute path where the volume's filesystem is mounted.
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_absolute_path")]
+    pub target: std::path::PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Reject ambiguous mount declarations before any disk is attached or
+/// activated. The same root may intentionally be mounted at multiple targets,
+/// but a target can only be owned by one volume.
+pub fn validate_verity_volumes(volumes: &[VerityVolume]) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut targets = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    for volume in volumes {
+        if !targets.insert(&volume.target) {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "duplicate verity volume target {}",
+                volume.target.display()
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn deserialize_absolute_path<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<std::path::PathBuf, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let value = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    let path = std::path::PathBuf::from(&value);
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!(
+            "volume target must be an absolute path, got '{value}'"
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod verity_volume_tests {
+    use super::{validate_verity_volumes, VerityVolume};
+
+    fn volume(root: u8, target: &str) -> VerityVolume {
+        VerityVolume {
+            source: format!("{root}.img"),
+            verity_root: [root; 32],
+            target: target.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_duplicate_roots_but_rejects_duplicate_targets() {
+        validate_verity_volumes(&[volume(1, "/a"), volume(1, "/b")]).unwrap();
+        assert!(validate_verity_volumes(&[volume(1, "/a"), volume(2, "/a")])
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .contains("duplicate verity volume target"));
+        validate_verity_volumes(&[volume(1, "/a"), volume(2, "/b")]).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+pub enum ContainerSnapshotter {
+    Overlayfs,
+    Stargz,
+}
+
+/// Canonical source for the policy used when `requirements.gpu_policy` is
+/// absent. Both typed defaults and measurement are derived from this JSON.
+pub const DEFAULT_GPU_POLICY: &str = "{}";
+
+/// Path containing the complete output of the NVIDIA GPU attestation command.
+pub const GPU_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT: &str = "/run/nvidia-gpu-attestation/attestation.out";
+
+/// Computes the SHA-256 digest of the JCS-canonicalized raw
+/// `requirements.gpu_policy` JSON value. An absent policy is equivalent to
+/// the default empty object.
+pub fn gpu_policy_hash(compose_json: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; 32], serde_json::Error> {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+    let compose: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(compose_json)?;
+    let default_policy: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(DEFAULT_GPU_POLICY)?;
+    let policy = compose
+        .pointer("/requirements/gpu_policy")
+        .unwrap_or(&default_policy);
+    let canonical = serde_jcs::to_vec(policy)?;
+    Ok(Sha256::digest(canonical).into())
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct GpuPolicy {
+    /// Whether an attached GPU must pass local TEE attestation before the
+    /// guest continues booting. Defaults to true.
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub attest_gpu: bool,
+    /// Optional Rego v0 policy evaluated against NVIDIA nvattest's `claims`
+    /// array. It must define the boolean rule `data.policy.nv_match`.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub rego: Option<String>,
+    /// Permit NVIDIA DevTools mode. This defaults to false because DevTools
+    /// disables the GPU memory-confidentiality guarantees expected in
+    /// production.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub allow_devtools: bool,
+    /// Permit claims whose GPU attestation debug status is `enabled`. Defaults
+    /// to false.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub allow_debug: bool,
+    /// Permit claims that do not assert GPU secure boot. Defaults to false.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub allow_insecure_boot: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for GpuPolicy {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        serde_json::from_str(DEFAULT_GPU_POLICY)
+            .or_panic("DEFAULT_GPU_POLICY must be a valid GPU policy")
+    }
+}
+
+impl GpuPolicy {
+    /// Returns true when no application-specific GPU policy setting is set.
+    pub fn is_default(&self) -> bool {
+        self == &Self::default()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(default, deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Requirements {
+    /// OS-version requirement parsed with Rust semver requirement semantics,
+    /// e.g. `">=0.6.0"` or `">=0.6.0, <0.7.0"`.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub os_version: Option<String>,
+    /// Allowed attestation platforms. Omitted means any supported platform;
+    /// an explicit empty list means no platform is allowed.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub platforms: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    /// TDX-only ACPI table measurement requirement. When set, this overrides
+    /// the VMM-side TDX lite attestation policy: `true` requires legacy mode
+    /// with ACPI tables measured, while `false` requires lite mode.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tdx_measure_acpi_tables: Option<bool>,
+    /// Hex digest of the launch token carried in `user_config` at JSON path
+    /// `dstack.launch_token`, computed as
+    /// `sha256("dstack-launch-token/v1:" || token)` (see
+    /// [`launch_token_hash`]). When set, guests fail closed before key
+    /// provisioning unless the token hashes to this value; when absent,
+    /// `user_config` is not parsed at all.
+    ///
+    /// This hash is public, so the token must not be guessable: guests reject
+    /// tokens shorter than 32 bytes, and deployers should use a random token
+    /// (e.g. 32 random alphanumeric characters).
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub launch_token_hash: Option<String>,
+    /// Application GPU policy applied before key provisioning. An omitted
+    /// field is parsed and measured as the default empty policy `{}`.
+    ///
+    /// Its original JSON value is JCS-canonicalized and its SHA-256 digest is
+    /// emitted as the `gpu-policy-hash` launch event immediately after
+    /// `compose-hash`. When the field is absent, `{}` is measured. An explicitly
+    /// present default-valued field remains part of the raw measurement.
+    /// Rego receives an empty claims array when no GPU attestation is produced,
+    /// allowing applications to enforce an expected GPU count.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "GpuPolicy::is_default")]
+    pub gpu_policy: GpuPolicy,
+}
+
+impl Requirements {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.os_version.is_none()
+            && self.platforms.is_none()
+            && self.tdx_measure_acpi_tables.is_none()
+            && self.launch_token_hash.is_none()
+            && self.gpu_policy.is_default()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Domain-separation prefix for [`launch_token_hash`]. It keeps the digest
+/// distinct from a plain `sha256(token)` (as used by the legacy app-layer
+/// top-level `launch_token_hash` convention) and from generic precomputed
+/// tables.
+pub const LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH_DOMAIN: &str = "dstack-launch-token/v1:";
+
+/// Canonical `requirements.launch_token_hash` digest of a launch token:
+/// `sha256("dstack-launch-token/v1:" || token)`.
+///
+/// Shell equivalent: `printf 'dstack-launch-token/v1:%s' "$TOKEN" | sha256sum`.
+pub fn launch_token_hash(token: &str) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH_DOMAIN.len() + token.len());
+    data.extend_from_slice(LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH_DOMAIN.as_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(token.as_bytes());
+    sha256(&data)
+}
+
+fn deserialize_manifest_version<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<String, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    struct ManifestVersionVisitor;
+
+    impl<'de> serde::de::Visitor<'de> for ManifestVersionVisitor {
+        type Value = String;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            formatter.write_str("a string manifest version, or legacy numeric 1/2")
+        }
+
+        fn visit_str<E>(self, value: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+        where
+            E: serde::de::Error,
+        {
+            parse_manifest_version_string(value).map_err(E::custom)
+        }
+
+        fn visit_string<E>(self, value: String) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+        where
+            E: serde::de::Error,
+        {
+            self.visit_str(&value)
+        }
+
+        fn visit_u64<E>(self, value: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+        where
+            E: serde::de::Error,
+        {
+            match value {
+                1 | 2 => Ok(value.to_string()),
+                _ => Err(E::custom(
+                    "numeric manifest_version is only supported for legacy versions 1 and 2; use a string for newer versions",
+                )),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn visit_i64<E>(self, value: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+        where
+            E: serde::de::Error,
+        {
+            let value = u64::try_from(value)
+                .map_err(|_| E::custom("manifest_version must be a positive integer"))?;
+            self.visit_u64(value)
+        }
+    }
+
+    deserializer.deserialize_any(ManifestVersionVisitor)
+}
+
+fn parse_manifest_version_string(value: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let value = value.trim();
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err("manifest_version must not be empty".to_string());
+    }
+    let parsed = value.parse::<u32>().map_err(|_| {
+        format!("manifest_version must be a positive integer string, got {value:?}")
+    })?;
+    if parsed == 0 {
+        return Err("manifest_version must be greater than 0".to_string());
+    }
+    if parsed.to_string() != value {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "manifest_version must be a canonical integer string, got {value:?}"
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(parsed.to_string())
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct PortPolicy {
+    /// Per-port attributes (PROXY protocol opt-in, etc.).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub ports: Vec<PortAttrs>,
+    /// When true, the gateway only forwards traffic to ports listed in `ports`.
+    /// All other ports are rejected at TCP-accept time.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub restrict_mode: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PortAttrs {
+    pub port: u16,
+    /// Whether the gateway should send a PROXY protocol header on outbound
+    /// connections to this port.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pp: bool,
+}
+
+fn default_true() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+fn deserialize_gateway_enabled<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<bool, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    struct GatewayEnabled {
+        #[serde(default)]
+        gateway_enabled: bool,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        tproxy_enabled: bool,
+    }
+    let value = GatewayEnabled::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    Ok(value.gateway_enabled || value.tproxy_enabled)
+}
+
+fn serialize_gateway_enabled<S>(enabled: &bool, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: serde::Serializer,
+{
+    #[derive(Serialize)]
+    struct GatewayEnabled {
+        gateway_enabled: bool,
+    }
+
+    GatewayEnabled {
+        gateway_enabled: *enabled,
+    }
+    .serialize(serializer)
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum KeyProviderKind {
+    None,
+    Kms,
+    Local,
+    Tpm,
+}
+
+impl KeyProviderKind {
+    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, KeyProviderKind::None)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_kms(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, KeyProviderKind::Kms)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_tpm(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, KeyProviderKind::Tpm)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct DockerConfig {
+    /// The URL of the Docker registry.
+    pub registry: Option<String>,
+    /// The username of the registry account.
+    pub username: Option<String>,
+    /// The key of the encrypted environment variables for registry account token.
+    pub token_key: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl AppCompose {
+    pub fn manifest_version_u32(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.manifest_version.parse().ok()
+    }
+
+    pub fn feature_enabled(&self, feature: &str) -> bool {
+        self.features.contains(&feature.to_string())
+    }
+
+    pub fn gateway_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.gateway_enabled || self.feature_enabled("tproxy-net")
+    }
+
+    pub fn kms_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.key_provider().is_kms()
+    }
+
+    pub fn key_provider(&self) -> KeyProviderKind {
+        match self.key_provider {
+            Some(p) => p,
+            None => {
+                if self.kms_enabled {
+                    KeyProviderKind::Kms
+                } else if self.local_key_provider_enabled {
+                    KeyProviderKind::Local
+                } else {
+                    KeyProviderKind::None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod app_compose_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn parse_compose(manifest_version: serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Result<AppCompose> {
+        serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": manifest_version,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose"
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn init_script_accepts_string_array_and_null() {
+        assert!(parse_compose(serde_json::json!(2))
+            .unwrap()
+            .init_script
+            .is_empty());
+
+        let single: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "init_script": "echo one"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(single.init_script, ["echo one"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(&single).unwrap()["init_script"],
+            "echo one"
+        );
+
+        let multiple: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "init_script": ["echo one", "echo two"]
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(multiple.init_script, ["echo one", "echo two"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_value(&multiple).unwrap()["init_script"],
+            serde_json::json!(["echo one", "echo two"])
+        );
+
+        let null: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "init_script": null
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(null.init_script.is_empty());
+        assert!(serde_json::to_value(&null)
+            .unwrap()
+            .get("init_script")
+            .is_none());
+
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<AppCompose>(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "init_script": ["echo one", 2]
+        }))
+        .is_err());
+
+        assert!(serde_json::from_value::<AppCompose>(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "init_script": ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"]
+        }))
+        .unwrap_err()
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("at most 5"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_version_accepts_string_versions() {
+        let compose = parse_compose(serde_json::json!("3")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(compose.manifest_version, "3");
+        assert_eq!(compose.manifest_version_u32(), Some(3));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn event_log_v1_is_omitted_but_v2_is_serialized() {
+        #[derive(Serialize)]
+        struct VersionField {
+            #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "EventLogVersion::is_v1")]
+            event_log_version: EventLogVersion,
+        }
+
+        let v1 = serde_json::to_value(VersionField {
+            event_log_version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(v1.get("event_log_version").is_none());
+
+        let v2 = serde_json::to_value(VersionField {
+            event_log_version: EventLogVersion::V2,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v2["event_log_version"], 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_supported_container_snapshotters() {
+        let compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "nerdctl-compose",
+            "snapshotter": "stargz"
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(compose.snapshotter, Some(ContainerSnapshotter::Stargz));
+
+        let invalid = serde_json::from_value::<AppCompose>(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "nerdctl-compose",
+            "snapshotter": "unknown"
+        }));
+        assert!(invalid.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_version_accepts_legacy_numeric_1_and_2() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_compose(serde_json::json!(1))
+                .unwrap()
+                .manifest_version,
+            "1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_compose(serde_json::json!(2))
+                .unwrap()
+                .manifest_version,
+            "2"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_version_rejects_new_numeric_versions() {
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!(3)).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("legacy versions 1 and 2"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_version_rejects_invalid_numeric_values() {
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!(0)).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("legacy versions 1 and 2"));
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!(-1)).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("positive integer"));
+        assert!(parse_compose(serde_json::json!(2.5)).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_version_rejects_non_canonical_strings() {
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!("0")).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("greater than 0"));
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!("03")).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("canonical integer string"));
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!("+3")).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("canonical integer string"));
+        let err = parse_compose(serde_json::json!("")).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("must not be empty"));
+        assert!(parse_compose(serde_json::json!("3.0")).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requirements_support_os_version_and_platforms() {
+        let compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "os_version": ">=0.6.1",
+                "platforms": ["dstack-gcp-tdx", "dstack-tdx"],
+                "tdx_measure_acpi_tables": true,
+                "launch_token_hash": "9f86d081884c7d659a2feaa0c55ad015a3bf4f1b2b0b822cd15d6c15b0f00a08",
+                "gpu_policy": {
+                    "rego": "package policy\n\ndefault nv_match = false\n",
+                    "allow_devtools": true,
+                    "allow_debug": true,
+                    "allow_insecure_boot": true
+                }
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = compose.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(requirements.os_version.as_deref(), Some(">=0.6.1"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            requirements.platforms,
+            Some(vec!["dstack-gcp-tdx".to_string(), "dstack-tdx".to_string()])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables, Some(true));
+        assert_eq!(
+            requirements.launch_token_hash.as_deref(),
+            Some("9f86d081884c7d659a2feaa0c55ad015a3bf4f1b2b0b822cd15d6c15b0f00a08")
+        );
+        let gpu_policy = &requirements.gpu_policy;
+        assert!(gpu_policy.attest_gpu);
+        assert_eq!(
+            gpu_policy.rego.as_deref(),
+            Some("package policy\n\ndefault nv_match = false\n")
+        );
+        assert!(gpu_policy.allow_devtools);
+        assert!(gpu_policy.allow_debug);
+        assert!(gpu_policy.allow_insecure_boot);
+
+        let err = serde_json::from_value::<AppCompose>(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "os_version_policy": ">=0.6.1"
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unknown field"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requirements_distinguish_omitted_and_empty_platforms() {
+        let omitted: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {}
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = omitted.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(requirements.platforms, None);
+        assert!(requirements.gpu_policy.is_default());
+        assert!(requirements.is_empty());
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(requirements).unwrap();
+        assert!(serialized.get("gpu_policy").is_none());
+
+        let explicit_empty: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "platforms": []
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = explicit_empty.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(requirements.platforms, Some(vec![]));
+        assert!(!requirements.is_empty());
+
+        let acpi_tables: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "tdx_measure_acpi_tables": false
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = acpi_tables.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables, Some(false));
+        assert!(!requirements.is_empty());
+
+        let launch_token: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "launch_token_hash": "9f86d081884c7d659a2feaa0c55ad015a3bf4f1b2b0b822cd15d6c15b0f00a08"
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = launch_token.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(requirements.launch_token_hash.is_some());
+        assert!(!requirements.is_empty());
+
+        let gpu_policy: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "gpu_policy": {
+                    "rego": "package policy\n\ndefault nv_match = false\n"
+                }
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = gpu_policy.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let gpu_policy = &requirements.gpu_policy;
+        assert!(gpu_policy.attest_gpu);
+        assert!(gpu_policy.rego.is_some());
+        assert!(!gpu_policy.allow_devtools);
+        assert!(!gpu_policy.allow_debug);
+        assert!(!gpu_policy.allow_insecure_boot);
+        assert!(!requirements.is_empty());
+
+        let err = serde_json::from_value::<AppCompose>(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "gpu_policy": {
+                    "rego": "package policy",
+                    "allow_debugger": true
+                }
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unknown field"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attest_gpu_defaults_to_true() {
+        assert!(GpuPolicy::default().attest_gpu);
+
+        let omitted: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {}
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = omitted.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu);
+        assert!(requirements.is_empty());
+
+        let explicit_empty: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "gpu_policy": {}
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            explicit_empty.requirements.unwrap().gpu_policy,
+            requirements.gpu_policy
+        );
+
+        let disabled: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "gpu_policy": {
+                    "attest_gpu": false
+                }
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let requirements = disabled.requirements.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(!requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu);
+        assert!(!requirements.is_empty());
+
+        let old_location = serde_json::from_value::<AppCompose>(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "requirements": {
+                "attest_gpu": false
+            }
+        }))
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(old_location.to_string().contains("unknown field"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn launch_token_hash_is_domain_separated() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(launch_token_hash("unit-test-launch-token-0000000001")),
+            "28faa1319055d733ad9651f5ab7689c15b04609846bcd27b3c5bc8df6246f5a3"
+        );
+        // Not a plain sha256 of the token (the legacy app-layer convention).
+        use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+        assert_ne!(
+            launch_token_hash("unit-test-launch-token-0000000001").to_vec(),
+            Sha256::digest("unit-test-launch-token-0000000001".as_bytes()).to_vec()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SysConfig {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub kms_urls: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default, alias = "tproxy_urls")]
+    pub gateway_urls: Vec<String>,
+    /// Independently operated gateway clusters. URLs within one entry are
+    /// failover endpoints for the same cluster. When empty, `gateway_urls` is
+    /// treated as one legacy cluster.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub gateway_clusters: Vec<GatewayClusterConfig>,
+    /// Backward-compatible input for sys-config files produced by older hosts.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "pccs_url", skip_serializing)]
+    legacy_pccs_url: Option<String>,
+    /// Attestation collateral service endpoints. Platform defaults are used
+    /// for fields that are absent.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub collateral_urls: Option<CollateralUrls>,
+    /// Optional NVIDIA attestation collateral proxy. When present, nvattest
+    /// fetches both OCSP responses and RIM documents through this endpoint.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub nvidia_attestation_proxy_url: Option<String>,
+    pub docker_registry: Option<String>,
+    pub host_api_url: Option<String>,
+    /// MrConfigV3 document string for platform app/config binding.
+    ///
+    /// Hosts generate this in JCS form, but verifiers hash the supplied string
+    /// bytes directly because the platform carrier binds the exact document
+    /// string.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub mr_config: Option<String>,
+    // JSON serialized VmConfig
+    pub vm_config: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct GatewayClusterConfig {
+    /// Stable local name used for the per-cluster key cache.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Failover RPC endpoints belonging to this cluster.
+    pub urls: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct CollateralUrls {
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub pccs: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub amd_kds: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl SysConfig {
+    pub fn collateral_urls(&self) -> CollateralUrls {
+        let mut urls = self.collateral_urls.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+        if urls.pccs.is_none() {
+            urls.pccs.clone_from(&self.legacy_pccs_url);
+        }
+        urls
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct TeeSimulatorConfig {
+    /// Platform ABI exposed by dstack-tee-simulator. Defaults to `dstack-tdx`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub platform: TeeVariant,
+    /// Hex-encoded 32-byte development PKI seed. The host collateral service
+    /// and guest simulator must receive the same seed.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub mock_attestation_seed: Option<String>,
+    /// Base URL used in mock collateral certificates (AIA/CRL).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub collateral_base_url: Option<String>,
+    /// MrConfigV3 document used to generate mock platform evidence.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub mr_config: Option<String>,
+    /// JSON serialized VmConfig used to generate mock platform evidence.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub vm_config: Option<String>,
+    /// Ordered SHA-384 PCR extensions used to reproduce the AWS boot state in
+    /// the development NitroTPM simulator.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub aws_pcr_replay: Option<AwsPcrReplay>,
+    /// Image-specific GCP TPM event log replayed by the development simulator.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub gcp_tpm_replay: Option<GcpTpmReplay>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct GcpTpmReplay {
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub event_log: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AwsPcrReplay {
+    pub version: u32,
+    pub events: Vec<AwsPcrReplayEvent>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub pcr4: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub pcr7: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub pcr12: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct AwsPcrReplayEvent {
+    pub pcr: u16,
+    pub event_type: String,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub digest: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Encode, Decode)]
+pub enum TeeVariant {
+    #[default]
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack-tdx")]
+    DstackTdx,
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack-gcp-tdx")]
+    DstackGcpTdx,
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack-nitro-enclave")]
+    DstackNitroEnclave,
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack-amd-sev-snp")]
+    DstackAmdSevSnp,
+    #[serde(rename = "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm")]
+    DstackAwsNitroTpm,
+}
+
+impl TeeVariant {
+    pub fn has_tdx(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::DstackTdx | Self::DstackGcpTdx)
+    }
+
+    pub fn tpm_event_pcr_and_bank(self) -> Option<(u32, &'static str)> {
+        match self {
+            Self::DstackGcpTdx => Some((14, "sha256")),
+            Self::DstackAwsNitroTpm => Some((14, "sha384")),
+            Self::DstackTdx | Self::DstackAmdSevSnp | Self::DstackNitroEnclave => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::DstackTdx => "dstack-tdx",
+            Self::DstackGcpTdx => "dstack-gcp-tdx",
+            Self::DstackAmdSevSnp => "dstack-amd-sev-snp",
+            Self::DstackNitroEnclave => "dstack-nitro-enclave",
+            Self::DstackAwsNitroTpm => "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::str::FromStr for TeeVariant {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match value {
+            "dstack-tdx" => Ok(Self::DstackTdx),
+            "dstack-gcp-tdx" => Ok(Self::DstackGcpTdx),
+            "dstack-amd-sev-snp" => Ok(Self::DstackAmdSevSnp),
+            "dstack-nitro-enclave" => Ok(Self::DstackNitroEnclave),
+            "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm" => Ok(Self::DstackAwsNitroTpm),
+            _ => Err(format!("unsupported TEE variant: {value}")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SysConfig {
+    /// Canonical MrConfigV3 document for this VM, if any.
+    ///
+    /// The document is carried in the top-level `mr_config` field; older hosts
+    /// only embedded it inside the serialized `vm_config`, so fall back to that
+    /// for backward compatibility. This is the single source of truth for all
+    /// readers (guest quote generation and config-id verification) so they
+    /// cannot disagree about where `mr_config` lives.
+    pub fn mr_config_document(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        if let Some(doc) = self.mr_config.as_deref() {
+            if !doc.is_empty() {
+                return Some(doc.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+        serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&self.vm_config)
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|value| {
+                value
+                    .get("mr_config")
+                    .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+                    .map(ToString::to_string)
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_num_nics() -> u32 {
+    1
+}
+
+fn is_default_num_nics(n: &u32) -> bool {
+    *n == default_num_nics()
+}
+
+fn is_zero(n: &u32) -> bool {
+    *n == 0
+}
+
+fn is_false(value: &bool) -> bool {
+    !value
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct VmConfig {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
+    pub os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub cpu_count: u32,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub memory_size: u64,
+    // https://github.com/intel-staging/qemu-tdx/issues/1
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub qemu_single_pass_add_pages: Option<bool>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub pic: Option<bool>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub qemu_version: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pci_hole64_size: u64,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub hugepages: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub num_gpus: u32,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub num_nvswitches: u32,
+    /// Number of virtio-net NICs attached to the guest. Each NIC adds a PCI
+    /// device to the ACPI/DSDT layout and therefore changes RTMR0, so it must
+    /// be measured. Defaults to 1 and is omitted from the serialized form when
+    /// equal to 1, keeping configs (and their cache keys / hashes) produced
+    /// before this field existed byte-for-byte stable.
+    #[serde(
+        default = "default_num_nics",
+        skip_serializing_if = "is_default_num_nics"
+    )]
+    pub num_nics: u32,
+    /// Number of read-only verity volume devices attached to the guest. Each
+    /// volume adds a virtio-blk PCI device before the NICs and therefore
+    /// changes the measured ACPI/DSDT layout.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_zero")]
+    pub num_verity_volumes: u32,
+    /// Whether QEMU attaches a software TPM device. The TPM changes the ACPI
+    /// table layout and must therefore be included in TDX measurement inputs.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_false")]
+    pub swtpm: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub hotplug_off: bool,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub image: Option<String>,
+    /// If true, shared files are provided via a second virtual disk (hd2)
+    /// If false (default), shared files are provided via 9p virtfs
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub host_share_mode: String,
+    /// OVMF measurement layout declared by the OS image. When present, verifiers
+    /// should treat this as the source of truth. Absent on images built before
+    /// this field was introduced — callers must fall back to other heuristics
+    /// (e.g. parsing the OS version out of `image`).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub ovmf_variant: Option<OvmfVariant>,
+    /// TDX-only attestation/hash scheme selector. Defaults to `legacy` and is
+    /// omitted from legacy configs to keep old behavior and wire shape stable.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "TdxAttestationVariant::is_legacy")]
+    pub tdx_attestation_variant: TdxAttestationVariant,
+    /// TDX-only no-image-download measurement material. Attached whenever
+    /// the OS image provides it, regardless of `tdx_attestation_variant`, and
+    /// omitted only when the image predates this measurement material.
+    ///
+    /// Its presence does not select lite verification: `tdx_attestation_variant`
+    /// alone does. A `Legacy` boot is verified through the image download even
+    /// when this document is attached, because the two paths disagree on what
+    /// `os_image_hash` means and honoring the document would move a boot the
+    /// app pinned to `Legacy` onto the weaker image-identity check.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tdx_measurement: Option<TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    /// GCP TDX no-image-download measurement material. Present for GCP
+    /// deployments so `os_image_hash` can remain the unified image digest
+    /// (`sha256(sha256sum.txt)`) while the verifier still binds the TPM UKI
+    /// Authenticode event to that digest.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub gcp_measurement: Option<GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    /// AWS NitroTPM image measurement material. When present, `os_image_hash`
+    /// is the unified digest `sha256(sha256sum.txt)` and boot identity is bound
+    /// via `boot_pcr_digest = sha256(PCR4||PCR7||PCR12)` in the measurement
+    /// document (like GCP / TDX lite).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub aws_measurement: Option<AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+}
+
+/// One OVMF SEV metadata section (gpa/size/type) that affects the SEV-SNP
+/// launch measurement. Mirrors the OVMF footer metadata.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OvmfSection {
+    pub gpa: u64,
+    pub size: u64,
+    pub section_type: u32,
+}
+
+fn cbor_to_vec<T: Serialize>(value: &T, context: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    ciborium::ser::into_writer(value, &mut out)
+        .or_panic(format!("{context}: CBOR serialization should not fail"));
+    out
+}
+
+fn cbor_from_slice<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(
+    bytes: &[u8],
+    context: &str,
+) -> Result<T, String> {
+    ciborium::de::from_reader(Cursor::new(bytes))
+        .map_err(|e| format!("{context}: failed to decode CBOR: {e}"))
+}
+
+fn sha256(bytes: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+    Sha256::digest(bytes).into()
+}
+
+pub const TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME: &str = "measurement.tdx.cbor";
+pub const SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME: &str = "measurement.snp.cbor";
+pub const GCP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME: &str = "measurement.gcp.cbor";
+
+pub fn image_hash_from_sha256sum(checksum_file: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    sha256(checksum_file)
+}
+
+pub fn sha256sum_entry_hash(checksum_file: &[u8], filename: &str) -> Result<[u8; 32], String> {
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(checksum_file)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("sha256sum.txt is not valid UTF-8: {e}"))?;
+    let mut found = None;
+    for (line_no, line) in text.lines().enumerate() {
+        let line = line.trim();
+        if line.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut parts = line.split_whitespace();
+        let Some(hash_hex) = parts.next() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(path) = parts.next() else {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "sha256sum.txt line {} is missing filename",
+                line_no + 1
+            ));
+        };
+        if path != filename {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if found.is_some() {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "sha256sum.txt contains duplicate {filename} entries"
+            ));
+        }
+        let hash = hex::decode(hash_hex)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("sha256sum.txt {filename} hash is not valid hex: {e}"))?;
+        let hash: [u8; 32] = hash.try_into().map_err(|hash: Vec<u8>| {
+            format!(
+                "sha256sum.txt {filename} hash has invalid length {}, expected 32",
+                hash.len()
+            )
+        })?;
+        found = Some(hash);
+    }
+    found.ok_or_else(|| format!("sha256sum.txt is missing {filename}"))
+}
+
+pub fn verify_measurement_material(
+    os_image_hash: &[u8],
+    checksum_file: &[u8],
+    measurement: &[u8],
+    filename: &str,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if image_hash_from_sha256sum(checksum_file).as_slice() != os_image_hash {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "os_image_hash mismatch: expected sha256(sha256sum.txt)={}, actual={}",
+            hex::encode(os_image_hash),
+            hex::encode(image_hash_from_sha256sum(checksum_file))
+        ));
+    }
+    let expected_measurement_hash = sha256sum_entry_hash(checksum_file, filename)?;
+    let actual_measurement_hash = sha256(measurement);
+    if expected_measurement_hash != actual_measurement_hash {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "{filename} hash mismatch: sha256sum.txt={}, actual={}",
+            hex::encode(expected_measurement_hash),
+            hex::encode(actual_measurement_hash)
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Image-invariant GCP TDX measurement material. GCP's TPM event log measures
+/// the UKI as a PE/COFF Authenticode SHA-256 digest. The unified image identity
+/// remains `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`; this material is bound to that identity by
+/// the `measurement.gcp.cbor` entry in `sha256sum.txt`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GcpOsImageMeasurement {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub uki_authenticode_sha256: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborGcpOsImageMeasurement {
+    version: u32,
+    #[serde(rename = "uki_auth", with = "hex_bytes")]
+    uki_authenticode_sha256: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl From<&GcpOsImageMeasurement> for CborGcpOsImageMeasurement {
+    fn from(measurement: &GcpOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: GcpOsImageMeasurement::VERSION,
+            uki_authenticode_sha256: measurement.uki_authenticode_sha256.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CborGcpOsImageMeasurement> for GcpOsImageMeasurement {
+    fn from(measurement: CborGcpOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            uki_authenticode_sha256: measurement.uki_authenticode_sha256,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GcpOsImageMeasurement {
+    pub const VERSION: u32 = 1;
+    pub const UKI_AUTHENTICODE_SHA256_LEN: usize = 32;
+
+    pub fn new(uki_authenticode_sha256: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        if uki_authenticode_sha256.len() != Self::UKI_AUTHENTICODE_SHA256_LEN {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "GcpOsImageMeasurement: UKI Authenticode hash has invalid length {}, expected {}",
+                uki_authenticode_sha256.len(),
+                Self::UKI_AUTHENTICODE_SHA256_LEN
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            uki_authenticode_sha256,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_cbor_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        cbor_to_vec(
+            &CborGcpOsImageMeasurement::from(self),
+            "GcpOsImageMeasurement",
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_cbor_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let measurement: CborGcpOsImageMeasurement =
+            cbor_from_slice(bytes, "GcpOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        if measurement.version != Self::VERSION {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "GcpOsImageMeasurement unsupported version {}, expected {}",
+                measurement.version,
+                Self::VERSION
+            ));
+        }
+        Self::new(measurement.uki_authenticode_sha256)
+    }
+
+    pub fn cbor_json_value_from_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
+        let measurement: CborGcpOsImageMeasurement =
+            cbor_from_slice(bytes, "GcpOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        serde_json::to_value(measurement)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("GcpOsImageMeasurement: failed to convert to JSON: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn measurement_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        sha256(&self.to_cbor_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    /// Raw checksum file bytes (`sha256sum.txt`). `sha256(checksum_file)` is
+    /// the unified `os_image_hash`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub checksum_file: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Raw bytes of `measurement.gcp.cbor`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub measurement: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    pub fn new(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            checksum_file,
+            measurement,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_measurement(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: GcpOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self::new(checksum_file, measurement.to_cbor_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement(&self) -> Result<GcpOsImageMeasurement, String> {
+        GcpOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement_value(&self) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
+        GcpOsImageMeasurement::cbor_json_value_from_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(&self, os_image_hash: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        verify_measurement_material(
+            os_image_hash,
+            &self.checksum_file,
+            &self.measurement,
+            GCP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// AWS NitroTPM boot-image measurement material.
+///
+/// Stores a single digest of the three boot PCRs rather than the raw PCR
+/// values, to keep `measurement.aws.cbor` small while still binding the full
+/// boot path. Composition is identical to the legacy image hash:
+/// `sha256(PCR4 || PCR7 || PCR12)` (each PCR is 48-byte SHA384).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AwsOsImageMeasurement {
+    /// `sha256(PCR4 || PCR7 || PCR12)` — 32 bytes.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub boot_pcr_digest: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl AwsOsImageMeasurement {
+    pub const BOOT_PCR_DIGEST_LEN: usize = 32;
+    pub const PCR_SHA384_LEN: usize = 48;
+
+    pub fn new(boot_pcr_digest: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        if boot_pcr_digest.len() != Self::BOOT_PCR_DIGEST_LEN {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "AwsOsImageMeasurement: boot_pcr_digest has invalid length {}, expected {}",
+                boot_pcr_digest.len(),
+                Self::BOOT_PCR_DIGEST_LEN
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(Self { boot_pcr_digest })
+    }
+
+    /// Build from the three SHA384 boot PCRs (same order as
+    /// `aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_digest`: 4, 7, 12).
+    pub fn from_boot_pcrs(pcr4: &[u8], pcr7: &[u8], pcr12: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        for (label, pcr) in [("pcr4", pcr4), ("pcr7", pcr7), ("pcr12", pcr12)] {
+            if pcr.len() != Self::PCR_SHA384_LEN {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "AwsOsImageMeasurement: {label} has invalid length {}, expected {}",
+                    pcr.len(),
+                    Self::PCR_SHA384_LEN
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(Self::PCR_SHA384_LEN * 3);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(pcr4);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(pcr7);
+        buf.extend_from_slice(pcr12);
+        Self::new(sha256(&buf).to_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_cbor_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        cbor_to_vec(self, "AwsOsImageMeasurement")
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_cbor_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let measurement: Self = cbor_from_slice(bytes, "AwsOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        Self::new(measurement.boot_pcr_digest)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    /// Raw checksum file bytes (`sha256sum.txt`). `sha256(checksum_file)` is
+    /// the unified `os_image_hash`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub checksum_file: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Raw bytes of measurement.aws.cbor (AwsOsImageMeasurement).
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub measurement: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    pub fn new(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            checksum_file,
+            measurement,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement(&self) -> Result<AwsOsImageMeasurement, String> {
+        AwsOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(&self, os_image_hash: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        verify_measurement_material(
+            os_image_hash,
+            &self.checksum_file,
+            &self.measurement,
+            "measurement.aws.cbor",
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborOvmfSection {
+    gpa: u64,
+    size: u64,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    section_type: u32,
+}
+
+impl From<&OvmfSection> for CborOvmfSection {
+    fn from(section: &OvmfSection) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            gpa: section.gpa,
+            size: section.size,
+            section_type: section.section_type,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CborOvmfSection> for OvmfSection {
+    fn from(section: CborOvmfSection) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            gpa: section.gpa,
+            size: section.size,
+            section_type: section.section_type,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Image-invariant AMD SEV-SNP measurement material. It deliberately excludes
+/// per-deployment values (vcpus, vcpu_type, guest_features, app_id,
+/// compose_hash): the same OS image carries identical SNP material regardless of
+/// how it is launched. The OS image identity itself is always
+/// `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`; this material is bound to that identity by the
+/// `measurement.snp.cbor` entry in `sha256sum.txt`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SevOsImageMeasurement {
+    /// Original image kernel cmdline used for SNP measured launch.
+    pub base_cmdline: String,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub ovmf_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub kernel_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub initrd_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    pub sev_hashes_table_gpa: u64,
+    pub sev_es_reset_eip: u32,
+    pub ovmf_sections: Vec<OvmfSection>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborSevOsImageMeasurement {
+    version: u32,
+    /// Original image kernel cmdline used for SNP measured launch.
+    #[serde(rename = "cmdline")]
+    base_cmdline: String,
+    /// OVMF launch digest.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    ovmf_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Kernel SHA-256.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    kernel_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Initrd SHA-256.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    initrd_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// SEV hash table GPA.
+    hashes_table_gpa: u64,
+    /// SEV-ES AP reset EIP.
+    reset_eip: u32,
+    /// OVMF metadata sections.
+    ovmf_sections: Vec<CborOvmfSection>,
+}
+
+impl From<&SevOsImageMeasurement> for CborSevOsImageMeasurement {
+    fn from(measurement: &SevOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: SevOsImageMeasurement::VERSION,
+            base_cmdline: measurement.base_cmdline.clone(),
+            ovmf_hash: measurement.ovmf_hash.clone(),
+            kernel_hash: measurement.kernel_hash.clone(),
+            initrd_hash: measurement.initrd_hash.clone(),
+            hashes_table_gpa: measurement.sev_hashes_table_gpa,
+            reset_eip: measurement.sev_es_reset_eip,
+            ovmf_sections: measurement.ovmf_sections.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CborSevOsImageMeasurement> for SevOsImageMeasurement {
+    fn from(measurement: CborSevOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            base_cmdline: measurement.base_cmdline,
+            ovmf_hash: measurement.ovmf_hash,
+            kernel_hash: measurement.kernel_hash,
+            initrd_hash: measurement.initrd_hash,
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa: measurement.hashes_table_gpa,
+            sev_es_reset_eip: measurement.reset_eip,
+            ovmf_sections: measurement
+                .ovmf_sections
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(Into::into)
+                .collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SevOsImageMeasurement {
+    pub const VERSION: u32 = 3;
+
+    /// CBOR representation stored as `measurement.snp.cbor`.
+    pub fn to_cbor_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        cbor_to_vec(
+            &CborSevOsImageMeasurement::from(self),
+            "SevOsImageMeasurement",
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_cbor_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let cbor = cbor_from_slice::<CborSevOsImageMeasurement>(bytes, "SevOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        if cbor.version != Self::VERSION {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "SevOsImageMeasurement: unsupported version {}, expected {}",
+                cbor.version,
+                Self::VERSION
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(cbor.into())
+    }
+
+    pub fn cbor_json_value_from_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
+        let cbor = cbor_from_slice::<CborSevOsImageMeasurement>(bytes, "SevOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        serde_json::to_value(cbor)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("SevOsImageMeasurement: failed to convert CBOR to JSON: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// SHA-256 over the CBOR measurement material.
+    pub fn measurement_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        sha256(&self.to_cbor_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SevOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    /// Raw checksum file bytes (`sha256sum.txt`). `sha256(checksum_file)` is
+    /// the unified `os_image_hash`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub checksum_file: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Raw bytes of `measurement.snp.cbor`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub measurement: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl SevOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    pub fn new(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            checksum_file,
+            measurement,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_measurement(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: SevOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self::new(checksum_file, measurement.to_cbor_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement(&self) -> Result<SevOsImageMeasurement, String> {
+        SevOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement_value(&self) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
+        SevOsImageMeasurement::cbor_json_value_from_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(&self, os_image_hash: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        verify_measurement_material(
+            os_image_hash,
+            &self.checksum_file,
+            &self.measurement,
+            SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Image-invariant TDX measurement material for the verifier-side
+/// no-image-download TDX path. Dynamic VM parameters (vCPU count, RAM size,
+/// QEMU PCI topology, GPU count, etc.) are deliberately excluded and must be
+/// supplied by `VmConfig` when replaying RTMRs. The OS image identity itself is
+/// always `sha256(sha256sum.txt)`; this material is bound to that identity by
+/// the `measurement.tdx.cbor` entry in `sha256sum.txt`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TdxOsImageMeasurement {
+    pub image: TdxImageMeasurement,
+    pub tdvf: TdxTdvfMeasurement,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TdxImageMeasurement {
+    /// SHA-384 of the exact kernel command line event measured into RTMR[2].
+    ///
+    /// The measured value is the image-provided command line plus OVMF/QEMU's
+    /// `initrd=initrd` suffix, encoded as UTF-16LE with a trailing NUL.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub kernel_cmdline_sha384: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Authenticode SHA-384 digest of the QEMU-patched kernel image when the
+    /// guest memory is at or above QEMU's high-memory TDX initrd placement
+    /// threshold. Below that threshold the patched kernel header depends on the
+    /// exact guest memory size, so the no-image-download verifier rejects it.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub kernel_authenticode: Vec<u8>,
+    /// SHA-384 of the initrd file bytes. This is the second RTMR[2] event.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub initrd_sha384: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TdxTdvfMeasurement {
+    /// OVMF RTMR[0] event layout.
+    pub ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant,
+    pub mrtd: TdxMrtdCandidates,
+    /// Compact TdHobWitnessV1 byte string.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub td_hob_witness: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TdxMrtdCandidates {
+    /// Candidate MRTD for QEMU's single-pass MEM.PAGE.ADD/MR.EXTEND order.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub single_pass: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Candidate MRTD for QEMU's two-pass MEM.PAGE.ADD then MR.EXTEND order.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub two_pass: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborTdxImageMeasurement {
+    /// Measured kernel cmdline SHA-384.
+    #[serde(rename = "cmdline_sha384", with = "hex_bytes")]
+    kernel_cmdline_sha384: Vec<u8>,
+    /// QEMU-patched kernel Authenticode SHA-384.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    kernel_authenticode: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Initrd SHA-384.
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    initrd_sha384: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborTdxMrtdCandidates {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    single_pass: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    two_pass: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborTdxTdvfMeasurement {
+    #[serde(rename = "ovmf")]
+    ovmf_variant: OvmfVariant,
+    mrtd: CborTdxMrtdCandidates,
+    #[serde(rename = "td_hob", with = "hex_bytes")]
+    td_hob_witness: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CborTdxOsImageMeasurement {
+    version: u32,
+    image: CborTdxImageMeasurement,
+    tdvf: CborTdxTdvfMeasurement,
+}
+
+impl From<&TdxOsImageMeasurement> for CborTdxOsImageMeasurement {
+    fn from(measurement: &TdxOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: TdxOsImageMeasurement::VERSION,
+            image: CborTdxImageMeasurement {
+                kernel_cmdline_sha384: measurement.image.kernel_cmdline_sha384.clone(),
+                kernel_authenticode: measurement.image.kernel_authenticode.clone(),
+                initrd_sha384: measurement.image.initrd_sha384.clone(),
+            },
+            tdvf: CborTdxTdvfMeasurement {
+                ovmf_variant: measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant,
+                mrtd: CborTdxMrtdCandidates {
+                    single_pass: measurement.tdvf.mrtd.single_pass.clone(),
+                    two_pass: measurement.tdvf.mrtd.two_pass.clone(),
+                },
+                td_hob_witness: measurement.tdvf.td_hob_witness.clone(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CborTdxOsImageMeasurement> for TdxOsImageMeasurement {
+    fn from(measurement: CborTdxOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            image: TdxImageMeasurement {
+                kernel_cmdline_sha384: measurement.image.kernel_cmdline_sha384,
+                kernel_authenticode: measurement.image.kernel_authenticode,
+                initrd_sha384: measurement.image.initrd_sha384,
+            },
+            tdvf: TdxTdvfMeasurement {
+                ovmf_variant: measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant,
+                mrtd: TdxMrtdCandidates {
+                    single_pass: measurement.tdvf.mrtd.single_pass,
+                    two_pass: measurement.tdvf.mrtd.two_pass,
+                },
+                td_hob_witness: measurement.tdvf.td_hob_witness,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    /// Raw checksum file bytes (`sha256sum.txt`). `sha256(checksum_file)` is
+    /// the unified `os_image_hash`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub checksum_file: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Raw bytes of `measurement.tdx.cbor`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_human_bytes::base64")]
+    pub measurement: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl TdxOsImageMeasurement {
+    pub const VERSION: u32 = 3;
+
+    /// CBOR representation stored as `measurement.tdx.cbor`.
+    pub fn to_cbor_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        cbor_to_vec(
+            &CborTdxOsImageMeasurement::from(self),
+            "TdxOsImageMeasurement",
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_cbor_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let cbor = cbor_from_slice::<CborTdxOsImageMeasurement>(bytes, "TdxOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        if cbor.version != Self::VERSION {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "TdxOsImageMeasurement: unsupported version {}, expected {}",
+                cbor.version,
+                Self::VERSION
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(cbor.into())
+    }
+
+    pub fn cbor_json_value_from_slice(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
+        let cbor = cbor_from_slice::<CborTdxOsImageMeasurement>(bytes, "TdxOsImageMeasurement")?;
+        serde_json::to_value(cbor)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("TdxOsImageMeasurement: failed to convert CBOR to JSON: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    /// SHA-256 over the CBOR measurement material.
+    pub fn measurement_hash(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        sha256(&self.to_cbor_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+impl TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    pub fn new(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            checksum_file,
+            measurement,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_measurement(checksum_file: Vec<u8>, measurement: TdxOsImageMeasurement) -> Self {
+        Self::new(checksum_file, measurement.to_cbor_vec())
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement(&self) -> Result<TdxOsImageMeasurement, String> {
+        TdxOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_measurement_value(&self) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
+        TdxOsImageMeasurement::cbor_json_value_from_slice(&self.measurement)
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(&self, os_image_hash: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        verify_measurement_material(
+            os_image_hash,
+            &self.checksum_file,
+            &self.measurement,
+            TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    /// Document schema version.
+    #[serde(alias = "v")]
+    pub version: u32,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub tdx: Option<TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub snp: Option<SevOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub gcp: Option<GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+}
+
+impl OsImageMeasurementDocument {
+    pub const VERSION: u32 = 3;
+
+    pub fn new(
+        tdx: Option<TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+        snp: Option<SevOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+        gcp: Option<GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: Self::VERSION,
+            tdx,
+            snp,
+            gcp,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AppKeys {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub disk_crypt_key: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
+    pub env_crypt_key: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub k256_key: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub k256_signature: Vec<u8>,
+    pub gateway_app_id: String,
+    pub ca_cert: String,
+    pub key_provider: KeyProvider,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum KeyProvider {
+    None {
+        key: String,
+    },
+    Local {
+        key: String,
+        #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+        mr: Vec<u8>,
+    },
+    Tpm {
+        key: String,
+        #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+        pubkey: Vec<u8>,
+    },
+    Kms {
+        url: String,
+        #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+        pubkey: Vec<u8>,
+        tmp_ca_key: String,
+        tmp_ca_cert: String,
+    },
+}
+
+impl KeyProvider {
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> KeyProviderKind {
+        match self {
+            KeyProvider::None { .. } => KeyProviderKind::None,
+            KeyProvider::Local { .. } => KeyProviderKind::Local,
+            KeyProvider::Tpm { .. } => KeyProviderKind::Tpm,
+            KeyProvider::Kms { .. } => KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stable key-provider identity used for launch measurement and compose pins.
+    ///
+    /// - KMS: root CA public key
+    /// - Local: sealing-provider MR
+    /// - TPM: always empty — the derived app root pubkey is instance-specific
+    ///   (from a TPM-sealed seed) and must not be treated as a stable provider id
+    ///   or measured as one. Mode is already carried by [`Self::kind`].
+    /// - None: empty
+    pub fn id(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        match self {
+            KeyProvider::None { .. } => &[],
+            KeyProvider::Local { mr, .. } => mr,
+            KeyProvider::Tpm { .. } => &[],
+            KeyProvider::Kms { pubkey, .. } => pubkey,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct KeyProviderInfo {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub id: String,
+}
+
+impl KeyProviderInfo {
+    pub fn new(name: String, id: String) -> Self {
+        Self { name, id }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod key_provider_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tpm_key_provider_id_is_empty() {
+        let tpm = KeyProvider::Tpm {
+            key: "dummy".into(),
+            // Instance app-root pubkey may still be stored on the key handle, but
+            // it must not be reported as the stable provider id.
+            pubkey: vec![0x04; 65],
+        };
+        assert!(tpm.id().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(tpm.kind(), KeyProviderKind::Tpm);
+
+        let kms = KeyProvider::Kms {
+            url: "https://kms.example".into(),
+            pubkey: vec![0xab; 32],
+            tmp_ca_key: String::new(),
+            tmp_ca_cert: String::new(),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(kms.id(), &[0xab; 32]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ImageInfo {
+    pub cmdline: String,
+    pub kernel: String,
+    pub initrd: String,
+    pub bios: String,
+    /// Optional dstack OS version (e.g. "0.5.10"). Older metadata.json files
+    /// may omit it, so callers should treat its absence as "unknown".
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub version: String,
+    /// dev vs prod image. absent in older metadata.json => prod.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_dev: bool,
+    /// Optional OVMF measurement layout declared by the image. Older
+    /// metadata.json files do not carry this — treat absence as "unknown" and
+    /// fall back to version-based heuristics.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub ovmf_variant: Option<OvmfVariant>,
+}
+
+pub mod mr_config;
+pub mod shared_filenames;
+pub mod version;
+
+/// Get the address of the dstack agent
+pub fn dstack_agent_address() -> String {
+    // Check env DSTACK_AGENT_ADDRESS
+    if let Ok(address) = std::env::var("DSTACK_AGENT_ADDRESS") {
+        return address;
+    }
+    // Try new path first, fall back to old path for backward compatibility
+    const SOCKET_PATHS: &[&str] = &["/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock", "/var/run/dstack.sock"];
+    for path in SOCKET_PATHS {
+        if std::path::Path::new(path).exists() {
+            return format!("unix:{}", path);
+        }
+    }
+    format!("unix:{}", SOCKET_PATHS[0])
+}
+
+/// Hardware/Cloud Platform
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Platform {
+    /// dstack bare platform
+    Dstack,
+    /// Google Cloud Platform
+    Gcp,
+    /// AWS Nitro Enclave
+    NitroEnclave,
+    /// AWS EC2 instance with NitroTPM
+    #[serde(rename = "aws-ec2")]
+    AwsEc2,
+}
+
+impl Platform {
+    fn detect_from_dmi(product_name: Option<&str>, sys_vendor: Option<&str>) -> Option<Self> {
+        match product_name.map(str::trim) {
+            Some("dstack" | "qemu") => return Some(Self::Dstack),
+            Some("Google Compute Engine") => return Some(Self::Gcp),
+            Some("Nitro Enclave") => return Some(Self::NitroEnclave),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+
+        match sys_vendor.map(str::trim) {
+            Some("Amazon EC2") => Some(Self::AwsEc2),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Detect platform from system DMI information
+    pub fn detect() -> Option<Self> {
+        // `/dev/nsm` is the authoritative Nitro Enclave ABI. Check it before
+        // DMI because an enclave may inherit EC2-identifying DMI strings from
+        // its parent host, while a regular EC2 instance does not expose NSM.
+        if Path::new("/dev/nsm").exists() {
+            return Some(Self::NitroEnclave);
+        }
+        let product_name = std::fs::read_to_string("/sys/class/dmi/id/product_name").ok();
+        let sys_vendor = std::fs::read_to_string("/sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor").ok();
+        Self::detect_from_dmi(product_name.as_deref(), sys_vendor.as_deref())
+    }
+
+    /// Detect platform from system DMI information, default to Dstack if cannot detect
+    pub fn detect_or_dstack() -> Self {
+        Self::detect().unwrap_or(Self::Dstack)
+    }
+
+    /// Get platform name as string
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Dstack => "dstack",
+            Self::Gcp => "gcp",
+            Self::NitroEnclave => "aws-nitro-enclave",
+            Self::AwsEc2 => "aws-ec2",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod platform_tests {
+    use super::Platform;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_aws_ec2_from_dmi_vendor() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Platform::detect_from_dmi(Some("HVM domU"), Some("Amazon EC2")),
+            Some(Platform::AwsEc2)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn product_name_takes_precedence_over_vendor() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Platform::detect_from_dmi(Some("Google Compute Engine"), Some("Amazon EC2")),
+            Some(Platform::Gcp)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn detects_nitro_enclave_from_simulated_dmi() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Platform::detect_from_dmi(Some("Nitro Enclave"), Some("AWS Nitro Enclaves")),
+            Some(Platform::NitroEnclave)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod vm_config_device_count_tests {
+    use super::VmConfig;
+
+    fn legacy_json() -> serde_json::Value {
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "cpu_count": 4,
+            "memory_size": 4294967296u64,
+            "num_gpus": 0,
+            "num_nvswitches": 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_config_without_num_nics_defaults_to_one() {
+        let cfg: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(legacy_json()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(cfg.num_nics, 1);
+        assert_eq!(cfg.num_verity_volumes, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_nic_is_omitted_to_keep_cache_key_stable() {
+        // A config with the default single NIC must serialize identically to a
+        // legacy config, so the verifier's measurement cache key (a hash of the
+        // serialized VmConfig) is unchanged for existing deployments.
+        let cfg: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(legacy_json()).unwrap();
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            serialized.get("num_nics").is_none(),
+            "num_nics must be omitted when equal to 1, got {serialized}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn multi_nic_is_serialized() {
+        let mut cfg: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(legacy_json()).unwrap();
+        cfg.num_nics = 2;
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(serialized.get("num_nics").and_then(|v| v.as_u64()), Some(2));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verity_volume_count_is_serialized_only_when_nonzero() {
+        let mut cfg: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(legacy_json()).unwrap();
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert!(serialized.get("num_verity_volumes").is_none());
+
+        cfg.num_verity_volumes = 2;
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialized
+                .get("num_verity_volumes")
+                .and_then(|v| v.as_u64()),
+            Some(2)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swtpm_is_serialized_only_when_enabled() {
+        let mut cfg: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(legacy_json()).unwrap();
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert!(serialized.get("swtpm").is_none());
+
+        cfg.swtpm = true;
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_value(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            serialized.get("swtpm").and_then(|v| v.as_bool()),
+            Some(true)
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-types/src/mr_config.rs b/dstack/dstack-types/src/mr_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce38f4e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-types/src/mr_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+use serde_with::skip_serializing_none;
+use sha2::Sha256;
+use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+use std::{error::Error, fmt};
+
+use crate::KeyProviderKind;
+
+const MR_CONFIG_V3_DOCUMENT_HASH_DOMAIN: &[u8] = b"dstack-mr-config-v3:";
+
+pub enum MrConfig<'a> {
+    V1 {
+        compose_hash: &'a [u8; 32],
+    },
+    V2 {
+        compose_hash: &'a [u8; 32],
+        app_id: &'a [u8; 20],
+        key_provider: KeyProviderKind,
+        key_provider_id: &'a [u8],
+    },
+}
+
+fn key_provider_kind_byte(key_provider: KeyProviderKind) -> u8 {
+    match key_provider {
+        KeyProviderKind::None => 0,
+        KeyProviderKind::Local => 1,
+        KeyProviderKind::Kms => 2,
+        KeyProviderKind::Tpm => 3,
+    }
+}
+
+impl MrConfig<'_> {
+    pub fn to_mr_config_id(&self) -> [u8; 48] {
+        match self {
+            MrConfig::V1 { compose_hash } => {
+                let mut config_id = [0u8; 48];
+                config_id[0] = 1;
+                config_id[1..33].copy_from_slice(*compose_hash);
+                config_id
+            }
+            MrConfig::V2 {
+                compose_hash,
+                app_id,
+                key_provider,
+                key_provider_id,
+            } => {
+                let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
+                hasher.update(compose_hash);
+                hasher.update(app_id);
+                hasher.update([key_provider_kind_byte(*key_provider)]);
+                hasher.update(key_provider_id);
+                let digest = hasher.finalize();
+                let mut config_id = [0u8; 48];
+                config_id[0] = 2;
+                config_id[1..33].copy_from_slice(digest.as_slice());
+                config_id
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn mr_config_v3_version() -> u8 {
+    3
+}
+
+/// Platform-independent app/config binding document.
+///
+/// Hosts generate the document in JCS form, while verifiers hash the supplied
+/// document bytes directly because the platform carrier binds the exact
+/// document string.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum MrConfigDocumentError {
+    Json(serde_json::Error),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for MrConfigDocumentError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Json(err) => write!(f, "failed to parse mr_config document: {err}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for MrConfigDocumentError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Json(err) => Some(err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<serde_json::Error> for MrConfigDocumentError {
+    fn from(err: serde_json::Error) -> Self {
+        Self::Json(err)
+    }
+}
+
+#[skip_serializing_none]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct MrConfigV3 {
+    #[serde(default = "mr_config_v3_version")]
+    pub version: u8,
+    /// Optional application identity pin.
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub app_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Hash of the raw application GPU policy. GPU launches populate it;
+    /// non-GPU and historical v3 launch documents omit it.
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub gpu_policy_hash: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub key_provider: KeyProviderKind,
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub key_provider_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub instance_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional SHA-256 pins for init scripts, in execution order. An omitted
+    /// field disables this check; an empty list requires no init scripts.
+    #[serde(default, with = "crate::init_script_hashes::option")]
+    pub init_script_hashes: Option<Vec<Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+impl MrConfigV3 {
+    pub fn new(
+        app_id: Vec<u8>,
+        compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+        gpu_policy_hash: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+        key_provider: KeyProviderKind,
+        key_provider_id: Vec<u8>,
+        instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            version: mr_config_v3_version(),
+            app_id: (!app_id.is_empty()).then_some(app_id),
+            compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash,
+            key_provider,
+            key_provider_id: (!key_provider_id.is_empty()).then_some(key_provider_id),
+            instance_id: (!instance_id.is_empty()).then_some(instance_id),
+            init_script_hashes: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_init_script_hashes(mut self, init_script_hashes: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Self {
+        self.init_script_hashes = Some(init_script_hashes);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_snp_host_data(&self) -> [u8; 32] {
+        Self::snp_host_data_from_document(&self.to_canonical_json())
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_tdx_mr_config_id(&self) -> [u8; 48] {
+        Self::tdx_mr_config_id_from_document(&self.to_canonical_json())
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_canonical_json(&self) -> String {
+        // JCS serialization of this owned struct cannot fail; panic loudly if
+        // that invariant is ever broken.
+        serde_jcs::to_string(self).or_panic("MrConfigV3 JCS serialization")
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_document(document: &str) -> Result<Self, MrConfigDocumentError> {
+        Ok(serde_json::from_str(document)?)
+    }
+
+    pub fn snp_host_data_from_document(document: &str) -> [u8; 32] {
+        Self::hash_document(document)
+    }
+
+    pub fn tdx_mr_config_id_from_document(document: &str) -> [u8; 48] {
+        let digest = Self::hash_document(document);
+        let mut config_id = [0u8; 48];
+        config_id[0] = 3;
+        config_id[1..33].copy_from_slice(&digest);
+        config_id
+    }
+
+    fn hash_document(document: &str) -> [u8; 32] {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(MR_CONFIG_V3_DOCUMENT_HASH_DOMAIN);
+        hasher.update([0]);
+        hasher.update(document.as_bytes());
+        hasher.finalize().into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn key_provider_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self.key_provider {
+            KeyProviderKind::None => "none",
+            KeyProviderKind::Local => "local-sgx",
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms => "kms",
+            KeyProviderKind::Tpm => "tpm",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_hash_changes_with_app_identity() {
+        let config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            Some(vec![0x55; 32]),
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            vec![0x33; 32],
+            vec![0x44; 20],
+        );
+        let mut changed = config.clone();
+        changed.app_id.as_mut().expect("app_id is set")[0] ^= 0xff;
+
+        assert_ne!(config.to_snp_host_data(), changed.to_snp_host_data());
+        assert_eq!(config.to_snp_host_data().len(), 32);
+        assert_ne!(config.to_tdx_mr_config_id(), changed.to_tdx_mr_config_id());
+        assert_eq!(config.to_tdx_mr_config_id()[0], 3);
+
+        let mut changed = config.clone();
+        if let Some(gpu_policy_hash) = &mut changed.gpu_policy_hash {
+            gpu_policy_hash[0] ^= 0xff;
+        }
+        assert_ne!(config.to_snp_host_data(), changed.to_snp_host_data());
+        assert_ne!(config.to_tdx_mr_config_id(), changed.to_tdx_mr_config_id());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_omits_gpu_policy_hash_for_non_gpu_launches() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x44; 20],
+        );
+        let document = config.to_canonical_json();
+
+        assert!(!document.contains("gpu_policy_hash"));
+        assert_eq!(MrConfigV3::from_document(&document)?, config);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_defaults_missing_app_id_to_empty() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let config = MrConfigV3::from_document(
+            r#"{"compose_hash":"2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222","key_provider":"none"}"#,
+        )?;
+
+        assert!(config.app_id.is_none());
+        assert!(!config.to_canonical_json().contains("app_id"));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_binds_ordered_init_script_hashes() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x44; 20],
+        )
+        .with_init_script_hashes(vec![vec![0xaa; 32], vec![0xbb; 32]]);
+        let document = config.to_canonical_json();
+        let decoded = MrConfigV3::from_document(&document)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded.init_script_hashes, config.init_script_hashes);
+        let reordered = MrConfigV3 {
+            init_script_hashes: Some(vec![vec![0xbb; 32], vec![0xaa; 32]]),
+            ..config.clone()
+        };
+        assert_ne!(config.to_snp_host_data(), reordered.to_snp_host_data());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_generates_jcs_but_hashes_document_bytes() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            Some(vec![0x55; 32]),
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            vec![0x33; 32],
+            vec![0x44; 20],
+        );
+        let document = config.to_canonical_json();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            document,
+            concat!(
+                "{\"app_id\":\"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111\",",
+                "\"compose_hash\":\"2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222\",",
+                "\"gpu_policy_hash\":\"5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555\",",
+                "\"instance_id\":\"4444444444444444444444444444444444444444\",",
+                "\"key_provider\":\"kms\",",
+                "\"key_provider_id\":\"3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333\",",
+                "\"version\":3}"
+            )
+        );
+        assert_eq!(MrConfigV3::from_document(&document)?, config);
+
+        let pretty = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&config)?;
+        assert_eq!(MrConfigV3::from_document(&pretty)?, config);
+        assert_ne!(
+            MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&document),
+            MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&pretty)
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-types/src/shared_filenames.rs b/dstack/dstack-types/src/shared_filenames.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79944cff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-types/src/shared_filenames.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+pub const APP_COMPOSE: &str = "app-compose.json";
+pub const APP_KEYS: &str = ".appkeys.json";
+pub const SYS_CONFIG: &str = ".sys-config.json";
+pub const TEE_SIMULATOR_CONFIG: &str = ".tee-simulator.json";
+pub const USER_CONFIG: &str = ".user-config";
+pub const ENCRYPTED_ENV: &str = ".encrypted-env";
+pub const DECRYPTED_ENV: &str = ".decrypted-env";
+pub const DECRYPTED_ENV_JSON: &str = ".decrypted-env.json";
+pub const INSTANCE_INFO: &str = ".instance_info";
+pub const HOST_SHARED_DIR: &str = "/dstack/.host-shared";
+pub const HOST_SHARED_DIR_NAME: &str = ".host-shared";
+pub const HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL: &str = "DSTACKSHR";
+
+/// Environment variable overriding the host-shared directory location.
+pub const HOST_SHARED_DIR_ENV: &str = "DSTACK_HOST_SHARED_DIR";
+
+/// Directory the guest reads host-shared files from.
+///
+/// `dstack-util setup` runs before `/dstack` is bind-mounted to the work dir,
+/// so it exports [`HOST_SHARED_DIR_ENV`] pointing at the real copy directory.
+/// Everything that reads host-shared files (including the attestation quote
+/// path) honors it, falling back to the canonical [`HOST_SHARED_DIR`].
+pub fn host_shared_dir() -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    std::env::var_os(HOST_SHARED_DIR_ENV)
+        .map(std::path::PathBuf::from)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| std::path::PathBuf::from(HOST_SHARED_DIR))
+}
+
+pub mod compat_v3 {
+    pub const SYS_CONFIG: &str = "config.json";
+    pub const ENCRYPTED_ENV: &str = "encrypted-env";
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-types/src/version.rs b/dstack/dstack-types/src/version.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ed3f226e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-types/src/version.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+/// Parsed semantic version with major, minor, and patch components.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct Version {
+    pub major: u32,
+    pub minor: u32,
+    pub patch: u32,
+}
+
+impl Version {
+    /// Create a new version with the given components.
+    pub const fn new(major: u32, minor: u32, patch: u32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            major,
+            minor,
+            patch,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parse a version string into a Version struct.
+    ///
+    /// Handles various version formats:
+    /// - Standard: "0.5.6"
+    /// - Two segments: "0.5" (patch defaults to 0)
+    /// - With extra parts: "0.5.6.1"
+    /// - With prerelease: "0.5.6-alpha.0", "0.5.6-rc1"
+    /// - With build metadata: "0.5.6+dcap.0"
+    /// - Git describe format: "0.5.6-10-g1234abc"
+    /// - Mixed: "0.5.6-alpha.0+dcap.0"
+    ///
+    /// The prerelease and build metadata parts are truncated.
+    /// Returns None if the version string is empty or cannot be parsed.
+    pub fn parse(version: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let version = version.trim();
+        if version.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Strip prerelease (-...) and build metadata (+...) suffixes
+        // Find the first occurrence of '-' or '+'
+        let version = version
+            .split_once(['-', '+'])
+            .map(|(v, _)| v)
+            .unwrap_or(version);
+
+        // Split by '.' and parse the first three components
+        let mut parts = version.split('.');
+        let major = parts.next()?.parse().ok()?;
+        let minor = parts.next()?.parse().ok()?;
+        // Patch is optional, defaults to 0
+        let patch = parts.next().and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0);
+        // Ignore extra parts like "0.5.6.1"
+
+        Some(Self {
+            major,
+            minor,
+            patch,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Version {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Version {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        match self.major.cmp(&other.major) {
+            Ordering::Equal => match self.minor.cmp(&other.minor) {
+                Ordering::Equal => self.patch.cmp(&other.patch),
+                ord => ord,
+            },
+            ord => ord,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for Version {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}.{}.{}", self.major, self.minor, self.patch)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_standard() {
+        let v = Version::parse("0.5.6").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_two_segments() {
+        let v = Version::parse("0.5").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_with_extra_parts() {
+        let v = Version::parse("0.5.6.1").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_with_prerelease() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Version::parse("0.5.6-alpha.0").unwrap(),
+            Version::new(0, 5, 6)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(Version::parse("0.5.6-rc1").unwrap(), Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+        assert_eq!(
+            Version::parse("0.5.6-beta2").unwrap(),
+            Version::new(0, 5, 6)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_git_describe() {
+        // git describe format: tag-commits-ghash
+        let v = Version::parse("0.5.6-10-g1234abc").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_with_build_metadata() {
+        let v = Version::parse("0.5.6+dcap.0").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_mixed() {
+        let v = Version::parse("0.5.6-alpha.0+dcap.0").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_with_whitespace() {
+        let v = Version::parse("  0.5.6  ").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v, Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_empty() {
+        assert!(Version::parse("").is_none());
+        assert!(Version::parse("   ").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_invalid() {
+        assert!(Version::parse("invalid").is_none());
+        assert!(Version::parse("1").is_none());
+        assert!(Version::parse("v").is_none());
+        assert!(Version::parse("abc.def.ghi").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_comparison() {
+        assert!(Version::new(0, 5, 6) > Version::new(0, 5, 5));
+        assert!(Version::new(0, 5, 6) < Version::new(0, 5, 7));
+        assert!(Version::new(0, 5, 6) < Version::new(0, 6, 0));
+        assert!(Version::new(0, 5, 6) < Version::new(1, 0, 0));
+        assert!(Version::new(0, 5, 6) == Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+        // Two segments comparison
+        assert!(Version::new(0, 5, 0) < Version::new(0, 5, 6));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_display() {
+        let v = Version::new(0, 5, 6);
+        assert_eq!(v.to_string(), "0.5.6");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/Cargo.toml b/dstack/dstack-util/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe16dec66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-util"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+aes-gcm.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+curve25519-dalek.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+getrandom = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+hex.workspace = true
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+regex.workspace = true
+scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+schnorrkel.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+semver.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sd-notify.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
+x25519-dalek.workspace = true
+
+dstack-kms-rpc.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+ra-tls = { workspace = true, features = ["quote"] }
+dstack-gateway-rpc.workspace = true
+tdx-attest.workspace = true
+tpm-attest.workspace = true
+tpm2.workspace = true
+tpm-qvl = { workspace = true, features = ["crl-download"] }
+host-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+cmd_lib.workspace = true
+toml.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+k256 = { workspace = true, features = ["ecdsa"] }
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+regorus.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+cert-client.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+yaml-rust2.workspace = true
+bollard.workspace = true
+binrw.workspace = true
+sodiumbox.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+luks2.workspace = true
+nvml-wrapper.workspace = true
+scopeguard.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+ez-hash.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+errify.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+rand.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/crypto.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/crypto.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f8227f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/crypto.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use aes_gcm::{
+    aead::{Aead, Nonce, Payload},
+    Aes256Gcm, KeyInit,
+};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, ensure, Context, Result};
+use binrw::{binrw, io::NoSeek, BinRead, BinWrite};
+use std::io::{Cursor, Read, Write};
+use x25519_dalek::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
+
+pub const STREAM_MAGIC: &[u8; 8] = b"dstkscrt";
+pub const DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+const STREAM_VERSION: u8 = 0;
+const FINAL_CHUNK: u8 = 1;
+
+#[binrw]
+#[brw(little)]
+struct StreamHeader {
+    version: u8,
+    ephemeral_public_key: [u8; 32],
+    nonce_prefix: [u8; 8],
+    chunk_size: u32,
+}
+
+#[binrw]
+#[brw(little)]
+struct FrameHeader {
+    flags: u8,
+    plaintext_len: u32,
+}
+
+pub fn dh_agree(secret: [u8; 32], their_pubkey: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let secret = StaticSecret::from(secret);
+    let their_public = PublicKey::from(their_pubkey);
+    let shared_secret = secret.diffie_hellman(&their_public);
+    shared_secret.to_bytes()
+}
+
+pub fn dh_decrypt(secret: [u8; 32], ciphertext: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    // Extract components (matching JS implementation)
+    let ephemeral_pubkey = ciphertext
+        .get(..32)
+        .ok_or(anyhow!("invalid ephemeral public key length"))?
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("invalid ephemeral public key length"))?;
+    let iv = &ciphertext.get(32..44).ok_or(anyhow!("invalid IV length"))?;
+    let ciphertext = &ciphertext
+        .get(44..)
+        .ok_or(anyhow!("invalid ciphertext length"))?;
+
+    // Derive shared secret using X25519
+    let shared_secret = dh_agree(secret, ephemeral_pubkey);
+    if shared_secret.iter().all(|byte| *byte == 0) {
+        return Err(anyhow!("invalid X25519 shared secret"));
+    }
+
+    // Create AES-GCM cipher
+    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(&shared_secret)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to create cipher: {}", e))?;
+
+    // Decrypt using AES-GCM
+    cipher
+        .decrypt(Nonce::<Aes256Gcm>::from_slice(iv), ciphertext.as_ref())
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Decryption failed: {}", e))
+}
+
+fn stream_nonce(prefix: &[u8; 8], index: u32) -> [u8; 12] {
+    let mut nonce = [0u8; 12];
+    nonce[..8].copy_from_slice(prefix);
+    nonce[8..].copy_from_slice(&index.to_be_bytes());
+    nonce
+}
+
+fn stream_aad(header: &StreamHeader, index: u32, frame_header: &FrameHeader) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut aad = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
+    aad.write_all(STREAM_MAGIC)
+        .context("failed to encode stream magic as AAD")?;
+    header
+        .write(&mut aad)
+        .context("failed to encode stream header as AAD")?;
+    index
+        .write_le(&mut aad)
+        .context("failed to encode chunk index as AAD")?;
+    frame_header
+        .write(&mut aad)
+        .context("failed to encode frame header as AAD")?;
+    Ok(aad.into_inner())
+}
+
+/// Encrypts a reader as independently authenticated chunks.
+pub fn dh_encrypt_stream(
+    remote_public_key: [u8; 32],
+    mut input: impl Read,
+    mut output: impl Write,
+    chunk_size: usize,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure!(
+        (1..=MAX_CHUNK_SIZE).contains(&chunk_size),
+        "chunk size must be between 1 and {MAX_CHUNK_SIZE} bytes"
+    );
+
+    let mut ephemeral_secret = [0u8; 32];
+    getrandom::fill(&mut ephemeral_secret).context("failed to generate ephemeral secret")?;
+    let ephemeral_secret = StaticSecret::from(ephemeral_secret);
+    let ephemeral_public_key = PublicKey::from(&ephemeral_secret).to_bytes();
+    let remote_public_key = PublicKey::from(remote_public_key);
+    let shared_secret = ephemeral_secret
+        .diffie_hellman(&remote_public_key)
+        .to_bytes();
+    ensure!(
+        !shared_secret.iter().all(|byte| *byte == 0),
+        "invalid X25519 shared secret"
+    );
+    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(&shared_secret)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to create cipher: {e}"))?;
+
+    let mut nonce_prefix = [0u8; 8];
+    getrandom::fill(&mut nonce_prefix).context("failed to generate nonce prefix")?;
+    let header = StreamHeader {
+        version: STREAM_VERSION,
+        ephemeral_public_key,
+        nonce_prefix,
+        chunk_size: chunk_size as u32,
+    };
+    output
+        .write_all(STREAM_MAGIC)
+        .context("failed to write stream magic")?;
+    header
+        .write(&mut NoSeek::new(&mut output))
+        .context("failed to write stream header")?;
+
+    let mut current = vec![0u8; chunk_size];
+    let mut next = vec![0u8; chunk_size];
+    let mut current_len = read_chunk(&mut input, &mut current)?;
+    let mut index = 0u32;
+    loop {
+        let next_len = read_chunk(&mut input, &mut next)?;
+        let final_chunk = next_len == 0;
+        let flags = if final_chunk { FINAL_CHUNK } else { 0 };
+        let frame_header = FrameHeader {
+            flags,
+            plaintext_len: current_len as u32,
+        };
+        let aad = stream_aad(&header, index, &frame_header)?;
+        let nonce = stream_nonce(&nonce_prefix, index);
+        let encrypted = cipher
+            .encrypt(
+                (&nonce).into(),
+                Payload {
+                    msg: &current[..current_len],
+                    aad: &aad,
+                },
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to encrypt chunk {index}: {e}"))?;
+        frame_header
+            .write(&mut NoSeek::new(&mut output))
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to write header for chunk {index}"))?;
+        output
+            .write_all(&encrypted)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to write chunk {index}"))?;
+        if final_chunk {
+            break;
+        }
+        index = index.checked_add(1).context("too many chunks")?;
+        std::mem::swap(&mut current, &mut next);
+        current_len = next_len;
+    }
+    output.flush().context("failed to flush encrypted output")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_chunk(input: &mut impl Read, buffer: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
+    let mut read = 0;
+    while read < buffer.len() {
+        match input
+            .read(&mut buffer[read..])
+            .context("failed to read input")?
+        {
+            0 => break,
+            n => read += n,
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(read)
+}
+
+/// Decrypts a chunked stream after the caller has consumed [`STREAM_MAGIC`].
+pub fn dh_decrypt_stream(
+    secret: [u8; 32],
+    mut input: impl Read,
+    mut output: impl Write,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let header =
+        StreamHeader::read(&mut NoSeek::new(&mut input)).context("invalid stream header")?;
+    ensure!(
+        header.version == STREAM_VERSION,
+        "unsupported stream version: {}",
+        header.version
+    );
+    let chunk_size = header.chunk_size as usize;
+    ensure!(
+        (1..=MAX_CHUNK_SIZE).contains(&chunk_size),
+        "invalid chunk size: {chunk_size}"
+    );
+
+    let shared_secret = dh_agree(secret, header.ephemeral_public_key);
+    ensure!(
+        !shared_secret.iter().all(|byte| *byte == 0),
+        "invalid X25519 shared secret"
+    );
+    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(&shared_secret)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to create cipher: {e}"))?;
+
+    let mut index = 0u32;
+    loop {
+        let frame_header = FrameHeader::read(&mut NoSeek::new(&mut input))
+            .with_context(|| format!("missing final chunk at chunk {index}"))?;
+        ensure!(
+            frame_header.flags & !FINAL_CHUNK == 0,
+            "invalid chunk flags"
+        );
+        let final_chunk = frame_header.flags == FINAL_CHUNK;
+        let plaintext_len = frame_header.plaintext_len as usize;
+        ensure!(plaintext_len <= chunk_size, "chunk {index} is too large");
+        ensure!(
+            final_chunk || plaintext_len == chunk_size,
+            "non-final chunk {index} has an invalid length"
+        );
+
+        let mut encrypted = vec![0u8; plaintext_len + 16];
+        input
+            .read_exact(&mut encrypted)
+            .with_context(|| format!("truncated chunk {index}"))?;
+        let nonce = stream_nonce(&header.nonce_prefix, index);
+        let aad = stream_aad(&header, index, &frame_header)?;
+        let plaintext = cipher
+            .decrypt(
+                (&nonce).into(),
+                Payload {
+                    msg: &encrypted,
+                    aad: &aad,
+                },
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to decrypt chunk {index}: {e}"))?;
+        output
+            .write_all(&plaintext)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to write chunk {index}"))?;
+
+        if final_chunk {
+            let mut trailing = [0u8; 1];
+            ensure!(
+                input.read(&mut trailing).context("failed to read input")? == 0,
+                "trailing data after final chunk"
+            );
+            output.flush().context("failed to flush plaintext output")?;
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        index = index.checked_add(1).context("too many chunks")?;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_dh_agree() {
+        use rand::Rng;
+        let secret = rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 32]>();
+        let pubkey = rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 32]>();
+        let shared = dh_agree(secret, pubkey);
+        assert_eq!(shared.len(), 32);
+        println!("secret: {:?}", hex::encode(secret));
+        println!("pubkey: {:?}", hex::encode(pubkey));
+        println!("shared: {:?}", hex::encode(shared));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_dh_decrypt_invalid_input() {
+        let secret = [0u8; 32];
+
+        // Test empty input
+        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[]).is_err());
+
+        // Test input too short for public key
+        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[0u8; 31]).is_err());
+
+        // Test input too short for IV
+        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[0u8; 43]).is_err());
+
+        // Test input with no ciphertext
+        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[0u8; 44]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_dh_decrypt() {
+        let secret: [u8; 32] =
+            hex::decode("7c282bf94b35dc47801dc953bfa0896fc2bd313381d3e8eca4e42f6536d2a96f")
+                .unwrap()
+                .try_into()
+                .unwrap();
+        let ciphertext = hex::decode("0bd18749612f4c8b9dd583c7d6a646b90abd34e3c731a7708d0caf9039095641e1f0948e775f0b7351788db7f246d51806954626dcccb6a60d64665ca3715c6bef75616cab476d27bba04080361200d6a58cec").unwrap();
+        let decrypted = dh_decrypt(secret, &ciphertext).unwrap();
+        let decrypted_str = String::from_utf8(decrypted).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decrypted_str, "[{\"key\":\"\",\"value\":\"\"}]");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_stream_roundtrip() {
+        let secret = StaticSecret::random_from_rng(rand::thread_rng());
+        let public_key = PublicKey::from(&secret).to_bytes();
+        let plaintext = vec![0x5a; 2500];
+        let mut encrypted = Vec::new();
+        dh_encrypt_stream(public_key, plaintext.as_slice(), &mut encrypted, 1024).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&encrypted[..STREAM_MAGIC.len()], STREAM_MAGIC);
+
+        let mut decrypted = Vec::new();
+        dh_decrypt_stream(
+            secret.to_bytes(),
+            &encrypted[STREAM_MAGIC.len()..],
+            &mut decrypted,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decrypted, plaintext);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_stream_rejects_tampering_and_truncation() {
+        let secret = StaticSecret::random_from_rng(rand::thread_rng());
+        let public_key = PublicKey::from(&secret).to_bytes();
+        let mut encrypted = Vec::new();
+        dh_encrypt_stream(public_key, b"hello".as_slice(), &mut encrypted, 4).unwrap();
+
+        let mut unknown_version = encrypted.clone();
+        unknown_version[STREAM_MAGIC.len()] = STREAM_VERSION + 1;
+        assert!(dh_decrypt_stream(
+            secret.to_bytes(),
+            &unknown_version[STREAM_MAGIC.len()..],
+            Vec::new(),
+        )
+        .is_err());
+
+        let mut tampered = encrypted.clone();
+        *tampered.last_mut().unwrap() ^= 1;
+        assert!(dh_decrypt_stream(
+            secret.to_bytes(),
+            &tampered[STREAM_MAGIC.len()..],
+            Vec::new(),
+        )
+        .is_err());
+
+        encrypted.truncate(encrypted.len() - 1);
+        assert!(dh_decrypt_stream(
+            secret.to_bytes(),
+            &encrypted[STREAM_MAGIC.len()..],
+            Vec::new(),
+        )
+        .is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/docker_compose.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/docker_compose.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7da2a5b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/docker_compose.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use bollard::container::{ListContainersOptions, RemoveContainerOptions};
+use bollard::Docker;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::Path;
+use yaml_rust2::{Yaml, YamlLoader};
+
+/// Holds parsed information from a docker-compose file
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ComposeInfo {
+    pub project_name: String,
+    pub service_names: std::collections::HashSet<String>,
+}
+
+/// Parse a docker-compose file and extract project name and service names
+pub fn parse_docker_compose_file(compose_file: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<ComposeInfo> {
+    let compose_content =
+        fs::read_to_string(compose_file.as_ref()).context("failed to read docker-compose file")?;
+
+    let yaml_docs = YamlLoader::load_from_str(&compose_content).context("failed to parse YAML")?;
+    let yaml_doc = yaml_docs.first().context("empty YAML document")?;
+
+    // Extract project name
+    let project_name = if let Some(name) = yaml_doc["name"].as_str() {
+        name.to_string()
+    } else {
+        get_project_name(compose_file.as_ref())?
+    };
+
+    // Extract service names
+    let services = match &yaml_doc["services"] {
+        Yaml::Hash(m) => m,
+        _ => anyhow::bail!("missing or invalid 'services' field"),
+    };
+
+    let service_names = services
+        .keys()
+        .filter_map(|k| k.as_str().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(ComposeInfo {
+        project_name,
+        service_names,
+    })
+}
+
+fn get_project_name(compose_file: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<String> {
+    let project_name = fs::canonicalize(compose_file)
+        .context("failed to canonicalize compose file")?
+        .parent()
+        .context("failed to get parent directory of compose file")?
+        .file_name()
+        .context("failed to get file name of compose file")?
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .into_owned();
+    Ok(project_name)
+}
+
+/// Remove orphaned containers using Docker daemon API
+pub async fn remove_orphans(compose_file: impl AsRef<Path>, dry_run: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    // Connect to Docker daemon
+    let docker =
+        Docker::connect_with_local_defaults().context("Failed to connect to Docker daemon")?;
+
+    // Parse compose file to extract project name and service names
+    let compose_info = parse_docker_compose_file(&compose_file)?;
+    let project_name = compose_info.project_name;
+    let service_names = compose_info.service_names;
+
+    // List all containers
+    let options = ListContainersOptions::<String> {
+        all: true,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    let containers = docker
+        .list_containers(Some(options))
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to list containers")?;
+
+    // Find and remove orphaned containers
+    for container in containers {
+        let Some(labels) = container.labels else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        // Check if container belongs to current project
+        let Some(container_project) = labels.get("com.docker.compose.project") else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if container_project != &project_name {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Check if service still exists in compose file
+        let Some(service_name) = labels.get("com.docker.compose.service") else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if service_names.contains(service_name) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Service no longer exists in compose file, remove the container
+        let Some(container_id) = container.id else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if dry_run {
+            println!("would remove orphaned container {service_name} {container_id}");
+        } else {
+            println!("removing orphaned container {service_name} {container_id}");
+            docker
+                .remove_container(
+                    &container_id,
+                    Some(RemoveContainerOptions {
+                        v: true,
+                        force: true,
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    }),
+                )
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to remove container {}", container_id))?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Docker container config.v2.json structure
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct ContainerConfig {
+    #[serde(rename = "Config")]
+    config: Option<ContainerConfigInner>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct ContainerConfigInner {
+    #[serde(rename = "Labels")]
+    labels: Option<HashMap<String, String>>,
+}
+
+/// Remove orphaned containers without requiring Docker daemon (offline mode)
+///
+/// This function directly reads Docker's data directory to find and remove
+/// orphaned containers. It should be run BEFORE dockerd starts to prevent
+/// orphaned containers from starting.
+pub fn remove_orphans_direct(
+    compose_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    docker_root: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    dry_run: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    // Parse compose file to extract project name and service names
+    let compose_info = parse_docker_compose_file(&compose_file)?;
+    let project_name = &compose_info.project_name;
+    let service_names = &compose_info.service_names;
+
+    let containers_dir = docker_root.as_ref().join("containers");
+    if !containers_dir.exists() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Iterate through all container directories
+    let entries = fs::read_dir(&containers_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "Failed to read containers directory: {}",
+            containers_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let entry = entry.context("Failed to read directory entry")?;
+        let container_dir = entry.path();
+
+        if !container_dir.is_dir() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let container_id = container_dir
+            .file_name()
+            .and_then(|n| n.to_str())
+            .unwrap_or("")
+            .to_string();
+
+        // Read config.v2.json
+        let config_path = container_dir.join("config.v2.json");
+        if !config_path.exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let config_content = match fs::read_to_string(&config_path) {
+            Ok(content) => content,
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("Warning: Failed to read {}: {}", config_path.display(), e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let config: ContainerConfig = match serde_json::from_str(&config_content) {
+            Ok(config) => config,
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("Warning: Failed to parse {}: {}", config_path.display(), e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let Some(inner_config) = config.config else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        let Some(labels) = inner_config.labels else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        // Check if container belongs to current project
+        let Some(container_project) = labels.get("com.docker.compose.project") else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if container_project != project_name {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Check if service still exists in compose file
+        let Some(service_name) = labels.get("com.docker.compose.service") else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        if service_names.contains(service_name) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Service no longer exists in compose file, remove the container directory
+        let short_id = &container_id[..12.min(container_id.len())];
+
+        if dry_run {
+            println!("would remove orphaned container {service_name} {short_id}");
+        } else {
+            println!("removing orphaned container {service_name} {short_id}");
+            fs::remove_dir_all(&container_dir).with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "Failed to remove container directory: {}",
+                    container_dir.display()
+                )
+            })?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_anchor_parsing() {
+        // Test that yaml-rust2 can parse YAML anchors and aliases
+        let yaml_with_anchors = r#"
+name: test-project
+services:
+  common: &common-config
+    image: ubuntu:latest
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  service1:
+    <<: *common-config
+    container_name: service1
+
+  service2:
+    <<: *common-config
+    container_name: service2
+
+  service3:
+    image: nginx:latest
+"#;
+
+        let yaml_docs = YamlLoader::load_from_str(yaml_with_anchors).unwrap();
+        let yaml_doc = yaml_docs.first().unwrap();
+
+        // Extract project name
+        let project_name = yaml_doc["name"].as_str().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(project_name, "test-project");
+
+        // Extract service names
+        let services = match &yaml_doc["services"] {
+            Yaml::Hash(m) => m,
+            _ => panic!("services should be a hash"),
+        };
+
+        let service_names: std::collections::HashSet<String> = services
+            .keys()
+            .filter_map(|k| k.as_str().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+            .collect();
+
+        // Verify all services are parsed including the anchor definition
+        assert_eq!(service_names.len(), 4);
+        assert!(service_names.contains("common"));
+        assert!(service_names.contains("service1"));
+        assert!(service_names.contains("service2"));
+        assert!(service_names.contains("service3"));
+
+        // Verify that anchors are resolved
+        // Note: yaml-rust2 parses anchors but doesn't auto-expand merge keys
+        // The merge key "<<" will contain the referenced hash
+        let service1 = &yaml_doc["services"]["service1"];
+        assert_eq!(service1["container_name"].as_str().unwrap(), "service1");
+
+        // Verify the merge key contains the anchor content
+        if let Yaml::Hash(merge_content) = &service1["<<"] {
+            assert_eq!(
+                merge_content[&Yaml::String("image".to_string())]
+                    .as_str()
+                    .unwrap(),
+                "ubuntu:latest"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                merge_content[&Yaml::String("restart".to_string())]
+                    .as_str()
+                    .unwrap(),
+                "unless-stopped"
+            );
+        } else {
+            panic!("merge key should contain hash");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_simple_anchor_alias() {
+        // Test simple anchor and alias without merge keys
+        let yaml_simple_anchor = r#"
+defaults: &defaults
+  timeout: 30
+  retries: 3
+
+service1:
+  name: web
+  config: *defaults
+
+service2:
+  name: api
+  config: *defaults
+"#;
+
+        let yaml_docs = YamlLoader::load_from_str(yaml_simple_anchor).unwrap();
+        let yaml_doc = yaml_docs.first().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify alias points to the same content
+        let service1_config = &yaml_doc["service1"]["config"];
+        let service2_config = &yaml_doc["service2"]["config"];
+
+        assert_eq!(service1_config["timeout"].as_i64().unwrap(), 30);
+        assert_eq!(service1_config["retries"].as_i64().unwrap(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(service2_config["timeout"].as_i64().unwrap(), 30);
+        assert_eq!(service2_config["retries"].as_i64().unwrap(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_yaml_without_anchors() {
+        let yaml_simple = r#"
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:latest
+  db:
+    image: postgres:14
+"#;
+
+        let yaml_docs = YamlLoader::load_from_str(yaml_simple).unwrap();
+        let yaml_doc = yaml_docs.first().unwrap();
+
+        let services = match &yaml_doc["services"] {
+            Yaml::Hash(m) => m,
+            _ => panic!("services should be a hash"),
+        };
+
+        let service_names: std::collections::HashSet<String> = services
+            .keys()
+            .filter_map(|k| k.as_str().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+            .collect();
+
+        assert_eq!(service_names.len(), 2);
+        assert!(service_names.contains("web"));
+        assert!(service_names.contains("db"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_real_compose_file() {
+        // Test with the real local-key-provider/build/docker-compose.yaml
+        let compose_path = concat!(
+            env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"),
+            "/../local-key-provider/build/docker-compose.yaml"
+        );
+
+        let compose_info = parse_docker_compose_file(compose_path).unwrap();
+
+        // Verify service names are correctly extracted
+        assert_eq!(compose_info.service_names.len(), 2);
+        assert!(compose_info.service_names.contains("aesmd"));
+        assert!(compose_info.service_names.contains("local-key-provider"));
+
+        // Note: x-common is an anchor definition, not a service, so it should not be in service_names
+        assert!(!compose_info.service_names.contains("x-common"));
+
+        // Project name defaults to the Compose file's parent directory.
+        assert_eq!(compose_info.project_name, "build");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/gateway_checker.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/gateway_checker.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bb20276f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/gateway_checker.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,693 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Keeps this CVM's dstack-gateway registration alive after boot.
+//!
+//! Boot registers the CVM once, but that registration is not durable: the
+//! gateway can be restarted, the WireGuard peers can change, and — since boot
+//! no longer treats a gateway outage as fatal — the CVM may reach the
+//! application start with no route at all. This supervisor closes that gap by
+//! re-running the same registration whenever the observable state says it is
+//! needed.
+//!
+//! There are exactly three reasons to refresh. The order matters, because
+//! [`HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT`] equals [`REFRESH_INTERVAL`] and the deadlines collide:
+//!
+//! 1. **No WireGuard config.** Boot-time registration never succeeded, so the
+//!    CVM has no route. Retried on a backoff (see [`Backoff`]).
+//! 2. **Stale WireGuard handshake.** The tunnel exists but the peer stopped
+//!    answering for [`HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT`], which usually means the gateway
+//!    restarted and forgot us. Checked *before* the periodic refresh and rate
+//!    limited to one attempt per timeout, because only this forced path can
+//!    rebuild a tunnel whose config is unchanged, and it is the expensive one.
+//! 3. **Periodic re-registration.** The gateway expires idle registrations, so
+//!    re-register every [`REFRESH_INTERVAL`] even when everything looks fine.
+//!
+//! The decision logic is a pure function of an [`Observation`] so it can be
+//! unit tested without a gateway, a KMS, or a WireGuard interface; all I/O
+//! lives in [`cmd_gateway_checker`].
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use cmd_lib::run_fun as cmd;
+use sd_notify::NotifyState;
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+use crate::system_setup::GatewayRefresher;
+
+/// How often the loop samples the world.
+const POLL_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+/// Unconditional re-registration interval.
+const REFRESH_INTERVAL: i64 = 180;
+/// A tunnel with no handshake for this long is considered dead.
+const HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT: i64 = 180;
+/// First retry delay when the CVM has no WireGuard config at all.
+const MISSING_CONFIG_RETRY_INTERVAL: i64 = 30;
+/// Upper bound for the retry backoff.
+const MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL: i64 = 120;
+
+/// Exit code meaning "the gateway config is broken in a way retrying cannot
+/// fix". Pinned by `RestartPreventExitStatus` in dstack-gateway-checker.service, so
+/// changing it requires changing the unit too.
+const EXIT_MISCONFIGURED: i32 = 3;
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+/// Keep the dstack-gateway registration fresh
+pub struct GatewayCheckerArgs {
+    /// dstack work directory
+    #[arg(long)]
+    work_dir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Exponential backoff over consecutive refresh failures.
+///
+/// A refresh is not cheap: on a cold cache it costs a KMS round-trip, two
+/// certificate signing requests and a TDX quote. A gateway outage is typically
+/// fleet-wide, so a fixed short retry interval would have every CVM hammering
+/// the KMS in lockstep and turn a gateway outage into a KMS outage. Backing off
+/// to [`MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL`] keeps recovery prompt while bounding that load.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Backoff {
+    consecutive_failures: u32,
+}
+
+impl Backoff {
+    /// Minimum seconds that must elapse after the last attempt before the next
+    /// one. Zero while the last attempt succeeded.
+    fn delay(&self) -> i64 {
+        match self.consecutive_failures {
+            0 => 0,
+            n => {
+                let shift = (n - 1).min(u32::BITS - 1);
+                MISSING_CONFIG_RETRY_INTERVAL
+                    .checked_shl(shift)
+                    .unwrap_or(MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL)
+                    .min(MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn record(&mut self, succeeded: bool) {
+        self.consecutive_failures = if succeeded {
+            0
+        } else {
+            self.consecutive_failures.saturating_add(1)
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+/// Everything the decision logic is allowed to look at.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Observation {
+    /// Seconds since the UNIX epoch.
+    now: i64,
+    /// Whether at least one `/etc/wireguard/dstack-wg*.conf` exists.
+    config_present: bool,
+    /// Most recent handshake as a UNIX timestamp; `None` if the interface has
+    /// never completed one (or does not exist yet).
+    latest_handshake: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Refresh {
+    /// Force `wg-quick` to be reapplied even if the rendered config is
+    /// byte-identical to what is already on disk.
+    force: bool,
+    reason: &'static str,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct Checker {
+    /// Timestamp of the last refresh attempt; `None` if none has run yet.
+    last_attempt: Option<i64>,
+    /// Timestamp of the last *forced* refresh; `None` if none has run yet.
+    /// Tracked separately from `last_attempt` so a cheap periodic refresh does
+    /// not re-arm the rate limit that protects the expensive forced path.
+    last_force: Option<i64>,
+    /// When the tunnel was first seen without any handshake; `None` while a
+    /// handshake exists or the config is absent. Means exactly one thing: when
+    /// we first observed a peer with no handshake.
+    handshake_missing_since: Option<i64>,
+    backoff: Backoff,
+}
+
+const MISSING_CONFIG: Refresh = Refresh {
+    force: true,
+    reason: "WireGuard config is missing",
+};
+const STALE_HANDSHAKE: Refresh = Refresh {
+    force: true,
+    reason: "WireGuard handshake is stale",
+};
+const PERIODIC: Refresh = Refresh {
+    force: false,
+    reason: "periodic re-registration",
+};
+
+impl Checker {
+    /// Build the starting state for a checker coming up at `now`.
+    ///
+    /// If the WireGuard config is already on disk, boot registered this CVM
+    /// moments ago: `/etc` is a volatile overlay, so the file can only exist
+    /// because *this* boot wrote it. Start the periodic clock from now instead
+    /// of re-registering immediately. Otherwise a fleet rebooting together
+    /// would hit the gateway with a second full round of registrations seconds
+    /// after the first — piling onto the component this checker exists to
+    /// tolerate the loss of. With no config, boot's registration failed and
+    /// recovering fast is the whole point, so leave the clock unset and act on
+    /// the first poll.
+    fn starting(now: i64, config_present: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            last_attempt: config_present.then_some(now),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Decide whether to refresh now. Pure: same state plus same observation
+    /// always yields the same answer.
+    fn decide(&mut self, obs: Observation) -> Option<Refresh> {
+        if !obs.config_present {
+            // No config means no interface, so there is no handshake to age.
+            self.handshake_missing_since = None;
+            let Some(last) = self.last_attempt else {
+                return Some(MISSING_CONFIG);
+            };
+            let delay = MISSING_CONFIG_RETRY_INTERVAL.max(self.backoff.delay());
+            return (obs.now.saturating_sub(last) >= delay).then_some(MISSING_CONFIG);
+        }
+
+        // Staleness is checked BEFORE the periodic refresh, and the
+        // missing-handshake timer is cleared ONLY by an observed handshake --
+        // never by a refresh. HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT equals REFRESH_INTERVAL, so if
+        // a periodic refresh reset the timer it would re-arm at 0 while the
+        // timer had only reached REFRESH_INTERVAL - POLL_INTERVAL, and the
+        // forced branch would be unreachable for a peer that never handshakes.
+        // That matters because gateway setup short-circuits on an unchanged
+        // config unless force is set: a CVM whose WireGuard config is correct
+        // but whose tunnel is dead can only recover through a forced refresh.
+        let silent_since = match obs.latest_handshake {
+            Some(handshake) => {
+                self.handshake_missing_since = None;
+                handshake
+            }
+            // No handshake yet. Time it from when we first noticed rather than
+            // from process start, so a freshly created interface gets a full
+            // HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT to complete its first handshake.
+            None => *self.handshake_missing_since.get_or_insert(obs.now),
+        };
+        if obs.now.saturating_sub(silent_since) >= HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT {
+            // A forced refresh bounces the interface and re-requests
+            // certificates, so cap it at one attempt per HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT.
+            // Unthrottled, a gateway that stays down would be hit on every
+            // poll: a self-inflicted flood aimed at something already broken.
+            let due = match self.last_force {
+                None => true,
+                Some(last) => obs.now.saturating_sub(last) >= HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
+            };
+            // Return either way. While the tunnel is dead a periodic refresh
+            // is pointless, since only the forced path can rebuild it.
+            return due.then_some(STALE_HANDSHAKE);
+        }
+
+        // The first poll always re-registers: boot may have left the CVM
+        // unregistered, and re-registering a healthy CVM is cheap.
+        let Some(last) = self.last_attempt else {
+            return Some(PERIODIC);
+        };
+        (obs.now.saturating_sub(last) >= REFRESH_INTERVAL).then_some(PERIODIC)
+    }
+
+    /// Record the outcome of a refresh triggered by [`Checker::decide`].
+    fn record(&mut self, now: i64, refresh: Refresh, succeeded: bool) {
+        self.last_attempt = Some(now);
+        if refresh.force {
+            self.last_force = Some(now);
+        }
+        // handshake_missing_since is deliberately NOT cleared here; see decide().
+        self.backoff.record(succeeded);
+    }
+}
+
+fn now_secs() -> i64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .map(|d| d.as_secs() as i64)
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+/// Read the most recent handshake across all peers of the interface.
+///
+/// `wg show <if> latest-handshakes` prints one `<pubkey>\t<unix-ts>` line per
+/// peer, with `0` meaning "never". Returns `None` when the interface is absent,
+/// has no peers, or no peer has ever completed a handshake — all of which the
+/// caller treats the same way.
+fn latest_handshake(interface: &str) -> Option<i64> {
+    let output = cmd!(wg show $interface latest-handshakes).ok()?;
+    parse_latest_handshake(&output)
+}
+
+fn parse_latest_handshake(output: &str) -> Option<i64> {
+    output
+        .lines()
+        .filter_map(|line| line.split_whitespace().nth(1))
+        .filter_map(|ts| ts.parse::<i64>().ok())
+        .filter(|ts| *ts > 0)
+        .max()
+}
+
+fn configured_gateway_interfaces() -> Vec<String> {
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir("/etc/wireguard") else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    entries
+        .filter_map(Result::ok)
+        .filter_map(|entry| entry.file_name().into_string().ok())
+        .filter_map(|name| {
+            name.strip_suffix(".conf")
+                .filter(|name| name.starts_with("dstack-wg"))
+                .map(str::to_string)
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn observe(now: i64) -> Observation {
+    let interfaces = configured_gateway_interfaces();
+    let config_present = !interfaces.is_empty();
+    let handshakes = interfaces
+        .iter()
+        .map(|interface| latest_handshake(interface))
+        .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>();
+    Observation {
+        now,
+        config_present,
+        // Without a config the interface was never brought up, so there is no
+        // handshake to read and `decide` would not look at one anyway. Skipping
+        // the probe matters because that is precisely the state a gateway
+        // outage parks the CVM in: otherwise we would fork `wg` every poll for
+        // the entire outage to answer a question nobody asks.
+        // The least healthy cluster drives recovery. A missing handshake on
+        // any configured interface is represented as None; otherwise the
+        // oldest cluster handshake is the staleness boundary.
+        latest_handshake: handshakes.and_then(|values| values.into_iter().min()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// systemd liveness reporting, inert when the unit has no `WatchdogSec`.
+///
+/// The recovery paths in this loop only work while the loop runs, and nothing
+/// below it can guarantee that: a wedged refresh leaves a healthy-looking
+/// process that systemd will never restart. Handing liveness to systemd covers
+/// a hang wherever it comes from, including causes not anticipated here.
+struct Watchdog {
+    enabled: bool,
+}
+
+impl Watchdog {
+    /// Report readiness and arm the watchdog. Readiness is sent before the
+    /// checker decides whether it has anything to do, so the paths that exit
+    /// straight away are still a started service that then stopped, not a
+    /// service that failed to start.
+    fn arm() -> Self {
+        let mut usec = 0;
+        let enabled = sd_notify::watchdog_enabled(false, &mut usec);
+        if let Err(error) = sd_notify::notify(false, &[NotifyState::Ready]) {
+            warn!("failed to report readiness to systemd: {error}");
+        }
+        if enabled {
+            info!("systemd watchdog armed, timeout={usec}us");
+        }
+        Self { enabled }
+    }
+
+    fn ping(&self) {
+        if !self.enabled {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Err(error) = sd_notify::notify(false, &[NotifyState::Watchdog]) {
+            warn!("failed to ping the systemd watchdog: {error}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn cmd_gateway_checker(args: GatewayCheckerArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let watchdog = Watchdog::arm();
+    let refresher =
+        GatewayRefresher::load(&args.work_dir).context("failed to load gateway configuration")?;
+
+    // Nothing to supervise for an app that never asked for a gateway. Exit
+    // successfully instead of polling forever; the unit is Restart=on-failure
+    // so systemd leaves the service alone. gateway_enabled is fixed by the
+    // measured app-compose and cannot change without a reboot.
+    if !refresher.gateway_enabled() {
+        info!("dstack-gateway is not enabled; nothing to check");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // A missing app id or gateway URL is a deployment mistake, not an outage.
+    // Both come from data fixed for the lifetime of the VM (app keys and the
+    // host-shared copy taken at setup), so no amount of retrying can fix it.
+    // Returning a plain error would have systemd restart us every RestartSec
+    // forever, so exit with the code the unit pins in RestartPreventExitStatus:
+    // that stops the respawn while still leaving the unit in `failed` state,
+    // which is what makes the mistake visible to the operator.
+    if let Err(error) = refresher.check_config() {
+        error!("dstack-gateway is enabled but misconfigured: {error:#}");
+        error!("not retrying; this cannot be fixed without redeploying the CVM");
+        std::process::exit(EXIT_MISCONFIGURED);
+    }
+
+    info!("watching dstack-gateway registration");
+    // The checker does not report gateway state to the host. Boot already
+    // reports the one signal that matters -- this CVM came up without a route
+    // -- and mirroring every later transition would mean tracking what the host
+    // has been told, which is state this loop should not have to carry. The
+    // consequence is that a boot error stays on the VMM after the checker
+    // recovers, until the VM restarts.
+    let mut checker = Checker::starting(now_secs(), !configured_gateway_interfaces().is_empty());
+    loop {
+        // Ping before the work, not after, so a refresh that never returns
+        // stops the pings. Nothing else can do this for us: a refresh spends
+        // most of its time in blocking `cmd!` shell-outs (`wg-quick up` alone
+        // resolves peer endpoints), which occupy a runtime worker with no await
+        // point. tokio::time::timeout cannot cancel that, and a watchdog task
+        // on another worker would happily keep pinging while this loop is
+        // wedged. Only the loop itself can prove the loop is alive.
+        watchdog.ping();
+
+        let now = now_secs();
+        if let Some(refresh) = checker.decide(observe(now)) {
+            info!("refreshing dstack-gateway: {}", refresh.reason);
+            let succeeded = match refresher.refresh(refresh.force).await {
+                Ok(()) => {
+                    info!("dstack-gateway refresh succeeded");
+                    true
+                }
+                Err(error) => {
+                    warn!("dstack-gateway refresh failed: {error:#}");
+                    false
+                }
+            };
+            // now_secs() is re-read here rather than reusing `now`: a refresh can
+            // block on network timeouts for a long time, and the backoff has to
+            // count from when the attempt ended, not when it started.
+            checker.record(now_secs(), refresh, succeeded);
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(POLL_INTERVAL).await;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const T0: i64 = 1_700_000_000;
+
+    fn obs(now_offset: i64, config_present: bool, latest_handshake: Option<i64>) -> Observation {
+        Observation {
+            now: T0 + now_offset,
+            config_present,
+            latest_handshake,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Replay the checker against a scripted world for `duration` seconds at the
+    /// production poll interval, returning (forced, periodic) refresh counts.
+    ///
+    /// `handshake` maps elapsed seconds to what `wg show ... latest-handshakes`
+    /// would report at that moment. Every refresh is treated as succeeding, so
+    /// the counts isolate the decision logic from the backoff.
+    ///
+    /// Deliberately starts from `Checker::default()`, not `Checker::starting`:
+    /// the upstream harness began with `LAST_REFRESH=0`, so this reproduces its
+    /// cadence exactly. The startup grace period is covered separately.
+    fn replay(duration: i64, handshake: impl Fn(i64) -> Option<i64>) -> (usize, usize) {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        let (mut forced, mut periodic) = (0, 0);
+        let mut elapsed = 0;
+        while elapsed < duration {
+            let observation = obs(elapsed, true, handshake(elapsed));
+            if let Some(refresh) = checker.decide(observation) {
+                if refresh.force {
+                    forced += 1;
+                } else {
+                    periodic += 1;
+                }
+                checker.record(T0 + elapsed, refresh, true);
+            }
+            elapsed += POLL_INTERVAL.as_secs() as i64;
+        }
+        (forced, periodic)
+    }
+
+    /// The scenario table from the upstream fix that made the forced branch
+    /// reachable and rate limited it (`fix(guest): let the missing-handshake
+    /// timer actually expire`). These counts are the contract that commit
+    /// established by replaying the shell checker against a mocked clock; the
+    /// Rust port has to reproduce them exactly or it has silently regressed.
+    #[test]
+    fn reproduces_the_upstream_forced_refresh_scenarios() {
+        // Healthy tunnel: handshakes keep landing, nothing is ever forced.
+        assert_eq!(replay(900, |t| Some(T0 + t)).0, 0, "healthy handshakes");
+
+        // A peer that never handshakes must still reach the forced path, once
+        // per HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT: at 180, 360, 540 and 720 seconds.
+        assert_eq!(replay(900, |_| None).0, 4, "never handshakes");
+
+        // Frozen handshake with the gateway down: the timestamp never advances,
+        // so it ages past the timeout and is forced on the same cadence. Before
+        // the rate limit this was one forced refresh per poll.
+        assert_eq!(
+            replay(900, |_| Some(T0)).0,
+            4,
+            "handshake frozen, gateway down"
+        );
+
+        // Handshakes land for the first 180s, then the peer goes silent. The
+        // timer runs from the last real handshake, so forcing starts at 360.
+        let (forced, _) = replay(900, |t| Some(T0 + if t < 180 { t } else { 180 }));
+        assert_eq!(forced, 3, "handshake then peer gone");
+
+        // No handshake, then the gateway recovers at 540s. Two forced attempts
+        // (180, 360) and then the periodic cadence resumes.
+        let (forced, periodic) = replay(900, |t| (t >= 540).then_some(T0 + t));
+        assert_eq!(forced, 2, "no handshake, gateway recovers");
+        assert!(periodic >= 1, "periodic refresh must resume after recovery");
+    }
+
+    /// The regression the upstream fix was about: a periodic refresh must not
+    /// reset the missing-handshake timer. HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT == REFRESH_INTERVAL,
+    /// so clearing it on every periodic refresh re-arms the timer one poll
+    /// before it can expire and the forced branch becomes unreachable.
+    #[test]
+    fn periodic_refresh_does_not_re_arm_the_missing_handshake_timer() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, REFRESH_INTERVAL,
+            "this regression only bites while the two intervals are equal"
+        );
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        // First poll: no handshake yet, so the timer starts and we re-register.
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(0, true, None)), Some(PERIODIC));
+        checker.record(T0, PERIODIC, true);
+        assert_eq!(checker.handshake_missing_since, Some(T0));
+
+        // Still no handshake one full timeout later. The forced branch must
+        // fire; if the refresh above had cleared the timer it would not.
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.decide(obs(HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, true, None)),
+            Some(STALE_HANDSHAKE)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.handshake_missing_since,
+            Some(T0),
+            "the timer must survive the refresh that ran at t=0"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn staleness_outranks_the_periodic_refresh() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        checker.record(T0, PERIODIC, true);
+        checker.handshake_missing_since = Some(T0);
+        // At exactly REFRESH_INTERVAL both deadlines are due. The forced path
+        // must win: only it can rebuild a tunnel whose config is unchanged.
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.decide(obs(REFRESH_INTERVAL, true, None)),
+            Some(STALE_HANDSHAKE)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn forced_refresh_is_rate_limited_while_the_tunnel_stays_dead() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        checker.record(T0, PERIODIC, true);
+        checker.handshake_missing_since = Some(T0);
+
+        let refresh = checker.decide(obs(180, true, None)).expect("forced");
+        assert!(refresh.force);
+        checker.record(T0 + 180, refresh, true);
+
+        // Every poll in the next window is still stale, but must stay quiet --
+        // and must not fall through to a periodic refresh either.
+        let mut elapsed = 190;
+        while elapsed < 360 {
+            assert_eq!(
+                checker.decide(obs(elapsed, true, None)),
+                None,
+                "forced refresh must not repeat at t={elapsed}"
+            );
+            elapsed += 10;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.decide(obs(360, true, None)),
+            Some(STALE_HANDSHAKE),
+            "one forced attempt per handshake timeout"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_observed_handshake_is_the_only_thing_that_clears_the_timer() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        checker.record(T0, PERIODIC, true);
+
+        assert!(checker.decide(obs(10, true, None)).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(checker.handshake_missing_since, Some(T0 + 10));
+        // A handshake lands.
+        assert!(checker.decide(obs(20, true, Some(T0 + 20))).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(checker.handshake_missing_since, None);
+        // Losing it again restarts the clock rather than firing immediately.
+        assert!(checker.decide(obs(30, true, None)).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(checker.handshake_missing_since, Some(T0 + 30));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_max_handshake_across_peers() {
+        let output = "aaa\t1700000000\nbbb\t1700000042\nccc\t0\n";
+        assert_eq!(parse_latest_handshake(output), Some(1_700_000_042));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn treats_never_handshaked_peers_as_no_handshake() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_latest_handshake("aaa\t0\nbbb\t0\n"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_latest_handshake(""), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_latest_handshake("garbage\n"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn acts_immediately_when_boot_left_no_config() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::starting(T0, false);
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(0, false, None)), Some(MISSING_CONFIG));
+    }
+
+    /// Boot registers the CVM, then this checker starts. Re-registering right
+    /// away would double the gateway's registration load on every fleet reboot
+    /// for no gain, so a config that is already on disk starts the periodic
+    /// clock rather than triggering an immediate refresh.
+    #[test]
+    fn does_not_re_register_a_cvm_boot_just_registered() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::starting(T0, true);
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(0, true, Some(T0))), None);
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(170, true, Some(T0 + 170))), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.decide(obs(180, true, Some(T0 + 180))),
+            Some(PERIODIC),
+            "the periodic clock still runs from process start"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A checker that comes up with no config must not inherit the grace period
+    /// above: that state means boot's registration failed and the CVM has no
+    /// route at all.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_missing_config_overrides_the_startup_grace_period() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::starting(T0, false);
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(0, false, None)), Some(MISSING_CONFIG));
+        checker.record(T0, MISSING_CONFIG, true);
+        // Once it lands, the periodic clock takes over from the refresh.
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(10, true, Some(T0 + 10))), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.decide(obs(180, true, Some(T0 + 180))),
+            Some(PERIODIC)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn retries_missing_config_with_backoff_up_to_the_cap() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        let mut t = 0;
+        // First attempt fires immediately and fails.
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(t, false, None)), Some(MISSING_CONFIG));
+        checker.record(T0 + t, MISSING_CONFIG, false);
+
+        // 30s base delay, then 60s, then capped at MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL.
+        for expected_delay in [30, 60, 120, 120] {
+            for early in [10, expected_delay - 10] {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    checker.decide(obs(t + early, false, None)),
+                    None,
+                    "must not retry after {early}s while waiting {expected_delay}s"
+                );
+            }
+            t += expected_delay;
+            assert_eq!(
+                checker.decide(obs(t, false, None)),
+                Some(MISSING_CONFIG),
+                "must retry once {expected_delay}s have passed"
+            );
+            checker.record(T0 + t, MISSING_CONFIG, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn backoff_resets_after_a_success() {
+        let mut backoff = Backoff::default();
+        assert_eq!(backoff.delay(), 0);
+        backoff.record(false);
+        assert_eq!(backoff.delay(), 30);
+        backoff.record(false);
+        assert_eq!(backoff.delay(), 60);
+        backoff.record(true);
+        assert_eq!(backoff.delay(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn backoff_saturates_instead_of_overflowing() {
+        let backoff = Backoff {
+            consecutive_failures: u32::MAX,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(backoff.delay(), MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn re_registers_periodically_while_healthy() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        checker.record(T0, PERIODIC, true);
+
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(170, true, Some(T0 + 170))), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            checker.decide(obs(180, true, Some(T0 + 180))),
+            Some(PERIODIC),
+            "periodic refresh must not disrupt a healthy tunnel"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gives_a_new_interface_a_full_timeout_to_handshake() {
+        let mut checker = Checker::default();
+        checker.record(T0, PERIODIC, true);
+
+        // The timer runs from t=10, when the missing handshake was first
+        // observed, not from the refresh at t=0.
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(10, true, None)), None);
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(170, true, None)), None);
+        // At t=180 the timer has only reached 170, so the periodic refresh is
+        // what comes due. It must not disturb the timer.
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(180, true, None)), Some(PERIODIC));
+        checker.record(T0 + 180, PERIODIC, true);
+        assert_eq!(checker.handshake_missing_since, Some(T0 + 10));
+        // One poll later the timer finally expires and forces a refresh.
+        assert_eq!(checker.decide(obs(190, true, None)), Some(STALE_HANDSHAKE));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/host_api.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/host_api.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e038ea3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/host_api.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::utils::{deserialize_json_file, sha256, SysConfig};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use dcap_qvl::collateral::{CollateralClient, PHALA_PCCS_URL};
+use dstack_types::{
+    shared_filenames::{HOST_SHARED_DIR, SYS_CONFIG},
+    Platform,
+};
+use host_api::{
+    client::{new_client, DefaultClient},
+    Notification,
+};
+use ra_tls::attestation::validate_tcb;
+use sodiumbox::{generate_keypair, open_sealed_box, PUBLICKEYBYTES};
+use tracing::warn;
+
+const HOST_API_TIMEOUT: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(30);
+const PCCS_TIMEOUT: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(30);
+
+pub(crate) struct KeyProvision {
+    pub sk: [u8; 32],
+    pub mr: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct HostApi {
+    client: Option<DefaultClient>,
+    pccs_url: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Default for HostApi {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(None, None)
+    }
+}
+
+impl HostApi {
+    pub fn new(base_url: Option<String>, pccs_url: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            client: base_url.map(new_client),
+            pccs_url,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_or_default(url: Option<String>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let api = match url {
+            Some(url) => Self::new(Some(url), None),
+            None => {
+                let local_config: SysConfig =
+                    deserialize_json_file(format!("{HOST_SHARED_DIR}/{SYS_CONFIG}"))?;
+                let pccs = local_config.collateral_urls().pccs;
+                Self::new(local_config.host_api_url, pccs)
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(api)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn notify(&self, event: &str, payload: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        match Platform::detect_or_dstack() {
+            Platform::Dstack => {}
+            Platform::Gcp | Platform::NitroEnclave | Platform::AwsEc2 => {
+                // Skip notify on unsupported platforms
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+        let Some(client) = &self.client else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        tokio::time::timeout(
+            HOST_API_TIMEOUT,
+            client.notify(Notification {
+                event: event.to_string(),
+                payload: payload.to_string(),
+            }),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("Timed out notifying Host API")??;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn notify_q(&self, event: &str, payload: &str) {
+        if let Err(err) = self.notify(event, payload).await {
+            warn!("Failed to notify event {event} to host: {:?}", err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_sealing_key(&self) -> Result<KeyProvision> {
+        let (pk, sk) = generate_keypair();
+        let mut report_data = [0u8; 64];
+        report_data[..PUBLICKEYBYTES].copy_from_slice(pk.as_bytes());
+        let quote = tdx_attest::get_quote(&report_data).context("Failed to get quote")?;
+        let Some(client) = &self.client else {
+            return Err(anyhow!("Host API client not initialized"));
+        };
+        let provision = tokio::time::timeout(
+            HOST_API_TIMEOUT,
+            client.get_sealing_key(host_api::GetSealingKeyRequest {
+                quote: quote.to_vec(),
+            }),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("Timed out requesting sealing key from Host API")?
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to get sealing key: {err:?}"))?;
+
+        // verify the key provider quote
+        let pccs_url = self
+            .pccs_url
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(str::trim)
+            .filter(|url| !url.is_empty())
+            .unwrap_or(PHALA_PCCS_URL);
+        let collateral_client = CollateralClient::with_default_http(pccs_url)?;
+        let verified_report = tokio::time::timeout(
+            PCCS_TIMEOUT,
+            collateral_client.fetch_and_verify(&provision.provider_quote),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("Timed out fetching sealing-key quote collateral")?
+        .context("Failed to get quote collateral")?;
+        validate_tcb(&verified_report)?;
+        let sgx_report = verified_report
+            .report
+            .as_sgx()
+            .context("Invalid sgx report")?;
+        let key_hash = sha256(&provision.encrypted_key);
+        if sgx_report.report_data[..32] != key_hash {
+            bail!("Invalid key hash");
+        }
+        let mr = sgx_report.mr_enclave;
+
+        // write to fs
+        let sealing_key = open_sealed_box(&provision.encrypted_key, &pk, &sk)
+            .ok()
+            .context("Failed to open sealing key")?;
+        let sk = sealing_key
+            .try_into()
+            .ok()
+            .context("Invalid sealing key length")?;
+        Ok(KeyProvision { sk, mr })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/host_shared.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/host_shared.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3495e78b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/host_shared.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::Command;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use dstack_types::shared_filenames::HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+pub struct HostSharedArgs {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    pub command: HostSharedCommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub enum HostSharedCommand {
+    /// Mount the host-provided shared directory read-only.
+    Mount(MountHostSharedArgs),
+    /// Unmount a host-provided shared directory.
+    Unmount(UnmountHostSharedArgs),
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+pub struct MountHostSharedArgs {
+    /// Directory where the host share is mounted.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub mount_point: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+pub struct UnmountHostSharedArgs {
+    /// Mounted host-share directory.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub mount_point: PathBuf,
+}
+
+fn find_disk_by_label(label: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let label_path = PathBuf::from(format!("/dev/disk/by-label/{label}"));
+    if label_path.exists() {
+        return Some(label_path);
+    }
+
+    let entries = fs::read_dir("/sys/block").ok()?;
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let dev_path = PathBuf::from("/dev").join(entry.file_name());
+        let output = Command::new("blkid")
+            .args(["-s", "LABEL", "-o", "value"])
+            .arg(&dev_path)
+            .output();
+        if let Ok(output) = output {
+            if output.status.success() && String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).trim() == label {
+                return Some(dev_path);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+pub fn mount_host_shared(mount_point: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    fs::create_dir_all(mount_point)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", mount_point.display()))?;
+
+    if let Some(device) = find_disk_by_label(HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL) {
+        info!(device = %device.display(), "found host-shared disk");
+        let status = Command::new("mount")
+            .args(["-o", "ro"])
+            .arg(&device)
+            .arg(mount_point)
+            .status()
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to run mount for {}", device.display()))?;
+        if status.success() {
+            info!(mount_point = %mount_point.display(), "mounted host-shared disk");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        warn!(
+            device = %device.display(),
+            status = %status,
+            "failed to mount host-shared disk, falling back to 9p"
+        );
+    } else {
+        info!("host-shared disk not found, trying 9p");
+    }
+
+    let status = Command::new("mount")
+        .args([
+            "-t",
+            "9p",
+            "-o",
+            "trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L,ro",
+            "host-shared",
+        ])
+        .arg(mount_point)
+        .status()
+        .context("failed to run 9p mount")?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        status.success(),
+        "failed to mount host-shared at {}",
+        mount_point.display()
+    );
+    info!(mount_point = %mount_point.display(), "mounted host-shared via 9p");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn unmount_host_shared(mount_point: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let status = Command::new("umount")
+        .arg(mount_point)
+        .status()
+        .context("failed to run umount")?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        status.success(),
+        "failed to unmount host-shared at {}",
+        mount_point.display()
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn cmd_host_shared(args: HostSharedArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    match args.command {
+        HostSharedCommand::Mount(args) => mount_host_shared(&args.mount_point),
+        HostSharedCommand::Unmount(args) => unmount_host_shared(&args.mount_point),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_mount_command() {
+        let args = HostSharedArgs::try_parse_from([
+            "host-shared",
+            "mount",
+            "--mount-point",
+            "/run/dstack/host-shared",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let HostSharedCommand::Mount(args) = args.command else {
+            panic!("expected mount command");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.mount_point, Path::new("/run/dstack/host-shared"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_unmount_command() {
+        let args = HostSharedArgs::try_parse_from([
+            "host-shared",
+            "unmount",
+            "--mount-point",
+            "/run/dstack/host-shared",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let HostSharedCommand::Unmount(args) = args.command else {
+            panic!("expected unmount command");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.mount_point, Path::new("/run/dstack/host-shared"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/main.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4c56a93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1818 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use dstack_attest::emit_runtime_event;
+use dstack_types::{KeyProvider, KeyProviderKind};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use gateway_checker::{cmd_gateway_checker, GatewayCheckerArgs};
+use getrandom::fill as getrandom;
+use host_api::HostApi;
+use k256::schnorr::SigningKey;
+use ra_rpc::Attestation;
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::{AttestationQuote, QuoteContentType, VersionedAttestation},
+    cert::{generate_ra_cert, generate_ra_cert_with_app_id},
+    kdf::{derive_key, derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes},
+    rcgen::KeyPair,
+};
+use safe_write::{safe_write, safe_write_with_mode};
+use scale::Encode;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::{
+    io::{self, Read, Write},
+    path::PathBuf,
+};
+use system_setup::{cmd_gateway_refresh, cmd_sys_setup, GatewayRefreshArgs, SetupArgs};
+use tdx_attest as att;
+use utils::AppKeys;
+
+mod crypto;
+mod docker_compose;
+mod gateway_checker;
+mod host_api;
+mod host_shared;
+mod parse_env_file;
+mod system_setup;
+mod utils;
+
+/// dstack guest utility
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[clap(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    /// Generate a TDX quote given report data from stdin
+    Quote,
+    /// Get TDX event logs
+    Eventlog,
+    /// Extend RTMRs
+    Extend(ExtendArgs),
+    /// Show the current RTMR state
+    Show,
+    /// Replay event log and show calculated IMR/RTMR values
+    ReplayImr,
+    /// Hex encode data
+    Hex(HexCommand),
+    /// Generate a RA-TLS certificate
+    GenRaCert(GenRaCertArgs),
+    /// Generate a CA certificate
+    GenCaCert(GenCaCertArgs),
+    /// Generate app keys for an dstack app
+    GenAppKeys(GenAppKeysArgs),
+    /// Generate random data
+    Rand(RandArgs),
+    /// Prepare dstack system.
+    Setup(SetupArgs),
+    /// Mount or unmount the host-provided shared directory.
+    HostShared(host_shared::HostSharedArgs),
+    /// Refresh the dstack gateway configuration
+    GatewayRefresh(GatewayRefreshArgs),
+    /// Keep the dstack gateway registration fresh (long-running)
+    GatewayChecker(GatewayCheckerArgs),
+    /// Notify the host about the dstack app
+    NotifyHost(HostNotifyArgs),
+    /// Remove orphaned containers
+    RemoveOrphans(RemoveOrphansArgs),
+    /// Perform vTPM attestation (for GCP TEE instances)
+    VtpmAttest(VtpmAttestArgs),
+    /// Generate a TPM quote
+    TpmQuote(TpmQuoteArgs),
+    /// Verify a TPM quote
+    TpmVerify(TpmVerifyArgs),
+    QuoteReport(QuoteReportArgs),
+    /// Generate a versioned attestation for simulator use
+    Attest(AttestArgs),
+    /// Show size breakdown for a versioned attestation file
+    AttestInfo(AttestInfoArgs),
+    /// Dump a versioned attestation as JSON
+    AttestJson(AttestJsonArgs),
+    /// Strip attestation for certificate embedding
+    AttestStrip(AttestStripArgs),
+    /// Get app keys from a KMS server
+    GetKeys(GetKeysArgs),
+    /// Decrypt data encrypted with the app's environment encryption public key
+    Decrypt(DecryptArgs),
+    /// Encrypt data for an app using its KMS-provided environment encryption key
+    Encrypt(EncryptArgs),
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Hex encode data
+struct HexCommand {
+    #[clap(value_parser)]
+    /// filename to hex encode
+    filename: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Extend RTMR
+struct ExtendArgs {
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    /// event name
+    event: String,
+
+    #[clap(short, long)]
+    /// hex encoded payload of the event
+    payload: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Generate a certificate
+struct GenRaCertArgs {
+    /// CA certificate used to sign the RA certificate
+    #[arg(long)]
+    ca_cert: PathBuf,
+
+    /// CA private key used to sign the RA certificate
+    #[arg(long)]
+    ca_key: PathBuf,
+
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    /// file path to store the certificate
+    cert_path: PathBuf,
+
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    /// file path to store the private key
+    key_path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Generate CA certificate
+struct GenCaCertArgs {
+    /// path to store the certificate
+    #[arg(long)]
+    cert: PathBuf,
+    /// path to store the private key
+    #[arg(long)]
+    key: PathBuf,
+    /// CA level
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    ca_level: u8,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Generate app keys
+struct GenAppKeysArgs {
+    /// CA level
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 1)]
+    ca_level: u8,
+
+    /// path to store the app keys
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Generate random data
+struct RandArgs {
+    /// number of bytes to generate
+    #[arg(short = 'n', long, default_value_t = 20)]
+    bytes: usize,
+
+    /// output to file
+    #[arg(short = 'o', long)]
+    output: Option<String>,
+
+    /// hex encode output
+    #[arg(short = 'x', long)]
+    hex: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Test app feature. Print "true" if the feature is supported, otherwise print "false".
+struct TestAppFeatureArgs {
+    /// path to the app keys
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    feature: String,
+
+    /// path to the app compose file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    compose: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Notify the host about the dstack app
+struct HostNotifyArgs {
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    url: Option<String>,
+    /// event name
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    event: String,
+    /// event payload
+    #[arg(short = 'd', long)]
+    payload: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Remove orphaned containers
+struct RemoveOrphansArgs {
+    /// path to the docker-compose.yaml file
+    #[arg(short = 'f', long)]
+    compose: String,
+
+    /// show what would be removed without actually removing
+    #[arg(short = 'n', long)]
+    dry_run: bool,
+
+    /// Offline mode: operate without Docker daemon by directly reading Docker data directory
+    #[arg(long)]
+    no_dockerd: bool,
+
+    /// Docker data root directory for offline mode (default: /var/lib/docker)
+    #[arg(short = 'd', long, default_value = "/var/lib/docker")]
+    docker_root: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Perform vTPM attestation
+struct VtpmAttestArgs {
+    /// path to Root CA certificate (PEM format)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    root_ca: PathBuf,
+
+    /// nonce for replay protection
+    #[arg(long)]
+    nonce: String,
+
+    /// expected OS image SHA256 hash (optional)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    expected_os_hash: Option<String>,
+
+    /// key algorithm (rsa or ecc, default: rsa)
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "rsa")]
+    key_algo: String,
+
+    /// output format (json or text, default: text)
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "text")]
+    format: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Generate a TPM quote
+struct TpmQuoteArgs {
+    /// qualifying data (hex encoded, default: 32 zeros)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    data: Option<String>,
+
+    /// output file (default: stdout)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// key algorithm (auto, ecc, or rsa; default: auto)
+    #[arg(short = 'k', long, default_value = "auto")]
+    key_algo: String,
+
+    /// The hash algorithm to use (default: none)
+    #[arg(short = 'H', long, default_value = "none")]
+    hash_algo: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Verify a TPM quote
+struct TpmVerifyArgs {
+    /// path to Root CA certificate (PEM format)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    root_ca: PathBuf,
+
+    /// path to TPM quote JSON file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    quote: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct QuoteReportArgs {
+    #[arg(long)]
+    report_data: Option<String>,
+
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "/dstack/.host-shared/.sys-config.json")]
+    sys_config: PathBuf,
+
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false)]
+    debug: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct AttestArgs {
+    /// report data in hex (max 64 bytes)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    report_data: Option<String>,
+
+    /// app id (20 bytes in hex) - optional
+    #[arg(long)]
+    app_id: Option<String>,
+
+    /// output file (default: attestation.bin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// hex encode output
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false)]
+    hex: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct AttestInfoArgs {
+    /// input file (default: attestation.bin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    input: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct AttestJsonArgs {
+    /// input file (default: attestation.bin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    input: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// output file (default: stdout)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+struct AttestStripArgs {
+    /// input file (default: attestation.bin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    input: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// output file (default: attestation.strip.bin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Get app keys from a KMS server
+struct GetKeysArgs {
+    /// KMS server URL (e.g., https://kms.example.com)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    kms_url: String,
+
+    /// Application ID (20 bytes in hex) - optional
+    #[arg(long)]
+    app_id: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Output file path (default: stdout as JSON)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Root CA certificate (PEM format) to pin for TLS verification.
+    /// If not provided, TLS certificate verification is skipped for the initial connection.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    root_ca: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Decrypt data encrypted with the app's environment encryption public key
+struct DecryptArgs {
+    /// Input file (default: stdin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    input: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Output file (default: stdout)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// App keys file containing env_crypt_key
+    #[arg(long)]
+    key_file: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Decode the input as hexadecimal text before decrypting
+    #[arg(long)]
+    hex: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+/// Encrypt data for an app using its KMS-provided environment encryption key
+struct EncryptArgs {
+    /// KMS server URL
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    kms_url: String,
+
+    /// Application ID (20 bytes in hex)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    app_id: String,
+
+    /// Input file (default: stdin)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    input: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Output file (default: stdout)
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Plaintext bytes per independently authenticated chunk
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = crypto::DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE)]
+    chunk_size: usize,
+
+    /// Root CA certificate (PEM format) used to verify the KMS TLS certificate
+    #[arg(long)]
+    root_ca: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Trusted compressed secp256k1 KMS signer public key (hex)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    kms_pubkey: String,
+
+    /// Maximum accepted age of the KMS public-key signature in seconds
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 300)]
+    max_signature_age: u64,
+}
+
+fn pad64(data: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
+    if data.len() > 64 {
+        anyhow::bail!("report_data must be at most 64 bytes");
+    }
+    let mut out = [0u8; 64];
+    out[..data.len()].copy_from_slice(data);
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn cmd_quote_report(args: QuoteReportArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    #[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+    struct VerificationRequestJson {
+        pub attestation: String,
+    }
+
+    let report_data = match args.report_data {
+        Some(hex_data) => {
+            pad64(&hex_decode(&hex_data).context("Failed to decode report_data hex")?)?
+        }
+        None => [0u8; 64],
+    };
+    if args.debug {
+        eprintln!("debug: quote diagnostics enabled; attestation policy is unchanged");
+    }
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote_with_sys_config(&report_data, &args.sys_config)
+        .context("Failed to get attestation")?;
+    let request = VerificationRequestJson {
+        attestation: hex::encode(attestation.into_versioned().to_scale()?),
+    };
+
+    let json =
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&request).context("Failed to serialize request JSON")?;
+    if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
+        safe_write::safe_write(&output_path, json).context("Failed to write quote report")?;
+    } else {
+        println!("{json}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn decode_app_id(hex_str: Option<&str>) -> Result<Option<[u8; 20]>> {
+    let Some(hex_str) = hex_str else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let bytes = hex_decode(hex_str).context("Invalid app_id hex string")?;
+    if bytes.len() != 20 {
+        anyhow::bail!("app_id must be exactly 20 bytes (40 hex characters)");
+    }
+    let mut arr = [0u8; 20];
+    arr.copy_from_slice(&bytes);
+    Ok(Some(arr))
+}
+
+fn cmd_attest(args: AttestArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let report_data = match args.report_data {
+        Some(hex_data) => {
+            pad64(&hex_decode(&hex_data).context("Failed to decode report_data hex")?)?
+        }
+        None => [0u8; 64],
+    };
+    let app_id = decode_app_id(args.app_id.as_deref())?;
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote_with_app_id(&report_data, app_id)
+        .context("Failed to get attestation")?;
+    let attestation = attestation.into_versioned().to_scale()?;
+
+    if args.hex {
+        let encoded = hex::encode(&attestation);
+        if let Some(output) = args.output {
+            safe_write::safe_write(&output, encoded).context("Failed to write attestation hex")?;
+        } else {
+            println!("{encoded}");
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let output = args
+        .output
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("attestation.bin"));
+    safe_write::safe_write(&output, &attestation).context("Failed to write attestation sample")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_attest_info(args: AttestInfoArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let input = args
+        .input
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("attestation.bin"));
+    let data = fs::read(&input).context("Failed to read attestation file")?;
+    let attestation =
+        VersionedAttestation::from_scale(&data).context("Failed to decode attestation")?;
+
+    println!("file: {}", input.display());
+    println!("total_bytes: {}", data.len());
+
+    match attestation {
+        VersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation } => {
+            println!("version: V0");
+            println!("mode: {:?}", attestation.quote.variant());
+            println!("config_bytes: {}", attestation.config.len());
+            match attestation.tdx_quote() {
+                Some(tdx) => {
+                    let event_log_json = serde_json::to_vec(&tdx.event_log)
+                        .context("Failed to serialize event log")?;
+                    println!("tdx_quote_bytes: {}", tdx.quote.len());
+                    println!("event_log_entries: {}", tdx.event_log.len());
+                    println!("event_log_json_bytes: {}", event_log_json.len());
+                }
+
+                None => {
+                    println!("tdx_quote_bytes: 0");
+                    println!("event_log_entries: 0");
+                    println!("event_log_json_bytes: 0");
+                }
+            }
+            match attestation.tpm_quote() {
+                Some(tpm) => {
+                    let tpm_bytes = tpm.encode();
+                    println!("tpm_quote_bytes: {}", tpm_bytes.len());
+                }
+                None => println!("tpm_quote_bytes: 0"),
+            }
+        }
+        VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation } => {
+            println!("version: V1");
+            println!("platform: {:?}", attestation.platform);
+            println!("stack: {:?}", attestation.stack);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_attest_json(args: AttestJsonArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let input = args
+        .input
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("attestation.bin"));
+    let data = fs::read(&input).context("Failed to read attestation file")?;
+    let attestation =
+        VersionedAttestation::from_scale(&data).context("Failed to decode attestation")?;
+
+    let json = match attestation {
+        VersionedAttestation::V0 { attestation } => {
+            let mode = attestation.quote.variant().as_str();
+            let tdx_quote = match attestation.tdx_quote() {
+                Some(tdx) => serde_json::json!({
+                    "quote": hex::encode(&tdx.quote),
+                    "event_log": tdx.event_log,
+                }),
+                None => serde_json::Value::Null,
+            };
+            let tpm_quote = match attestation.tpm_quote() {
+                Some(tpm) => serde_json::to_value(tpm).context("Failed to serialize TPM quote")?,
+                None => serde_json::Value::Null,
+            };
+
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "version": "V0",
+                "mode": mode,
+                "config": attestation.config,
+                "tdx_quote": tdx_quote,
+                "tpm_quote": tpm_quote,
+            })
+        }
+        VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation } => {
+            serde_json::to_value(&attestation).context("Failed to serialize V1 attestation")?
+        }
+    };
+
+    let output = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&json).context("Failed to serialize JSON")?;
+    if let Some(path) = args.output {
+        safe_write::safe_write(&path, output).context("Failed to write JSON output")?;
+    } else {
+        println!("{output}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_attest_strip(args: AttestStripArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let input = args
+        .input
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("attestation.bin"));
+    let data = fs::read(&input).context("Failed to read attestation file")?;
+    let attestation =
+        VersionedAttestation::from_scale(&data).context("Failed to decode attestation")?;
+    let stripped = attestation.into_stripped();
+    let output = args
+        .output
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("attestation.strip.bin"));
+    safe_write::safe_write(&output, stripped.to_scale()?)
+        .context("Failed to write stripped attestation")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn cmd_get_keys(args: GetKeysArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    use dstack_kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient;
+    use ra_rpc::client::RaClientConfig;
+
+    let kms_url = normalize_prpc_url(&args.kms_url);
+
+    // Load root CA if provided for TLS pinning
+    let root_ca_pem = if let Some(root_ca_path) = &args.root_ca {
+        let pem = fs::read_to_string(root_ca_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read root CA from {}", root_ca_path.display()))?;
+        Some(pem)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    // Step 1: Get temporary CA certificate
+    eprintln!("Connecting to KMS: {kms_url}");
+    let tls_no_check = root_ca_pem.is_none();
+    if tls_no_check {
+        eprintln!("Warning: no --root-ca provided, TLS certificate verification is disabled for initial connection");
+    }
+    let tmp_ca = {
+        let client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+            .remote_uri(kms_url.clone())
+            .tls_no_check(tls_no_check)
+            .tls_built_in_root_certs(false)
+            .maybe_tls_ca_cert(root_ca_pem.clone())
+            .build()
+            .into_client()
+            .context("failed to create client")?;
+        let kms_client = KmsClient::new(client);
+        kms_client
+            .get_temp_ca_cert()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get temp CA cert")?
+    };
+
+    // Step 2: Generate RA-TLS client certificate
+    let app_id = decode_app_id(args.app_id.as_deref())?;
+    let cert_pair = generate_ra_cert_with_app_id(
+        tmp_ca.temp_ca_cert.clone(),
+        tmp_ca.temp_ca_key.clone(),
+        app_id,
+    )
+    .context("Failed to generate RA cert")?;
+
+    // Step 3: Create authenticated client and request app keys
+    let ra_client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+        .tls_no_check(false)
+        .tls_built_in_root_certs(false)
+        .remote_uri(kms_url.clone())
+        .tls_client_cert(cert_pair.cert_pem)
+        .tls_client_key(cert_pair.key_pem)
+        .tls_ca_cert(tmp_ca.ca_cert.clone())
+        .build()
+        .into_client()
+        .context("Failed to create RA client")?;
+
+    let kms_client = KmsClient::new(ra_client);
+    let response = kms_client
+        .get_app_key(dstack_kms_rpc::GetAppKeyRequest {
+            api_version: 1,
+            vm_config: "".to_string(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to get app key")?;
+
+    // Step 4: Build AppKeys structure
+    let (_, ca_pem) = x509_parser::pem::parse_x509_pem(tmp_ca.ca_cert.as_bytes())
+        .context("Failed to parse CA cert")?;
+    let x509 = ca_pem.parse_x509().context("Failed to parse CA cert")?;
+    let root_pubkey = x509.public_key().raw.to_vec();
+
+    let keys = utils::AppKeys {
+        ca_cert: tmp_ca.ca_cert,
+        disk_crypt_key: response.disk_crypt_key,
+        env_crypt_key: response.env_crypt_key,
+        k256_key: response.k256_key,
+        k256_signature: response.k256_signature,
+        gateway_app_id: response.gateway_app_id,
+        key_provider: KeyProvider::Kms {
+            url: kms_url,
+            pubkey: root_pubkey,
+            tmp_ca_key: tmp_ca.temp_ca_key,
+            tmp_ca_cert: tmp_ca.temp_ca_cert,
+        },
+    };
+
+    // Step 5: Output result
+    let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&keys).context("Failed to serialize app keys")?;
+    if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
+        safe_write_with_mode(&output_path, &json, 0o600).context("Failed to write app keys")?;
+        eprintln!("App keys written to: {}", output_path.display());
+    } else {
+        println!("{json}");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_decrypt(args: DecryptArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    use dstack_types::shared_filenames::{host_shared_dir, APP_KEYS};
+
+    let key_file = args
+        .key_file
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| host_shared_dir().join(APP_KEYS));
+    let keys: AppKeys = utils::deserialize_json_file(&key_file)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to load app keys from {}", key_file.display()))?;
+    let env_crypt_key: [u8; 32] = keys
+        .env_crypt_key
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|key: Vec<u8>| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid env crypt key length: {}", key.len()))?;
+
+    if args.hex {
+        let input = read_all_input(args.input.as_deref())?;
+        let input = decode_hex_ciphertext(&input)?;
+        return decrypt_auto(
+            env_crypt_key,
+            input.as_slice(),
+            open_output(args.output.as_deref())?,
+        );
+    }
+
+    let input = open_input(args.input.as_deref())?;
+    decrypt_auto(env_crypt_key, input, open_output(args.output.as_deref())?)
+}
+
+fn decrypt_auto(
+    env_crypt_key: [u8; 32],
+    mut input: impl Read,
+    mut output: impl Write,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut prefix = Vec::with_capacity(crypto::STREAM_MAGIC.len());
+    input
+        .by_ref()
+        .take(crypto::STREAM_MAGIC.len() as u64)
+        .read_to_end(&mut prefix)
+        .context("failed to read ciphertext")?;
+    if prefix == crypto::STREAM_MAGIC {
+        crypto::dh_decrypt_stream(env_crypt_key, input, output)
+            .context("failed to decrypt stream")?;
+    } else {
+        let mut ciphertext = prefix;
+        input
+            .read_to_end(&mut ciphertext)
+            .context("failed to read ciphertext")?;
+        let plaintext = crypto::dh_decrypt(env_crypt_key, &ciphertext)
+            .context("failed to decrypt legacy input")?;
+        output
+            .write_all(&plaintext)
+            .context("failed to write plaintext")?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn cmd_encrypt(args: EncryptArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    use dstack_kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient;
+    use ra_rpc::client::RaClientConfig;
+
+    let app_id = decode_app_id(Some(&args.app_id))?.context("app_id is required")?;
+    let kms_url = normalize_prpc_url(&args.kms_url);
+    let root_ca_pem = args
+        .root_ca
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|path| {
+            fs::read_to_string(path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to read root CA from {}", path.display()))
+        })
+        .transpose()?;
+    let client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+        .remote_uri(kms_url)
+        .tls_no_check(false)
+        .tls_built_in_root_certs(root_ca_pem.is_none())
+        .maybe_tls_ca_cert(root_ca_pem)
+        .build()
+        .into_client()
+        .context("failed to create KMS client")?;
+    let response = KmsClient::new(client)
+        .get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(dstack_kms_rpc::AppId {
+            app_id: app_id.to_vec(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .context("failed to get app environment encryption public key")?;
+    let public_key: [u8; 32] = response
+        .public_key
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|key: Vec<u8>| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid public key length: {}", key.len()))?;
+    verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+        &public_key,
+        &response.signature_v1,
+        &app_id,
+        response.timestamp,
+        &args.kms_pubkey,
+        args.max_signature_age,
+    )?;
+
+    crypto::dh_encrypt_stream(
+        public_key,
+        open_input(args.input.as_deref())?,
+        open_output(args.output.as_deref())?,
+        args.chunk_size,
+    )
+    .context("failed to encrypt stream")
+}
+
+fn normalize_prpc_url(url: &str) -> String {
+    let url = url.trim_end_matches('/');
+    if url.ends_with("/prpc") {
+        url.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{url}/prpc")
+    }
+}
+
+fn decode_hex_ciphertext(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    hex_decode(
+        std::str::from_utf8(input)
+            .context("hex ciphertext is not valid UTF-8")?
+            .trim(),
+    )
+    .context("failed to decode hex ciphertext")
+}
+
+fn verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+    public_key: &[u8; 32],
+    signature: &[u8],
+    app_id: &[u8; 20],
+    timestamp: u64,
+    trusted_pubkey: &str,
+    max_age: u64,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    use k256::ecdsa::{RecoveryId, Signature, VerifyingKey};
+    use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+    use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+    const FUTURE_SKEW: u64 = 60;
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .context("system time is before the Unix epoch")?
+        .as_secs();
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        timestamp <= now.saturating_add(FUTURE_SKEW),
+        "kms public-key signature timestamp is too far in the future"
+    );
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        now.saturating_sub(timestamp) <= max_age,
+        "kms public-key signature is too old"
+    );
+    anyhow::ensure!(signature.len() == 65, "invalid KMS signature length");
+
+    let signature_value =
+        Signature::from_slice(&signature[..64]).context("invalid KMS signature")?;
+    let recovery_id = RecoveryId::from_byte(signature[64]).context("invalid KMS recovery ID")?;
+    let digest = Keccak256::new_with_prefix(
+        [
+            b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey".as_slice(),
+            b":".as_slice(),
+            app_id.as_slice(),
+            &timestamp.to_be_bytes(),
+            public_key.as_slice(),
+        ]
+        .concat(),
+    );
+    let recovered = VerifyingKey::recover_from_digest(digest, &signature_value, recovery_id)
+        .context("failed to recover KMS signer public key")?;
+
+    let trusted_pubkey = trusted_pubkey.strip_prefix("0x").unwrap_or(trusted_pubkey);
+    let trusted_pubkey =
+        hex_decode(trusted_pubkey).context("invalid trusted KMS public key hex")?;
+    let trusted =
+        VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(&trusted_pubkey).context("invalid trusted KMS public key")?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        recovered == trusted,
+        "kms public-key signature was made by an untrusted signer"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_all_input(path: Option<&Path>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut input = open_input(path)?;
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    input
+        .read_to_end(&mut data)
+        .context("failed to read input")?;
+    Ok(data)
+}
+
+fn open_input(path: Option<&Path>) -> Result<Box<dyn Read>> {
+    match path {
+        Some(path) => {
+            Ok(Box::new(fs::File::open(path).with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to open input {}", path.display())
+            })?))
+        }
+        None => Ok(Box::new(io::stdin())),
+    }
+}
+
+fn open_output(path: Option<&Path>) -> Result<Box<dyn Write>> {
+    use fs_err::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+    match path {
+        Some(path) => {
+            let file = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+                .write(true)
+                .create(true)
+                .truncate(true)
+                .mode(0o600)
+                .open(path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to open output {}", path.display()))?;
+            file.set_permissions(std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600))
+                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to set permissions on {}", path.display()))?;
+            Ok(Box::new(file))
+        }
+        None => Ok(Box::new(io::stdout())),
+    }
+}
+
+fn cmd_quote() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut input = Vec::with_capacity(65);
+    io::stdin()
+        .take(65)
+        .read_to_end(&mut input)
+        .context("Failed to read report data")?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        input.len() == 64,
+        "report data must be exactly 64 bytes (received {})",
+        input.len()
+    );
+    let report_data: [u8; 64] = input
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid report data length"))?;
+    // Platform-adaptive: detect the running TEE and emit its raw hardware quote
+    // (the TDX DCAP quote, or the AMD SEV-SNP report). For a verifier-ready,
+    // platform-agnostic payload (with event log / mr_config), use `quote-report`.
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote(&report_data).context("Failed to get quote")?;
+    let quote = match &attestation.quote {
+        AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(tdx) => tdx.quote.clone(),
+        AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(gcp) => gcp.tdx_quote.quote.clone(),
+        AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(snp) => snp.report.clone(),
+        AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("nitro enclave has no raw quote; use `quote-report` instead");
+        }
+        AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(aws) => aws.attestation_doc.clone(),
+    };
+    io::stdout()
+        .write_all(&quote)
+        .context("Failed to write quote")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_eventlog() -> Result<()> {
+    let event_logs = cc_eventlog::tdx::read_event_log().context("Failed to read event logs")?;
+    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(io::stdout(), &event_logs)
+        .context("Failed to write event logs")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn hex_decode(hex_str: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    hex::decode(hex_str.trim_start_matches("0x")).context("Invalid hex string")
+}
+
+fn cmd_extend(extend_args: ExtendArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let payload = hex_decode(&extend_args.payload).context("Failed to decode payload")?;
+    emit_runtime_event(&extend_args.event, &payload).context("Failed to extend RTMR")
+}
+
+fn cmd_rand(rand_args: RandArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut data = vec![0u8; rand_args.bytes];
+    getrandom(&mut data).context("Failed to generate random data")?;
+    if rand_args.hex {
+        data = hex::encode(data).into_bytes();
+    }
+    if let Some(output) = rand_args.output {
+        // key material: owner-only, and never half-written — a truncated
+        // random file would pass for a valid secret.
+        safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(&output, &data, 0o600)
+            .with_context(|| format!("Failed to write random output {output}"))?;
+    } else {
+        io::stdout()
+            .write_all(&data)
+            .context("Failed to write random data")?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_show_mrs() -> Result<()> {
+    let attestation =
+        ra_tls::attestation::Attestation::local().context("Failed to get attestation")?;
+    let app_info = attestation
+        .into_v1()
+        .decode_app_info(false)
+        .context("Failed to decode app info")?;
+    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(io::stdout(), &app_info).context("Failed to write app info")?;
+    println!();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_replay_imr() -> Result<()> {
+    use sha2::Digest;
+
+    println!("=== Event Log Replay: Calculated IMR/RTMR Values ===\n");
+
+    // Read and replay event logs
+    let event_logs = att::eventlog::tdx::read_event_log().context("Failed to read event logs")?;
+
+    println!("Total events: {}", event_logs.len());
+
+    // Count events per IMR
+    let mut imr_counts = [0u32; 4];
+    for event in &event_logs {
+        if event.imr < 4 {
+            imr_counts[event.imr as usize] += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!("Event distribution:");
+    for (idx, count) in imr_counts.iter().enumerate() {
+        println!("  IMR {}: {} events", idx, count);
+    }
+    println!();
+
+    // Replay event logs to calculate IMR/RTMR values
+    println!("Replaying event log...");
+    let mut rtmrs: [[u8; 48]; 4] = [[0u8; 48]; 4];
+
+    for event in &event_logs {
+        if event.imr < 4 {
+            let mut hasher = sha2::Sha384::new();
+            hasher.update(rtmrs[event.imr as usize]);
+            hasher.update(event.digest());
+            rtmrs[event.imr as usize] = hasher.finalize().into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!("\nCalculated IMR/RTMR values from event log replay:\n");
+    println!("IMR 0 (CCEL) → {}", hex::encode(rtmrs[0]));
+    println!("IMR 1 (CCEL) → {}", hex::encode(rtmrs[1]));
+    println!("IMR 2 (CCEL) → {}", hex::encode(rtmrs[2]));
+    println!("IMR 3 (CCEL) → {}", hex::encode(rtmrs[3]));
+
+    println!("\n========================================");
+    println!("Note: These are the calculated values from replaying the CCEL event log.");
+    println!("The mapping between CCEL IMR indices and TDX RTMR indices may vary");
+    println!("depending on the platform implementation.");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_hex(hex_args: HexCommand) -> Result<()> {
+    fn hex_encode_io(io: &mut impl Read) -> Result<()> {
+        loop {
+            let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+            let n = io.read(&mut buf).context("Failed to read from stdin")?;
+            if n == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            print!("{}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(&buf[..n]));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    if let Some(filename) = hex_args.filename {
+        let mut input =
+            fs::File::open(&filename).context(format!("Failed to open {}", filename))?;
+        hex_encode_io(&mut input)?;
+    } else {
+        hex_encode_io(&mut io::stdin())?;
+    };
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_gen_ra_cert(args: GenRaCertArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let ca_cert = fs::read_to_string(args.ca_cert)?;
+    let ca_key = fs::read_to_string(args.ca_key)?;
+    let cert_pair = generate_ra_cert(ca_cert, ca_key)?;
+    safe_write(&args.cert_path, &cert_pair.cert_pem).context("Failed to write certificate")?;
+    safe_write_with_mode(&args.key_path, &cert_pair.key_pem, 0o600)
+        .context("Failed to write private key")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_gen_ca_cert(args: GenCaCertArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+    use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+
+    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
+    let report_data = QuoteContentType::KmsRootCa.to_report_data(&pubkey);
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote(&report_data)
+        .context("Failed to get attestation")?
+        .into_versioned();
+
+    let req = CertRequest::builder()
+        .subject("App Root CA")
+        .attestation(&attestation)
+        .key(&key)
+        .ca_level(args.ca_level)
+        .build();
+
+    let cert = req
+        .self_signed()
+        .context("Failed to self-sign certificate")?;
+    safe_write(&args.cert, cert.pem()).context("Failed to write certificate")?;
+    safe_write_with_mode(&args.key, key.serialize_pem(), 0o600)
+        .context("Failed to write private key")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_gen_app_keys(args: GenAppKeysArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+
+    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+    let disk_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+    let k256_key = SigningKey::random(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+    let key_provider = KeyProvider::None {
+        key: key.serialize_pem(),
+    };
+    let app_keys = make_app_keys(&key, &disk_key, &k256_key, args.ca_level, key_provider)?;
+    let app_keys = serde_json::to_string(&app_keys).context("Failed to serialize app keys")?;
+    safe_write_with_mode(&args.output, &app_keys, 0o600).context("Failed to write app keys")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn gen_app_keys_from_seed(
+    seed: &[u8],
+    provider: KeyProviderKind,
+    mr: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+    let key = derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes(seed, &["app-key".as_bytes()])?;
+    let disk_key = derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes(seed, &["app-disk-key".as_bytes()])?;
+    let k256_key = derive_key(seed, &["app-k256-key".as_bytes()], 32)?;
+    let k256_key = SigningKey::from_bytes(&k256_key).context("Failed to parse k256 key")?;
+    let key_provider = match provider {
+        KeyProviderKind::None => KeyProvider::None {
+            key: key.serialize_pem(),
+        },
+        KeyProviderKind::Local => KeyProvider::Local {
+            mr: mr.context("Missing MR for local key provider")?,
+            key: key.serialize_pem(),
+        },
+        KeyProviderKind::Tpm => KeyProvider::Tpm {
+            key: key.serialize_pem(),
+            pubkey: key.public_key_der(),
+        },
+        KeyProviderKind::Kms => {
+            anyhow::bail!("KMS keys must be fetched from the KMS server")
+        }
+    };
+    make_app_keys(&key, &disk_key, &k256_key, 1, key_provider)
+}
+
+fn make_app_keys(
+    app_key: &KeyPair,
+    disk_key: &KeyPair,
+    k256_key: &SigningKey,
+    ca_level: u8,
+    key_provider: KeyProvider,
+) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+    let pubkey = app_key.public_key_der();
+    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote(&report_data)
+        .context("Failed to get attestation")?
+        .into_versioned();
+    let req = CertRequest::builder()
+        .subject("App Root Cert")
+        .attestation(&attestation)
+        .key(app_key)
+        .ca_level(ca_level)
+        .build();
+    let cert = req
+        .self_signed()
+        .context("Failed to self-sign certificate")?;
+
+    Ok(AppKeys {
+        disk_crypt_key: sha256(&disk_key.serialize_der()).to_vec(),
+        env_crypt_key: vec![],
+        k256_key: k256_key.to_bytes().to_vec(),
+        k256_signature: vec![],
+        gateway_app_id: "".to_string(),
+        ca_cert: cert.pem(),
+        key_provider,
+    })
+}
+
+async fn cmd_notify_host(args: HostNotifyArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let client = HostApi::load_or_default(args.url)?;
+    client.notify(&args.event, &args.payload).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn sha256(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    use sha2::Digest;
+    let mut sha256 = sha2::Sha256::new();
+    sha256.update(data);
+    sha256.finalize().into()
+}
+
+fn cmd_vtpm_attest(args: VtpmAttestArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    use cmd_lib::run_cmd;
+    use serde::Serialize;
+
+    #[derive(Serialize)]
+    struct AttestationResult {
+        success: bool,
+        ek_cert_verified: bool,
+        quote_verified: bool,
+        os_image_verified: Option<bool>,
+        nonce: String,
+        key_algorithm: String,
+        error: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    // verify root CA file exists
+    if !args.root_ca.exists() {
+        anyhow::bail!("root CA file not found: {:?}", args.root_ca);
+    }
+
+    // verify key algorithm
+    let (ek_algo, ak_algo, ak_scheme, algo_name) = match args.key_algo.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+        "rsa" => ("rsa", "rsa", "rsassa", "RSA-2048"),
+        "ecc" | "ecdsa" => ("ecc", "ecc", "ecdsa", "ECC P-256"),
+        _ => anyhow::bail!(
+            "invalid key algorithm: {}. Use 'rsa' or 'ecc'",
+            args.key_algo
+        ),
+    };
+
+    let mut result = AttestationResult {
+        success: false,
+        ek_cert_verified: false,
+        quote_verified: false,
+        os_image_verified: None,
+        nonce: args.nonce.clone(),
+        key_algorithm: algo_name.to_string(),
+        error: None,
+    };
+
+    let attestation_result = (|| -> Result<()> {
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("=== vTPM Attestation ===");
+            println!("Root CA: {:?}", args.root_ca);
+            println!("Nonce: {}", args.nonce);
+            println!("Key Algorithm: {}", algo_name);
+            println!();
+        }
+
+        // step 1: extract EK certificate
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("[1/7] extracting EK certificate...");
+        }
+        run_cmd! {
+            tpm2_nvread -o /tmp/ek_cert.der 0x1c00002 2>/dev/null;
+            openssl x509 -inform DER -in /tmp/ek_cert.der -out /tmp/ek_cert.pem 2>/dev/null;
+        }
+        .context("failed to extract EK certificate")?;
+
+        // step 2: extract intermediate CA URL
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("[2/7] downloading intermediate CA...");
+        }
+        let ica_url_output = std::process::Command::new("openssl")
+            .args(["x509", "-in", "/tmp/ek_cert.pem", "-noout", "-text"])
+            .output()
+            .context("failed to read EK cert")?;
+        let ica_text = String::from_utf8_lossy(&ica_url_output.stdout);
+        let ica_url = ica_text
+            .lines()
+            .find(|l| l.contains("CA Issuers") && l.contains("URI:"))
+            .and_then(|l| l.split("URI:").nth(1))
+            .map(|s| s.trim())
+            .context("failed to find Intermediate CA URL")?;
+
+        run_cmd! {
+            curl -s -o /tmp/intermediate_ca.crt $ica_url;
+        }
+        .context("failed to download intermediate CA")?;
+
+        // try DER first, then PEM
+        let convert_result = run_cmd! {
+            openssl x509 -inform DER -in /tmp/intermediate_ca.crt -outform PEM -out /tmp/intermediate_ca.pem 2>/dev/null;
+        };
+        if convert_result.is_err() {
+            run_cmd! {
+                openssl x509 -inform PEM -in /tmp/intermediate_ca.crt -outform PEM -out /tmp/intermediate_ca.pem 2>/dev/null;
+            }
+            .context("failed to convert intermediate CA")?;
+        }
+
+        // step 3: verify intermediate CA
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("[3/7] verifying certificate chain...");
+        }
+        let root_ca_path = args.root_ca.to_str().context("invalid root CA path")?;
+        run_cmd! {
+            openssl verify -CAfile $root_ca_path /tmp/intermediate_ca.pem >/dev/null 2>&1;
+        }
+        .context("intermediate CA verification failed")?;
+
+        // step 4: verify EK certificate
+        run_cmd! {
+            cat /tmp/intermediate_ca.pem $root_ca_path > /tmp/ca_chain.pem;
+            openssl verify -CAfile /tmp/ca_chain.pem /tmp/ek_cert.pem >/dev/null 2>&1;
+        }
+        .context("EK certificate verification failed")?;
+        result.ek_cert_verified = true;
+
+        // step 5: create AK
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("[4/7] creating attestation key ({})...", algo_name);
+        }
+        run_cmd! {
+            tpm2_createek -c /tmp/ek.ctx -G $ek_algo -u /tmp/ek.pub >/dev/null 2>&1;
+            tpm2_createak -C /tmp/ek.ctx -c /tmp/ak.ctx -G $ak_algo -g sha256 -s $ak_scheme -u /tmp/ak.pub -n /tmp/ak.name >/dev/null 2>&1;
+        }
+        .context("failed to create attestation key")?;
+
+        // step 6: generate quote
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("[5/7] generating TPM quote...");
+        }
+        let nonce = &args.nonce;
+        run_cmd! {
+            echo -n $nonce > /tmp/nonce.bin;
+            tpm2_quote -c /tmp/ak.ctx -l sha256:0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,14 -q /tmp/nonce.bin -m /tmp/quote.msg -s /tmp/quote.sig -o /tmp/quote.pcr -g sha256 >/dev/null 2>&1;
+        }
+        .context("failed to generate quote")?;
+
+        // step 7: verify quote
+        if args.format == "text" {
+            println!("[6/7] verifying quote signature...");
+        }
+        run_cmd! {
+            tpm2_checkquote -u /tmp/ak.pub -m /tmp/quote.msg -s /tmp/quote.sig -f /tmp/quote.pcr -g sha256 -q /tmp/nonce.bin >/dev/null 2>&1;
+        }
+        .context("quote verification failed")?;
+        result.quote_verified = true;
+
+        // step 8: verify OS image (optional)
+        if let Some(expected_hash) = &args.expected_os_hash {
+            if args.format == "text" {
+                println!("[7/7] verifying OS image...");
+            }
+            let tpm_eventlog_path = "/sys/kernel/security/tpm0/binary_bios_measurements";
+            if Path::new(tpm_eventlog_path).exists() {
+                let _ = run_cmd! {
+                    tpm2_eventlog $tpm_eventlog_path > /tmp/eventlog.yaml 2>/dev/null;
+                };
+
+                let eventlog = fs::read_to_string("/tmp/eventlog.yaml").unwrap_or_default();
+                if eventlog.contains(expected_hash) {
+                    result.os_image_verified = Some(true);
+                } else {
+                    result.os_image_verified = Some(false);
+                    anyhow::bail!("OS image hash mismatch");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.success = true;
+        Ok(())
+    })();
+
+    if let Err(e) = attestation_result {
+        result.error = Some(format!("{:#}", e));
+    }
+
+    if args.format == "json" {
+        println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&result)?);
+    } else {
+        println!();
+        println!("=== Attestation Result ===");
+        println!(
+            "  EK Certificate Chain: {}",
+            if result.ek_cert_verified {
+                "✓ VERIFIED"
+            } else {
+                "✗ FAILED"
+            }
+        );
+        println!(
+            "  TPM Quote: {}",
+            if result.quote_verified {
+                "✓ VERIFIED"
+            } else {
+                "✗ FAILED"
+            }
+        );
+        if let Some(os_verified) = result.os_image_verified {
+            println!(
+                "  OS Image: {}",
+                if os_verified {
+                    "✓ VERIFIED"
+                } else {
+                    "✗ MISMATCH"
+                }
+            );
+        }
+        println!();
+        if result.success {
+            println!("🎉 ATTESTATION PASSED");
+        } else {
+            println!("❌ ATTESTATION FAILED");
+            if let Some(error) = &result.error {
+                println!("Error: {}", error);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !result.success {
+        anyhow::bail!("attestation failed");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn cmd_tpm_quote(args: TpmQuoteArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let data = if let Some(hex_data) = args.data {
+        let decoded = hex_decode(&hex_data).context("Failed to decode hex data")?;
+        if decoded.len() > 64 {
+            anyhow::bail!("Qualifying data must be at most 64 bytes");
+        }
+        decoded
+    } else {
+        vec![0u8; 32] // TPM 2.0 max qualifying data is 32 bytes
+    };
+
+    // Parse key algorithm
+    let key_algo = args
+        .key_algo
+        .parse::<tpm_attest::KeyAlgorithm>()
+        .context("Failed to parse key algorithm")?;
+
+    let qualifying_data: [u8; 32] = match args.hash_algo.as_str() {
+        "none" => data
+            .try_into()
+            .ok()
+            .context("qualifying data must be 32 bytes")?,
+        "sha256" => ez_hash::sha256(&data),
+        _ => {
+            anyhow::bail!("Unsupported hash algorithm");
+        }
+    };
+
+    let tpm = tpm_attest::TpmContext::open(None).context("Failed to open TPM context")?;
+    let pcr_selection = tpm_attest::dstack_pcr_policy();
+    let tpm_quote = tpm
+        .create_quote_with_algo(&qualifying_data, &pcr_selection, key_algo)
+        .context("Failed to create TPM quote")?;
+
+    let quote_json =
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&tpm_quote).context("Failed to serialize TPM quote")?;
+
+    if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
+        safe_write_with_mode(&output_path, &quote_json, 0o600)
+            .context("Failed to write quote to file")?;
+        eprintln!("TPM quote written to: {:?}", output_path);
+    } else {
+        println!("{}", quote_json);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn cmd_tpm_verify(args: TpmVerifyArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let root_ca_pem = fs::read_to_string(&args.root_ca).context("Failed to read root CA")?;
+    let quote_json = fs::read_to_string(&args.quote).context("Failed to read quote file")?;
+    let tpm_quote: tpm_attest::TpmQuote =
+        serde_json::from_str(&quote_json).context("Failed to parse quote JSON")?;
+
+    println!("=== TPM Quote Verification (dcap-qvl architecture) ===");
+    println!("Root CA: {:?}", args.root_ca);
+    println!("Quote file: {:?}", args.quote);
+    println!();
+
+    // Step 1: Get collateral (certificates + CRLs)
+    println!("[Step 1] Fetching quote collateral (certificates + CRLs)...");
+    let collateral = tpm_qvl::get_collateral(&tpm_quote, &root_ca_pem)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to get TPM collateral")?;
+    let crl_count = collateral.crls.len()
+        + if collateral.root_ca_crl.is_some() {
+            1
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+    println!("  ✓ Collateral fetched: {} CRLs downloaded", crl_count);
+    println!();
+
+    // Step 2: Verify quote with conditional CRL checking
+    println!("[Step 2] Verifying quote (CRL verification if CRL DP present)...");
+
+    match tpm_qvl::verify::verify_quote_with_ca(&tpm_quote, &collateral, &root_ca_pem) {
+        Ok(_) => {
+            // Success - print simple success message
+            println!();
+            let crl_count = collateral.crls.len()
+                + if collateral.root_ca_crl.is_some() {
+                    1
+                } else {
+                    0
+                };
+            if crl_count == 0 {
+                println!("🎉 VERIFICATION PASSED (no CRLs available)");
+            } else {
+                println!(
+                    "🎉 VERIFICATION PASSED (with {} CRL(s) verified)",
+                    crl_count
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(verification_result) => {
+            // Failure - print detailed status
+            println!();
+            println!("=== Verification Result ===");
+            println!(
+                "  AK Certificate Chain (webpki + CRL): {}",
+                if verification_result.status.ak_verified {
+                    "✓ VERIFIED"
+                } else {
+                    "✗ FAILED"
+                }
+            );
+            println!(
+                "  Quote Signature: {}",
+                if verification_result.status.signature_verified {
+                    "✓ VERIFIED"
+                } else {
+                    "✗ FAILED"
+                }
+            );
+            println!(
+                "  PCR Values: {}",
+                if verification_result.status.pcr_verified {
+                    "✓ VERIFIED"
+                } else {
+                    "✗ FAILED"
+                }
+            );
+            println!("  Error: {}", verification_result.error);
+            println!();
+            anyhow::bail!("Verification failed")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    match cli.command {
+        Commands::Quote => cmd_quote()?,
+        Commands::Eventlog => cmd_eventlog()?,
+        Commands::Show => cmd_show_mrs()?,
+        Commands::ReplayImr => cmd_replay_imr()?,
+        Commands::Extend(extend_args) => {
+            cmd_extend(extend_args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Hex(hex_args) => {
+            cmd_hex(hex_args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::GenRaCert(args) => {
+            cmd_gen_ra_cert(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Rand(rand_args) => {
+            cmd_rand(rand_args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::GenCaCert(args) => {
+            cmd_gen_ca_cert(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::GenAppKeys(args) => {
+            cmd_gen_app_keys(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Setup(args) => {
+            cmd_sys_setup(args).await?;
+        }
+        Commands::HostShared(args) => host_shared::cmd_host_shared(args)?,
+        Commands::GatewayChecker(args) => {
+            cmd_gateway_checker(args).await?;
+        }
+        Commands::GatewayRefresh(args) => {
+            cmd_gateway_refresh(args).await?;
+        }
+        Commands::NotifyHost(args) => {
+            cmd_notify_host(args).await?;
+        }
+        Commands::RemoveOrphans(args) => {
+            if args.no_dockerd {
+                docker_compose::remove_orphans_direct(
+                    args.compose,
+                    args.docker_root,
+                    args.dry_run,
+                )?;
+            } else {
+                docker_compose::remove_orphans(args.compose, args.dry_run).await?;
+            }
+        }
+        Commands::VtpmAttest(args) => {
+            cmd_vtpm_attest(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::TpmQuote(args) => {
+            cmd_tpm_quote(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::TpmVerify(args) => {
+            cmd_tpm_verify(args).await?;
+        }
+        Commands::QuoteReport(args) => {
+            cmd_quote_report(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Attest(args) => {
+            cmd_attest(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::AttestInfo(args) => {
+            cmd_attest_info(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::AttestJson(args) => {
+            cmd_attest_json(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::AttestStrip(args) => {
+            cmd_attest_strip(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::GetKeys(args) => {
+            cmd_get_keys(args).await?;
+        }
+        Commands::Decrypt(args) => {
+            cmd_decrypt(args)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Encrypt(args) => {
+            cmd_encrypt(args).await?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+    fn rand_args(output: Option<String>, bytes: usize, hex: bool) -> RandArgs {
+        RandArgs { bytes, output, hex }
+    }
+
+    /// `-o` used to be parsed and then ignored, so the file was never created
+    /// and the bytes went to stdout instead.
+    #[test]
+    fn rand_writes_to_the_requested_output_path() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("secret.bin");
+
+        cmd_rand(rand_args(Some(path.display().to_string()), 32, false)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().len(), 32);
+        // nothing but the target: no temporary file left behind.
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_dir(dir.path()).unwrap().count(), 1);
+    }
+
+    /// The output is key material, so it must never be readable by anyone else.
+    #[test]
+    fn rand_output_is_owner_only() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("secret.bin");
+
+        cmd_rand(rand_args(Some(path.display().to_string()), 32, false)).unwrap();
+
+        let mode = fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777;
+        assert_eq!(mode, 0o600, "random output must be 0600, got {mode:o}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rand_hex_output_is_twice_as_long() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("secret.hex");
+
+        cmd_rand(rand_args(Some(path.display().to_string()), 16, true)).unwrap();
+
+        let body = fs::read(&path).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(body.len(), 32);
+        assert!(body.iter().all(|b| b.is_ascii_hexdigit()));
+    }
+
+    /// Re-running must replace the file rather than failing, so a retry after a
+    /// partial or interrupted run cannot wedge the caller.
+    #[test]
+    fn rand_replaces_an_existing_output() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = dir.path().join("secret.bin");
+
+        cmd_rand(rand_args(Some(path.display().to_string()), 8, false)).unwrap();
+        let first = fs::read(&path).unwrap();
+
+        cmd_rand(rand_args(Some(path.display().to_string()), 32, false)).unwrap();
+        let second = fs::read(&path).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(first.len(), 8);
+        assert_eq!(second.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777,
+            0o600
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn prpc_url_normalization_handles_trailing_slashes() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_prpc_url("https://kms.example.com/prpc/"),
+            "https://kms.example.com/prpc"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_prpc_url("https://kms.example.com/"),
+            "https://kms.example.com/prpc"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decrypt_auto_detects_stream_and_falls_back_to_legacy() {
+        use x25519_dalek::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
+
+        let secret = StaticSecret::random_from_rng(rand::thread_rng());
+        let mut encrypted = Vec::new();
+        crypto::dh_encrypt_stream(
+            PublicKey::from(&secret).to_bytes(),
+            b"stream plaintext".as_slice(),
+            &mut encrypted,
+            4,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut decrypted = Vec::new();
+        decrypt_auto(secret.to_bytes(), encrypted.as_slice(), &mut decrypted).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decrypted, b"stream plaintext");
+
+        let legacy_secret: [u8; 32] =
+            hex_decode("7c282bf94b35dc47801dc953bfa0896fc2bd313381d3e8eca4e42f6536d2a96f")
+                .unwrap()
+                .try_into()
+                .unwrap();
+        let legacy_ciphertext = hex_decode("0bd18749612f4c8b9dd583c7d6a646b90abd34e3c731a7708d0caf9039095641e1f0948e775f0b7351788db7f246d51806954626dcccb6a60d64665ca3715c6bef75616cab476d27bba04080361200d6a58cec").unwrap();
+        let mut legacy_plaintext = Vec::new();
+        decrypt_auto(
+            legacy_secret,
+            legacy_ciphertext.as_slice(),
+            &mut legacy_plaintext,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(legacy_plaintext, b"[{\"key\":\"\",\"value\":\"\"}]");
+        assert_eq!(decode_hex_ciphertext(b" 00ff\n").unwrap(), [0, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn env_encrypt_public_key_requires_the_trusted_signer() {
+        use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey as EcdsaSigningKey;
+        use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+        use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+        let signer = EcdsaSigningKey::random(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+        let app_id = [0x11; 20];
+        let public_key = [0x22; 32];
+        let timestamp = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        let digest = Keccak256::new_with_prefix(
+            [
+                b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey".as_slice(),
+                b":".as_slice(),
+                app_id.as_slice(),
+                &timestamp.to_be_bytes(),
+                public_key.as_slice(),
+            ]
+            .concat(),
+        );
+        let (signature, recovery_id) = signer.sign_digest_recoverable(digest).unwrap();
+        let mut signature = signature.to_vec();
+        signature.push(recovery_id.to_byte());
+        let trusted = hex::encode(signer.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes());
+
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key(&public_key, &signature, &app_id, timestamp, &trusted, 300)
+            .unwrap();
+        let untrusted = EcdsaSigningKey::random(&mut rand::thread_rng());
+        assert!(verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+            &public_key,
+            &signature,
+            &app_id,
+            timestamp,
+            &hex::encode(untrusted.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes()),
+            300,
+        )
+        .is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/parse_env_file.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/parse_env_file.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c93dee62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/parse_env_file.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use tracing::warn;
+
+fn escape_value(v: &str) -> String {
+    let mut needs_quotes = false;
+    let mut escaped = String::with_capacity(v.len());
+
+    // Check if we need quotes (spaces or special chars)
+    if v.chars().any(|c| " \t|&;<>()$`\\\"'\n".contains(c)) {
+        needs_quotes = true;
+    }
+
+    // Escape special characters
+    for c in v.chars() {
+        match c {
+            '\n' => escaped.push_str("\\n"),
+            '"' => escaped.push_str("\\\""),
+            '$' => escaped.push_str("\\$"),
+            '`' => escaped.push_str("\\`"),
+            _ => escaped.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Wrap in quotes if needed
+    if needs_quotes {
+        format!("\"{}\"", escaped)
+    } else {
+        escaped
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct Pair {
+    key: String,
+    value: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct Data {
+    env: Vec<Pair>,
+}
+
+pub fn parse_env(env_json: &[u8], allowed: &BTreeSet<String>) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
+    const MAX_ITEMS: usize = 1024;
+    const MAX_TOTAL_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+
+    let data: Data = serde_json::from_slice(env_json).context("Failed to parse env")?;
+
+    if data.env.len() > MAX_ITEMS {
+        bail!("Too many environment variables: {}", data.env.len());
+    }
+
+    const KEY_REGEX: &str = r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$";
+    let key_regex = regex::Regex::new(KEY_REGEX)
+        .context("Failed to compile environment key validation regex")?;
+
+    let mut env = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut total_size = 0;
+
+    for Pair { key, value } in data.env {
+        if !allowed.contains(&key) {
+            warn!("Skipping unauthorized environment variable: {key}");
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Check key length (common Linux limit is 255)
+        if key.len() > 255 {
+            bail!("Environment variable name too long: {}", key);
+        }
+
+        // Check value length (common Linux limit is around 128KB)
+        if value.len() > 128 * 1024 {
+            bail!("Environment variable value too long for key: {}", key);
+        }
+
+        // validate key
+        if !key_regex.is_match(&key) {
+            bail!("Invalid env key: {}", key);
+        }
+
+        total_size += key.len() + value.len();
+        if total_size > MAX_TOTAL_SIZE {
+            bail!("Environment variables total size too large");
+        }
+        env.insert(key, value);
+    }
+    Ok(env)
+}
+
+pub fn convert_env_to_str(parsed_env: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> String {
+    #[allow(clippy::format_collect)]
+    parsed_env
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(key, value)| format!("{}={}\n", key, escape_value(value)))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_escape_value() {
+        assert_eq!(escape_value("simple"), "simple");
+        assert_eq!(escape_value("hello world"), "\"hello world\"");
+        assert_eq!(escape_value("say \"hello\""), "\"say \\\"hello\\\"\"");
+        assert_eq!(escape_value("line1\nline2"), "\"line1\\nline2\"");
+        assert_eq!(escape_value("price=$100"), "\"price=\\$100\"");
+        assert_eq!(escape_value("command=`date`"), "\"command=\\`date\\`\"");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0978a6f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3863 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
+    fmt::Display,
+    io::Write as _,
+    ops::Deref,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    process::{Command, Stdio},
+    str::FromStr,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_attest::{default_verifier, emit_runtime_event, set_runtime_event_version};
+use dstack_kms_rpc as rpc;
+use dstack_types::{
+    gpu_policy_hash,
+    shared_filenames::{
+        APP_COMPOSE, APP_KEYS, DECRYPTED_ENV, DECRYPTED_ENV_JSON, ENCRYPTED_ENV,
+        HOST_SHARED_DIR_NAME, INSTANCE_INFO, SYS_CONFIG, USER_CONFIG,
+    },
+    GpuPolicy, KeyProvider, KeyProviderInfo, GPU_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use luks2::{
+    LuksAf, LuksConfig, LuksDigest, LuksHeader, LuksJson, LuksKdf, LuksKeyslot, LuksSegment,
+    LuksSegmentSize,
+};
+use ra_rpc::{
+    client::{CertInfo, RaClient, RaClientConfig},
+    Attestation,
+};
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::{detect_tee_variant, AttestationVerifier, QuoteContentType, TeeVariant},
+    cert::{generate_ra_cert, CertConfigV2, CertSigningRequestV2, Csr},
+};
+use rand::Rng as _;
+use safe_write::{safe_write, safe_write_with_mode};
+use scopeguard::defer;
+use semver::{Version, VersionReq};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    cmd_show_mrs,
+    crypto::dh_decrypt,
+    gen_app_keys_from_seed,
+    host_api::HostApi,
+    host_shared::{mount_host_shared, unmount_host_shared},
+    utils::{
+        deserialize_json_file, sha256, sha256_file, AppCompose, AppKeys, KeyProviderKind, SysConfig,
+    },
+};
+use cert_client::CertRequestClient;
+use cmd_lib::run_fun as cmd;
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::{
+    gateway_client::GatewayClient, PortAttrs as RpcPortAttrs, PortPolicy as RpcPortPolicy,
+    RegisterCvmRequest, RegisterCvmResponse, WireGuardPeer,
+};
+use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use tpm_attest::{self as tpm, TpmContext};
+
+fn attestation_verifier(sys_config: &SysConfig) -> Result<Arc<AttestationVerifier>> {
+    Ok(Arc::new(default_verifier(&sys_config.collateral_urls())?))
+}
+
+async fn sign_cert_request(
+    cert_client: &CertRequestClient,
+    key: &KeyPair,
+    config: CertConfigV2,
+) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
+    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote(&report_data)
+        .context("Failed to get quote for cert pubkey")?
+        .into_versioned();
+    let csr = CertSigningRequestV2 {
+        confirm: "please sign cert:".to_string(),
+        pubkey,
+        config,
+        attestation,
+    };
+    let signature = csr.signed_by(key).context("Failed to sign the CSR")?;
+    cert_client
+        .sign_csr(&csr, &signature)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to sign the CSR")
+}
+
+mod config_id_verifier;
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+/// Prepare full disk encryption
+pub struct SetupArgs {
+    /// dstack work directory
+    #[arg(long)]
+    work_dir: PathBuf,
+    /// Hard disk device
+    #[arg(long)]
+    device: PathBuf,
+    /// The FS mount point
+    #[arg(long)]
+    mount_point: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Parser)]
+/// Refresh dstack gateway configuration
+pub struct GatewayRefreshArgs {
+    /// dstack work directory
+    #[arg(long)]
+    work_dir: PathBuf,
+    /// Force reconfiguration even if config unchanged
+    #[arg(long)]
+    force: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Clone, Default)]
+struct InstanceInfo {
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
+    instance_id_seed: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
+    instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
+    app_id: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Default)]
+enum FsType {
+    #[default]
+    Zfs,
+    Ext4,
+}
+
+impl Display for FsType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            FsType::Zfs => write!(f, "zfs"),
+            FsType::Ext4 => write!(f, "ext4"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for FsType {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "zfs" => Ok(FsType::Zfs),
+            "ext4" => Ok(FsType::Ext4),
+            _ => bail!("Invalid filesystem type: {s}, supported types: zfs, ext4"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+struct DstackOptions {
+    storage_encrypted: bool,
+    storage_fs: FsType,
+}
+
+fn parse_dstack_options(shared: &HostShared) -> Result<DstackOptions> {
+    let cmdline = fs::read_to_string("/proc/cmdline").context("Failed to read /proc/cmdline")?;
+
+    let mut options = DstackOptions {
+        storage_encrypted: true, // Default to encryption enabled
+        storage_fs: FsType::Zfs, // Default to ZFS
+    };
+
+    for param in cmdline.split_whitespace() {
+        if let Some(value) = param.strip_prefix("dstack.storage_encrypted=") {
+            match value {
+                "0" | "false" | "no" | "off" => options.storage_encrypted = false,
+                "1" | "true" | "yes" | "on" => options.storage_encrypted = true,
+                _ => {
+                    bail!("Invalid value for dstack.storage_encrypted: {value}");
+                }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(value) = param.strip_prefix("dstack.storage_fs=") {
+            options.storage_fs = value.parse().context("Failed to parse dstack.storage_fs")?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(fs) = &shared.app_compose.storage_fs {
+        options.storage_fs = fs.parse().context("Failed to parse storage_fs")?;
+    }
+    Ok(options)
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct HostShareDir {
+    base_dir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl Deref for HostShareDir {
+    type Target = PathBuf;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.base_dir
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Path> for HostShareDir {
+    fn from(host_shared_dir: &Path) -> Self {
+        Self::new(host_shared_dir)
+    }
+}
+
+impl HostShareDir {
+    fn new(host_shared_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            base_dir: host_shared_dir.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn app_compose_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(APP_COMPOSE)
+    }
+
+    fn encrypted_env_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(ENCRYPTED_ENV)
+    }
+
+    fn sys_config_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(SYS_CONFIG)
+    }
+
+    fn instance_info_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(INSTANCE_INFO)
+    }
+
+    fn user_config_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.base_dir.join(USER_CONFIG)
+    }
+}
+
+struct HostShared {
+    dir: HostShareDir,
+    sys_config: SysConfig,
+    app_compose: AppCompose,
+    encrypted_env: Vec<u8>,
+    instance_info: InstanceInfo,
+}
+
+impl HostShared {
+    fn load(host_shared_dir: impl Into<HostShareDir>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let host_shared_dir = host_shared_dir.into();
+        let sys_config = deserialize_json_file(host_shared_dir.sys_config_file())?;
+        let app_compose = deserialize_json_file(host_shared_dir.app_compose_file())?;
+        let instance_info_file = host_shared_dir.instance_info_file();
+        let instance_info = if instance_info_file.exists() {
+            deserialize_json_file(instance_info_file)?
+        } else {
+            InstanceInfo::default()
+        };
+        let encrypted_env = fs::read(host_shared_dir.encrypted_env_file()).unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(Self {
+            dir: host_shared_dir.clone(),
+            sys_config,
+            app_compose,
+            encrypted_env,
+            instance_info,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn copy(host_shared_dir: &Path, host_shared_copy_dir: &Path) -> Result<HostShared> {
+        const SZ_1KB: u64 = 1024;
+        const SZ_1MB: u64 = 1024 * SZ_1KB;
+
+        let copy = |src: &str, max_size: u64, ignore_missing: bool| -> Result<()> {
+            let src_path = host_shared_dir.join(src);
+            let dst_path = host_shared_copy_dir.join(src);
+            if !src_path.exists() {
+                if ignore_missing {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                bail!("Source file {src} does not exist");
+            }
+            let src_size = src_path.metadata()?.len();
+            if src_size > max_size {
+                bail!("Source file {src} is too large, max size is {max_size} bytes");
+            }
+            use fs::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+            let mut src_io = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+                .read(true)
+                .custom_flags(libc::O_NOFOLLOW)
+                .open(src_path)?;
+            let mut dst_io = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+                .write(true)
+                .create(true)
+                .open(dst_path)?;
+            std::io::copy(&mut src_io, &mut dst_io)?;
+            Ok(())
+        };
+        info!("Mounting host-shared");
+        mount_host_shared(host_shared_dir)?;
+
+        cmd! {
+            mkdir -p $host_shared_copy_dir;
+            info "Copying host-shared files";
+        }?;
+        copy(APP_COMPOSE, SZ_1MB * 50, false)?;
+        copy(SYS_CONFIG, SZ_1KB * 32, false)?;
+        copy(INSTANCE_INFO, SZ_1KB * 10, true)?;
+        copy(ENCRYPTED_ENV, SZ_1KB * 256, true)?;
+        copy(USER_CONFIG, SZ_1MB * 50, true)?;
+        info!("Unmounting host-shared");
+        unmount_host_shared(host_shared_dir)?;
+        HostShared::load(host_shared_copy_dir)
+    }
+}
+
+const GATEWAY_CACHE_PATH: &str = "/run/dstack/gateway-cache.json";
+const GATEWAY_CACHE_PREFIX: &str = "/run/dstack/gateway-cache-";
+/// Certificate validity period in seconds (10 days)
+const CERT_VALIDITY_SECS: u64 = 10 * 24 * 3600;
+const MAX_SUPPORTED_MANIFEST_VERSION: u32 = 3;
+const MANIFEST_VERSION_3: u32 = 3;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+struct GatewayKeyStore {
+    /// Client certificate chain
+    client_cert: String,
+    /// Client certificate chain with quote
+    client_cert_with_quote: String,
+    /// Client private key
+    client_key: String,
+    /// Certificate expiry time as seconds since UNIX epoch
+    cert_not_after: u64,
+    /// WireGuard private key
+    wg_sk: String,
+    /// WireGuard public key
+    wg_pk: String,
+}
+
+impl GatewayKeyStore {
+    fn load_from(path: &Path) -> Option<Self> {
+        let content = fs::read_to_string(path).ok()?;
+        serde_json::from_str(&content).ok()
+    }
+
+    fn load_from_default() -> Option<Self> {
+        Self::load_from(Path::new(GATEWAY_CACHE_PATH))
+    }
+
+    fn save_to(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        let content = serde_json::to_string(self).context("Failed to serialize gateway cache")?;
+        safe_write_with_mode(path, &content, 0o600).context("Failed to write gateway cache")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn save_to_default(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.save_to(Path::new(GATEWAY_CACHE_PATH))
+    }
+
+    fn is_cert_valid_at(&self, now: u64) -> bool {
+        // Valid if at least 10 minutes remaining.
+        now.saturating_add(600) < self.cert_not_after
+    }
+
+    fn is_cert_valid(&self) -> bool {
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .map(|d| d.as_secs())
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        self.is_cert_valid_at(now)
+    }
+}
+
+fn gateway_rpc_url(base: &str) -> String {
+    let base = base.trim_end_matches('/');
+    if base.ends_with("/prpc") {
+        base.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{base}/prpc")
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct GatewayTarget {
+    name: String,
+    urls: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+struct PreparedGatewayCluster {
+    name: String,
+    index: usize,
+    key_store: GatewayKeyStore,
+    response: RegisterCvmResponse,
+}
+
+fn wireguard_endpoint_hosts(config: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    config
+        .lines()
+        .filter_map(|line| line.trim().strip_prefix("Endpoint = "))
+        .map(|endpoint| {
+            endpoint
+                .rsplit_once(':')
+                .map(|(host, _)| host.trim_matches(['[', ']']).to_string())
+                .context("invalid WireGuard endpoint")
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn remove_partial_wireguard_config(path: &str, cluster: &str) {
+    if let Err(error) = fs::remove_file(path) {
+        if error.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
+            warn!(
+                cluster = cluster,
+                "failed to remove partially applied WireGuard config: {error}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct GatewayContext<'a> {
+    shared: &'a HostShared,
+    keys: &'a AppKeys,
+}
+
+impl<'a> GatewayContext<'a> {
+    fn new(shared: &'a HostShared, keys: &'a AppKeys) -> Self {
+        Self { shared, keys }
+    }
+
+    #[errify::errify("Failed to create gateway client for {gateway_url}")]
+    fn create_gateway_client(
+        &self,
+        gateway_url: &str,
+        client_key: &str,
+        client_cert: &str,
+        gateway_app_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<GatewayClient<RaClient>> {
+        let url = gateway_rpc_url(gateway_url);
+        let ca_cert = self.keys.ca_cert.clone();
+        let cert_validator = AppIdValidator {
+            allowed_app_id: gateway_app_id.to_string(),
+        };
+        let client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+            .remote_uri(url)
+            .tls_client_cert(client_cert.to_string())
+            .tls_client_key(client_key.to_string())
+            .tls_ca_cert(ca_cert)
+            .tls_built_in_root_certs(false)
+            .tls_no_check(gateway_app_id == "any")
+            .verify_server_attestation(false)
+            .cert_validator(Box::new(move |cert| cert_validator.validate(cert)))
+            .build()
+            .into_client()
+            .context("Failed to create RA client")?;
+        Ok(GatewayClient::new(client))
+    }
+
+    async fn register_cvm(
+        &self,
+        gateway_url: &str,
+        key_store: &GatewayKeyStore,
+        gateway_app_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<RegisterCvmResponse> {
+        let port_policy = RpcPortPolicy {
+            ports: self
+                .shared
+                .app_compose
+                .port_policy
+                .ports
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| RpcPortAttrs {
+                    port: p.port as u32,
+                    pp: p.pp,
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            restrict_mode: self.shared.app_compose.port_policy.restrict_mode,
+        };
+        let client = self.create_gateway_client(
+            gateway_url,
+            &key_store.client_key,
+            &key_store.client_cert,
+            gateway_app_id,
+        )?;
+        let result = client
+            .register_cvm(RegisterCvmRequest {
+                client_public_key: key_store.wg_pk.clone(),
+                port_policy: Some(port_policy.clone()),
+            })
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to register CVM");
+        let Err(err) = &result else {
+            return result;
+        };
+        // If the error contains "no attestation provided", it's likely an older gateway version
+        let is_legacy_gateway = format!("{err:#}").contains("no attestation provided");
+        if !is_legacy_gateway {
+            return result;
+        }
+        info!("Seems like the gateway is an older version, retrying with quote cert");
+        let client = self.create_gateway_client(
+            gateway_url,
+            &key_store.client_key,
+            &key_store.client_cert_with_quote,
+            gateway_app_id,
+        )?;
+        client
+            .register_cvm(RegisterCvmRequest {
+                client_public_key: key_store.wg_pk.clone(),
+                port_policy: Some(port_policy),
+            })
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to register CVM")
+    }
+
+    async fn get_or_generate_key_store(&self) -> Result<GatewayKeyStore> {
+        // Try to load existing cache
+        let cache = GatewayKeyStore::load_from_default();
+
+        // If cache is fully valid, return it
+        if let Some(ref cache) = cache {
+            if cache.is_cert_valid() {
+                info!("Using cached gateway key store");
+                return Ok(cache.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Reuse WireGuard keys from cache if available, otherwise generate new ones
+        let (wg_sk, wg_pk) = if let Some(ref cache) = cache {
+            info!("Reusing cached WireGuard keys");
+            (cache.wg_sk.clone(), cache.wg_pk.clone())
+        } else {
+            info!("Generating new WireGuard keys");
+            let sk = cmd!(wg genkey)?;
+            let pk =
+                cmd!(echo $sk | wg pubkey).or(Err(anyhow!("Failed to generate public key")))?;
+            (sk, pk)
+        };
+
+        // Request new client certificates
+        info!("Requesting new client certificates");
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .map(|d| d.as_secs())
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        let cert_not_after = now + CERT_VALIDITY_SECS;
+        let verifier = attestation_verifier(&self.shared.sys_config)?;
+        let cert_client = CertRequestClient::create(
+            self.keys,
+            verifier,
+            self.shared.sys_config.vm_config.clone(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to create cert client")?;
+        let key =
+            KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).context("Failed to generate key")?;
+
+        // Request certificate without quote (for new gateways)
+        let config = CertConfigV2 {
+            org_name: None,
+            subject: "dstack-guest-agent".to_string(),
+            subject_alt_names: vec![],
+            usage_server_auth: false,
+            usage_client_auth: true,
+            ext_quote: false,
+            ext_app_info: true,
+            not_before: None,
+            not_after: Some(cert_not_after),
+        };
+        let certs = sign_cert_request(&cert_client, &key, config)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to request cert")?;
+        let client_cert = certs.join("\n");
+        let client_key = key.serialize_pem();
+
+        // Request certificate with quote (for pre-0.5.6 gateways)
+        // TODO: Remove this once pre-0.5.6 gateways are deprecated
+        let config_with_quote = CertConfigV2 {
+            org_name: None,
+            subject: "dstack-guest-agent".to_string(),
+            subject_alt_names: vec![],
+            usage_server_auth: false,
+            usage_client_auth: true,
+            ext_quote: true,
+            ext_app_info: true,
+            not_before: None,
+            not_after: Some(cert_not_after),
+        };
+        let certs_with_quote = sign_cert_request(&cert_client, &key, config_with_quote)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to request cert with quote")?;
+        let client_cert_with_quote = certs_with_quote.join("\n");
+
+        Ok(GatewayKeyStore {
+            client_cert,
+            client_cert_with_quote,
+            client_key,
+            cert_not_after,
+            wg_sk,
+            wg_pk,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn key_store_for_additional_cluster(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        certificate_source: &GatewayKeyStore,
+    ) -> Result<(GatewayKeyStore, PathBuf)> {
+        let path = PathBuf::from(format!("{GATEWAY_CACHE_PREFIX}{name}.json"));
+        if let Some(cache) = GatewayKeyStore::load_from(&path) {
+            if cache.is_cert_valid() {
+                info!(cluster = name, "Using cached gateway cluster key store");
+                return Ok((cache, path));
+            }
+        }
+        let old = GatewayKeyStore::load_from(&path);
+        let (wg_sk, wg_pk) = if let Some(old) = old {
+            (old.wg_sk, old.wg_pk)
+        } else {
+            let sk = cmd!(wg genkey)?;
+            let pk =
+                cmd!(echo $sk | wg pubkey).or(Err(anyhow!("Failed to generate public key")))?;
+            (sk, pk)
+        };
+        let mut key_store = certificate_source.clone();
+        key_store.wg_sk = wg_sk;
+        key_store.wg_pk = wg_pk;
+        Ok((key_store, path))
+    }
+
+    async fn setup(&self, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.shared.app_compose.gateway_enabled() {
+            info!("dstack-gateway is not enabled");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if self.keys.gateway_app_id.is_empty() {
+            bail!("Missing allowed dstack-gateway app id");
+        }
+
+        let targets = self.gateway_targets()?;
+        let uses_explicit_clusters = !self.shared.sys_config.gateway_clusters.is_empty();
+        info!(clusters = targets.len(), "Setting up dstack-gateway");
+
+        // Certificates are valid for every gateway identity authorized by KMS,
+        // while each cluster receives a distinct WireGuard identity.
+        let primary_key_store = self.get_or_generate_key_store().await?;
+        if let Err(err) = primary_key_store.save_to_default() {
+            warn!("failed to save gateway cache: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+        for (index, target) in targets.iter().enumerate() {
+            let key_store_result = if index == 0 && !uses_explicit_clusters {
+                Ok((primary_key_store.clone(), PathBuf::from(GATEWAY_CACHE_PATH)))
+            } else {
+                self.key_store_for_additional_cluster(&target.name, &primary_key_store)
+            };
+            let (key_store, cache_path) = match key_store_result {
+                Ok(value) => value,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    errors.push(format!("{}: {err:#}", target.name));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            if let Err(err) = key_store.save_to(&cache_path) {
+                warn!(cluster = %target.name, "failed to save gateway cluster cache: {err:?}");
+            }
+
+            let mut first_error = None;
+            let mut response = None;
+            for url in &target.urls {
+                match self
+                    .register_cvm(url, &key_store, &self.keys.gateway_app_id)
+                    .await
+                {
+                    Ok(value) => {
+                        response = Some(value);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!(cluster = %target.name, %url, "Failed to register CVM: {err:?}");
+                        if first_error.is_none() {
+                            first_error = Some(err);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            let Some(response) = response else {
+                errors.push(format!(
+                    "{}: {:#}",
+                    target.name,
+                    first_error.unwrap_or_else(|| anyhow!("no gateway URLs configured"))
+                ));
+                continue;
+            };
+            let cluster = PreparedGatewayCluster {
+                name: target.name.clone(),
+                index,
+                key_store,
+                response,
+            };
+            if let Err(err) = self.apply_wireguard(cluster, force) {
+                errors.push(format!("{}: {err:#}", target.name));
+            }
+        }
+        if errors.is_empty() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!("failed to refresh gateway clusters: {}", errors.join("; "))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn gateway_targets(&self) -> Result<Vec<GatewayTarget>> {
+        if !self.shared.sys_config.gateway_urls.is_empty()
+            && !self.shared.sys_config.gateway_clusters.is_empty()
+        {
+            warn!("both gateway_urls and gateway_clusters are configured; ignoring gateway_urls");
+        }
+        let targets = if self.shared.sys_config.gateway_clusters.is_empty() {
+            vec![GatewayTarget {
+                name: "default".to_string(),
+                urls: self.shared.sys_config.gateway_urls.clone(),
+            }]
+        } else {
+            self.shared
+                .sys_config
+                .gateway_clusters
+                .iter()
+                .map(|cluster| GatewayTarget {
+                    name: cluster.name.clone(),
+                    urls: cluster.urls.clone(),
+                })
+                .collect()
+        };
+        let mut names = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for target in &targets {
+            if target.name.is_empty()
+                || !target
+                    .name
+                    .bytes()
+                    .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == b'-' || c == b'_')
+            {
+                bail!("invalid gateway cluster name: {}", target.name);
+            }
+            if !names.insert(target.name.as_str()) {
+                bail!("duplicate gateway cluster name: {}", target.name);
+            }
+            if target.urls.is_empty() {
+                bail!("gateway cluster {} has no URLs", target.name);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(targets)
+    }
+
+    fn apply_wireguard(&self, mut cluster: PreparedGatewayCluster, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        let interface = format!("dstack-wg{}", cluster.index);
+        let config_path = format!("/etc/wireguard/{interface}.conf");
+        let listen_port = 9182_u16
+            .checked_add(
+                cluster
+                    .index
+                    .try_into()
+                    .context("too many gateway clusters")?,
+            )
+            .context("too many gateway clusters")?;
+        let mut wg_info = cluster.response.wg.take().context("missing wg info")?;
+        wg_info.servers.sort_by(|a, b| a.pk.cmp(&b.pk));
+        let mut new_config = format!(
+            "[Interface]\nPrivateKey = {}\nListenPort = {listen_port}\nAddress = {}/32\n\n",
+            cluster.key_store.wg_sk, wg_info.client_ip
+        );
+        for WireGuardPeer { pk, ip, endpoint } in &wg_info.servers {
+            let ip = ip.split('/').next().unwrap_or_default();
+            new_config.push_str(&format!(
+                "[Peer]\nPublicKey = {pk}\nAllowedIPs = {ip}/32\nEndpoint = {endpoint}\nPersistentKeepalive = 25\n"
+            ));
+        }
+        let old_config = fs::read_to_string(&config_path).ok();
+        if !force && old_config.as_ref() == Some(&new_config) {
+            info!(cluster = %cluster.name, "WireGuard config unchanged");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let new_endpoints = wireguard_endpoint_hosts(&new_config)?;
+        let applied = self.apply_wireguard_config(
+            &interface,
+            &config_path,
+            listen_port,
+            &new_config,
+            &new_endpoints,
+        );
+        if let Err(error) = applied {
+            // Registration and refresh are independent per cluster. Preserve
+            // this cluster's last-known-good config if applying its replacement
+            // fails; a cluster with no prior config removes the false marker so
+            // the checker takes its fast missing-config retry path.
+            if let Some(old_config) = old_config {
+                match wireguard_endpoint_hosts(&old_config).and_then(|endpoints| {
+                    self.apply_wireguard_config(
+                        &interface,
+                        &config_path,
+                        listen_port,
+                        &old_config,
+                        &endpoints,
+                    )
+                }) {
+                    Ok(()) => {
+                        warn!(cluster = %cluster.name, "restored previous WireGuard config after refresh failure")
+                    }
+                    Err(rollback_error) => {
+                        warn!(cluster = %cluster.name, "failed to restore previous WireGuard config: {rollback_error:#}");
+                        remove_partial_wireguard_config(&config_path, &cluster.name);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                remove_partial_wireguard_config(&config_path, &cluster.name);
+            }
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn apply_wireguard_config(
+        &self,
+        interface: &str,
+        config_path: &str,
+        listen_port: u16,
+        config: &str,
+        endpoint_hosts: &[String],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        safe_write_with_mode(config_path, config, 0o600)
+            .context("failed to write WireGuard config")?;
+        cmd!(ignore wg-quick down $interface)?;
+
+        // Docker also updates iptables throughout boot. Bound every lock wait
+        // so a transient xtables.lock holder neither breaks the cluster update
+        // nor stalls the checker indefinitely.
+        let xtables_wait = "5";
+        let chain = format!("DSTACK_WG{}", interface.trim_start_matches("dstack-wg"));
+        if interface == "dstack-wg0" {
+            // Remove the pre-multi-cluster chain after upgrading. The new
+            // per-interface chain below owns the same listen port.
+            cmd!(ignore iptables -w $xtables_wait -D INPUT -p udp --dport $listen_port -j DSTACK_WG 2>/dev/null)?;
+            cmd!(ignore iptables -w $xtables_wait -F DSTACK_WG 2>/dev/null)?;
+            cmd!(ignore iptables -w $xtables_wait -X DSTACK_WG 2>/dev/null)?;
+        }
+        cmd!(ignore iptables -w $xtables_wait -N $chain 2>/dev/null)?;
+        cmd!(iptables -w $xtables_wait -F $chain)?;
+        cmd!(ignore iptables -w $xtables_wait -D INPUT -p udp --dport $listen_port -j $chain 2>/dev/null)?;
+        cmd!(iptables -w $xtables_wait -I INPUT -p udp --dport $listen_port -j $chain)?;
+        for endpoint_host in endpoint_hosts {
+            cmd!(iptables -w $xtables_wait -A $chain -s $endpoint_host -j ACCEPT)?;
+        }
+        cmd!(iptables -w $xtables_wait -A $chain -j DROP)?;
+        info!(%interface, "starting WireGuard");
+        cmd!(wg-quick up $interface)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn truncate(s: &[u8], len: usize) -> &[u8] {
+    if s.len() > len {
+        &s[..len]
+    } else {
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return a platform-provided, per-instance value to mix into `instance_id`.
+///
+/// `instance_id` is normally derived from `instance_id_seed`, which is persisted
+/// on the data disk. That makes it unsafe on clouds where a VM can be cloned from
+/// a disk image / snapshot: every clone inherits the same seed and therefore the
+/// same `instance_id`. To keep `instance_id` unique per running VM we mix in a
+/// per-instance value that lives outside the cloneable disk.
+///
+/// On GCP we use the public key of the pre-provisioned vTPM Attestation Key. On
+/// AWS EC2 we create the deterministic endorsement primary key and use its
+/// public area. Both values are derived from per-instance TPM state, not from the
+/// cloneable data disk, so a disk snapshot launched as a new VM gets a different
+/// binding while reboot/stop-start of the same VM keeps it stable. We hash public
+/// areas rather than certificates so the binding is immune to certificate
+/// re-issuance.
+///
+/// Returns `Ok(None)` on platforms with no such binding; the `instance_id` then
+/// keeps its previous seed-only derivation. Fails closed: if the platform is known
+/// to provide a binding but it cannot be read, we error rather than silently fall
+/// back to a duplication-prone id.
+fn platform_instance_binding() -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    use dstack_types::Platform;
+    match Platform::detect() {
+        Some(Platform::Gcp) => {
+            // Prefer the ECC AK, fall back to RSA (matches the quote path).
+            let ak = match tpm::load_gcp_ak_ecc(None) {
+                Ok(ak) => ak,
+                Err(ecc_err) => tpm::load_gcp_ak_rsa(None).with_context(|| {
+                    format!("failed to load gcp vTPM AK (ecc error: {ecc_err:#})")
+                })?,
+            };
+            if ak.pub_area.is_empty() {
+                bail!("gcp vTPM AK public area is empty");
+            }
+            Ok(Some(sha256(&ak.pub_area).to_vec()))
+        }
+        Some(Platform::AwsEc2) => {
+            let mut tpm = tpm2::TpmContext::new(None).context("failed to open NitroTPM")?;
+            let template = tpm2::TpmtPublic::rsa_ek();
+            let (handle, public_area) = tpm
+                .create_primary(tpm2::tpm_rh::ENDORSEMENT, &template)
+                .context("failed to create NitroTPM endorsement primary key")?;
+            let flush_result = tpm.flush_context(handle);
+            if public_area.is_empty() {
+                bail!("NitroTPM endorsement public area is empty");
+            }
+            flush_result.context("failed to flush NitroTPM endorsement primary key")?;
+            Ok(Some(sha256(&public_area).to_vec()))
+        }
+        _ => Ok(None),
+    }
+}
+
+fn emit_key_provider_info(provider_info: &KeyProviderInfo) -> Result<()> {
+    info!("Key provider info: {provider_info:?}");
+    let provider_info_json = serde_json::to_vec(&provider_info)?;
+    emit_runtime_event("key-provider", &provider_info_json)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_manifest_version(app_compose: &AppCompose) -> Result<u32> {
+    let manifest_version = app_compose
+        .manifest_version_u32()
+        .context("Invalid manifest_version")?;
+    if manifest_version > MAX_SUPPORTED_MANIFEST_VERSION {
+        bail!(
+            "Unsupported manifest_version: {manifest_version}, max supported: {MAX_SUPPORTED_MANIFEST_VERSION}"
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(manifest_version)
+}
+
+fn verify_app_compose_policy(shared: &HostShared) -> Result<()> {
+    let app_compose = &shared.app_compose;
+    let sys_config = &shared.sys_config;
+    verify_manifest_feature_requirements(app_compose)?;
+    let Some(requirements) = app_compose.requirements.as_ref() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    if requirements.os_version.is_some() {
+        let current_os_version =
+            read_current_os_version().context("Failed to read current dstack OS version")?;
+        verify_os_version_requirement(app_compose, &current_os_version)?;
+    }
+    if let Some(platforms) = requirements.platforms.as_deref() {
+        if platforms.is_empty() {
+            bail!("Unsupported attestation platform: requirements.platforms is empty");
+        }
+        let current_platform =
+            detect_tee_variant().context("failed to detect current attestation platform")?;
+        verify_platform_requirements(app_compose, current_platform)?;
+    }
+    if requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables.is_some() {
+        let current_platform =
+            detect_tee_variant().context("failed to detect current attestation platform")?;
+        verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(
+            app_compose,
+            &sys_config.vm_config,
+            current_platform,
+        )?;
+    }
+    if let Some(launch_token_hash) = requirements.launch_token_hash.as_deref() {
+        // Only touch user_config when the requirement is present; otherwise it
+        // is opaque application data and must not be parsed here.
+        let user_config = fs::read_to_string(shared.dir.user_config_file())
+            .context("failed to read user_config for requirements.launch_token_hash")?;
+        let token = launch_token_from_user_config(&user_config)?;
+        verify_launch_token_requirement(launch_token_hash, &token)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_manifest_feature_requirements(app_compose: &AppCompose) -> Result<()> {
+    let manifest_version = verify_manifest_version(app_compose)?;
+    if app_compose.requirements.is_some() && manifest_version < MANIFEST_VERSION_3 {
+        bail!(
+            "requirements requires manifest_version >= {MANIFEST_VERSION_3}; use string manifest_version \"{MANIFEST_VERSION_3}\" so older guests fail closed"
+        );
+    }
+    if app_compose.runner == "nerdctl-compose" && manifest_version < MANIFEST_VERSION_3 {
+        bail!(
+            "nerdctl-compose requires manifest_version >= {MANIFEST_VERSION_3}; use string manifest_version \"{MANIFEST_VERSION_3}\" so older guests fail closed"
+        );
+    }
+    if app_compose.init_script.len() > 1 && manifest_version < MANIFEST_VERSION_3 {
+        bail!(
+            "multiple init scripts require manifest_version >= {MANIFEST_VERSION_3}; use string manifest_version \"{MANIFEST_VERSION_3}\" so older guests fail closed"
+        );
+    }
+    if app_compose.runner != "nerdctl-compose" && app_compose.snapshotter.is_some() {
+        bail!("snapshotter is only supported by the nerdctl-compose runner");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_os_version_requirement(app_compose: &AppCompose, current_os_version: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let Some(requirements) = app_compose.requirements.as_ref() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let Some(os_version) = requirements.os_version.as_deref() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let os_version_req = VersionReq::parse(os_version)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Invalid requirements.os_version: {os_version}"))?;
+    let current_os_version = Version::parse(current_os_version)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Invalid current dstack OS version: {current_os_version}"))?;
+    if !os_version_req.matches(&current_os_version) {
+        bail!(
+            "Unsupported dstack OS version: current {current_os_version}, required {os_version_req}"
+        );
+    }
+    info!(
+        "dstack OS version requirement satisfied: current={}, requirement={}",
+        current_os_version, os_version_req
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_platform_requirements(
+    app_compose: &AppCompose,
+    current_platform: TeeVariant,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let Some(requirements) = app_compose.requirements.as_ref() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let Some(allowed_platforms) = requirements.platforms.as_deref() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let allowed_modes = allowed_platforms
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(index, platform)| parse_requirement_platform(platform, index))
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    if allowed_modes.contains(&current_platform) {
+        info!(
+            "platform requirement satisfied: current={}, allowed=[{}]",
+            current_platform.as_str(),
+            format_requirement_platforms(allowed_platforms)
+        );
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    bail!(
+        "Unsupported attestation platform: current {}, allowed [{}]",
+        current_platform.as_str(),
+        format_requirement_platforms(allowed_platforms)
+    );
+}
+
+fn parse_requirement_platform(platform: &str, index: usize) -> Result<TeeVariant> {
+    serde_json::from_value(serde_json::Value::String(platform.to_string()))
+        .with_context(|| format!("Invalid requirements.platforms[{index}]: {platform}"))
+}
+
+fn format_requirement_platforms(platforms: &[String]) -> String {
+    platforms.join(", ")
+}
+
+fn verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(
+    app_compose: &AppCompose,
+    vm_config: &str,
+    current_platform: TeeVariant,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let Some(measure_acpi_tables) = app_compose
+        .requirements
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|requirements| requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables)
+    else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    if current_platform != TeeVariant::DstackTdx {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let vm_config: dstack_types::VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(vm_config)
+        .context("failed to parse vm_config for requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables")?;
+    let uses_lite = vm_config.tdx_attestation_variant.is_lite();
+    if measure_acpi_tables && uses_lite {
+        bail!(
+            "unsupported TDX attestation mode: requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables=true requires ACPI table measurement"
+        );
+    }
+    if !measure_acpi_tables && !uses_lite {
+        bail!(
+            "unsupported TDX attestation mode: requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables=false requires TDX lite attestation"
+        );
+    }
+    info!(
+        "tdx ACPI table measurement requirement satisfied: measure_acpi_tables={}",
+        measure_acpi_tables
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Minimum launch token length in bytes. `launch_token_hash` is public (it is
+/// part of app-compose.json), so short tokens can be recovered offline via
+/// brute force or precomputed tables. Length cannot prove entropy, but it
+/// rejects the trivially guessable tokens; deployers should still generate
+/// random tokens (e.g. 32 random alphanumeric characters).
+const LAUNCH_TOKEN_MIN_LEN: usize = 32;
+
+/// Enforce the launch-token pattern: the compose-hash-measured
+/// `requirements.launch_token_hash` must match the domain-separated digest of
+/// the launch token (see [`dstack_types::launch_token_hash`]). This binds a
+/// deployment to a token known only to the deployer, so a host cannot launch
+/// the app with substituted inputs.
+fn verify_launch_token_requirement(launch_token_hash: &str, token: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let expected = hex::decode(launch_token_hash)
+        .context("invalid requirements.launch_token_hash: not a hex string")?;
+    if expected.len() != 32 {
+        bail!(
+            "invalid requirements.launch_token_hash: expected 32-byte sha256 hex, got {} bytes",
+            expected.len()
+        );
+    }
+    if token.len() < LAUNCH_TOKEN_MIN_LEN {
+        bail!(
+            "launch token too short: got {} bytes, minimum is {LAUNCH_TOKEN_MIN_LEN}; use a random token since launch_token_hash is public",
+            token.len()
+        );
+    }
+    if dstack_types::launch_token_hash(token)[..] != expected[..] {
+        bail!("launch token mismatch: sha256(\"{}\" || launch token) does not match requirements.launch_token_hash", dstack_types::LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH_DOMAIN);
+    }
+    info!("launch token requirement satisfied");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Extract the launch token from `user_config` at JSON path
+/// `dstack.launch_token`. Callers must only invoke this when
+/// `requirements.launch_token_hash` is set; otherwise `user_config` is opaque
+/// application data and must not be parsed.
+fn launch_token_from_user_config(user_config: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let user_config: Value = serde_json::from_str(user_config)
+        .context("failed to parse user_config as JSON for requirements.launch_token_hash")?;
+    let token = user_config
+        .pointer("/dstack/launch_token")
+        .context("user_config is missing dstack.launch_token")?
+        .as_str()
+        .context("user_config dstack.launch_token is not a string")?;
+    Ok(token.to_string())
+}
+
+fn read_current_os_version() -> Result<String> {
+    const OS_RELEASE_PATHS: &[&str] = &["/etc/os-release", "/usr/lib/os-release"];
+    for path in OS_RELEASE_PATHS {
+        let content = match fs::read_to_string(path) {
+            Ok(content) => content,
+            Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => continue,
+            Err(err) => return Err(err).with_context(|| format!("Failed to read {path}")),
+        };
+        if let Some(version) = os_release_value(&content, "VERSION_ID") {
+            return Ok(version);
+        }
+    }
+    bail!("VERSION_ID not found in /etc/os-release or /usr/lib/os-release")
+}
+
+fn os_release_value(content: &str, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    for line in content.lines() {
+        let line = line.trim();
+        if line.is_empty() || line.starts_with('#') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Some((k, v)) = line.split_once('=') else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if k == key {
+            return Some(unquote_os_release_value(v));
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn unquote_os_release_value(value: &str) -> String {
+    let value = value.trim();
+    if let Some(inner) = value.strip_prefix('"').and_then(|v| v.strip_suffix('"')) {
+        // Double-quoted: a backslash escapes the next character.
+        let mut unescaped = String::with_capacity(inner.len());
+        let mut chars = inner.chars();
+        while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
+            match c {
+                '\\' => unescaped.push(chars.next().unwrap_or('\\')),
+                _ => unescaped.push(c),
+            }
+        }
+        return unescaped;
+    }
+    if let Some(inner) = value.strip_prefix('\'').and_then(|v| v.strip_suffix('\'')) {
+        // Single-quoted: shell single quotes have no escape sequences.
+        return inner.to_string();
+    }
+    value.to_string()
+}
+
+pub async fn cmd_sys_setup(args: SetupArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    let stage0 = Stage0::load(&args)?;
+    set_runtime_event_version(stage0.shared.app_compose.event_log_version)
+        .context("failed to configure runtime event version")?;
+    let vmm = stage0.host_api();
+    let result = do_sys_setup(stage0).await;
+    if let Err(err) = &result {
+        vmm.notify_q("boot.error", &format!("{err:#}")).await;
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+async fn do_sys_setup(stage0: Stage0<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    verify_app_compose_policy(&stage0.shared).context("Failed to verify app-compose policy")?;
+    if stage0.shared.app_compose.secure_time {
+        info!("Waiting for the system time to be synchronized");
+        cmd! {
+            chronyc waitsync 30 0.1 0 5;
+        }
+        .context("Failed to sync system time")?;
+    } else {
+        info!("System time will be synchronized by chronyd in background");
+    }
+    let stage1 = stage0.setup_fs().await?;
+    stage1.setup().await
+}
+
+/// GPU TEE attestation gate (`requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu`, defaults to
+/// true).
+///
+/// Runs before key provisioning so a CVM whose GPU cannot prove it is a
+/// genuine, CC-enabled NVIDIA TEE never gets its app keys. An optional
+/// application policy is measured and evaluated after `compose-hash`. The GPU
+/// "ready" state is only set through NVML from here — nvidia-persistenced
+/// deliberately does not set it — so CUDA work cannot be submitted to an
+/// unverified GPU either.
+mod gpu {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const NVATTEST: &str = "/usr/bin/nvattest";
+    const ATTESTATION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(300);
+    const EVENT_VERSION: u32 = 2;
+    const POLICY_ENTRYPOINT: &str = "data.policy.nv_match";
+    const TRUST_OUTPOST_POLICY: &str = "/usr/share/nvattest/policies/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego";
+    /// Bound Rego evaluation so a runaway application policy cannot hang boot.
+    const POLICY_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    pub(super) struct GpuInventory {
+        pub(super) total: u32,
+        pub(super) nvidia: u32,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+    struct GpuAttestationEvent {
+        version: u32,
+        provider: &'static str,
+        devices: u32,
+        cc_mode: &'static str,
+        devtools: bool,
+        evidence_sha256: String,
+    }
+
+    pub(super) struct GpuAttestationResult {
+        claims: Vec<Value>,
+        parsed_claims: Vec<NvidiaGpuClaim>,
+        output: Vec<u8>,
+        devices: u32,
+    }
+
+    impl GpuAttestationResult {
+        pub(super) fn claims(&self) -> &[Value] {
+            &self.claims
+        }
+
+        pub(super) fn event(&self, devtools: bool) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+            attestation_event(&self.output, self.devices, devtools)
+        }
+
+        pub(super) fn verify_claim_policy(
+            &self,
+            state: &GpuState,
+            policy: &GpuPolicy,
+        ) -> Result<()> {
+            verify_claim_policy(&self.parsed_claims, &state.devices, policy)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) struct GpuState {
+        nvml: nvml_wrapper::Nvml,
+        devices: Vec<GpuDeviceState>,
+    }
+
+    impl GpuState {
+        pub(super) fn any_devtools(&self) -> bool {
+            self.devices.iter().any(|device| device.devtools)
+        }
+
+        pub(super) fn set_ready(&self) -> Result<()> {
+            set_gpu_ready_state_with_nvml(&self.nvml)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+    struct GpuDeviceState {
+        cc_enabled: bool,
+        devtools: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    struct NvattestOutput {
+        result_code: i64,
+        claims: Vec<Value>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+    struct NvidiaGpuClaim {
+        #[serde(rename = "x-nvidia-device-type")]
+        device_type: String,
+        eat_nonce: String,
+        #[serde(rename = "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-nonce-match")]
+        nonce_match: bool,
+        measres: String,
+        secboot: bool,
+        dbgstat: NvidiaGpuDebugStatus,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+    enum NvidiaGpuDebugStatus {
+        Disabled,
+        Enabled,
+    }
+
+    struct ValidatedClaims {
+        raw: Vec<Value>,
+        parsed: Vec<NvidiaGpuClaim>,
+    }
+
+    /// Count passed-through display-class GPUs through sysfs so devices which
+    /// the NVIDIA driver did not bind cannot be hidden from the gate. Reading
+    /// the inventory is fail-closed: a mixed NVIDIA/non-NVIDIA set must not be
+    /// represented by an attestation result for only the NVIDIA subset.
+    pub(super) fn gpu_inventory() -> Result<GpuInventory> {
+        gpu_inventory_at(Path::new("/sys/bus/pci/devices"))
+    }
+
+    fn gpu_inventory_at(devices_path: &Path) -> Result<GpuInventory> {
+        let entries = fs::read_dir(devices_path).context("failed to enumerate PCI devices")?;
+        let mut inventory = GpuInventory {
+            total: 0,
+            nvidia: 0,
+        };
+        for entry in entries {
+            let device = entry.context("failed to read PCI device entry")?;
+            let class_path = device.path().join("class");
+            let class = fs::read_to_string(&class_path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", class_path.display()))?;
+            if !matches!(class.trim().get(..6), Some("0x0300") | Some("0x0302")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            inventory.total += 1;
+            let vendor_path = device.path().join("vendor");
+            let vendor = fs::read_to_string(&vendor_path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", vendor_path.display()))?;
+            if vendor.trim() == "0x10de" {
+                inventory.nvidia += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(inventory)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn nvidia_gpu_count(inventory: GpuInventory) -> Result<u32> {
+        if inventory.total != inventory.nvidia {
+            bail!(
+                "unsupported non-NVIDIA GPU attached: found {} display GPUs, {} NVIDIA",
+                inventory.total,
+                inventory.nvidia
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(inventory.nvidia)
+    }
+
+    /// Run a GPU tool with a bounded timeout so a wedged driver/GPU cannot
+    /// hang the boot indefinitely (dstack-prepare is a oneshot unit with no
+    /// start timeout of its own).
+    async fn run_command(
+        program: &str,
+        args: &[&str],
+        timeout: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<std::process::Output> {
+        tokio::time::timeout(
+            timeout,
+            tokio::process::Command::new(program).args(args).output(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("{program} timed out"))?
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to run {program}"))
+    }
+
+    fn init_nvml(expected_devices: u32) -> Result<nvml_wrapper::Nvml> {
+        let nvml = nvml_wrapper::Nvml::init().context("failed to initialize NVML")?;
+        let devices = nvml
+            .device_count()
+            .context("failed to get NVML GPU count")?;
+        if devices != expected_devices {
+            bail!("nvml GPU count mismatch: expected {expected_devices}, got {devices}");
+        }
+        Ok(nvml)
+    }
+
+    fn set_gpu_ready_state_with_nvml(nvml: &nvml_wrapper::Nvml) -> Result<()> {
+        // nvml-wrapper exposes nvmlSystemSetConfComputeGpusReadyState through
+        // Device, but the transition applies to all CC GPUs in the system.
+        let first = nvml
+            .device_by_index(0)
+            .context("failed to get first NVML GPU")?;
+        first
+            .set_confidential_compute_state(true)
+            .context("failed to set GPU ready state")?;
+        info!("GPU ready state set");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Read the CC and DevTools state through NVML for every expected GPU.
+    /// NVML exposes these settings as system values through Device methods;
+    /// call them for every handle so every expected device must be enumerable.
+    pub(super) fn query_gpu_state(expected_devices: u32) -> Result<GpuState> {
+        let nvml = init_nvml(expected_devices)?;
+        let mut devices = Vec::with_capacity(expected_devices as usize);
+        for index in 0..expected_devices {
+            let device = nvml
+                .device_by_index(index)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to get NVML GPU at index {index}"))?;
+            let cc_enabled = device
+                .is_cc_enabled()
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to query CC mode for GPU at index {index}"))?;
+            let devtools = device.is_cc_dev_mode_enabled().with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to query DevTools mode for GPU at index {index}")
+            })?;
+            devices.push(GpuDeviceState {
+                cc_enabled,
+                devtools,
+            });
+        }
+        Ok(GpuState { nvml, devices })
+    }
+
+    /// Set the system-wide GPU ready state without appraisal for the explicit
+    /// `gpu_policy.attest_gpu: false` compatibility path.
+    pub(super) fn set_gpu_ready_state(expected_devices: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let nvml = init_nvml(expected_devices)?;
+        set_gpu_ready_state_with_nvml(&nvml)
+    }
+
+    fn validate_attestation_output(
+        stdout: &[u8],
+        nonce: &str,
+        expected_devices: u32,
+    ) -> Result<ValidatedClaims> {
+        let output: NvattestOutput =
+            serde_json::from_slice(stdout).context("failed to parse nvattest JSON output")?;
+        if output.result_code != 0 {
+            bail!(
+                "nvattest JSON result is not successful (result_code={})",
+                output.result_code
+            );
+        }
+        if output.claims.len() != expected_devices as usize {
+            bail!(
+                "gpu attestation count mismatch: expected {expected_devices}, got {}",
+                output.claims.len()
+            );
+        }
+        let mut parsed_claims = Vec::with_capacity(output.claims.len());
+        for (index, claim) in output.claims.iter().enumerate() {
+            let claim: NvidiaGpuClaim = serde_json::from_value(claim.clone())
+                .with_context(|| format!("invalid GPU claim at index {index}"))?;
+            if claim.device_type != "gpu" {
+                bail!("gpu claim at index {index} has an invalid device type");
+            }
+            if claim.eat_nonce != nonce || !claim.nonce_match {
+                bail!("gpu claim at index {index} has an invalid nonce");
+            }
+            parsed_claims.push(claim);
+        }
+        Ok(ValidatedClaims {
+            raw: output.claims,
+            parsed: parsed_claims,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn verify_claim_policy(
+        claims: &[NvidiaGpuClaim],
+        devices: &[GpuDeviceState],
+        policy: &GpuPolicy,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for (index, device) in devices.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !device.cc_enabled {
+                bail!("gpu at index {index} does not enable confidential compute mode");
+            }
+            if device.devtools && !policy.allow_devtools {
+                bail!("gpu at index {index} enables NVIDIA DevTools mode");
+            }
+        }
+        for (index, claim) in claims.iter().enumerate() {
+            if claim.measres != "success" {
+                bail!("gpu claim at index {index} has unsuccessful measurements");
+            }
+            if !policy.allow_insecure_boot && !claim.secboot {
+                bail!("gpu claim at index {index} does not assert secure boot");
+            }
+            if !policy.allow_debug && claim.dbgstat != NvidiaGpuDebugStatus::Disabled {
+                bail!("gpu claim at index {index} does not disable debug mode");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn attestation_event(stdout: &[u8], devices: u32, devtools: bool) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let event = GpuAttestationEvent {
+            version: EVENT_VERSION,
+            provider: "nvidia",
+            devices,
+            cc_mode: "on",
+            devtools,
+            evidence_sha256: hex::encode(sha256(stdout)),
+        };
+        serde_json::to_vec(&event).context("failed to serialize GPU attestation event")
+    }
+
+    fn normalize_proxy_url(proxy_url: Option<&str>) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        let Some(proxy_url) = proxy_url.map(str::trim).filter(|url| !url.is_empty()) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let parsed = url::Url::parse(proxy_url).context("invalid NVIDIA attestation proxy URL")?;
+        if !matches!(parsed.scheme(), "http" | "https") || parsed.host_str().is_none() {
+            bail!("NVIDIA attestation proxy must be an absolute HTTP(S) URL");
+        }
+        if parsed.query().is_some()
+            || parsed.fragment().is_some()
+            || !parsed.username().is_empty()
+            || parsed.password().is_some()
+            || parsed.path() != "/"
+        {
+            bail!(
+                "NVIDIA attestation proxy URL must not contain credentials, path, query, or fragment"
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(Some(parsed.as_str().trim_end_matches('/').to_string()))
+    }
+
+    fn nvattest_args(nonce: &str, proxy_url: Option<&str>) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+        let mut args = vec![
+            "attest".to_string(),
+            "--device".to_string(),
+            "gpu".to_string(),
+            "--verifier".to_string(),
+            "local".to_string(),
+            "--nonce".to_string(),
+            nonce.to_string(),
+            "--format".to_string(),
+            "json".to_string(),
+        ];
+        if let Some(proxy_url) = normalize_proxy_url(proxy_url)? {
+            args.extend([
+                "--ocsp-url".to_string(),
+                format!("{proxy_url}/ocsp"),
+                "--rim-url".to_string(),
+                proxy_url,
+                "--relying-party-policy".to_string(),
+                TRUST_OUTPOST_POLICY.to_string(),
+            ]);
+        }
+        Ok(args)
+    }
+
+    /// Run local GPU attestation via nvattest with a fresh evidence nonce. If
+    /// sys-config selects a collateral proxy, both RIM and OCSP traffic is
+    /// routed through it and NVIDIA's Trust Outpost policy accepts cached OCSP
+    /// responses whose responder nonce no longer matches. The independent GPU
+    /// evidence nonce remains mandatory and is checked below.
+    pub(super) async fn attest_gpu(
+        expected_devices: u32,
+        proxy_url: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<GpuAttestationResult> {
+        if !Path::new(NVATTEST).exists() {
+            bail!("nvattest is not available in this image");
+        }
+        // Certificate/OCSP validation needs a sane clock even when
+        // secure_time is off; best-effort step chrony before attesting.
+        if let Err(err) = cmd!(chronyc makestep) {
+            warn!("failed to step system clock: {err:?}");
+        }
+        let nonce = hex::encode(rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 32]>());
+        let args = nvattest_args(&nonce, proxy_url)?;
+        if args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "--relying-party-policy")
+            && !Path::new(TRUST_OUTPOST_POLICY).is_file()
+        {
+            bail!("NVIDIA attestation proxy is configured but {TRUST_OUTPOST_POLICY} is missing");
+        }
+        let args = args.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let output = run_command(NVATTEST, &args, ATTESTATION_TIMEOUT).await?;
+        if !output.stderr.is_empty() {
+            info!("nvattest: {}", truncated_lossy(&output.stderr, 2048));
+        }
+        save_attestation_output(&output.stdout).context("failed to save GPU attestation output")?;
+        if !output.status.success() {
+            bail!(
+                "nvattest exited with {}: {}",
+                output.status,
+                truncated_lossy(&output.stderr, 512),
+            );
+        }
+        let claims = validate_attestation_output(&output.stdout, &nonce, expected_devices)?;
+        Ok(GpuAttestationResult {
+            claims: claims.raw,
+            parsed_claims: claims.parsed,
+            output: output.stdout,
+            devices: expected_devices,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn measure_gpu_policy(compose_path: &Path) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+        let compose_json = fs::read(compose_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", compose_path.display()))?;
+        let digest = gpu_policy_hash(&compose_json).context("failed to hash raw GPU policy")?;
+        emit_runtime_event("gpu-policy-hash", &digest)
+            .context("failed to emit GPU policy measurement")?;
+        Ok(digest)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn evaluate_rego_policy(policy: &GpuPolicy, claims: &[Value]) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(rego) = policy.rego.as_deref() else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        evaluate_policy(rego, claims).context("failed to apply GPU Rego policy")
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluate the app-provided Rego v0 policy using the same input shape as
+    /// NVIDIA relying-party policies: the nvattest `claims` JSON array.
+    pub(super) fn evaluate_policy(policy: &str, claims: &[Value]) -> Result<()> {
+        evaluate_policy_with_timeout(policy, claims, POLICY_TIMEOUT)
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate_policy_with_timeout(
+        policy: &str,
+        claims: &[Value],
+        timeout: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut engine = regorus::Engine::new();
+        engine.set_rego_v0(true);
+        engine.set_execution_timer_config(regorus::utils::limits::ExecutionTimerConfig {
+            limit: timeout,
+            check_interval: std::num::NonZeroU32::new(1024).unwrap_or(std::num::NonZeroU32::MIN),
+        });
+        engine
+            .add_policy("gpu-policy.rego".to_string(), policy.to_string())
+            .context("failed to load GPU policy")?;
+        let input = serde_json::to_string(claims).context("failed to serialize GPU claims")?;
+        engine
+            .set_input_json(&input)
+            .context("failed to set GPU policy input")?;
+        if !engine
+            .eval_bool_query(POLICY_ENTRYPOINT.to_string(), false)
+            .context("failed to evaluate GPU policy")?
+        {
+            bail!("gpu policy rejected the attestation claims");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn save_attestation_output(stdout: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        let output_path = Path::new(GPU_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT);
+        if let Some(parent) = output_path.parent() {
+            fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        }
+        safe_write(output_path, stdout)?;
+        fs::set_permissions(
+            output_path,
+            std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt::from_mode(0o600),
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn truncated_lossy(bytes: &[u8], limit: usize) -> String {
+        let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes);
+        let text = text.trim();
+        match text.char_indices().nth(limit) {
+            Some((idx, _)) => format!("{}...", &text[..idx]),
+            None => text.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    mod tests {
+        use super::*;
+
+        fn add_pci_device(root: &Path, name: &str, vendor: &str, class: &str) {
+            let device = root.join(name);
+            fs::create_dir_all(&device).unwrap();
+            fs::write(device.join("vendor"), vendor).unwrap();
+            fs::write(device.join("class"), class).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        fn nvattest_output(nonce: &str, claims: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+            let claims = (0..claims)
+                .map(|_| {
+                    serde_json::json!({
+                        "x-nvidia-device-type": "gpu",
+                        "eat_nonce": nonce,
+                        "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-nonce-match": true,
+                        "measres": "success",
+                        "secboot": true,
+                        "dbgstat": "disabled"
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            serde_json::to_vec(&serde_json::json!({
+                "result_code": 0,
+                "claims": claims,
+                "detached_eat": {}
+            }))
+            .unwrap()
+        }
+
+        // Captured with the pinned nvattest SDK on an Ubuntu 22.04 GCP A3 TDX
+        // VM with an H100 and the NVIDIA 580 open kernel driver.
+        const H100_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT: &[u8] =
+            include_bytes!("../tests/fixtures/gpu_attestation_h100.json");
+
+        #[test]
+        fn inventory_counts_nvidia_and_non_nvidia_gpus() {
+            let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+            add_pci_device(root.path(), "0000:01:00.0", "0x10de\n", "0x030200\n");
+            add_pci_device(root.path(), "0000:02:00.0", "0x1234\n", "0x030000\n");
+            add_pci_device(root.path(), "0000:03:00.0", "0x1af4\n", "0x020000\n");
+            assert_eq!(
+                gpu_inventory_at(root.path()).unwrap(),
+                GpuInventory {
+                    total: 2,
+                    nvidia: 1
+                }
+            );
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn gpu_count_rejects_non_nvidia_gpus() {
+            let mixed = GpuInventory {
+                total: 2,
+                nvidia: 1,
+            };
+            assert!(nvidia_gpu_count(mixed).is_err());
+
+            let nvidia = GpuInventory {
+                total: 2,
+                nvidia: 2,
+            };
+            assert_eq!(nvidia_gpu_count(nvidia).unwrap(), 2);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn proxy_routes_ocsp_and_rim_and_selects_outpost_policy() {
+            let nonce = format!("test-nonce-{}", std::process::id());
+            let args = nvattest_args(&nonce, Some("http://10.0.2.2:8090/")).unwrap();
+            assert!(args
+                .windows(2)
+                .any(|args| args == ["--ocsp-url", "http://10.0.2.2:8090/ocsp"]));
+            assert!(args
+                .windows(2)
+                .any(|args| args == ["--rim-url", "http://10.0.2.2:8090"]));
+            assert!(args
+                .windows(2)
+                .any(|args| args == ["--relying-party-policy", TRUST_OUTPOST_POLICY]));
+
+            let direct = nvattest_args(&nonce, None).unwrap();
+            assert!(!direct.iter().any(|arg| arg == "--ocsp-url"));
+            assert!(!direct.iter().any(|arg| arg == "--relying-party-policy"));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn proxy_url_validation_is_fail_closed() {
+            let nonce = format!("test-nonce-{}", std::process::id());
+            assert!(nvattest_args(&nonce, Some("file:///tmp/proxy")).is_err());
+            assert!(nvattest_args(&nonce, Some("https://user@example.com")).is_err());
+            assert!(nvattest_args(&nonce, Some("https://example.com?q=1")).is_err());
+            assert!(nvattest_args(&nonce, Some("https://example.com/base")).is_err());
+            assert!(normalize_proxy_url(Some("  ")).unwrap().is_none());
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn basic_policy_requires_cc_and_rejects_devtools_by_default() {
+            let nonce = "44".repeat(32);
+            let output = nvattest_output(&nonce, 1);
+            let claims = validate_attestation_output(&output, &nonce, 1).unwrap();
+            let production = [GpuDeviceState {
+                cc_enabled: true,
+                devtools: false,
+            }];
+            verify_claim_policy(&claims.parsed, &production, &GpuPolicy::default()).unwrap();
+
+            let non_cc = [GpuDeviceState {
+                cc_enabled: false,
+                devtools: false,
+            }];
+            let err =
+                verify_claim_policy(&claims.parsed, &non_cc, &GpuPolicy::default()).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(err.to_string().contains("confidential compute mode"));
+
+            let devtools = [GpuDeviceState {
+                cc_enabled: true,
+                devtools: true,
+            }];
+            assert!(verify_claim_policy(&claims.parsed, &devtools, &GpuPolicy::default()).is_err());
+            verify_claim_policy(
+                &claims.parsed,
+                &devtools,
+                &GpuPolicy {
+                    allow_devtools: true,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn nvattest_output_requires_every_expected_gpu_and_fresh_nonce() {
+            let nonce = "11".repeat(32);
+            let valid = nvattest_output(&nonce, 2);
+            validate_attestation_output(&valid, &nonce, 2).unwrap();
+            assert!(validate_attestation_output(&valid, &nonce, 1).is_err());
+
+            let mut invalid: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&valid).unwrap();
+            invalid["claims"][1]["eat_nonce"] = Value::String("stale".to_string());
+            assert!(
+                validate_attestation_output(&serde_json::to_vec(&invalid).unwrap(), &nonce, 2)
+                    .is_err()
+            );
+
+            // Basic claim settings are enforced after structural validation.
+            let mut extra_claims: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&valid).unwrap();
+            extra_claims["claims"][0]["dbgstat"] = Value::String("enabled".to_string());
+            validate_attestation_output(&serde_json::to_vec(&extra_claims).unwrap(), &nonce, 2)
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn basic_claim_policy_is_fail_closed_and_honors_opt_ins() {
+            let nonce = "33".repeat(32);
+            let output = nvattest_output(&nonce, 1);
+            let claims = validate_attestation_output(&output, &nonce, 1).unwrap();
+            let devices = [GpuDeviceState {
+                cc_enabled: true,
+                devtools: false,
+            }];
+            verify_claim_policy(&claims.parsed, &devices, &GpuPolicy::default()).unwrap();
+
+            let with_policy = |name: &str, value: Value, policy: &GpuPolicy| {
+                let mut output: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output).unwrap();
+                output["claims"][0][name] = value;
+                let output = serde_json::to_vec(&output).unwrap();
+                let claims = validate_attestation_output(&output, &nonce, 1).unwrap();
+                verify_claim_policy(&claims.parsed, &devices, policy)
+            };
+
+            assert!(with_policy("secboot", Value::Bool(false), &GpuPolicy::default()).is_err());
+            with_policy(
+                "secboot",
+                Value::Bool(false),
+                &GpuPolicy {
+                    allow_insecure_boot: true,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+            assert!(with_policy(
+                "dbgstat",
+                Value::String("enabled".to_string()),
+                &GpuPolicy::default(),
+            )
+            .is_err());
+            with_policy(
+                "dbgstat",
+                Value::String("enabled".to_string()),
+                &GpuPolicy {
+                    allow_debug: true,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+            let mut unknown_debug: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output).unwrap();
+            unknown_debug["claims"][0]["dbgstat"] = Value::String("unknown".to_string());
+            assert!(validate_attestation_output(
+                &serde_json::to_vec(&unknown_debug).unwrap(),
+                &nonce,
+                1,
+            )
+            .is_err());
+
+            assert!(with_policy(
+                "measres",
+                Value::String("failure".to_string()),
+                &GpuPolicy {
+                    allow_debug: true,
+                    allow_insecure_boot: true,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .is_err());
+
+            for required in ["measres", "secboot", "dbgstat"] {
+                let mut missing: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output).unwrap();
+                missing["claims"][0]
+                    .as_object_mut()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .remove(required);
+                assert!(validate_attestation_output(
+                    &serde_json::to_vec(&missing).unwrap(),
+                    &nonce,
+                    1,
+                )
+                .is_err());
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn real_h100_attestation_fixture_validates_and_drives_rego() {
+            let nonce = "11".repeat(32);
+            let claims = validate_attestation_output(H100_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT, &nonce, 1).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(claims.raw[0]["hwmodel"], "GH100 A01 GSP BROM");
+            assert_eq!(claims.raw[0]["x-nvidia-gpu-claims-version"], "3.0");
+            verify_claim_policy(
+                &claims.parsed,
+                &[GpuDeviceState {
+                    cc_enabled: true,
+                    devtools: false,
+                }],
+                &GpuPolicy::default(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+            let policy = r#"
+                package policy
+                default nv_match = false
+                nv_match {
+                    count(input) == 1
+                    input[0].secboot == true
+                    input[0].dbgstat == "disabled"
+                    input[0].measres == "success"
+                }
+            "#;
+            evaluate_policy(policy, &claims.raw).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn event_commits_to_complete_nvattest_output() {
+            let nonce = "22".repeat(32);
+            let output = nvattest_output(&nonce, 1);
+            let event: Value =
+                serde_json::from_slice(&attestation_event(&output, 1, true).unwrap()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(event["version"], EVENT_VERSION);
+            assert_eq!(event["devices"], 1);
+            assert!(event.get("policy").is_none());
+            assert_eq!(event["cc_mode"], "on");
+            assert_eq!(event["devtools"], true);
+            assert_eq!(event["evidence_sha256"], hex::encode(sha256(&output)));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn app_policy_receives_claims_array_and_must_return_true() {
+            let claims = vec![serde_json::json!({"status": "accepted"})];
+            let policy = r#"
+                package policy
+                default nv_match = false
+                nv_match {
+                    count(input) == 1
+                    input[0].status == "accepted"
+                }
+            "#;
+            evaluate_policy(policy, &claims).unwrap();
+            assert!(evaluate_policy(policy, &[]).is_err());
+
+            let rejected = vec![serde_json::json!({"status": "rejected"})];
+            assert!(evaluate_policy(policy, &rejected).is_err());
+            assert!(evaluate_policy("package policy", &claims).is_err());
+            assert!(evaluate_policy("not valid rego", &claims).is_err());
+
+            let allow_no_gpus = GpuPolicy {
+                rego: Some(
+                    r#"
+                        package policy
+                        default nv_match = false
+                        nv_match { count(input) == 0 }
+                    "#
+                    .to_string(),
+                ),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            evaluate_rego_policy(&allow_no_gpus, &[]).unwrap();
+
+            let require_one_gpu = GpuPolicy {
+                rego: Some(policy.to_string()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            assert!(evaluate_rego_policy(&require_one_gpu, &[]).is_err());
+            evaluate_rego_policy(&GpuPolicy::default(), &[]).unwrap();
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn rego_policy_evaluation_is_time_bounded() {
+            let policy = r#"
+                package policy
+                default nv_match = false
+                nv_match {
+                    count([x |
+                        x := numbers.range(0, 5000)[_]
+                        y := numbers.range(0, 5000)[_]
+                        x == y
+                    ]) > 0
+                }
+            "#;
+            evaluate_policy_with_timeout(policy, &[], Duration::from_millis(50)).unwrap_err();
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn gpu_policy_measurement_defaults_to_empty_object_and_uses_raw_json() {
+            let no_requirements = br#"{}"#;
+            let absent = br#"{"requirements": {}}"#;
+            let empty_digest = sha256(b"{}");
+            assert_eq!(gpu_policy_hash(no_requirements).unwrap(), empty_digest);
+            assert_eq!(gpu_policy_hash(absent).unwrap(), empty_digest);
+
+            let empty = br#"{"requirements": {"gpu_policy": {}}}"#;
+            assert_eq!(gpu_policy_hash(empty).unwrap(), empty_digest);
+
+            let explicit_default = br#"{"requirements":{"gpu_policy":{"attest_gpu":true}}}"#;
+            let explicit_default_digest = gpu_policy_hash(explicit_default).unwrap();
+            assert_ne!(explicit_default_digest, empty_digest);
+
+            let reordered = br#"
+                {
+                    "requirements": {
+                        "gpu_policy": {
+                            "rego": "package policy",
+                            "allow_debug": false
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            "#;
+            let canonical_order =
+                br#"{"requirements":{"gpu_policy":{"allow_debug":false,"rego":"package policy"}}}"#;
+            assert_eq!(
+                gpu_policy_hash(reordered).unwrap(),
+                gpu_policy_hash(canonical_order).unwrap()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stage0<'_> {
+    /// Enforce `requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu` (default true): attest an
+    /// attached NVIDIA GPU before continuing to key provisioning, or — when
+    /// explicitly disabled — set the GPU ready state without verification. The
+    /// optional Rego policy is always evaluated; when no attestation is
+    /// performed, its claims-array input is empty.
+    async fn measure_gpu(&self) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+        let gpu_policy_hash = gpu::measure_gpu_policy(&self.shared.dir.app_compose_file())?;
+
+        let gpu_policy = self
+            .shared
+            .app_compose
+            .requirements
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|requirements| requirements.gpu_policy.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let inventory = gpu::gpu_inventory()?;
+        if !gpu_policy.attest_gpu {
+            // Attestation is explicitly disabled, so there are no claims. Rego
+            // still runs with an empty input before any GPU is made ready.
+            gpu::evaluate_rego_policy(&gpu_policy, &[])?;
+            if gpu_policy.rego.is_some() {
+                info!("application GPU Rego policy accepted an empty claims array");
+            }
+            if inventory.nvidia == 0 {
+                return Ok(gpu_policy_hash);
+            }
+            warn!(
+                "requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu is false; setting GPU ready state without attestation"
+            );
+            // Best-effort: a GPU with CC mode off has no ready state to set.
+            if let Err(err) = gpu::set_gpu_ready_state(inventory.nvidia) {
+                warn!("failed to set GPU ready state: {err:?}");
+            }
+            return Ok(gpu_policy_hash);
+        }
+        let expected_devices = gpu::nvidia_gpu_count(inventory)?;
+        if expected_devices == 0 {
+            gpu::evaluate_rego_policy(&gpu_policy, &[])?;
+            if gpu_policy.rego.is_some() {
+                info!("application GPU Rego policy accepted an empty claims array");
+            }
+            return Ok(gpu_policy_hash);
+        }
+        self.vmm.notify_q("boot.progress", "attesting GPU").await;
+        info!("verifying GPU TEE attestation");
+        let attestation = gpu::attest_gpu(
+            expected_devices,
+            self.shared
+                .sys_config
+                .nvidia_attestation_proxy_url
+                .as_deref(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+
+        let gpu_state = gpu::query_gpu_state(expected_devices)?;
+        attestation
+            .verify_claim_policy(&gpu_state, &gpu_policy)
+            .context("failed to apply basic GPU policy")?;
+        gpu::evaluate_rego_policy(&gpu_policy, attestation.claims())?;
+
+        info!("application GPU policy accepted the attestation claims and state");
+        gpu_state.set_ready()?;
+        let devtools = gpu_state.any_devtools();
+        let event = attestation.event(devtools)?;
+        emit_runtime_event("gpu-attestation", &event)
+            .context("failed to emit GPU attestation event")?;
+        info!("GPU TEE attestation succeeded");
+        Ok(gpu_policy_hash)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Owns the inputs needed to (re)register this CVM with dstack-gateway.
+///
+/// Loading is separated from refreshing so a long-running caller (the gateway
+/// checker) can pay the parsing cost once and then refresh repeatedly.
+pub struct GatewayRefresher {
+    shared: HostShared,
+    keys: AppKeys,
+}
+
+impl GatewayRefresher {
+    /// Load the host-shared config and app keys from `work_dir`.
+    pub fn load(work_dir: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
+        let host_shared_dir = work_dir.join(HOST_SHARED_DIR_NAME);
+        let shared = HostShared::load(host_shared_dir.as_path()).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "Failed to load host-shared dir: {}",
+                host_shared_dir.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+        let keys_path = shared.dir.join(APP_KEYS);
+        let keys: AppKeys = deserialize_json_file(&keys_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("Failed to load app keys from {}", keys_path.display()))?;
+        Ok(Self { shared, keys })
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this app opted into dstack-gateway at all.
+    pub fn gateway_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shared.app_compose.gateway_enabled()
+    }
+
+    /// Validate the parts of the gateway config that can never become valid by
+    /// waiting. These are deployment mistakes, not outages, so callers that
+    /// retry should give up instead of looping forever.
+    pub fn check_config(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.keys.gateway_app_id.is_empty() {
+            bail!("Missing allowed dstack-gateway app id");
+        }
+        if self.shared.sys_config.gateway_urls.is_empty()
+            && self.shared.sys_config.gateway_clusters.is_empty()
+        {
+            bail!("Missing gateway urls");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Register with dstack-gateway and apply the returned WireGuard config.
+    pub async fn refresh(&self, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        GatewayContext::new(&self.shared, &self.keys)
+            .setup(force)
+            .await
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn cmd_gateway_refresh(args: GatewayRefreshArgs) -> Result<()> {
+    GatewayRefresher::load(&args.work_dir)?
+        .refresh(args.force)
+        .await
+}
+
+/// Accept only a certificate the KMS issued for its own RPC endpoint.
+///
+/// The attestation behind this certificate is already verified by the RA-TLS
+/// layer, and the KMS identity that matters to the guest is its CA public key,
+/// pinned separately by `verify_key_provider_id`. All that is left here is
+/// refusing a certificate minted for some other purpose.
+fn validate_kms_rpc_cert(cert: Option<CertInfo>) -> Result<()> {
+    let Some(cert) = cert else {
+        bail!("missing server cert");
+    };
+    let Some(usage) = cert.special_usage else {
+        bail!("missing server cert usage");
+    };
+    if usage != "kms:rpc" {
+        bail!("Invalid server cert usage: {usage}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct AppIdValidator {
+    allowed_app_id: String,
+}
+
+impl AppIdValidator {
+    fn validate(&self, cert: Option<CertInfo>) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.allowed_app_id == "any" {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let Some(cert) = cert else {
+            bail!("Missing TLS certificate info");
+        };
+        let Some(app_id) = cert.app_id else {
+            bail!("Missing app id");
+        };
+        let app_id = hex::encode(app_id);
+        if !self
+            .allowed_app_id
+            .to_lowercase()
+            .contains(&app_id.to_lowercase())
+        {
+            bail!("Invalid dstack-gateway app id: {app_id}");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+struct AppInfo {
+    instance_info: InstanceInfo,
+    compose_hash: [u8; 32],
+    gpu_policy_hash: [u8; 32],
+    init_script_hashes: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+struct Stage0<'a> {
+    args: &'a SetupArgs,
+    shared: HostShared,
+    vmm: HostApi,
+}
+
+struct Stage1<'a> {
+    args: &'a SetupArgs,
+    vmm: HostApi,
+    shared: HostShared,
+    keys: AppKeys,
+}
+
+fn validate_key_provider_inputs(kind: KeyProviderKind, kms_urls: &[String]) -> Result<()> {
+    if kind.is_kms() && kms_urls.is_empty() {
+        bail!("No KMS URLs are set");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl<'a> Stage0<'a> {
+    fn host_api(&self) -> HostApi {
+        HostApi::new(
+            self.shared.sys_config.host_api_url.clone(),
+            self.shared.sys_config.collateral_urls().pccs,
+        )
+    }
+    fn load(args: &'a SetupArgs) -> Result<Self> {
+        let host_shared_copy_dir = args.work_dir.join(HOST_SHARED_DIR_NAME);
+        // dstack-attest and the config-id verifier read host-shared files (e.g.
+        // the SEV mr_config) from this dir. Export it so they don't fall back to
+        // the canonical /dstack/.host-shared, which is only bind-mounted to the
+        // work dir after `dstack-util setup` finishes.
+        std::env::set_var(
+            dstack_types::shared_filenames::HOST_SHARED_DIR_ENV,
+            &host_shared_copy_dir,
+        );
+        let host_shared = HostShared::copy("/tmp/.host-shared".as_ref(), &host_shared_copy_dir)?;
+        let host_api = HostApi::new(
+            host_shared.sys_config.host_api_url.clone(),
+            host_shared.sys_config.collateral_urls().pccs,
+        );
+        Ok(Self {
+            args,
+            shared: host_shared,
+            vmm: host_api,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn app_keys_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.shared.dir.join(APP_KEYS)
+    }
+
+    async fn request_app_keys_from_kms_url(&self, kms_url: String) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+        info!("Requesting app keys from KMS: {kms_url}");
+        let tmp_ca = {
+            info!("Getting temp ca cert");
+            let client = RaClient::new(kms_url.clone(), true)?;
+            let kms_client = dstack_kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient::new(client);
+            kms_client
+                .get_temp_ca_cert()
+                .await
+                .context("Failed to get temp ca cert")?
+        };
+        let cert_pair = generate_ra_cert(tmp_ca.temp_ca_cert.clone(), tmp_ca.temp_ca_key.clone())?;
+        let attestation_verifier = attestation_verifier(&self.shared.sys_config)?;
+        let ra_client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+            .tls_no_check(false)
+            .tls_built_in_root_certs(false)
+            .remote_uri(kms_url.clone())
+            .tls_client_cert(cert_pair.cert_pem)
+            .tls_client_key(cert_pair.key_pem)
+            .tls_ca_cert(tmp_ca.ca_cert.clone())
+            .attestation_verifier(attestation_verifier)
+            .cert_validator(Box::new(validate_kms_rpc_cert))
+            .build()
+            .into_client()
+            .context("Failed to create client")?;
+        let kms_client = dstack_kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient::new(ra_client);
+        let response = kms_client
+            .get_app_key(rpc::GetAppKeyRequest {
+                api_version: 1,
+                vm_config: self.shared.sys_config.vm_config.clone(),
+            })
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get app key")?;
+
+        emit_runtime_event("os-image-hash", &response.os_image_hash)
+            .context("failed to extend os-image-hash to the launch measurement")?;
+
+        let (_, ca_pem) = x509_parser::pem::parse_x509_pem(tmp_ca.ca_cert.as_bytes())
+            .context("Failed to parse ca cert")?;
+        let x509 = ca_pem.parse_x509().context("Failed to parse ca cert")?;
+        let root_pubkey = x509.public_key().raw.to_vec();
+
+        let keys = AppKeys {
+            ca_cert: tmp_ca.ca_cert,
+            disk_crypt_key: response.disk_crypt_key,
+            env_crypt_key: response.env_crypt_key,
+            k256_key: response.k256_key,
+            k256_signature: response.k256_signature,
+            gateway_app_id: response.gateway_app_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProvider::Kms {
+                url: kms_url,
+                pubkey: root_pubkey,
+                tmp_ca_key: tmp_ca.temp_ca_key,
+                tmp_ca_cert: tmp_ca.temp_ca_cert,
+            },
+        };
+        Ok(keys)
+    }
+
+    async fn request_app_keys_from_kms(&self) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+        if self.shared.sys_config.kms_urls.is_empty() {
+            bail!("No KMS URLs are set");
+        }
+        let keys = 'out: {
+            let mut error = anyhow!("unknown error");
+            for (i, kms_url) in self.shared.sys_config.kms_urls.iter().enumerate() {
+                let kms_url = format!("{kms_url}/prpc");
+                let response = self.request_app_keys_from_kms_url(kms_url.clone()).await;
+                match response {
+                    Ok(response) => {
+                        break 'out response;
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        warn!("Failed to get app keys from KMS {kms_url}: {err:?}");
+                        // Record the first error
+                        if i == 0 {
+                            error = err;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return Err(error).context("Failed to get app keys from KMS");
+        };
+        Ok(keys)
+    }
+
+    fn verify_key_provider_id(&self, provider_id: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        let expected_key_provider_id = &self.shared.app_compose.key_provider_id;
+        if expected_key_provider_id.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if expected_key_provider_id != provider_id {
+            bail!(
+                "Unexpected key provider id: {:?}, expected: {:?}",
+                hex_fmt::HexFmt(provider_id),
+                hex_fmt::HexFmt(expected_key_provider_id)
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    async fn get_keys_from_local_key_provider(&self) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+        info!("Getting keys from local key provider");
+        let provision = self
+            .vmm
+            .get_sealing_key()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get sealing key")?;
+        // write to fs
+        let app_keys = gen_app_keys_from_seed(
+            &provision.sk,
+            KeyProviderKind::Local,
+            Some(provision.mr.to_vec()),
+        )
+        .context("Failed to generate app keys")?;
+        Ok(app_keys)
+    }
+
+    fn generate_tpm_app_keys(&self) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+        let tpm = TpmContext::detect().context("failed to detect TPM context")?;
+
+        // PCR policy: platform-specific (AWS: sha384 PCR4/7/8/12/14)
+        let platform = dstack_types::Platform::detect().context("failed to detect platform")?;
+        let pcr_policy =
+            tpm::dstack_pcr_policy_for_platform(platform).context("unsupported TPM platform")?;
+
+        // Try to read sealed seed (bound to boot/config/event PCRs)
+        if let Some(seed) = tpm
+            .unseal::<32>(tpm::SEALED_NV_INDEX, tpm::PRIMARY_KEY_HANDLE, &pcr_policy)
+            .context("failed to unseal from TPM")?
+        {
+            info!(
+                "unsealed root key seed from TPM (PCR policy: {})",
+                pcr_policy.to_arg()
+            );
+            return gen_app_keys_from_seed(&seed, KeyProviderKind::Tpm, None)
+                .context("failed to generate TPM app keys");
+        }
+
+        // No sealed seed exists, generate new one
+        info!("no sealed seed found, generating new seed...");
+        let seed: [u8; 32] = tpm.get_random().context("TPM RNG unavailable")?;
+        // Seal the new seed under the platform PCR policy
+        tpm.seal(
+            &seed,
+            tpm::SEALED_NV_INDEX,
+            tpm::PRIMARY_KEY_HANDLE,
+            &pcr_policy,
+        )
+        .context("failed to seal seed to TPM")?;
+
+        gen_app_keys_from_seed(&seed, KeyProviderKind::Tpm, None)
+            .context("failed to generate TPM app keys")
+    }
+
+    async fn request_app_keys(&self) -> Result<AppKeys> {
+        let key_provider = self.shared.app_compose.key_provider();
+        validate_key_provider_inputs(key_provider, &self.shared.sys_config.kms_urls)?;
+        match key_provider {
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms => self.request_app_keys_from_kms().await,
+            KeyProviderKind::Local => self.get_keys_from_local_key_provider().await,
+            KeyProviderKind::None => {
+                info!("No key provider is enabled, generating temporary app keys");
+                let seed: [u8; 32] = rand::thread_rng().gen();
+                gen_app_keys_from_seed(&seed, KeyProviderKind::None, None)
+                    .context("Failed to generate app keys")
+            }
+            KeyProviderKind::Tpm => {
+                info!("Generating app keys from TPM");
+                self.generate_tpm_app_keys()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn setup_swap(&self, swap_size: u64, opts: &DstackOptions) -> Result<()> {
+        match opts.storage_fs {
+            FsType::Zfs => self.setup_swap_zvol(swap_size).await,
+            FsType::Ext4 => self.setup_swapfile(swap_size).await,
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn setup_swapfile(&self, swap_size: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        let swapfile = self.args.mount_point.join("swapfile");
+        if swapfile.exists() {
+            fs::remove_file(&swapfile).context("Failed to remove swapfile")?;
+            info!("Removed existing swapfile");
+        }
+        if swap_size == 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let swapfile = swapfile.display().to_string();
+        info!("Creating swapfile at {swapfile} (size {swap_size} bytes)");
+        let size_str = swap_size.to_string();
+        cmd! {
+            fallocate -l $size_str $swapfile;
+            chmod 600 $swapfile;
+            mkswap $swapfile;
+            swapon $swapfile;
+            swapon --show;
+        }
+        .context("Failed to enable swap on swapfile")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn setup_swap_zvol(&self, swap_size: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        let swapvol_path = "dstack/swap";
+        let swapvol_device_path = format!("/dev/zvol/{swapvol_path}");
+
+        if Path::new(&swapvol_device_path).exists() {
+            cmd! {
+                zfs set volmode=none $swapvol_path;
+                zfs destroy $swapvol_path;
+            }
+            .context("Failed to destroy swap zvol")?;
+        }
+
+        if swap_size == 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        info!("Creating swap zvol at {swapvol_device_path} (size {swap_size} bytes)");
+
+        let size_str = swap_size.to_string();
+        cmd! {
+            zfs create -V $size_str
+                -o compression=zle
+                -o logbias=throughput
+                -o sync=always
+                -o primarycache=metadata
+                -o com.sun:auto-snapshot=false
+                $swapvol_path
+        }
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to create swap zvol {swapvol_path}"))?;
+
+        let mut count = 0u32;
+        while !Path::new(&swapvol_device_path).exists() && count < 10 {
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
+            count += 1;
+        }
+        if !Path::new(&swapvol_device_path).exists() {
+            bail!("Device {swapvol_device_path} did not appear after 10 seconds");
+        }
+
+        cmd! {
+            mkswap $swapvol_device_path;
+            swapon $swapvol_device_path;
+            swapon --show;
+        }
+        .context("Failed to enable swap on zvol")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn is_disk_initialized(&self, opts: &DstackOptions) -> bool {
+        let device = &self.args.device;
+
+        // For encrypted storage, just check if LUKS header exists
+        // The filesystem check happens after the LUKS device is opened
+        let has_luks = if opts.storage_encrypted {
+            let result = cmd!(cryptsetup isLuks $device).is_ok();
+            if result {
+                info!("LUKS header detected on {}", device.display());
+            }
+            result
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+
+        // Check if filesystem exists
+        let has_fs = match opts.storage_fs {
+            FsType::Zfs => {
+                // Check if zpool exists by trying to import it in readonly mode
+                if cmd!(zpool import -N -o readonly=on dstack).is_ok() {
+                    cmd!(zpool export dstack).ok();
+                    info!("ZFS pool 'dstack' detected");
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+            FsType::Ext4 if !opts.storage_encrypted => {
+                // For unencrypted ext4, check the device directly
+                if cmd!(blkid -s TYPE -o value $device)
+                    .map(|out| out.trim() == "ext4")
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+                {
+                    info!("ext4 filesystem detected on {}", device.display());
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+            FsType::Ext4 => {
+                // For encrypted ext4, we can only check after LUKS is opened
+                // So we rely on LUKS header presence as indicator
+                has_luks
+            }
+        };
+
+        // For encrypted filesystems, we can only detect the filesystem after LUKS is opened
+        // So we rely on LUKS header presence as the indicator for both ext4 and ZFS
+        let initialized = if opts.storage_encrypted {
+            has_luks
+        } else {
+            has_fs
+        };
+
+        if !initialized {
+            info!("No existing filesystem detected on {}", device.display());
+        }
+        initialized
+    }
+
+    async fn mount_data_disk(&self, disk_crypt_key: &str, opts: &DstackOptions) -> Result<()> {
+        let name = "dstack_data_disk";
+        let mount_point = &self.args.mount_point;
+
+        // Determine the device to use based on encryption settings
+        let fs_dev = if opts.storage_encrypted {
+            format!("/dev/mapper/{name}")
+        } else {
+            self.args.device.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+        };
+
+        cmd!(mkdir -p $mount_point).context("Failed to create mount point")?;
+
+        let disk_initialized = self.is_disk_initialized(opts);
+
+        if !disk_initialized {
+            self.vmm
+                .notify_q("boot.progress", "initializing data disk")
+                .await;
+
+            if opts.storage_encrypted {
+                info!("Setting up disk encryption");
+                self.luks_setup(disk_crypt_key, name)?;
+            } else {
+                info!("Skipping disk encryption as requested by kernel cmdline");
+            }
+
+            match opts.storage_fs {
+                FsType::Zfs => {
+                    info!("Creating ZFS filesystem");
+                    cmd! {
+                        zpool create -o autoexpand=on -m none dstack $fs_dev;
+                        zfs create -o mountpoint=$mount_point -o atime=off -o checksum=blake3 dstack/data;
+                    }
+                    .context("Failed to create zpool")?;
+                }
+                FsType::Ext4 => {
+                    info!("Creating ext4 filesystem");
+                    cmd! {
+                        mkfs.ext4 -F $fs_dev;
+                        mount $fs_dev $mount_point;
+                    }
+                    .context("Failed to create ext4 filesystem")?;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.vmm
+                .notify_q("boot.progress", "mounting data disk")
+                .await;
+
+            if opts.storage_encrypted {
+                info!("Mounting encrypted data disk");
+                self.open_encrypted_volume(disk_crypt_key, name)?;
+            } else {
+                info!("Mounting unencrypted data disk");
+            }
+
+            match opts.storage_fs {
+                FsType::Zfs => {
+                    cmd! {
+                        zpool import dstack;
+                        zpool status dstack;
+                        zpool online -e dstack $fs_dev; // triggers autoexpand
+                    }
+                    .context("Failed to import zpool")?;
+                    if cmd!(mountpoint -q $mount_point).is_err() {
+                        cmd!(zfs mount dstack/data).context("Failed to mount zpool")?;
+                    }
+                }
+                FsType::Ext4 => {
+                    Self::mount_e2fs(&fs_dev, mount_point)
+                        .context("Failed to mount ext4 filesystem")?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn mount_e2fs(dev: &impl AsRef<Path>, mount_point: &impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()> {
+        let dev = dev.as_ref();
+        let mount_point = mount_point.as_ref();
+        info!("Checking filesystem");
+
+        let e2fsck_status = Command::new("e2fsck")
+            .arg("-f")
+            .arg("-p")
+            .arg(dev)
+            .status()
+            .with_context(|| format!("Failed to run e2fsck on {}", dev.display()))?;
+
+        match e2fsck_status.code() {
+            Some(0 | 1) => {}
+            Some(code) => {
+                bail!(
+                    "e2fsck exited with status {code} while checking {}",
+                    dev.display()
+                );
+            }
+            None => {
+                bail!(
+                    "e2fsck terminated by signal while checking {}",
+                    dev.display()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        cmd! {
+            info "Trying to resize filesystem if needed";
+            resize2fs $dev;
+            info "Mounting filesystem";
+            mount $dev $mount_point;
+        }
+        .context("Failed to prepare ext4 filesystem")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn luks_setup(&self, disk_crypt_key: &str, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let root_hd = &self.args.device;
+        let sector_offset = PAYLOAD_OFFSET / 512;
+        info!("Formatting encrypted disk");
+        let sector_offset = sector_offset.to_string();
+        let mut child = Command::new("cryptsetup")
+            .args([
+                "luksFormat",
+                "--type",
+                "luks2",
+                "--offset",
+                &sector_offset,
+                "--cipher",
+                "aes-xts-plain64",
+                "--pbkdf",
+                "pbkdf2",
+                "-d-",
+            ])
+            .arg(root_hd)
+            .arg(name)
+            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+            .spawn()
+            .context("Failed to start cryptsetup luksFormat")?;
+        child
+            .stdin
+            .take()
+            .context("cryptsetup stdin is unavailable")?
+            .write_all(disk_crypt_key.as_bytes())
+            .context("Failed to send key to cryptsetup luksFormat")?;
+        if !child
+            .wait()
+            .context("Failed to wait for cryptsetup luksFormat")?
+            .success()
+        {
+            bail!("Failed to setup luks volume");
+        }
+        self.open_encrypted_volume(disk_crypt_key, name)
+    }
+
+    fn open_encrypted_volume(&self, disk_crypt_key: &str, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let root_hd = &self.args.device;
+        let disk_crypt_key = disk_crypt_key.trim();
+        // Create a private tmpfs mount to ensure the header stays in-memory.
+        let tmp_hdr_dir = "/tmp/dstack-luks-header";
+        let in_mem_hdr = format!("{tmp_hdr_dir}/luks-header");
+        defer! {
+            // Ensure cleanup of header file and tmpfs mount.
+            cmd! {
+                info "Cleaning up in-memory LUKS header";
+                rm -f $in_mem_hdr;
+                umount $tmp_hdr_dir;
+                rmdir $tmp_hdr_dir;
+            }.ok();
+        }
+        cmd! {
+            info "Mounting tmpfs for in-memory LUKS header";
+            mkdir -p $tmp_hdr_dir;
+            mount -t tmpfs -o size=64M,mode=0700,nosuid,nodev,noexec tmpfs $tmp_hdr_dir;
+            info "Loading the LUKS2 header";
+            cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup --header-backup-file=$in_mem_hdr $root_hd;
+        }
+        .context("Failed to load LUKS2 header")?;
+
+        let hdr_file = fs::File::open(&in_mem_hdr).context("Failed to open LUKS2 header")?;
+        validate_luks2_headers(hdr_file).context("Failed to validate LUKS2 header")?;
+
+        info!("Opening the device");
+        let mut child = Command::new("cryptsetup")
+            .args(["luksOpen", "--type", "luks2", "--header"])
+            .arg(&in_mem_hdr)
+            .arg("-d-")
+            .arg(root_hd)
+            .arg(name)
+            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+            .spawn()
+            .context("Failed to start cryptsetup luksOpen")?;
+        child
+            .stdin
+            .take()
+            .context("cryptsetup stdin is unavailable")?
+            .write_all(disk_crypt_key.as_bytes())
+            .context("Failed to send key to cryptsetup luksOpen")?;
+        if !child
+            .wait()
+            .context("Failed to wait for cryptsetup luksOpen")?
+            .success()
+        {
+            bail!("Failed to open encrypted data disk");
+        }
+
+        // Wait for device mapper to create the device
+        let dm_path = format!("/dev/mapper/{name}");
+        for i in 0..10 {
+            if std::path::Path::new(&dm_path).exists() {
+                info!("Device mapper {} is ready", dm_path);
+                break;
+            }
+            if i == 9 {
+                bail!("Timed out waiting for device mapper {}", dm_path);
+            }
+            info!("Waiting for device mapper {}...", dm_path);
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(500));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn measure_app_info(&self) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        let compose_hash = sha256_file(self.shared.dir.app_compose_file())?;
+        let truncated_compose_hash = truncate(&compose_hash, 20);
+        let key_provider = self.shared.app_compose.key_provider();
+        let mut instance_info = self.shared.instance_info.clone();
+        let is_snp = detect_tee_variant()
+            .map(|mode| mode == TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp)
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+
+        if instance_info.app_id.is_empty() {
+            instance_info.app_id = truncated_compose_hash.to_vec();
+        }
+        if instance_info.app_id.len() != 20 {
+            bail!(
+                "Invalid app id length: expected 20 bytes, got {}",
+                instance_info.app_id.len()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let disk_reusable = !key_provider.is_none();
+        if ((!disk_reusable) && !is_snp) || instance_info.instance_id_seed.is_empty() {
+            instance_info.instance_id_seed = {
+                let mut rand_id = vec![0u8; 20];
+                getrandom::fill(&mut rand_id)?;
+                rand_id
+            };
+        }
+        let instance_id = if self.shared.app_compose.no_instance_id {
+            vec![]
+        } else {
+            let mut id_path = instance_info.instance_id_seed.clone();
+            id_path.extend_from_slice(&instance_info.app_id);
+            if !is_snp {
+                if let Some(binding) = platform_instance_binding()? {
+                    info!("mixing platform per-instance binding into instance_id");
+                    id_path.extend_from_slice(&binding);
+                }
+            }
+            sha256(&id_path)[..20].to_vec()
+        };
+        instance_info.instance_id = instance_id.clone();
+        // app_id is the deploy-time instance_info.app_id (which defaults to the
+        // truncated compose hash when unset, see above). Previously the non-KMS
+        // path forced the compose-derived value; now a deployment may pin an
+        // explicit app_id even without a KMS. The app_id is measured into the
+        // platform launch register, so a verifier sees exactly this value. With
+        // no KMS to bind it, the relying party MUST gate the compose_hash
+        // (which launcher build) separately from the app_id (which app).
+
+        emit_runtime_event("system-preparing", &[])?;
+        emit_runtime_event("app-id", &instance_info.app_id)?;
+        emit_runtime_event("compose-hash", &compose_hash)?;
+        let init_script_hashes: Vec<Vec<u8>> = self
+            .shared
+            .app_compose
+            .init_script
+            .iter()
+            .map(|script| sha256(script.as_bytes()).to_vec())
+            .collect();
+        for script_hash in &init_script_hashes {
+            emit_runtime_event("init-script-hash", script_hash)?;
+        }
+        let gpu_policy_hash = self
+            .measure_gpu()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to verify GPU TEE attestation")?;
+
+        emit_runtime_event("instance-id", &instance_id)?;
+        emit_runtime_event("boot-mr-done", &[])?;
+
+        // AWS: commit the measured app identity into PCR8 (mr_config analogue).
+        // The config id is computed from measured reality (MrConfig V2), so
+        // there is no host-supplied claim to cross-check later. key_provider_id
+        // is the deploy-time pin from app-compose (empty = not pinned); the
+        // actual provider id is enforced against the pin in
+        // verify_key_provider_id.
+        let aws_config_id = dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfig::V2 {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            app_id: instance_info
+                .app_id
+                .as_slice()
+                .try_into()
+                .ok()
+                .context("invalid app id")?,
+            key_provider,
+            key_provider_id: &self.shared.app_compose.key_provider_id,
+        }
+        .to_mr_config_id();
+        dstack_attest::measure_aws_config_pcr(&aws_config_id)
+            .context("failed to measure AWS config into PCR8")?;
+
+        Ok(AppInfo {
+            instance_info,
+            compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn verify_app(&self, app_info: &AppInfo, keys: &AppKeys) -> Result<()> {
+        config_id_verifier::verify_mr_config_id(
+            &app_info.compose_hash,
+            &app_info.gpu_policy_hash,
+            &app_info.init_script_hashes,
+            &app_info
+                .instance_info
+                .app_id
+                .as_slice()
+                .try_into()
+                .ok()
+                .context("Invalid app id")?,
+            &app_info.instance_info.instance_id,
+            keys.key_provider.kind(),
+            keys.key_provider.id(),
+        )?;
+        self.verify_key_provider_id(keys.key_provider.id())?;
+        // TPM uses an empty id: the instance app-root pubkey is not a stable
+        // provider identity and must not enter the launch measurement chain.
+        let kp_info = match &keys.key_provider {
+            KeyProvider::None { .. } => KeyProviderInfo::new("none".into(), "".into()),
+            KeyProvider::Local { .. } => {
+                KeyProviderInfo::new("local-sgx".into(), hex::encode(keys.key_provider.id()))
+            }
+            KeyProvider::Tpm { .. } => KeyProviderInfo::new("tpm".into(), "".into()),
+            KeyProvider::Kms { .. } => {
+                KeyProviderInfo::new("kms".into(), hex::encode(keys.key_provider.id()))
+            }
+        };
+        emit_key_provider_info(&kp_info)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn setup_fs(self) -> Result<Stage1<'a>> {
+        let app_info = self
+            .measure_app_info()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to measure app info")?;
+        if self.shared.app_compose.key_provider().is_kms() {
+            cmd_show_mrs()?;
+        }
+        self.vmm
+            .notify_q("boot.progress", "requesting app keys")
+            .await;
+        let app_keys = self
+            .request_app_keys()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to request app keys")?;
+        if app_keys.disk_crypt_key.is_empty() {
+            bail!("Failed to get valid key phrase from KMS");
+        }
+
+        self.verify_app(&app_info, &app_keys)
+            .context("Failed to verify app")?;
+
+        // Save app keys
+        let keys_json = serde_json::to_string(&app_keys).context("Failed to serialize app keys")?;
+        fs::write(self.app_keys_file(), keys_json).context("Failed to write app keys")?;
+
+        // Parse kernel command line options
+        let opts = parse_dstack_options(&self.shared).context("Failed to parse kernel cmdline")?;
+        emit_runtime_event("storage-fs", opts.storage_fs.to_string().as_bytes())?;
+        info!(
+            "Filesystem options: encryption={}, filesystem={:?}",
+            opts.storage_encrypted, opts.storage_fs
+        );
+
+        self.mount_data_disk(&hex::encode(&app_keys.disk_crypt_key), &opts)
+            .await?;
+        self.setup_swap(self.shared.app_compose.swap_size, &opts)
+            .await?;
+        self.vmm
+            .notify_q(
+                "instance.info",
+                &serde_json::to_string(&app_info.instance_info)?,
+            )
+            .await;
+        emit_runtime_event("system-ready", &[])?;
+        self.vmm.notify_q("boot.progress", "data disk ready").await;
+
+        if !self.shared.app_compose.key_provider().is_kms() {
+            cmd_show_mrs()?;
+        }
+        Ok(Stage1 {
+            args: self.args,
+            shared: self.shared,
+            vmm: self.vmm,
+            keys: app_keys,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Stage1<'_> {
+    fn decrypt_env_vars(
+        &self,
+        key: &[u8],
+        ciphertext: &[u8],
+        allowed: &BTreeSet<String>,
+    ) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
+        let vars = if !key.is_empty() && !ciphertext.is_empty() {
+            info!("Processing encrypted env");
+            let env_crypt_key: [u8; 32] = key
+                .try_into()
+                .ok()
+                .context("Invalid env crypt key length")?;
+            let decrypted_json =
+                dh_decrypt(env_crypt_key, ciphertext).context("Failed to decrypt env file")?;
+            crate::parse_env_file::parse_env(&decrypted_json, allowed)?
+        } else {
+            info!("No encrypted env, using default");
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        Ok(vars)
+    }
+
+    fn write_env_file(&self, env_vars: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> Result<()> {
+        info!("Writing env");
+        fs::write(
+            self.shared.dir.join(DECRYPTED_ENV),
+            crate::parse_env_file::convert_env_to_str(env_vars),
+        )
+        .context("Failed to write decrypted env file")?;
+        let env_json = fs::File::create(self.shared.dir.join(DECRYPTED_ENV_JSON))
+            .context("Failed to create env file")?;
+        serde_json::to_writer(env_json, &env_vars).context("Failed to write decrypted env file")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unseal_env_vars(&self) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
+        let allowed_envs: BTreeSet<String> = self
+            .shared
+            .app_compose
+            .allowed_envs
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+        // Decrypt env file
+        let decrypted_env = self.decrypt_env_vars(
+            &self.keys.env_crypt_key,
+            &self.shared.encrypted_env,
+            &allowed_envs,
+        )?;
+        self.write_env_file(&decrypted_env)?;
+        Ok(decrypted_env)
+    }
+
+    async fn setup(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let _envs = self.unseal_env_vars()?;
+        self.link_files()?;
+        self.setup_socket_dir()?;
+        self.setup_guest_agent_config()?;
+        self.vmm
+            .notify_q("boot.progress", "setting up dstack-gateway")
+            .await;
+        if let Err(error) = GatewayContext::new(&self.shared, &self.keys)
+            .setup(true)
+            .await
+        {
+            warn!(
+                "dstack-gateway registration is unavailable during boot; continuing without a route: {error:#}"
+            );
+            // Boot no longer fails here, so a guest log line would be the only
+            // trace of it: the VM would report a clean boot while having no
+            // ingress at all. Report it to the host so the degraded state is
+            // visible from the VMM. The gateway checker clears this once it
+            // manages to register.
+            self.vmm
+                .notify_q(
+                    "boot.error",
+                    &format!(
+                        "dstack-gateway registration failed, the app has no ingress route: {error:#}"
+                    ),
+                )
+                .await;
+        }
+        self.vmm
+            .notify_q("boot.progress", "setting up docker")
+            .await;
+        self.setup_docker_registry()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn link_files(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let work_dir = &self.args.work_dir;
+        cmd! {
+            cd $work_dir;
+            ln -sf ${HOST_SHARED_DIR_NAME}/${APP_COMPOSE};
+            ln -sf ${HOST_SHARED_DIR_NAME}/${USER_CONFIG} user_config;
+        }?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Setup socket directory for dstack-guest-agent.
+    fn setup_socket_dir(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        info!("Setting up socket directory");
+        fs::create_dir_all("/var/run/dstack").context("Failed to create socket directory")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn setup_guest_agent_config(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        info!("Setting up guest agent config");
+        let data_disks = ["/".as_ref() as &Path, self.args.mount_point.as_ref()];
+        let config = serde_json::json!({
+            "default": {
+                "core": {
+                    "data_disks": data_disks,
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        // /dstack/agent.json
+        let agent_config = self.args.work_dir.join("agent.json");
+        fs::write(agent_config, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&config)?)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn setup_docker_registry(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        info!("Setting up docker registry");
+        let registry_url = self
+            .shared
+            .sys_config
+            .docker_registry
+            .as_deref()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        if registry_url.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        info!("Docker registry: {}", registry_url);
+        const DAEMON_ENV_FILE: &str = "/etc/docker/daemon.json";
+        let mut daemon_env: Value = if fs::metadata(DAEMON_ENV_FILE).is_ok() {
+            let daemon_env = fs::read_to_string(DAEMON_ENV_FILE)?;
+            serde_json::from_str(&daemon_env).context("Failed to parse daemon.json")?
+        } else {
+            serde_json::json!({})
+        };
+        if !daemon_env.is_object() {
+            bail!("Invalid daemon.json");
+        }
+        daemon_env["registry-mirrors"] =
+            Value::Array(vec![serde_json::Value::String(registry_url.to_string())]);
+        fs::write(DAEMON_ENV_FILE, serde_json::to_string(&daemon_env)?)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! const_pad {
+    ($s:expr, $len:expr) => {
+        const {
+            assert!($s.len() <= $len, "The s is too long");
+            let mut padded: [u8; $len] = [0; $len];
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i < $s.len() {
+                padded[i] = $s[i];
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            padded
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+const PAYLOAD_OFFSET: u64 = 16777216;
+
+fn validate_luks2_headers(mut reader: impl std::io::Read) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_single_luks2_header(&mut reader, 0)?;
+    validate_single_luks2_header(&mut reader, 1)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_single_luks2_header(mut reader: impl std::io::Read, hdr_ind: u64) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut hdr_data = vec![0u8; 4096];
+    reader
+        .read_exact(&mut hdr_data)
+        .context("Failed to read LUKS header")?;
+    let header =
+        LuksHeader::read_from(&mut &hdr_data[..]).context("Failed to decode LUKS header")?;
+    let LuksHeader {
+        magic,
+        version,
+        hdr_size,
+        seqid: _,
+        label,
+        csum_alg,
+        salt: _,
+        uuid: _,
+        subsystem,
+        hdr_offset,
+        csum: _,
+        ..
+    } = header;
+
+    let expected_magic = match hdr_ind {
+        0 => [76, 85, 75, 83, 186, 190],
+        1 => [83, 75, 85, 76, 186, 190],
+        _ => bail!("Invalid LUKS header index: {hdr_ind}"),
+    };
+    if magic != expected_magic {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS magic: {magic:?}");
+    }
+    if version != 2 {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS version: {version}");
+    }
+    if label != [0; 48] {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS label: {:?}", label);
+    }
+    if csum_alg != const_pad!(b"sha256", 32) {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS checksum algorithm");
+    }
+    if subsystem != [0; 48] {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS subsystem");
+    }
+    if hdr_offset != hdr_ind * hdr_size {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS header offset: {hdr_offset}");
+    }
+    if !(4096..=1024 * 1024 * 16).contains(&hdr_size) {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS header size: {hdr_size}");
+    }
+
+    // Check JSON
+    let json_size = hdr_size - 4096;
+    let mut jsn_data = vec![0u8; json_size as usize];
+    reader
+        .read_exact(&mut jsn_data)
+        .context("Failed to read LUKS JSON")?;
+    let json_end = jsn_data
+        .iter()
+        .position(|&b| b == 0)
+        .unwrap_or(jsn_data.len());
+    jsn_data.truncate(json_end);
+
+    let json = LuksJson::read_from(&mut &jsn_data[..]).context("Failed to decode LUKS JSON")?;
+    let LuksJson {
+        keyslots,
+        tokens,
+        segments,
+        digests,
+        config:
+            LuksConfig {
+                json_size: _,
+                keyslots_size: _,
+                flags,
+                requirements,
+            },
+    } = json;
+
+    if keyslots.len() != 1 {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslots");
+    }
+    if !tokens.is_empty() {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS tokens");
+    }
+    if segments.len() != 1 {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS segments");
+    }
+    if digests.len() != 1 {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS digests");
+    }
+    if flags.is_some() {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS flags");
+    }
+    if requirements.is_some() {
+        bail!("Invalid LUKS requirements");
+    }
+
+    {
+        let first_keyslot = keyslots.get(&0).context("no LUKS keyslot")?;
+        let LuksKeyslot::luks2 {
+            key_size,
+            area,
+            kdf,
+            af,
+            priority,
+        } = first_keyslot;
+        if area.encryption() != "aes-xts-plain64" {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot encryption: {}", area.encryption());
+        }
+        // Pin where the encrypted key material is read from. The binary area
+        // must sit between the two header copies and the encrypted payload;
+        // otherwise a host with raw disk access could redirect it elsewhere.
+        if area.offset() < 2 * hdr_size || area.offset() + area.size() > PAYLOAD_OFFSET {
+            bail!(
+                "Invalid LUKS keyslot area: offset={} size={}",
+                area.offset(),
+                area.size()
+            );
+        }
+        if *key_size != 64 {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot key size: {key_size}");
+        }
+        if area.key_size() != 64 {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot key size: {}", area.key_size());
+        }
+        {
+            let LuksKdf::pbkdf2 {
+                hash,
+                iterations: _,
+                // Salts are left unchecked on purpose: the passphrase is
+                // high-entropy and KMS-derived, so an attacker-chosen salt
+                // buys nothing without it (see security report #552).
+                salt: _,
+            } = kdf
+            else {
+                bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot KDF");
+            };
+            if hash != "sha256" {
+                bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot hash: {hash}");
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            let LuksAf::luks1 { hash, stripes } = af;
+            if hash != "sha256" {
+                bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot hash: {hash}");
+            }
+            if *stripes != 4000 {
+                bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot stripes: {stripes}");
+            }
+        }
+        if priority.is_some() {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS keyslot priority");
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        let first_segment = segments.get(&0).context("no LUKS segment")?;
+        let LuksSegment::crypt {
+            offset,
+            size,
+            iv_tweak,
+            encryption,
+            sector_size,
+            integrity,
+            flags,
+        } = first_segment;
+        if *offset != PAYLOAD_OFFSET {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment offset");
+        }
+        if *size != LuksSegmentSize::dynamic {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment size");
+        }
+        if *iv_tweak != 0 {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment IV tweak");
+        }
+        if encryption != "aes-xts-plain64" {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment encryption");
+        }
+        if *sector_size != 512 {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment sector size");
+        }
+        if integrity.is_some() {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment integrity");
+        }
+        if flags.is_some() {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS segment flags");
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        let first_digest = digests.get(&0).context("no LUKS digest")?;
+        let LuksDigest::pbkdf2 {
+            keyslots,
+            segments,
+            hash,
+            digest: _,
+            iterations: _,
+            salt: _,
+        } = first_digest;
+        if hash != "sha256" {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS digest hash: {hash}");
+        }
+        if keyslots != &[0] {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS digest keyslots: {keyslots:?}");
+        }
+        if segments != &[0] {
+            bail!("Invalid LUKS digest segments: {segments:?}");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validate_luks2_header() {
+    let header_data = include_bytes!("../tests/fixtures/luks_header_good").to_vec();
+    validate_luks2_headers(&mut &header_data[..]).expect("Failed to validate LUKS2 header");
+    let header_data = include_bytes!("../tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null").to_vec();
+    let error = validate_luks2_headers(&mut &header_data[..]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(error
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("Invalid LUKS keyslot encryption"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validate_luks2_header_rejects_out_of_range_keyslot_area() {
+    // Redirect the keyslot binary area below the header region. Same length
+    // so the surrounding header stays intact; "00768" parses to 768, which is
+    // inside the header copies (< 2 * hdr_size) rather than the metadata gap.
+    let mut header = include_bytes!("../tests/fixtures/luks_header_good").to_vec();
+    let needle = br#""offset":"32768""#;
+    let replacement = br#""offset":"00768""#;
+    let mut patched = 0;
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i + needle.len() <= header.len() {
+        if &header[i..i + needle.len()] == needle {
+            header[i..i + needle.len()].copy_from_slice(replacement);
+            patched += 1;
+            i += needle.len();
+        } else {
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(patched, 2, "expected to patch both header copies");
+    let error = validate_luks2_headers(&mut &header[..]).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(error.to_string().contains("Invalid LUKS keyslot area"));
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn test_app_compose(
+    manifest_version: serde_json::Value,
+    os_version: Option<&str>,
+    platforms: Option<&[&str]>,
+) -> AppCompose {
+    let mut value = serde_json::json!({
+        "manifest_version": manifest_version,
+        "name": "test",
+        "runner": "docker-compose"
+    });
+    if os_version.is_some() || platforms.is_some() {
+        value["requirements"] = serde_json::json!({});
+    }
+    if let Some(os_version) = os_version {
+        value["requirements"]["os_version"] = serde_json::json!(os_version);
+    }
+    if let Some(platforms) = platforms {
+        value["requirements"]["platforms"] = serde_json::json!(platforms);
+    }
+    serde_json::from_value(value).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_manifest_version_policy_rejects_above_guest_max() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("4"), None, None);
+    let err = verify_manifest_version(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unsupported manifest_version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_os_version_requirement_requires_v3_manifest() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("2"), Some(">=0.6.1"), None);
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("requires manifest_version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_nerdctl_compose_requires_v3_manifest() {
+    let mut app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!(2), None, None);
+    app_compose.runner = "nerdctl-compose".to_string();
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("nerdctl-compose requires"));
+
+    app_compose.manifest_version = "3".to_string();
+    verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multiple_init_scripts_require_v3_manifest() {
+    let mut app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!(2), None, None);
+    app_compose.init_script = vec!["echo one".into(), "echo two".into()];
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("multiple init scripts require manifest_version"));
+
+    app_compose.manifest_version = "3".into();
+    verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_snapshotter_is_rejected_for_other_runners() {
+    let mut app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), None, None);
+    app_compose.snapshotter = Some(dstack_types::ContainerSnapshotter::Stargz);
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("snapshotter is only supported by the nerdctl-compose runner"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_os_version_requirement_rejects_too_old_os() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), Some(">=0.6.1"), None);
+    let err = verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.0").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unsupported dstack OS version"));
+    verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.1").unwrap();
+    verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.2").unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_os_version_requirement_accepts_semver_requirement_ranges() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), Some(">=0.6.0, <0.7.0"), None);
+    verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.0").unwrap();
+    verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.9").unwrap();
+    let err = verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.7.0").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unsupported dstack OS version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_os_version_requirement_rejects_invalid_semver_strings() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), Some(">=0.6.0.a0"), None);
+    let err = verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.0").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("Invalid requirements.os_version"));
+
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), Some(">=0.6.0-a0"), None);
+    let err = verify_os_version_requirement(&app_compose, "0.6.0.a0").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("Invalid current dstack OS version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_platform_requirements_accept_matching_platform() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(
+        serde_json::json!("3"),
+        None,
+        Some(&["dstack-gcp-tdx", "dstack-tdx"]),
+    );
+    verify_platform_requirements(&app_compose, TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx).unwrap();
+    verify_platform_requirements(&app_compose, TeeVariant::DstackTdx).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_platform_requirements_reject_non_matching_platform() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), None, Some(&["dstack-gcp-tdx"]));
+    let err = verify_platform_requirements(&app_compose, TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unsupported attestation platform"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_platform_requirements_require_v3_manifest() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("2"), None, Some(&["dstack-gcp-tdx"]));
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("requires manifest_version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_empty_requirements_require_v3_manifest() {
+    let app_compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+        "manifest_version": "2",
+        "name": "test",
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "requirements": {}
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("requires manifest_version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_platform_requirements_omitted_accepts_any_platform() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), None, None);
+    verify_platform_requirements(&app_compose, TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_platform_requirements_explicit_empty_rejects_all_platforms() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), None, Some(&[]));
+    let err = verify_platform_requirements(&app_compose, TeeVariant::DstackTdx).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("Unsupported attestation platform"));
+
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("2"), None, Some(&[]));
+    let err = verify_manifest_feature_requirements(&app_compose).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("requires manifest_version"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_platform_requirements_reject_invalid_platform_value() {
+    let app_compose = test_app_compose(serde_json::json!("3"), None, Some(&["gcptdx"]));
+    let err = verify_platform_requirements(&app_compose, TeeVariant::DstackTdx).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("Invalid requirements.platforms[0]"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement_matches_vm_config() {
+    let app_compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+        "manifest_version": "3",
+        "name": "test",
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "requirements": {
+            "tdx_measure_acpi_tables": true
+        }
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(&app_compose, r#"{}"#, TeeVariant::DstackTdx)
+        .unwrap();
+    let err = verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(
+        &app_compose,
+        r#"{"tdx_attestation_variant":"lite"}"#,
+        TeeVariant::DstackTdx,
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("tdx_measure_acpi_tables=true"));
+
+    let app_compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+        "manifest_version": "3",
+        "name": "test",
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "requirements": {
+            "tdx_measure_acpi_tables": false
+        }
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(
+        &app_compose,
+        r#"{"tdx_attestation_variant":"lite"}"#,
+        TeeVariant::DstackTdx,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let err =
+        verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(&app_compose, r#"{}"#, TeeVariant::DstackTdx)
+            .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("tdx_measure_acpi_tables=false"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement_ignored_on_non_tdx() {
+    let app_compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+        "manifest_version": "3",
+        "name": "test",
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "requirements": {
+            "tdx_measure_acpi_tables": true
+        }
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    verify_tdx_measure_acpi_tables_requirement(
+        &app_compose,
+        r#"{"tdx_attestation_variant":"lite"}"#,
+        TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+const TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN: &str = "unit-test-launch-token-0000000001";
+#[cfg(test)]
+// sha256("dstack-launch-token/v1:" || TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN)
+const TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH: &str =
+    "28faa1319055d733ad9651f5ab7689c15b04609846bcd27b3c5bc8df6246f5a3";
+
+#[test]
+fn test_launch_token_requirement_accepts_matching_token() {
+    verify_launch_token_requirement(TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH, TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_launch_token_requirement_rejects_wrong_token() {
+    let err = verify_launch_token_requirement(
+        TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH,
+        "wrong-launch-token-00000000000001",
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("launch token mismatch"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_launch_token_requirement_rejects_short_token() {
+    // sha256("dstack-launch-token/v1:test"): a matching but brute-forceable
+    // token must be rejected.
+    let err = verify_launch_token_requirement(
+        "e128cf5f3c3633d3a1f450d3d4bece260b20f9afb667de4bbff6dd985f1e5d1a",
+        "test",
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("launch token too short"));
+    let err = verify_launch_token_requirement(TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH, "").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("launch token too short"));
+    // 31 bytes is one short of the minimum.
+    let err = verify_launch_token_requirement(TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN_HASH, &"a".repeat(31)).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("launch token too short"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_launch_token_requirement_rejects_invalid_hash() {
+    let err = verify_launch_token_requirement("zz", TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("not a hex string"));
+    let err = verify_launch_token_requirement("9f86d0", TEST_LAUNCH_TOKEN).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("expected 32-byte sha256 hex"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_launch_token_from_user_config_extracts_token() {
+    let user_config = r#"{"dstack":{"launch_token":"test"},"app":{"foo":"bar"}}"#;
+    assert_eq!(launch_token_from_user_config(user_config).unwrap(), "test");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_launch_token_from_user_config_rejects_missing_or_invalid_token() {
+    let err = launch_token_from_user_config(r#"{}"#).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("missing dstack.launch_token"));
+    let err = launch_token_from_user_config(r#"{"dstack":{}}"#).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("missing dstack.launch_token"));
+    let err = launch_token_from_user_config(r#"{"dstack":{"launch_token":42}}"#).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("not a string"));
+    let err = launch_token_from_user_config("not json").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err
+        .to_string()
+        .contains("failed to parse user_config as JSON"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_os_release_value_parses_quoted_version_id() {
+    let content = r#"
+NAME="DStack"
+VERSION_ID="0.6.1"
+"#;
+    assert_eq!(
+        os_release_value(content, "VERSION_ID").as_deref(),
+        Some("0.6.1")
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_unquote_os_release_value_handles_quoting_styles() {
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value("0.6.1"), "0.6.1");
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value("\"0.6.1\""), "0.6.1");
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value("'0.6.1'"), "0.6.1");
+    // Double-quoted: backslash escapes the next character.
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value(r#""a\"b""#), "a\"b");
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value(r#""a\\b""#), r"a\b");
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value(r#""a\\\"b""#), r#"a\"b"#);
+    // Single-quoted: no escape sequences.
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value(r"'a\\b'"), r"a\\b");
+    // Unbalanced/degenerate quotes are returned verbatim.
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value("\""), "\"");
+    assert_eq!(unquote_os_release_value("\"a"), "\"a");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod kms_provider_inventory_tests {
+    use super::validate_key_provider_inputs;
+    use dstack_types::KeyProviderKind;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn local_key_providers_do_not_require_kms_inventory() {
+        let no_urls = Vec::new();
+        assert!(validate_key_provider_inputs(KeyProviderKind::Local, &no_urls).is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_key_provider_inputs(KeyProviderKind::Tpm, &no_urls).is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_key_provider_inputs(KeyProviderKind::None, &no_urls).is_ok());
+        let error = validate_key_provider_inputs(KeyProviderKind::Kms, &no_urls).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("No KMS URLs are set"));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod gateway_registration_refresh_tests {
+    use super::{gateway_rpc_url, wireguard_endpoint_hosts, GatewayKeyStore};
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt as _;
+
+    fn key_store(cert_not_after: u64) -> GatewayKeyStore {
+        GatewayKeyStore {
+            client_cert: "sentinel-client-cert".into(),
+            client_cert_with_quote: "sentinel-quoted-cert".into(),
+            client_key: "sentinel-client-key".into(),
+            cert_not_after,
+            wg_sk: "sentinel-wg-private".into(),
+            wg_pk: "sentinel-wg-public".into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gateway_rpc_urls_are_normalized_once() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            gateway_rpc_url("https://gateway.test"),
+            "https://gateway.test/prpc"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            gateway_rpc_url("https://gateway.test/"),
+            "https://gateway.test/prpc"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            gateway_rpc_url("https://gateway.test/prpc"),
+            "https://gateway.test/prpc"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            gateway_rpc_url("https://gateway.test/prpc/"),
+            "https://gateway.test/prpc"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn key_store_round_trip_is_private_and_stable() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("gateway-cache.json");
+        let original = key_store(10_000);
+        original.save_to(&path).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(path.metadata().unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777, 0o600);
+        let loaded = GatewayKeyStore::load_from(&path).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.wg_sk, original.wg_sk);
+        assert_eq!(loaded.wg_pk, original.wg_pk);
+        assert_eq!(loaded.client_key, original.client_key);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_replacement_does_not_overwrite_working_cache() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("gateway-cache.json");
+        let original = key_store(10_000);
+        original.save_to(&path).unwrap();
+        let before = std::fs::read(&path).unwrap();
+        let invalid_target = directory.path().join("missing-parent/cache.json");
+        assert!(key_store(20_000).save_to(&invalid_target).is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&path).unwrap(), before);
+        std::fs::write(&path, b"not-json").unwrap();
+        assert!(GatewayKeyStore::load_from(&path).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn certificate_refresh_boundary_is_strict_and_overflow_safe() {
+        assert!(key_store(1_601).is_cert_valid_at(1_000));
+        assert!(!key_store(1_600).is_cert_valid_at(1_000));
+        assert!(!key_store(u64::MAX).is_cert_valid_at(u64::MAX));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wireguard_endpoint_hosts_support_dns_ipv4_and_ipv6() {
+        let config = r#"
+Endpoint = gateway.example.com:51820
+Endpoint = 192.0.2.1:51821
+Endpoint = [2001:db8::1]:51822
+"#;
+        assert_eq!(
+            wireguard_endpoint_hosts(config).unwrap(),
+            ["gateway.example.com", "192.0.2.1", "2001:db8::1"]
+        );
+        assert!(wireguard_endpoint_hosts("Endpoint = missing-port").is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup/config_id_verifier.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup/config_id_verifier.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e71cd76c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/system_setup/config_id_verifier.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_attest::attestation::{detect_tee_variant, Attestation, AttestationQuote, TeeVariant};
+use dstack_types::{
+    mr_config::{MrConfig, MrConfigV3},
+    shared_filenames::{host_shared_dir, SYS_CONFIG},
+    KeyProviderKind, SysConfig,
+};
+use tracing::info;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct LocalMrConfigValues<'a> {
+    compose_hash: &'a [u8; 32],
+    gpu_policy_hash: &'a [u8; 32],
+    init_script_hashes: &'a [Vec<u8>],
+    app_id: &'a [u8; 20],
+    instance_id: &'a [u8],
+    key_provider: KeyProviderKind,
+    key_provider_id: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+fn read_mr_config_id() -> Result<[u8; 48]> {
+    let quote = tdx_attest::get_quote(&[0u8; 64]).context("Failed to get quote")?;
+    let quote = dcap_qvl::quote::Quote::parse(&quote).context("Failed to parse quote")?;
+    let configid = quote
+        .report
+        .as_td10()
+        .context("Failed to get TD10 report")?
+        .mr_config_id;
+    Ok(configid)
+}
+
+fn read_mr_config_document() -> Result<String> {
+    let path = host_shared_dir().join(SYS_CONFIG);
+    let content = fs_err::read_to_string(path).context("Failed to read sys-config")?;
+    let sys_config: SysConfig =
+        serde_json::from_str(&content).context("Failed to parse sys-config")?;
+    sys_config
+        .mr_config_document()
+        .context("mr_config is required")
+}
+
+fn read_snp_host_data() -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote(&[0u8; 64]).context("Failed to get SNP report")?;
+    let AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(quote) = attestation.quote else {
+        bail!("attestation mode is not AMD SEV-SNP");
+    };
+    let parsed = dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::parse_amd_snp_report(&quote.report)
+        .context("Failed to parse SNP report")?;
+    Ok(parsed.host_data)
+}
+
+/// Verify the mr_config_id matches values observed locally by the guest.
+///
+/// Configuration ID format
+/// The mr_config_id is a 48 bytes value in the following format:
+/// The first byte is the version of the format.
+/// When version is 1, the next 32 bytes are the compose hash.
+/// When version is 2, the next 32 bytes are the keccak256 hash of the instance info.
+/// Where the instance info is a concatenated bytes of the following fields:
+/// - compose_hash: [u8; 32]
+/// - app_id: [u8; 20]
+/// - key_provider_type: u8 // 0: none, 1: local, 2: kms, 3: tpm
+/// - key_provider_id: [u8] // KMS CA pubkey, local-sgx MR, or empty for none/tpm
+pub fn verify_mr_config_id(
+    compose_hash: &[u8; 32],
+    gpu_policy_hash: &[u8; 32],
+    init_script_hashes: &[Vec<u8>],
+    app_id: &[u8; 20],
+    instance_id: &[u8],
+    key_provider: KeyProviderKind,
+    key_provider_id: &[u8],
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mode = detect_tee_variant().context("Failed to detect attestation mode")?;
+    let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+        compose_hash,
+        gpu_policy_hash,
+        init_script_hashes,
+        app_id,
+        instance_id,
+        key_provider,
+        key_provider_id,
+    };
+    verify_mr_config_id_for_mode(mode, local)
+}
+
+fn verify_mr_config_id_for_mode(mode: TeeVariant, local: LocalMrConfigValues<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    match mode {
+        TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp => verify_snp_mr_config(local),
+        // AWS PCR8 is computed by the guest from measured reality (MrConfig V2
+        // in measure_app_info); there is no host-supplied claim to cross-check.
+        // The key_provider_id pin is enforced by verify_key_provider_id.
+        TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm => Ok(()),
+        // Nitro Enclave binds the image through the signed NSM document and
+        // the app ID through its runtime event. It has no TDX mr_config_id.
+        TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave => Ok(()),
+        _ => verify_tdx_mr_config_id(local),
+    }
+}
+
+fn verify_tdx_mr_config_id(local: LocalMrConfigValues<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    let read_mr_config_id = read_mr_config_id().context("Failed to read mr_config_id")?;
+    info!("mr_config_id: {}", hex::encode(read_mr_config_id));
+    let mr_config_document = if read_mr_config_id[0] == 3 {
+        Some(read_mr_config_document().context("Failed to read mr_config")?)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    verify_tdx_mr_config_id_value(read_mr_config_id, mr_config_document.as_deref(), local)
+}
+
+fn verify_tdx_mr_config_id_value(
+    read_mr_config_id: [u8; 48],
+    mr_config_document: Option<&str>,
+    local: LocalMrConfigValues<'_>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if read_mr_config_id == [0u8; 48] {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let expected_mr_config_id = match read_mr_config_id[0] {
+        1 => MrConfig::V1 {
+            compose_hash: local.compose_hash,
+        }
+        .to_mr_config_id(),
+        2 => MrConfig::V2 {
+            compose_hash: local.compose_hash,
+            app_id: local.app_id,
+            key_provider: local.key_provider,
+            key_provider_id: local.key_provider_id,
+        }
+        .to_mr_config_id(),
+        3 => {
+            let mr_config_document =
+                mr_config_document.context("mr_config is required for TDX MR_CONFIG_ID v3")?;
+            verify_mr_config_v3_document(mr_config_document, local)?;
+            MrConfigV3::tdx_mr_config_id_from_document(mr_config_document)
+        }
+        _ => bail!("Invalid mr_config_id version"),
+    };
+    if expected_mr_config_id != read_mr_config_id {
+        bail!("Invalid mr_config_id");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_snp_mr_config(local: LocalMrConfigValues<'_>) -> Result<()> {
+    let mr_config_document = read_mr_config_document().context("Failed to read SNP mr_config")?;
+    verify_mr_config_v3_document(&mr_config_document, local)?;
+    let read_host_data = read_snp_host_data().context("Failed to read SNP HOST_DATA")?;
+    info!("snp host_data: {}", hex::encode(read_host_data));
+    if MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&mr_config_document) != read_host_data {
+        bail!("Invalid SNP HOST_DATA");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_mr_config_v3_document(
+    mr_config_document: &str,
+    local: LocalMrConfigValues<'_>,
+) -> Result<MrConfigV3> {
+    let mr_config =
+        MrConfigV3::from_document(mr_config_document).context("Invalid mr_config document")?;
+    if mr_config.version != 3 {
+        bail!("mr_config version must be 3");
+    }
+    if mr_config.compose_hash.as_slice() != local.compose_hash {
+        bail!("Invalid mr_config compose_hash");
+    }
+    if let Some(declared_gpu_policy_hash) = mr_config.gpu_policy_hash.as_deref() {
+        if declared_gpu_policy_hash != local.gpu_policy_hash {
+            bail!("Invalid mr_config gpu_policy_hash");
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(init_script_hashes) = mr_config.init_script_hashes.as_deref() {
+        if init_script_hashes != local.init_script_hashes {
+            bail!("Invalid mr_config init_script_hashes");
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(app_id) = mr_config.app_id.as_deref() {
+        if app_id != local.app_id {
+            bail!("Invalid mr_config app_id");
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(instance_id) = mr_config.instance_id.as_deref() {
+        if instance_id != local.instance_id {
+            bail!("Invalid mr_config instance_id");
+        }
+    }
+    if mr_config.key_provider != local.key_provider {
+        bail!("Invalid mr_config key_provider");
+    }
+    if let Some(key_provider_id) = mr_config.key_provider_id.as_deref() {
+        if key_provider_id != local.key_provider_id {
+            bail!("Invalid mr_config key_provider_id");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(mr_config)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_mr_config_id_v1_accepts_expected_value() {
+        let compose_hash = [0x11u8; 32];
+        let mr_config = MrConfig::V1 {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(mr_config.to_mr_config_id()[0], 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_mr_config_id_v3_accepts_document_value() -> Result<()> {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let key_provider_id = [0x33u8; 32];
+        let mr_config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id.to_vec(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            Some(gpu_policy_hash.to_vec()),
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id.to_vec(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        );
+        let document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id: &key_provider_id,
+        };
+
+        verify_tdx_mr_config_id_value(mr_config.to_tdx_mr_config_id(), Some(&document), local)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_document_must_match_expected_app_info() {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let key_provider_id = [0x33u8; 32];
+        let document = MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id.to_vec(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            Some(gpu_policy_hash.to_vec()),
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id.to_vec(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        )
+        .to_canonical_json();
+        let wrong_app_id = [0x12u8; 20];
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &wrong_app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id: &key_provider_id,
+        };
+
+        match verify_mr_config_v3_document(&document, local) {
+            Ok(_) => panic!("mismatched app_id must reject"),
+            Err(err) => assert!(err.to_string().contains("Invalid mr_config app_id")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_skips_app_id_check_when_field_is_missing() -> Result<()> {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let key_provider_id = [0x33u8; 32];
+        let document = MrConfigV3::new(
+            Vec::new(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            Some(gpu_policy_hash.to_vec()),
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id.to_vec(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        )
+        .to_canonical_json();
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id: &key_provider_id,
+        };
+
+        verify_mr_config_v3_document(&document, local)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_document_must_match_expected_gpu_policy_hash() {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let key_provider_id = [0x33u8; 32];
+        let document = MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id.to_vec(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            Some(gpu_policy_hash.to_vec()),
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id.to_vec(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        )
+        .to_canonical_json();
+        let wrong_gpu_policy_hash = [0x56u8; 32];
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &wrong_gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id: &key_provider_id,
+        };
+
+        match verify_mr_config_v3_document(&document, local) {
+            Ok(_) => panic!("mismatched gpu_policy_hash must reject"),
+            Err(err) => assert!(err
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("Invalid mr_config gpu_policy_hash")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_skips_gpu_policy_hash_check_when_field_is_missing() -> Result<()> {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let actual_gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let key_provider_id = [0x33u8; 32];
+        let mr_config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id.to_vec(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            None,
+            KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id.to_vec(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        );
+        let document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &actual_gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::Kms,
+            key_provider_id: &key_provider_id,
+        };
+
+        verify_tdx_mr_config_id_value(mr_config.to_tdx_mr_config_id(), Some(&document), local)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_document_rejects_mismatched_init_script_hashes() {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let declared_hashes = vec![vec![0xaau8; 32]];
+        let actual_hashes = vec![vec![0xbbu8; 32]];
+        let document = MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id.to_vec(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            None,
+            KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        )
+        .with_init_script_hashes(declared_hashes)
+        .to_canonical_json();
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &actual_hashes,
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::None,
+            key_provider_id: &[],
+        };
+
+        assert!(verify_mr_config_v3_document(&document, local)
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("Invalid mr_config init_script_hashes"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mr_config_v3_document_skips_init_script_check_when_field_is_missing() {
+        let compose_hash = [0x22u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0x55u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0x11u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0x44u8; 20];
+        let mut document = serde_json::to_value(MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id.to_vec(),
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            None,
+            KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            instance_id.to_vec(),
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+        document
+            .as_object_mut()
+            .unwrap()
+            .remove("init_script_hashes");
+        let local_without_scripts = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::None,
+            key_provider_id: &[],
+        };
+
+        verify_mr_config_v3_document(&document.to_string(), local_without_scripts).unwrap();
+
+        let actual_hashes = vec![vec![0xaau8; 32]];
+        let local_with_script = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            init_script_hashes: &actual_hashes,
+            ..local_without_scripts
+        };
+        verify_mr_config_v3_document(&document.to_string(), local_with_script).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nitro_enclave_does_not_require_tdx_mr_config() -> Result<()> {
+        let compose_hash = [0u8; 32];
+        let gpu_policy_hash = [0u8; 32];
+        let app_id = [0u8; 20];
+        let instance_id = [0u8; 20];
+        let local = LocalMrConfigValues {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            gpu_policy_hash: &gpu_policy_hash,
+            init_script_hashes: &[],
+            app_id: &app_id,
+            instance_id: &instance_id,
+            key_provider: KeyProviderKind::None,
+            key_provider_id: &[],
+        };
+
+        verify_mr_config_id_for_mode(TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave, local)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/src/utils.rs b/dstack/dstack-util/src/utils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..510f93b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/src/utils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+
+pub use dstack_types::{AppCompose, AppKeys, KeyProviderKind, SysConfig};
+
+pub fn deserialize_json_file<T: DeserializeOwned>(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<T> {
+    let data = fs::read_to_string(path).context("Failed to read file")?;
+    serde_json::from_str(&data).context("Failed to parse json")
+}
+
+pub fn sha256(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    use sha2::Digest;
+    let mut sha256 = sha2::Sha256::new();
+    sha256.update(data);
+    sha256.finalize().into()
+}
+
+pub fn sha256_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+    let data = fs::read(path).context("Failed to read file")?;
+    Ok(sha256(&data))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/gpu_attestation_h100.json b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/gpu_attestation_h100.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8e52e018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/gpu_attestation_h100.json
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+  "claims": [
+    {
+      "dbgstat": "disabled",
+      "eat_nonce": "1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111",
+      "hwmodel": "GH100 A01 GSP BROM",
+      "measres": "success",
+      "oemid": "5703",
+      "secboot": true,
+      "ueid": "457723480349051719100670602112458195243836813799",
+      "x-nvidia-device-type": "gpu",
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-arch-check": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-cert-chain": {
+        "x-nvidia-cert-expiration-date": "9999-12-31T23:59:59Z",
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-nonce-matches": true,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-response-valid": true,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-status": "good",
+        "x-nvidia-cert-revocation-reason": null,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-status": "valid"
+      },
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-cert-chain-fwid-match": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-nonce-match": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-parsed": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-attestation-report-signature-verified": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-claims-version": "3.0",
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-driver-rim-cert-chain": {
+        "x-nvidia-cert-expiration-date": "2028-04-23T05:31:21Z",
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-nonce-matches": true,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-response-valid": true,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-status": "good",
+        "x-nvidia-cert-revocation-reason": null,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-status": "valid"
+      },
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-driver-rim-fetched": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-driver-rim-measurements-available": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-driver-rim-signature-verified": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-driver-rim-version-match": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-driver-version": "580.159.03",
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-index-no-conflict": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-rim-cert-chain": {
+        "x-nvidia-cert-expiration-date": "2027-04-30T23:59:59Z",
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-nonce-matches": true,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-response-valid": true,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-status": "good",
+        "x-nvidia-cert-revocation-reason": null,
+        "x-nvidia-cert-status": "valid"
+      },
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-rim-fetched": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-rim-measurements-available": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-rim-signature-verified": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-rim-version-match": true,
+      "x-nvidia-gpu-vbios-version": "96.00.D9.00.01",
+      "x-nvidia-mismatch-measurement-records": null
+    }
+  ],
+  "detached_eat": [
+    [
+      "JWT",
+      "eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.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."
+    ],
+    {
+      "GPU-0": "eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.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."
+    }
+  ],
+  "result_code": 0,
+  "result_message": "Ok"
+}
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ebd1e551
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null differ
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null.license b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null.license
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84ac4efa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_cipher_null.license
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_good b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_good
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..519b3655d
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_good differ
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_good.license b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_good.license
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..84ac4efa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/fixtures/luks_header_good.license
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
diff --git a/dstack/dstack-util/tests/test_remove_orphans.sh b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/test_remove_orphans.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0400693b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/dstack-util/tests/test_remove_orphans.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Test script for remove-orphans command (both online and offline modes)
+# Uses real docker compose to create containers for accurate testing
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/../.." && pwd)"
+DSTACK_UTIL="$PROJECT_ROOT/target/release/dstack-util"
+TEST_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+DOCKER_ROOT="/var/lib/docker"
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+# Project name for tests
+PROJECT_NAME="test-orphan-$$"
+
+cleanup() {
+	echo -e "${YELLOW}Cleaning up...${NC}"
+	rm -rf "$TEST_DIR"
+	# Clean up test containers
+	docker compose -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" down -v 2>/dev/null || true
+	docker rm -f "${PROJECT_NAME}-old" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+echo -e "${YELLOW}=== Test remove-orphans commands ===${NC}"
+echo "Test directory: $TEST_DIR"
+echo "Project root: $PROJECT_ROOT"
+echo "Project name: $PROJECT_NAME"
+
+# Check if Docker is available
+if ! docker info >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+	echo -e "${RED}ERROR: Docker daemon not available${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Build dstack-util in release mode
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Building dstack-util...${NC}"
+cargo build --release --package dstack-util --manifest-path "$PROJECT_ROOT/Cargo.toml"
+
+if [ ! -f "$DSTACK_UTIL" ]; then
+	echo -e "${RED}ERROR: dstack-util binary not found at $DSTACK_UTIL${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# ============================================
+# Setup: Create containers using docker compose
+# ============================================
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}=== Setup: Creating test containers with docker compose ===${NC}"
+
+# Create compose file with web, db, and old-service
+cat >"$TEST_DIR/docker-compose-full.yaml" <<EOF
+name: ${PROJECT_NAME}
+services:
+  web:
+    image: alpine:latest
+    command: sleep infinity
+  db:
+    image: alpine:latest
+    command: sleep infinity
+  old-service:
+    image: alpine:latest
+    command: sleep infinity
+EOF
+
+# Start all containers
+echo "Starting all containers (web, db, old-service)..."
+docker compose -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose-full.yaml" up -d
+
+# Wait for containers to be created
+sleep 2
+
+# Verify containers exist
+echo "Containers created:"
+docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "table {{.Names}}\t{{.Status}}"
+
+# Stop docker daemon to test offline mode
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Stopping Docker daemon for offline test...${NC}"
+sudo systemctl stop docker
+
+# Wait for docker to stop
+sleep 2
+
+# ============================================
+# Test 1: Offline mode with real Docker data
+# ============================================
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}=== Test 1: Offline mode (remove-orphans --no-dockerd) ===${NC}"
+
+# Create compose file with only web and db (old-service removed)
+cat >"$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" <<EOF
+name: ${PROJECT_NAME}
+services:
+  web:
+    image: alpine:latest
+    command: sleep infinity
+  db:
+    image: alpine:latest
+    command: sleep infinity
+EOF
+
+# Test dry-run mode
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Testing offline dry-run mode...${NC}"
+OUTPUT=$(sudo "$DSTACK_UTIL" remove-orphans --no-dockerd -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" -d "$DOCKER_ROOT" -n 2>&1)
+echo "$OUTPUT"
+
+if echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -q "would remove orphaned container old-service"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Dry-run correctly identified orphaned container${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ Dry-run failed to identify orphaned container${NC}"
+	sudo systemctl start docker
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Test actual removal
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Testing offline actual removal...${NC}"
+OUTPUT=$(sudo "$DSTACK_UTIL" remove-orphans --no-dockerd -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" -d "$DOCKER_ROOT" 2>&1)
+echo "$OUTPUT"
+
+if echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -q "removing orphaned container old-service"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Removal correctly identified orphaned container${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ Removal failed to identify orphaned container${NC}"
+	sudo systemctl start docker
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# ============================================
+# Restart Docker and verify
+# ============================================
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Restarting Docker daemon...${NC}"
+sudo systemctl start docker
+
+# Wait for docker to start
+sleep 3
+
+# Verify old-service container is gone
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Verifying results after Docker restart...${NC}"
+echo "Remaining containers:"
+docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "table {{.Names}}\t{{.Status}}"
+
+if docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "{{.Names}}" | grep -q "old-service"; then
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ old-service container still exists${NC}"
+	exit 1
+else
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ old-service container was removed${NC}"
+fi
+
+# Verify web and db containers still exist
+if docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "{{.Names}}" | grep -q "web"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ web container still exists${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ web container was incorrectly removed${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+if docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "{{.Names}}" | grep -q "db"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ db container still exists${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ db container was incorrectly removed${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# ============================================
+# Test 2: Online mode (with Docker daemon)
+# ============================================
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}=== Test 2: Online mode (remove-orphans) ===${NC}"
+
+# Create another orphan container using docker run
+echo "Creating orphan container for online test..."
+docker run -d --name "${PROJECT_NAME}-old" \
+	--label "com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" \
+	--label "com.docker.compose.service=another-old-service" \
+	alpine:latest sleep infinity
+
+echo "Containers before online removal:"
+docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "table {{.Names}}\t{{.Status}}"
+
+# Test dry-run
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Testing online dry-run mode...${NC}"
+OUTPUT=$("$DSTACK_UTIL" remove-orphans -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" -n 2>&1)
+echo "$OUTPUT"
+
+if echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -q "would remove orphaned container another-old-service"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Online dry-run correctly identified orphaned container${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ Online dry-run failed to identify orphaned container${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Verify orphan still exists after dry-run
+if docker ps -a --format "{{.Names}}" | grep -q "${PROJECT_NAME}-old"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Online dry-run did not remove container${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ Online dry-run incorrectly removed container${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Test actual removal
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Testing online actual removal...${NC}"
+OUTPUT=$("$DSTACK_UTIL" remove-orphans -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" 2>&1)
+echo "$OUTPUT"
+
+if echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -q "removing orphaned container another-old-service"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Online removal correctly identified orphaned container${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ Online removal failed to identify orphaned container${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Verify orphan was removed
+if ! docker ps -a --format "{{.Names}}" | grep -q "${PROJECT_NAME}-old"; then
+	echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Orphaned container was removed${NC}"
+else
+	echo -e "${RED}✗ Orphaned container was NOT removed${NC}"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Verify other containers still exist
+echo "Containers after online removal:"
+docker ps -a --filter "label=com.docker.compose.project=${PROJECT_NAME}" --format "table {{.Names}}\t{{.Status}}"
+
+# Final cleanup
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Final cleanup...${NC}"
+docker compose -f "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yaml" down -v 2>/dev/null || true
+
+echo -e "\n${GREEN}=== All tests passed! ===${NC}"
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/Cargo.toml b/dstack/gateway/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d468711f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-gateway"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+arc-swap.workspace = true
+rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["mtls", "json"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+ipnet = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
+fs-err.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "string"] }
+shared_child.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+rustls.workspace = true
+tokio-rustls = { workspace = true, features = ["ring"] }
+rinja.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+parcelona.workspace = true
+hickory-resolver.workspace = true
+pin-project.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+dstack-build-info.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["rocket"] }
+dstack-gateway-rpc.workspace = true
+certbot.workspace = true
+bytes.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+smallvec.workspace = true
+futures.workspace = true
+cmd_lib.workspace = true
+load_config.workspace = true
+ra-tls.workspace = true
+dstack-guest-agent-rpc.workspace = true
+http-client = { workspace = true, features = ["prpc"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+serde-duration.workspace = true
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
+hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["server", "http1"] }
+hyper-util = { workspace = true, features = ["tokio"] }
+hyper-rustls.workspace = true
+http-body-util.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+jemallocator.workspace = true
+proxy-protocol.workspace = true
+wavekv.workspace = true
+tdx-attest.workspace = true
+flate2.workspace = true
+uuid = { workspace = true, features = ["v4"] }
+rmp-serde.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+dstack-api-auth.workspace = true
+cached-cell.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+nix = { workspace = true, features = ["resource", "fs", "socket", "zerocopy"] }
+ktls.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+socket2.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+wavekv-v1 = { package = "wavekv", version = "=1.0.0" }
+# `test-util` gives the idle-watchdog tests a paused clock, so they assert on
+# the window without waiting for it in wall-clock time.
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["test-util"] }
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/assets/cert.key b/dstack/gateway/assets/cert.key
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c530a0f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/assets/cert.key
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIG2AgEAMBAGByqGSM49AgEGBSuBBAAiBIGeMIGbAgEBBDCFIkvauDIxClBPD8qE
+XJDB+u95dJfDbOtQ97/LKR5tbbUlXjkSAU/K6mAG+NvKCSehZANiAAQlJDzn1wyh
+fsa2LEya4pK/LJ5PfX1EzduRRg23+rN02OznA5I4cIf3GmEQOymd1aqGjCwNPiEA
+MBKRAKFjFxFlUQH1Fz6O8LkXKqy+ZkTu+qfzf6dmppg/DhC45++q9Mo=
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/assets/cert.pem b/dstack/gateway/assets/cert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..174ab773e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/assets/cert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/docs/cluster-deployment.md b/dstack/gateway/docs/cluster-deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1bfbea124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/docs/cluster-deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,804 @@
+# dstack-gateway Cluster Deployment Guide
+
+This document describes how to deploy a dstack-gateway cluster, including single-node and multi-node configurations.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Overview](#1-overview)
+2. [Cluster Deployment (2-Node Example)](#2-cluster-deployment-2-node-example)
+3. [CVM Deployment via dstack-vmm](#3-cvm-deployment-via-dstack-vmm)
+4. [App Ingress and Port Routing](#4-app-ingress-and-port-routing)
+5. [Deploying a Test App](#5-deploying-a-test-app)
+6. [Adding Reverse Proxy Domains](#6-adding-reverse-proxy-domains)
+
+## 1. Overview
+
+dstack-gateway is a distributed reverse proxy gateway for dstack services. Key features include:
+
+- TLS termination and SNI routing: Automatically selects certificates and routes traffic based on SNI
+- Automatic certificate management: Automatically requests and renews certificates via ACME protocol (Let's Encrypt)
+- Multi-node cluster: Multiple gateway nodes automatically sync state for high availability
+- WireGuard tunnels: Provides secure network access for CVM instances
+
+### Architecture Diagram
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart TB
+    subgraph Internet
+        LB[Load Balancer]
+    end
+
+    subgraph Gateway Cluster
+        G1[Gateway 1<br/>node_id=1]
+        G2[Gateway 2<br/>node_id=2]
+        G1 <-->|Sync| G2
+    end
+
+    subgraph CVM Pool
+        CVM1[CVM 1<br/>App A]
+        CVM2[CVM 2<br/>App B]
+    end
+
+    LB --> G1
+    LB --> G2
+
+    G1 -.->|WireGuard| CVM1
+    G1 -.->|WireGuard| CVM2
+    G2 -.->|WireGuard| CVM1
+    G2 -.->|WireGuard| CVM2
+```
+
+When a CVM starts, it registers with one of the Gateways. The Gateway cluster automatically syncs the CVM's information (including WireGuard public key), enabling all Gateway nodes to establish WireGuard tunnel connections to that CVM.
+
+### Port Description
+
+| Default Port | Protocol | Purpose | Security Recommendation |
+|--------------|----------|---------|-------------------------|
+| 9012 | HTTPS | RPC port for inter-node sync communication | Internal network only |
+| 9013 | UDP | WireGuard tunnel port | Internal network only |
+| 9014 | HTTPS | Proxy port for external TLS proxy service | Can be exposed to public |
+| 9015 | HTTP | Debug port for health checks and debugging | Must be disabled in production |
+| 9016 | HTTP | Admin port for management API | Do not expose to public, recommend using Unix Domain Socket |
+
+Production security configuration example:
+
+```toml
+[core.debug]
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = false  # Disable Debug port
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+address = "unix:/run/dstack/admin.sock"  # Use Unix Domain Socket
+```
+
+### Resource Sizing
+
+Recommended minimum per gateway node:
+
+| Workload | vCPU | Memory | Disk |
+|----------|------|--------|------|
+| Small (< 100 CVMs) | 4 | 4 GB | 20 GB |
+| Medium (100-1000 CVMs) | 8 | 8 GB | 20 GB |
+| Large (> 1000 CVMs) | 16+ | 16+ GB | 20 GB |
+
+### Networking Modes
+
+dstack CVM supports two networking modes:
+
+| Mode | Description | Port Mapping | Use Case |
+|------|-------------|--------------|----------|
+| `user` (default) | QEMU user-mode networking with explicit host port forwarding | Required — each service port must be mapped to a host port | Standard deployments; simple setup |
+| `bridge` | CVM gets its own IP on the host bridge network | Not needed — CVM is directly addressable by its bridge IP | High-performance scenarios requiring full network throughput |
+
+In **user mode**, the CVM accesses the external network via QEMU's built-in NAT. Each service port (RPC, WireGuard, proxy, admin) is individually forwarded from a host port to the corresponding guest port. This is the default and works with any VMM configuration.
+
+In **bridge mode**, the CVM is attached to the host's bridge interface (e.g., `dstack-br0`) and receives its own IP address via DHCP or static assignment. All ports are directly accessible on that IP without port mapping. This avoids the overhead of QEMU user-mode NAT and is recommended for production deployments that need maximum network performance.
+
+To use bridge mode, set `NET_MODE=bridge` in the `.env` file. The VMM must have a bridge interface configured in `vmm.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "bridge"    # or keep "user" as default; bridge is selected per-VM via deploy script
+bridge = "dstack-br0"
+```
+
+## 2. Cluster Deployment (2-Node Example)
+
+### 2.1 Node Planning
+
+| Node | node_id | Gateway IP | Client IP range | bootnode |
+|------|---------|------------|-----------------|----------|
+| gateway-1 | 1 | 10.8.0.1/16 | 10.8.0.0/18 | none |
+| gateway-2 | 2 | 10.8.64.1/16 | 10.8.64.0/18 | gateway-1 |
+
+Notes:
+- Each node's `node_id` must be unique and greater than 0
+- Each node's Client IP range must not overlap (used for allocating IPs to different CVMs)
+- `bootnode` is optional — it speeds up initial peer discovery but is not required. Without a bootnode, a node will auto-discover peers when they connect via sync RPC
+- If a bootnode is set, its hostname must be resolvable before cluster bootstrap
+
+### 2.2 CIDR Description
+
+Client IP range (/18):
+- /18 means the first 18 bits are the network prefix
+- For example, 10.8.0.0/18 covers the address range 10.8.0.0 ~ 10.8.63.255
+- Each Gateway's /18 range does not overlap, so each Gateway can allocate IPs locally without syncing with other Gateways
+- With 4 possible /18 ranges in a /16 network, a cluster supports up to 4 gateway nodes
+
+Gateway IP (/16):
+- Gateway IP uses /16 netmask to allow network routing to cover the larger 10.8.0.0/16 address space
+- This way, when another Gateway allocates an address in a /18 subnet, traffic can still be correctly routed
+
+Subnet mapping:
+
+| SUBNET_INDEX | Gateway IP | Client IP range | Address range | Usable IPs |
+|-------------|------------|-----------------|---------------|------------|
+| 0 | 10.8.0.1/16 | 10.8.0.0/18 | 10.8.0.0 ~ 10.8.63.255 | 16,382 |
+| 1 | 10.8.64.1/16 | 10.8.64.0/18 | 10.8.64.0 ~ 10.8.127.255 | 16,382 |
+| 2 | 10.8.128.1/16 | 10.8.128.0/18 | 10.8.128.0 ~ 10.8.191.255 | 16,382 |
+| 3 | 10.8.192.1/16 | 10.8.192.0/18 | 10.8.192.0 ~ 10.8.255.255 | 16,382 |
+
+### 2.3 WireGuard Configuration Fields
+
+Key fields in the `[core.wg]` section:
+
+- `ip`: Gateway's own WireGuard address in CIDR format (e.g., 10.8.0.1/16)
+- `client_ip_range`: Address pool range for allocating to CVMs (e.g., 10.8.0.0/18)
+- `reserved_net`: Reserved address range that will not be allocated to CVMs (e.g., 10.8.0.1/32, reserving the gateway's own address)
+
+Recommendation: Design client_ip_range and reserved_net to ensure clear address pool planning for each Gateway, avoiding address conflicts.
+
+### 2.4 Cluster Sync and Peer Discovery
+
+> **Image version note**: The sync enable logic varies by gateway image version. In `dstacktee/dstack-gateway:0.5.8`, sync is enabled when `NODE_ID > 0` (regardless of `BOOTNODE_URL`). In some custom-built images, sync may only be enabled when `BOOTNODE_URL` is non-empty. Check your image's `entrypoint.sh` to confirm the behavior. When in doubt, set `NODE_ID > 0` and provide a `BOOTNODE_URL` on at least one node.
+
+Gateway nodes discover each other through two mechanisms:
+
+1. **Bootnode discovery** (active): A node with `bootnode` configured will fetch the peer list from the bootnode at startup, then periodically retry until peers are found.
+
+2. **Auto-discovery** (passive): When a remote node sends a sync request, the local node automatically adds it as a peer. This means the first node in a cluster does not need a bootnode — it will be discovered when the second node connects to it.
+
+This allows a simple deployment order:
+1. Start gateway-1 with `bootnode = ""` (no bootnode)
+2. Start gateway-2 with `bootnode = "https://rpc.gateway-1:9012"`
+3. Gateway-2 fetches peers from gateway-1 and starts syncing
+4. Gateway-1 auto-discovers gateway-2 from the incoming sync request
+
+### 2.5 Consistency Model and Operational Constraints
+
+WaveKV provides per-key, last-writer-wins eventual consistency. It does not
+provide transactions, compare-and-swap, quorum writes, or linearizable reads.
+Operate the Gateway cluster with the following constraints:
+
+- A `node_id` identifies one sequence-number writer. It must be unique among
+  all live nodes and must never be used concurrently by a replacement node.
+  UUID conflict detection catches many accidental reuses, but it is not a node
+  ID lease. Permanently stop the old writer before reusing its ID.
+- Keep each node's WaveKV data directory on persistent storage. If an existing
+  node loses that directory, do not let it accept writes under its old
+  `node_id` until it has recovered from at least one up-to-date peer. If no peer
+  is reachable, restore the directory from backup or provision the node with a
+  new `node_id`; starting an isolated writer from an empty sequence history can
+  reuse sequence numbers already observed by the cluster.
+- Keep system clocks synchronized. Conflict resolution uses wall-clock time,
+  with node ID and sequence number as tie-breakers. Instance and telemetry
+  records more than five minutes in the future are ignored, but a clock that is
+  behind can still cause a legitimate update to lose to an older value.
+- Client IP allocation is local to each Gateway. The configured client address
+  pools must not overlap.
+- WireGuard public-key uniqueness is not an atomic cluster-wide reservation.
+  During a partition, two nodes can register the same key for different
+  instances. After synchronization, every Gateway deterministically routes
+  only the conflict winner, but the losing CVM can be temporarily routable
+  before convergence. Workloads must retry registration and tolerate this
+  reconciliation.
+- Certificate renewal and ACME credential-rotation coordination uses
+  best-effort WaveKV records, not a distributed mutex. A partition can allow
+  more than one node to perform the operation. These operations must remain
+  idempotent, and external DNS/ACME side effects must tolerate duplicate work.
+- A successful WaveKV sync or matching digest describes replicated KV state,
+  not instantaneous data-plane state. The Gateway asynchronously reconciles
+  its in-memory `ProxyState`, WireGuard peers, certificates, and other
+  materialized views. Monitoring and maintenance automation should allow a
+  reconciliation interval and verify the relevant data-plane/admin endpoint,
+  rather than treating the sync result alone as readiness.
+- Concurrent administrator updates to the same key have LWW semantics rather
+  than causal ordering. Serialize security-sensitive configuration changes at
+  the operational layer when losing an update would be unsafe.
+
+For a brand-new node, an empty local store and temporarily empty peer list are
+expected. The stricter recovery rule above applies when a previously active
+node loses its store while retaining its identity.
+
+> Note: `bootnode` is only used for initial discovery. Once peers are discovered, they are persisted in the KV store and survive restarts.
+
+### 2.6 Configuration File Examples
+
+> **Note:** A non-empty `rpc_domain` makes the gateway request its RPC TLS key and certificate from the local dstack Guest Agent. Ensure `/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock` is available, or set `DSTACK_AGENT_ADDRESS` to another Guest Agent endpoint. Set `rpc_domain = ""` when supplying pre-generated certificates.
+
+gateway-1.toml:
+
+```toml
+log_level = "info"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9012
+
+[tls]
+key = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = "rpc.gateway-1.demo.dstack.org"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+port = 9016
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+
+[core.debug]
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = false
+port = 9015
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "30s"
+timeout = "60s"
+my_url = "https://rpc.gateway-1.demo.dstack.org:9012"
+bootnode = ""
+node_id = 1
+data_dir = "/var/lib/gateway/data"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "<node1-private-key>"
+public_key = "<node1-public-key>"
+listen_port = 9013
+ip = "10.8.0.1/16"
+reserved_net = ["10.8.0.1/32"]
+client_ip_range = "10.8.0.0/18"
+config_path = "/var/lib/gateway/wg.conf"
+interface = "wg-gw1"
+endpoint = "<host ip>:9013"
+
+[core.proxy]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = 9014
+external_port = 443
+```
+
+gateway-2.toml:
+
+```toml
+log_level = "info"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9012
+
+[tls]
+key = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = "rpc.gateway-2.demo.dstack.org"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "30s"
+timeout = "60s"
+my_url = "https://rpc.gateway-2.demo.dstack.org:9012"
+bootnode = "https://rpc.gateway-1.demo.dstack.org:9012"
+node_id = 2
+data_dir = "/var/lib/gateway/data"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "<node2-private-key>"
+public_key = "<node2-public-key>"
+listen_port = 9013
+ip = "10.8.64.1/16"
+reserved_net = ["10.8.64.1/32"]
+client_ip_range = "10.8.64.0/18"
+config_path = "/var/lib/gateway/wg.conf"
+interface = "wg-gw2"
+endpoint = "<host ip>:9013"
+
+[core.proxy]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = 9014
+external_port = 443
+```
+
+### 2.7 Single-Host Deployment Notes
+
+If you run multiple gateway nodes on the same physical host (for example, multiple CVMs on one teepod / dstack-vmm host), the default example ports above will conflict. You must assign distinct host-facing ports per node.
+
+Example host port plan for two nodes on one host:
+
+| Node | RPC (host) | Admin (host) | WireGuard (host) | Proxy (host) | Guest Agent (host) |
+|------|------------|--------------|------------------|--------------|--------------------|
+| gateway-1 | 19602 | 19603 | 19613/udp | 19643 | 19606 |
+| gateway-2 | 19702 | 19703 | 19713/udp | 19743 | 19706 |
+
+Important:
+
+- All these host ports must be within the VMM's `port_mapping.range` configuration
+- If both nodes should serve the same public wildcard domain on `:443`, place a TCP load balancer / `nginx stream` / HAProxy in front of them and fan out to the two proxy backend ports
+- Each gateway VM must have a **unique name** when deployed to the same VMM (e.g., `dstack-gateway-1` and `dstack-gateway-2`)
+- Create DNS records for the RPC hostnames before bootstrapping the cluster
+
+### 2.8 Verify Cluster Sync
+
+The admin API requires a bearer token (see `core.admin.auth_token` in `gateway.toml`,
+or the `ADMIN_API_TOKEN` env injected by `deploy-to-vmm.sh`). Export it once:
+
+```bash
+export ADMIN_API_TOKEN=...   # value from .env or gateway.toml
+ADMIN_AUTH=(-H "Authorization: Bearer $ADMIN_API_TOKEN")
+
+# Check sync status on any node (replace port with your admin port)
+curl -s "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" http://localhost:9016/prpc/WaveKvStatus | jq .
+
+# List known cluster nodes
+curl -s "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" http://localhost:9016/prpc/Status | jq '.nodes'
+```
+
+A healthy cluster sync shows:
+- `enabled: true` on all nodes
+- Each node appears in every other node's `.nodes` array
+- `last_seen` timestamps are recent (within the sync interval)
+- `peer_ack` values are close to `local_ack` (no large lag)
+
+Example of a healthy 2-node status:
+
+```json
+{
+  "id": 1,
+  "url": "https://rpc.gateway-1:9012",
+  "num_connections": 5,
+  "nodes": [
+    {"id": 1, "url": "https://rpc.gateway-1:9012", "last_seen": 1773884104},
+    {"id": 2, "url": "https://rpc.gateway-2:9012", "last_seen": 1773884100}
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+## 3. CVM Deployment via dstack-vmm
+
+When deploying gateways as CVMs via `gateway/dstack-app/`, the deployment is automated through `deploy-to-vmm.sh`. This section explains the CVM-specific workflow.
+
+### 3.1 Prerequisites
+
+- A running dstack-vmm instance with available resources
+- A dstack OS image (e.g., `dstack-0.5.8`)
+- DNS records for the service domain and RPC hostnames (see section 3.2)
+- A Cloudflare API token with DNS edit permissions for the zone (for ACME DNS-01 challenges)
+
+### 3.2 DNS Records
+
+Before deploying, create the following DNS records pointing to the host's public IP:
+
+| Record | Type | Value | Purpose |
+|--------|------|-------|---------|
+| `*.example.com` | A | `<host-ip>` | Wildcard for proxy traffic |
+| `gateway-1.example.com` | A | `<host-ip>` | RPC hostname for node 1 |
+| `gateway-2.example.com` | A | `<host-ip>` | RPC hostname for node 2 |
+
+> **Note**: If your wildcard record (`*.example.com`) already covers subdomains like `gateway-1.example.com`, you only need explicit A records for hostnames that must resolve before the wildcard is created, or when using a different IP per node. In most single-host deployments, the wildcard alone is sufficient for all subdomains.
+
+### 3.2.1 Known Issues with `.env` Template
+
+The auto-generated `.env` template (created on first run of `deploy-to-vmm.sh`) is missing the `KMS_URL` variable, which is required. You must add it manually:
+
+```bash
+KMS_URL=https://your-kms-endpoint:port
+```
+
+### 3.3 GATEWAY_APP_ID
+
+Each gateway cluster shares a single `GATEWAY_APP_ID`. This ID determines the cryptographic identity of the gateway and must be the same across all nodes in the cluster.
+
+- **On-chain KMS**: Set `GATEWAY_APP_ID` to the registered app contract address (e.g., `4d6e361b90b3510da8611fe771b1bfddc8ffa4b8`). You must also whitelist the compose hash on-chain (printed by `deploy-to-vmm.sh` as `Compose hash: 0x...`) before the CVM can boot successfully.
+- **Test KMS** (dev mode): Define any hex string as the app ID (e.g., `deadbeef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef`). All nodes must use the same value. No compose hash whitelisting is needed in dev mode.
+
+### 3.4 Environment Variables
+
+The `.env` file configures the deployment. Key variables:
+
+| Variable | Required | Description |
+|----------|----------|-------------|
+| `VMM_RPC` | Yes | VMM RPC endpoint (e.g., `http://127.0.0.1:12000` or `unix:../build/vmm.sock`) |
+| `SRV_DOMAIN` | Yes | Service domain (e.g., `example.com`). Used for ZT-Domain and default RPC_DOMAIN |
+| `PUBLIC_IP` | Yes | Host's public IPv4 address |
+| `NODE_ID` | Yes | Unique node ID (1, 2, ...). Must be > 0 for sync to be enabled |
+| `GATEWAY_APP_ID` | Yes | App ID (see section 3.3) |
+| `KMS_URL` | Yes | KMS endpoint URL |
+| `MY_URL` | Yes | This node's RPC URL (e.g., `https://gateway-1.example.com:19602`) |
+| `CF_API_TOKEN` | Yes | Cloudflare API token for DNS-01 ACME challenges |
+| `BOOTNODE_URL` | No | Another node's RPC URL for initial peer discovery |
+| `SUBNET_INDEX` | No | Subnet index (0-3), determines WG IP allocation. Default: 0 |
+| `NET_MODE` | No | `bridge` or `user` (default: `user`). In `user` mode, ports are explicitly forwarded from host to guest. In `bridge` mode, the CVM gets its own IP on the host bridge and all ports are directly accessible — no host port mapping needed, but the VMM must have a bridge interface configured (see [Networking Modes](#networking-modes)) |
+| `OS_IMAGE` | No | dstack OS image name. Default: `dstack-0.5.5` |
+| `ACME_STAGING` | No | `yes` to use Let's Encrypt staging. Default: `no` |
+| `GATEWAY_IMAGE` | No | Docker image for the gateway container |
+| `RPC_DOMAIN` | No | RPC hostname for this node. Default: `gateway.<SRV_DOMAIN>` |
+
+> **Note on `RPC_DOMAIN`**: By default, `RPC_DOMAIN` is derived as `gateway.<SRV_DOMAIN>`. In a multi-node cluster where each node has its own RPC hostname (e.g., `gateway-1.example.com`, `gateway-2.example.com`), the `MY_URL` already identifies each node uniquely. The `RPC_DOMAIN` controls the hostname used for the RA-TLS certificate on the RPC endpoint.
+
+Port variables (required when `NET_MODE=user`):
+
+| Variable | Default | Description |
+|----------|---------|-------------|
+| `GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR` | `0.0.0.0:9202` | Host address for RPC port |
+| `GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR` | `127.0.0.1:9203` | Host address for admin port |
+| `GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT` | `9204` | Host port for proxy traffic |
+| `GUEST_AGENT_ADDR` | `127.0.0.1:9206` | Host address for guest agent |
+| `WG_ADDR` | `0.0.0.0:9202` | Host address for WireGuard UDP. Defaults to the same port as `GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR` |
+
+> **Note**: By default, `GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR` and `WG_ADDR` share the same host port (9202) — this works because RPC uses TCP and WireGuard uses UDP. When deploying multiple nodes on the same host, each node must use a different port number for both. If you only set `GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR`, remember to also set `WG_ADDR` to match (or to a different port if desired).
+
+### 3.5 Deployment Steps
+
+```bash
+cd gateway/dstack-app
+
+# 1. First run creates a template .env — edit it with your values
+bash deploy-to-vmm.sh
+
+# 2. Edit .env (set VMM_RPC, SRV_DOMAIN, PUBLIC_IP, NODE_ID, GATEWAY_APP_ID, KMS_URL, MY_URL, CF_API_TOKEN, etc.)
+
+# 3. Deploy node 1 (no BOOTNODE_URL needed)
+bash deploy-to-vmm.sh
+
+# 4. Bootstrap admin config (only once per cluster)
+bash bootstrap-cluster.sh
+
+# 5. For node 2, create a separate directory with its own .env:
+cp -r . ../deploy-node2 && cd ../deploy-node2
+#    Edit .env with:
+#    - NODE_ID=2
+#    - SUBNET_INDEX=1
+#    - MY_URL=https://gateway-2.example.com:<node2-rpc-port>
+#    - Different port assignments if on same host (see section 2.6)
+#    - BOOTNODE_URL=<node-1-rpc-url> (optional, speeds up discovery)
+#    Edit deploy-to-vmm.sh: change --name to dstack-gateway-2
+bash deploy-to-vmm.sh
+# No need to run bootstrap-cluster.sh — config syncs from node 1
+```
+
+The deploy script (`deploy-to-vmm.sh`) automatically:
+- Computes WG IP allocation from SUBNET_INDEX
+- Creates the app-compose.json and encrypts environment variables via KMS
+- Deploys the CVM to the VMM
+
+The bootstrap script (`bootstrap-cluster.sh`) configures:
+- ACME certbot settings
+- DNS credentials (Cloudflare)
+- ZT-Domain registration
+
+**Important**: Admin bootstrap (ACME config, DNS credentials, ZT-Domain setup) is a separate step via `bootstrap-cluster.sh` and only needs to run once per cluster. Additional nodes receive these configurations automatically via cluster sync.
+
+```bash
+# After deploying the first node:
+bash bootstrap-cluster.sh                       # reads GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR from .env
+bash bootstrap-cluster.sh 192.168.1.10:8001     # or specify admin address directly
+```
+
+**VM naming**: The deploy script hardcodes `--name dstack-gateway`. When deploying multiple nodes to the same VMM, you **must** edit the script to use unique names (e.g., `dstack-gateway-1`, `dstack-gateway-2`), otherwise deployment will fail with a name conflict. A recommended approach is to copy the entire `dstack-app/` directory per node:
+
+```bash
+# Create per-node deployment directories
+cp -r gateway/dstack-app gateway/deploy-node1
+cp -r gateway/dstack-app gateway/deploy-node2
+
+# In each directory's deploy-to-vmm.sh, change the --name argument:
+#   deploy-node1: --name dstack-gateway-1
+#   deploy-node2: --name dstack-gateway-2
+# Edit each directory's .env with node-specific values
+```
+
+> **Tip**: Consider parameterizing the VM name via an environment variable (e.g., `VM_NAME` in `.env`) instead of editing the script directly, to avoid accidentally losing the change when updating `deploy-to-vmm.sh`.
+
+### 3.6 Updating Environment Variables
+
+To update a running gateway's environment (e.g., adding BOOTNODE_URL):
+
+```bash
+# Create updated env file
+cat > updated.env <<EOF
+WG_ENDPOINT=<ip>:<port>
+MY_URL=https://gateway-1.example.com:19602
+BOOTNODE_URL=https://gateway-2.example.com:19702
+# ... other vars ...
+EOF
+
+# Update and restart
+vmm-cli.py --url <vmm-url> update-env --env-file updated.env <vm-id>
+vmm-cli.py --url <vmm-url> stop <vm-id>
+vmm-cli.py --url <vmm-url> start <vm-id>
+```
+
+## 4. App Ingress and Port Routing
+
+When a CVM registers with the gateway, its services become accessible via subdomains of the gateway's ZT-Domain. The gateway determines the backend port from the **SNI hostname** of the incoming request, not from the docker-compose port mapping.
+
+### SNI Format
+
+```
+<instance_id>[-[<port>][s|g]].<base_domain>
+```
+
+| SNI Pattern | Backend Port | Mode |
+|-------------|-------------|------|
+| `<id>.example.com` | **80** (default) | TLS termination → TCP |
+| `<id>-8080.example.com` | 8080 | TLS termination → TCP |
+| `<id>-443s.example.com` | 443 | TLS passthrough (no termination) |
+| `<id>-50051g.example.com` | 50051 | TLS termination → HTTP/2 (gRPC) |
+
+**Common pitfall**: If your docker-compose uses `443:80` (host 443, container 80), the container listens on CVM port 443, but the default SNI (no port suffix) routes to port **80**. Either:
+- Use `80:80` in your compose so the default port matches, or
+- Access via `<id>-443.example.com` to explicitly target port 443
+
+### Example
+
+```bash
+INSTANCE_ID="abc123..."
+BASE_DOMAIN="example.com"
+GW_PROXY_PORT=19643
+
+# Default (port 80)
+curl -sk --resolve "${INSTANCE_ID}.${BASE_DOMAIN}:${GW_PROXY_PORT}:127.0.0.1" \
+  "https://${INSTANCE_ID}.${BASE_DOMAIN}:${GW_PROXY_PORT}/"
+
+# Explicit port 8080
+curl -sk --resolve "${INSTANCE_ID}-8080.${BASE_DOMAIN}:${GW_PROXY_PORT}:127.0.0.1" \
+  "https://${INSTANCE_ID}-8080.${BASE_DOMAIN}:${GW_PROXY_PORT}/"
+```
+
+## 5. Deploying a Test App
+
+After deploying the gateway cluster, verify end-to-end connectivity by deploying a simple app CVM that registers with the gateway.
+
+### 5.1 Create App Compose
+
+```bash
+cat > /tmp/test-app-compose.yaml <<'EOF'
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+EOF
+```
+
+> **Note**: Use `80:80` (not `443:80`) so the default SNI routing (port 80) matches. See [Section 4](#4-app-ingress-and-port-routing) for details.
+
+### 5.2 Generate and Deploy
+
+```bash
+CLI="vmm-cli.py --url <vmm-rpc>"
+
+# Generate app-compose.json with gateway registration enabled
+$CLI compose \
+  --docker-compose /tmp/test-app-compose.yaml \
+  --name test-app \
+  --kms \
+  --gateway \
+  --public-logs \
+  --public-sysinfo \
+  --output /tmp/test-app-compose.json
+
+# Deploy the CVM, pointing to one of the gateway nodes
+$CLI deploy \
+  --name test-app \
+  --app-id <gateway-app-id> \
+  --compose /tmp/test-app-compose.json \
+  --kms-url <kms-url> \
+  --gateway-url https://gateway-1.example.com:<rpc-port> \
+  --image dstack-0.5.8 \
+  --vcpu 2 \
+  --memory 2G
+```
+
+Wait for boot to complete:
+
+```bash
+$CLI info <vm-id>
+# Boot Progress should show: done
+# Note the Instance ID from the output
+```
+
+### 5.3 Verify Gateway Registration
+
+Check that the gateway sees the new app:
+
+```bash
+curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $ADMIN_API_TOKEN" \
+  http://localhost:<admin-port>/prpc/Status | jq '.hosts'
+```
+
+Expected output should include an entry with the app's `instance_id` and an assigned WireGuard IP:
+
+```json
+[{
+  "instance_id": "<instance-id>",
+  "ip": "10.8.0.2",
+  "app_id": "<app-id>",
+  "base_domain": "example.com",
+  "latest_handshake": 1773890133
+}]
+```
+
+### 5.4 Test Proxy Access
+
+Access the app through the gateway proxy on each node:
+
+```bash
+INSTANCE_ID="<instance-id>"
+BASE_DOMAIN="example.com"
+
+# Via node 1
+curl -sk --resolve "${INSTANCE_ID}.${BASE_DOMAIN}:<node1-proxy-port>:127.0.0.1" \
+  "https://${INSTANCE_ID}.${BASE_DOMAIN}:<node1-proxy-port>/"
+
+# Via node 2
+curl -sk --resolve "${INSTANCE_ID}.${BASE_DOMAIN}:<node2-proxy-port>:127.0.0.1" \
+  "https://${INSTANCE_ID}.${BASE_DOMAIN}:<node2-proxy-port>/"
+```
+
+Both should return the nginx welcome page, confirming:
+- App CVM registered with the gateway via WireGuard
+- Cluster sync propagated the app info to all nodes
+- TLS termination and proxy forwarding work on both nodes
+
+### 5.5 Clean Up
+
+```bash
+$CLI remove <vm-id>
+```
+
+## 6. Adding Reverse Proxy Domains
+
+Gateway supports automatic TLS certificate management via the ACME protocol. Configuration can be done via Admin API or Web UI.
+
+> Note: When deploying via `deploy-to-vmm.sh`, ACME, DNS credentials, and the ZT-Domain are automatically bootstrapped during deployment. The steps below are only needed for manual configuration or adding additional domains.
+
+### 6.1 Configure ACME Service
+
+```bash
+ADMIN_AUTH=(-H "Authorization: Bearer $ADMIN_API_TOKEN")
+
+# Set ACME URL (Let's Encrypt production)
+curl -X POST "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" \
+  "http://localhost:9016/prpc/SetCertbotConfig" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"acme_url": "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"}'
+
+# For testing, use Let's Encrypt Staging
+# "acme_url": "https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+```
+
+### 6.2 Configure DNS Credential
+
+Gateway uses DNS-01 validation, which requires configuring DNS provider API credentials.
+
+The Cloudflare API token needs the **DNS:Edit** permission on the target zone. Create one at [Cloudflare API Tokens](https://dash.cloudflare.com/profile/api-tokens) with the "Edit zone DNS" template.
+
+Cloudflare example:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" \
+  "http://localhost:9016/prpc/CreateDnsCredential" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "name": "cloudflare-prod",
+    "provider_type": "cloudflare",
+    "cf_api_token": "your-cloudflare-api-token",
+    "set_as_default": true
+  }'
+```
+
+### 6.3 Add Domain
+
+Call the `AddZtDomain` API to add a domain. Gateway will automatically request a `*.domain` wildcard certificate.
+
+Before adding a domain:
+
+- Point the wildcard DNS record (for example `*.example.com`) to your public load balancer / proxy
+- If you use dedicated RPC hostnames such as `rpc1.example.com` and `rpc2.example.com`, make sure those A/AAAA records also exist before cluster bootstrap
+
+Parameter description:
+
+| Parameter | Type | Required | Description |
+|-----------|------|----------|-------------|
+| domain | string | Yes | Base domain (e.g., example.com), certificate will be issued for *.example.com |
+| port | uint32 | Yes | External service port for this domain (usually 443) |
+| dns_cred_id | string | No | DNS credential ID, leave empty to use default credential |
+| node | uint32 | No | Bind to specific node (node_id), leave empty for any node to serve this domain |
+| priority | int32 | No | Priority for selecting default base_domain (higher value = higher priority, default is 0) |
+
+Basic usage (using default DNS credential):
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" \
+  "http://localhost:9016/prpc/AddZtDomain" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"domain": "example.com", "port": 443}'
+```
+
+Specifying DNS credential and node binding:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" \
+  "http://localhost:9016/prpc/AddZtDomain" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{
+    "domain": "internal.example.com",
+    "port": 443,
+    "dns_cred_id": "cloudflare-prod",
+    "node": 1,
+    "priority": 10
+  }'
+```
+
+Response example:
+
+```json
+{
+  "config": {
+    "domain": "example.com",
+    "port": 443,
+    "priority": 0
+  },
+  "cert_status": {
+    "has_cert": false,
+    "not_after": 0,
+    "issued_by": 0,
+    "issued_at": 0
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Note: After adding a domain, the certificate is not issued immediately. Gateway will request the certificate asynchronously in the background. You can check certificate status via section 6.5, or manually trigger certificate request via section 6.4.
+
+### 6.4 Manually Trigger Certificate Renewal
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" \
+  "http://localhost:9016/prpc/RenewZtDomainCert" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"domain": "example.com", "force": true}'
+```
+
+### 6.5 Check Certificate Status
+
+```bash
+curl -s "${ADMIN_AUTH[@]}" http://localhost:9016/prpc/ListZtDomains | jq .
+```
+
+A healthy certificate shows `has_cert: true` and `loaded_in_memory: true`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "domains": [{
+    "config": {"domain": "example.com", "port": 443, "priority": 100},
+    "cert_status": {
+      "has_cert": true,
+      "not_after": 1781656344,
+      "issued_by": 2,
+      "issued_at": 1773883856,
+      "loaded_in_memory": true
+    }
+  }]
+}
+```
+
+### 6.6 Web UI
+
+All the above command-line operations can also be performed via Web UI by visiting `http://localhost:9016` in a browser.
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/.gitignore b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a01dc78a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/.app-compose.json
+/.prelaunch.sh
+/.env
+/.venv
+/.app_env
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/bootstrap-cluster.sh b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/bootstrap-cluster.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f1ad6b48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/bootstrap-cluster.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Bootstrap the gateway admin API with ACME config, DNS credentials, and ZT-Domain.
+# This only needs to run once per cluster — additional nodes sync config automatically.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   bash bootstrap-cluster.sh                  # Uses GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR from .env
+#   bash bootstrap-cluster.sh <admin-addr>     # Explicit admin address (e.g., 127.0.0.1:19603)
+
+# Load .env if present
+if [ -f ".env" ]; then
+  set -a
+  # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+  source .env
+  set +a
+fi
+
+ADMIN_ADDR="${1:-${GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR:-127.0.0.1:9203}}"
+
+# bootstrap-cluster.sh authenticates to the admin API as an operator. The token
+# is generated by deploy-to-vmm.sh and persisted in .env.
+if [ -z "${ADMIN_API_TOKEN:-}" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: ADMIN_API_TOKEN must be set (check .env)" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+AUTH_HEADER=(-H "Authorization: Bearer $ADMIN_API_TOKEN")
+
+echo "Waiting for gateway admin API at $ADMIN_ADDR..."
+max_retries=60
+retry=0
+while [ $retry -lt $max_retries ]; do
+  if curl -sf "${AUTH_HEADER[@]}" "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/Status" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    break
+  fi
+  retry=$((retry + 1))
+  sleep 5
+done
+
+if [ $retry -eq $max_retries ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: admin API not ready after $max_retries retries"
+  echo "You can configure the gateway manually via the Web UI at http://$ADMIN_ADDR"
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "Admin API ready, bootstrapping configuration..."
+
+# Set ACME URL
+if [ "$ACME_STAGING" = "yes" ]; then
+  ACME_URL="https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+else
+  ACME_URL="https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+fi
+
+echo "Setting certbot config (ACME URL: $ACME_URL)..."
+curl -sf -X POST "${AUTH_HEADER[@]}" "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/SetCertbotConfig" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"acme_url":"'"$ACME_URL"'","renew_interval_secs":3600,"renew_before_expiration_secs":864000,"renew_timeout_secs":300}' >/dev/null \
+  && echo "  Certbot config set" || echo "  WARN: failed to set certbot config"
+
+# Create DNS credential if CF_API_TOKEN is provided and no credentials exist yet
+if [ -n "$CF_API_TOKEN" ]; then
+  existing=$(curl -sf "${AUTH_HEADER[@]}" "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/ListDnsCredentials" 2>/dev/null)
+  cred_count=$(echo "$existing" | jq -r '.credentials | length' 2>/dev/null || echo "0")
+
+  if [ "$cred_count" = "0" ]; then
+    echo "Creating default DNS credential..."
+    curl -sf -X POST "${AUTH_HEADER[@]}" "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/CreateDnsCredential" \
+      -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+      -d '{"name":"cloudflare","provider_type":"cloudflare","cf_api_token":"'"$CF_API_TOKEN"'","set_as_default":true}' >/dev/null \
+      && echo "  DNS credential created" || echo "  WARN: failed to create DNS credential"
+  else
+    echo "  DNS credentials already exist ($cred_count), skipping"
+  fi
+else
+  echo "  WARN: CF_API_TOKEN not set, skipping DNS credential creation"
+fi
+
+# Add ZT-Domain if SRV_DOMAIN is provided and domain doesn't exist yet
+if [ -n "$SRV_DOMAIN" ]; then
+  existing=$(curl -sf "${AUTH_HEADER[@]}" "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/ListZtDomains" 2>/dev/null)
+  has_domain=$(echo "$existing" | jq -r '.domains[]? | select(.domain=="'"$SRV_DOMAIN"'") | .domain' 2>/dev/null)
+
+  if [ -z "$has_domain" ]; then
+    echo "Adding ZT-Domain: $SRV_DOMAIN..."
+    curl -sf -X POST "${AUTH_HEADER[@]}" "http://$ADMIN_ADDR/prpc/AddZtDomain" \
+      -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+      -d '{"domain":"'"$SRV_DOMAIN"'","port":443,"priority":100}' >/dev/null \
+      && echo "  ZT-Domain added" || echo "  WARN: failed to add ZT-Domain"
+  else
+    echo "  ZT-Domain $SRV_DOMAIN already exists, skipping"
+  fi
+fi
+
+echo "Bootstrap complete"
+echo "Gateway Web UI: http://$ADMIN_ADDR"
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/Dockerfile b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e91b00486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM rust:1.92.0@sha256:48851a839d6a67370c9dbe0e709bedc138e3e404b161c5233aedcf2b717366e4 AS gateway-builder
+COPY --from=build-shared pin-packages.sh /build/
+COPY ./shared/*-pinned-packages.txt /build/
+ARG DSTACK_REV
+ARG DSTACK_SRC_URL=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+WORKDIR /build
+RUN ./pin-packages.sh ./builder-pinned-packages.txt
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    git \
+    build-essential \
+    musl-tools \
+    libssl-dev \
+    protobuf-compiler \
+    libprotobuf-dev \
+    clang \
+    libclang-dev
+RUN git clone ${DSTACK_SRC_URL} repo && \
+    cd repo && \
+    git checkout ${DSTACK_REV}
+RUN rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+RUN cd repo/dstack && cargo build --release -p dstack-gateway --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+RUN echo "${DSTACK_REV}" > /build/.GIT_REV
+
+FROM debian:bookworm@sha256:0d8498a0e9e6a60011df39aab78534cfe940785e7c59d19dfae1eb53ea59babe
+COPY --from=build-shared pin-packages.sh /build/
+COPY ./shared/pinned-packages.txt /build/
+WORKDIR /build
+RUN ./pin-packages.sh ./pinned-packages.txt && \
+    apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    git \
+    wireguard-tools \
+    iproute2 \
+    jq \
+    ca-certificates \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/log/* /var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache
+COPY --from=gateway-builder /build/repo/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-gateway /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway
+COPY --from=gateway-builder /build/.GIT_REV /etc/
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY entrypoint.sh /app/entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod +x /app/entrypoint.sh
+ENTRYPOINT ["/app/entrypoint.sh"]
+CMD ["dstack-gateway", "-c", "/data/gateway/gateway.toml"]
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/README.md b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a49a139e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# dstack KMS Builder
+
+This directory contains the necessary files to build and run the dstack-kms Docker image for development.
+
+## Overview
+
+The builder creates a Docker image that includes:
+- The dstack-kms service compiled from Rust source code
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Docker with BuildKit support (v20.10.0+)
+- Git
+
+## Building the Image
+
+To build the KMS Docker image, use the provided `build-image.sh` script:
+
+```bash
+./build-image.sh <image-name>[:<tag>]
+```
+
+For example:
+```bash
+./build-image.sh kvin/kms
+```
+
+## Running the Built Image
+
+### Using Docker Compose
+
+The easiest way to run the KMS service is using the provided `docker-compose.yaml`:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  kms:
+    image: kvin/kms
+    ports:
+      - "8003:8000"
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
+      - ./kms:/kms
+    environment:
+      - IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL=${IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL:-http://localhost:8001/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz}
+      - AUTH_TYPE=dev
+      - DEV_DOMAIN=kms.1022.dstack.org
+      - QUOTE_ENABLED=false
+```
+
+To start the service:
+
+```bash
+docker-compose up
+```
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/build-image.sh b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/build-image.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3d86546f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/build-image.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=$(git -C "$SCRIPT_DIR" rev-parse --show-toplevel)
+CONTEXT_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR"
+SHARED_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/shared"
+DOCKERFILE="$SCRIPT_DIR/Dockerfile"
+
+source "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/build/shared/build-lib.sh"
+
+NAME=${1:-}
+if [ -z "$NAME" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <image-name>[:<tag>]" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+NO_CACHE=${NO_CACHE:-}
+GIT_REV=${GIT_REV:-HEAD}
+GIT_REV=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse "$GIT_REV")
+DSTACK_SRC_URL=${DSTACK_SRC_URL:-https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git}
+
+ensure_buildkit
+
+touch "$SHARED_DIR/builder-pinned-packages.txt"
+touch "$SHARED_DIR/pinned-packages.txt"
+
+docker_build "$NAME" "" "$SHARED_DIR/pinned-packages.txt"
+docker_build "gateway-builder-temp" "gateway-builder" "$SHARED_DIR/builder-pinned-packages.txt"
+
+check_clean_tree "$SHARED_DIR"
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/entrypoint.sh b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a5683c5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -e
+
+DATA_DIR="/data"
+GATEWAY_BASE_DIR="$DATA_DIR/gateway"
+CONFIG_PATH="$GATEWAY_BASE_DIR/gateway.toml"
+CERTS_DIR="$GATEWAY_BASE_DIR/certs"
+WG_KEY_PATH="$GATEWAY_BASE_DIR/wg.key"
+mkdir -p $GATEWAY_BASE_DIR/
+mkdir -p $DATA_DIR/wireguard/
+
+# Generate or load WireGuard keys
+if [ -f "$WG_KEY_PATH" ]; then
+    PRIVATE_KEY=$(cat "$WG_KEY_PATH")
+else
+    PRIVATE_KEY=$(wg genkey)
+    echo "$PRIVATE_KEY" >"$WG_KEY_PATH"
+    chmod 600 "$WG_KEY_PATH" # Secure the private key file
+fi
+PUBLIC_KEY=$(echo "$PRIVATE_KEY" | wg pubkey)
+
+validate_env() {
+    if [[ "$1" =~ \" ]]; then
+        echo "Invalid environment variable"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+validate_env "$WG_ENDPOINT"
+validate_env "$NODE_ID"
+validate_env "$WG_IP"
+validate_env "$WG_RESERVED_NET"
+validate_env "$WG_CLIENT_RANGE"
+validate_env "$ADMIN_API_TOKEN"
+
+if [ -z "$ADMIN_API_TOKEN" ]; then
+    echo "ADMIN_API_TOKEN must be set when admin API is enabled"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Validate $NODE_ID, must be a number
+if [[ ! "$NODE_ID" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    echo "Invalid NODE_ID: $NODE_ID"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Sync is always enabled when NODE_ID > 0. Peer auto-discovery works via incoming
+# sync connections: when another node syncs to us, we learn about it automatically
+# through WaveKV's envelope handler, which auto-adds the sender as a peer.
+# BOOTNODE_URL is optional — it speeds up initial discovery but is not required.
+SYNC_ENABLED=$([ "$NODE_ID" -gt 0 ] && echo "true" || echo "false")
+
+echo "WG_IP: $WG_IP"
+echo "WG_RESERVED_NET: $WG_RESERVED_NET"
+echo "WG_CLIENT_RANGE: $WG_CLIENT_RANGE"
+echo "SYNC_ENABLED: $SYNC_ENABLED"
+echo "RPC_DOMAIN: $RPC_DOMAIN"
+
+# Create gateway.toml configuration
+cat >$CONFIG_PATH <<EOF
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+address = "0.0.0.0:8000"
+
+[tls]
+key = "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+set_ulimit = true
+rpc_domain = "$RPC_DOMAIN"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = $SYNC_ENABLED
+node_id = $NODE_ID
+interval = "${SYNC_INTERVAL:-1m}"
+timeout = "${SYNC_TIMEOUT:-2m}"
+my_url = "$MY_URL"
+bootnode = "$BOOTNODE_URL"
+data_dir = "$DATA_DIR"
+persist_interval = "${SYNC_PERSIST_INTERVAL:-5m}"
+sync_connections_enabled = ${SYNC_CONNECTIONS_ENABLED:-true}
+sync_connections_interval = "${SYNC_CONNECTIONS_INTERVAL:-30s}"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+address = "${ADMIN_LISTEN_ADDR:-0.0.0.0}"
+port = ${ADMIN_LISTEN_PORT:-8001}
+auth_token = "${ADMIN_API_TOKEN}"
+
+[core.wg]
+public_key = "$PUBLIC_KEY"
+private_key = "$PRIVATE_KEY"
+ip = "$WG_IP"
+reserved_net = ["$WG_RESERVED_NET"]
+listen_port = 51820
+client_ip_range = "$WG_CLIENT_RANGE"
+config_path = "$DATA_DIR/wireguard/wg-ds-gw.conf"
+interface = "wg-ds-gw"
+endpoint = "$WG_ENDPOINT"
+
+[core.proxy]
+tls_crypto_provider = "aws-lc-rs"
+tls_versions = ["1.2"]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = "${PROXY_LISTEN_PORT:-443}"
+connect_top_n = 3
+app_address_ns_compat = true
+workers = ${PROXY_WORKERS:-32}
+max_connections_per_app = ${MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_APP:-0}
+inbound_pp_enabled = ${INBOUND_PP_ENABLED:-false}
+
+[core.proxy.timeouts]
+connect = "${TIMEOUT_CONNECT:-5s}"
+handshake = "${TIMEOUT_HANDSHAKE:-5s}"
+cache_top_n = "${TIMEOUT_CACHE_TOP_N:-30s}"
+handshake_stale = "${TIMEOUT_HANDSHAKE_STALE:-30m}"
+dns_resolve = "${TIMEOUT_DNS_RESOLVE:-5s}"
+data_timeout_enabled = ${TIMEOUT_DATA_ENABLED:-true}
+idle = "${TIMEOUT_IDLE:-10m}"
+write = "${TIMEOUT_WRITE:-5s}"
+shutdown = "${TIMEOUT_SHUTDOWN:-5s}"
+total = "${TIMEOUT_TOTAL:-5h}"
+pp_header = "${TIMEOUT_PP_HEADER:-5s}"
+
+[core.proxy.port_policy_fetch]
+timeout = "${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_TIMEOUT:-10s}"
+max_retries = ${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_MAX_RETRIES:-5}
+backoff_initial = "${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_BACKOFF_INITIAL:-1s}"
+backoff_max = "${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_BACKOFF_MAX:-30s}"
+
+[core.recycle]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5m"
+timeout = "10h"
+node_timeout = "10m"
+EOF
+
+echo "Configuration file generated: $CONFIG_PATH"
+exec "$@"
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e390e80bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+adduser=3.152
+apt=3.0.3
+autoconf=2.72-3.1
+automake=1:1.17-4
+autotools-dev=20240727.1
+base-files=13.8+deb13u2
+base-passwd=3.6.7
+bash=5.2.37-2+b5
+binutils-common:amd64=2.44-3
+binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu=2.44-3
+binutils=2.44-3
+bsdutils=1:2.41-5
+build-essential=12.12
+bzip2=1.0.8-6
+ca-certificates=20250419
+clang-19=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+clang=1:19.0-63
+comerr-dev:amd64=2.1-1.47.2-3+b3
+coreutils=9.7-3
+cpp-14-x86-64-linux-gnu=14.2.0-19
+cpp-14=14.2.0-19
+cpp-x86-64-linux-gnu=4:14.2.0-1
+cpp=4:14.2.0-1
+curl=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+dash=0.5.12-12
+debconf=1.5.91
+debian-archive-keyring=2025.1
+debianutils=5.23.2
+default-libmysqlclient-dev:amd64=1.1.1
+diffutils=1:3.10-4
+dirmngr=2.4.7-21+b3
+dpkg-dev=1.22.21
+dpkg=1.22.21
+file=1:5.46-5
+findutils=4.10.0-3
+fontconfig-config=2.15.0-2.3
+fontconfig=2.15.0-2.3
+fonts-dejavu-core=2.37-8
+fonts-dejavu-mono=2.37-8
+g++-14-x86-64-linux-gnu=14.2.0-19
+g++-14=14.2.0-19
+g++-x86-64-linux-gnu=4:14.2.0-1
+g++=4:14.2.0-1
+gcc-14-base:amd64=14.2.0-19
+gcc-14-x86-64-linux-gnu=14.2.0-19
+gcc-14=14.2.0-19
+gcc-x86-64-linux-gnu=4:14.2.0-1
+gcc=4:14.2.0-1
+gir1.2-freedesktop-dev:amd64=1.84.0-1
+gir1.2-freedesktop:amd64=1.84.0-1
+gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0:amd64=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+gir1.2-glib-2.0-dev:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+gir1.2-glib-2.0:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+gir1.2-harfbuzz-0.0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+gir1.2-pango-1.0:amd64=1.56.3-1
+gir1.2-rsvg-2.0:amd64=2.60.0+dfsg-1
+girepository-tools:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+git-man=1:2.47.3-0+deb13u1
+git=1:2.47.3-0+deb13u1
+gnupg-l10n=2.4.7-21
+gnupg=2.4.7-21
+gpg-agent=2.4.7-21+b3
+gpg=2.4.7-21+b3
+gpgconf=2.4.7-21+b3
+gpgsm=2.4.7-21+b3
+grep=3.11-4
+gzip=1.13-1
+hicolor-icon-theme=0.18-2
+hostname=3.25
+icu-devtools=76.1-4
+imagemagick-7-common=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+imagemagick-7.q16=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+imagemagick=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+init-system-helpers=1.69~deb13u1
+krb5-multidev:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libacl1:amd64=2.3.2-2+b1
+libapr1t64:amd64=1.7.5-1
+libaprutil1t64:amd64=1.6.3-3+b1
+libapt-pkg7.0:amd64=3.0.3
+libasan8:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libassuan9:amd64=3.0.2-2
+libatomic1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libattr1:amd64=1:2.5.2-3
+libaudit-common=1:4.0.2-2
+libaudit1:amd64=1:4.0.2-2+b2
+libbinutils:amd64=2.44-3
+libblkid-dev:amd64=2.41-5
+libblkid1:amd64=2.41-5
+libbrotli-dev:amd64=1.1.0-2+b7
+libbrotli1:amd64=1.1.0-2+b7
+libbsd0:amd64=0.12.2-2
+libbz2-1.0:amd64=1.0.8-6
+libbz2-dev:amd64=1.0.8-6
+libc-bin=2.41-12
+libc-dev-bin=2.41-12
+libc6-dev:amd64=2.41-12
+libc6:amd64=2.41-12
+libcairo-gobject2:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcairo-script-interpreter2:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcairo2-dev:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcairo2:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcap-ng0:amd64=0.8.5-4+b1
+libcap2:amd64=1:2.75-10+b1
+libcbor0.10:amd64=0.10.2-2
+libcc1-0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libclang-19-dev=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libclang-common-19-dev:amd64=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libclang-cpp19=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libclang-dev=1:19.0-63
+libclang1-19=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libcom-err2:amd64=1.47.2-3+b3
+libcrypt-dev:amd64=1:4.4.38-1
+libcrypt1:amd64=1:4.4.38-1
+libctf-nobfd0:amd64=2.44-3
+libctf0:amd64=2.44-3
+libcurl3t64-gnutls:amd64=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+libcurl4-openssl-dev:amd64=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+libcurl4t64:amd64=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+libdatrie-dev:amd64=0.2.13-3+b1
+libdatrie1:amd64=0.2.13-3+b1
+libdav1d-dev:amd64=1.5.1-1
+libdav1d7:amd64=1.5.1-1
+libdb-dev:amd64=5.3.4
+libdb5.3-dev=5.3.28+dfsg2-9
+libdb5.3t64:amd64=5.3.28+dfsg2-9
+libde265-0:amd64=1.0.15-1+b3
+libdebconfclient0:amd64=0.280
+libdeflate-dev:amd64=1.23-2
+libdeflate0:amd64=1.23-2
+libdjvulibre-dev:amd64=3.5.28-2.2
+libdjvulibre-text=3.5.28-2.2
+libdjvulibre21:amd64=3.5.28-2.2
+libdpkg-perl=1.22.21
+libedit2:amd64=3.1-20250104-1
+libelf1t64:amd64=0.192-4
+liberror-perl=0.17030-1
+libevent-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-core-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-dev=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-extra-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-openssl-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-pthreads-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libexif-dev:amd64=0.6.25-1
+libexif12:amd64=0.6.25-1
+libexpat1-dev:amd64=2.7.1-2
+libexpat1:amd64=2.7.1-2
+libffi-dev:amd64=3.4.8-2
+libffi8:amd64=3.4.8-2
+libfftw3-bin=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-dev:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-double3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-long3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-quad3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-single3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfido2-1:amd64=1.15.0-1+b1
+libfontconfig-dev:amd64=2.15.0-2.3
+libfontconfig1:amd64=2.15.0-2.3
+libfreetype-dev:amd64=2.13.3+dfsg-1
+libfreetype6:amd64=2.13.3+dfsg-1
+libfribidi-dev:amd64=1.0.16-1
+libfribidi0:amd64=1.0.16-1
+libgc1:amd64=1:8.2.8-1
+libgcc-14-dev:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libgcc-s1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libgcrypt20:amd64=1.11.0-7
+libgdbm-compat4t64:amd64=1.24-2
+libgdbm-dev:amd64=1.24-2
+libgdbm6t64:amd64=1.24-2
+libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-0:amd64=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-dev:amd64=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgio-2.0-dev-bin=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libgio-2.0-dev:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libgirepository-2.0-0:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-0t64:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-bin=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-data=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-dev-bin=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-dev:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libgmp-dev:amd64=2:6.3.0+dfsg-3
+libgmp10:amd64=2:6.3.0+dfsg-3
+libgmpxx4ldbl:amd64=2:6.3.0+dfsg-3
+libgnutls-dane0t64:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgnutls-openssl27t64:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgnutls28-dev:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgnutls30t64:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgomp1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libgpg-error0:amd64=1.51-4
+libgprofng0:amd64=2.44-3
+libgraphite2-3:amd64=1.3.14-2+b1
+libgraphite2-dev:amd64=1.3.14-2+b1
+libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libgssrpc4t64:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libharfbuzz-cairo0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-dev:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-gobject0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-icu0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-subset0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz0b:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libheif-plugin-dav1d:amd64=1.19.8-1
+libheif-plugin-libde265:amd64=1.19.8-1
+libheif1:amd64=1.19.8-1
+libhogweed6t64:amd64=3.10.1-1
+libhwasan0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libice-dev:amd64=2:1.1.1-1
+libice6:amd64=2:1.1.1-1
+libicu-dev:amd64=76.1-4
+libicu76:amd64=76.1-4
+libidn2-0:amd64=2.3.8-2
+libidn2-dev:amd64=2.3.8-2
+libimath-3-1-29t64:amd64=3.1.12-1+b3
+libimath-dev:amd64=3.1.12-1+b3
+libisl23:amd64=0.27-1
+libitm1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libjansson4:amd64=2.14-2+b3
+libjbig-dev:amd64=2.1-6.1+b2
+libjbig0:amd64=2.1-6.1+b2
+libjpeg-dev:amd64=1:2.1.5-4
+libjpeg62-turbo-dev:amd64=1:2.1.5-4
+libjpeg62-turbo:amd64=1:2.1.5-4
+libk5crypto3:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkadm5clnt-mit12:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkadm5srv-mit12:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkdb5-10t64:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkeyutils1:amd64=1.6.3-6
+libkrb5-3:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkrb5-dev:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkrb5support0:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libksba8:amd64=1.6.7-2+b1
+liblastlog2-2:amd64=2.41-5
+liblcms2-2:amd64=2.16-2
+liblcms2-dev:amd64=2.16-2
+libldap-dev:amd64=2.6.10+dfsg-1
+libldap2:amd64=2.6.10+dfsg-1
+liblerc-dev:amd64=4.0.0+ds-5
+liblerc4:amd64=4.0.0+ds-5
+libllvm19:amd64=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+liblqr-1-0-dev:amd64=0.4.2-2.1+b2
+liblqr-1-0:amd64=0.4.2-2.1+b2
+liblsan0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libltdl-dev:amd64=2.5.4-4
+libltdl7:amd64=2.5.4-4
+liblz4-1:amd64=1.10.0-4
+liblzma-dev:amd64=5.8.1-1
+liblzma5:amd64=5.8.1-1
+liblzo2-2:amd64=2.10-3+b1
+libmagic-mgc=1:5.46-5
+libmagic1t64:amd64=1:5.46-5
+libmagickcore-7-arch-config:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7-headers=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7.q16-10-extra:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7.q16-10:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7.q16-dev:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-dev=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-7-headers=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-7.q16-10:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-7.q16-dev:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-dev=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmariadb-dev-compat=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+libmariadb-dev=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+libmariadb3:amd64=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+libmaxminddb-dev:amd64=1.12.2-1
+libmaxminddb0:amd64=1.12.2-1
+libmd0:amd64=1.1.0-2+b1
+libmount-dev:amd64=2.41-5
+libmount1:amd64=2.41-5
+libmpc3:amd64=1.3.1-1+b3
+libmpfr6:amd64=4.2.2-1
+libncurses-dev:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
+libncurses6:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
+libncursesw6:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
+libnettle8t64:amd64=3.10.1-1
+libnghttp2-14:amd64=1.64.0-1.1
+libnghttp2-dev:amd64=1.64.0-1.1
+libnghttp3-9:amd64=1.8.0-1
+libnghttp3-dev:amd64=1.8.0-1
+libngtcp2-16:amd64=1.11.0-1
+libngtcp2-crypto-gnutls8:amd64=1.11.0-1
+libnpth0t64:amd64=1.8-3
+libobjc-14-dev:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libobjc4:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libopenexr-3-1-30:amd64=3.1.13-2
+libopenexr-dev=3.1.13-2
+libopenjp2-7-dev:amd64=2.5.3-2.1~deb13u1
+libopenjp2-7:amd64=2.5.3-2.1~deb13u1
+libp11-kit-dev:amd64=0.25.5-3
+libp11-kit0:amd64=0.25.5-3
+libpam-modules-bin=1.7.0-5
+libpam-modules:amd64=1.7.0-5
+libpam-runtime=1.7.0-5
+libpam0g:amd64=1.7.0-5
+libpango-1.0-0:amd64=1.56.3-1
+libpango1.0-dev:amd64=1.56.3-1
+libpangocairo-1.0-0:amd64=1.56.3-1
+libpangoft2-1.0-0:amd64=1.56.3-1
+libpangoxft-1.0-0:amd64=1.56.3-1
+libpcre2-16-0:amd64=10.46-1~deb13u1
+libpcre2-32-0:amd64=10.46-1~deb13u1
+libpcre2-8-0:amd64=10.46-1~deb13u1
+libpcre2-dev:amd64=10.46-1~deb13u1
+libpcre2-posix3:amd64=10.46-1~deb13u1
+libperl5.40:amd64=5.40.1-6
+libpixman-1-0:amd64=0.44.0-3
+libpixman-1-dev:amd64=0.44.0-3
+libpkgconf3:amd64=1.8.1-4
+libpng-dev:amd64=1.6.48-1
+libpng16-16t64:amd64=1.6.48-1
+libpq-dev=17.6-0+deb13u1
+libpq5:amd64=17.6-0+deb13u1
+libproc2-0:amd64=2:4.0.4-9
+libprotobuf-dev:amd64=3.21.12-11
+libprotobuf-lite32t64:amd64=3.21.12-11
+libprotobuf32t64:amd64=3.21.12-11
+libprotoc32t64:amd64=3.21.12-11
+libpsl-dev:amd64=0.21.2-1.1+b1
+libpsl5t64:amd64=0.21.2-1.1+b1
+libpython3-stdlib:amd64=3.13.5-1
+libpython3.13-minimal:amd64=3.13.5-2
+libpython3.13-stdlib:amd64=3.13.5-2
+libquadmath0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libraw23t64:amd64=0.21.4-2
+libreadline-dev:amd64=8.2-6
+libreadline8t64:amd64=8.2-6
+librsvg2-2:amd64=2.60.0+dfsg-1
+librsvg2-common:amd64=2.60.0+dfsg-1
+librsvg2-dev:amd64=2.60.0+dfsg-1
+librtmp-dev:amd64=2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2+b5
+librtmp1:amd64=2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2+b5
+libsasl2-2:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg1-9
+libsasl2-modules-db:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg1-9
+libseccomp2:amd64=2.6.0-2
+libselinux1-dev:amd64=3.8.1-1
+libselinux1:amd64=3.8.1-1
+libsemanage-common=3.8.1-1
+libsemanage2:amd64=3.8.1-1
+libsepol-dev:amd64=3.8.1-1
+libsepol2:amd64=3.8.1-1
+libserf-1-1:amd64=1.3.10-3+b1
+libsframe1:amd64=2.44-3
+libsharpyuv-dev:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libsharpyuv0:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libsm-dev:amd64=2:1.2.6-1
+libsm6:amd64=2:1.2.6-1
+libsmartcols1:amd64=2.41-5
+libsqlite3-0:amd64=3.46.1-7
+libsqlite3-dev:amd64=3.46.1-7
+libssh2-1-dev:amd64=1.11.1-1
+libssh2-1t64:amd64=1.11.1-1
+libssl-dev:amd64=3.5.5-1~deb13u1
+libssl3t64:amd64=3.5.5-1~deb13u1
+libstdc++-14-dev:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libstdc++6:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libsvn1:amd64=1.14.5-3
+libsysprof-capture-4-dev:amd64=48.0-2
+libsystemd0:amd64=257.9-1~deb13u1
+libtasn1-6-dev:amd64=4.20.0-2
+libtasn1-6:amd64=4.20.0-2
+libtext-charwidth-perl:amd64=0.04-11+b4
+libtext-wrapi18n-perl=0.06-10
+libthai-data=0.1.29-2
+libthai-dev:amd64=0.1.29-2+b1
+libthai0:amd64=0.1.29-2+b1
+libtiff-dev:amd64=4.7.0-3+deb13u1
+libtiff6:amd64=4.7.0-3+deb13u1
+libtiffxx6:amd64=4.7.0-3+deb13u1
+libtinfo6:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
+libtool=2.5.4-4
+libtsan2:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libubsan1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libudev1:amd64=257.9-1~deb13u1
+libunbound8:amd64=1.22.0-2+deb13u1
+libunistring5:amd64=1.3-2
+libutf8proc3:amd64=2.9.0-1+b2
+libuuid1:amd64=2.41-5
+libwebp-dev:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libwebp7:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libwebpdecoder3:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libwebpdemux2:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libwebpmux3:amd64=1.5.0-0.1
+libwmf-0.2-7:amd64=0.2.13-1.1+b3
+libwmf-dev=0.2.13-1.1+b3
+libwmflite-0.2-7:amd64=0.2.13-1.1+b3
+libx11-6:amd64=2:1.8.12-1
+libx11-data=2:1.8.12-1
+libx11-dev:amd64=2:1.8.12-1
+libxau-dev:amd64=1:1.0.11-1
+libxau6:amd64=1:1.0.11-1
+libxcb-render0-dev:amd64=1.17.0-2+b1
+libxcb-render0:amd64=1.17.0-2+b1
+libxcb-shm0-dev:amd64=1.17.0-2+b1
+libxcb-shm0:amd64=1.17.0-2+b1
+libxcb1-dev:amd64=1.17.0-2+b1
+libxcb1:amd64=1.17.0-2+b1
+libxdmcp-dev:amd64=1:1.1.5-1
+libxdmcp6:amd64=1:1.1.5-1
+libxext-dev:amd64=2:1.3.4-1+b3
+libxext6:amd64=2:1.3.4-1+b3
+libxft-dev:amd64=2.3.6-1+b4
+libxft2:amd64=2.3.6-1+b4
+libxml2-dev:amd64=2.12.7+dfsg+really2.9.14-2.1+deb13u2
+libxml2:amd64=2.12.7+dfsg+really2.9.14-2.1+deb13u2
+libxrender-dev:amd64=1:0.9.12-1
+libxrender1:amd64=1:0.9.12-1
+libxslt1-dev:amd64=1.1.35-1.2+deb13u2
+libxslt1.1:amd64=1.1.35-1.2+deb13u2
+libxt-dev:amd64=1:1.2.1-1.2+b2
+libxt6t64:amd64=1:1.2.1-1.2+b2
+libxxhash0:amd64=0.8.3-2
+libyaml-0-2:amd64=0.2.5-2
+libyaml-dev:amd64=0.2.5-2
+libz3-4:amd64=4.13.3-1
+libzstd-dev:amd64=1.5.7+dfsg-1
+libzstd1:amd64=1.5.7+dfsg-1
+linux-libc-dev=6.12.57-1
+llvm-19-linker-tools=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+login.defs=1:4.17.4-2
+login=1:4.16.0-2+really2.41-5
+m4=1.4.19-8
+make=4.4.1-2
+mariadb-common=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+mawk=1.3.4.20250131-1
+media-types=13.0.0
+mercurial-common=7.0.1-2
+mercurial=7.0.1-2
+mount=2.41-5
+musl-dev:amd64=1.2.5-3
+musl-tools=1.2.5-3
+musl:amd64=1.2.5-3
+mysql-common=5.8+1.1.1
+native-architecture=0.2.6
+ncurses-base=6.5+20250216-2
+ncurses-bin=6.5+20250216-2
+netbase=6.5
+nettle-dev:amd64=3.10.1-1
+openssh-client=1:10.0p1-7
+openssl-provider-legacy=3.5.5-1~deb13u1
+openssl=3.5.5-1~deb13u1
+pango1.0-tools=1.56.3-1
+passwd=1:4.17.4-2
+patch=2.8-2
+perl-base=5.40.1-6
+perl-modules-5.40=5.40.1-6
+perl=5.40.1-6
+pinentry-curses=1.3.1-2
+pkgconf-bin=1.8.1-4
+pkgconf:amd64=1.8.1-4
+procps=2:4.0.4-9
+protobuf-compiler=3.21.12-11
+python3-minimal=3.13.5-1
+python3-packaging=25.0-1
+python3.13-minimal=3.13.5-2
+python3.13=3.13.5-2
+python3=3.13.5-1
+readline-common=8.2-6
+rpcsvc-proto=1.4.3-1
+sed=4.9-2
+sensible-utils=0.0.25
+shared-mime-info=2.4-5+b2
+sq=1.3.1-2+b1
+sqv=1.3.0-3
+subversion=1.14.5-3
+sysvinit-utils=3.14-4
+tar=1.35+dfsg-3.1
+tzdata=2025b-4+deb13u1
+ucf=3.0052
+unzip=6.0-29
+util-linux=2.41-5
+uuid-dev:amd64=2.41-5
+wget=1.25.0-2
+x11-common=1:7.7+24+deb13u1
+x11proto-dev=2024.1-1
+xorg-sgml-doctools=1:1.11-1.1
+xtrans-dev=1.4.0-1
+xz-utils=5.8.1-1
+zlib1g-dev:amd64=1:1.3.dfsg+really1.3.1-1+b1
+zlib1g:amd64=1:1.3.dfsg+really1.3.1-1+b1
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f45296ccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+adduser=3.134
+apt=2.6.1
+base-files=12.4+deb12u11
+base-passwd=3.6.1
+bash=5.2.15-2+b8
+bsdutils=1:2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+ca-certificates=20230311+deb12u1
+coreutils=9.1-1
+dash=0.5.12-2
+debconf=1.5.82
+debian-archive-keyring=2023.3+deb12u2
+debianutils=5.7-0.5~deb12u1
+diffutils=1:3.8-4
+dpkg=1.21.22
+e2fsprogs=1.47.0-2
+findutils=4.9.0-4
+gcc-12-base:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+git-man=1:2.39.5-0+deb12u3
+git=1:2.39.5-0+deb12u3
+gpgv=2.2.40-1.1
+grep=3.8-5
+gzip=1.12-1
+hostname=3.23+nmu1
+init-system-helpers=1.65.2
+iproute2=6.1.0-3
+jq=1.6-2.1+deb12u1
+libacl1:amd64=2.3.1-3
+libapt-pkg6.0:amd64=2.6.1
+libattr1:amd64=1:2.5.1-4
+libaudit-common=1:3.0.9-1
+libaudit1:amd64=1:3.0.9-1
+libblkid1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libbpf1:amd64=1:1.1.2-0+deb12u1
+libbrotli1:amd64=1.0.9-2+b6
+libbsd0:amd64=0.11.7-2
+libbz2-1.0:amd64=1.0.8-5+b1
+libc-bin=2.36-9+deb12u10
+libc6:amd64=2.36-9+deb12u10
+libcap-ng0:amd64=0.8.3-1+b3
+libcap2-bin=1:2.66-4+deb12u2+b2
+libcap2:amd64=1:2.66-4+deb12u2+b2
+libcom-err2:amd64=1.47.0-2
+libcrypt1:amd64=1:4.4.33-2
+libcurl3-gnutls:amd64=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+libdb5.3:amd64=5.3.28+dfsg2-1
+libdebconfclient0:amd64=0.270
+libelf1:amd64=0.188-2.1
+liberror-perl=0.17029-2
+libexpat1:amd64=2.5.0-1+deb12u2
+libext2fs2:amd64=1.47.0-2
+libffi8:amd64=3.4.4-1
+libgcc-s1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libgcrypt20:amd64=1.10.1-3
+libgdbm-compat4:amd64=1.23-3
+libgdbm6:amd64=1.23-3
+libgmp10:amd64=2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1
+libgnutls30:amd64=3.7.9-2+deb12u4
+libgpg-error0:amd64=1.46-1
+libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libhogweed6:amd64=3.8.1-2
+libidn2-0:amd64=2.3.3-1+b1
+libjq1:amd64=1.6-2.1+deb12u1
+libk5crypto3:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libkeyutils1:amd64=1.6.3-2
+libkrb5-3:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libkrb5support0:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libldap-2.5-0:amd64=2.5.13+dfsg-5
+liblz4-1:amd64=1.9.4-1
+liblzma5:amd64=5.4.1-1
+libmd0:amd64=1.0.4-2
+libmnl0:amd64=1.0.4-3
+libmount1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libnettle8:amd64=3.8.1-2
+libnghttp2-14:amd64=1.52.0-1+deb12u2
+libonig5:amd64=6.9.8-1
+libp11-kit0:amd64=0.24.1-2
+libpam-modules-bin=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpam-modules:amd64=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpam-runtime=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpam0g:amd64=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpcre2-8-0:amd64=10.42-1
+libperl5.36:amd64=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+libpsl5:amd64=0.21.2-1
+librtmp1:amd64=2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2+b2
+libsasl2-2:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg-10
+libsasl2-modules-db:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg-10
+libseccomp2:amd64=2.5.4-1+deb12u1
+libselinux1:amd64=3.4-1+b6
+libsemanage-common=3.4-1
+libsemanage2:amd64=3.4-1+b5
+libsepol2:amd64=3.4-2.1
+libsmartcols1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libss2:amd64=1.47.0-2
+libssh2-1:amd64=1.10.0-3+b1
+libssl3:amd64=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+libstdc++6:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libsystemd0:amd64=252.38-1~deb12u1
+libtasn1-6:amd64=4.19.0-2+deb12u1
+libtinfo6:amd64=6.4-4
+libtirpc-common=1.3.3+ds-1
+libtirpc3:amd64=1.3.3+ds-1
+libudev1:amd64=252.38-1~deb12u1
+libunistring2:amd64=1.0-2
+libuuid1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libxtables12:amd64=1.8.9-2
+libxxhash0:amd64=0.8.1-1
+libzstd1:amd64=1.5.4+dfsg2-5
+login=1:4.13+dfsg1-1+deb12u1
+logsave=1.47.0-2
+mawk=1.3.4.20200120-3.1
+mount=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+ncurses-base=6.4-4
+ncurses-bin=6.4-4
+openssl=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+passwd=1:4.13+dfsg1-1+deb12u1
+perl-base=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+perl-modules-5.36=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+perl=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+sed=4.9-1
+sysvinit-utils=3.06-4
+tar=1.34+dfsg-1.2+deb12u1
+tzdata=2025b-0+deb12u1
+usr-is-merged=37~deb12u1
+util-linux-extra=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+util-linux=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+wireguard-tools=1.0.20210914-1+b1
+zlib1g:amd64=1:1.2.13.dfsg-1
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5ae76a87c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+APP_COMPOSE_FILE=""
+usage() {
+  echo "Usage: $0 [-c <app compose file>]"
+  echo "  -c  App compose file"
+}
+
+while getopts "c:h" opt; do
+  case $opt in
+    c)
+      APP_COMPOSE_FILE=$OPTARG
+      ;;
+    h)
+      usage
+      exit 0
+      ;;
+    \?)
+      usage
+      exit 1
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+# Check if .env exists
+if [ -f ".env" ]; then
+  # Load variables from .env
+  echo "Loading environment variables from .env file..."
+  set -a
+  # shellcheck disable=SC1091
+  source .env
+  set +a
+else
+  # Create a template .env file
+  echo "Creating template .env file..."
+  cat >.env <<EOF
+# Required environment variables for dstack-gateway deployment
+# Please uncomment and set values for the following variables:
+
+# The URL of the dstack-vmm RPC service
+# VMM_RPC=unix:../../../build/vmm.sock
+
+# Cloudflare API token for DNS challenge
+# CF_API_TOKEN=your_cloudflare_api_token
+
+# Service domain
+# SRV_DOMAIN=test5.dstack.phala.network
+
+# Public IP address
+PUBLIC_IP=$(curl -s4 ifconfig.me)
+
+# Node ID for this gateway instance.
+# Must be unique across all gateway instances in the network.
+# Must be 32-bit unsigned integer (0-4294967295)
+# Must be non-zero if deploying multiple gateways (1-4294967295)
+NODE_ID=1
+
+# The dstack-gateway application ID. Register the app in DstackKms first to get the app ID.
+# GATEWAY_APP_ID=31884c4b7775affe4c99735f6c2aff7d7bc6cfcd
+
+# Whether to use ACME staging (yes/no)
+ACME_STAGING=no
+
+# Networking mode: bridge or user (default: user)
+# NET_MODE=bridge
+
+# Subnet index (0~3). Each index gets a /18 range within 10.8.0.0/16.
+# Must be unique per gateway node in the cluster.
+SUBNET_INDEX=0
+
+# My URL
+# MY_URL=https://gateway.test5.dstack.phala.network:9202
+
+# Bootnode URL
+# BOOTNODE_URL=https://gateway.test2.dstack.phala.network:9202
+
+# dstack OS image name
+OS_IMAGE=dstack-0.5.5
+
+# Set defaults for variables that might not be in .env
+GATEWAY_IMAGE=dstacktee/dstack-gateway@sha256:a7b7e3144371b053ba21d6ac18141afd49e3cd767ca2715599aa0e2703b3a11a
+
+# Port configurations
+GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR=0.0.0.0:9202
+GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR=127.0.0.1:9203
+GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT=9204
+GATEWAY_SERVING_NUM_PORTS=1
+GUEST_AGENT_ADDR=127.0.0.1:9206
+WG_ADDR=0.0.0.0:9202
+
+# The token used to launch the App
+APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN=$(tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' < /dev/urandom | fold -w 32 | head -n 1)
+
+# Bearer token required by the gateway admin API. Used by bootstrap-cluster.sh
+# and any operator who calls the admin API. Persisted into .env so cluster
+# bootstrap can reach the API after deploy.
+ADMIN_API_TOKEN=$(tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' < /dev/urandom | fold -w 48 | head -n 1)
+
+# PROXY protocol: read v1/v2 header from inbound connections (e.g. when this
+# gateway sits behind a PP-aware L4 LB such as Cloudflare Spectrum or haproxy
+# with send-proxy). Set to "true" only if the upstream LB is configured to
+# send PROXY headers; otherwise leave disabled or every connection will be
+# rejected.
+# INBOUND_PP_ENABLED=false
+
+EOF
+  echo "Please edit the .env file and set the required variables, then run this script again."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# Define required environment variables
+required_env_vars=(
+  "VMM_RPC"
+  "CF_API_TOKEN"
+  "SRV_DOMAIN"
+  "PUBLIC_IP"
+  "WG_ADDR"
+  "GATEWAY_APP_ID"
+  "MY_URL"
+  "APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN"
+  "ADMIN_API_TOKEN"
+  "NODE_ID"
+  "KMS_URL"
+  # "BOOTNODE_URL"
+)
+
+# Validate required environment variables
+for var in "${required_env_vars[@]}"; do
+  if [ -z "${!var}" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Required environment variable $var is not set."
+    echo "Please edit the .env file and set a value for $var, then run this script again."
+    exit 1
+  fi
+done
+
+CLI="../../vmm/src/vmm-cli.py --url $VMM_RPC"
+
+WG_PORT=$(echo "$WG_ADDR" | cut -d':' -f2)
+COMPOSE_TMP=$(mktemp)
+
+cp docker-compose.yaml "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+subvar() {
+  sed -i "s|\${$1}|${!1}|g" "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+}
+
+subvar GATEWAY_IMAGE
+
+# Default RPC_DOMAIN from SRV_DOMAIN if not set
+if [ -z "$RPC_DOMAIN" ]; then
+  RPC_DOMAIN="gateway.$SRV_DOMAIN"
+fi
+
+# Calculate WireGuard IP allocation from SUBNET_INDEX
+# Each node gets a /18 client range (16k addresses) within the 10.8.0.0/16 network.
+# Gateway IP uses /16 so it can route to all client ranges across the cluster.
+# SUBNET_INDEX 0 → client_ip_range 10.8.0.0/18   (10.8.0.0 ~ 10.8.63.255)
+# SUBNET_INDEX 1 → client_ip_range 10.8.64.0/18  (10.8.64.0 ~ 10.8.127.255)
+# SUBNET_INDEX 2 → client_ip_range 10.8.128.0/18 (10.8.128.0 ~ 10.8.191.255)
+# SUBNET_INDEX 3 → client_ip_range 10.8.192.0/18 (10.8.192.0 ~ 10.8.255.255)
+WG_THIRD_OCTET=$((SUBNET_INDEX * 64))
+WG_IP="10.8.${WG_THIRD_OCTET}.1/16"
+WG_RESERVED_NET="10.8.${WG_THIRD_OCTET}.1/32"
+WG_CLIENT_RANGE="10.8.${WG_THIRD_OCTET}.0/18"
+
+# Calculate listen port for proxy
+if [ "${GATEWAY_SERVING_NUM_PORTS:-1}" -gt 1 ]; then
+  PROXY_LISTEN_PORT="443-$((443 + GATEWAY_SERVING_NUM_PORTS - 1))"
+else
+  PROXY_LISTEN_PORT=443
+fi
+
+echo "Docker compose file:"
+cat "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+# Update .env file with current values
+cat <<EOF >.app_env
+WG_ENDPOINT=$PUBLIC_IP:$WG_PORT
+MY_URL=$MY_URL
+BOOTNODE_URL=$BOOTNODE_URL
+WG_IP=$WG_IP
+WG_RESERVED_NET=$WG_RESERVED_NET
+WG_CLIENT_RANGE=$WG_CLIENT_RANGE
+APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN=$APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN
+ADMIN_API_TOKEN=$ADMIN_API_TOKEN
+RPC_DOMAIN=$RPC_DOMAIN
+NODE_ID=$NODE_ID
+PROXY_LISTEN_PORT=$PROXY_LISTEN_PORT
+INBOUND_PP_ENABLED=${INBOUND_PP_ENABLED:-false}
+EOF
+
+if [ -n "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE" ]; then
+  cp "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE" .app-compose.json
+else
+
+  EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH=$(echo -n "$APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  cat >.prelaunch.sh <<'EOF'
+EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH=$(jq -j .launch_token_hash app-compose.json)
+if [ "$EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH" == "null" ]; then
+    echo "Skipped APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN check"
+else
+  ACTUAL_TOKEN_HASH=$(echo -n "$APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  if [ "$EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH" != "$ACTUAL_TOKEN_HASH" ]; then
+      echo "Error: Incorrect APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN, please make sure set the correct APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN in env"
+      reboot
+      exit 1
+  else
+      echo "APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN checked OK"
+  fi
+fi
+EOF
+
+  $CLI compose \
+    --docker-compose "$COMPOSE_TMP" \
+    --name dstack-gateway \
+    --kms \
+    --env-file .app_env \
+    --public-logs \
+    --public-sysinfo \
+    --no-instance-id \
+    --secure-time \
+    --prelaunch-script .prelaunch.sh \
+    --output .app-compose.json > /dev/null
+fi
+
+# Set launch_token_hash in app-compose.json
+mv .app-compose.json .app-compose.json.tmp
+jq \
+  --arg token_hash "$EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH" \
+  '.launch_token_hash = $token_hash' \
+  .app-compose.json.tmp > .app-compose.json
+
+COMPOSE_HASH=$(sha256sum .app-compose.json | cut -d' ' -f1)
+echo "Compose hash: 0x$COMPOSE_HASH"
+
+# Remove the temporary file as it is no longer needed
+rm "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+echo "Configuration:"
+echo "VMM_RPC: $VMM_RPC"
+echo "SRV_DOMAIN: $SRV_DOMAIN"
+echo "PUBLIC_IP: $PUBLIC_IP"
+echo "GATEWAY_APP_ID: $GATEWAY_APP_ID"
+echo "MY_URL: $MY_URL"
+echo "BOOTNODE_URL: $BOOTNODE_URL"
+echo "WG_IP: $WG_IP"
+echo "WG_RESERVED_NET: $WG_RESERVED_NET"
+echo "WG_CLIENT_RANGE: $WG_CLIENT_RANGE"
+echo "WG_ADDR: $WG_ADDR"
+echo "GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR: $GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR"
+echo "GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR: $GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR"
+echo "GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT: $GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT (x$GATEWAY_SERVING_NUM_PORTS)"
+echo "GUEST_AGENT_ADDR: $GUEST_AGENT_ADDR"
+echo "RPC_DOMAIN: $RPC_DOMAIN"
+if [ -t 0 ]; then
+  # Only ask for confirmation if running in an interactive terminal
+  read -p "Continue? [y/N] " -n 1 -r
+  echo
+
+  if [[ ! $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
+    echo "Deployment cancelled"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+fi
+
+echo "Deploying dstack-gateway to dstack-vmm..."
+
+DEPLOY_ARGS=(
+  --name dstack-gateway
+  --app-id "$GATEWAY_APP_ID"
+  --compose .app-compose.json
+  --env-file .app_env
+  --kms-url "$KMS_URL"
+  --image "$OS_IMAGE"
+  --vcpu 32
+  --memory 32G
+)
+
+if [ "${NET_MODE:-bridge}" = "bridge" ]; then
+  DEPLOY_ARGS+=(--net bridge)
+else
+  DEPLOY_ARGS+=(
+    --port "tcp:$GATEWAY_RPC_ADDR:8000"
+    --port "tcp:$GATEWAY_ADMIN_RPC_ADDR:8001"
+    --port "tcp:$GUEST_AGENT_ADDR:8090"
+    --port "udp:$WG_ADDR:51820"
+  )
+  # Map serving port range: host ports starting at GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT
+  # to container ports starting at 443
+  SERVING_END=$((GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT + GATEWAY_SERVING_NUM_PORTS - 1))
+  for hp in $(seq "$GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT" "$SERVING_END"); do
+    cp=$((443 + hp - GATEWAY_SERVING_PORT))
+    DEPLOY_ARGS+=(--port "tcp:0.0.0.0:${hp}:${cp}")
+  done
+fi
+
+$CLI deploy "${DEPLOY_ARGS[@]}"
+
+# Run bootstrap-cluster.sh to configure ACME, DNS credentials, and ZT-Domain.
+# This only needs to run once per cluster — additional nodes sync config automatically.
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+echo ""
+echo "To bootstrap admin config (only needed for the first node in a cluster):"
+echo "  bash $SCRIPT_DIR/bootstrap-cluster.sh"
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e48c231b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+services:
+  gateway:
+    image: ${GATEWAY_IMAGE}
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+      - /dstack:/dstack
+      - data:/data
+    network_mode: host
+    privileged: true
+    environment:
+      - WG_ENDPOINT=${WG_ENDPOINT}
+      - MY_URL=${MY_URL}
+      - BOOTNODE_URL=${BOOTNODE_URL}
+      - WG_IP=${WG_IP}
+      - WG_RESERVED_NET=${WG_RESERVED_NET}
+      - WG_CLIENT_RANGE=${WG_CLIENT_RANGE}
+      - NODE_ID=${NODE_ID}
+      - RUST_LOG=info,certbot=debug
+      - PCCS_URL=${PCCS_URL}
+      - RPC_DOMAIN=${RPC_DOMAIN}
+      - PROXY_LISTEN_PORT=${PROXY_LISTEN_PORT:-443}
+      - PROXY_WORKERS=${PROXY_WORKERS:-32}
+      - MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_APP=${MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_APP:-0}
+      - SYNC_INTERVAL=${SYNC_INTERVAL:-1m}
+      - SYNC_TIMEOUT=${SYNC_TIMEOUT:-2m}
+      - SYNC_PERSIST_INTERVAL=${SYNC_PERSIST_INTERVAL:-5m}
+      - SYNC_CONNECTIONS_ENABLED=${SYNC_CONNECTIONS_ENABLED:-true}
+      - SYNC_CONNECTIONS_INTERVAL=${SYNC_CONNECTIONS_INTERVAL:-30s}
+      - TIMEOUT_CONNECT=${TIMEOUT_CONNECT:-5s}
+      - TIMEOUT_HANDSHAKE=${TIMEOUT_HANDSHAKE:-5s}
+      - TIMEOUT_CACHE_TOP_N=${TIMEOUT_CACHE_TOP_N:-30s}
+      - TIMEOUT_DNS_RESOLVE=${TIMEOUT_DNS_RESOLVE:-5s}
+      - TIMEOUT_DATA_ENABLED=${TIMEOUT_DATA_ENABLED:-true}
+      - TIMEOUT_IDLE=${TIMEOUT_IDLE:-10m}
+      - TIMEOUT_WRITE=${TIMEOUT_WRITE:-5s}
+      - TIMEOUT_SHUTDOWN=${TIMEOUT_SHUTDOWN:-5s}
+      - TIMEOUT_TOTAL=${TIMEOUT_TOTAL:-5h}
+      - ADMIN_LISTEN_ADDR=${ADMIN_LISTEN_ADDR:-0.0.0.0}
+      - ADMIN_LISTEN_PORT=${ADMIN_LISTEN_PORT:-8001}
+      - ADMIN_API_TOKEN=${ADMIN_API_TOKEN:-}
+      - INBOUND_PP_ENABLED=${INBOUND_PP_ENABLED:-false}
+      - TIMEOUT_PP_HEADER=${TIMEOUT_PP_HEADER:-5s}
+      - PORT_POLICY_FETCH_TIMEOUT=${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_TIMEOUT:-10s}
+      - PORT_POLICY_FETCH_MAX_RETRIES=${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_MAX_RETRIES:-5}
+      - PORT_POLICY_FETCH_BACKOFF_INITIAL=${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_BACKOFF_INITIAL:-1s}
+      - PORT_POLICY_FETCH_BACKOFF_MAX=${PORT_POLICY_FETCH_BACKOFF_MAX:-30s}
+    restart: always
+
+volumes:
+  data:
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/gateway.toml b/dstack/gateway/gateway.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e273e696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/gateway.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack Gateway"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+address = "127.0.0.1:8010"
+
+[core]
+# auto set soft ulimit to hard ulimit
+set_ulimit = true
+rpc_domain = ""
+
+# Required before any root_ca entry is accepted. Development/CI only;
+# production should retain vendor roots.
+[core.attestation]
+insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors = false
+
+[core.attestation.urls]
+# pccs = "https://pccs.phala.network"
+# amd_kds = "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1"
+
+[core.attestation.root_ca]
+# tdx = "/etc/dstack/roots/intel-sgx-root-ca.der"
+# gcp_tpm = "/etc/dstack/roots/gcp-tpm-root-ca.pem"
+# aws_nitro_enclave = "/etc/dstack/roots/aws-nitro-enclave-root-ca.pem"
+# aws_nitro_tpm = "/etc/dstack/roots/aws-nitro-tpm-root-ca.pem"
+# sev_snp_milan = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-milan-ark.pem"
+# sev_snp_genoa = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-genoa-ark.pem"
+# sev_snp_turin = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-turin-ark.pem"
+
+[core.auth]
+enabled = false
+url = "http://localhost/app-auth"
+timeout = "5s"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = false
+address = "127.0.0.1:8011"
+# Shared secret required by every admin endpoint (RPC + dashboard). Can also
+# be supplied via the `DSTACK_GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN` or `ADMIN_API_TOKEN` env
+# vars. Clients send it as `Authorization: Bearer <token>`, `X-Admin-Token`,
+# or (GET only, for dashboard links) `?token=...`. Required unless
+# `insecure_no_auth = true`. (The legacy key `admin_token` is still accepted.)
+auth_token = ""
+# Optional Apache htpasswd file for HTTP Basic authentication.
+htpasswd_file = ""
+# Development/testing escape hatch only. Never enable this on an admin
+# interface that is reachable from the network.
+insecure_no_auth = false
+
+[core.debug]
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = false
+# Route the app address "localhost" to 127.0.0.1 on the gateway host. Off by
+# default: the app address also comes from the _dstack-app-address TXT record of
+# arbitrary custom domains, so enabling this lets any DNS zone owner reach the
+# gateway's own loopback on a port of their choosing, bypassing port_policy.
+insecure_localhost_backend = false
+insecure_skip_attestation = false
+address = "127.0.0.1:8012"
+
+[core.wg]
+public_key = ""
+private_key = ""
+listen_port = 51820
+ip = "10.0.0.1/24"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.0.1/32"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.0.0/25"
+config_path = "/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf"
+interface = "wg0"
+endpoint = "10.0.2.2:51820"
+
+[core.proxy]
+tls_crypto_provider = "aws-lc-rs"
+tls_versions = ["1.2"]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = 8443
+agent_port = 8090
+buffer_size = 65536
+# number of hosts to try to connect to
+connect_top_n = 3
+app_address_ns_prefix = "_dstack-app-address"
+app_address_ns_compat = true
+workers = 32
+# One runtime + SO_REUSEPORT listener per worker (thread-per-core). Linux only.
+thread_per_core = true
+# Hand new connections to a less loaded core when SO_REUSEPORT skews them.
+connection_rebalance = true
+external_port = 443
+# Maximum concurrent connections per app. 0 means unlimited.
+max_connections_per_app = 2000
+# Whether to read PROXY protocol from inbound connections (e.g. from Cloudflare).
+inbound_pp_enabled = false
+# splice(2) zero-copy relaying for the TLS-passthrough path (Linux only), and
+# kernel TLS offload for the terminate path, are both configured by an optional
+# section. Omitting the section disables the optimisation; an empty section
+# engages it from the first byte; `after_bytes` / `after_duration` are two
+# independent gates and whichever fires first engages it.
+#
+# [core.proxy.tcp_splice]
+# # Bulk transfers trip this within milliseconds.
+# after_bytes = 65536
+# # Long-lived low-rate streams (e.g. LLM token streaming) never accumulate
+# # bytes fast enough for the gate above, so they need this one instead.
+# after_duration = "5s"
+# # Park a relay's pipe in the pool while it waits for the next chunk. A spliced
+# # connection otherwise pins 4 descriptors for its whole lifetime, so bursty
+# # traffic (a token every 25 ms) holds them >99% idle.
+# release_idle_pipes = true
+#
+# kTLS hands session keys to the kernel; see config.rs for the security note.
+# Gated offload also requires [core.proxy.tcp_splice].
+#
+# [core.proxy.ktls]
+# after_bytes = 65536
+
+[core.proxy.port_policy_fetch]
+# Background lazy-fetch of port_policy from legacy CVM agents.
+# Single Info() RPC timeout.
+timeout = "10s"
+# Retries cover the WireGuard / agent warmup window after registration.
+max_retries = 5
+# Exponential backoff between retries; doubles each attempt up to backoff_max.
+backoff_initial = "1s"
+backoff_max = "30s"
+
+[core.proxy.timeouts]
+# Timeout for establishing a connection to the target app.
+connect = "5s"
+# TLS-termination handshake timeout or SNI extraction timeout.
+handshake = "5s"
+
+# Timeout for top n hosts selection
+cache_top_n = "30s"
+# Maximum WireGuard handshake age for a healthy upstream instance.
+handshake_stale = "30m"
+# Timeout for DNS TXT record resolution (app address lookup).
+dns_resolve = "5s"
+
+# Enable data transfer timeouts below. This might impact performance. Turn off if
+# bad performance is observed.
+data_timeout_enabled = true
+# Timeout for a connection without any data transfer.
+idle = "10m"
+# Timeout for writing data to the target app or to the client.
+write = "5s"
+# Timeout for shutting down a connection.
+shutdown = "5s"
+# Timeout for total connection duration.
+total = "5h"
+# Timeout for proxy protocol header.
+pp_header = "5s"
+
+[core.recycle]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5m"
+timeout = "10h"
+node_timeout = "10m"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = false
+# WaveKV node ID for this gateway (must be unique across cluster)
+node_id = 0
+my_url = "https://localhost:8011"
+interval = "1m"
+timeout = "30s"
+# The URL of the bootnode used to fetch initial peer list when joining the network.
+# Leave empty if this is the first node or peers are managed via Admin.SetNodeInfo RPC.
+bootnode = ""
+# Data directory for WaveKV persistence (WAL and snapshots)
+data_dir = "/dstack-gateway/data"
+# Interval for periodic persistence of WaveKV data (e.g., "5s", "1m", "1h")
+persist_interval = "5m"
+# Enable periodic sync of instance connections to KV store
+sync_connections_enabled = true
+# Interval for syncing instance connections to KV store
+sync_connections_interval = "30s"
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/rpc/Cargo.toml b/dstack/gateway/rpc/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a38ad25b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/rpc/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-gateway-rpc"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+prpc.workspace = true
+prost.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+prpc-build.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/rpc/build.rs b/dstack/gateway/rpc/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe19530a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/rpc/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+
+fn main() {
+    prpc_build::configure()
+        .out_dir(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("OUT_DIR not set"))
+        .mod_prefix("super::")
+        .build_scale_ext(false)
+        .disable_package_emission()
+        .enable_serde_extension()
+        .disable_service_name_emission()
+        .compile_dir("./proto")
+        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/rpc/proto/gateway_rpc.proto b/dstack/gateway/rpc/proto/gateway_rpc.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08893b660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/rpc/proto/gateway_rpc.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,815 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+package gateway;
+
+// RegisterCvmRequest is the request for RegisterCvm.
+message RegisterCvmRequest {
+  // The public key of the WireGuard interface of the CVM.
+  string client_public_key = 1;
+  // Per-port policy the gateway should apply when proxying to this CVM.
+  // Wrapped in a message so we can distinguish "not reported" (old CVM →
+  // gateway falls back to fetching app-compose via Info()) from "reported
+  // empty" (new CVM with no special port behaviour).
+  optional PortPolicy port_policy = 2;
+}
+
+// PortPolicy carries the gateway-relevant per-port configuration declared by
+// the app in its compose file. Keeping `ports` and `restrict_mode` together
+// lets a single Option distinguish "not reported" from "reported".
+message PortPolicy {
+  // Per-port attributes (PROXY protocol opt-in, etc.).
+  repeated PortAttrs ports = 1;
+  // When true, the gateway only forwards traffic to ports listed in `ports`
+  // and rejects connections to any other port at TCP-accept time.
+  bool restrict_mode = 2;
+}
+
+// PortAttrs declares per-port behaviour for the gateway.
+message PortAttrs {
+  // The CVM port these attributes apply to.
+  uint32 port = 1;
+  // Whether the gateway should send a PROXY protocol header on outbound
+  // connections to this port.
+  bool pp = 2;
+}
+
+// DebugRegisterCvmRequest is the request for DebugRegisterCvm (only works when debug_mode is enabled).
+message DebugRegisterCvmRequest {
+  // The public key of the WireGuard interface of the CVM.
+  string client_public_key = 1;
+  // The app id (hex encoded).
+  string app_id = 2;
+  // The instance id (hex encoded).
+  string instance_id = 3;
+}
+
+// RegisterCvmResponse is the response for RegisterCvm.
+message RegisterCvmResponse {
+  // WireGuard configuration
+  WireGuardConfig wg = 1;
+  // Agent configuration
+  GuestAgentConfig agent = 2;
+  // All gateway nodes in the cluster
+  repeated GatewayNodeInfo gateways = 3;
+}
+
+message WireGuardPeer {
+  // The wireguard peer public key.
+  string pk = 1;
+  // The wireguard peer IP address.
+  string ip = 2;
+  // The wireguard peer endpoint.
+  string endpoint = 3;
+}
+
+// WireGuardConfig is the configuration of the WireGuard.
+message WireGuardConfig {
+  // The IP address of the CVM.
+  string client_ip = 1;
+  // List of proxy nodes.
+  repeated WireGuardPeer servers = 2;
+}
+
+// GuestAgentConfig is the configuration of the guest agent.
+message GuestAgentConfig {
+  // The external port of the guest agent.
+  uint32 external_port = 1;
+  // The in CVM port of the guest agent.
+  uint32 internal_port = 2;
+  // The base domain of the zt-https
+  string domain = 3;
+  // The app address namespace prefix
+  string app_address_ns_prefix = 4;
+}
+
+// StatusResponse is the response for Status.
+message StatusResponse {
+  // Peer id
+  uint32 id = 1;
+  // My URL.
+  string url = 2;
+  // The bootnode URL.
+  string bootnode_url = 3;
+  // Number of established proxy connections.
+  uint64 num_connections = 4;
+  // The list of proxied CVMs.
+  repeated HostInfo hosts = 5;
+  // The list of proxy nodes.
+  repeated GatewayNodeInfo nodes = 6;
+  // Peer uuid
+  bytes uuid = 7;
+  // What the data path is actually doing with kTLS and splice.
+  ProxyAccelStatus accel = 8;
+}
+
+// Effective state of the data-path acceleration options.
+//
+// The configured value does not say what is running: the startup probe can turn
+// kTLS off on a kernel without the TLS ULP, and both options engage per
+// connection only once their gate fires. These are reported so an operator can
+// tell the difference without reading the startup log.
+message ProxyAccelStatus {
+  // Effective kTLS mode: "off", "immediate", "after 64 KiB or 5s", or
+  // "disabled (kernel has no TLS ULP)" when the startup probe cleared it.
+  string ktls_mode = 1;
+  // Effective splice mode, same encoding minus the probe case.
+  string splice_mode = 2;
+  // Connections handed to the kernel's TLS ULP since start.
+  uint64 ktls_offloaded = 3;
+  // Connections whose handover to the kernel failed.
+  uint64 ktls_offload_failed = 4;
+  // Connections that entered a zero-copy splice relay, on either path.
+  uint64 splice_engaged = 5;
+}
+
+// HostInfo is the information of a host.
+message HostInfo {
+  // The Instance id
+  string instance_id = 1;
+  // The IP address of the host.
+  string ip = 2;
+  // The app id of the host.
+  string app_id = 3;
+  // The base domain of the HTTPS endpoint of the host.
+  string base_domain = 4;
+  // The latest handshake time of the host.
+  uint64 latest_handshake = 6;
+  // The number of connections of the host.
+  uint64 num_connections = 7;
+}
+
+message QuotedPublicKey {
+  bytes public_key = 1;
+  // The TDX quote of the public_key
+  string quote = 2;
+  // The dstack attestation of the public key.
+  string attestation = 3;
+}
+
+// AcmeInfoResponse is the response for AcmeInfo.
+message AcmeInfoResponse {
+  // The ACME account URI.
+  string account_uri = 1;
+  // The quoted public key of the certificate.
+  repeated QuotedPublicKey quoted_hist_keys = 3;
+  // The quote of the ACME account URI.
+  string account_quote = 4;
+  // The attestation of the ACME account URI.
+  string account_attestation = 5;
+}
+
+// Result of replacing the shared ACME account credentials.
+message RotateAcmeCredentialsResponse {
+  // URI of the newly-created ACME account. The private credentials are never returned.
+  string account_uri = 1;
+  // Number of ZT domains whose CAA records were updated for the new account.
+  uint32 domains_updated = 2;
+}
+
+// Get HostInfo for associated instance id.
+message GetInfoRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+message GetInfoResponse {
+  bool found = 1;
+  optional HostInfo info = 2;
+}
+
+message GetMetaResponse {
+  uint32 registered = 1;
+  uint32 online = 2;
+}
+
+message GatewayNodeInfo {
+  // The ID of the node.
+  uint32 id = 1;
+  // The uuid of the node.
+  bytes uuid = 2;
+  // The RPC URL of the node.
+  string url = 3;
+  // The last seen time of the node.
+  uint64 last_seen = 4;
+  // The wireguard peer public key.
+  string wg_public_key = 5;
+  // The wireguard peer IP address.
+  string wg_ip = 6;
+  // The wireguard peer endpoint.
+  string wg_endpoint = 7;
+}
+
+message InfoResponse {
+  // The base domain of the ZT-HTTPS
+  string base_domain = 1;
+  // The external port of the ZT-HTTPS
+  uint32 external_port = 2;
+  // The app address namespace prefix
+  string app_address_ns_prefix = 3;
+  // The version of the gateway
+  string version = 4;
+}
+
+// Peer info for GetPeers response
+message PeerInfo {
+  // The node ID
+  uint32 id = 1;
+  // The sync URL of the node
+  string url = 2;
+}
+
+// Response for GetPeers - returns all known peer nodes
+message GetPeersResponse {
+  // This node's ID
+  uint32 my_id = 1;
+  // This node's sync URL
+  string my_url = 2;
+  // All known peers (including self)
+  repeated PeerInfo peers = 3;
+}
+
+service Gateway {
+
+  // Register a new proxied CVM.
+  rpc RegisterCvm(RegisterCvmRequest) returns (RegisterCvmResponse) {}
+  // List all ACME account URIs and the public key history of the certificates for the Content Addressable HTTPS.
+  rpc AcmeInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (AcmeInfoResponse) {}
+  // Get the gateway info
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (InfoResponse) {}
+  // Get all known peers (requires gateway mTLS authentication)
+  rpc GetPeers(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetPeersResponse) {}
+}
+
+// Debug service - runs on a separate port when debug.enabled=true
+service Debug {
+  // Register a new proxied CVM without attestation (for testing only).
+  rpc RegisterCvm(DebugRegisterCvmRequest) returns (RegisterCvmResponse) {}
+  // Get the gateway info (for testing service availability).
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (InfoResponse) {}
+  // Get WaveKV sync data for testing (peer addresses, node info, instances from KvStore).
+  rpc GetSyncData(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (DebugSyncDataResponse) {}
+  // Get Proxy State data for testing (instances from in-memory ProxyState).
+  rpc GetProxyState(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (DebugProxyStateResponse) {}
+}
+
+// Peer address entry
+message PeerAddrEntry {
+  uint64 node_id = 1;
+  string url = 2;
+}
+
+// Node info entry from the persistent store
+message NodeInfoEntry {
+  uint64 node_id = 1;
+  string url = 2;
+  string wg_public_key = 3;
+  string wg_endpoint = 4;
+  string wg_ip = 5;
+}
+
+// Instance info entry
+message InstanceEntry {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+  string app_id = 2;
+  string ip = 3;
+  string public_key = 4;
+}
+
+// Debug sync data response - returns all synced data from KvStore for verification
+message DebugSyncDataResponse {
+  // This node's ID
+  uint64 my_node_id = 1;
+  // Peer addresses (from __peer_addr/* keys)
+  repeated PeerAddrEntry peer_addrs = 2;
+  // Node info (from node/* keys)
+  repeated NodeInfoEntry nodes = 3;
+  // Instances (from inst/* keys)
+  repeated InstanceEntry instances = 4;
+  // Total keys in persistent store
+  uint64 persistent_keys = 5;
+  // Total keys in ephemeral store
+  uint64 ephemeral_keys = 6;
+}
+
+// Proxy state instance entry (from in-memory ProxyState)
+message ProxyStateInstance {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+  string app_id = 2;
+  string ip = 3;
+  string public_key = 4;
+  uint64 reg_time = 5;
+}
+
+// Debug proxy state response - returns in-memory ProxyState data for verification
+message DebugProxyStateResponse {
+  // All instances from ProxyState.instances
+  repeated ProxyStateInstance instances = 1;
+  // All allocated IP addresses
+  repeated string allocated_addresses = 2;
+}
+
+message RenewCertResponse {
+  // True if the certificate was renewed.
+  bool renewed = 1;
+}
+
+// Request to set a node's sync URL
+message SetNodeUrlRequest {
+  // The node ID to update
+  uint32 id = 1;
+  // The new URL for this node
+  string url = 2;
+}
+
+// Request to set a node's status
+message SetNodeStatusRequest {
+  // The node ID to update
+  uint32 id = 1;
+  // The new status: "up" or "down"
+  string status = 2;
+}
+
+// Peer sync status
+message PeerSyncStatus {
+  uint32 id = 1;
+  uint64 local_ack = 2;
+  uint64 peer_ack = 3;
+  // Last seen timestamps: [(observer_node_id, timestamp), ...]
+  repeated LastSeenEntry last_seen = 4;
+  // Whether this peer has ever reported an ack map.
+  bool heard_from = 5;
+  // Consecutive quiescent rounds whose state digests disagreed. Non-zero means the
+  // replicas have silently diverged; wavekv 1.x could not detect this at all.
+  uint32 digest_mismatches = 6;
+  // Consecutive sync rounds that failed outright.
+  uint32 consecutive_failures = 7;
+}
+
+message LastSeenEntry {
+  uint32 node_id = 1;
+  uint64 timestamp = 2;
+}
+
+// Store sync status
+message StoreSyncStatus {
+  string name = 1;
+  uint32 node_id = 2;
+  uint64 n_keys = 3;
+  uint64 next_seq = 4;
+  bool dirty = 5;
+  bool wal_enabled = 6;
+  repeated PeerSyncStatus peers = 7;
+  // Hex SHA-256 over the replicated state. Two converged replicas produce equal
+  // digests by construction, so comparing this across the cluster is the promotion
+  // gate for the wavekv v2 rollout and the standing divergence check afterwards.
+  string digest = 8;
+  uint64 entries_merged = 9;
+  // Entries refused by the admission policy or the ingest quotas.
+  uint64 entries_rejected = 10;
+}
+
+// WaveKV sync status response
+message WaveKvStatusResponse {
+  bool enabled = 1;
+  StoreSyncStatus persistent = 2;
+  StoreSyncStatus ephemeral = 3;
+}
+
+// Handshake observation entry
+message HandshakeEntry {
+  uint32 observer_node_id = 1;
+  uint64 timestamp = 2;
+}
+
+// Get instance handshakes request
+message GetInstanceHandshakesRequest {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+}
+
+// Get instance handshakes response
+message GetInstanceHandshakesResponse {
+  repeated HandshakeEntry handshakes = 1;
+}
+
+// Global connections statistics
+message GlobalConnectionsStats {
+  // Total connections across all nodes
+  uint64 total_connections = 1;
+  // Per-node connection counts
+  map<uint32, uint64> node_connections = 2;
+}
+
+// Node status entry
+message NodeStatusEntry {
+  uint32 node_id = 1;
+  string status = 2; // "up" or "down"
+}
+
+// Get node statuses response
+message GetNodeStatusesResponse {
+  repeated NodeStatusEntry statuses = 1;
+}
+
+message ExitRequest {
+  // Exit immediately without waiting for in-flight requests to drain.
+  bool force = 1;
+}
+
+service Admin {
+  // Get the status of the gateway.
+  rpc Status(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (StatusResponse) {}
+  // Find Proxied HostInfo by instance ID
+  rpc GetInfo(GetInfoRequest) returns (GetInfoResponse) {}
+  // Exit the Gateway process.
+  rpc Exit(ExitRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Renew the proxy TLS certificate if certbot is enabled
+  rpc RenewCert(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (RenewCertResponse) {}
+  // Reload the proxy TLS certificate from files
+  rpc ReloadCert(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Set CAA records
+  rpc SetCaa(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Summary API for inspect.
+  rpc GetMeta(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetMetaResponse) {}
+  // Set a node's sync URL - used for dynamic peer management
+  rpc SetNodeUrl(SetNodeUrlRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Set a node's status (up/down)
+  rpc SetNodeStatus(SetNodeStatusRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Get WaveKV sync status
+  rpc WaveKvStatus(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WaveKvStatusResponse) {}
+  // Get instance handshakes from all nodes
+  rpc GetInstanceHandshakes(GetInstanceHandshakesRequest) returns (GetInstanceHandshakesResponse) {}
+  // Get global connections statistics
+  rpc GetGlobalConnections(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GlobalConnectionsStats) {}
+  // Get all node statuses
+  rpc GetNodeStatuses(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetNodeStatusesResponse) {}
+  // Remove a CVM from WaveKV and the local data plane. This is an idempotent
+  // operator recovery action and also works when the stored record is unreadable.
+  rpc RemoveCvm(RemoveCvmRequest) returns (RemoveCvmResponse) {}
+  // List the instance records this node currently refuses to import, with the
+  // reason for each. Pairs with RemoveCvm: list the bad records, then remove
+  // the ones that should not survive.
+  rpc ListRejectedInstances(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListRejectedInstancesResponse) {}
+  // Remove a decommissioned gateway node from WaveKV and this node's sync peer
+  // set. Idempotent operator recovery action; other gateways prune the node
+  // from their own peer sets when the removal replicates to them.
+  rpc RemoveNode(RemoveNodeRequest) returns (RemoveNodeResponse) {}
+
+  // ==================== DNS Credential Management ====================
+  // List all DNS credentials
+  rpc ListDnsCredentials(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListDnsCredentialsResponse) {}
+  // Get a DNS credential by ID
+  rpc GetDnsCredential(GetDnsCredentialRequest) returns (DnsCredentialInfo) {}
+  // Create a new DNS credential
+  rpc CreateDnsCredential(CreateDnsCredentialRequest) returns (DnsCredentialInfo) {}
+  // Update a DNS credential
+  rpc UpdateDnsCredential(UpdateDnsCredentialRequest) returns (DnsCredentialInfo) {}
+  // Delete a DNS credential
+  rpc DeleteDnsCredential(DeleteDnsCredentialRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Get the default DNS credential ID
+  rpc GetDefaultDnsCredential(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetDefaultDnsCredentialResponse) {}
+  // Set the default DNS credential ID
+  rpc SetDefaultDnsCredential(SetDefaultDnsCredentialRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+
+  // ==================== ZT-Domain Management ====================
+  // List all ZT-Domain configurations
+  rpc ListZtDomains(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListZtDomainsResponse) {}
+  // Get a ZT-Domain configuration and status
+  rpc GetZtDomain(GetZtDomainRequest) returns (ZtDomainInfo) {}
+  // Add a new ZT-Domain (config.domain must not exist)
+  rpc AddZtDomain(ZtDomainConfig) returns (ZtDomainInfo) {}
+  // Update a ZT-Domain configuration (config.domain must exist)
+  rpc UpdateZtDomain(ZtDomainConfig) returns (ZtDomainInfo) {}
+  // Delete a ZT-Domain configuration
+  rpc DeleteZtDomain(DeleteZtDomainRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Manually trigger certificate renewal for a ZT-Domain
+  rpc RenewZtDomainCert(RenewZtDomainCertRequest) returns (RenewZtDomainCertResponse) {}
+  // Force release certificate renewal lock for a ZT-Domain
+  rpc ForceReleaseCertLock(ForceReleaseCertLockRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // List certificate attestations for a domain
+  rpc ListCertAttestations(ListCertAttestationsRequest) returns (ListCertAttestationsResponse) {}
+
+  // ==================== Global Certbot Configuration ====================
+  // Get global certbot configuration (includes ACME URL)
+  rpc GetCertbotConfig(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (CertbotConfigResponse) {}
+  // Set global certbot configuration (includes ACME URL)
+  rpc SetCertbotConfig(SetCertbotConfigRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Create a new ACME account, publish the shared credentials, and re-pin
+  // every ZT-domain CAA record to the new account. If CAA re-pinning fails for
+  // some domains, the new credentials are already published; rerun SetCaa
+  // until it succeeds instead of retrying the rotation (each rotation
+  // registers a new rate-limited ACME account). Rotation is serialized across
+  // nodes by a best-effort lock (WaveKV has no compare-and-swap), so still
+  // avoid rotating from multiple gateways concurrently. This re-pins issuance
+  // to the new account; it does not deactivate the old ACME account at the CA.
+  rpc RotateAcmeCredentials(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (RotateAcmeCredentialsResponse) {}
+
+  // ==================== Per-Instance Port Policy Override ====================
+  // Set an admin override for an instance's port policy. Takes precedence
+  // over the policy reported by the instance itself, and survives app
+  // upgrades. Errors if the instance is not registered.
+  rpc SetInstancePortPolicy(SetInstancePortPolicyRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Clear the admin override for an instance, reverting to the
+  // instance-reported policy. Errors if the instance is not registered.
+  rpc ClearInstancePortPolicy(ClearInstancePortPolicyRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
+  // Inspect both the admin override and the instance-reported policy for an
+  // instance, plus the effective policy the proxy will enforce.
+  rpc GetInstancePortPolicy(GetInstancePortPolicyRequest) returns (GetInstancePortPolicyResponse) {}
+}
+
+// Emergency operator request to remove one CVM's instance record.
+message RemoveCvmRequest {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+}
+
+// Outcome of a RemoveCvm request. Both fields are false when the request
+// names an instance this cluster has never seen (or a retry of a removal
+// that already completed), so a mistyped instance_id is visible to the
+// operator instead of silently reporting success.
+message RemoveCvmResponse {
+  // Whether a live instance record existed in WaveKV before the tombstone
+  // was written. Also true for records that existed but were unreadable.
+  bool record_existed = 1;
+  // Whether the CVM was present in this node's local data plane.
+  bool removed_locally = 2;
+}
+
+// One instance record this node refuses to import.
+message RejectedInstanceInfo {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+  // Why the record is refused.
+  string reason = 2;
+  // "unusable": the record fails validation or its bytes no longer decode.
+  // "lost_conflict": the record lost an IP or key conflict to an older
+  // registration.
+  string rejection = 3;
+  // Whether the instance still holds state in this node's data plane. An
+  // unusable record keeps whatever the data plane already had, so removing
+  // an active instance also drops its routing.
+  bool active_locally = 4;
+}
+
+message ListRejectedInstancesResponse {
+  repeated RejectedInstanceInfo rejected = 1;
+}
+
+// Emergency operator request to remove a decommissioned gateway node.
+message RemoveNodeRequest {
+  uint32 node_id = 1;
+}
+
+// Outcome of RemoveNode. Both fields are false when the node was never known
+// (or the removal already completed), so a mistyped node_id is visible to
+// the operator instead of silently reporting success.
+message RemoveNodeResponse {
+  // Whether any of the node's records (info, status, or sync address) was
+  // live in WaveKV before the tombstones were written.
+  bool record_existed = 1;
+  // Whether the node was still in this gateway's sync peer set.
+  bool removed_from_peer_set = 2;
+}
+
+// ==================== DNS Credential Messages ====================
+
+// DNS credential information
+message DnsCredentialInfo {
+  string id = 1;
+  string name = 2;
+  // Provider type: "cloudflare"
+  string provider_type = 3;
+  // Cloudflare-specific fields (when provider_type = "cloudflare")
+  string cf_api_token = 4;
+  // Cloudflare API URL (empty means default)
+  string cf_api_url = 5;
+  // DNS TXT record TTL in seconds (optional)
+  optional uint32 dns_txt_ttl = 6;
+  // Maximum DNS wait time in seconds (optional)
+  optional uint32 max_dns_wait = 7;
+  // Timestamps
+  uint64 created_at = 8;
+  uint64 updated_at = 9;
+}
+
+// List DNS credentials response
+message ListDnsCredentialsResponse {
+  repeated DnsCredentialInfo credentials = 1;
+  // The default credential ID (if set)
+  optional string default_id = 2;
+}
+
+// Get DNS credential request
+message GetDnsCredentialRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+// Create DNS credential request
+message CreateDnsCredentialRequest {
+  string name = 1;
+  // Provider type: "cloudflare"
+  string provider_type = 2;
+  // Cloudflare-specific fields (when provider_type = "cloudflare")
+  string cf_api_token = 3;
+  string cf_zone_id = 4;
+  // If true, set this as the default credential
+  bool set_as_default = 5;
+  // Optional Cloudflare API URL (defaults to https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4)
+  optional string cf_api_url = 6;
+  // Optional Cloudflare DNS TXT record TTL (defaults to 60)
+  optional uint32 dns_txt_ttl = 7;
+  // Optional Cloudflare maximum DNS wait time (defaults to 60)
+  optional uint32 max_dns_wait = 8;
+}
+
+// Update DNS credential request
+message UpdateDnsCredentialRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+  // Optional new name
+  optional string name = 2;
+  // Optional new Cloudflare api token
+  optional string cf_api_token = 3;
+  // Optional new Cloudflare zone id
+  optional string cf_zone_id = 4;
+  // Optional new Cloudflare API URL
+  optional string cf_api_url = 5;
+}
+
+// Delete DNS credential request
+message DeleteDnsCredentialRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+// Get default DNS credential response
+message GetDefaultDnsCredentialResponse {
+  // The default credential ID (empty if not set)
+  string default_id = 1;
+  // The default credential info (if exists)
+  optional DnsCredentialInfo credential = 2;
+}
+
+// Set default DNS credential request
+message SetDefaultDnsCredentialRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+// ==================== ZT-Domain Messages ====================
+
+// ZT-Domain configuration (shared by Add/Update/Info)
+message ZtDomainConfig {
+  // Base domain name (e.g., "example.com", certificate will be issued for "*.example.com")
+  string domain = 1;
+  // DNS credential ID (None = use default)
+  optional string dns_cred_id = 2;
+  // Port this domain serves on (e.g., 443)
+  uint32 port = 3;
+  // Node binding (None = any node can serve this domain)
+  optional uint32 node = 4;
+  // Priority for default base_domain selection (higher = preferred)
+  int32 priority = 5;
+}
+
+// ZT-Domain information (config + certificate status)
+message ZtDomainInfo {
+  // Domain configuration
+  ZtDomainConfig config = 1;
+  // Certificate status
+  ZtDomainCertStatus cert_status = 2;
+}
+
+// ZT-Domain certificate status
+message ZtDomainCertStatus {
+  // Whether a certificate is currently loaded
+  bool has_cert = 1;
+  // Certificate expiry timestamp (0 if no cert)
+  uint64 not_after = 2;
+  // Node that issued the current certificate
+  uint32 issued_by = 3;
+  // When the certificate was issued
+  uint64 issued_at = 4;
+  // Whether the certificate is loaded in memory
+  bool loaded_in_memory = 5;
+}
+
+// List ZT-Domains response
+message ListZtDomainsResponse {
+  repeated ZtDomainInfo domains = 1;
+}
+
+// Get ZT-Domain request
+message GetZtDomainRequest {
+  string domain = 1;
+}
+
+// Delete ZT-Domain request
+message DeleteZtDomainRequest {
+  string domain = 1;
+}
+
+// Renew ZT-Domain certificate request
+message RenewZtDomainCertRequest {
+  string domain = 1;
+  // Force renewal even if not near expiry
+  bool force = 2;
+}
+
+// Renew ZT-Domain certificate response
+message RenewZtDomainCertResponse {
+  // True if renewal was performed
+  bool renewed = 1;
+  // New certificate expiry (if renewed)
+  uint64 not_after = 2;
+}
+
+// Force release certificate lock request
+message ForceReleaseCertLockRequest {
+  string domain = 1;
+}
+
+// Certificate attestation info
+message CertAttestationInfo {
+  // Certificate public key (DER encoded)
+  bytes public_key = 1;
+  // TDX Quote (JSON serialized)
+  string quote = 2;
+  // Node that generated this attestation
+  uint32 generated_by = 3;
+  // Timestamp when this attestation was generated
+  uint64 generated_at = 4;
+}
+
+// List certificate attestations request
+message ListCertAttestationsRequest {
+  string domain = 1;
+  // Maximum number of attestations to return (0 = all)
+  uint32 limit = 2;
+}
+
+// List certificate attestations response
+message ListCertAttestationsResponse {
+  // Latest attestation (if exists)
+  optional CertAttestationInfo latest = 1;
+  // Historical attestations (sorted by generated_at descending)
+  repeated CertAttestationInfo history = 2;
+}
+
+// ==================== Global Certbot Configuration Messages ====================
+
+// Certbot configuration response
+message CertbotConfigResponse {
+  // Interval between renewal checks (in seconds)
+  uint64 renew_interval_secs = 1;
+  // Time before expiration to trigger renewal (in seconds)
+  uint64 renew_before_expiration_secs = 2;
+  // Timeout for certificate renewal operations (in seconds)
+  uint64 renew_timeout_secs = 3;
+  // ACME server URL (empty means default Let's Encrypt production)
+  string acme_url = 4;
+}
+
+// Set certbot configuration request
+message SetCertbotConfigRequest {
+  // Interval between renewal checks (in seconds)
+  optional uint64 renew_interval_secs = 1;
+  // Time before expiration to trigger renewal (in seconds)
+  optional uint64 renew_before_expiration_secs = 2;
+  // Timeout for certificate renewal operations (in seconds)
+  optional uint64 renew_timeout_secs = 3;
+  // ACME server URL (empty means use default Let's Encrypt production)
+  optional string acme_url = 4;
+}
+
+// ==================== Per-Instance Port Policy Override Messages ====================
+
+// Set an admin override for an instance.
+message SetInstancePortPolicyRequest {
+  // The instance to override.
+  string instance_id = 1;
+  // The policy to apply. An empty `ports` list with `restrict_mode = true`
+  // is a valid "deny everything" lockdown.
+  PortPolicy policy = 2;
+}
+
+// Clear the admin override for an instance.
+message ClearInstancePortPolicyRequest {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+}
+
+// Inspect an instance's port-policy state.
+message GetInstancePortPolicyRequest {
+  string instance_id = 1;
+}
+
+message GetInstancePortPolicyResponse {
+  // The policy the proxy will actually enforce. Absent when neither admin
+  // nor instance has set anything (fail-close until populated).
+  optional PortPolicy effective = 1;
+  // Where `effective` came from: "admin", "instance", or "none".
+  string source = 2;
+  // The policy reported by the instance itself, if any.
+  optional PortPolicy instance_reported = 3;
+  // The admin override, if any.
+  optional PortPolicy admin_override = 4;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/rpc/src/generated.rs b/dstack/gateway/rpc/src/generated.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e700ea4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/rpc/src/generated.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/gateway.rs"));
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/rpc/src/lib.rs b/dstack/gateway/rpc/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..089da7c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/rpc/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub use generated::*;
+
+mod generated;
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/admin_auth.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/admin_auth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06c9f0b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/admin_auth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Backwards-compatible Gateway adapter for the shared API authenticator.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use dstack_api_auth::{Authenticator, HttpAuthConfig, HttpAuthFairing};
+use rocket::Route;
+
+use crate::config::AdminConfig;
+
+const ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN: &str = "DSTACK_GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN";
+const ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT: &str = "ADMIN_API_TOKEN";
+
+pub struct AdminAuthFairing(HttpAuthFairing);
+
+impl AdminAuthFairing {
+    pub fn from_config(config: &AdminConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        if config.insecure_no_auth {
+            return Ok(Self(HttpAuthFairing::new(
+                Authenticator::disabled(),
+                http_config(),
+            )));
+        }
+        let token = if !config.auth_token.is_empty() {
+            config.auth_token.trim().to_owned()
+        } else {
+            std::env::var(ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN)
+                .or_else(|_| std::env::var(ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT))
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .trim()
+                .to_owned()
+        };
+        if token.is_empty() && config.htpasswd_file.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+            bail!(
+                "admin API is enabled but neither auth_token nor htpasswd_file is configured; \
+                 set core.admin.auth_token, {ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN}, {ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT}, \
+                 core.admin.htpasswd_file, or insecure_no_auth = true (testing only)"
+            );
+        }
+        let mut auth = Authenticator::from_tokens([token]);
+        if !config.htpasswd_file.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+            auth = auth.with_htpasswd_file(&config.htpasswd_file)?;
+        }
+        Ok(Self(HttpAuthFairing::new(auth, http_config())))
+    }
+}
+
+fn http_config() -> HttpAuthConfig {
+    HttpAuthConfig {
+        realm: "dstack-gateway admin".into(),
+        token_header: Some("X-Admin-Token".into()),
+        allow_get_query_token: true,
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl rocket::fairing::Fairing for AdminAuthFairing {
+    fn info(&self) -> rocket::fairing::Info {
+        self.0.info()
+    }
+    async fn on_request(&self, req: &mut rocket::Request<'_>, data: &mut rocket::Data<'_>) {
+        self.0.on_request(req, data).await
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    dstack_api_auth::routes()
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/admin_service.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/admin_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6eb6d6419
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/admin_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context, Result};
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::{
+    admin_server::{AdminRpc, AdminServer},
+    CertAttestationInfo, CertbotConfigResponse, ClearInstancePortPolicyRequest,
+    CreateDnsCredentialRequest, DeleteDnsCredentialRequest, DeleteZtDomainRequest,
+    DnsCredentialInfo, ExitRequest, ForceReleaseCertLockRequest, GetDefaultDnsCredentialResponse,
+    GetDnsCredentialRequest, GetInfoRequest, GetInfoResponse, GetInstanceHandshakesRequest,
+    GetInstanceHandshakesResponse, GetInstancePortPolicyRequest, GetInstancePortPolicyResponse,
+    GetMetaResponse, GetNodeStatusesResponse, GetZtDomainRequest, GlobalConnectionsStats,
+    HandshakeEntry, HostInfo, LastSeenEntry, ListCertAttestationsRequest,
+    ListCertAttestationsResponse, ListDnsCredentialsResponse, ListRejectedInstancesResponse,
+    ListZtDomainsResponse, NodeStatusEntry, PeerSyncStatus as ProtoPeerSyncStatus,
+    PortAttrs as RpcPortAttrs, PortPolicy as RpcPortPolicy, RejectedInstanceInfo, RemoveCvmRequest,
+    RemoveCvmResponse, RemoveNodeRequest, RemoveNodeResponse, RenewCertResponse,
+    RenewZtDomainCertRequest, RenewZtDomainCertResponse, RotateAcmeCredentialsResponse,
+    SetCertbotConfigRequest, SetDefaultDnsCredentialRequest, SetInstancePortPolicyRequest,
+    SetNodeStatusRequest, SetNodeUrlRequest, StatusResponse, StoreSyncStatus,
+    UpdateDnsCredentialRequest, WaveKvStatusResponse, ZtDomainCertStatus,
+    ZtDomainConfig as ProtoZtDomainConfig, ZtDomainInfo,
+};
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use wavekv::node::NodeStatus as WaveKvNodeStatus;
+
+use crate::{
+    kv::{
+        import::Rejection, DnsCredential, DnsProvider, GlobalCertbotConfig, NodeStatus, PortFlags,
+        PortPolicy, ZtDomainConfig,
+    },
+    main_service::Proxy,
+    models::PortPolicyView,
+    proxy::{stats::accel_status, NUM_CONNECTIONS},
+    time::now_secs,
+};
+
+pub struct AdminRpcHandler {
+    state: Proxy,
+}
+
+impl AdminRpcHandler {
+    pub(crate) async fn status(self) -> Result<StatusResponse> {
+        let (base_domain, _port) = self
+            .state
+            .kv_store()
+            .get_best_zt_domain()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut state = self.state.lock();
+        state.refresh_state()?;
+        let hosts = state
+            .state
+            .instances
+            .values()
+            .map(|instance| {
+                // Get global latest_handshake from KvStore (max across all nodes)
+                let latest_handshake = state
+                    .get_instance_latest_handshake(&instance.id)
+                    .unwrap_or(0);
+                HostInfo {
+                    instance_id: instance.id.clone(),
+                    ip: instance.ip.to_string(),
+                    app_id: instance.app_id.clone(),
+                    base_domain: base_domain.clone(),
+                    latest_handshake,
+                    num_connections: instance.num_connections(),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        Ok(StatusResponse {
+            id: state.config.sync.node_id,
+            url: state.config.sync.my_url.clone(),
+            uuid: state.config.uuid(),
+            bootnode_url: state.config.sync.bootnode.clone(),
+            nodes: state.get_all_nodes(),
+            hosts,
+            num_connections: NUM_CONNECTIONS.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            // Reads the post-probe config, so this is what the data path is
+            // running rather than what the file asked for.
+            accel: Some(accel_status(&state.config.proxy)),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl AdminRpc for AdminRpcHandler {
+    async fn exit(self, request: ExitRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state.lock().exit(request.force)
+    }
+
+    async fn renew_cert(self) -> Result<RenewCertResponse> {
+        // Renew all domains with force=true
+        let renewed = self.state.renew_cert(None, true).await?;
+        Ok(RenewCertResponse { renewed })
+    }
+
+    async fn set_caa(self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state.certbot.set_caa_all().await
+    }
+
+    async fn reload_cert(self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state.reload_all_certs_from_kvstore()
+    }
+
+    async fn rotate_acme_credentials(self) -> Result<RotateAcmeCredentialsResponse> {
+        let (account_uri, domains_updated) = self.state.rotate_acme_credentials().await?;
+        Ok(RotateAcmeCredentialsResponse {
+            account_uri,
+            domains_updated: domains_updated.try_into().unwrap_or(u32::MAX),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn status(self) -> Result<StatusResponse> {
+        self.status().await
+    }
+
+    async fn get_info(self, request: GetInfoRequest) -> Result<GetInfoResponse> {
+        let (base_domain, _port) = self
+            .state
+            .kv_store()
+            .get_best_zt_domain()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let state = self.state.lock();
+        let handshakes = state.latest_handshakes(None)?;
+
+        if let Some(instance) = state.state.instances.get(&request.id) {
+            let host_info = HostInfo {
+                instance_id: instance.id.clone(),
+                ip: instance.ip.to_string(),
+                app_id: instance.app_id.clone(),
+                base_domain,
+                latest_handshake: {
+                    let (ts, _) = handshakes
+                        .get(&instance.public_key)
+                        .copied()
+                        .unwrap_or_default();
+                    ts
+                },
+                num_connections: instance.num_connections(),
+            };
+            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
+                found: true,
+                info: Some(host_info),
+            })
+        } else {
+            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
+                found: false,
+                info: None,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn get_meta(self) -> Result<GetMetaResponse> {
+        let state = self.state.lock();
+        let handshakes = state.latest_handshakes(None)?;
+
+        // Total registered instances
+        let registered = state.state.instances.len();
+
+        // Get current timestamp
+        let now = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .context("system time before Unix epoch")?
+            .as_secs();
+
+        // Count online instances (those with handshakes in last 5 minutes)
+        let online = handshakes
+            .values()
+            .filter(|(ts, _)| {
+                // Skip instances that never connected (ts == 0)
+                *ts != 0 && now.saturating_sub(*ts) < 300
+            })
+            .count();
+
+        Ok(GetMetaResponse {
+            registered: registered as u32,
+            online: online as u32,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn set_node_url(self, request: SetNodeUrlRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        kv_store.register_peer_url(request.id, &request.url)?;
+        info!("Updated peer URL: node {} -> {}", request.id, request.url);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn set_node_status(self, request: SetNodeStatusRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let status = match request.status.as_str() {
+            "up" => NodeStatus::Up,
+            "down" => NodeStatus::Down,
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("invalid status: expected 'up' or 'down'"),
+        };
+        kv_store.set_node_status(request.id, status)?;
+        info!("Updated node status: node {} -> {:?}", request.id, status);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn wave_kv_status(self) -> Result<WaveKvStatusResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        let persistent_status = kv_store.persistent().read().status();
+        let ephemeral_status = kv_store.ephemeral().read().status();
+
+        let get_peer_last_seen = |peer_id: u32| -> Vec<(u32, u64)> {
+            kv_store
+                .get_node_last_seen_by_all(peer_id)
+                .into_iter()
+                .collect()
+        };
+
+        // Per-peer digest and failure telemetry lives on the sync manager, not the store.
+        let links = self
+            .state
+            .wavekv_sync
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|s| s.link_status())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let links_for = |name: &str| -> Vec<wavekv::sync::PeerLinkStatus> {
+            links
+                .iter()
+                .find(|(store, _)| *store == name)
+                .map(|(_, l)| l.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+
+        Ok(WaveKvStatusResponse {
+            enabled: self.state.config.sync.enabled,
+            persistent: Some(build_store_status(
+                "persistent",
+                persistent_status,
+                &links_for("persistent"),
+                &get_peer_last_seen,
+            )),
+            ephemeral: Some(build_store_status(
+                "ephemeral",
+                ephemeral_status,
+                &links_for("ephemeral"),
+                &get_peer_last_seen,
+            )),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_instance_handshakes(
+        self,
+        request: GetInstanceHandshakesRequest,
+    ) -> Result<GetInstanceHandshakesResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let handshakes = kv_store.get_instance_handshakes(&request.instance_id);
+
+        let entries = handshakes
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(observer_node_id, timestamp)| HandshakeEntry {
+                observer_node_id,
+                timestamp,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(GetInstanceHandshakesResponse {
+            handshakes: entries,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_global_connections(self) -> Result<GlobalConnectionsStats> {
+        let state = self.state.lock();
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        let mut node_connections = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        let mut total_connections = 0u64;
+
+        // Iterate through all instances and sum up connections per node
+        for instance_id in state.state.instances.keys() {
+            // Get connection counts from ephemeral KV for this instance
+            let conn_prefix = format!("conn/{}/", instance_id);
+            for (key, count) in kv_store
+                .ephemeral()
+                .read()
+                .iter_by_prefix(&conn_prefix)
+                .filter_map(|(k, entry)| {
+                    let value = entry.value.as_ref()?;
+                    let count: u64 = rmp_serde::decode::from_slice(value).ok()?;
+                    Some((k.to_string(), count))
+                })
+            {
+                // Parse node_id from key: "conn/{instance_id}/{node_id}"
+                if let Some(node_id_str) = key.strip_prefix(&conn_prefix) {
+                    if let Ok(node_id) = node_id_str.parse::<u32>() {
+                        *node_connections.entry(node_id).or_insert(0) += count;
+                        total_connections += count;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(GlobalConnectionsStats {
+            total_connections,
+            node_connections,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_node_statuses(self) -> Result<GetNodeStatusesResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let statuses = kv_store.load_all_node_statuses();
+
+        let entries = statuses
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(node_id, status)| {
+                let status_str = match status {
+                    NodeStatus::Up => "up",
+                    NodeStatus::Down => "down",
+                };
+                NodeStatusEntry {
+                    node_id,
+                    status: status_str.to_string(),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(GetNodeStatusesResponse { statuses: entries })
+    }
+
+    async fn remove_cvm(self, request: RemoveCvmRequest) -> Result<RemoveCvmResponse> {
+        let instance_id = request.instance_id.as_str();
+        // Same bound the KV import boundary puts on identifiers. Legitimate
+        // gateways never write an instance_id outside it, so this rejects only
+        // typos — and keeps the ID safe to embed in logs and KV keys.
+        crate::kv::import::validate_id("instance_id", instance_id)?;
+
+        let removal = self.state.remove_cvm(instance_id)?;
+        warn!(
+            "admin removed CVM {instance_id} from WaveKV and the local data plane \
+             (record existed: {}, present locally: {})",
+            removal.record_existed, removal.removed_locally
+        );
+        Ok(RemoveCvmResponse {
+            record_existed: removal.record_existed,
+            removed_locally: removal.removed_locally,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn list_rejected_instances(self) -> Result<ListRejectedInstancesResponse> {
+        let rejected = self
+            .state
+            .rejected_instances()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|report| RejectedInstanceInfo {
+                instance_id: report.rejected.instance_id,
+                reason: format!("{:#}", report.rejected.reason),
+                rejection: match report.rejected.rejection {
+                    Rejection::Unusable => "unusable".to_string(),
+                    Rejection::LostConflict => "lost_conflict".to_string(),
+                },
+                active_locally: report.active_locally,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(ListRejectedInstancesResponse { rejected })
+    }
+
+    async fn remove_node(self, request: RemoveNodeRequest) -> Result<RemoveNodeResponse> {
+        let removal = self.state.remove_node(request.node_id)?;
+        warn!(
+            "admin removed node {} from WaveKV and the sync peer set \
+             (record existed: {}, was a sync peer: {})",
+            request.node_id, removal.record_existed, removal.removed_from_peer_set
+        );
+        Ok(RemoveNodeResponse {
+            record_existed: removal.record_existed,
+            removed_from_peer_set: removal.removed_from_peer_set,
+        })
+    }
+
+    // ==================== DNS Credential Management ====================
+
+    async fn list_dns_credentials(self) -> Result<ListDnsCredentialsResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let credentials = kv_store
+            .list_dns_credentials()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(dns_cred_to_proto)
+            .collect();
+        let default_id = kv_store.get_default_dns_credential_id()?;
+        Ok(ListDnsCredentialsResponse {
+            credentials,
+            default_id,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_dns_credential(
+        self,
+        request: GetDnsCredentialRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DnsCredentialInfo> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let cred = kv_store
+            .get_dns_credential(&request.id)?
+            .context("dns credential not found")?;
+        Ok(dns_cred_to_proto(cred))
+    }
+
+    async fn create_dns_credential(
+        self,
+        request: CreateDnsCredentialRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DnsCredentialInfo> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        // Validate provider type
+        let provider = match request.provider_type.as_str() {
+            "cloudflare" => DnsProvider::Cloudflare {
+                api_token: request.cf_api_token,
+                api_url: request.cf_api_url,
+            },
+            _ => bail!("unsupported provider type: {}", request.provider_type),
+        };
+
+        let now = now_secs();
+        let id = generate_cred_id();
+        let dns_txt_ttl = request.dns_txt_ttl.unwrap_or(60);
+        let max_dns_wait_secs = request.max_dns_wait.unwrap_or(60 * 5);
+        if dns_txt_ttl == 0 {
+            bail!("dns_txt_ttl must be greater than zero");
+        }
+        if max_dns_wait_secs == 0 {
+            bail!("max_dns_wait must be greater than zero");
+        }
+        let max_dns_wait = Duration::from_secs(max_dns_wait_secs.into());
+        let cred = DnsCredential {
+            id: id.clone(),
+            name: request.name,
+            provider,
+            created_at: now,
+            updated_at: now,
+            dns_txt_ttl,
+            max_dns_wait,
+        };
+
+        kv_store.save_dns_credential(&cred)?;
+        info!("Created DNS credential: {} ({})", cred.name, cred.id);
+
+        // Set as default if requested
+        if request.set_as_default {
+            kv_store.set_default_dns_credential_id(&id)?;
+            info!("Set DNS credential {} as default", id);
+        }
+
+        Ok(dns_cred_to_proto(cred))
+    }
+
+    async fn update_dns_credential(
+        self,
+        request: UpdateDnsCredentialRequest,
+    ) -> Result<DnsCredentialInfo> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        let mut cred = kv_store
+            .get_dns_credential(&request.id)?
+            .context("dns credential not found")?;
+
+        // Update name if provided
+        if let Some(name) = request.name {
+            cred.name = name;
+        }
+
+        // Update provider fields if provided
+        match &mut cred.provider {
+            DnsProvider::Cloudflare { api_token, api_url } => {
+                if let Some(new_token) = request.cf_api_token {
+                    *api_token = new_token;
+                }
+                if let Some(new_url) = request.cf_api_url {
+                    *api_url = Some(new_url);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        cred.updated_at = now_secs();
+        kv_store.save_dns_credential(&cred)?;
+        info!("Updated DNS credential: {} ({})", cred.name, cred.id);
+
+        Ok(dns_cred_to_proto(cred))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_dns_credential(self, request: DeleteDnsCredentialRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        // Check if this is the default credential
+        if let Some(default_id) = kv_store.get_default_dns_credential_id()? {
+            if default_id == request.id {
+                bail!("cannot delete the default DNS credential; set a different default first");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check if any ZT-Domain configs reference this credential
+        let configs = kv_store.list_zt_domain_configs();
+        for config in configs {
+            if config.dns_cred_id.as_deref() == Some(&request.id) {
+                bail!(
+                    "cannot delete DNS credential: domain {} uses it",
+                    config.domain
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        kv_store.delete_dns_credential(&request.id)?;
+        info!("Deleted DNS credential: {}", request.id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn get_default_dns_credential(self) -> Result<GetDefaultDnsCredentialResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let default_id = kv_store
+            .get_default_dns_credential_id()?
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let credential = kv_store
+            .get_default_dns_credential()?
+            .map(dns_cred_to_proto);
+        Ok(GetDefaultDnsCredentialResponse {
+            default_id,
+            credential,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn set_default_dns_credential(
+        self,
+        request: SetDefaultDnsCredentialRequest,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        // Verify the credential exists
+        kv_store
+            .get_dns_credential(&request.id)?
+            .context("dns credential not found")?;
+
+        kv_store.set_default_dns_credential_id(&request.id)?;
+        info!("Set default DNS credential: {}", request.id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // ==================== ZT-Domain Management ====================
+
+    async fn list_zt_domains(self) -> Result<ListZtDomainsResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let cert_resolver = &self.state.cert_resolver;
+
+        let domains = kv_store
+            .list_zt_domain_configs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|config| zt_domain_to_proto(config, kv_store, cert_resolver))
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(ListZtDomainsResponse { domains })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_zt_domain(self, request: GetZtDomainRequest) -> Result<ZtDomainInfo> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let cert_resolver = &self.state.cert_resolver;
+
+        let domain = normalize_zt_domain(&request.domain)?;
+        let config = kv_store
+            .get_zt_domain_config(&domain)
+            .context("ZT-Domain config not found")?;
+
+        Ok(zt_domain_to_proto(config, kv_store, cert_resolver))
+    }
+
+    async fn add_zt_domain(self, request: ProtoZtDomainConfig) -> Result<ZtDomainInfo> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let cert_resolver = &self.state.cert_resolver;
+
+        let config = proto_to_zt_domain_config(&request, kv_store)?;
+
+        // Uniqueness is checked after normalization so wildcard, case, and a
+        // trailing root dot cannot silently overwrite the same DNS name.
+        if kv_store.get_zt_domain_config(&config.domain).is_some() {
+            bail!("ZT-Domain config already exists: {}", config.domain);
+        }
+
+        kv_store.save_zt_domain_config(&config)?;
+        info!("Added ZT-Domain config: {}", config.domain);
+
+        Ok(zt_domain_to_proto(config, kv_store, cert_resolver))
+    }
+
+    async fn update_zt_domain(self, request: ProtoZtDomainConfig) -> Result<ZtDomainInfo> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let cert_resolver = &self.state.cert_resolver;
+
+        let config = proto_to_zt_domain_config(&request, kv_store)?;
+
+        // Check the normalized key rather than the caller's presentation.
+        kv_store
+            .get_zt_domain_config(&config.domain)
+            .context("ZT-Domain config not found")?;
+
+        kv_store.save_zt_domain_config(&config)?;
+        info!("Updated ZT-Domain config: {}", config.domain);
+
+        Ok(zt_domain_to_proto(config, kv_store, cert_resolver))
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_zt_domain(self, request: DeleteZtDomainRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        let domain = normalize_zt_domain(&request.domain)?;
+        // A corrupt config must still be deletable, so check for the record
+        // itself: get_zt_domain_config cannot tell missing from unreadable,
+        // and refusing would leave a corrupt record permanently stuck.
+        ensure!(
+            kv_store.zt_domain_config_exists(&domain),
+            "ZT-Domain config not found"
+        );
+
+        // Delete config (cert data, acme, attestations are kept for historical purposes)
+        kv_store.delete_zt_domain_config(&domain)?;
+        info!("Deleted ZT-Domain config: {domain}");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn renew_zt_domain_cert(
+        self,
+        request: RenewZtDomainCertRequest,
+    ) -> Result<RenewZtDomainCertResponse> {
+        let certbot = &self.state.certbot;
+        let renewed = certbot
+            .try_renew(&request.domain, request.force)
+            .await
+            .context("certificate renewal failed")?;
+
+        if renewed {
+            // Get the new certificate data for response
+            let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+            let cert_data = kv_store.get_cert_data(&request.domain);
+            let not_after = cert_data.map(|d| d.not_after).unwrap_or(0);
+            Ok(RenewZtDomainCertResponse { renewed, not_after })
+        } else {
+            Ok(RenewZtDomainCertResponse {
+                renewed: false,
+                not_after: 0,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn force_release_cert_lock(self, request: ForceReleaseCertLockRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        kv_store.release_cert_lock(&request.domain)?;
+        info!(
+            "Force released certificate lock for domain: {}",
+            request.domain
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_cert_attestations(
+        self,
+        request: ListCertAttestationsRequest,
+    ) -> Result<ListCertAttestationsResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+
+        let latest = kv_store
+            .get_cert_attestation_latest(&request.domain)
+            .map(|att| CertAttestationInfo {
+                public_key: att.public_key,
+                quote: att.quote,
+                generated_by: att.generated_by,
+                generated_at: att.generated_at,
+            });
+
+        let mut history: Vec<CertAttestationInfo> = kv_store
+            .list_cert_attestations(&request.domain)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|att| CertAttestationInfo {
+                public_key: att.public_key,
+                quote: att.quote,
+                generated_by: att.generated_by,
+                generated_at: att.generated_at,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Apply limit if specified
+        if request.limit > 0 {
+            history.truncate(request.limit as usize);
+        }
+
+        Ok(ListCertAttestationsResponse { latest, history })
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Global Certbot Configuration ====================
+
+    async fn get_certbot_config(self) -> Result<CertbotConfigResponse> {
+        let config = self.state.kv_store().get_certbot_config()?;
+        Ok(CertbotConfigResponse {
+            renew_interval_secs: config.renew_interval.as_secs(),
+            renew_before_expiration_secs: config.renew_before_expiration.as_secs(),
+            renew_timeout_secs: config.renew_timeout.as_secs(),
+            acme_url: config.acme_url,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn set_certbot_config(self, request: SetCertbotConfigRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let config = merge_certbot_config(kv_store.get_certbot_config(), request)?;
+        kv_store.set_certbot_config(&config)?;
+        info!(
+            "Updated certbot config: renew_interval={:?}, renew_before_expiration={:?}, renew_timeout={:?}, acme_url={:?}",
+            config.renew_interval,
+            config.renew_before_expiration,
+            config.renew_timeout,
+            config.acme_url
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn set_instance_port_policy(self, request: SetInstancePortPolicyRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let proto = request.policy.context("port policy is required")?;
+        let policy = port_policy_from_proto(proto)?;
+        self.state
+            .lock()
+            .set_admin_port_policy(&request.instance_id, policy)
+    }
+
+    async fn clear_instance_port_policy(
+        self,
+        request: ClearInstancePortPolicyRequest,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state
+            .lock()
+            .clear_admin_port_policy(&request.instance_id)
+    }
+
+    async fn get_instance_port_policy(
+        self,
+        request: GetInstancePortPolicyRequest,
+    ) -> Result<GetInstancePortPolicyResponse> {
+        let view = self
+            .state
+            .lock()
+            .instance_port_policy_view(&request.instance_id)
+            .with_context(|| format!("instance {} not found", request.instance_id))?;
+        Ok(port_policy_view_to_proto(view))
+    }
+}
+
+fn port_policy_from_proto(proto: RpcPortPolicy) -> Result<PortPolicy> {
+    let mut ports = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
+    for attr in proto.ports {
+        let port = u16::try_from(attr.port)
+            .with_context(|| format!("port {} out of u16 range", attr.port))?;
+        ports.insert(port, PortFlags { pp: attr.pp });
+    }
+    Ok(PortPolicy {
+        ports,
+        restrict_mode: proto.restrict_mode,
+    })
+}
+
+fn port_policy_to_proto(policy: &PortPolicy) -> RpcPortPolicy {
+    RpcPortPolicy {
+        ports: policy
+            .ports
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(port, flags)| RpcPortAttrs {
+                port: u32::from(*port),
+                pp: flags.pp,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+        restrict_mode: policy.restrict_mode,
+    }
+}
+
+fn port_policy_view_to_proto(view: PortPolicyView) -> GetInstancePortPolicyResponse {
+    let source = view.source().to_string();
+    let effective = view.effective().map(port_policy_to_proto);
+    GetInstancePortPolicyResponse {
+        effective,
+        source,
+        instance_reported: view.instance_reported.as_ref().map(port_policy_to_proto),
+        admin_override: view.admin_override.as_ref().map(port_policy_to_proto),
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_store_status(
+    name: &str,
+    status: WaveKvNodeStatus,
+    links: &[wavekv::sync::PeerLinkStatus],
+    get_peer_last_seen: &impl Fn(u32) -> Vec<(u32, u64)>,
+) -> StoreSyncStatus {
+    StoreSyncStatus {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        node_id: status.id,
+        n_keys: status.n_kvs as u64,
+        next_seq: status.next_seq,
+        dirty: status.dirty,
+        wal_enabled: status.wal,
+        digest: status.digest,
+        entries_merged: status.entries_merged,
+        entries_rejected: status.entries_rejected,
+        peers: status
+            .peers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| {
+                let last_seen = get_peer_last_seen(p.id)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(node_id, timestamp)| LastSeenEntry { node_id, timestamp })
+                    .collect();
+                let link = links.iter().find(|l| l.id == p.id);
+                ProtoPeerSyncStatus {
+                    id: p.id,
+                    local_ack: p.ack,
+                    peer_ack: p.peer_ack,
+                    last_seen,
+                    heard_from: p.heard_from,
+                    digest_mismatches: link.map(|l| l.digest_mismatches).unwrap_or(0),
+                    consecutive_failures: link.map(|l| l.consecutive_failures).unwrap_or(0),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<Proxy> for AdminRpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = AdminServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, Proxy>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(AdminRpcHandler {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// ==================== Helper Functions ====================
+
+fn generate_cred_id() -> String {
+    use std::time::SystemTime;
+    let ts = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .as_millis();
+    // Simple ID: timestamp + random suffix
+    let random: u32 = rand::random();
+    format!("{:x}{:08x}", ts, random)
+}
+
+fn dns_cred_to_proto(cred: DnsCredential) -> DnsCredentialInfo {
+    let (provider_type, cf_api_token, cf_api_url) = match &cred.provider {
+        DnsProvider::Cloudflare { api_token, api_url } => (
+            "cloudflare".to_string(),
+            redact_token(api_token),
+            api_url.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        ),
+    };
+    DnsCredentialInfo {
+        id: cred.id,
+        name: cred.name,
+        provider_type,
+        cf_api_token,
+        cf_api_url,
+        created_at: cred.created_at,
+        updated_at: cred.updated_at,
+        dns_txt_ttl: Some(cred.dns_txt_ttl),
+        max_dns_wait: Some(cred.max_dns_wait.as_secs() as u32),
+    }
+}
+
+fn redact_token(token: &str) -> String {
+    let len = token.len();
+    if len <= 8 {
+        "*".repeat(len)
+    } else {
+        format!("{}...{}", &token[..4], &token[len - 4..])
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize_zt_domain(domain: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let domain = domain.trim().trim_end_matches('.');
+    let domain = domain
+        .strip_prefix("*.")
+        .unwrap_or(domain)
+        .to_ascii_lowercase();
+    validate_zt_domain(&domain)?;
+    Ok(domain)
+}
+
+fn validate_zt_domain(domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if domain.is_empty() || domain.len() > 253 || !domain.is_ascii() {
+        bail!("domain must be a non-empty ASCII DNS name of at most 253 bytes");
+    }
+    for label in domain.split('.') {
+        if label.is_empty()
+            || label.len() > 63
+            || label.starts_with('-')
+            || label.ends_with('-')
+            || !label
+                .bytes()
+                .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || byte == b'-')
+        {
+            bail!("domain contains an invalid DNS label");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Convert proto ZtDomainConfig to internal ZtDomainConfig
+fn proto_to_zt_domain_config(
+    proto: &ProtoZtDomainConfig,
+    kv_store: &crate::kv::KvStore,
+) -> Result<ZtDomainConfig> {
+    // Normalize dns_cred_id: treat empty string as None (use default)
+    let dns_cred_id = proto
+        .dns_cred_id
+        .as_ref()
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .cloned();
+
+    // Validate DNS credential if specified
+    if let Some(ref cred_id) = dns_cred_id {
+        kv_store
+            .get_dns_credential(cred_id)?
+            .context("specified dns credential not found")?;
+    }
+
+    let domain = normalize_zt_domain(&proto.domain)?;
+    if proto.port == 0 {
+        bail!("port must be between 1 and 65535");
+    }
+
+    Ok(ZtDomainConfig {
+        domain,
+        dns_cred_id,
+        port: proto.port.try_into().context("port out of range")?,
+        node: proto.node,
+        priority: proto.priority,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Convert internal ZtDomainConfig to proto ZtDomainInfo (with cert status)
+fn zt_domain_to_proto(
+    config: ZtDomainConfig,
+    kv_store: &crate::kv::KvStore,
+    cert_resolver: &crate::cert_store::CertResolver,
+) -> ZtDomainInfo {
+    // Get certificate data for status
+    let cert_data = kv_store.get_cert_data(&config.domain);
+    let loaded_in_memory = cert_resolver.has_cert(&config.domain);
+
+    let cert_status = Some(ZtDomainCertStatus {
+        has_cert: cert_data.is_some(),
+        not_after: cert_data.as_ref().map(|d| d.not_after).unwrap_or(0),
+        issued_by: cert_data.as_ref().map(|d| d.issued_by).unwrap_or(0),
+        issued_at: cert_data.as_ref().map(|d| d.issued_at).unwrap_or(0),
+        loaded_in_memory,
+    });
+
+    ZtDomainInfo {
+        config: Some(ProtoZtDomainConfig {
+            domain: config.domain,
+            dns_cred_id: config.dns_cred_id,
+            port: config.port.into(),
+            node: config.node,
+            priority: config.priority,
+        }),
+        cert_status,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply a partial certbot-config update to the stored record.
+///
+/// SetCertbotConfig is a merge: a field the operator leaves unset keeps its
+/// stored value. That needs a readable base, and `global/certbot_config` is a
+/// singleton with no delete RPC — so if an unreadable record simply failed the
+/// call, the corruption would be permanent, and since `do_rotate_acme_credentials`
+/// reads the same key it would keep RotateAcmeCredentials blocked along with it.
+///
+/// Merging into the defaults instead is not the answer either: `acme_url`
+/// defaults to empty, which means Let's Encrypt production. An operator who hit
+/// a corrupt record and then tuned `renew_interval` would silently move issuance
+/// off their staging or private ACME server and start burning real rate limits —
+/// exactly the switch the fail-closed reader exists to prevent.
+///
+/// So an unreadable record is repairable, but only by a request that states
+/// every field. Nothing is ever inherited from a record we cannot read.
+fn merge_certbot_config(
+    stored: Result<GlobalCertbotConfig>,
+    request: SetCertbotConfigRequest,
+) -> Result<GlobalCertbotConfig> {
+    let mut config = match stored {
+        Ok(config) => config,
+        Err(err) => {
+            ensure!(
+                request.renew_interval_secs.is_some()
+                    && request.renew_before_expiration_secs.is_some()
+                    && request.renew_timeout_secs.is_some()
+                    && request.acme_url.is_some(),
+                "the stored certbot config is unreadable ({err:#}), so it can only be \
+                 replaced as a whole: resend with renew_interval_secs, \
+                 renew_before_expiration_secs, renew_timeout_secs and acme_url all set"
+            );
+            warn!("certbot config is unreadable ({err:#}); replacing it wholesale");
+            GlobalCertbotConfig::default()
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Update only the fields that are specified
+    if let Some(secs) = request.renew_interval_secs {
+        config.renew_interval = Duration::from_secs(secs);
+    }
+    if let Some(secs) = request.renew_before_expiration_secs {
+        config.renew_before_expiration = Duration::from_secs(secs);
+    }
+    if let Some(secs) = request.renew_timeout_secs {
+        config.renew_timeout = Duration::from_secs(secs);
+    }
+    if let Some(url) = request.acme_url {
+        config.acme_url = url;
+    }
+    Ok(config)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod certbot_config_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn stored() -> GlobalCertbotConfig {
+        GlobalCertbotConfig {
+            renew_interval: Duration::from_secs(3600),
+            acme_url: "https://acme-staging.example/directory".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_partial_update_keeps_the_fields_it_does_not_mention() {
+        let merged = merge_certbot_config(
+            Ok(stored()),
+            SetCertbotConfigRequest {
+                renew_timeout_secs: Some(60),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )
+        .expect("a readable record merges");
+        assert_eq!(merged.renew_timeout, Duration::from_secs(60));
+        assert_eq!(merged.acme_url, stored().acme_url);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_partial_update_cannot_repair_an_unreadable_record() {
+        // Falling back to the defaults here would reset `acme_url` to empty,
+        // silently moving issuance to Let's Encrypt production.
+        let err = merge_certbot_config(
+            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("corrupt record")),
+            SetCertbotConfigRequest {
+                renew_interval_secs: Some(60),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )
+        .expect_err("a partial update must not inherit from an unreadable record");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("acme_url"), "{err:#}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_complete_request_replaces_an_unreadable_record() {
+        // The only repair path: no field is inherited, so nothing is guessed.
+        let merged = merge_certbot_config(
+            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("corrupt record")),
+            SetCertbotConfigRequest {
+                renew_interval_secs: Some(60),
+                renew_before_expiration_secs: Some(86400),
+                renew_timeout_secs: Some(30),
+                acme_url: Some("https://acme-staging.example/directory".to_string()),
+            },
+        )
+        .expect("a complete request replaces the record");
+        assert_eq!(merged.renew_interval, Duration::from_secs(60));
+        assert_eq!(merged.acme_url, "https://acme-staging.example/directory");
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod zt_domain_tests {
+    use super::validate_zt_domain;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_a_dns_domain() {
+        validate_zt_domain("service.example.com").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_empty_and_invalid_dns_domains() {
+        for domain in [
+            "",
+            ".example.com",
+            "example..com",
+            "-bad.example",
+            "bad-.example",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                validate_zt_domain(domain).is_err(),
+                "{domain} should be rejected"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod wavekv_status_tests {
+    use super::{build_store_status, WaveKvNodeStatus};
+    use wavekv::{node::PeerStatus, sync::PeerLinkStatus};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wavekv_status_preserves_store_and_peer_telemetry() {
+        let status = WaveKvNodeStatus {
+            id: 1,
+            n_kvs: 3,
+            next_seq: 11,
+            dirty: true,
+            wal: true,
+            digest: "deadbeef".to_string(),
+            entries_merged: 17,
+            entries_rejected: 2,
+            peers: vec![PeerStatus {
+                id: 7,
+                ack: 5,
+                peer_ack: 4,
+                heard_from: true,
+            }],
+        };
+        let links = vec![PeerLinkStatus {
+            id: 7,
+            protocol: "v2",
+            digest_mismatches: 3,
+            consecutive_failures: 6,
+        }];
+
+        let proto = build_store_status("persistent", status, &links, &|peer| {
+            assert_eq!(peer, 7);
+            vec![(2, 1234)]
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(proto.name, "persistent");
+        assert_eq!(proto.node_id, 1);
+        assert_eq!(proto.n_keys, 3);
+        assert_eq!(proto.next_seq, 11);
+        assert!(proto.dirty);
+        assert!(proto.wal_enabled);
+        assert_eq!(proto.digest, "deadbeef");
+        assert_eq!(proto.entries_merged, 17);
+        assert_eq!(proto.entries_rejected, 2);
+        assert_eq!(proto.peers.len(), 1);
+
+        let peer = &proto.peers[0];
+        assert_eq!(peer.id, 7);
+        assert_eq!(peer.local_ack, 5);
+        assert_eq!(peer.peer_ack, 4);
+        assert!(peer.heard_from);
+        assert_eq!(peer.digest_mismatches, 3);
+        assert_eq!(peer.consecutive_failures, 6);
+        assert_eq!(peer.last_seen.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(peer.last_seen[0].node_id, 2);
+        assert_eq!(peer.last_seen[0].timestamp, 1234);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/cert_store.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/cert_store.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5ee987b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/cert_store.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! In-memory certificate store with SNI-based certificate resolution.
+//!
+//! This module provides a lock-free certificate store that supports:
+//! - Multiple certificates for different domains
+//! - Wildcard certificate matching
+//! - Dynamic certificate updates via atomic replacement
+//! - SNI-based certificate selection for TLS connections
+//!
+//! Architecture: `CertStore` is immutable after construction for lock-free reads.
+//! Updates are done by building a new `CertStore` and atomically swapping the `Arc<CertStore>`
+//! in the outer `RwLock<Arc<CertStore>>`.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use arc_swap::{ArcSwap, Guard};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use rustls::pki_types::pem::PemObject;
+use rustls::pki_types::{CertificateDer, PrivateKeyDer};
+use rustls::server::{ClientHello, ResolvesServerCert};
+use rustls::sign::CertifiedKey;
+use tracing::info;
+
+use crate::kv::CertData;
+
+/// Immutable, lock-free certificate store.
+///
+/// This struct is designed for maximum read performance - no locks required for lookups.
+/// Updates are done by creating a new instance and atomically swapping via outer RwLock<Arc<CertStore>>.
+pub struct CertStore {
+    /// Exact domain -> CertifiedKey
+    exact_certs: HashMap<String, Arc<CertifiedKey>>,
+    /// Parent domain -> CertifiedKey (for wildcard certs)
+    /// e.g., "example.com" -> cert for "*.example.com"
+    wildcard_certs: HashMap<String, Arc<CertifiedKey>>,
+    /// Domain -> CertData (for metadata like expiry)
+    cert_data: HashMap<String, CertData>,
+}
+
+impl CertStore {
+    /// Create a new empty certificate store
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            exact_certs: HashMap::new(),
+            wildcard_certs: HashMap::new(),
+            cert_data: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve certificate for a given SNI hostname (lock-free)
+    fn resolve_cert(&self, sni: &str) -> Option<Arc<CertifiedKey>> {
+        // 1. Try exact match first
+        if let Some(cert) = self.exact_certs.get(sni) {
+            return Some(cert.clone());
+        }
+
+        // 2. Try wildcard match (only one level deep per TLS spec)
+        // For "foo.bar.example.com", only try "bar.example.com"
+        if let Some((_, parent)) = sni.split_once('.') {
+            self.wildcard_certs.get(parent).cloned()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a certificate exists for a domain
+    pub fn has_cert(&self, domain: &str) -> bool {
+        self.cert_data.contains_key(domain)
+    }
+
+    /// Get certificate data for a domain
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn get_cert_data(&self, domain: &str) -> Option<&CertData> {
+        self.cert_data.get(domain)
+    }
+
+    /// List all loaded domains
+    pub fn list_domains(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.cert_data.keys().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a wildcard certificate exists for a domain
+    pub fn contains_wildcard(&self, base_domain: &str) -> bool {
+        self.wildcard_certs.contains_key(base_domain)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CertStore {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let exact_domains: Vec<_> = self.exact_certs.keys().cloned().collect();
+        let wildcard_domains: Vec<_> = self
+            .wildcard_certs
+            .keys()
+            .map(|k| format!("*.{}", k))
+            .collect();
+
+        f.debug_struct("CertStore")
+            .field("exact_domains", &exact_domains)
+            .field("wildcard_domains", &wildcard_domains)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for CertStore {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResolvesServerCert for CertStore {
+    fn resolve(&self, client_hello: ClientHello) -> Option<Arc<CertifiedKey>> {
+        let sni = client_hello.server_name()?;
+        self.resolve_cert(sni)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Certificate resolver that wraps `ArcSwap<CertStore>` for lock-free reads.
+///
+/// This allows TLS acceptors to be created once and certificates to be updated
+/// without recreating the acceptor. The read path (TLS handshake) is completely
+/// lock-free via `ArcSwap`. Write operations are serialized via a `Mutex` to
+/// prevent lost updates during concurrent certificate changes.
+pub struct CertResolver {
+    store: ArcSwap<CertStore>,
+    /// Mutex to serialize write operations (reads are still lock-free)
+    write_lock: std::sync::Mutex<()>,
+}
+
+impl CertResolver {
+    /// Create a new resolver with an empty CertStore
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            store: ArcSwap::from_pointee(CertStore::new()),
+            write_lock: std::sync::Mutex::new(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current CertStore (lock-free)
+    pub fn get(&self) -> Guard<Arc<CertStore>> {
+        self.store.load()
+    }
+
+    /// Replace the CertStore atomically (lock-free)
+    pub fn set(&self, new_store: Arc<CertStore>) {
+        self.store.store(new_store);
+    }
+
+    /// List all domains
+    pub fn list_domains(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.get().list_domains()
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a certificate exists for a domain
+    pub fn has_cert(&self, domain: &str) -> bool {
+        self.get().has_cert(domain)
+    }
+
+    /// Update a single certificate (creates new store with updated cert)
+    ///
+    /// This is an incremental update that preserves all existing certificates.
+    /// Write operations are serialized to prevent lost updates.
+    pub fn update_cert(&self, domain: &str, data: &CertData) -> Result<()> {
+        let _guard = self
+            .write_lock
+            .lock()
+            .or_panic("failed to acquire write lock");
+
+        let old_store = self.get();
+
+        // Clone the installed store without revalidating existing certificates. An expired
+        // certificate for one domain must not block another domain from being renewed.
+        let mut builder = CertStoreBuilder::from_store(&old_store);
+        builder.add_cert(domain, data)?;
+
+        // Atomically swap
+        self.set(Arc::new(builder.build()));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for CertResolver {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for CertResolver {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.get().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResolvesServerCert for CertResolver {
+    fn resolve(&self, client_hello: ClientHello) -> Option<Arc<CertifiedKey>> {
+        // Lock-free load via ArcSwap
+        let store = self.store.load();
+        let sni = client_hello.server_name()?;
+        store.resolve_cert(sni)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builder for constructing a new CertStore.
+///
+/// Use this to build a complete certificate store, then call `build()` to get the immutable CertStore.
+pub struct CertStoreBuilder {
+    exact_certs: HashMap<String, Arc<CertifiedKey>>,
+    wildcard_certs: HashMap<String, Arc<CertifiedKey>>,
+    cert_data: HashMap<String, CertData>,
+}
+
+impl CertStoreBuilder {
+    /// Create a new empty builder
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            exact_certs: HashMap::new(),
+            wildcard_certs: HashMap::new(),
+            cert_data: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_store(store: &CertStore) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            exact_certs: store.exact_certs.clone(),
+            wildcard_certs: store.wildcard_certs.clone(),
+            cert_data: store.cert_data.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a certificate to the builder
+    ///
+    /// The domain is the base domain (e.g., "example.com").
+    /// All gateway certificates are wildcard certs for "*.{domain}".
+    pub fn add_cert(&mut self, domain: &str, data: &CertData) -> Result<()> {
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .context("system time is before Unix epoch")?
+            .as_secs();
+        anyhow::ensure!(data.not_after > now, "certificate is expired");
+
+        let certified_key = parse_certified_key(&data.cert_pem, &data.key_pem)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse certificate for {}", domain))?;
+
+        let certified_key = Arc::new(certified_key);
+
+        // Gateway certificates are always wildcard certs
+        // domain is the base domain (e.g., "example.com"), cert is for "*.example.com"
+        self.wildcard_certs
+            .insert(domain.to_string(), certified_key);
+        info!(
+            "cert_store: prepared wildcard certificate for *.{} (expires: {})",
+            domain,
+            format_expiry(data.not_after)
+        );
+
+        // Store metadata
+        self.cert_data.insert(domain.to_string(), data.clone());
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Build the immutable CertStore
+    pub fn build(self) -> CertStore {
+        CertStore {
+            exact_certs: self.exact_certs,
+            wildcard_certs: self.wildcard_certs,
+            cert_data: self.cert_data,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for CertStoreBuilder {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse certificate and private key PEM strings into a CertifiedKey
+fn parse_certified_key(cert_pem: &str, key_pem: &str) -> Result<CertifiedKey> {
+    let certs = CertificateDer::pem_slice_iter(cert_pem.as_bytes())
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+        .context("failed to parse certificate chain")?;
+
+    if certs.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("no certificates found in PEM");
+    }
+
+    let key =
+        PrivateKeyDer::from_pem_slice(key_pem.as_bytes()).context("failed to parse private key")?;
+
+    let signing_key = rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::sign::any_supported_type(&key)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to create signing key: {:?}", e))?;
+
+    let certified_key = CertifiedKey::new(certs, signing_key);
+    certified_key
+        .keys_match()
+        .context("certificate and private key do not match")?;
+    Ok(certified_key)
+}
+
+/// Format expiry timestamp as human-readable string
+fn format_expiry(not_after: u64) -> String {
+    use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+    let expiry = UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(not_after);
+    let now = SystemTime::now();
+
+    match expiry.duration_since(now) {
+        Ok(remaining) => {
+            let days = remaining.as_secs() / 86400;
+            format!("{} days remaining", days)
+        }
+        Err(_) => "expired".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    impl CertStore {
+        /// Check if a certificate can be resolved for a given SNI hostname
+        pub fn has_cert_for_sni(&self, sni: &str) -> bool {
+            self.resolve_cert(sni).is_some()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn make_test_cert_data() -> CertData {
+        // Generate a self-signed test certificate using rcgen
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::{self, CertificateParams, KeyPair};
+        use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+        let key_pair = KeyPair::generate().expect("failed to generate key pair");
+        let mut params = CertificateParams::new(vec!["test.example.com".to_string()])
+            .expect("failed to create cert params");
+        params.not_after = rcgen::date_time_ymd(2030, 1, 1);
+        let cert = params
+            .self_signed(&key_pair)
+            .expect("failed to generate self-signed cert");
+
+        let not_after = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .as_secs()
+            + Duration::from_secs(365 * 24 * 3600).as_secs();
+
+        CertData {
+            cert_pem: cert.pem(),
+            key_pem: key_pair.serialize_pem(),
+            not_after,
+            issued_by: 1,
+            issued_at: SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .as_secs(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cert_store_basic() {
+        let store = CertStore::new();
+        assert!(store.list_domains().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cert_store_builder() {
+        let data = make_test_cert_data();
+
+        // Use builder - domain is base domain (e.g., "example.com")
+        // All gateway certs are wildcard certs
+        let mut builder = CertStoreBuilder::new();
+        builder
+            .add_cert("example.com", &data)
+            .expect("failed to add cert");
+
+        let store = builder.build();
+
+        // Check it's loaded (stored by base domain)
+        assert!(store.has_cert("example.com"));
+        assert_eq!(store.list_domains().len(), 1);
+
+        // Should resolve any subdomain via wildcard matching
+        assert!(store.has_cert_for_sni("test.example.com"));
+        assert!(store.has_cert_for_sni("foo.example.com"));
+
+        // Should not resolve exact base domain (wildcard doesn't match base)
+        assert!(!store.has_cert_for_sni("example.com"));
+
+        // Should not resolve different domain
+        assert!(!store.has_cert_for_sni("example.org"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cert_store_wildcard() {
+        // Generate wildcard cert
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::{self, CertificateParams, KeyPair};
+        use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+        let key_pair = KeyPair::generate().expect("failed to generate key pair");
+        let mut params = CertificateParams::new(vec!["*.example.com".to_string()])
+            .expect("failed to create cert params");
+        params.not_after = rcgen::date_time_ymd(2030, 1, 1);
+        let cert = params
+            .self_signed(&key_pair)
+            .expect("failed to generate self-signed cert");
+
+        let not_after = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .as_secs()
+            + Duration::from_secs(365 * 24 * 3600).as_secs();
+
+        let data = CertData {
+            cert_pem: cert.pem(),
+            key_pem: key_pair.serialize_pem(),
+            not_after,
+            issued_by: 1,
+            issued_at: SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .as_secs(),
+        };
+
+        let mut builder = CertStoreBuilder::new();
+        // Now we use base domain format (without *. prefix)
+        builder
+            .add_cert("example.com", &data)
+            .expect("failed to add wildcard cert");
+
+        let store = builder.build();
+
+        // Should resolve any subdomain
+        assert!(store.has_cert_for_sni("foo.example.com"));
+        assert!(store.has_cert_for_sni("bar.example.com"));
+
+        // Wildcard certs do not match nested subdomains
+        assert!(!store.has_cert_for_sni("sub.foo.example.com"));
+
+        // Should not resolve different domain
+        assert!(!store.has_cert_for_sni("example.org"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mismatched_key_update_retains_previous_certificate() {
+        let original = make_test_cert_data();
+        let mut mismatched = make_test_cert_data();
+        mismatched.cert_pem = original.cert_pem.clone();
+
+        let resolver = CertResolver::new();
+        resolver
+            .update_cert("example.com", &original)
+            .expect("failed to install original certificate");
+        let original_not_after = resolver
+            .get()
+            .get_cert_data("example.com")
+            .expect("original certificate missing")
+            .not_after;
+
+        let error = resolver
+            .update_cert("example.com", &mismatched)
+            .expect_err("mismatched key must be rejected");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("failed to parse certificate"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolver
+                .get()
+                .get_cert_data("example.com")
+                .expect("original certificate was lost")
+                .not_after,
+            original_not_after
+        );
+        assert!(resolver.get().has_cert_for_sni("app.example.com"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expired_certificate_does_not_block_another_domain_update() {
+        let mut builder = CertStoreBuilder::new();
+        builder
+            .add_cert("expired.example.com", &make_test_cert_data())
+            .expect("failed to install initial certificate");
+        builder
+            .cert_data
+            .get_mut("expired.example.com")
+            .expect("installed certificate is missing")
+            .not_after = 1;
+
+        let resolver = CertResolver::new();
+        resolver.set(Arc::new(builder.build()));
+        resolver
+            .update_cert("fresh.example.com", &make_test_cert_data())
+            .expect("expired certificate blocked an unrelated update");
+
+        assert!(resolver.get().has_cert("expired.example.com"));
+        assert!(resolver.get().has_cert("fresh.example.com"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expired_update_retains_previous_certificate() {
+        let original = make_test_cert_data();
+        let mut expired = make_test_cert_data();
+        expired.not_after = 1;
+
+        let resolver = CertResolver::new();
+        resolver
+            .update_cert("example.com", &original)
+            .expect("failed to install original certificate");
+        resolver
+            .update_cert("example.com", &expired)
+            .expect_err("expired certificate must be rejected");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolver
+                .get()
+                .get_cert_data("example.com")
+                .expect("original certificate was lost")
+                .not_after,
+            original.not_after
+        );
+        assert!(resolver.get().has_cert_for_sni("app.example.com"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/config.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f89153a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,844 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
+use dstack_attest::attestation::AttestationVerifierConfig;
+use ipnet::Ipv4Net;
+use load_config::load_config;
+use rocket::figment::Figment;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use tracing::info;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct WgConfig {
+    pub public_key: String,
+    pub private_key: String,
+    pub listen_port: u16,
+    pub ip: Ipv4Net,
+    pub reserved_net: Vec<Ipv4Net>,
+    pub client_ip_range: Ipv4Net,
+    pub interface: String,
+    pub config_path: String,
+    pub endpoint: String,
+}
+
+impl WgConfig {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        validate(self.ip, &self.reserved_net, self.client_ip_range)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this gateway may allocate `ip` to a CVM registering with it.
+    ///
+    /// Narrower than [`Self::is_routable_client_ip`]: `client_ip_range` is this
+    /// node's *share* of the cluster's address space, and handing out an address
+    /// from outside it would collide with whichever node owns that share.
+    pub fn is_valid_client_ip(&self, ip: Ipv4Addr) -> bool {
+        self.client_ip_range.contains(&ip) && self.is_routable_client_ip(ip)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `ip` may appear as a WireGuard peer address on this gateway.
+    ///
+    /// Deliberately says nothing about *which pool* the address came from. A
+    /// CVM registers with one gateway but is handed every gateway as a
+    /// WireGuard server, so each node carries peers for the CVMs registered on
+    /// the other nodes — and each node allocates from its own
+    /// `client_ip_range`. Nothing in this node's config describes the other
+    /// nodes' pools, and the deployments do not even agree on a shape that
+    /// could be inferred: `dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh` puts every pool inside
+    /// one /16 that each interface covers, while `test-run/cluster.sh` and the
+    /// e2e configs give each node a /24 that no other node's interface covers.
+    /// Judging a replicated address by local topology refuses legitimate peers
+    /// under the second shape, so this is limited to what a node can assert on
+    /// its own: an ordinary unicast address that is not one of *this* gateway's.
+    ///
+    /// What keeps the peer list coherent is not this check but the uniqueness
+    /// pass in `kv::import` — no two instances may claim the same address —
+    /// which holds cluster-wide because it runs over the whole KV contents.
+    pub fn is_routable_client_ip(&self, ip: Ipv4Addr) -> bool {
+        if ip.is_unspecified() || ip.is_loopback() || ip.is_multicast() || ip.is_broadcast() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // This gateway's own addresses: handing them to a peer would point the
+        // interface's traffic into a tunnel.
+        if self.ip.addr() == ip || self.ip.broadcast() == ip {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if self.reserved_net.iter().any(|net| net.contains(&ip)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate(ip: Ipv4Net, reserved_net: &[Ipv4Net], client_ip_range: Ipv4Net) -> Result<()> {
+    // The reserved net must be in the network
+    for net in reserved_net {
+        if !ip.contains(net) {
+            bail!("Reserved net is not in the network");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The ip must be in one of the reserved net
+    if !reserved_net.iter().any(|net| net.contains(&ip.addr())) {
+        bail!("Wg peer IP is not in the reserved net");
+    }
+
+    // The client ip range must be in the network
+    if !ip.trunc().contains(&client_ip_range) {
+        bail!("Client IP range is not in the network");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub enum CryptoProvider {
+    #[serde(rename = "aws-lc-rs")]
+    AwsLcRs,
+    #[serde(rename = "ring")]
+    Ring,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub enum TlsVersion {
+    #[serde(rename = "1.2")]
+    Tls12,
+    #[serde(rename = "1.3")]
+    Tls13,
+}
+
+/// Deserialize a port range from either a single integer (443) or a string range ("443-543").
+fn deserialize_port_range<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Vec<u16>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    use serde::de;
+
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(untagged)]
+    enum PortSpec {
+        Single(u16),
+        Range(String),
+    }
+
+    match PortSpec::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+        PortSpec::Single(p) => Ok(vec![p]),
+        PortSpec::Range(s) => {
+            if let Some((start, end)) = s.split_once('-') {
+                let start: u16 = start.trim().parse().map_err(de::Error::custom)?;
+                let end: u16 = end.trim().parse().map_err(de::Error::custom)?;
+                if start > end {
+                    return Err(de::Error::custom(format!(
+                        "invalid port range: {start} > {end}"
+                    )));
+                }
+                Ok((start..=end).collect())
+            } else {
+                let p: u16 = s.trim().parse().map_err(de::Error::custom)?;
+                Ok(vec![p])
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_true() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+fn default_handshake_stale() -> Duration {
+    Duration::from_secs(30 * 60)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ProxyConfig {
+    pub tls_crypto_provider: CryptoProvider,
+    pub tls_versions: Vec<TlsVersion>,
+    pub listen_addr: Ipv4Addr,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_port_range")]
+    pub listen_port: Vec<u16>,
+    pub timeouts: Timeouts,
+    /// Relay buffer size, per direction, for connections that copy through
+    /// userspace -- TLS terminate, and passthrough before the splice gate.
+    ///
+    /// Costs `2 * buffer_size` of address space per such connection, of which
+    /// only the pages actually touched become resident: measured at 2 000
+    /// concurrent streaming connections, the userspace relay path sat at ~52 KB
+    /// RSS per connection. Budget for it before raising this on a gateway that
+    /// fronts many idle-ish connections; the same measurement with kTLS, where
+    /// the payload is spliced and never enters the process, was ~12 KB.
+    ///
+    /// 64 KiB is the bulk-throughput sweet spot: it is large enough to keep a
+    /// 1 MiB pipe fed without the syscall rate 8 KiB imposed.
+    pub buffer_size: usize,
+    pub connect_top_n: usize,
+    pub workers: usize,
+    /// Run one single-threaded runtime per worker, each with its own
+    /// `SO_REUSEPORT` listener, instead of one accept thread feeding a shared
+    /// work-stealing runtime.
+    ///
+    /// A connection is then accepted and served entirely on one thread. The
+    /// default model costs ~0.6 context switches per request (accept-thread
+    /// handoff plus work-stealing migrations); HAProxy's thread-per-core design
+    /// measures ~0. Linux-only (needs SO_REUSEPORT).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub thread_per_core: bool,
+    /// Hand a freshly accepted connection to a less loaded core when the
+    /// accepting one is running ahead.
+    ///
+    /// `SO_REUSEPORT` picks a listener by hashing the connection's 4-tuple and
+    /// thread-per-core cannot move a connection afterwards, so a core can sit
+    /// starved: measured at 16 connections over 4 cores, utilisation came out
+    /// `[99, 42, 101, 101]`. Rebalancing costs one channel send per *rebalanced
+    /// connection*, never per request. Requires `thread_per_core`.
+    ///
+    /// On by default. It used to be opt-in, because handing a connection over
+    /// cost 2-3% wherever the hash was already even -- that turned out to be a
+    /// bug (the migrated socket kept its registration on the accepting core's
+    /// reactor), and with it fixed the trade is one-sided. Measured on a 4-core
+    /// gateway, 3-5 runs per arm after warmup:
+    ///
+    /// | workload | off | on | |
+    /// |---|---|---|---|
+    /// | passthrough small-request, 8 conns | 113 350 | 143 341 | **+26.5%** |
+    /// | passthrough small-request, 16 conns | 231 043 | 258 787 | **+12.0%** |
+    /// | passthrough small-request, 50 conns | 294 937 | 295 311 | +0.1% |
+    /// | TLS terminate small-request, 50 conns | 244 304 | 246 228 | +0.8% |
+    /// | TLS terminate, connections/s | 41 024 | 43 019 | +4.9% |
+    /// | passthrough, connections/s | 17 431 | 17 319 | -0.6% |
+    /// | passthrough, bulk throughput | 12.10 GB/s | 12.16 GB/s | +0.5% |
+    ///
+    /// The gain is largest where the hash has fewest connections to spread and
+    /// the worst-loaded core would otherwise starve: at 16 connections the
+    /// quietest core goes from 63% to 97% busy.
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub connection_rebalance: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub base_domain: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub cert_chain: Option<PathBuf>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub cert_key: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub app_address_ns_prefix: String,
+    pub app_address_ns_compat: bool,
+    /// Dedicated DNS servers for app-address TXT lookups.
+    /// The system resolver is used when this list is empty.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub app_address_dns_servers: Vec<SocketAddr>,
+    /// Maximum concurrent connections per app. 0 means unlimited.
+    pub max_connections_per_app: u64,
+    /// Port the dstack guest-agent listens on inside each CVM. Used by the
+    /// gateway to fetch app metadata (e.g. port_policy for legacy CVMs).
+    pub agent_port: u16,
+    /// Whether to read PROXY protocol headers from inbound connections
+    /// (e.g. when behind a PP-aware load balancer like Cloudflare).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub inbound_pp_enabled: bool,
+    /// Use `splice(2)` zero-copy relaying for the TLS-passthrough path. Both
+    /// sides are raw TCP there, so payload never needs to enter userspace.
+    /// Linux-only; ignored for the TLS-terminate path.
+    ///
+    /// Absent disables splice entirely; see [`EngageAfter`] for what a present
+    /// section means.
+    ///
+    /// Tradeoff (measured on a 4-core gateway): bulk passthrough throughput
+    /// +~12% with a lower tail latency under load, but small-request latency
+    /// regresses (each tiny message pays an extra pipe hop). splice costs ~17
+    /// syscalls per connection to move a small response (fill pipe, drain pipe,
+    /// readiness retries) where a read/write pair needs two: its benefit is per
+    /// byte, its cost is per connection, which is what the gates amortise.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tcp_splice: Option<SpliceConfig>,
+    /// Offload TLS record encryption to the kernel (kTLS) on the
+    /// TLS-terminate path. The handshake still runs in rustls; only the
+    /// symmetric crypto moves into the kernel afterwards. Linux-only.
+    ///
+    /// Absent disables kTLS entirely; see [`EngageAfter`] for what a present
+    /// section means. Gated offload additionally requires `tcp_splice`, since
+    /// the point of handing the socket to the kernel is to then splice it.
+    ///
+    /// A kernel built without `CONFIG_TLS` cannot honour this, so startup
+    /// probes for the TLS ULP and clears this section with a warning if it is
+    /// missing, rather than letting every connection discover it at the gate.
+    ///
+    /// kTLS costs ~30% of connection setup rate but wins ~25% on bulk
+    /// throughput, so paying the setup cost up front is wrong for short
+    /// request/response connections.
+    ///
+    /// On token-streaming traffic the throughput win does not materialise, but
+    /// a memory win does. Measured on the terminate path, 10k connections with
+    /// 2k streaming a 64 B record every 25 ms, 2 runs per arm:
+    ///
+    /// | | userspace rustls | kTLS |
+    /// |---|---|---|
+    /// | latency p50 | 0.174 / 0.181 ms | 0.180 / 0.174 ms |
+    /// | latency p99 | 0.602 / 0.526 ms | 0.859 / 0.537 ms |
+    /// | **RSS** | **349 MB** | **206 MB** |
+    ///
+    /// Latency is unchanged, as expected: at 64 B per record the per-record
+    /// overhead dominates and there is almost no symmetric crypto to move into
+    /// the kernel. The 41% RSS drop is the real effect and was not predicted --
+    /// with kTLS the payload is spliced without ever entering this process, so
+    /// the per-connection userspace relay buffers disappear (~14 KB/connection
+    /// here). Weigh that against handing session keys to the kernel.
+    ///
+    /// Security note: enabling this hands the negotiated session keys to the
+    /// kernel via `dangerous_extract_secrets`, so the keys live outside
+    /// rustls' control. Inside a CVM the kernel is part of the measured TCB,
+    /// but on a non-TEE host this widens key exposure. Off by default.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub ktls: Option<EngageAfter>,
+    /// Background lazy-fetch behaviour for `port_policy` (legacy CVMs).
+    pub port_policy_fetch: PortPolicyFetchConfig,
+}
+
+impl ProxyConfig {
+    /// The idle window every relay enforces, or `None` when data timeouts are
+    /// off. Computed in one place so the buffered bridge and the gated fast
+    /// paths cannot end up enforcing different things.
+    pub fn idle_timeout(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
+        self.timeouts
+            .data_timeout_enabled
+            .then_some(self.timeouts.idle)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Configuration for `splice(2)` relaying on the TLS-passthrough path.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SpliceConfig {
+    /// When splice should take over from the buffered relay.
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub engage: EngageAfter,
+    /// Return a splice pipe to the thread-local pool while waiting for the
+    /// next chunk, instead of holding it for the connection's lifetime.
+    ///
+    /// A relay holds one pipe per direction, so a spliced connection pins four
+    /// descriptors. Held for the connection's lifetime that is proportional to
+    /// *connections*: 50k streaming connections need 300k descriptors. Released
+    /// while idle it is proportional to *chunks actually in flight*, which for
+    /// bursty traffic is far smaller -- LLM token streaming moves a ~64 B record
+    /// every 25 ms and spends over 99% of the connection idle.
+    ///
+    /// The pipe is provably empty at the point it is released: the relay only
+    /// waits for readability after the previous chunk has been fully drained
+    /// into the destination, so nothing is left to corrupt the next borrower.
+    ///
+    /// The cost is a pool pop and push per idle-to-active transition, both
+    /// `Vec` operations on a thread-local. Pipes are only created when the pool
+    /// is empty, so the live pipe count converges on the peak number of
+    /// concurrent in-flight chunks rather than churning `pipe2`/`close`.
+    ///
+    /// Measured on a 4-core gateway streaming a 64 B record every 25 ms per
+    /// connection, 2 runs per arm at each scale:
+    ///
+    /// | | off | on |
+    /// |---|---|---|
+    /// | pipe fds, 2k connections | 8 000 | **8** |
+    /// | pipe fds, 50k conns / 10k streams | 53 864 / 55 212 | **8** |
+    /// | RSS, 50k connections | 1 203 MB | 1 202 / 1 204 MB |
+    /// | latency p50, 50k | 20.9 / 20.3 ms | 21.6 / 21.7 ms |
+    /// | latency p999, 50k | 111 / 113 ms | 68 / 79 ms |
+    ///
+    /// The descriptor result is the point, and it is flat in the connection
+    /// count: 8 descriptors is four pipes, one per worker thread, for the whole
+    /// gateway, at 2k connections and at 50k alike. That is the bound this knob
+    /// exists to impose.
+    ///
+    /// Latency is close to a wash and should not be used to justify the knob. At
+    /// 2k connections there was no consistent difference at all (the single
+    /// fastest run of seven was an `off` run). At 50k, where the box is
+    /// saturated, `on` costs ~1 ms on p50 and saves ~40 ms on p999; the p999
+    /// gain is consistent across repeats but comes from a regime that is already
+    /// over budget. RSS is unchanged either way.
+    ///
+    /// Mixing bulk transfers with token streams does not break the pooling, and
+    /// this was the failure worth checking: a connection that is never idle
+    /// never reaches the release point, so bulk traffic could in principle hold
+    /// every pipe and force each token to allocate a fresh one. Measured with
+    /// 10k streaming connections alongside 256 bulk connections saturating the
+    /// passthrough path at 12.8 GB/s, 2 runs per arm:
+    ///
+    /// | | off | on |
+    /// |---|---|---|
+    /// | pipe fds | 9 024 (= 2000*4 + 256*4) | **8** |
+    /// | bulk throughput | 12.8 GB/s | 12.8 GB/s |
+    /// | stream latency p50 | 0.099 / 0.102 ms | 0.093 / 0.089 ms |
+    /// | bulk latency p999 | 14.3 / 11.4 ms | 6.9 / 7.7 ms |
+    ///
+    /// The pool never degenerates because even a saturated bulk connection is
+    /// idle for tens of microseconds between chunks (measured inter-record gap
+    /// 62 us) and releases in that window. Throughput is identical and both
+    /// traffic classes are slightly better off with `on`, so there is no bulk
+    /// regression to trade against the descriptor saving.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub release_idle_pipes: bool,
+}
+
+/// When an adaptive optimisation should engage on a connection.
+///
+/// Both gates are optional and independent, and the optimisation engages as
+/// soon as *either* fires. They catch different traffic and neither subsumes
+/// the other:
+///
+/// - `after_bytes` catches high-rate connections almost immediately -- a bulk
+///   transfer trips a 64 KiB gate within milliseconds -- but is blind to
+///   long-lived low-rate streams. LLM token streaming at 40 tok/s of ~64 B
+///   records needs ~25 s of wall time to move 64 KiB, so a byte gate leaves the
+///   whole early phase of every stream on the copy path, and never promotes
+///   short conversations at all.
+///   Measured: with a 64 KiB byte gate alone, connections streaming a 64 B
+///   record every 25 ms promoted 25 s after they started streaming, matching
+///   `65536 / (64 B * 40/s)`. Adding `after_duration = "5s"` moved that to 5 s,
+///   a 5x earlier handover, with no change in added latency or RSS.
+/// - `after_duration` catches exactly those long-lived low-rate streams, but is
+///   blind to short high-rate ones, which finish before it fires.
+///
+/// With neither gate set there is nothing to wait for, so the optimisation
+/// engages from the first byte. "Never engage" is expressed by omitting the
+/// whole section rather than by a sentinel value here, so every state has
+/// exactly one representation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+pub struct EngageAfter {
+    /// Bytes the connection must transfer first. Absent = this gate never
+    /// fires.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub after_bytes: Option<u64>,
+    /// Wall time the connection must stay alive first, measured from the point
+    /// the relay starts (upstream already connected). Absent = this gate never
+    /// fires.
+    #[serde(default, with = "serde_duration::option")]
+    pub after_duration: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+impl EngageAfter {
+    /// No gate configured, so there is nothing to wait for.
+    pub fn is_immediate(&self) -> bool {
+        self.after_bytes.is_none() && self.after_duration.is_none()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether either gate has been reached.
+    ///
+    /// `start` is only read when the duration gate is configured, so a
+    /// bytes-only config pays no clock read per message.
+    pub fn reached(&self, moved: u64, start: Instant) -> bool {
+        self.after_bytes.is_some_and(|bytes| moved >= bytes)
+            || self
+                .after_duration
+                .is_some_and(|limit| start.elapsed() >= limit)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rendered for the dashboard and the `Status` RPC, so it reads as the answer to
+/// "when does this engage?" rather than as a struct dump.
+impl std::fmt::Display for EngageAfter {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match (self.after_bytes, self.after_duration) {
+            (None, None) => write!(f, "immediate"),
+            (Some(bytes), None) => write!(f, "after {}", DisplayBytes(bytes)),
+            (None, Some(after)) => write!(f, "after {after:?}"),
+            (Some(bytes), Some(after)) => write!(f, "after {} or {after:?}", DisplayBytes(bytes)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A byte threshold in the units the config file writes it in: binary units
+/// when they divide evenly, raw bytes otherwise.
+struct DisplayBytes(u64);
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for DisplayBytes {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        const KIB: u64 = 1 << 10;
+        const MIB: u64 = 1 << 20;
+        match self.0 {
+            bytes if bytes >= MIB && bytes % MIB == 0 => write!(f, "{} MiB", bytes / MIB),
+            bytes if bytes >= KIB && bytes % KIB == 0 => write!(f, "{} KiB", bytes / KIB),
+            bytes => write!(f, "{bytes} B"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PortPolicyFetchConfig {
+    /// Timeout for a single `Info()` RPC attempt.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub timeout: Duration,
+    /// Maximum number of attempts after the initial try (0 = no retry).
+    /// Retries cover the window where a freshly-registered CVM hasn't
+    /// finished its WireGuard handshake yet.
+    pub max_retries: u32,
+    /// Delay before the first retry; doubles on each subsequent retry,
+    /// capped at `backoff_max`.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub backoff_initial: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub backoff_max: Duration,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Timeouts {
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub connect: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub handshake: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub total: Duration,
+
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub cache_top_n: Duration,
+    /// Maximum WireGuard handshake age for an instance to be considered healthy.
+    #[serde(default = "default_handshake_stale", with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub handshake_stale: Duration,
+
+    /// Timeout for DNS TXT record resolution (app address lookup).
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub dns_resolve: Duration,
+
+    pub data_timeout_enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub idle: Duration,
+    /// No longer read. The per-operation write timer was replaced by the
+    /// connection-level progress watchdog in `io_bridge`, which catches a
+    /// stalled write through `idle` instead: a write that makes no progress
+    /// stops bumping the direction's progress counter, and the watchdog fires.
+    /// The key is still accepted so existing configs -- and the CVM app
+    /// entrypoint's `TIMEOUT_WRITE` -- keep parsing.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub write: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub shutdown: Duration,
+    /// Timeout for reading the proxy protocol header from inbound connections.
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub pp_header: Duration,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct RecycleConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub interval: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub timeout: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub node_timeout: Duration,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SyncConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub interval: Duration,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub timeout: Duration,
+    pub my_url: String,
+    /// The URL of the bootnode used to fetch initial peer list when joining the network
+    pub bootnode: String,
+    /// WaveKV node ID for this gateway (must be unique across cluster)
+    pub node_id: u32,
+    /// Data directory for WaveKV persistence
+    pub data_dir: String,
+    /// Interval for periodic WAL persistence (default: 10s)
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub persist_interval: Duration,
+    /// Enable periodic sync of instance connections to KV store
+    pub sync_connections_enabled: bool,
+    /// Interval for syncing instance connections to KV store
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub sync_connections_interval: Duration,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Config {
+    pub wg: WgConfig,
+    pub proxy: ProxyConfig,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub attestation: AttestationVerifierConfig,
+    pub recycle: RecycleConfig,
+    pub set_ulimit: bool,
+    pub rpc_domain: String,
+    pub admin: AdminConfig,
+    /// Debug server configuration (separate port for debug RPCs)
+    pub debug: DebugConfig,
+    pub sync: SyncConfig,
+    pub auth: AuthConfig,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct DebugConfig {
+    /// Enable debug server
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub insecure_enable_debug_rpc: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub insecure_skip_attestation: bool,
+    /// Let the app-address `localhost` resolve to 127.0.0.1, so a hostname can
+    /// be routed to a service on the gateway host itself.
+    ///
+    /// This lives under `debug` and carries the `insecure_` prefix because the
+    /// app address is not only read from the platform's own `<id>.<base_domain>`
+    /// grammar: it also comes from the `_dstack-app-address` TXT record of an
+    /// arbitrary custom domain. With this on, anyone who controls any DNS zone
+    /// can point the gateway at its own loopback -- where the admin and debug
+    /// listeners bind precisely because being unreachable is their access
+    /// control -- and pick the port, since the `localhost` shortcut is not a
+    /// registered instance and so bypasses `port_policy` entirely.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub insecure_localhost_backend: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AuthConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub url: String,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub timeout: Duration,
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    /// Get or generate a unique node UUID.
+    /// The UUID is stored in `{data_dir}/node_uuid` and persisted across restarts.
+    pub fn uuid(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        use std::fs;
+        use std::path::Path;
+
+        let uuid_path = Path::new(&self.sync.data_dir).join("node_uuid");
+
+        // Try to read existing UUID
+        if let Ok(content) = fs::read_to_string(&uuid_path) {
+            if let Ok(uuid) = uuid::Uuid::parse_str(content.trim()) {
+                return uuid.as_bytes().to_vec();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Generate new UUID
+        let uuid = uuid::Uuid::new_v4();
+
+        // Ensure directory exists
+        if let Some(parent) = uuid_path.parent() {
+            let _ = fs::create_dir_all(parent);
+        }
+
+        // Save UUID to file
+        if let Err(err) = fs::write(&uuid_path, uuid.to_string()) {
+            tracing::warn!(
+                "failed to save node UUID to {}: {}",
+                uuid_path.display(),
+                err
+            );
+        } else {
+            tracing::info!("generated new node UUID: {}", uuid);
+        }
+
+        uuid.as_bytes().to_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AdminConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// Shared secret required to call any admin endpoint (RPC + dashboard).
+    /// Can also be supplied via `DSTACK_GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN` / `ADMIN_API_TOKEN`
+    /// env vars. Required unless `insecure_no_auth = true`.
+    ///
+    /// Accepts the legacy `admin_token` key for backward compatibility.
+    #[serde(default, alias = "admin_token")]
+    pub auth_token: String,
+    /// Optional Apache htpasswd file. Enables standard HTTP Basic auth while
+    /// preserving token authentication for existing clients.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub htpasswd_file: PathBuf,
+    /// Disable authentication entirely. Development/testing only; never enable
+    /// on an admin interface that is reachable from the network.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub insecure_no_auth: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct TlsConfig {
+    pub key: String,
+    pub certs: String,
+    pub mutual: MutualConfig,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct MutualConfig {
+    pub ca_certs: String,
+}
+
+pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../gateway.toml");
+pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
+    load_config("gateway", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, false)
+}
+
+pub fn setup_wireguard(config: &WgConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    config.validate().context("Invalid wireguard config")?;
+
+    info!("Setting up wireguard interface");
+
+    let ifname = &config.interface;
+
+    // Check if interface exists by trying to run ip link show
+    if cmd!(ip link show $ifname > /dev/null).is_ok() {
+        info!("WireGuard interface {ifname} already exists");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let addr = format!("{}", config.ip);
+    // Interface doesn't exist, create and configure it
+    cmd! {
+        ip link add $ifname type wireguard;
+        ip address add $addr dev $ifname;
+        ip link set $ifname up;
+    }?;
+
+    info!("Created and configured WireGuard interface {ifname}");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rocket::figment::providers::{Format, Toml};
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn admin_auth_token_reads_new_and_legacy_keys() {
+        // new key
+        let cfg: AdminConfig =
+            Figment::from(Toml::string("enabled = true\nauth_token = \"new\"\n"))
+                .extract()
+                .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(cfg.auth_token, "new");
+        // legacy `admin_token` key still deserializes via the serde alias
+        let cfg: AdminConfig =
+            Figment::from(Toml::string("enabled = true\nadmin_token = \"legacy\"\n"))
+                .extract()
+                .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(cfg.auth_token, "legacy");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate() {
+        // Valid configuration
+        let ip = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.3/24").unwrap();
+        let reserved_net = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.0/30").unwrap();
+        let result = validate(
+            ip,
+            &[reserved_net],
+            Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.128/25").unwrap(),
+        );
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+
+        // Reserved net does not contain network
+        let ip = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.2.0.1/24").unwrap();
+        let reserved_net = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.0.0/16").unwrap();
+        let result = validate(
+            ip,
+            &[reserved_net],
+            Ipv4Net::from_str("10.2.0.128/25").unwrap(),
+        );
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            "Reserved net is not in the network"
+        );
+
+        // IP not in reserved net
+        let ip = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.16/24").unwrap();
+        let reserved_net = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.0/30").unwrap();
+        let result = validate(
+            ip,
+            &[reserved_net],
+            Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.128/25").unwrap(),
+        );
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            "Wg peer IP is not in the reserved net"
+        );
+
+        // Client IP range not in network
+        let ip = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.3/24").unwrap();
+        let reserved_net = Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.2.0/30").unwrap();
+        let result = validate(
+            ip,
+            &[reserved_net],
+            Ipv4Net::from_str("10.1.3.128/25").unwrap(),
+        );
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            "Client IP range is not in the network"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn engage_after(toml: &str) -> EngageAfter {
+        Figment::from(Toml::string(toml))
+            .extract()
+            .expect("valid EngageAfter")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_gate_engages_immediately() {
+        let gate = engage_after("");
+        assert!(gate.is_immediate());
+        assert!(gate.after_bytes.is_none());
+        assert!(gate.after_duration.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_configured_gate_is_not_immediate() {
+        assert!(!engage_after("after_bytes = 65536").is_immediate());
+        assert!(!engage_after("after_duration = \"5s\"").is_immediate());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn byte_gate_ignores_elapsed_time() {
+        let gate = engage_after("after_bytes = 1024");
+        let long_ago = Instant::now() - Duration::from_secs(3600);
+        assert!(!gate.reached(1023, long_ago));
+        assert!(gate.reached(1024, long_ago));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn duration_gate_ignores_bytes() {
+        let gate = engage_after("after_duration = \"5s\"");
+        assert!(!gate.reached(u64::MAX, Instant::now()));
+        assert!(gate.reached(0, Instant::now() - Duration::from_secs(5)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gates_are_independent_and_either_fires() {
+        // The case the byte gate alone cannot express: a low-rate stream that
+        // stays well under `after_bytes` but outlives `after_duration`.
+        let gate = engage_after("after_bytes = 65536\nafter_duration = \"5s\"");
+        let just_started = Instant::now();
+        assert!(!gate.reached(64, just_started));
+        assert!(gate.reached(65536, just_started));
+        assert!(gate.reached(64, Instant::now() - Duration::from_secs(5)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn splice_section_is_optional() {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct Holder {
+            #[serde(default)]
+            tcp_splice: Option<EngageAfter>,
+        }
+        let absent: Holder = Figment::from(Toml::string("")).extract().unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            absent.tcp_splice.is_none(),
+            "absent section disables splice"
+        );
+
+        let present: Holder = Figment::from(Toml::string("[tcp_splice]\nafter_duration = \"5s\""))
+            .extract()
+            .unwrap();
+        let gate = present.tcp_splice.expect("section present");
+        assert_eq!(gate.after_duration, Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
+        assert!(gate.after_bytes.is_none());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/debug_service.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/debug_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..761d9ad19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/debug_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Debug service for testing - runs on a separate port when debug.enabled=true
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::{
+    debug_server::{DebugRpc, DebugServer},
+    DebugProxyStateResponse, DebugRegisterCvmRequest, DebugSyncDataResponse, InfoResponse,
+    InstanceEntry, NodeInfoEntry, PeerAddrEntry, ProxyStateInstance, RegisterCvmResponse,
+};
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use tracing::warn;
+
+use crate::main_service::Proxy;
+
+pub struct DebugRpcHandler {
+    state: Proxy,
+}
+
+impl DebugRpcHandler {
+    pub fn new(state: Proxy) -> Self {
+        Self { state }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DebugRpc for DebugRpcHandler {
+    async fn register_cvm(self, request: DebugRegisterCvmRequest) -> Result<RegisterCvmResponse> {
+        warn!(
+            "Debug register CVM: app_id={}, instance_id={}",
+            request.app_id, request.instance_id
+        );
+        self.state.do_register_cvm(
+            &request.app_id,
+            &request.instance_id,
+            &request.client_public_key,
+            "",
+            None,
+        )
+    }
+
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<InfoResponse> {
+        let config = &self.state.config;
+        let (base_domain, port) = self
+            .state
+            .kv_store()
+            .get_best_zt_domain()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(InfoResponse {
+            base_domain,
+            external_port: port.into(),
+            app_address_ns_prefix: config.proxy.app_address_ns_prefix.clone(),
+            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_sync_data(self) -> Result<DebugSyncDataResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let my_node_id = kv_store.my_node_id();
+
+        // Get all peer addresses
+        let peer_addrs: Vec<PeerAddrEntry> = kv_store
+            .get_all_peer_addrs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(node_id, url)| PeerAddrEntry {
+                node_id: node_id as u64,
+                url,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Get all node info
+        let nodes: Vec<NodeInfoEntry> = kv_store
+            .load_all_nodes()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(node_id, data)| NodeInfoEntry {
+                node_id: node_id as u64,
+                url: data.url,
+                wg_public_key: data.wg_public_key,
+                wg_endpoint: data.wg_endpoint,
+                wg_ip: data.wg_ip,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Get all instances
+        let instances: Vec<InstanceEntry> = kv_store
+            .load_all_instances()
+            .decoded
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(instance_id, data)| InstanceEntry {
+                instance_id,
+                app_id: data.app_id,
+                ip: data.ip.to_string(),
+                public_key: data.public_key,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Get key counts
+        let persistent_keys = kv_store.persistent().read().status().n_kvs as u64;
+        let ephemeral_keys = kv_store.ephemeral().read().status().n_kvs as u64;
+
+        Ok(DebugSyncDataResponse {
+            my_node_id: my_node_id as u64,
+            peer_addrs,
+            nodes,
+            instances,
+            persistent_keys,
+            ephemeral_keys,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_proxy_state(self) -> Result<DebugProxyStateResponse> {
+        let state = self.state.lock();
+
+        // Get all instances from ProxyState
+        let instances: Vec<ProxyStateInstance> = state
+            .state
+            .instances
+            .values()
+            .map(|inst| {
+                let reg_time = crate::time::encode_ts(inst.reg_time);
+                ProxyStateInstance {
+                    instance_id: inst.id.clone(),
+                    app_id: inst.app_id.clone(),
+                    ip: inst.ip.to_string(),
+                    public_key: inst.public_key.clone(),
+                    reg_time,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Get all allocated addresses
+        let allocated_addresses: Vec<String> = state
+            .state
+            .allocated_addresses
+            .iter()
+            .map(|ip| ip.to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(DebugProxyStateResponse {
+            instances,
+            allocated_addresses,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<Proxy> for DebugRpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = DebugServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, Proxy>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(DebugRpcHandler::new(context.state.clone()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/distributed_certbot.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/distributed_certbot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00e9f9b52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/distributed_certbot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,972 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Multi-domain certificate management using WaveKV for synchronization.
+//!
+//! This module provides distributed certificate management for multiple domains
+//! with dynamic DNS credential configuration and attestation storage.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use certbot::{AcmeClient, Dns01Client};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::RawQuoteArgs;
+use ra_tls::attestation::QuoteContentType;
+use ra_tls::rcgen::KeyPair;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+use crate::cert_store::CertResolver;
+use crate::kv::{
+    AcmeAttestation, CertAttestation, CertCredentials, CertData, DnsCredential, DnsProvider,
+    KvStore, PersistentWriteNotifier, ZtDomainConfig,
+};
+use crate::time::now_secs;
+
+/// Lock timeout for certificate renewal (10 minutes)
+const RENEW_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 600;
+
+/// Lock timeout for ACME credential rotation (10 minutes)
+const ROTATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 600;
+
+/// Default ACME URL (Let's Encrypt production)
+const DEFAULT_ACME_URL: &str = "https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory";
+
+/// Multi-domain certificate manager
+pub struct DistributedCertBot {
+    kv_store: Arc<KvStore>,
+    cert_resolver: Arc<CertResolver>,
+    write_notifier: Option<Arc<dyn PersistentWriteNotifier>>,
+    /// Serializes CAA reconciliation and credential rotation within this process.
+    ///
+    /// Credential rotation is additionally guarded across nodes by a
+    /// best-effort lock in WaveKV; see [`KvStore::try_acquire_rotation_lock`].
+    caa_lock: Mutex<()>,
+}
+
+impl DistributedCertBot {
+    pub fn new(
+        kv_store: Arc<KvStore>,
+        cert_resolver: Arc<CertResolver>,
+        write_notifier: Option<Arc<dyn PersistentWriteNotifier>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            kv_store,
+            cert_resolver,
+            write_notifier,
+            caa_lock: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn notify_lock_write(&self) {
+        if let Some(notifier) = &self.write_notifier {
+            notifier.notify_persistent_write();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn try_acquire_rotation_lock(&self) -> Option<crate::kv::CertRenewLock> {
+        let lock = self
+            .kv_store
+            .try_acquire_rotation_lock(ROTATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS)?;
+        self.notify_lock_write();
+        Some(lock)
+    }
+
+    fn release_rotation_lock(&self, lock: &crate::kv::CertRenewLock) -> Result<()> {
+        self.kv_store.release_rotation_lock(lock)?;
+        self.notify_lock_write();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn try_acquire_cert_lock(&self, domain: &str) -> bool {
+        let acquired = self
+            .kv_store
+            .try_acquire_cert_lock(domain, RENEW_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS);
+        if acquired {
+            self.notify_lock_write();
+        }
+        acquired
+    }
+
+    fn release_cert_lock(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.kv_store.release_cert_lock(domain)?;
+        self.notify_lock_write();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn dns_client(&self, domain: &str, dns_cred: &DnsCredential) -> Result<Dns01Client> {
+        match &dns_cred.provider {
+            DnsProvider::Cloudflare { api_token, api_url } => {
+                Dns01Client::new_cloudflare(domain.to_string(), api_token.clone(), api_url.clone())
+                    .await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Rotate the shared ACME account without interrupting certificate serving.
+    ///
+    /// The sequence is: validate every domain's DNS credential, create the
+    /// replacement account, publish the new credentials, then re-pin every
+    /// domain's CAA record to the new account. Publishing before re-pinning
+    /// makes the failure mode convergent: if some domains fail to re-pin, the
+    /// cluster is already on the new account and rerunning `SetCaa` finishes
+    /// the switch without registering yet another account (Let's Encrypt caps
+    /// new registrations per IP).
+    ///
+    /// Between publishing and re-pinning, a renewal on another node may pick up
+    /// the new account while a domain's CAA still pins the old one; that
+    /// issuance fails and the periodic renewal task retries. Re-pinning briefly
+    /// installs `;` guard CAA records, so a failure can leave a domain blocked
+    /// from issuance until a later `SetCaa` run succeeds (the same hazard as
+    /// [`Self::set_caa_all`]).
+    ///
+    /// This RPC re-pins issuance to the new account; it does not deactivate the
+    /// old ACME account at the CA.
+    pub async fn rotate_acme_credentials(&self) -> Result<(String, usize)> {
+        let Ok(_guard) = self.caa_lock.try_lock() else {
+            bail!("ACME credential rotation or CAA reconciliation is already in progress");
+        };
+        let Some(rotation_lock) = self.try_acquire_rotation_lock() else {
+            bail!("another node is rotating ACME credentials; retry after it finishes");
+        };
+        let result = self.do_rotate_acme_credentials().await;
+        if let Err(err) = self.release_rotation_lock(&rotation_lock) {
+            error!("failed to release ACME rotation lock: {err:?}");
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    async fn do_rotate_acme_credentials(&self) -> Result<(String, usize)> {
+        let configs = self.kv_store.list_zt_domain_configs();
+        let certbot_config = self.config()?;
+        let acme_url = if certbot_config.acme_url.is_empty() {
+            DEFAULT_ACME_URL
+        } else {
+            &certbot_config.acme_url
+        };
+
+        // Validate every domain's DNS credential up front: constructing a DNS
+        // client resolves the zone through an authenticated API call, so a
+        // misconfigured domain aborts the rotation here with no side effects
+        // and no ACME account consumed.
+        let mut prepared = Vec::with_capacity(configs.len());
+        for config in &configs {
+            let dns_cred = dns_credential_for(&self.kv_store, config)?;
+            let dns_client = self
+                .dns_client(&config.domain, &dns_cred)
+                .await
+                .with_context(|| format!("DNS credential check failed for {}", config.domain))?;
+            prepared.push((&config.domain, dns_cred, dns_client));
+        }
+        let total = prepared.len();
+        let mut prepared = prepared.into_iter();
+        let Some((first_domain, first_cred, first_client)) = prepared.next() else {
+            bail!("no ZT-Domain configured for ACME credential rotation");
+        };
+
+        let client = AcmeClient::new_account(
+            acme_url,
+            first_client,
+            first_cred.max_dns_wait,
+            first_cred.dns_txt_ttl,
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("failed to create replacement ACME account")?;
+        let credentials = client
+            .dump_credentials()
+            .context("failed to encode replacement ACME credentials")?;
+        let account_uri = client.account_id().to_string();
+
+        // Publish immediately. From here the cluster converges on the new
+        // account, and recovering from a partial re-pin below never needs to
+        // register another account. Readers create an ACME client per
+        // operation, so all nodes pick this up after WaveKV propagates it.
+        self.kv_store.save_acme_credentials(&CertCredentials {
+            acme_credentials: credentials.clone(),
+        })?;
+
+        // Re-pin every domain's CAA to the new account, best effort across all
+        // domains: one failing domain must not block re-pinning the rest. The
+        // first domain reuses the registration client, which is already bound
+        // to its DNS client and the new credentials.
+        let mut failed = Vec::new();
+        let mut record = |domain: &String, result: Result<()>| match result {
+            Ok(()) => info!("cert[{domain}]: CAA re-pinned to {account_uri}"),
+            Err(err) => {
+                error!("cert[{domain}]: failed to re-pin CAA: {err:?}");
+                failed.push(domain.clone());
+            }
+        };
+        record(
+            first_domain,
+            client
+                .set_caa_records(std::slice::from_ref(first_domain))
+                .await
+                .context("failed to update CAA records"),
+        );
+        for (domain, dns_cred, dns_client) in prepared {
+            let result = async {
+                let client = AcmeClient::load(
+                    dns_client,
+                    &credentials,
+                    dns_cred.max_dns_wait,
+                    dns_cred.dns_txt_ttl,
+                )
+                .await
+                .context("failed to prepare ACME client")?;
+                client
+                    .set_caa_records(std::slice::from_ref(domain))
+                    .await
+                    .context("failed to update CAA records")
+            }
+            .await;
+            record(domain, result);
+        }
+
+        // Attest the new account only after CAA re-pinning: attestation does
+        // not gate issuance, so its agent round trips must not widen the
+        // window where the published account and the CAA records disagree.
+        // Run it even when some domains failed so the new account is still
+        // recorded.
+        if let Err(err) = self.generate_and_save_acme_attestation(&account_uri).await {
+            warn!("failed to attest rotated ACME account: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        if !failed.is_empty() {
+            bail!(
+                "rotated to {account_uri} and published the new credentials, but failed to \
+                 re-pin CAA for {}/{total} domains: {}; rerun SetCaa until it succeeds — \
+                 retrying the rotation would register yet another account",
+                failed.len(),
+                failed.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        Ok((account_uri, total))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current certbot configuration from KV store.
+    ///
+    /// Propagates a corrupt record instead of falling back to the defaults:
+    /// the default `acme_url` is Let's Encrypt production, so a silent
+    /// fallback would move issuance to a different ACME server.
+    fn config(&self) -> Result<crate::kv::GlobalCertbotConfig> {
+        self.kv_store.get_certbot_config()
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize all ZT-Domain certificates
+    pub async fn init_all(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let configs = self.kv_store.list_zt_domain_configs();
+        for config in configs {
+            if let Err(err) = self.init_domain(&config.domain).await {
+                error!("cert[{}]: failed to initialize: {err:?}", config.domain);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize certificate for a specific domain
+    pub async fn init_domain(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        // First, try to load from KvStore (synced from other nodes)
+        if let Some(cert_data) = self.kv_store.get_cert_data(domain) {
+            let now = now_secs();
+            if cert_data.not_after > now {
+                info!(
+                    domain,
+                    "loaded from KvStore (issued by node {}, expires in {} days)",
+                    cert_data.issued_by,
+                    (cert_data.not_after - now) / 86400
+                );
+                self.cert_resolver.update_cert(domain, &cert_data)?;
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            info!(domain, "KvStore certificate expired, will request new one");
+        }
+
+        // No valid cert, need to request new one
+        info!(domain, "no valid certificate found, requesting from ACME");
+        self.request_new_cert(domain).await
+    }
+
+    /// Set CAA records for every configured ZT domain.
+    ///
+    /// Reconciliation is per-domain best effort: a failing domain is logged and the
+    /// remaining domains are still reconciled, so one misconfigured domain cannot
+    /// leave the rest unauthorized. Failures are reported together in the returned
+    /// error.
+    ///
+    /// Note that reconciling a domain briefly installs `;` guard CAA records that
+    /// forbid issuance for that name. A failure in the middle of the sequence can
+    /// leave those guards behind, blocking issuance for the domain until a later run
+    /// succeeds. The guard window can also fail an ACME order that is in flight for
+    /// the same domain; the periodic renewal task retries, so that is transient.
+    pub async fn set_caa_all(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let Ok(_guard) = self.caa_lock.try_lock() else {
+            bail!("ACME credential rotation or CAA reconciliation is already in progress");
+        };
+        let configs = self.kv_store.list_zt_domain_configs();
+        if configs.is_empty() {
+            warn!("no ZT-Domain configured, no CAA records to set");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let total = configs.len();
+        let mut failed = Vec::new();
+        for config in configs {
+            let domain = config.domain.clone();
+            match self.set_caa(&domain, &config).await {
+                Ok(()) => info!("cert[{domain}]: CAA records reconciled"),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    error!("cert[{domain}]: failed to set CAA records: {err:?}");
+                    failed.push(domain);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !failed.is_empty() {
+            bail!(
+                "failed to set CAA records for {}/{total} domains: {}; \
+                 they may retain guard CAA records that block issuance until a rerun succeeds",
+                failed.len(),
+                failed.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        info!("CAA records reconciled for {total} domains");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set CAA records for a single ZT domain.
+    ///
+    /// The domain in the config is the base domain and certificates are issued for
+    /// `*.{domain}`, which the CAA lookup covers by climbing to the base domain.
+    ///
+    /// The written CAA value pins `accounturi` to the global ACME account, so this
+    /// reuses the account from the KV store and registers one if none exists yet.
+    async fn set_caa(&self, domain: &str, config: &ZtDomainConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        let acme_client = self
+            .get_or_create_acme_client(domain, config)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to initialize ACME client")?;
+        acme_client
+            .set_caa_records(&[domain.to_string()])
+            .await
+            .context("failed to set CAA records")
+    }
+
+    /// Try to renew all ZT-Domain certificates
+    pub async fn try_renew_all(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let configs = self.kv_store.list_zt_domain_configs();
+        for config in configs {
+            if let Err(err) = self.try_renew(&config.domain, false).await {
+                error!("cert[{}]: failed to renew: {err:?}", config.domain);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Try to renew certificate for a specific domain if needed
+    #[tracing::instrument(skip(self))]
+    pub async fn try_renew(&self, domain: &str, force: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        // Check if config exists
+        let config = self
+            .kv_store
+            .get_zt_domain_config(domain)
+            .context("ZT-Domain config not found")?;
+
+        // Check if renewal is needed
+        let cert_data = self.kv_store.get_cert_data(domain);
+        let needs_renew = if force {
+            true
+        } else if let Some(ref data) = cert_data {
+            let now = now_secs();
+            let expires_in = data.not_after.saturating_sub(now);
+            expires_in < self.config()?.renew_before_expiration.as_secs()
+        } else {
+            true
+        };
+
+        if !needs_renew {
+            info!("does not need renewal");
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        // Try to acquire lock
+        if !self.try_acquire_cert_lock(domain) {
+            info!("another node is renewing, skipping");
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        info!("acquired renew lock, starting renewal");
+
+        // Perform renewal or initial issuance
+        let result = if cert_data.is_some() {
+            self.do_renew(domain, &config).await
+        } else {
+            // No existing certificate, request new one
+            info!("no existing certificate, requesting new one");
+            self.do_request_new(domain, &config).await.map(|_| true)
+        };
+
+        // Release lock regardless of result
+        if let Err(err) = self.release_cert_lock(domain) {
+            error!("failed to release lock: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Request new certificate for a domain
+    #[tracing::instrument(skip(self))]
+    async fn request_new_cert(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let config = self
+            .kv_store
+            .get_zt_domain_config(domain)
+            .context("ZT-Domain config not found")?;
+
+        // Try to acquire lock first
+        if !self.try_acquire_cert_lock(domain) {
+            // Another node is requesting, wait for it
+            info!("another node is requesting, waiting...");
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(30)).await;
+            if let Some(cert_data) = self.kv_store.get_cert_data(domain) {
+                self.cert_resolver.update_cert(domain, &cert_data)?;
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            bail!("failed to get certificate from KvStore after waiting");
+        }
+
+        let result = self.do_request_new(domain, &config).await;
+
+        if let Err(err) = self.release_cert_lock(domain) {
+            error!("failed to release lock: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        result
+    }
+
+    async fn do_request_new(&self, domain: &str, config: &ZtDomainConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        let acme_client = self.get_or_create_acme_client(domain, config).await?;
+
+        // Generate new key pair (always use new key for security)
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().context("failed to generate key")?;
+        let key_pem = key.serialize_pem();
+        let public_key_der = key.public_key_der();
+
+        // Request wildcard certificate (domain in config is base domain, cert is *.domain)
+        let wildcard_domain = format!("*.{}", domain);
+        info!(
+            "requesting new certificate from ACME for {}...",
+            wildcard_domain
+        );
+        let cert_pem = tokio::time::timeout(
+            self.config()?.renew_timeout,
+            acme_client.request_new_certificate(&key_pem, &[wildcard_domain]),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("certificate request timed out")?
+        .context("failed to request new certificate")?;
+
+        let not_after = get_cert_expiry(&cert_pem).context("failed to parse certificate expiry")?;
+
+        // Save certificate to KvStore
+        self.save_cert_to_kvstore(domain, &cert_pem, &key_pem, not_after)?;
+        info!("new certificate obtained from ACME, saved to KvStore");
+
+        // Generate and save attestation
+        self.generate_and_save_attestation(domain, &public_key_der)
+            .await?;
+
+        // Load into memory cert store
+        let cert_data = CertData {
+            cert_pem,
+            key_pem,
+            not_after,
+            issued_by: self.kv_store.my_node_id(),
+            issued_at: now_secs(),
+        };
+        self.cert_resolver.update_cert(domain, &cert_data)?;
+
+        info!(
+            "new certificate loaded (expires in {} days)",
+            (not_after - now_secs()) / 86400
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn do_renew(&self, domain: &str, config: &ZtDomainConfig) -> Result<bool> {
+        let acme_client = self.get_or_create_acme_client(domain, config).await?;
+
+        // Generate new key pair (always use new key for each renewal)
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().context("failed to generate key")?;
+        let key_pem = key.serialize_pem();
+        let public_key_der = key.public_key_der();
+
+        // Verify there's a current cert (for audit trail, even though we don't use its key)
+        if self.kv_store.get_cert_data(domain).is_none() {
+            bail!("no current certificate to renew");
+        }
+
+        // Renew with new key (request wildcard certificate)
+        let wildcard_domain = format!("*.{}", domain);
+        info!(
+            "renewing certificate with new key from ACME for {}...",
+            wildcard_domain
+        );
+        let new_cert_pem = tokio::time::timeout(
+            self.config()?.renew_timeout,
+            // Note: we request a new cert rather than renew, since we have a new key
+            acme_client.request_new_certificate(&key_pem, &[wildcard_domain]),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("certificate renewal timed out")?
+        .context("failed to renew certificate")?;
+
+        let not_after =
+            get_cert_expiry(&new_cert_pem).context("failed to parse certificate expiry")?;
+
+        // Save to KvStore
+        self.save_cert_to_kvstore(domain, &new_cert_pem, &key_pem, not_after)?;
+        info!("renewed certificate saved to KvStore");
+
+        // Generate and save attestation
+        self.generate_and_save_attestation(domain, &public_key_der)
+            .await?;
+
+        // Load into memory cert store
+        let cert_data = CertData {
+            cert_pem: new_cert_pem,
+            key_pem,
+            not_after,
+            issued_by: self.kv_store.my_node_id(),
+            issued_at: now_secs(),
+        };
+        self.cert_resolver.update_cert(domain, &cert_data)?;
+
+        info!(
+            "renewed certificate loaded (expires in {} days)",
+            (not_after - now_secs()) / 86400
+        );
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    async fn get_or_create_acme_client(
+        &self,
+        domain: &str,
+        config: &ZtDomainConfig,
+    ) -> Result<AcmeClient> {
+        // Get DNS credential (from config or default)
+        let dns_cred = dns_credential_for(&self.kv_store, config)?;
+
+        // Create DNS client based on provider
+        let dns01_client = self.dns_client(domain, &dns_cred).await?;
+
+        // Use ACME URL from certbot config, fall back to default if not set
+        let config = self.config()?;
+        let acme_url = if config.acme_url.is_empty() {
+            DEFAULT_ACME_URL
+        } else {
+            &config.acme_url
+        };
+
+        // Try to load global ACME credentials from KvStore. A corrupt record
+        // is an error, not absence: falling through to account registration
+        // would silently create an account that the account-bound CAA records
+        // refuse, and burn a rate-limited registration.
+        let stored_creds = self
+            .kv_store
+            .get_acme_credentials()
+            .context("call RotateAcmeCredentials to replace the stored ACME credentials")?;
+        if let Some(creds) = stored_creds {
+            if !acme_url_matches(&creds.acme_credentials, acme_url).context(
+                "invalid ACME credentials in KvStore; call RotateAcmeCredentials to replace them",
+            )? {
+                // Registering a fresh account here would leave every domain's
+                // CAA pinned to the old account and block issuance; rotation
+                // re-pins CAA along with the switch.
+                bail!(
+                    "stored ACME credentials are for a different ACME directory; \
+                     call RotateAcmeCredentials to switch directories"
+                );
+            }
+            info!("loaded global ACME account credentials from KvStore");
+            return AcmeClient::load(
+                dns01_client,
+                &creds.acme_credentials,
+                dns_cred.max_dns_wait,
+                dns_cred.dns_txt_ttl,
+            )
+            .await
+            .context("failed to load ACME client from KvStore credentials");
+        }
+
+        // Create new global ACME account
+        info!("creating new global ACME account at {acme_url}");
+        let client = AcmeClient::new_account(
+            acme_url,
+            dns01_client,
+            dns_cred.max_dns_wait,
+            dns_cred.dns_txt_ttl,
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("failed to create new ACME account")?;
+
+        let creds_json = client
+            .dump_credentials()
+            .context("failed to dump ACME credentials")?;
+
+        // Save global ACME credentials to KvStore
+        self.kv_store.save_acme_credentials(&CertCredentials {
+            acme_credentials: creds_json.clone(),
+        })?;
+
+        // Generate and save ACME account attestation
+        if let Some(account_uri) = extract_account_uri(&creds_json) {
+            self.generate_and_save_acme_attestation(&account_uri)
+                .await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(client)
+    }
+
+    async fn generate_and_save_acme_attestation(&self, account_uri: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let agent = match crate::dstack_agent() {
+            Ok(a) => a,
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("failed to create dstack agent: {err:?}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        let report_data = QuoteContentType::Custom("acme-account")
+            .to_report_data(account_uri.as_bytes())
+            .to_vec();
+
+        // Get quote
+        let quote = match agent
+            .get_quote(RawQuoteArgs {
+                report_data: report_data.clone(),
+            })
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(resp) => serde_json::to_string(&resp).unwrap_or_default(),
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("failed to get TDX quote for ACME account: {err:?}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Get attestation
+        let attestation_str = match agent.attest(RawQuoteArgs { report_data }).await {
+            Ok(resp) => serde_json::to_string(&resp).unwrap_or_default(),
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("failed to get attestation for ACME account: {err:?}");
+                String::new()
+            }
+        };
+
+        let attestation = AcmeAttestation {
+            account_uri: account_uri.to_string(),
+            quote,
+            attestation: attestation_str,
+            generated_by: self.kv_store.my_node_id(),
+            generated_at: now_secs(),
+        };
+
+        self.kv_store.save_acme_attestation(&attestation)?;
+        info!("ACME account attestation saved to KvStore");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn save_cert_to_kvstore(
+        &self,
+        domain: &str,
+        cert_pem: &str,
+        key_pem: &str,
+        not_after: u64,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let cert_data = CertData {
+            cert_pem: cert_pem.to_string(),
+            key_pem: key_pem.to_string(),
+            not_after,
+            issued_by: self.kv_store.my_node_id(),
+            issued_at: now_secs(),
+        };
+        self.kv_store.save_cert_data(domain, &cert_data)
+    }
+
+    async fn generate_and_save_attestation(
+        &self,
+        domain: &str,
+        public_key_der: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let agent = match crate::dstack_agent() {
+            Ok(a) => a,
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!(domain, "failed to create dstack agent: {err:?}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        let report_data = QuoteContentType::Custom("zt-cert")
+            .to_report_data(public_key_der)
+            .to_vec();
+
+        // Get quote
+        let quote = match agent
+            .get_quote(RawQuoteArgs {
+                report_data: report_data.clone(),
+            })
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(resp) => serde_json::to_string(&resp).unwrap_or_default(),
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!(domain, "failed to generate TDX quote: {err:?}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Get attestation
+        let attestation = match agent.attest(RawQuoteArgs { report_data }).await {
+            Ok(resp) => serde_json::to_string(&resp).unwrap_or_default(),
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!(domain, "failed to get attestation: {err:?}");
+                String::new()
+            }
+        };
+
+        let attestation = CertAttestation {
+            public_key: public_key_der.to_vec(),
+            quote,
+            attestation,
+            generated_by: self.kv_store.my_node_id(),
+            generated_at: now_secs(),
+        };
+
+        self.kv_store.save_cert_attestation(domain, &attestation)?;
+        info!(domain, "attestation saved to KvStore");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn dns_credential_for(kv_store: &KvStore, config: &ZtDomainConfig) -> Result<DnsCredential> {
+    if let Some(ref cred_id) = config.dns_cred_id {
+        kv_store
+            .get_dns_credential(cred_id)?
+            .context("specified DNS credential not found")
+    } else {
+        kv_store
+            .get_default_dns_credential()?
+            .context("no default DNS credential configured")
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_cert_expiry(cert_pem: &str) -> Option<u64> {
+    use x509_parser::prelude::*;
+    let pem = Pem::iter_from_buffer(cert_pem.as_bytes()).next()?.ok()?;
+    let cert = pem.parse_x509().ok()?;
+    Some(cert.validity().not_after.timestamp() as u64)
+}
+
+fn acme_url_matches(credentials_json: &str, expected_url: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+    #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+    struct Creds {
+        acme_url: String,
+    }
+    let credentials = serde_json::from_str::<Creds>(credentials_json)
+        .context("failed to decode ACME credentials")?;
+    Ok(credentials.acme_url == expected_url)
+}
+
+/// Extract account_id (URI) from ACME credentials JSON
+pub(crate) fn extract_account_uri(credentials_json: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+    struct Creds {
+        #[serde(default)]
+        account_id: String,
+    }
+    serde_json::from_str::<Creds>(credentials_json)
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|c| !c.account_id.is_empty())
+        .map(|c| c.account_id)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct CountingNotifier(AtomicUsize);
+
+    impl PersistentWriteNotifier for CountingNotifier {
+        fn notify_persistent_write(&self) {
+            self.0.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn test_certbot(data_dir: &std::path::Path) -> DistributedCertBot {
+        let kv_store =
+            Arc::new(KvStore::new(1, vec![], data_dir).expect("failed to create kv store"));
+        DistributedCertBot::new(kv_store, Arc::new(CertResolver::new()), None)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lock_writes_wake_the_persistent_push_path() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv_store =
+            Arc::new(KvStore::new(1, vec![], data_dir.path()).expect("failed to create kv store"));
+        let notifier = Arc::new(CountingNotifier::default());
+        let certbot = DistributedCertBot::new(
+            kv_store,
+            Arc::new(CertResolver::new()),
+            Some(notifier.clone()),
+        );
+
+        let rotation = certbot
+            .try_acquire_rotation_lock()
+            .expect("rotation lock should be free");
+        assert_eq!(notifier.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
+        certbot
+            .release_rotation_lock(&rotation)
+            .expect("rotation lock release should succeed");
+        assert_eq!(notifier.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
+
+        assert!(certbot.try_acquire_cert_lock("example.com"));
+        assert_eq!(notifier.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 3);
+        assert!(!certbot.try_acquire_cert_lock("example.com"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            notifier.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            3,
+            "a rejected acquisition did not write and must not wake push"
+        );
+        certbot
+            .release_cert_lock("example.com")
+            .expect("renewal lock release should succeed");
+        assert_eq!(notifier.0.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 4);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn set_caa_all_succeeds_without_configured_domains() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let certbot = test_certbot(data_dir.path());
+        // No ZT-Domain configured: nothing to reconcile and no DNS provider is contacted.
+        certbot
+            .set_caa_all()
+            .await
+            .expect("set_caa_all should succeed without domains");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn set_caa_all_rejects_concurrent_runs() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let certbot = test_certbot(data_dir.path());
+        let _guard = certbot.caa_lock.lock().await;
+        let err = certbot
+            .set_caa_all()
+            .await
+            .expect_err("a concurrent run should be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("already in progress"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rotate_acme_credentials_rejects_concurrent_runs() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let certbot = test_certbot(data_dir.path());
+        let _guard = certbot.caa_lock.lock().await;
+        let err = certbot
+            .rotate_acme_credentials()
+            .await
+            .expect_err("a concurrent run should be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("already in progress"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rotate_acme_credentials_rejects_when_another_node_holds_the_lock() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let certbot = test_certbot(data_dir.path());
+        assert!(certbot
+            .kv_store
+            .try_acquire_rotation_lock(ROTATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS)
+            .is_some());
+        let err = certbot
+            .rotate_acme_credentials()
+            .await
+            .expect_err("rotation should be rejected while the KV lock is held");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("another node is rotating ACME credentials"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rotate_acme_credentials_requires_a_configured_domain() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let certbot = test_certbot(data_dir.path());
+        let err = certbot
+            .rotate_acme_credentials()
+            .await
+            .expect_err("rotation without domains should fail");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("no ZT-Domain configured"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+        // The failed rotation must release the KV lock so a later run can proceed.
+        assert!(certbot
+            .kv_store
+            .try_acquire_rotation_lock(ROTATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS)
+            .is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn stale_rotation_holder_does_not_release_a_newer_lock() {
+        let data_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let certbot = test_certbot(data_dir.path());
+        let current = certbot
+            .kv_store
+            .try_acquire_rotation_lock(ROTATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT_SECS)
+            .expect("lock should be free");
+        // Simulate a holder that exceeded the timeout and was superseded.
+        let stale = crate::kv::CertRenewLock {
+            started_at: current.started_at.saturating_sub(100),
+            started_by: 99,
+        };
+        certbot
+            .kv_store
+            .release_rotation_lock(&stale)
+            .expect("stale release should be a no-op, not an error");
+        assert!(
+            certbot.kv_store.get_rotation_lock().is_some(),
+            "the newer holder's lock must remain in place"
+        );
+        certbot
+            .kv_store
+            .release_rotation_lock(&current)
+            .expect("owner release should succeed");
+        assert!(certbot.kv_store.get_rotation_lock().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corrupt_acme_credentials_fail_closed() {
+        assert!(acme_url_matches("not-json", "https://acme.test/directory").is_err());
+        assert!(acme_url_matches("{}", "https://acme.test/directory").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn valid_acme_credentials_distinguish_directory() {
+        let credentials = r#"{"acme_url":"https://acme.test/directory"}"#;
+        assert!(acme_url_matches(credentials, "https://acme.test/directory")
+            .expect("valid credentials rejected"));
+        assert!(
+            !acme_url_matches(credentials, "https://other.test/directory")
+                .expect("valid credentials rejected")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/kv/https_client.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/https_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e185425a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/https_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! HTTPS client with mTLS and custom certificate verification during TLS handshake.
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use flate2::{write::GzEncoder, Compression};
+use http_body_util::{BodyExt, Full, Limited};
+use hyper::body::Bytes;
+use hyper_rustls::HttpsConnectorBuilder;
+use hyper_util::{
+    client::legacy::{connect::HttpConnector, Client},
+    rt::TokioExecutor,
+};
+use rustls::client::danger::{HandshakeSignatureValid, ServerCertVerified, ServerCertVerifier};
+use rustls::pki_types::pem::PemObject;
+use rustls::pki_types::{CertificateDer, PrivateKeyDer, ServerName, UnixTime};
+use rustls::{DigitallySignedStruct, SignatureScheme};
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
+
+/// Read a peer's response body, refusing one larger than the routes accept on a request.
+///
+/// `Body::collect` reads to completion, so without this a peer could stream an unbounded
+/// response and the decompression limit downstream would never be reached — the memory
+/// is already gone by then.
+async fn read_body_bounded(body: hyper::body::Incoming) -> Result<Bytes> {
+    Limited::new(body, super::MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES)
+        .collect()
+        .await
+        .map(|collected| collected.to_bytes())
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "failed to read response body (limit {} bytes): {err}",
+                super::MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+/// Custom certificate validator trait for TLS handshake verification.
+///
+/// Implementations can perform additional validation on the peer certificate
+/// during the TLS handshake, before any application data is sent.
+pub trait CertValidator: Debug + Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Validate the peer certificate.
+    ///
+    /// Called after standard X.509 chain verification succeeds.
+    /// Return `Ok(())` to accept the certificate, or `Err` to reject.
+    fn validate(&self, cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String>;
+}
+
+/// TLS configuration for mTLS with optional custom certificate validation
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct HttpsClientConfig {
+    pub cert_path: String,
+    pub key_path: String,
+    pub ca_cert_path: String,
+    /// Optional custom certificate validator (checked during TLS handshake)
+    pub cert_validator: Option<Arc<dyn CertValidator>>,
+}
+
+/// Wrapper that adapts a CertValidator to rustls ServerCertVerifier
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct CustomCertVerifier {
+    validator: Arc<dyn CertValidator>,
+    root_store: Arc<rustls::RootCertStore>,
+}
+
+impl CustomCertVerifier {
+    fn new(
+        validator: Arc<dyn CertValidator>,
+        ca_cert_der: CertificateDer<'static>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut root_store = rustls::RootCertStore::empty();
+        root_store
+            .add(ca_cert_der)
+            .context("failed to add CA cert to root store")?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            validator,
+            root_store: Arc::new(root_store),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ServerCertVerifier for CustomCertVerifier {
+    fn verify_server_cert(
+        &self,
+        end_entity: &CertificateDer<'_>,
+        intermediates: &[CertificateDer<'_>],
+        server_name: &ServerName<'_>,
+        _ocsp_response: &[u8],
+        now: UnixTime,
+    ) -> Result<ServerCertVerified, rustls::Error> {
+        // First, do standard certificate verification
+        let verifier = rustls::client::WebPkiServerVerifier::builder(self.root_store.clone())
+            .build()
+            .map_err(|e| rustls::Error::General(format!("failed to build verifier: {e}")))?;
+
+        verifier.verify_server_cert(end_entity, intermediates, server_name, &[], now)?;
+
+        // Then run custom validation
+        self.validator
+            .validate(end_entity.as_ref())
+            .map_err(rustls::Error::General)?;
+
+        Ok(ServerCertVerified::assertion())
+    }
+
+    fn verify_tls12_signature(
+        &self,
+        message: &[u8],
+        cert: &CertificateDer<'_>,
+        dss: &DigitallySignedStruct,
+    ) -> Result<HandshakeSignatureValid, rustls::Error> {
+        rustls::crypto::verify_tls12_signature(
+            message,
+            cert,
+            dss,
+            &rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().signature_verification_algorithms,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn verify_tls13_signature(
+        &self,
+        message: &[u8],
+        cert: &CertificateDer<'_>,
+        dss: &DigitallySignedStruct,
+    ) -> Result<HandshakeSignatureValid, rustls::Error> {
+        rustls::crypto::verify_tls13_signature(
+            message,
+            cert,
+            dss,
+            &rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().signature_verification_algorithms,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn supported_verify_schemes(&self) -> Vec<SignatureScheme> {
+        rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider()
+            .signature_verification_algorithms
+            .supported_schemes()
+    }
+}
+
+type HyperClient = Client<hyper_rustls::HttpsConnector<HttpConnector>, Full<Bytes>>;
+
+/// HTTPS client with mTLS and optional custom certificate validation.
+///
+/// When a `cert_validator` is set in `TlsConfig`, the client runs the validator
+/// during the TLS handshake, before any application data is sent.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct HttpsClient {
+    client: HyperClient,
+}
+
+impl HttpsClient {
+    async fn post_gzipped(
+        &self,
+        url: &str,
+        body: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<hyper::Response<hyper::body::Incoming>> {
+        let mut encoder = GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::fast());
+        encoder
+            .write_all(&body)
+            .context("failed to compress request")?;
+        let compressed = encoder.finish().context("failed to finish compression")?;
+
+        let request = hyper::Request::builder()
+            .method(hyper::Method::POST)
+            .uri(url)
+            .header("content-type", "application/x-msgpack-gz")
+            .body(Full::new(Bytes::from(compressed)))
+            .context("failed to build request")?;
+
+        self.client
+            .request(request)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to send request to {url}"))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new HTTPS client with mTLS configuration
+    pub fn new(tls: &HttpsClientConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Load client certificate and key
+        let cert_pem = std::fs::read(&tls.cert_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read TLS cert from {}", tls.cert_path))?;
+        let key_pem = std::fs::read(&tls.key_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read TLS key from {}", tls.key_path))?;
+
+        let certs: Vec<CertificateDer<'static>> = CertificateDer::pem_slice_iter(&cert_pem)
+            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+            .context("failed to parse client certs")?;
+
+        let key = PrivateKeyDer::from_pem_slice(&key_pem).context("failed to parse private key")?;
+
+        // Load CA certificate
+        let ca_cert_pem = std::fs::read(&tls.ca_cert_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read CA cert from {}", tls.ca_cert_path))?;
+        let ca_certs: Vec<CertificateDer<'static>> = CertificateDer::pem_slice_iter(&ca_cert_pem)
+            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+            .context("failed to parse CA certs")?;
+        let ca_cert = ca_certs
+            .into_iter()
+            .next()
+            .context("no CA certificate found")?;
+
+        // Build rustls config with custom verifier if validator is provided
+        let tls_config_builder = rustls::ClientConfig::builder();
+
+        let tls_config = if let Some(ref validator) = tls.cert_validator {
+            let verifier = CustomCertVerifier::new(validator.clone(), ca_cert)?;
+            tls_config_builder
+                .dangerous()
+                .with_custom_certificate_verifier(Arc::new(verifier))
+        } else {
+            // Standard verification without custom validator
+            let mut root_store = rustls::RootCertStore::empty();
+            root_store.add(ca_cert).context("failed to add CA cert")?;
+            tls_config_builder.with_root_certificates(root_store)
+        }
+        .with_client_auth_cert(certs, key)
+        .context("failed to set client auth cert")?;
+
+        let https = HttpsConnectorBuilder::new()
+            .with_tls_config(tls_config)
+            .https_only()
+            .enable_http1()
+            .build();
+
+        let client = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new()).build(https);
+        Ok(Self { client })
+    }
+
+    /// Send a POST request with JSON body and receive JSON response
+    pub async fn post_json<T: Serialize, R: DeserializeOwned>(
+        &self,
+        url: &str,
+        body: &T,
+    ) -> Result<R> {
+        let body = serde_json::to_vec(body).context("failed to serialize request body")?;
+
+        let request = hyper::Request::builder()
+            .method(hyper::Method::POST)
+            .uri(url)
+            .header("content-type", "application/json")
+            .body(Full::new(Bytes::from(body)))
+            .context("failed to build request")?;
+
+        let response = self
+            .client
+            .request(request)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to send request to {url}"))?;
+
+        if !response.status().is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!("request failed: {}", response.status());
+        }
+
+        // Bounded like every other response: this is the bootnode GetPeers path, and
+        // the threat model does not assume a bootnode is honest.
+        let body = read_body_bounded(response.into_body()).await?;
+
+        serde_json::from_slice(&body).context("failed to parse response")
+    }
+
+    /// Send an already-encoded body and return the decompressed response bytes.
+    pub async fn post_bytes_response(&self, url: &str, body: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let response = self.post_gzipped(url, body).await?;
+
+        let status = response.status();
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!("request failed: {status}");
+        }
+
+        let body = read_body_bounded(response.into_body()).await?;
+        crate::kv::gunzip_bounded(&body, crate::kv::MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES)
+    }
+
+    /// Send an already-encoded body to an endpoint whose successful response has no body.
+    pub async fn post_bytes_no_response(&self, url: &str, body: Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
+        let response = self.post_gzipped(url, body).await?;
+        if !response.status().is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!("request failed: {}", response.status());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Built-in validators
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Validator that checks the peer certificate contains a specific app_id.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct AppIdValidator {
+    expected_app_id: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl AppIdValidator {
+    pub fn new(expected_app_id: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { expected_app_id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CertValidator for AppIdValidator {
+    fn validate(&self, cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        use ra_tls::traits::CertExt;
+
+        let (_, cert) = x509_parser::parse_x509_certificate(cert_der)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to parse certificate: {e}"))?;
+
+        let peer_app_id = cert
+            .get_app_id()
+            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to get app_id: {e}"))?;
+
+        let Some(peer_app_id) = peer_app_id else {
+            return Err("peer certificate does not contain app_id".into());
+        };
+
+        if peer_app_id != self.expected_app_id {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "app_id mismatch: expected {}, got {}",
+                hex::encode(&self.expected_app_id),
+                hex::encode(&peer_app_id)
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+    use ra_tls::rcgen::KeyPair;
+
+    /// A certificate carrying `PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID`, minted in process.
+    ///
+    /// No TEE is involved: `CertRequest` writes the extension unconditionally, and the
+    /// validator below never looks at a quote — it parses DER and compares bytes.
+    fn cert_with_app_id(app_id: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().expect("key");
+        CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key)
+            .subject("peer.test")
+            .app_id(app_id)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .expect("self-signed cert")
+            .der()
+            .to_vec()
+    }
+
+    fn cert_without_app_id() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().expect("key");
+        CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key)
+            .subject("peer.test")
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .expect("self-signed cert")
+            .der()
+            .to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// The client half of the same rule the sync routes enforce on inbound requests.
+    ///
+    /// This runs during the TLS handshake, so a validator that always returns `Ok(())`
+    /// means this gateway will complete a mutually-authenticated connection to any peer
+    /// presenting any certificate our CA signed — and then send it our state. Replacing
+    /// the whole body with `Ok(())`, or inverting the comparison, left the suite green.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_peer_certificate_is_accepted_only_when_its_app_id_matches() {
+        let ours = b"app-id-of-this-cluster".to_vec();
+        let validator = AppIdValidator::new(ours.clone());
+
+        assert_eq!(validator.validate(&cert_with_app_id(&ours)), Ok(()));
+        assert!(
+            validator
+                .validate(&cert_with_app_id(b"a-different-app"))
+                .is_err(),
+            "a certificate from another app must not complete the handshake"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A certificate that says nothing about which app holds it proves nothing, and must
+    /// be refused rather than treated as unconstrained.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_peer_certificate_without_an_app_id_is_refused() {
+        let validator = AppIdValidator::new(b"app-id-of-this-cluster".to_vec());
+        let err = validator
+            .validate(&cert_without_app_id())
+            .expect_err("a certificate with no app identity must be refused");
+        assert!(err.contains("app_id"), "{err}");
+    }
+
+    /// Anything that is not a certificate is a parse failure, not a pass.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_malformed_certificate_is_refused() {
+        let validator = AppIdValidator::new(b"whatever".to_vec());
+        assert!(validator.validate(b"not a certificate at all").is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Response handling tested against a real TLS peer.
+///
+/// No container and no TEE: a local listener with a certificate minted in process.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod transport_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use hyper::service::service_fn;
+    use hyper::{Response, StatusCode};
+    use hyper_util::rt::TokioIo;
+    use std::convert::Infallible;
+    use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+    use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;
+
+    /// A CA plus a leaf valid for 127.0.0.1, written where `HttpsClient::new` expects.
+    fn tls_material(dir: &std::path::Path) -> (HttpsClientConfig, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::{BasicConstraints, CertificateParams, IsCa, KeyPair};
+
+        let ca_key = KeyPair::generate().expect("ca key");
+        let mut ca_params = CertificateParams::new(vec![]).expect("ca params");
+        ca_params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+        let ca_cert = ca_params.self_signed(&ca_key).expect("ca cert");
+
+        let leaf_key = KeyPair::generate().expect("leaf key");
+        let leaf_params =
+            CertificateParams::new(vec!["127.0.0.1".to_string()]).expect("leaf params");
+        let leaf_cert = leaf_params
+            .signed_by(&leaf_key, &ca_cert, &ca_key)
+            .expect("leaf cert");
+
+        let cert_path = dir.join("node.crt");
+        let key_path = dir.join("node.key");
+        let ca_path = dir.join("ca.crt");
+        std::fs::write(&cert_path, leaf_cert.pem()).expect("write cert");
+        std::fs::write(&key_path, leaf_key.serialize_pem()).expect("write key");
+        std::fs::write(&ca_path, ca_cert.pem()).expect("write ca");
+
+        (
+            HttpsClientConfig {
+                cert_path: cert_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                key_path: key_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                ca_cert_path: ca_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                cert_validator: None,
+            },
+            leaf_cert.der().to_vec(),
+            leaf_key.serialize_der(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Serve one fixed response over TLS and return the URL to reach it.
+    async fn serve(status: StatusCode, body: Vec<u8>, cert: Vec<u8>, key: Vec<u8>) -> String {
+        let certs = vec![rustls::pki_types::CertificateDer::from(cert)];
+        let key = rustls::pki_types::PrivateKeyDer::try_from(key).expect("server key");
+        let config = rustls::ServerConfig::builder()
+            .with_no_client_auth()
+            .with_single_cert(certs, key)
+            .expect("server config");
+        let acceptor = TlsAcceptor::from(Arc::new(config));
+
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.expect("bind");
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().expect("addr");
+
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            while let Ok((stream, _)) = listener.accept().await {
+                let acceptor = acceptor.clone();
+                let body = body.clone();
+                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    let Ok(tls) = acceptor.accept(stream).await else {
+                        return;
+                    };
+                    let _ = hyper::server::conn::http1::Builder::new()
+                        .serve_connection(
+                            TokioIo::new(tls),
+                            service_fn(move |_req| {
+                                let body = body.clone();
+                                async move {
+                                    Ok::<_, Infallible>(
+                                        Response::builder()
+                                            .status(status)
+                                            .body(Full::new(Bytes::from(body)))
+                                            .expect("response"),
+                                    )
+                                }
+                            }),
+                        )
+                        .await;
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        format!("https://127.0.0.1:{}/wavekv/sync/persistent", addr.port())
+    }
+
+    fn gzip(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut encoder = GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::fast());
+        encoder.write_all(bytes).expect("gzip");
+        encoder.finish().expect("gzip finish")
+    }
+
+    async fn request(status: StatusCode, body: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let (config, cert, key) = tls_material(dir.path());
+        let url = serve(status, body, cert, key).await;
+        HttpsClient::new(&config)
+            .expect("client")
+            .post_bytes_response(&url, b"request".to_vec())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// A non-success status must never be decoded as a successful sync response.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_server_error_is_rejected() {
+        assert!(request(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, Vec::new())
+            .await
+            .is_err());
+        assert!(request(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, Vec::new()).await.is_err());
+    }
+
+    /// A peer that answers gets its body decompressed and returned.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_upgraded_peer_returns_its_decoded_body() {
+        let payload = b"the-envelope-bytes".to_vec();
+        let got = request(StatusCode::OK, gzip(&payload)).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got, payload);
+    }
+
+    /// Push responses intentionally have no body. A successful delivery must not be
+    /// passed through the sync-response gunzip path.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_empty_success_response_is_accepted_for_a_push() {
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let (config, cert, key) = tls_material(dir.path());
+        let url = serve(StatusCode::OK, Vec::new(), cert, key).await;
+
+        HttpsClient::new(&config)
+            .expect("client")
+            .post_bytes_no_response(&url, b"push-envelope".to_vec())
+            .await
+            .expect("an empty 200 response is a successful push");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_failed_push_status_is_rejected() {
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let (config, cert, key) = tls_material(dir.path());
+        let url = serve(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, Vec::new(), cert, key).await;
+
+        assert!(HttpsClient::new(&config)
+            .expect("client")
+            .post_bytes_no_response(&url, b"push-envelope".to_vec())
+            .await
+            .is_err());
+    }
+
+    /// A server certificate carrying an app id, signed by the same test CA.
+    fn app_id_server_cert(
+        dir: &std::path::Path,
+        app_id: &[u8],
+    ) -> (HttpsClientConfig, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::{BasicConstraints, CertificateParams, IsCa, KeyPair};
+
+        let ca_key = KeyPair::generate().expect("ca key");
+        let mut ca_params = CertificateParams::new(vec![]).expect("ca params");
+        ca_params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+        let ca_cert = ca_params.self_signed(&ca_key).expect("ca cert");
+
+        let leaf_key = KeyPair::generate().expect("leaf key");
+        let alt_names = vec!["127.0.0.1".to_string()];
+        let leaf_cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&leaf_key)
+            .subject("peer.test")
+            .alt_names(&alt_names)
+            .app_id(app_id)
+            .usage_server_auth(true)
+            .build()
+            .signed_by(&ca_cert, &ca_key)
+            .expect("leaf cert");
+
+        let cert_path = dir.join("node.crt");
+        let key_path = dir.join("node.key");
+        let ca_path = dir.join("ca.crt");
+        std::fs::write(&cert_path, leaf_cert.pem()).expect("write cert");
+        std::fs::write(&key_path, leaf_key.serialize_pem()).expect("write key");
+        std::fs::write(&ca_path, ca_cert.pem()).expect("write ca");
+
+        (
+            HttpsClientConfig {
+                cert_path: cert_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                key_path: key_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                ca_cert_path: ca_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                cert_validator: None,
+            },
+            leaf_cert.der().to_vec(),
+            leaf_key.serialize_der(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// The client-side identity check, over a real handshake rather than a direct call.
+    ///
+    /// `AppIdValidator` runs inside `CustomCertVerifier`, which rustls only reaches once
+    /// standard chain verification passes — so unit-testing the validator alone leaves
+    /// the wiring untested. A peer from another app must fail to connect at all, before
+    /// any application bytes move.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_peer_from_another_app_cannot_complete_the_handshake() {
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+        let ours = b"app-id-of-this-cluster".to_vec();
+
+        for (server_app_id, expect_ok) in
+            [(ours.clone(), true), (b"a-different-app".to_vec(), false)]
+        {
+            let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+            let (mut config, cert, key) = app_id_server_cert(dir.path(), &server_app_id);
+            config.cert_validator = Some(Arc::new(AppIdValidator::new(ours.clone())));
+            let url = serve(StatusCode::OK, gzip(b"response"), cert, key).await;
+
+            let got = HttpsClient::new(&config)
+                .expect("client")
+                .post_bytes_response(&url, b"x".to_vec())
+                .await;
+
+            if expect_ok {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    got.expect("a peer from our own app must connect"),
+                    b"response"
+                );
+            } else {
+                assert!(
+                    got.is_err(),
+                    "a peer from another app completed the handshake"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `post_json` is the bootnode GetPeers path, and the threat model does not assume a
+    /// bootnode is honest — so a failure status must not be parsed as a peer list.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_failed_bootnode_fetch_is_not_parsed_as_peers() {
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let (config, cert, key) = tls_material(dir.path());
+        let url = serve(StatusCode::FORBIDDEN, b"null".to_vec(), cert, key).await;
+        let client = HttpsClient::new(&config).expect("client");
+        let out: Result<Option<u32>> = client.post_json(&url, &()).await;
+        assert!(
+            out.is_err(),
+            "a 403 from a bootnode must not parse as a body"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The response body is bounded before it is decompressed, so a peer cannot spend
+    /// our memory ahead of any decoding limit.
+    ///
+    /// The body must be *valid* gzip that merely exceeds the compressed ceiling. A
+    /// malformed one is rejected by `gunzip_bounded` whatever the ceiling says, so it
+    /// would pass this test with the bound removed entirely — which is exactly what the
+    /// first version of it did. Stored-mode gzip keeps the encoded size at roughly the
+    /// input size, so the payload clears the ceiling while decompressing well inside it.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_oversized_response_body_is_refused() {
+        let stored = {
+            let mut encoder = GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::none());
+            encoder
+                .write_all(&vec![0u8; super::super::MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES + 1])
+                .expect("gzip");
+            encoder.finish().expect("gzip finish")
+        };
+        assert!(
+            stored.len() > super::super::MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES,
+            "the fixture depends on the compressed body clearing the ceiling"
+        );
+        assert!(request(StatusCode::OK, stored).await.is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/kv/import.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/import.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da187c9fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/import.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Validation boundary between replicated KV records and the local data plane.
+//!
+//! Every `inst/` record that reaches `ProxyState` — and through it the rendered
+//! `wg.conf` — passes through [`accept_instances`] first. The registration-path
+//! checks are re-run here because:
+//!
+//! - a record can arrive from a peer without ever passing through this node's
+//!   registration RPC, so its checks are not a boundary for synced data;
+//! - last-writer-wins replication cannot enforce invariants that span keys, so
+//!   IP and public-key uniqueness have to be re-established on import;
+//! - `wg syncconf` rejects the *whole* config file when a single peer key is
+//!   malformed, which turns one bad record into a node-wide WireGuard freeze.
+//!
+//! Validation never aborts the batch: an offending record is skipped and
+//! reported, every other instance keeps its routing.
+//!
+//! Refusals are not all the same, so [`Rejection`] tells the caller which kind
+//! it is holding. A record this node cannot make sense of says nothing about
+//! whether its instance still exists, so the instance keeps the state the data
+//! plane already has; a record that lost an IP or key conflict says the address
+//! belongs to someone else, so its instance has to stop being routable.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+
+use anyhow::{ensure, Result};
+use base64::{engine::general_purpose::STANDARD, Engine};
+
+use super::{InstanceData, LoadedInstances, MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS};
+use crate::config::WgConfig;
+use crate::time::now_secs;
+
+/// A WireGuard public key is 32 raw bytes, base64-encoded by `wg`.
+const WG_PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES: usize = 32;
+
+/// Padded base64 of 32 bytes is always 44 characters.
+const WG_PUBLIC_KEY_B64_LEN: usize = 44;
+
+/// Upper bound on identifier fields carried in a KV record. Real values are
+/// hex-encoded hashes (40-64 chars); the bound keeps a corrupt record that
+/// still decodes from pushing an arbitrarily long string into the logs and the
+/// rendered config.
+const MAX_ID_LEN: usize = 128;
+
+/// Whether a refused record should also cost the instance the state the data
+/// plane already holds for it.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Rejection {
+    /// The record is unusable: it fails validation, or its bytes no longer
+    /// decode. Either way this node cannot tell what the instance looks like
+    /// now, and the last known-good state is a better answer than none — so
+    /// whatever the data plane already knows about the instance stays.
+    Unusable,
+    /// The record is well-formed but lost a uniqueness conflict to an older
+    /// registration. Here the winner genuinely owns the IP or the key, so the
+    /// loser has to stop being routable; keeping it would put the same address
+    /// in `wg.conf` twice and hand it traffic that belongs to the winner.
+    LostConflict,
+}
+
+/// A record that failed validation, along with the reason.
+pub struct RejectedInstance {
+    pub instance_id: String,
+    pub reason: anyhow::Error,
+    pub rejection: Rejection,
+}
+
+/// Records accepted for import, plus the ones that were skipped.
+pub struct AcceptedInstances {
+    pub instances: BTreeMap<String, InstanceData>,
+    pub rejected: Vec<RejectedInstance>,
+}
+
+impl AcceptedInstances {
+    /// Instance IDs that are absent from `instances` only because their record
+    /// was unreadable, and whose existing data-plane state must therefore be
+    /// left in place rather than treated as a remote deletion.
+    pub fn unreadable(&self) -> HashSet<&str> {
+        self.rejected
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|rejected| rejected.rejection == Rejection::Unusable)
+            .map(|rejected| rejected.instance_id.as_str())
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Validate a WireGuard public key as `wg` itself would accept it.
+pub fn validate_wg_public_key(public_key: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure!(!public_key.is_empty(), "public key is empty");
+    ensure!(
+        !public_key.contains(|c: char| c.is_whitespace() || c.is_control()),
+        "public key contains whitespace or control characters"
+    );
+    // `wg` writes the padded form and accepts nothing else, so the length is
+    // part of the format rather than a consequence of the decode below.
+    ensure!(
+        public_key.len() == WG_PUBLIC_KEY_B64_LEN,
+        "public key is {} characters, expected {WG_PUBLIC_KEY_B64_LEN}",
+        public_key.len()
+    );
+    let decoded = STANDARD
+        .decode(public_key)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("public key is not valid base64: {err}"))?;
+    ensure!(
+        decoded.len() == WG_PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES,
+        "public key decodes to {} bytes, expected {WG_PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES}",
+        decoded.len()
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Validate an identifier field: non-empty, bounded, and free of whitespace
+/// and control characters. Every identifier a legitimate gateway writes into
+/// a KV record satisfies this, so it is also the acceptance bound for
+/// operator-supplied instance IDs (e.g. `Admin.RemoveCvm`).
+pub(crate) fn validate_id(field: &str, value: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure!(!value.is_empty(), "{field} is empty");
+    ensure!(
+        value.len() <= MAX_ID_LEN,
+        "{field} is {} bytes, limit is {MAX_ID_LEN}",
+        value.len()
+    );
+    ensure!(
+        !value.contains(|c: char| c.is_whitespace() || c.is_control()),
+        "{field} contains whitespace or control characters"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Per-record checks that do not depend on any other record.
+///
+/// `now` is the local wall clock in seconds, taken once per batch so every
+/// record in a batch is judged against the same instant.
+fn validate_instance(
+    wg: &WgConfig,
+    now: u64,
+    instance_id: &str,
+    data: &InstanceData,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_id("instance_id", instance_id)?;
+    validate_id("app_id", &data.app_id)?;
+    validate_wg_public_key(&data.public_key)?;
+    ensure!(
+        data.public_key != wg.public_key,
+        "public key belongs to this gateway"
+    );
+    // The routable network, not this node's allocation share: in a cluster
+    // every node carries peers for the CVMs registered on the other nodes, and
+    // those hold addresses from the other nodes' shares by design.
+    ensure!(
+        wg.is_routable_client_ip(data.ip),
+        "ip {} is outside the WireGuard network",
+        data.ip
+    );
+    // `reg_time` is the registering node's clock at that one instant, so a
+    // clock only has to be wrong once — during the window before chrony
+    // converges, or across a time jump — for the future timestamp to be written
+    // into the KV permanently. It does not heal when the clock does: both the
+    // "gone from KV" pass and `recycle()` age instances with
+    // `elapsed().unwrap_or_default()`, which reads a future timestamp as zero
+    // age, so the instance is immune to remote deletion and to local recycling
+    // until the process restarts. Same horizon as the handshake observations,
+    // which are ignored for the same reason.
+    let horizon = now.saturating_add(MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS);
+    ensure!(
+        data.reg_time <= horizon,
+        "reg_time {} is more than {MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS}s ahead of local time ({now})",
+        data.reg_time
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Filter KV instance records down to the ones safe to apply locally.
+///
+/// Conflicts on IP or public key are resolved by registration time (oldest
+/// wins, ties broken by instance ID) so that every node reaches the same
+/// decision from the same KV contents — the local registration path resolves
+/// them the same way, by refusing the newcomer.
+pub fn accept_instances(wg: &WgConfig, loaded: LoadedInstances) -> AcceptedInstances {
+    accept_instances_at(wg, loaded, now_secs())
+}
+
+fn accept_instances_at(wg: &WgConfig, loaded: LoadedInstances, now: u64) -> AcceptedInstances {
+    let LoadedInstances {
+        decoded,
+        undecodable,
+    } = loaded;
+
+    let mut ordered: Vec<(String, InstanceData)> = decoded.into_iter().collect();
+    ordered.sort_by(|(left_id, left), (right_id, right)| {
+        left.reg_time
+            .cmp(&right.reg_time)
+            .then_with(|| left_id.cmp(right_id))
+    });
+
+    let mut instances = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut rejected: Vec<RejectedInstance> = undecodable
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(instance_id, reason)| RejectedInstance {
+            instance_id,
+            reason: anyhow::anyhow!(reason),
+            rejection: Rejection::Unusable,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let mut claimed_ips: HashMap<Ipv4Addr, String> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut claimed_keys: HashSet<String> = HashSet::new();
+
+    for (instance_id, data) in ordered {
+        let checked = validate_instance(wg, now, &instance_id, &data)
+            .map_err(|reason| (Rejection::Unusable, reason))
+            .and_then(|()| {
+                if let Some(owner) = claimed_ips.get(&data.ip) {
+                    return Err((
+                        Rejection::LostConflict,
+                        anyhow::anyhow!("ip {} is already assigned to instance {owner}", data.ip),
+                    ));
+                }
+                if claimed_keys.contains(&data.public_key) {
+                    return Err((
+                        Rejection::LostConflict,
+                        anyhow::anyhow!("public key is already registered to another instance"),
+                    ));
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            });
+        if let Err((rejection, reason)) = checked {
+            rejected.push(RejectedInstance {
+                instance_id,
+                reason,
+                rejection,
+            });
+            continue;
+        }
+        claimed_ips.insert(data.ip, instance_id.clone());
+        claimed_keys.insert(data.public_key.clone());
+        instances.insert(instance_id, data);
+    }
+
+    AcceptedInstances {
+        instances,
+        rejected,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ipnet::Ipv4Net;
+
+    /// Wall clock the tests validate against; every fixture `reg_time` below is
+    /// well under it unless the test is about the future-timestamp horizon.
+    const NOW: u64 = 1_700_000_000;
+
+    fn wg_config() -> WgConfig {
+        WgConfig {
+            public_key: key(7),
+            private_key: "gateway".to_string(),
+            listen_port: 51820,
+            ip: "10.0.0.1/24".parse::<Ipv4Net>().unwrap(),
+            reserved_net: vec!["10.0.0.0/28".parse::<Ipv4Net>().unwrap()],
+            client_ip_range: "10.0.0.0/24".parse::<Ipv4Net>().unwrap(),
+            interface: "wg0".to_string(),
+            config_path: "/tmp/wg.conf".to_string(),
+            endpoint: "127.0.0.1:51820".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn key(seed: u8) -> String {
+        STANDARD.encode([seed; WG_PUBLIC_KEY_BYTES])
+    }
+
+    fn instance(ip: &str, public_key: &str, reg_time: u64) -> InstanceData {
+        InstanceData {
+            app_id: "0123456789abcdef".to_string(),
+            ip: ip.parse().unwrap(),
+            public_key: public_key.to_string(),
+            reg_time,
+            port_policy: None,
+            port_policy_hash: String::new(),
+            admin_port_policy: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn loaded(records: Vec<(&str, InstanceData)>) -> LoadedInstances {
+        LoadedInstances {
+            decoded: records
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(id, data)| (id.to_string(), data))
+                .collect(),
+            undecodable: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn accept(records: Vec<(&str, InstanceData)>) -> AcceptedInstances {
+        accept_instances_at(&wg_config(), loaded(records), NOW)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_well_formed_records() {
+        let accepted = accept(vec![
+            ("a", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100)),
+            ("b", instance("10.0.0.21", &key(2), 200)),
+        ]);
+        assert!(accepted.rejected.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(accepted.instances.len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_keys_wg_would_refuse() {
+        for bad in [
+            "",
+            "not base64!",
+            &STANDARD.encode([1u8; 16]),
+            &format!("{}\nEndpoint = 10.0.0.9:1234", key(3)),
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                validate_wg_public_key(bad).is_err(),
+                "accepted public key {bad:?}"
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(validate_wg_public_key(&key(3)).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_ids_unfit_for_kv_keys_and_logs() {
+        let too_long = "a".repeat(MAX_ID_LEN + 1);
+        for bad in ["", " id", "id ", "in id", "in\nid", too_long.as_str()] {
+            assert!(
+                validate_id("instance_id", bad).is_err(),
+                "accepted id {bad:?}"
+            );
+        }
+        validate_id("instance_id", "peer-instance").unwrap();
+        validate_id("instance_id", &"a".repeat(MAX_ID_LEN)).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_bad_record_does_not_drop_the_others() {
+        let accepted = accept(vec![
+            ("bad-key", instance("10.0.0.20", "not-a-key", 100)),
+            ("good", instance("10.0.0.21", &key(2), 200)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(accepted.rejected.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(accepted.rejected[0].instance_id, "bad-key");
+        assert!(accepted.instances.contains_key("good"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_addresses_belonging_to_this_gateway() {
+        // The gateway's own wg address, an address in its reserved net, and
+        // non-unicast garbage must never reach the peer list.
+        for ip in ["10.0.0.1", "10.0.0.5", "127.0.0.1", "224.0.0.1", "0.0.0.0"] {
+            let accepted = accept(vec![("x", instance(ip, &key(1), 100))]);
+            assert!(accepted.instances.is_empty(), "accepted ip {ip}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_the_gateways_own_public_key() {
+        let wg = wg_config();
+        let accepted = accept_instances_at(
+            &wg,
+            loaded(vec![(
+                "self-peer",
+                instance("10.0.0.20", &wg.public_key, 100),
+            )]),
+            NOW,
+        );
+        assert!(accepted.instances.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(accepted.rejected.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn duplicate_ip_and_key_claims_resolve_to_the_older_registration() {
+        let accepted = accept(vec![
+            ("new", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(9), 300)),
+            ("old", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(accepted.instances.len(), 1);
+        assert!(accepted.instances.contains_key("old"));
+
+        let accepted = accept(vec![
+            ("new", instance("10.0.0.21", &key(1), 300)),
+            ("old", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(accepted.instances.len(), 1);
+        assert!(accepted.instances.contains_key("old"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn conflict_resolution_does_not_depend_on_iteration_order() {
+        let forward = accept(vec![
+            ("a", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100)),
+            ("b", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(2), 100)),
+        ]);
+        let reverse = accept(vec![
+            ("b", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(2), 100)),
+            ("a", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            forward.instances.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            reverse.instances.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        );
+        assert!(forward.instances.contains_key("a"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_cluster_peers_address_is_not_judged_by_this_nodes_pool() {
+        // Every deployment gives each node its own slice, and a CVM is handed
+        // every gateway as a WireGuard server — so each node must carry peers
+        // holding addresses out of the other nodes' slices. The two shapes in
+        // tree disagree on whether those slices sit inside a node's own
+        // interface network, so neither the pool nor the interface network can
+        // decide this.
+        let shapes = [
+            // deploy-to-vmm.sh: /18 pools inside a shared /16 interface.
+            ("10.8.0.1/16", "10.8.0.0/18", "10.8.0.5", "10.8.64.5"),
+            // test-run/cluster.sh and e2e/configs: a /24 per node, and no
+            // node's interface covers another's.
+            ("10.0.41.1/24", "10.0.41.0/24", "10.0.41.5", "10.0.42.5"),
+        ];
+        for (ip, pool, mine, peers) in shapes {
+            let gateway_addr = ip.split('/').next().unwrap_or_default();
+            let wg = WgConfig {
+                ip: ip.parse::<Ipv4Net>().unwrap(),
+                reserved_net: vec![format!("{gateway_addr}/32").parse::<Ipv4Net>().unwrap()],
+                client_ip_range: pool.parse::<Ipv4Net>().unwrap(),
+                ..wg_config()
+            };
+            let accepted = accept_instances(
+                &wg,
+                loaded(vec![
+                    ("mine", instance(mine, &key(1), 100)),
+                    ("peers", instance(peers, &key(2), 100)),
+                    // Still refused: this gateway's own address.
+                    ("steals-gateway-ip", instance(gateway_addr, &key(3), 100)),
+                ]),
+            );
+            assert!(accepted.instances.contains_key("mine"), "{ip}");
+            assert!(
+                accepted.instances.contains_key("peers"),
+                "{ip}: a peer node's instance was refused, which would leave every \
+                 gateway serving only its own CVMs"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                !accepted.instances.contains_key("steals-gateway-ip"),
+                "{ip}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_registrations_dated_into_the_future() {
+        // A future reg_time reads as zero age in every `elapsed()` check, which
+        // makes the instance immune to both remote deletion and local recycling.
+        let accepted = accept(vec![
+            (
+                "future",
+                instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), NOW + MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS + 1),
+            ),
+            (
+                "skewed",
+                instance("10.0.0.21", &key(2), NOW + MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS),
+            ),
+        ]);
+        assert!(!accepted.instances.contains_key("future"));
+        // Drift inside the horizon is ordinary skew between nodes.
+        assert!(accepted.instances.contains_key("skewed"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_conflict_loser_is_dropped_but_an_unusable_record_keeps_its_instance() {
+        // The two rejection kinds drive opposite decisions in the reload pass:
+        // a conflict loser must lose its routing to the winner, while an
+        // instance whose record we cannot read keeps what the data plane holds.
+        let accepted = accept(vec![
+            ("loser", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(9), 300)),
+            ("winner", instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100)),
+            ("malformed", instance("10.0.0.30", "not-a-key", 100)),
+        ]);
+        let kind = |id: &str| {
+            accepted
+                .rejected
+                .iter()
+                .find(|rejected| rejected.instance_id == id)
+                .map(|rejected| rejected.rejection)
+        };
+        assert_eq!(kind("loser"), Some(Rejection::LostConflict));
+        assert_eq!(kind("malformed"), Some(Rejection::Unusable));
+        assert_eq!(accepted.unreadable(), HashSet::from(["malformed"]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_undecodable_record_is_reported_as_unreadable_not_as_absent() {
+        let accepted = accept_instances_at(
+            &wg_config(),
+            LoadedInstances {
+                decoded: [("good".to_string(), instance("10.0.0.20", &key(1), 100))]
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .collect(),
+                undecodable: [("corrupt".to_string(), "does not decode".to_string())]
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .collect(),
+            },
+            NOW,
+        );
+        assert!(accepted.instances.contains_key("good"));
+        assert_eq!(accepted.unreadable(), HashSet::from(["corrupt"]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_keys_of_the_wrong_length_before_decoding_them() {
+        let oversized = "A".repeat(4096);
+        assert!(validate_wg_public_key(&oversized).is_err());
+        // 32 bytes unpadded is 43 characters; `wg` writes the padded form.
+        assert!(validate_wg_public_key(key(1).trim_end_matches('=')).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/kv/mod.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2293 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! WaveKV-based sync layer for dstack-gateway.
+//!
+//! This module provides synchronization between gateway nodes. The local ProxyState
+//! remains the primary data store for fast reads, while WaveKV handles cross-node sync.
+//!
+//! Key schema:
+//!
+//! # Persistent WaveKV (needs persistence + sync)
+//! - `inst/{instance_id}` → InstanceData
+//! - `node/{node_id}` → NodeData
+//! - `dns_cred/{cred_id}` → DnsCredential
+//! - `dns_cred_default` → cred_id (default credential ID)
+//! - `global/certbot_config` → GlobalCertbotConfig
+//! - `cert/{domain}/config` → ZtDomainConfig
+//! - `cert/{domain}/data` → CertData
+//! - `global/acme_credentials` → CertCredentials (shared ACME account)
+//! - `global/acme_attestation` → AcmeAttestation (TDX quote of ACME account URI)
+//! - `cert/{domain}/lock` → CertRenewLock
+//! - `cert/{domain}/attestation/latest` → CertAttestation
+//! - `cert/{domain}/attestation/{timestamp}` → CertAttestation (history)
+//!
+//! # Ephemeral WaveKV (no persistence, sync only)
+//! - `conn/{instance_id}/{node_id}` → u64 (connection count)
+//! - `last_seen/inst/{instance_id}` → u64 (timestamp)
+//! - `last_seen/node/{node_id}/{seen_by_node_id}` → u64 (timestamp)
+
+mod https_client;
+pub mod import;
+mod schema;
+mod sync_service;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) use https_client::HttpsClient;
+pub use https_client::{AppIdValidator, HttpsClientConfig};
+pub use sync_service::{fetch_peers_from_bootnode, PersistentWriteNotifier, WaveKvSyncService};
+use tracing::{error, warn};
+
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, net::Ipv4Addr, path::Path, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+
+use crate::time::now_secs;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::sync::watch;
+use wavekv::{node::NodeState, types::NodeId, Node};
+
+/// Per-port flags applied by the gateway when proxying to a CVM port.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct PortFlags {
+    /// Send a PROXY protocol header on outbound connections to this port.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pp: bool,
+}
+
+/// Gateway-relevant per-port policy declared by the app in its compose file.
+/// Reported atomically at CVM registration; `Option<PortPolicy>` distinguishes
+/// "not reported" (legacy CVM) from "reported with no entries".
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct PortPolicy {
+    /// Per-port flags (PROXY protocol opt-in, etc.).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub ports: BTreeMap<u16, PortFlags>,
+    /// When true, only ports listed in `ports` are forwarded; connections to
+    /// any other port are rejected at TCP-accept time.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub restrict_mode: bool,
+}
+
+/// Instance core data (persistent)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+pub struct InstanceData {
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub ip: Ipv4Addr,
+    pub public_key: String,
+    pub reg_time: u64,
+    /// Port policy reported at registration. `None` means "not reported"
+    /// (legacy CVM); the gateway will fall back to fetching app-compose via
+    /// Info() on first connection and populate this lazily.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub port_policy: Option<PortPolicy>,
+    /// Hex-encoded compose_hash that `port_policy` was learned against.
+    /// When a re-registration presents a different compose_hash (app upgrade),
+    /// the cache is invalidated and re-fetched lazily.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub port_policy_hash: String,
+    /// Operator-set override applied via the Admin RPC. Takes precedence over
+    /// the instance-reported `port_policy` when set, and survives app upgrades
+    /// (compose_hash changes do not clear it). Cleared explicitly via
+    /// ClearInstancePortPolicy.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub admin_port_policy: Option<PortPolicy>,
+}
+
+/// The `inst/` records currently in the KV store, split by readability.
+///
+/// A key that is absent or tombstoned does not appear here at all — that is the
+/// signal that the instance was deleted. A key whose bytes no longer decode
+/// lands in `undecodable`, which is deliberately *not* the same signal: the
+/// record still exists, we just cannot read it, and dropping the instance from
+/// the data plane on that basis would turn one unreadable record into an
+/// outage.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct LoadedInstances {
+    /// Records that decoded successfully, keyed by instance ID.
+    pub decoded: BTreeMap<String, InstanceData>,
+    /// Instance IDs whose stored bytes are present but no longer decode,
+    /// mapped to the decode error. Loading does not log these: the reload
+    /// path reports them on transitions, and read-only listings must stay
+    /// quiet no matter how often an operator runs them.
+    pub undecodable: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+/// Gateway node status (stored separately for independent updates)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum NodeStatus {
+    #[default]
+    Up,
+    Down,
+}
+
+/// Gateway node data (persistent, rarely changes)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+pub struct NodeData {
+    pub uuid: Vec<u8>,
+    pub url: String,
+    pub wg_public_key: String,
+    pub wg_endpoint: String,
+    pub wg_ip: String,
+}
+
+/// Certificate credentials (ACME account)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CertCredentials {
+    pub acme_credentials: String,
+}
+
+/// ACME account attestation (TDX Quote of account URI)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct AcmeAttestation {
+    /// ACME account URI
+    pub account_uri: String,
+    /// TDX Quote (JSON serialized)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub quote: String,
+    /// Full attestation (JSON serialized)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub attestation: String,
+    /// Node that generated this attestation
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub generated_by: NodeId,
+    /// Timestamp when this attestation was generated
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub generated_at: u64,
+}
+
+/// Certificate data (cert + key)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CertData {
+    pub cert_pem: String,
+    pub key_pem: String,
+    pub not_after: u64,
+    pub issued_by: NodeId,
+    pub issued_at: u64,
+}
+
+/// Certificate renew lock
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CertRenewLock {
+    pub started_at: u64,
+    pub started_by: NodeId,
+}
+
+/// Certificate attestation (TDX Quote of certificate public key)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct CertAttestation {
+    /// Certificate public key (DER encoded)
+    pub public_key: Vec<u8>,
+    /// TDX Quote (JSON serialized)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub quote: String,
+    /// Full attestation (JSON serialized)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub attestation: String,
+    /// Node that generated this attestation
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub generated_by: NodeId,
+    /// Timestamp when this attestation was generated
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub generated_at: u64,
+}
+
+/// DNS credential configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DnsCredential {
+    /// Unique identifier
+    pub id: String,
+    /// Display name
+    pub name: String,
+    /// DNS provider configuration
+    pub provider: DnsProvider,
+    /// Maximum DNS wait time
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub max_dns_wait: Duration,
+    /// DNS TXT record TTL
+    pub dns_txt_ttl: u32,
+    /// Creation timestamp
+    pub created_at: u64,
+    /// Last update timestamp
+    pub updated_at: u64,
+}
+
+/// DNS provider configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum DnsProvider {
+    Cloudflare {
+        api_token: String,
+        /// Cloudflare API URL (defaults to https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4 if not set)
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        api_url: Option<String>,
+    },
+    // Future providers can be added here
+}
+
+/// ZT-Domain configuration
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ZtDomainConfig {
+    /// Base domain name (e.g., "app.example.com")
+    /// Certificate will be issued for "*.{domain}" automatically
+    pub domain: String,
+    /// DNS credential ID to use (None = use default)
+    pub dns_cred_id: Option<String>,
+    /// Port this domain serves on (e.g., 443)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub port: u16,
+    /// Node binding (None = any node can serve this domain)
+    /// If set, only this node will serve this domain
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub node: Option<u32>,
+    /// Priority for default base_domain selection (higher = preferred)
+    /// The domain with highest priority is returned as the default base_domain in APIs
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub priority: i32,
+}
+
+/// Global certbot configuration (stored in KV, synced across nodes)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GlobalCertbotConfig {
+    /// Interval between renewal checks
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub renew_interval: Duration,
+    /// Time before expiration to trigger renewal (e.g., 30 days)
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub renew_before_expiration: Duration,
+    /// Timeout for certificate renewal operations
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub renew_timeout: Duration,
+    /// ACME server URL (None means use default Let's Encrypt production)
+    pub acme_url: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for GlobalCertbotConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            renew_interval: Duration::from_secs(12 * 3600), // 12 hours
+            renew_before_expiration: Duration::from_secs(30 * 86400), // 30 days
+            renew_timeout: Duration::from_secs(300),        // 5 minutes
+            acme_url: Default::default(),                   // default Let's Encrypt
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Key prefixes and builders
+pub mod keys {
+    use super::NodeId;
+
+    pub const INST_PREFIX: &str = "inst/";
+    pub const NODE_PREFIX: &str = "node/";
+    pub const NODE_INFO_PREFIX: &str = "node/info/";
+    pub const NODE_STATUS_PREFIX: &str = "node/status/";
+    pub const CONN_PREFIX: &str = "conn/";
+    pub const HANDSHAKE_PREFIX: &str = "handshake/";
+    pub const LAST_SEEN_NODE_PREFIX: &str = "last_seen/node/";
+    pub const PEER_ADDR_PREFIX: &str = "__peer_addr/";
+    pub const CERT_PREFIX: &str = "cert/";
+    pub const DNS_CRED_PREFIX: &str = "dns_cred/";
+    pub const DNS_CRED_DEFAULT: &str = "dns_cred_default";
+    /// Shared by the `GLOBAL_*` keys below; not itself a key.
+    pub const GLOBAL_PREFIX: &str = "global/";
+    pub const GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG: &str = "global/certbot_config";
+    pub const GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS: &str = "global/acme_credentials";
+    pub const GLOBAL_ACME_ATTESTATION: &str = "global/acme_attestation";
+    pub const GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK: &str = "global/acme_rotation_lock";
+
+    pub fn inst(instance_id: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{INST_PREFIX}{instance_id}")
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_info(node_id: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{NODE_INFO_PREFIX}{node_id}")
+    }
+
+    pub fn node_status(node_id: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{NODE_STATUS_PREFIX}{node_id}")
+    }
+
+    pub fn conn(instance_id: &str, node_id: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{CONN_PREFIX}{instance_id}/{node_id}")
+    }
+
+    /// Key for instance handshake timestamp observed by a specific node
+    /// Format: handshake/{instance_id}/{observer_node_id}
+    pub fn handshake(instance_id: &str, observer_node_id: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{HANDSHAKE_PREFIX}{instance_id}/{observer_node_id}")
+    }
+
+    /// Prefix to iterate all handshake observations for an instance
+    pub fn handshake_prefix(instance_id: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{HANDSHAKE_PREFIX}{instance_id}/")
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_seen_node(node_id: NodeId, seen_by: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{LAST_SEEN_NODE_PREFIX}{node_id}/{seen_by}")
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_seen_node_prefix(node_id: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{LAST_SEEN_NODE_PREFIX}{node_id}/")
+    }
+
+    pub fn peer_addr(node_id: NodeId) -> String {
+        format!("{PEER_ADDR_PREFIX}{node_id}")
+    }
+
+    // ==================== DNS Credential keys ====================
+
+    /// Key for a DNS credential
+    pub fn dns_cred(cred_id: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{DNS_CRED_PREFIX}{cred_id}")
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Certificate keys (per domain) ====================
+
+    /// Key for ZT-Domain configuration
+    pub fn zt_domain_config(domain: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{CERT_PREFIX}{domain}/config")
+    }
+
+    /// Key for domain certificate data (cert + key)
+    pub fn cert_data(domain: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{CERT_PREFIX}{domain}/data")
+    }
+
+    /// Key for domain certificate renew lock
+    pub fn cert_lock(domain: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{CERT_PREFIX}{domain}/lock")
+    }
+
+    /// Key for latest attestation of a domain
+    pub fn cert_attestation_latest(domain: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{CERT_PREFIX}{domain}/attestation/latest")
+    }
+
+    /// Key for historical attestation of a domain
+    pub fn cert_attestation_history(domain: &str, timestamp: u64) -> String {
+        format!("{CERT_PREFIX}{domain}/attestation/{timestamp}")
+    }
+
+    /// Prefix for all attestations of a domain (for iteration)
+    pub fn cert_attestation_prefix(domain: &str) -> String {
+        format!("{CERT_PREFIX}{domain}/attestation/")
+    }
+
+    /// Parse domain from cert/{domain}/... key
+    pub fn parse_cert_domain(key: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+        let rest = key.strip_prefix(CERT_PREFIX)?;
+        rest.split('/').next()
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Parse helpers ====================
+
+    /// Parse instance_id from key
+    pub fn parse_inst_key(key: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+        key.strip_prefix(INST_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse node_id from node/info/{node_id} key
+    pub fn parse_node_info_key(key: &str) -> Option<NodeId> {
+        key.strip_prefix(NODE_INFO_PREFIX)?.parse().ok()
+    }
+}
+
+/// How far into the future a replicated observation may be timestamped before
+/// this node ignores it.
+///
+/// `handshake/` and `last_seen/` records are wall-clock seconds written by
+/// whichever node made the observation, and the gateway aggregates them with
+/// `max`. Without a horizon, a single node with a fast clock — or one corrupt
+/// record near `u64::MAX` — keeps a dead CVM "alive" on every node forever:
+/// `recycle()` never fires and top-N routing keeps steering traffic at it.
+/// 5 minutes is well above the drift between NTP-synced hosts and well below
+/// the recycle timeout.
+pub const MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS: u64 = 300;
+
+/// Drop observations timestamped beyond [`MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS`] into the
+/// future, logging once per call with the number dropped.
+fn drop_future_observations<T>(
+    observations: impl Iterator<Item = T>,
+    timestamp: impl Fn(&T) -> u64,
+    kind: &str,
+) -> Vec<T> {
+    let horizon = now_secs().saturating_add(MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS);
+    let mut dropped = 0usize;
+    let kept = observations
+        .filter(|item| {
+            let plausible = timestamp(item) <= horizon;
+            dropped += usize::from(!plausible);
+            plausible
+        })
+        .collect();
+    if dropped > 0 {
+        warn!("ignored {dropped} {kind} observation(s) dated more than {MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS}s ahead of local time");
+    }
+    kept
+}
+
+/// Encode a KV value as MessagePack.
+///
+/// Structs are encoded as maps keyed by field name rather than as positional
+/// arrays. Field-name keys let a reader skip fields it does not know and fill
+/// in `#[serde(default)]` fields it does not receive, so the value types below
+/// can gain fields without breaking gateways running an older build. Decoding
+/// accepts both forms, so values written by older releases stay readable.
+/// wavekv configuration shared by both stores.
+///
+/// The admission policy is the important part: it confines a peer to the key shapes
+/// this gateway actually defines, so a compromised or buggy node in the cluster cannot
+/// plant arbitrary keys that every other node would then replicate and persist forever.
+fn store_config(store: schema::Store) -> wavekv::NodeConfig {
+    wavekv::NodeConfig {
+        admission: Some(std::sync::Arc::new(schema::GatewaySchema::new(store))),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Ceiling on a decompressed sync payload.
+///
+/// The wire is gzipped, and gzip expands by three orders of magnitude on
+/// attacker-chosen input: the 16 MiB cap on a request body is a cap on the *compressed*
+/// size, which bounds nothing useful on its own. Every gateway in the cluster shares one
+/// app_id, so mTLS proves only that a peer is *some* gateway of this deployment — the
+/// same reason the key schema exists (see `schema.rs`).
+///
+/// The value is far above any legitimate payload. A v2 delta is capped by
+/// `max_delta_bytes` (4 MiB by default).
+pub const MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES: usize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+/// Ceiling on a compressed sync response, mirroring the 16 MiB the routes accept on a
+/// request. Without it a peer's response body is read to completion before any decoding
+/// bound applies.
+pub const MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+/// Decompress gzip, refusing anything that expands past `limit`.
+///
+/// Reads one byte past the limit so a payload landing exactly on it is still accepted
+/// and a larger one is rejected rather than silently truncated — `Read::take` alone
+/// would hand back a short buffer that then fails to decode, reporting the wrong fault.
+pub fn gunzip_bounded(data: &[u8], limit: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use std::io::Read;
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    flate2::read::GzDecoder::new(data)
+        .take(limit as u64 + 1)
+        .read_to_end(&mut out)
+        .context("failed to decompress payload")?;
+    if out.len() > limit {
+        anyhow::bail!("decompressed payload exceeds {limit} bytes");
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Encode a KV value as MessagePack.
+///
+/// Structs are encoded as maps keyed by field name rather than as positional
+/// arrays. Field-name keys let a reader skip fields it does not know and fill
+/// in `#[serde(default)]` fields it does not receive, so the value types below
+/// can gain fields without breaking gateways running an older build. Decoding
+/// accepts both forms, so values written by older releases stay readable.
+pub fn encode<T: Serialize>(value: &T) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    rmp_serde::encode::to_vec_named(value).context("failed to encode value")
+}
+
+pub fn decode<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>>(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<T> {
+    rmp_serde::decode::from_slice(bytes).context("failed to decode value")
+}
+
+trait GetPutCodec {
+    fn decode<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(&self, key: &str) -> Option<T>;
+    fn decode_strict<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(&self, key: &str) -> Result<Option<T>>;
+    fn put_encoded<T: serde::Serialize>(&mut self, key: String, value: &T) -> Result<()>;
+    fn iter_decoded<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
+        &self,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, T)>;
+    fn iter_decoded_values<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
+        &self,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = T>;
+    fn iter_decoded_strict<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
+        &self,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, Result<T>)>;
+}
+
+impl GetPutCodec for NodeState {
+    fn decode<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(&self, key: &str) -> Option<T> {
+        self.get(key)
+            .and_then(|entry| match decode(entry.value.as_ref()?) {
+                Ok(value) => Some(value),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    crate::metrics::record_decode_failure(key);
+                    warn!("failed to decode value for key {key}: {e:?}");
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Three-state read: `Ok(None)` for a key that is missing or tombstoned,
+    /// `Ok(Some)` for a decodable value, `Err` for a stored value that no
+    /// longer decodes.
+    ///
+    /// [`Self::decode`] folds corruption into `None`, which is right for
+    /// per-instance records (skip the bad one, keep serving the rest) and
+    /// wrong for global records, where "absent" means "apply the default" and
+    /// a corrupt record would silently change cluster-wide behavior.
+    fn decode_strict<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(&self, key: &str) -> Result<Option<T>> {
+        let Some(entry) = self.get(key) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        // A `None` value is a tombstone: the key was deliberately deleted.
+        let Some(value) = entry.value.as_ref() else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        decode(value)
+            .map(Some)
+            .with_context(|| format!("corrupt record at KV key {key}"))
+    }
+
+    fn put_encoded<T: serde::Serialize>(&mut self, key: String, value: &T) -> Result<()> {
+        self.put(key.clone(), encode(value)?)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to put key {key}"))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn iter_decoded<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
+        &self,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, T)> {
+        self.iter_by_prefix(prefix).filter_map(|(key, entry)| {
+            let value = match decode(entry.value.as_ref()?) {
+                Ok(value) => value,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    crate::metrics::record_decode_failure(key);
+                    warn!("failed to decode value for key {key}: {e:?}");
+                    return None;
+                }
+            };
+            Some((key.to_string(), value))
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn iter_decoded_values<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
+        &self,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> {
+        self.iter_by_prefix(prefix).filter_map(|(key, entry)| {
+            let value = match decode(entry.value.as_ref()?) {
+                Ok(value) => value,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    crate::metrics::record_decode_failure(key);
+                    warn!("failed to decode value for key {key}: {e:?}");
+                    return None;
+                }
+            };
+            Some(value)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`Self::iter_decoded`], but surfaces undecodable records instead of
+    /// skipping them.
+    ///
+    /// Tombstoned keys are still skipped — a deleted record and an unreadable
+    /// one call for opposite responses, and only this form lets the caller tell
+    /// them apart.
+    fn iter_decoded_strict<T: for<'de> serde::Deserialize<'de>>(
+        &self,
+        prefix: &str,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (String, Result<T>)> {
+        self.iter_by_prefix(prefix).filter_map(|(key, entry)| {
+            let value = entry.value.as_ref()?;
+            Some((
+                key.to_string(),
+                decode(value).with_context(|| format!("corrupt record at KV key {key}")),
+            ))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sync store wrapping two WaveKV Nodes (persistent and ephemeral).
+///
+/// This is the sync layer - not the primary data store.
+/// ProxyState remains in memory for fast reads.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct KvStore {
+    /// Persistent WaveKV Node (with WAL)
+    persistent: Node,
+    /// Ephemeral WaveKV Node (in-memory only)
+    ephemeral: Node,
+    /// This gateway's node ID
+    my_node_id: NodeId,
+}
+
+/// Whether opening the persistent store failed because the storage is
+/// unavailable, rather than because the stored bytes are unreadable.
+///
+/// wavekv reports both through `anyhow`, so they have to be told apart by what
+/// is in the error chain. Unreadable content arrives as a decode failure, a
+/// checksum or header `bail!`, or a read that ran off the end of a truncated
+/// file — the last of which is an `io::Error`, but only ever `UnexpectedEof` or
+/// `InvalidData`. Every other `io::Error` is the storage layer talking: no
+/// space left, permission denied, too many open files, the data volume not
+/// mounted yet.
+fn is_storage_failure(err: &anyhow::Error) -> bool {
+    err.chain()
+        .filter_map(|cause| cause.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>())
+        .any(|io| {
+            !matches!(
+                io.kind(),
+                std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof | std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+impl KvStore {
+    /// Create a new sync store.
+    ///
+    /// If the on-disk WAL/snapshot cannot be *read*, the data directory is
+    /// moved aside and the store starts empty rather than refusing to boot: the
+    /// persistent state is replicated on every peer, a torn WAL tail is the
+    /// normal artifact of a crash, and a gateway that cannot start serves no
+    /// traffic at all. Nothing is deleted — the unreadable directory is kept
+    /// under `<data_dir>.corrupt.<unix_ts>` for inspection.
+    ///
+    /// A failure of the *storage* is a different matter and fails the boot. A
+    /// full disk, an exhausted fd table or a volume that has not finished
+    /// mounting all say nothing about the contents, so moving the directory
+    /// aside would discard intact state — and, because the condition persists
+    /// across restarts, would do it again on every attempt, burying the real
+    /// data under a pile of `.corrupt.*` directories. Failing here instead
+    /// leaves the state alone and puts the actual cause in front of the
+    /// operator, which for a single-node deployment holding the only copy of
+    /// the ACME account and DNS credentials is the difference between a restart
+    /// and a rebuild.
+    pub fn new(
+        my_node_id: NodeId,
+        peer_ids: Vec<NodeId>,
+        data_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let data_dir = data_dir.as_ref();
+        let persistent = match Node::with_persistence_and_config(
+            my_node_id,
+            peer_ids.clone(),
+            data_dir,
+            store_config(schema::Store::Persistent),
+        ) {
+            Ok(node) => node,
+            Err(err) if is_storage_failure(&err) => {
+                return Err(err).with_context(|| {
+                    format!(
+                        "cannot open the WaveKV data dir {}; refusing to start rather than \
+                         quarantine a directory whose contents are most likely intact",
+                        data_dir.display()
+                    )
+                });
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                // Keep the original open error in the context: if moving the
+                // directory aside also fails, the reason the open failed is the
+                // more useful half of the diagnosis and is otherwise lost.
+                let quarantined = quarantine_data_dir(data_dir).with_context(|| {
+                    format!(
+                        "failed to open the WaveKV data dir ({err:#}) and failed to \
+                         move it aside for recovery"
+                    )
+                })?;
+                error!(
+                    "WaveKV data dir {} is unreadable ({err:#}); moved it to {} and started empty — \
+                     state will be re-fetched from peers",
+                    data_dir.display(),
+                    quarantined.display(),
+                );
+                Node::with_persistence_and_config(
+                    my_node_id,
+                    peer_ids.clone(),
+                    data_dir,
+                    store_config(schema::Store::Persistent),
+                )
+                .context("failed to create persistent wavekv node on a fresh data dir")?
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Get peers from persistent store (may have been restored from WAL)
+        // and include them when creating ephemeral store
+        let persistent_peers = persistent.read().status().peers;
+        let mut all_peer_ids = peer_ids;
+        for peer_status in persistent_peers {
+            if !all_peer_ids.contains(&peer_status.id) {
+                all_peer_ids.push(peer_status.id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let ephemeral = Node::with_config(
+            my_node_id,
+            all_peer_ids,
+            store_config(schema::Store::Ephemeral),
+        );
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            persistent,
+            ephemeral,
+            my_node_id,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn my_node_id(&self) -> NodeId {
+        self.my_node_id
+    }
+
+    pub fn persistent(&self) -> &Node {
+        &self.persistent
+    }
+
+    pub fn ephemeral(&self) -> &Node {
+        &self.ephemeral
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Instance Sync ====================
+
+    /// Sync instance data to other nodes
+    pub fn sync_instance(&self, instance_id: &str, data: &InstanceData) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::inst(instance_id), data)
+    }
+
+    /// Sync instance deletion to other nodes
+    ///
+    /// Returns whether a live record (including an undecodable one) existed
+    /// before the tombstone was written.
+    pub fn sync_delete_instance(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+        let previous = self.persistent.write().delete(keys::inst(instance_id))?;
+        self.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .delete(keys::conn(instance_id, self.my_node_id))?;
+        // Delete this node's handshake record
+        self.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .delete(keys::handshake(instance_id, self.my_node_id))?;
+        Ok(previous.is_some_and(|entry| !entry.is_deleted()))
+    }
+
+    /// Load all instances from the sync store.
+    pub fn load_all_instances(&self) -> LoadedInstances {
+        let mut loaded = LoadedInstances::default();
+        for (key, result) in self
+            .persistent
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded_strict::<InstanceData>(keys::INST_PREFIX)
+        {
+            let Some(instance_id) = keys::parse_inst_key(&key) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            match result {
+                Ok(data) => {
+                    loaded.decoded.insert(instance_id.into(), data);
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    loaded
+                        .undecodable
+                        .insert(instance_id.into(), format!("{err:#}"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        loaded
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Node Sync ====================
+
+    /// Sync node data to other nodes
+    pub fn sync_node(&self, node_id: NodeId, data: &NodeData) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::node_info(node_id), data)
+    }
+
+    /// Load all nodes from sync store
+    pub fn load_all_nodes(&self) -> BTreeMap<NodeId, NodeData> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded(keys::NODE_INFO_PREFIX)
+            .filter_map(|(key, data)| {
+                let node_id = keys::parse_node_info_key(&key)?;
+                Some((node_id, data))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a gateway node from replicated state.
+    ///
+    /// Writes tombstones for the node's info, status, and sync address, and
+    /// drops this node's own last_seen observation of it. The `__peer_addr`
+    /// tombstone doubles as the cluster-wide removal signal: every gateway
+    /// prunes its sync peer set when it observes the deletion (see
+    /// [`Self::prune_removed_peers`]).
+    ///
+    /// Returns whether any of the node's persistent records was live before
+    /// the tombstones were written, so a node known only by its sync address
+    /// (registered via `SetNodeUrl` but never booted) still reports as
+    /// existing.
+    pub fn sync_remove_node(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> Result<bool> {
+        let previous = {
+            let mut persistent = self.persistent.write();
+            [
+                persistent.delete(keys::node_info(node_id))?,
+                persistent.delete(keys::node_status(node_id))?,
+                persistent.delete(keys::peer_addr(node_id))?,
+            ]
+        };
+        self.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .delete(keys::last_seen_node(node_id, self.my_node_id))?;
+        Ok(previous
+            .into_iter()
+            .any(|entry| entry.is_some_and(|entry| !entry.is_deleted())))
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Node Status Sync ====================
+
+    /// Set node status (stored separately from NodeData)
+    pub fn set_node_status(&self, node_id: NodeId, status: NodeStatus) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::node_status(node_id), &status)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get node status
+    pub fn get_node_status(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> NodeStatus {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode(&keys::node_status(node_id))
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Load all node statuses
+    pub fn load_all_node_statuses(&self) -> BTreeMap<NodeId, NodeStatus> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded(keys::NODE_STATUS_PREFIX)
+            .filter_map(|(key, status)| {
+                let node_id: NodeId = key.strip_prefix(keys::NODE_STATUS_PREFIX)?.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((node_id, status))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a node counts as active. A node with no recorded status is up.
+    ///
+    /// The routing path and the metrics sampler both filter on this, and they
+    /// have to agree: a gauge that counts a node the router has dropped is
+    /// describing a routing table that does not exist.
+    pub(crate) fn node_is_active(status: Option<&NodeStatus>) -> bool {
+        !matches!(status, Some(NodeStatus::Down))
+    }
+
+    /// Count all and active nodes, without materialising `GatewayNodeInfo`.
+    ///
+    /// A scrape wants two numbers. Reaching them through `get_all_nodes()` and
+    /// `get_active_nodes()` instead means loading the node table twice, cloning
+    /// five strings per node, and taking the ephemeral lock once per node for a
+    /// `last_seen` that the count never reads -- all of it under the proxy lock
+    /// that the data path takes on every connection.
+    pub fn count_nodes(&self) -> (u64, u64) {
+        let statuses = self.load_all_node_statuses();
+        let nodes = self.load_all_nodes();
+        let active = nodes
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|id| Self::node_is_active(statuses.get(id)))
+            .count() as u64;
+        (nodes.len() as u64, active)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Connection Count Sync ====================
+
+    /// Sync connection count for an instance (from this node)
+    pub fn sync_connections(&self, instance_id: &str, count: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        self.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::conn(instance_id, self.my_node_id), &count)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Handshake Sync ====================
+
+    /// Sync handshake timestamp for an instance (as observed by this node)
+    pub fn sync_instance_handshake(&self, instance_id: &str, timestamp: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        self.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::handshake(instance_id, self.my_node_id), &timestamp)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get all handshake observations for an instance (from all nodes).
+    ///
+    /// Observations dated into the future are dropped; see
+    /// [`MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS`].
+    pub fn get_instance_handshakes(&self, instance_id: &str) -> BTreeMap<NodeId, u64> {
+        let observations = self
+            .ephemeral
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded(&keys::handshake_prefix(instance_id))
+            .filter_map(|(key, ts)| {
+                let suffix = key.strip_prefix(&keys::handshake_prefix(instance_id))?;
+                let observer: NodeId = suffix.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((observer, ts))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        drop_future_observations(observations.into_iter(), |(_, ts)| *ts, "handshake")
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the latest handshake timestamp for an instance (max across all
+    /// nodes), ignoring future-dated observations.
+    pub fn get_instance_latest_handshake(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Option<u64> {
+        let observations = self
+            .ephemeral
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded_values(&keys::handshake_prefix(instance_id))
+            .collect::<Vec<u64>>();
+        drop_future_observations(observations.into_iter(), |ts| *ts, "handshake")
+            .into_iter()
+            .max()
+    }
+
+    /// Sync node last_seen (as observed by this node)
+    pub fn sync_node_last_seen(&self, node_id: NodeId, timestamp: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        self.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::last_seen_node(node_id, self.my_node_id), &timestamp)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get all observations of a node's last_seen, ignoring future-dated ones.
+    pub fn get_node_last_seen_by_all(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> BTreeMap<NodeId, u64> {
+        let observations = self
+            .ephemeral
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded(&keys::last_seen_node_prefix(node_id))
+            .filter_map(|(key, ts)| {
+                let suffix = key.strip_prefix(&keys::last_seen_node_prefix(node_id))?;
+                let seen_by: NodeId = suffix.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((seen_by, ts))
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        drop_future_observations(observations.into_iter(), |(_, ts)| *ts, "node last_seen")
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the latest last_seen timestamp for a node (max across all
+    /// observers), ignoring future-dated observations.
+    pub fn get_node_latest_last_seen(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> Option<u64> {
+        let observations = self
+            .ephemeral
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded_values(&keys::last_seen_node_prefix(node_id))
+            .collect::<Vec<u64>>();
+        drop_future_observations(observations.into_iter(), |ts| *ts, "node last_seen")
+            .into_iter()
+            .max()
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Watch for Remote Changes ====================
+
+    /// Watch for remote instance changes (for updating local ProxyState)
+    pub fn watch_instances(&self) -> watch::Receiver<()> {
+        self.persistent.watch_prefix(keys::INST_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// Watch for remote node changes
+    pub fn watch_nodes(&self) -> watch::Receiver<()> {
+        self.persistent.watch_prefix(keys::NODE_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// Watch for changes to replicated peer sync addresses
+    pub fn watch_peer_addrs(&self) -> watch::Receiver<()> {
+        self.persistent.watch_prefix(keys::PEER_ADDR_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Persistence ====================
+
+    pub fn persist_if_dirty(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.persistent.persist_if_dirty()
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Peer Management ====================
+
+    pub fn add_peer(&self, peer_id: NodeId) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent.write().add_peer(peer_id)?;
+        self.ephemeral.write().add_peer(peer_id)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Drop a node from the sync peer set of both stores.
+    ///
+    /// Returns whether the persistent store still had it as a peer.
+    pub fn remove_peer(&self, peer_id: NodeId) -> Result<bool> {
+        let removed = self.persistent.write().remove_peer(peer_id)?;
+        self.ephemeral.write().remove_peer(peer_id)?;
+        Ok(removed)
+    }
+
+    /// Drop peers whose sync address has been explicitly deleted.
+    ///
+    /// A tombstoned `__peer_addr/{id}` record is the replicated signal that
+    /// an operator removed the node (see [`Self::sync_remove_node`]). An
+    /// address that was never written does not count: bootstrap can add a
+    /// peer before its address record has synced in, and such a peer must
+    /// not be dropped for being early.
+    pub fn prune_removed_peers(&self) {
+        let peer_ids: Vec<NodeId> = self
+            .persistent
+            .read()
+            .status()
+            .peers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|peer| peer.id)
+            .collect();
+        for peer_id in peer_ids {
+            // `get` filters tombstones out, so the deletion signal is only
+            // visible through the tombstone-inclusive accessor.
+            let tombstoned = self
+                .persistent
+                .read()
+                .get_including_tombstones(&keys::peer_addr(peer_id))
+                .is_some_and(|entry| entry.is_deleted());
+            if !tombstoned {
+                continue;
+            }
+            warn!("dropping removed node {peer_id} from the sync peer set");
+            if let Err(err) = self.remove_peer(peer_id) {
+                warn!("failed to remove peer {peer_id}: {err:#}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Peer Address (in DB) ====================
+
+    /// Register a node's sync URL in DB and add to peer list for sync
+    ///
+    /// This stores the URL in KvStore (for address lookup) and also adds the node
+    /// to the wavekv peer list (so SyncManager knows to sync with it).
+    pub fn register_peer_url(&self, node_id: NodeId, url: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        validate_peer_url(url)?;
+
+        // Store URL in persistent KvStore
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::peer_addr(node_id), &url)?;
+
+        let _ = self.add_peer(node_id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get a peer's sync URL from DB
+    pub fn get_peer_url(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> Option<String> {
+        self.persistent.read().decode(&keys::peer_addr(node_id))
+    }
+
+    /// Query the UUID for a given node ID from KvStore
+    pub fn get_peer_uuid(&self, peer_id: NodeId) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        let node_data: NodeData = self.persistent.read().decode(&keys::node_info(peer_id))?;
+        Some(node_data.uuid)
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_peer_last_seen(&self, peer_id: NodeId) {
+        let ts = now_secs();
+        let key = keys::last_seen_node(peer_id, self.my_node_id);
+        if let Err(e) = self.ephemeral.write().put_encoded(key, &ts) {
+            warn!("failed to update peer {peer_id} last_seen: {e}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get all peer addresses from DB (for debugging/testing)
+    pub fn get_all_peer_addrs(&self) -> BTreeMap<NodeId, String> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded(keys::PEER_ADDR_PREFIX)
+            .filter_map(|(key, url)| {
+                let node_id: NodeId = key.strip_prefix(keys::PEER_ADDR_PREFIX)?.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((node_id, url))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    // ==================== DNS Credential Management ====================
+
+    /// Get a DNS credential by ID.
+    ///
+    /// Fails closed on a corrupt record: silently reading it as "no such
+    /// credential" would make the certbot fall back to the default credential
+    /// and issue the domain's certificate through the wrong DNS account.
+    pub fn get_dns_credential(&self, cred_id: &str) -> Result<Option<DnsCredential>> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode_strict(&keys::dns_cred(cred_id))
+    }
+
+    /// Save a DNS credential
+    pub fn save_dns_credential(&self, cred: &DnsCredential) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::dns_cred(&cred.id), cred)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Delete a DNS credential
+    pub fn delete_dns_credential(&self, cred_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent.write().delete(keys::dns_cred(cred_id))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// List all DNS credentials
+    pub fn list_dns_credentials(&self) -> Vec<DnsCredential> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .iter_decoded_values(keys::DNS_CRED_PREFIX)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the default DNS credential ID.
+    ///
+    /// Fails closed on a corrupt record for the same reason as
+    /// [`Self::get_dns_credential`].
+    pub fn get_default_dns_credential_id(&self) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        self.persistent.read().decode_strict(keys::DNS_CRED_DEFAULT)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the default DNS credential ID
+    pub fn set_default_dns_credential_id(&self, cred_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::DNS_CRED_DEFAULT.to_string(), &cred_id)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the default DNS credential (resolves the ID to the actual credential)
+    pub fn get_default_dns_credential(&self) -> Result<Option<DnsCredential>> {
+        let Some(cred_id) = self.get_default_dns_credential_id()? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        self.get_dns_credential(&cred_id)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Global Certbot Config ====================
+
+    /// Get global certbot configuration (returns default if not set).
+    ///
+    /// Fails closed on a corrupt record: falling back to the defaults would
+    /// silently switch `acme_url` back to Let's Encrypt production and reset
+    /// every renewal interval on this node.
+    pub fn get_certbot_config(&self) -> Result<GlobalCertbotConfig> {
+        Ok(self
+            .persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode_strict(keys::GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG)?
+            .unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+
+    /// Set global certbot configuration
+    pub fn set_certbot_config(&self, config: &GlobalCertbotConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG.to_string(), config)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // ==================== ZT-Domain Config ====================
+
+    /// Get ZT-Domain configuration
+    pub fn get_zt_domain_config(&self, domain: &str) -> Option<ZtDomainConfig> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode(&keys::zt_domain_config(domain))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether any record — readable or not — exists for the domain's config.
+    ///
+    /// [`Self::get_zt_domain_config`] cannot distinguish a missing record
+    /// from a corrupt one; deletion must, or a corrupt record could never be
+    /// removed.
+    pub fn zt_domain_config_exists(&self, domain: &str) -> bool {
+        // `get` already excludes tombstones, so Some means a live record.
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .get(&keys::zt_domain_config(domain))
+            .is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Save ZT-Domain configuration
+    pub fn save_zt_domain_config(&self, config: &ZtDomainConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::zt_domain_config(&config.domain), config)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Delete ZT-Domain configuration
+    pub fn delete_zt_domain_config(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .delete(keys::zt_domain_config(domain))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// List all ZT-Domain configurations.
+    ///
+    /// A record whose `domain` disagrees with the domain in its key is
+    /// skipped: everything downstream (certificate issuance, DNS-01 challenge,
+    /// `cert/{domain}/data`) is driven by the value, so honouring it would let
+    /// one poisoned record request a certificate for an unrelated domain.
+    pub fn list_zt_domain_configs(&self) -> Vec<ZtDomainConfig> {
+        let state = self.persistent.read();
+        state
+            .iter_by_prefix(keys::CERT_PREFIX)
+            .filter_map(|(key, entry)| {
+                // Only decode config entries (not data/acme/lock/attestation)
+                if !key.ends_with("/config") {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let value = entry.value.as_ref()?;
+                let config: ZtDomainConfig = match decode(value) {
+                    Ok(config) => config,
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        crate::metrics::record_decode_failure(key);
+                        warn!("failed to decode cert config for key {key}: {e:?}");
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                };
+                let key_domain = keys::parse_cert_domain(key)?;
+                if key_domain != config.domain {
+                    warn!(
+                        "skipping cert config at key {key}: record claims domain {}",
+                        config.domain
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
+                Some(config)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Watch for ZT-Domain config changes
+    pub fn watch_zt_domain_configs(&self) -> watch::Receiver<()> {
+        self.persistent.watch_prefix(keys::CERT_PREFIX)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the best ZT-Domain config for this node.
+    ///
+    /// Selection rules:
+    /// 1. Only considers domains where node == None or node == my_node_id
+    /// 2. Higher priority wins
+    /// 3. If priority is equal, node == None wins (global domains preferred over node-specific)
+    ///
+    /// Returns (domain, port) of the best match, or None if no domains configured.
+    pub fn get_best_zt_domain(&self) -> Option<(String, u16)> {
+        let my_node_id = self.my_node_id;
+        let configs = self.list_zt_domain_configs();
+
+        configs
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|c| c.node.is_none() || c.node == Some(my_node_id))
+            .max_by(|a, b| {
+                // Compare by priority first (higher wins)
+                match a.priority.cmp(&b.priority) {
+                    std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => {
+                        // If priority equal, None (global) wins over Some (node-specific)
+                        // None < Some in Option ordering, so we reverse
+                        b.node.cmp(&a.node)
+                    }
+                    other => other,
+                }
+            })
+            .map(|c| (c.domain, c.port))
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Certificate Data ====================
+
+    /// Get certificate data for a domain
+    pub fn get_cert_data(&self, domain: &str) -> Option<CertData> {
+        self.persistent.read().decode(&keys::cert_data(domain))
+    }
+
+    /// Save certificate data for a domain
+    pub fn save_cert_data(&self, domain: &str, data: &CertData) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::cert_data(domain), data)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Load all certificate data (for startup)
+    pub fn load_all_cert_data(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, CertData> {
+        let state = self.persistent.read();
+        state
+            .iter_by_prefix(keys::CERT_PREFIX)
+            .filter_map(|(key, entry)| {
+                // Only decode data entries (not config/acme/lock/attestation)
+                if !key.ends_with("/data") {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let domain = keys::parse_cert_domain(key)?;
+                let value = entry.value.as_ref()?;
+                match decode(value) {
+                    Ok(data) => Some((domain.to_string(), data)),
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        crate::metrics::record_decode_failure(key);
+                        warn!("failed to decode cert data for key {key}: {e:?}");
+                        None
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Global ACME Credentials ====================
+
+    /// Get global ACME credentials (shared across all domains).
+    ///
+    /// Fails closed on a corrupt record: a missing or deleted key is
+    /// `Ok(None)`, but a stored value that no longer decodes is an error.
+    /// Treating corruption as absence would silently register a fresh ACME
+    /// account that the existing account-bound CAA records refuse.
+    pub fn get_acme_credentials(&self) -> Result<Option<CertCredentials>> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode_strict(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS)
+            .context("corrupt ACME credentials record in KvStore")
+    }
+
+    /// Save global ACME credentials
+    pub fn save_acme_credentials(&self, creds: &CertCredentials) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS.to_string(), creds)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get global ACME attestation (TDX quote of account URI).
+    ///
+    /// Fails closed on a corrupt record: reporting "no attestation" for an
+    /// account that does have one lets a verifier conclude the ACME account is
+    /// unattested.
+    pub fn get_acme_attestation(&self) -> Result<Option<AcmeAttestation>> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode_strict(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ATTESTATION)
+    }
+
+    /// Save global ACME attestation
+    pub fn save_acme_attestation(&self, attestation: &AcmeAttestation) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ATTESTATION.to_string(), attestation)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Certificate Renew Lock ====================
+
+    /// Get certificate renew lock for a domain
+    pub fn get_cert_lock(&self, domain: &str) -> Option<CertRenewLock> {
+        self.persistent.read().decode(&keys::cert_lock(domain))
+    }
+
+    /// Try to acquire certificate renew lock
+    /// Returns true if lock acquired, false if already locked by another node
+    pub fn try_acquire_cert_lock(&self, domain: &str, lock_timeout_secs: u64) -> bool {
+        let now = now_secs();
+
+        if let Some(existing) = self.get_cert_lock(domain) {
+            // Check if lock is still valid (not expired)
+            if now < existing.started_at.saturating_add(lock_timeout_secs) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Acquire the lock
+        let lock = CertRenewLock {
+            started_at: now,
+            started_by: self.my_node_id,
+        };
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::cert_lock(domain), &lock)
+            .is_ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Release certificate renew lock
+    pub fn release_cert_lock(&self, domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.persistent.write().delete(keys::cert_lock(domain))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Try to acquire the global ACME credential rotation lock.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the lock value that was written; pass it back to
+    /// [`Self::release_rotation_lock`] so a rotation that outlived the timeout
+    /// cannot delete the lock of the node that took over.
+    ///
+    /// Best-effort only: WaveKV is last-writer-wins without compare-and-swap,
+    /// so two nodes can both acquire during a replication gap. This narrows the
+    /// window for concurrent rotation from the full rotation duration to the
+    /// replication latency; it is not mutual exclusion. A crashed holder is
+    /// covered by the timeout.
+    pub fn try_acquire_rotation_lock(&self, lock_timeout_secs: u64) -> Option<CertRenewLock> {
+        let now = now_secs();
+
+        if let Some(existing) = self.get_rotation_lock() {
+            // Check if lock is still valid (not expired)
+            if now < existing.started_at.saturating_add(lock_timeout_secs) {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let lock = CertRenewLock {
+            started_at: now,
+            started_by: self.my_node_id,
+        };
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK.to_string(), &lock)
+            .ok()?;
+        Some(lock)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the global ACME credential rotation lock
+    pub fn get_rotation_lock(&self) -> Option<CertRenewLock> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK)
+    }
+
+    /// Release the global ACME credential rotation lock.
+    ///
+    /// Only deletes the lock when the currently visible value is the one that
+    /// `acquired` wrote: a rotation that outlived the lock timeout must not
+    /// delete the lock of the node that took over (which would let a third
+    /// rotation start concurrently). Like acquisition, the check is
+    /// best-effort under WaveKV's last-writer-wins replication.
+    pub fn release_rotation_lock(&self, acquired: &CertRenewLock) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(current) = self.get_rotation_lock() {
+            if current.started_by != acquired.started_by
+                || current.started_at != acquired.started_at
+            {
+                warn!(
+                    "not releasing ACME rotation lock: node {} took it over after this rotation exceeded the lock timeout",
+                    current.started_by
+                );
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        }
+        self.persistent
+            .write()
+            .delete(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK.to_string())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Certificate Attestation ====================
+
+    /// Get the latest attestation for a domain
+    pub fn get_cert_attestation_latest(&self, domain: &str) -> Option<CertAttestation> {
+        self.persistent
+            .read()
+            .decode(&keys::cert_attestation_latest(domain))
+    }
+
+    /// Save attestation for a domain (saves both latest and history)
+    pub fn save_cert_attestation(&self, domain: &str, attestation: &CertAttestation) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut state = self.persistent.write();
+        // Save to history
+        state.put_encoded(
+            keys::cert_attestation_history(domain, attestation.generated_at),
+            attestation,
+        )?;
+        // Update latest
+        state.put_encoded(keys::cert_attestation_latest(domain), attestation)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// List all attestation history for a domain (sorted by timestamp descending)
+    pub fn list_cert_attestations(&self, domain: &str) -> Vec<CertAttestation> {
+        let prefix = keys::cert_attestation_prefix(domain);
+        let latest_key = keys::cert_attestation_latest(domain);
+        let state = self.persistent.read();
+        let mut attestations: Vec<CertAttestation> = state
+            .iter_by_prefix(&prefix)
+            .filter_map(|(key, entry)| {
+                // Skip the "latest" entry
+                if key == &latest_key {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let value = entry.value.as_ref()?;
+                match decode(value) {
+                    Ok(att) => Some(att),
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        crate::metrics::record_decode_failure(key);
+                        warn!("failed to decode attestation for key {key}: {e:?}");
+                        None
+                    }
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        // Sort by generated_at descending (newest first)
+        attestations.sort_by(|a, b| b.generated_at.cmp(&a.generated_at));
+        attestations
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Watch helpers ====================
+
+    /// Watch for certificate data changes (any domain)
+    pub fn watch_all_certs(&self) -> watch::Receiver<()> {
+        self.persistent.watch_prefix(keys::CERT_PREFIX)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Move an unreadable WaveKV data dir aside, returning the new path.
+///
+/// Renaming keeps the bytes for post-mortem analysis and guarantees the
+/// gateway never starts on half-readable state.
+fn quarantine_data_dir(data_dir: &Path) -> Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        data_dir.exists(),
+        "WaveKV data dir {} does not exist",
+        data_dir.display()
+    );
+    let stamp = now_secs();
+    for attempt in 0..u32::MAX {
+        let suffix = if attempt == 0 {
+            format!("corrupt.{stamp}")
+        } else {
+            format!("corrupt.{stamp}.{attempt}")
+        };
+        let mut target = data_dir.as_os_str().to_owned();
+        target.push(".");
+        target.push(&suffix);
+        let target = std::path::PathBuf::from(target);
+        if target.exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        std::fs::rename(data_dir, &target)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to rename {}", data_dir.display()))?;
+        return Ok(target);
+    }
+    anyhow::bail!("no free quarantine path for {}", data_dir.display())
+}
+
+fn validate_peer_url(url: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(url).context("invalid peer URL")?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        matches!(parsed.scheme(), "http" | "https"),
+        "peer URL scheme must be http or https"
+    );
+    anyhow::ensure!(parsed.host_str().is_some(), "peer URL must include a host");
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        parsed.username().is_empty() && parsed.password().is_none(),
+        "peer URL must not contain credentials"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod acme_credentials_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn test_kv(data_dir: &std::path::Path) -> KvStore {
+        KvStore::new(1, vec![], data_dir).expect("failed to create kv store")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_and_deleted_credentials_are_absent_not_errors() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        assert!(kv
+            .get_acme_credentials()
+            .expect("missing key should not error")
+            .is_none());
+
+        kv.save_acme_credentials(&CertCredentials {
+            acme_credentials: "{}".to_string(),
+        })
+        .expect("save should succeed");
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .delete(keys::GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS.to_string())
+            .expect("delete should succeed");
+        assert!(kv
+            .get_acme_credentials()
+            .expect("tombstone should not error")
+            .is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corrupt_credentials_record_fails_closed() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put(
+                keys::GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS.to_string(),
+                b"not-messagepack".to_vec(),
+            )
+            .expect("raw put should succeed");
+        let err = kv
+            .get_acme_credentials()
+            .expect_err("corrupt record must not read as absent");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("corrupt ACME credentials"),
+            "unexpected error: {err}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lease_expiry_does_not_overflow() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(
+                keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK.to_string(),
+                &CertRenewLock {
+                    started_at: u64::MAX,
+                    started_by: 2,
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("lock write should succeed");
+
+        assert!(
+            kv.try_acquire_rotation_lock(600).is_none(),
+            "a non-expired lock with a saturated expiry must remain held"
+        );
+
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(
+                keys::cert_lock("overflow.example"),
+                &CertRenewLock {
+                    started_at: u64::MAX,
+                    started_by: 2,
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("certificate lock write should succeed");
+        assert!(
+            !kv.try_acquire_cert_lock("overflow.example", 600),
+            "a non-expired certificate lock with a saturated expiry must remain held"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// KV values replicate between gateways, so their MessagePack encoding is a wire
+/// contract across a mixed-version cluster and across a node's own restart. Named
+/// maps keep that contract on field names rather than field order, so a value type
+/// can gain a field without breaking gateways still running an older build.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod value_encoding_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+    /// A value type that has since gained a field. Stands in for an older gateway
+    /// reading a record written by this build.
+    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    struct ReducedCertRenewLock {
+        started_at: u64,
+    }
+
+    /// True when `bytes` opens with a MessagePack map header of any width. The header
+    /// widens from fixmap to map16 at 16 entries, so matching on the fixmap range alone
+    /// would start failing precisely when a value type grows past 15 fields — the case
+    /// this encoding exists to support.
+    fn starts_with_msgpack_map(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+        matches!(bytes.first().copied(), Some(0x80..=0x8f | 0xde | 0xdf))
+    }
+
+    /// The positional counterpart: fixarray, array16, or array32.
+    fn starts_with_msgpack_array(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+        matches!(bytes.first().copied(), Some(0x90..=0x9f | 0xdc | 0xdd))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn values_are_encoded_as_named_maps() {
+        let encoded = encode(&CertRenewLock {
+            started_at: 1_700_000_000,
+            started_by: 7,
+        })
+        .expect("encode should succeed");
+
+        assert!(
+            starts_with_msgpack_map(&encoded),
+            "values must encode as MessagePack maps, not positional arrays"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// New writer, old reader: a peer whose struct predates a field must skip it.
+    #[test]
+    fn named_values_decode_against_a_reduced_field_set() {
+        let encoded = encode(&CertRenewLock {
+            started_at: 1_700_000_000,
+            started_by: 7,
+        })
+        .expect("encode should succeed");
+
+        let reduced: ReducedCertRenewLock =
+            decode(&encoded).expect("a reader without started_by must skip the field, not fail");
+        assert_eq!(reduced.started_at, 1_700_000_000);
+    }
+
+    /// Old writer, new reader: records written before this change are positional
+    /// arrays and must keep decoding after an upgrade.
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_positional_records_are_still_readable() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = KvStore::new(1, vec![], dir.path()).expect("failed to create kv store");
+
+        let legacy = rmp_serde::encode::to_vec(&CertRenewLock {
+            started_at: 1_700_000_000,
+            started_by: 7,
+        })
+        .expect("legacy encode should succeed");
+        assert!(
+            starts_with_msgpack_array(&legacy),
+            "fixture must be a positional array to exercise the legacy path"
+        );
+
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put(keys::cert_lock("legacy.example"), legacy)
+            .expect("put should succeed");
+
+        let decoded = kv
+            .get_cert_lock("legacy.example")
+            .expect("a record written by an older gateway must stay readable");
+        assert_eq!(decoded.started_at, 1_700_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(decoded.started_by, 7);
+    }
+
+    /// `DnsCredential` is the most demanding value type in the set: it nests an
+    /// internally tagged enum and a field with a custom `serde(with)` codec, both of
+    /// which behave differently across self-describing and positional encodings.
+    #[test]
+    fn nested_tagged_enums_and_custom_codecs_survive_both_encodings() {
+        let credential = DnsCredential {
+            id: "cred-1".to_string(),
+            name: "primary".to_string(),
+            provider: DnsProvider::Cloudflare {
+                api_token: "token".to_string(),
+                api_url: Some("https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4".to_string()),
+            },
+            max_dns_wait: Duration::from_secs(90),
+            dns_txt_ttl: 60,
+            created_at: 1_700_000_000,
+            updated_at: 1_700_000_001,
+        };
+
+        for (label, encoded) in [
+            ("named", encode(&credential).expect("named encode")),
+            (
+                "legacy positional",
+                rmp_serde::encode::to_vec(&credential).expect("positional encode"),
+            ),
+        ] {
+            let decoded: DnsCredential =
+                decode(&encoded).unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("{label} decode failed: {err}"));
+            assert_eq!(decoded.id, credential.id, "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(decoded.max_dns_wait, credential.max_dns_wait, "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(decoded.dns_txt_ttl, credential.dns_txt_ttl, "{label}");
+            let DnsProvider::Cloudflare { api_token, api_url } = decoded.provider;
+            assert_eq!(api_token, "token", "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(
+                api_url.as_deref(),
+                Some("https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4"),
+                "{label}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Gateway-layer tests for the WaveKV sync wire and admission policy.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod sync_wire_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use wavekv::sync::SyncEnvelope;
+
+    fn store(dir: &std::path::Path, id: NodeId, peers: Vec<NodeId>) -> KvStore {
+        KvStore::new(id, peers, dir).expect("failed to create kv store")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_sync_envelope_survives_the_transport_framing() {
+        use flate2::{read::GzDecoder, write::GzEncoder, Compression};
+        use std::io::{Read, Write};
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let kv = store(dir.path(), 1, vec![2]);
+        kv.persistent()
+            .write()
+            .put(keys::peer_addr(1), b"https://a.example".to_vec())
+            .expect("put");
+
+        // Requests deliberately carry no digest: sending it would let any responder
+        // echo it back and forge agreement forever. So frame a *response*, which is
+        // the direction the digest actually travels.
+        assert!(kv
+            .persistent()
+            .read()
+            .prepare_sync(2, Vec::new())
+            .digest
+            .is_none());
+        let env = kv
+            .persistent()
+            .write()
+            .handle_envelope(SyncEnvelope::new(2, Vec::new()), Vec::new())
+            .expect("respond");
+        assert!(!env.entries.is_empty());
+
+        let mut encoder = GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::fast());
+        encoder.write_all(&env.encode().expect("encode")).unwrap();
+        let wire = encoder.finish().unwrap();
+
+        let mut plain = Vec::new();
+        GzDecoder::new(&wire[..]).read_to_end(&mut plain).unwrap();
+        let decoded = SyncEnvelope::decode(&plain).expect("decode");
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded.sender_id, 1);
+        assert_eq!(decoded.entries.len(), env.entries.len());
+        assert!(
+            decoded.digest.is_some(),
+            "the digest drives divergence detection"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A peer cannot plant keys outside the schema, in either store.
+    #[test]
+    fn merged_entries_outside_the_schema_are_refused() {
+        use wavekv::types::{Entry, Metadata};
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let kv = store(dir.path(), 1, vec![2]);
+
+        let mut env = SyncEnvelope::new(2, Vec::new());
+        env.entries.push(Entry::new(
+            "not-a-gateway-key".to_string(),
+            Some(b"x".to_vec()),
+            Metadata::new(2, 1, 1),
+        ));
+        env.acks.insert(2, 1);
+
+        let outcome = kv
+            .persistent()
+            .write()
+            .apply_envelope(env)
+            .expect("apply should not fail the whole round");
+
+        assert_eq!(outcome.rejected, 1);
+        assert!(
+            !outcome.acks_adopted,
+            "a rejection must park the round's acks so the peer keeps re-offering"
+        );
+        assert!(kv.persistent().read().get("not-a-gateway-key").is_none());
+    }
+}
+
+/// A production WaveKV 1.0 gateway is upgraded in place while stopped. There is no
+/// mixed-version cluster protocol to preserve, but its persistent snapshot and WAL are
+/// an on-disk compatibility contract.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod wavekv_v1_migration_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_upgraded_gateway_opens_and_preserves_a_v1_data_directory() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
+        let key = keys::peer_addr(7);
+        let value = b"https://gateway-7.example:8011".to_vec();
+        let wal_key = keys::peer_addr(8);
+        let wal_value = b"https://gateway-8.example:8011".to_vec();
+
+        {
+            let v1 = wavekv_v1::Node::new_with_persistence(1, Vec::new(), dir.path())
+                .expect("create v1 store");
+            v1.write()
+                .put(key.clone(), value.clone())
+                .expect("write v1 data");
+            v1.persist_if_dirty().expect("persist v1 snapshot");
+            v1.write()
+                .put(wal_key.clone(), wal_value.clone())
+                .expect("write trailing v1 WAL entry");
+        }
+
+        let upgraded = KvStore::new(1, Vec::new(), dir.path()).expect("open v1 data after upgrade");
+        assert_eq!(
+            upgraded
+                .persistent()
+                .read()
+                .get(&key)
+                .and_then(|entry| entry.value),
+            Some(value.clone()),
+            "the stopped single-node upgrade must preserve the replicated state"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            upgraded
+                .persistent()
+                .read()
+                .get(&wal_key)
+                .and_then(|entry| entry.value),
+            Some(wal_value.clone()),
+            "the upgrade must replay v1 WAL entries written after the snapshot"
+        );
+
+        let new_key = keys::peer_addr(9);
+        let new_value = b"https://gateway-9.example:8011".to_vec();
+        upgraded
+            .persistent()
+            .write()
+            .put(new_key.clone(), new_value.clone())
+            .expect("write data after upgrade");
+        upgraded.persist_if_dirty().expect("persist upgraded data");
+        drop(upgraded);
+
+        let restarted = KvStore::new(1, Vec::new(), dir.path()).expect("restart upgraded store");
+        for (key, expected) in [(key, value), (wal_key, wal_value), (new_key, new_value)] {
+            assert_eq!(
+                restarted
+                    .persistent()
+                    .read()
+                    .get(&key)
+                    .and_then(|entry| entry.value),
+                Some(expected),
+                "all migrated and post-upgrade data must survive an upgraded restart: {key}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod decompression_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::io::Write;
+
+    fn gzip(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), flate2::Compression::fast());
+        encoder.write_all(bytes).expect("write");
+        encoder.finish().expect("finish")
+    }
+
+    /// A bomb rejected by size, not by decoding: gzip expands by three orders of
+    /// magnitude on attacker-chosen input, so the cap on the compressed body
+    /// bounds nothing on its own.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_expansion_past_the_limit_is_refused() {
+        let bomb = gzip(&vec![0u8; 512 * 1024]);
+        assert!(gunzip_bounded(&bomb, 4096).is_err());
+        assert!(bomb.len() < 4096, "the fixture must be small compressed");
+    }
+
+    /// The limit is inclusive, so a payload landing exactly on it still decodes.
+    /// Without this the bound could tighten by a byte and only the bomb test would
+    /// still pass.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_payload_exactly_on_the_limit_still_decompresses() {
+        let exact = gzip(&vec![7u8; 4096]);
+        let out = gunzip_bounded(&exact, 4096).expect("must be accepted");
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), 4096);
+        assert!(gunzip_bounded(&gzip(&vec![7u8; 4097]), 4096).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod corruption_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn test_kv(data_dir: &std::path::Path) -> KvStore {
+        KvStore::new(1, vec![], data_dir).expect("failed to create kv store")
+    }
+
+    fn put_raw(kv: &KvStore, key: &str, value: &[u8]) {
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put(key.to_string(), value.to_vec())
+            .expect("raw put should succeed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_corrupt_certbot_config_does_not_read_as_the_default() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        // Absent means "use the defaults" — that part must keep working.
+        let default = kv
+            .get_certbot_config()
+            .expect("missing key should not error");
+        assert!(default.acme_url.is_empty());
+
+        kv.set_certbot_config(&GlobalCertbotConfig {
+            acme_url: "https://acme-staging.example/directory".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .expect("save should succeed");
+        put_raw(&kv, keys::GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG, b"not-messagepack");
+        // Reading the corrupt record as the default would silently move
+        // issuance back to Let's Encrypt production.
+        assert!(kv.get_certbot_config().is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_corrupt_certbot_config_can_still_be_replaced_by_an_operator() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        put_raw(&kv, keys::GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG, b"not-messagepack");
+
+        // The key is a singleton with no delete RPC, so overwriting it is the
+        // only repair path there is; the write must not inherit the read's
+        // fail-closed behaviour. (Which fields an operator has to supply to be
+        // allowed to overwrite is decided one layer up, in `admin_service`.)
+        kv.set_certbot_config(&GlobalCertbotConfig {
+            acme_url: "https://acme-staging.example/directory".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .expect("save should succeed");
+
+        let repaired = kv.get_certbot_config().expect("record should be readable");
+        assert_eq!(repaired.acme_url, "https://acme-staging.example/directory");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corrupt_global_records_fail_closed() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        put_raw(&kv, keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ATTESTATION, b"not-messagepack");
+        put_raw(&kv, keys::DNS_CRED_DEFAULT, b"not-messagepack");
+        assert!(kv.get_acme_attestation().is_err());
+        assert!(kv.get_default_dns_credential_id().is_err());
+        assert!(kv.get_default_dns_credential().is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn future_dated_observations_are_ignored() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        let now = now_secs();
+
+        kv.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::handshake("cvm", 2), &(now.saturating_sub(30)))
+            .unwrap();
+        kv.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::handshake("cvm", 3), &u64::MAX)
+            .unwrap();
+        // A peer with a broken clock must not keep a dead CVM alive forever.
+        let latest = kv
+            .get_instance_latest_handshake("cvm")
+            .expect("the plausible observation should survive");
+        assert!(latest <= now, "kept a future-dated handshake: {latest}");
+        assert_eq!(kv.get_instance_handshakes("cvm").len(), 1);
+
+        kv.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::last_seen_node(7, 3), &u64::MAX)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kv.get_node_latest_last_seen(7), None);
+        assert!(kv.get_node_last_seen_by_all(7).is_empty());
+
+        // Drift within the allowance stays usable: nodes are not perfectly
+        // synchronized and dropping every slightly-ahead record would make
+        // instances look stale.
+        kv.ephemeral
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(keys::handshake("cvm", 4), &(now + MAX_CLOCK_DRIFT_SECS / 2))
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(kv.get_instance_handshakes("cvm").len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_storage_failure_fails_the_boot_instead_of_quarantining_intact_state() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        // Stand in for the storage being unusable — a full disk, an exhausted
+        // fd table, a volume that has not finished mounting. None of these say
+        // anything about the contents, and the condition survives a restart, so
+        // quarantining here would discard intact state once per boot attempt.
+        let data_dir = dir.path().join("kv");
+        std::fs::write(&data_dir, b"not a directory").expect("failed to create blocker");
+
+        let Err(err) = KvStore::new(1, vec![], &data_dir) else {
+            panic!("startup must fail when the storage is unusable");
+        };
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:#}").contains("refusing to start"),
+            "wrong failure: {err:#}"
+        );
+        let quarantined = std::fs::read_dir(dir.path())
+            .expect("failed to read temp dir")
+            .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
+            .filter(|entry| entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().contains(".corrupt."))
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(quarantined, 0, "quarantined a directory it could not read");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unreadable_data_dir_is_quarantined_instead_of_blocking_startup() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let data_dir = dir.path().join("kv");
+        {
+            let kv = test_kv(&data_dir);
+            kv.sync_instance(
+                "cvm",
+                &InstanceData {
+                    app_id: "app".to_string(),
+                    ip: "10.0.0.20".parse().unwrap(),
+                    public_key: "key".to_string(),
+                    reg_time: 1,
+                    port_policy: None,
+                    port_policy_hash: String::new(),
+                    admin_port_policy: None,
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("sync should succeed");
+            kv.persist_if_dirty().expect("persist should succeed");
+        }
+        // A torn WAL tail is the normal artifact of a crash and every record is
+        // replicated, so it must not keep the gateway from booting.
+        std::fs::write(data_dir.join("node_1.wal"), b"garbage").expect("failed to corrupt wal");
+
+        let kv = KvStore::new(1, vec![], &data_dir).expect("startup must survive a corrupt wal");
+        let loaded = kv.load_all_instances();
+        assert!(loaded.decoded.is_empty());
+        assert!(loaded.undecodable.is_empty());
+        let quarantined: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(dir.path())
+            .expect("failed to read temp dir")
+            .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
+            .filter(|entry| entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().contains(".corrupt."))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            quarantined.len(),
+            1,
+            "the unreadable data dir must be kept for inspection"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_cert_config_that_disagrees_with_its_key_is_skipped() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+        let kv = test_kv(dir.path());
+        kv.save_zt_domain_config(&ZtDomainConfig {
+            domain: "good.example".to_string(),
+            dns_cred_id: None,
+            port: 443,
+            node: None,
+            priority: 0,
+        })
+        .expect("save should succeed");
+        // Same record filed under another domain's key: honouring the value
+        // would request a certificate for a domain nobody configured.
+        kv.persistent
+            .write()
+            .put_encoded(
+                keys::zt_domain_config("victim.example"),
+                &ZtDomainConfig {
+                    domain: "attacker.example".to_string(),
+                    dns_cred_id: None,
+                    port: 443,
+                    node: None,
+                    priority: 100,
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("raw put should succeed");
+
+        let domains: Vec<String> = kv
+            .list_zt_domain_configs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| c.domain)
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(domains, vec!["good.example".to_string()]);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod peer_url_tests {
+    use super::validate_peer_url;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_http_sync_urls() {
+        assert!(validate_peer_url("https://gateway.example:8011/sync").is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_peer_url("http://127.0.0.1:8011").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_malformed_or_unsafe_sync_urls() {
+        for url in [
+            "not-a-sync-url",
+            "ftp://gateway.example/sync",
+            "https://user:secret@gateway.example/sync",
+        ] {
+            assert!(validate_peer_url(url).is_err(), "accepted {url}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The key namespace is the on-disk contract between releases.
+///
+/// Every builder and parser here survived mutation: `handshake_prefix` could return
+/// `""`, `parse_inst_key` could return `Some("xyzzy")`, and nothing noticed. That is not
+/// a cosmetic gap — these strings are what a gateway uses to find its own state after an
+/// upgrade. Changing one silently orphans every existing record: the data is still
+/// replicated, still in the digest, and no longer reachable by any reader.
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod key_schema_tests {
+    use super::keys;
+
+    /// A prefix must actually be a prefix of the keys it is used to iterate, or a range
+    /// scan silently returns nothing and the caller reads an empty collection as "none".
+    #[test]
+    fn every_iteration_prefix_matches_the_keys_it_must_find() {
+        assert!(keys::handshake("inst-a", 7).starts_with(&keys::handshake_prefix("inst-a")));
+        assert!(keys::last_seen_node(3, 7).starts_with(&keys::last_seen_node_prefix(3)));
+        assert!(keys::cert_attestation_latest("a.example")
+            .starts_with(&keys::cert_attestation_prefix("a.example")));
+        assert!(keys::cert_attestation_history("a.example", 1234)
+            .starts_with(&keys::cert_attestation_prefix("a.example")));
+    }
+
+    /// A prefix must not be so short that it also matches a neighbour's keys, which
+    /// would make an iteration return another instance's or node's records.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_iteration_prefix_does_not_capture_a_neighbour() {
+        assert!(!keys::handshake("inst-b", 7).starts_with(&keys::handshake_prefix("inst-a")));
+        assert!(!keys::last_seen_node(4, 7).starts_with(&keys::last_seen_node_prefix(3)));
+        assert!(!keys::cert_attestation_latest("b.example")
+            .starts_with(&keys::cert_attestation_prefix("a.example")));
+        // `inst-a` must not swallow `inst-ab`.
+        assert!(!keys::handshake("inst-ab", 7).starts_with(&keys::handshake_prefix("inst-a")));
+    }
+
+    /// Builders and parsers must agree, or a record written by one release is invisible
+    /// to the next.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_key_parses_back_to_what_built_it() {
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_inst_key(&keys::inst("inst-a")), Some("inst-a"));
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_node_info_key(&keys::node_info(42)), Some(42));
+        assert_eq!(
+            keys::parse_cert_domain(&keys::cert_attestation_latest("a.example")),
+            Some("a.example")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            keys::parse_cert_domain(&keys::cert_lock("a.example")),
+            Some("a.example")
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A parser must reject a key from another namespace rather than returning a value
+    /// derived from it, which would cross-wire two record types.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_parser_refuses_a_key_from_another_namespace() {
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_inst_key(&keys::node_info(1)), None);
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_cert_domain(&keys::inst("inst-a")), None);
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_node_info_key(&keys::node_status(1)), None);
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_node_info_key(&keys::inst("inst-a")), None);
+        // `node/info/` and `node/status/` share a stem; neither may claim the other.
+        assert_eq!(keys::parse_node_info_key("node/info/not-a-number"), None);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/kv/schema.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/schema.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..958c2b68d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/schema.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Key-prefix admission policy for the replicated stores.
+//!
+//! Every gateway in a cluster shares one app_id, so mTLS proves only that a peer is
+//! *some* gateway of this deployment — not that it is well-behaved. A peer that has
+//! been compromised, or that is simply running buggy code, can otherwise write any key
+//! it likes into the replicated namespace, and every other node will accept and persist
+//! it forever (the data map is never truncated).
+//!
+//! wavekv 2.0 enforces admission inside `merge`, which covers both sync directions;
+//! a check on the HTTP handler would only see inbound requests, not the entries that
+//! arrive in a response. Rejected entries also park the round's ack adoption (rule R1),
+//! so a peer sending inadmissible data keeps re-offering it rather than having it
+//! silently dropped.
+//!
+//! # Adding a key: this schema must be widened one release before it is used
+//!
+//! Ack parking makes the schema *forward-incompatible in one direction*. Values may gain
+//! fields freely — they are named-map encoded, so an older gateway skips what it does not
+//! know. Adding a **key** is different: an older gateway rejects it, which sets
+//! `complete = false` for the whole round, which parks ack adoption for that pair
+//! entirely. The two nodes then re-exchange the same batch forever and their digests stay
+//! unequal. Nothing errors; the pair simply stops making progress, and the symptom is
+//! indistinguishable from an unrelated stall such as a peer with a runaway clock.
+//!
+//! So a new key ships in two releases, never one:
+//!
+//! 1. Widen the schema to **accept** the new prefix. Do not write it yet. Roll this out
+//!    to every node.
+//! 2. Only then start **writing** it.
+//!
+//! The same applies in reverse when retiring a key: stop writing it, roll that out, and
+//! only afterwards narrow the schema.
+
+use wavekv::{types::Entry, Admission, AdmissionPolicy};
+
+use super::keys;
+
+/// Which store a policy guards. The two stores have disjoint schemas.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Store {
+    Persistent,
+    Ephemeral,
+}
+
+/// Accepts only the key shapes this gateway actually defines.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct GatewaySchema {
+    store: Store,
+}
+
+impl GatewaySchema {
+    pub fn new(store: Store) -> Self {
+        Self { store }
+    }
+
+    fn permits(&self, key: &str) -> bool {
+        match self.store {
+            Store::Persistent => {
+                key.starts_with(keys::INST_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::NODE_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::CERT_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::DNS_CRED_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::PEER_ADDR_PREFIX)
+                    || key == keys::DNS_CRED_DEFAULT
+                    || key == keys::GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG
+                    || key == keys::GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS
+                    || key == keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ATTESTATION
+                    || key == keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK
+            }
+            Store::Ephemeral => {
+                key.starts_with(keys::CONN_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::HANDSHAKE_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::LAST_SEEN_NODE_PREFIX)
+                    || key.starts_with(keys::PEER_ADDR_PREFIX)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AdmissionPolicy for GatewaySchema {
+    fn admit(&self, entry: &Entry) -> Admission {
+        if self.permits(&entry.key) {
+            Admission::Accept
+        } else {
+            Admission::Reject {
+                reason: "key is outside the gateway schema for this store",
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use wavekv::types::Metadata;
+
+    fn entry(key: &str) -> Entry {
+        Entry::new(key.to_string(), Some(b"v".to_vec()), Metadata::new(1, 1, 0))
+    }
+
+    fn admits(store: Store, key: &str) -> bool {
+        GatewaySchema::new(store).admit(&entry(key)) == Admission::Accept
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_key_the_gateway_writes_is_admissible() {
+        for key in [
+            keys::inst("abc"),
+            keys::node_info(1),
+            keys::node_status(1),
+            keys::zt_domain_config("example.com"),
+            keys::cert_data("example.com"),
+            keys::cert_lock("example.com"),
+            keys::cert_attestation_latest("example.com"),
+            keys::cert_attestation_history("example.com", 42),
+            keys::dns_cred("cred"),
+            keys::peer_addr(1),
+            keys::DNS_CRED_DEFAULT.to_string(),
+            keys::GLOBAL_CERTBOT_CONFIG.to_string(),
+            keys::GLOBAL_ACME_CREDENTIALS.to_string(),
+            keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ATTESTATION.to_string(),
+            keys::GLOBAL_ACME_ROTATION_LOCK.to_string(),
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                admits(Store::Persistent, &key),
+                "the persistent schema must admit a key the gateway itself writes: {key}"
+            );
+        }
+
+        for key in [
+            keys::conn("inst", 1),
+            keys::handshake("inst", 1),
+            keys::last_seen_node(1, 2),
+            keys::peer_addr(1),
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                admits(Store::Ephemeral, &key),
+                "the ephemeral schema must admit a key the gateway itself writes: {key}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn keys_outside_the_schema_are_refused() {
+        for key in ["", "random", "../escape", "global/", "certificate/x"] {
+            assert!(!admits(Store::Persistent, key), "accepted {key}");
+            assert!(!admits(Store::Ephemeral, key), "accepted {key}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_two_stores_do_not_accept_each_others_keys() {
+        assert!(!admits(Store::Ephemeral, &keys::inst("abc")));
+        assert!(!admits(Store::Ephemeral, &keys::cert_data("example.com")));
+        assert!(!admits(Store::Persistent, &keys::conn("inst", 1)));
+        assert!(!admits(Store::Persistent, &keys::last_seen_node(1, 2)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/kv/sync_service.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/sync_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b621a6af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/kv/sync_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! WaveKV sync service - implements network transport for wavekv synchronization.
+//!
+//! Peer URLs are stored in the persistent KV store under `__peer_addr/{node_id}` keys.
+//! This allows peer addresses to be automatically synced across nodes.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::GetPeersResponse;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use wavekv::{
+    sync::{
+        ExchangeInterface, PeerLinkStatus, SyncConfig as KvSyncConfig, SyncEnvelope, SyncManager,
+        SyncMessage, SyncResponse,
+    },
+    types::NodeId,
+    Node,
+};
+
+use crate::config::SyncConfig as GwSyncConfig;
+
+use super::https_client::{HttpsClient, HttpsClientConfig};
+use super::KvStore;
+
+/// HTTP-based network transport for WaveKV sync.
+/// Holds a reference to the persistent node for reading peer URLs.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct HttpSyncNetwork {
+    client: HttpsClient,
+    /// Reference to persistent node for reading peer URLs
+    kv_store: KvStore,
+    /// This node's UUID (for node ID reuse detection)
+    my_uuid: Vec<u8>,
+    /// URL path suffix for this store (e.g., "persistent" or "ephemeral")
+    store_path: &'static str,
+}
+
+impl HttpSyncNetwork {
+    /// `my_uuid` is passed in rather than read back out of the store.
+    ///
+    /// Our own uuid is local configuration, not replicated state, and sourcing
+    /// it from the store forced this node's `node/info` record to be written
+    /// before the service could be built — which is to say before `bootstrap`
+    /// had rebuilt the sequence counter. After a data-directory loss that made
+    /// the record spend a sequence number the peers already consider seen, so
+    /// the one record they check us against was the one guaranteed to be
+    /// dropped.
+    pub fn new(
+        kv_store: KvStore,
+        store_path: &'static str,
+        tls_config: &HttpsClientConfig,
+        my_uuid: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let client = HttpsClient::new(tls_config)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            client,
+            kv_store,
+            my_uuid,
+            store_path,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get peer URL from persistent node
+    fn get_peer_url(&self, peer_id: NodeId) -> Option<String> {
+        self.kv_store.get_peer_url(peer_id)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExchangeInterface for HttpSyncNetwork {
+    fn uuid(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.my_uuid.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn query_uuid(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.kv_store.get_peer_uuid(node_id)
+    }
+
+    async fn sync_to(
+        &self,
+        _node: &Node,
+        _peer: NodeId,
+        _msg: SyncMessage,
+    ) -> Result<SyncResponse> {
+        anyhow::bail!("wavekv v1 peer synchronization is not supported")
+    }
+
+    /// Native WaveKV exchange.
+    ///
+    /// All deployed clusters use this wire protocol. WaveKV 1.0 data directories are
+    /// migrated in place during a stopped single-node upgrade; no mixed-version network
+    /// protocol is exposed by the gateway.
+    async fn sync_v2_to(
+        &self,
+        _node: &Node,
+        peer: NodeId,
+        env: SyncEnvelope,
+    ) -> Result<Option<SyncEnvelope>> {
+        let sync_url = self.route_for(peer, "sync")?;
+
+        let body = self
+            .client
+            .post_bytes_response(&sync_url, env.encode()?)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to sync to peer {peer} at {sync_url}"))?;
+
+        self.kv_store.update_peer_last_seen(peer);
+        Ok(Some(SyncEnvelope::decode(&body)?))
+    }
+
+    /// Opportunistic push. Best-effort by design: the periodic round remains the
+    /// anti-entropy backstop and the only ack authority.
+    async fn push_to(&self, _node: &Node, peer: NodeId, env: SyncEnvelope) -> Result<()> {
+        let push_url = self.route_for(peer, "push")?;
+        self.client
+            .post_bytes_no_response(&push_url, env.encode()?)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to push to peer {peer} at {push_url}"))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl HttpSyncNetwork {
+    fn route_for(&self, peer: NodeId, verb: &str) -> Result<String> {
+        let url = self
+            .get_peer_url(peer)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("peer {peer} address not found in DB"))?;
+        Ok(format!(
+            "{}/wavekv/{verb}/{}",
+            url.trim_end_matches('/'),
+            self.store_path
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+/// WaveKV sync service that manages synchronization for both persistent and ephemeral stores
+pub struct WaveKvSyncService {
+    pub persistent_manager: Arc<SyncManager<HttpSyncNetwork>>,
+    pub ephemeral_manager: Arc<SyncManager<HttpSyncNetwork>>,
+}
+
+/// Wake the opportunistic push path after a latency-sensitive persistent write.
+pub trait PersistentWriteNotifier: Send + Sync {
+    fn notify_persistent_write(&self);
+}
+
+impl PersistentWriteNotifier for WaveKvSyncService {
+    fn notify_persistent_write(&self) {
+        self.persistent_manager.notify_local_write();
+    }
+}
+
+impl WaveKvSyncService {
+    /// Create a new WaveKV sync service
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `kv_store` - The sync store containing persistent and ephemeral nodes
+    /// * `sync_config` - Sync configuration
+    /// * `tls_config` - TLS configuration for mTLS peer authentication
+    /// * `my_uuid` - This node's uuid, from local configuration
+    pub fn new(
+        kv_store: &KvStore,
+        sync_config: &GwSyncConfig,
+        tls_config: HttpsClientConfig,
+        my_uuid: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let sync_config = KvSyncConfig {
+            interval: sync_config.interval,
+            timeout: sync_config.timeout,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        // Both networks use the same persistent node for URL lookup, but different paths
+        let persistent_network =
+            HttpSyncNetwork::new(kv_store.clone(), "persistent", &tls_config, my_uuid.clone())?;
+        let ephemeral_network =
+            HttpSyncNetwork::new(kv_store.clone(), "ephemeral", &tls_config, my_uuid)?;
+
+        let persistent_manager = Arc::new(SyncManager::with_config(
+            kv_store.persistent().clone(),
+            persistent_network,
+            sync_config.clone(),
+        ));
+        let ephemeral_manager = Arc::new(SyncManager::with_config(
+            kv_store.ephemeral().clone(),
+            ephemeral_network,
+            sync_config,
+        ));
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            persistent_manager,
+            ephemeral_manager,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Bootstrap from peers
+    pub async fn bootstrap(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        info!("bootstrapping persistent store...");
+        if let Err(e) = self.persistent_manager.bootstrap().await {
+            warn!("failed to bootstrap persistent store: {e}");
+        }
+
+        info!("bootstrapping ephemeral store...");
+        if let Err(e) = self.ephemeral_manager.bootstrap().await {
+            warn!("failed to bootstrap ephemeral store: {e}");
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Start background sync tasks
+    pub async fn start_sync_tasks(&self) {
+        let persistent = self.persistent_manager.clone();
+        let ephemeral = self.ephemeral_manager.clone();
+
+        tokio::join!(persistent.start_sync_tasks(), ephemeral.start_sync_tasks(),);
+
+        info!("WaveKV sync tasks started");
+    }
+
+    fn manager_for(&self, store: &str) -> Option<&Arc<SyncManager<HttpSyncNetwork>>> {
+        match store {
+            "persistent" => Some(&self.persistent_manager),
+            "ephemeral" => Some(&self.ephemeral_manager),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handle an inbound sync envelope.
+    pub fn handle_envelope(&self, store: &str, env: SyncEnvelope) -> Option<Result<SyncEnvelope>> {
+        Some(self.manager_for(store)?.handle_envelope(env))
+    }
+
+    /// Handle an inbound opportunistic push (merges data only; never moves acks).
+    pub fn handle_push(&self, store: &str, env: SyncEnvelope) -> Option<Result<()>> {
+        Some(self.manager_for(store)?.handle_push(env))
+    }
+
+    /// Per-peer digest and failure telemetry for both stores.
+    pub fn link_status(&self) -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<PeerLinkStatus>)> {
+        vec![
+            ("persistent", self.persistent_manager.link_status()),
+            ("ephemeral", self.ephemeral_manager.link_status()),
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fetch peer list from bootnode and register them in KvStore.
+///
+/// This is called during startup to bootstrap the peer list from a known bootnode.
+/// Uses Gateway.GetPeers RPC which requires mTLS gateway authentication.
+pub async fn fetch_peers_from_bootnode(
+    bootnode_url: &str,
+    kv_store: &KvStore,
+    my_node_id: NodeId,
+    tls_config: &HttpsClientConfig,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if bootnode_url.is_empty() {
+        info!("no bootnode configured, skipping peer fetch");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    info!("fetching peers from bootnode: {}", bootnode_url);
+
+    // Create HTTPS client for bootnode communication (with mTLS)
+    let client = HttpsClient::new(tls_config).context("failed to create HTTPS client")?;
+
+    // Call Gateway.GetPeers RPC on bootnode (requires mTLS gateway auth)
+    let peers_url = format!("{}/prpc/GetPeers", bootnode_url.trim_end_matches('/'));
+
+    let response: GetPeersResponse = client
+        .post_json(&peers_url, &())
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to fetch peers from bootnode {bootnode_url}"))?;
+
+    info!(
+        "bootnode returned {} peers (bootnode_id={})",
+        response.peers.len(),
+        response.my_id
+    );
+
+    // Register each peer
+    for peer in &response.peers {
+        if peer.id == my_node_id {
+            continue; // Skip self
+        }
+
+        // Add peer to WaveKV
+        if let Err(e) = kv_store.add_peer(peer.id) {
+            warn!("failed to add peer {}: {}", peer.id, e);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Register peer URL
+        if !peer.url.is_empty() {
+            if let Err(e) = kv_store.register_peer_url(peer.id, &peer.url) {
+                warn!("failed to register peer URL for node {}: {}", peer.id, e);
+            } else {
+                info!(
+                    "registered peer from bootnode: node {} -> {}",
+                    peer.id, peer.url
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e30b57b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network dstack@phala.network
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use config::{Config, TlsConfig};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{dstack_guest_client::DstackGuestClient, GetTlsKeyArgs};
+use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
+use ra_rpc::{prpc_routes as prpc, rocket_helper::QuoteVerifier};
+use ra_tls::attestation::AttestationVerifier;
+use rocket::{
+    fairing::AdHoc,
+    figment::{providers::Serialized, Figment},
+};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use admin_service::AdminRpcHandler;
+use main_service::{Proxy, ProxyOptions, RpcHandler};
+
+use crate::debug_service::DebugRpcHandler;
+
+mod admin_auth;
+mod admin_service;
+mod cert_store;
+mod config;
+mod debug_service;
+mod distributed_certbot;
+mod kv;
+mod main_service;
+mod metrics;
+mod models;
+mod pp;
+mod proxy;
+mod time;
+mod web_routes;
+
+#[global_allocator]
+static ALLOCATOR: jemallocator::Jemalloc = jemallocator::Jemalloc;
+
+fn app_version() -> String {
+    dstack_build_info::app_version!()
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
+struct Args {
+    /// Path to the configuration file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn set_max_ulimit() -> Result<()> {
+    use nix::sys::resource::{getrlimit, setrlimit, Resource};
+    let (soft, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE)?;
+    if soft < hard {
+        setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE, hard, hard)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn dstack_agent() -> Result<DstackGuestClient<PrpcClient>> {
+    let address = dstack_types::dstack_agent_address();
+    let http_client = PrpcClient::new(address);
+    Ok(DstackGuestClient::new(http_client))
+}
+
+async fn maybe_gen_certs(config: &Config, tls_config: &TlsConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    if config.rpc_domain.is_empty() {
+        info!("TLS domain is empty, skipping cert generation");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    // Build alt_names: include rpc_domain and hostname from my_url
+    let mut alt_names = vec![config.rpc_domain.clone()];
+    if let Ok(url) = reqwest::Url::parse(&config.sync.my_url) {
+        if let Some(host) = url.host_str() {
+            if host != config.rpc_domain {
+                alt_names.push(host.to_string());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    gen_certs(tls_config, alt_names).await
+}
+
+async fn gen_certs(tls_config: &TlsConfig, alt_names: Vec<String>) -> Result<()> {
+    info!("Using dstack guest agent for certificate generation");
+    let agent_client = dstack_agent().context("Failed to create dstack client")?;
+
+    let response = agent_client
+        .get_tls_key(GetTlsKeyArgs {
+            subject: "dstack-gateway".to_string(),
+            alt_names,
+            usage_ra_tls: true,
+            usage_server_auth: true,
+            usage_client_auth: true,
+            not_before: None,
+            not_after: None,
+            with_app_info: true,
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+    let ca_cert = response
+        .certificate_chain
+        .last()
+        .context("Empty certificate chain")?
+        .to_string();
+    let certs = response.certificate_chain.join("\n");
+    write_cert(&tls_config.mutual.ca_certs, &ca_cert)?;
+    write_cert(&tls_config.certs, &certs)?;
+    write_cert(&tls_config.key, &response.key)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn write_cert(path: &str, cert: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    info!("Writing cert to file: {path}");
+    safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(path, cert, 0o600)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+
+    let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
+
+    let mut config = figment.focus("core").extract::<Config>()?;
+    // Validate node_id
+    if config.sync.enabled && config.sync.node_id == 0 {
+        anyhow::bail!("node_id must be greater than 0");
+    }
+    if config.debug.insecure_localhost_backend {
+        warn!(
+            "core.debug.insecure_localhost_backend = true; the app address \"localhost\" now \
+             resolves to 127.0.0.1 on this host. App addresses also come from the \
+             _dstack-app-address TXT record of arbitrary custom domains, so any DNS zone owner \
+             can reach this host's loopback on a port of their choosing, bypassing port_policy. \
+             Never use this outside local development"
+        );
+    }
+    // Before anything reads `proxy.ktls`: the acceptor built later decides
+    // whether to extract session secrets from it.
+    proxy::disable_ktls_if_unsupported(&mut config.proxy);
+
+    config::setup_wireguard(&config.wg)?;
+
+    let tls_config = figment
+        .focus("tls")
+        .extract::<TlsConfig>()
+        .context("Failed to extract tls config")?;
+    maybe_gen_certs(&config, &tls_config)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to generate certs")?;
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    if config.set_ulimit {
+        set_max_ulimit()?;
+    }
+
+    let my_app_id = if config.debug.insecure_skip_attestation {
+        None
+    } else {
+        let dstack_client = dstack_agent().context("Failed to create dstack client")?;
+        let info = dstack_client
+            .info()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get app info")?;
+        Some(info.app_id)
+    };
+    let proxy_config = config.proxy.clone();
+    let attestation_verifier = Arc::new(
+        AttestationVerifier::load(&config.attestation)
+            .context("failed to load attestation verifier")?,
+    );
+    let admin_auth = if config.admin.enabled {
+        Some(admin_auth::AdminAuthFairing::from_config(&config.admin)?)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let admin_insecure = config.admin.insecure_no_auth;
+    let debug_config = config.debug.clone();
+    let state = Proxy::new(ProxyOptions {
+        config,
+        my_app_id,
+        tls_config,
+    })
+    .await?;
+    info!("Starting background tasks");
+    state.start_bg_tasks().await?;
+    state.lock().reconfigure()?;
+
+    proxy::start(proxy_config, state.clone()).context("failed to start the proxy")?;
+
+    let admin_value = figment
+        .find_value("core.admin")
+        .context("admin section not found")?;
+    let debug_value = figment
+        .find_value("core.debug")
+        .context("debug section not found")?;
+
+    let admin_figment = Figment::new()
+        .merge(rocket::Config::default())
+        .merge(Serialized::defaults(admin_value));
+
+    let debug_figment = Figment::new()
+        .merge(rocket::Config::default())
+        .merge(Serialized::defaults(debug_value));
+
+    let mut rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/prpc", prpc!(Proxy, RpcHandler, trim: "Tproxy."))
+        .mount("/", web_routes::health_routes())
+        // Mount WaveKV sync endpoint (requires mTLS gateway auth)
+        .mount("/", web_routes::wavekv_sync_routes())
+        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
+            })
+        }))
+        .manage(state.clone());
+    let verifier = QuoteVerifier::new(attestation_verifier);
+    rocket = rocket.manage(verifier);
+    let main_srv = rocket.launch();
+    let admin_state = state.clone();
+    let debug_state = state;
+    let admin_srv = async move {
+        if let Some(auth_fairing) = admin_auth {
+            if admin_insecure {
+                tracing::warn!(
+                    "admin server running with insecure_no_auth = true; admin API is exposed without authentication"
+                );
+            } else {
+                tracing::info!("admin server authentication enabled");
+            }
+            let admin_rocket = rocket::custom(admin_figment)
+                .attach(auth_fairing)
+                .mount("/", admin_auth::routes())
+                .mount("/", web_routes::routes())
+                .mount("/", prpc!(Proxy, AdminRpcHandler, trim: "Admin."))
+                .mount("/prpc", prpc!(Proxy, AdminRpcHandler, trim: "Admin."))
+                .manage(admin_state.clone())
+                .ignite()
+                .await?;
+            admin_state
+                .lock()
+                .set_admin_shutdown(admin_rocket.shutdown());
+            admin_rocket.launch().await
+        } else {
+            std::future::pending().await
+        }
+    };
+    let debug_srv = async move {
+        if debug_config.insecure_enable_debug_rpc {
+            rocket::custom(debug_figment)
+                .mount("/prpc", prpc!(Proxy, DebugRpcHandler, trim: "Debug."))
+                .mount("/", web_routes::health_routes())
+                .manage(debug_state)
+                .launch()
+                .await
+        } else {
+            std::future::pending().await
+        }
+    };
+    tokio::select! {
+        result = main_srv => {
+            result.map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to start main server: {err:?}"))?;
+        }
+        result = admin_srv => {
+            result.map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to start admin server: {err:?}"))?;
+        }
+        result = debug_srv => {
+            result.map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to start debug server: {err:?}"))?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod startup_tests {
+    use super::write_cert;
+    use std::fs;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gateway_startup_private_file_matrix() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let output = directory.path().join("gateway.key");
+        write_cert(output.to_str().unwrap(), "first").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&output).unwrap(), b"first");
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt as _;
+            assert_eq!(
+                fs::metadata(&output).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777,
+                0o600
+            );
+        }
+        write_cert(output.to_str().unwrap(), "second").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&output).unwrap(), b"second");
+        assert!(fs::read_dir(directory.path()).unwrap().all(|entry| {
+            !entry
+                .unwrap()
+                .file_name()
+                .to_string_lossy()
+                .ends_with(".tmp")
+        }));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93a4d1053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1875 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashSet},
+    net::Ipv4Addr,
+    ops::Deref,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard},
+    time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Context, Result};
+use auth_client::AuthClient;
+
+use crate::distributed_certbot::DistributedCertBot;
+use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::{
+    gateway_server::{GatewayRpc, GatewayServer},
+    AcmeInfoResponse, GatewayNodeInfo, GetPeersResponse, GuestAgentConfig, InfoResponse, PeerInfo,
+    QuotedPublicKey, RegisterCvmRequest, RegisterCvmResponse, WireGuardConfig, WireGuardPeer,
+};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall, VerifiedAttestation};
+use ra_tls::attestation::AppInfo;
+use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;
+use rinja::Template as _;
+use safe_write::safe_write_with_mode;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+use tokio::sync::{
+    mpsc::{unbounded_channel, UnboundedSender},
+    Notify,
+};
+use tokio_rustls::TlsAcceptor;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
+use wavekv::types::NodeId;
+
+use crate::{
+    cert_store::{CertResolver, CertStoreBuilder},
+    config::{Config, TlsConfig},
+    kv::{
+        fetch_peers_from_bootnode, import, AppIdValidator, CertData, HttpsClientConfig,
+        InstanceData, KvStore, LoadedInstances, NodeData, NodeStatus, PortPolicy,
+        WaveKvSyncService,
+    },
+    models::{InstanceInfo, PortPolicyView, WgConf, WgPeer},
+    proxy::{create_acceptor_with_cert_resolver, AddressGroup, AddressInfo, AppAddressResolver},
+    time::{decode_ts, encode_ts, now_secs},
+};
+
+mod auth_client;
+mod handshakes;
+
+use handshakes::LatestHandshakesCache;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Proxy {
+    _inner: Arc<ProxyInner>,
+}
+
+impl Deref for Proxy {
+    type Target = ProxyInner;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self._inner
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ProxyInner {
+    pub(crate) config: Arc<Config>,
+    /// Multi-domain certbot (from KvStore DNS credentials and domain configs)
+    pub(crate) certbot: Arc<DistributedCertBot>,
+    my_app_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    state: Mutex<ProxyState>,
+    pub(crate) notify_state_updated: Notify,
+    auth_client: AuthClient,
+    pub(crate) acceptor: TlsAcceptor,
+    pub(crate) h2_acceptor: TlsAcceptor,
+    /// Certificate resolver for SNI-based resolution (supports atomic updates)
+    pub(crate) cert_resolver: Arc<CertResolver>,
+    /// WaveKV-based store for persistence (and cross-node sync when enabled)
+    kv_store: Arc<KvStore>,
+    /// WaveKV sync service for network synchronization
+    pub(crate) wavekv_sync: Option<Arc<WaveKvSyncService>>,
+    /// HTTPS client config for mTLS (used for bootnode peer discovery)
+    https_config: Option<HttpsClientConfig>,
+    /// Sender for the background port_policy lazy-fetch worker. On a cache
+    /// miss the proxy data path enqueues the instance_id and immediately
+    /// rejects the connection (fail-close); the fetch populates the cache
+    /// asynchronously so subsequent connections can proceed. Without a
+    /// known policy, `restrict_mode` is indeterminate and we cannot safely
+    /// allow traffic.
+    pub(crate) port_policy_tx: UnboundedSender<String>,
+    handshake_cache: Arc<LatestHandshakesCache>,
+    /// Shared DNS resolver for SNI TXT lookups. Reusing one resolver lets the
+    /// hickory DNS cache work across proxy connections.
+    pub(crate) app_address_resolver: Arc<AppAddressResolver>,
+}
+
+const HANDSHAKE_CACHE_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+const HANDSHAKE_REFRESH_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct ProxyStateMut {
+    pub(crate) apps: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>>,
+    pub(crate) instances: BTreeMap<String, InstanceInfo>,
+    pub(crate) allocated_addresses: BTreeSet<Ipv4Addr>,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) top_n: BTreeMap<String, (AddressGroup, Instant)>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct ProxyState {
+    pub(crate) config: Arc<Config>,
+    pub(crate) state: ProxyStateMut,
+    /// Reference to KvStore for syncing changes
+    kv_store: Arc<KvStore>,
+    handshake_cache: Arc<LatestHandshakesCache>,
+    admin_shutdown: Option<rocket::Shutdown>,
+    /// Reason last logged for each KV instance record this node refuses, so a
+    /// record that stays bad is reported once rather than on every reload.
+    reported_rejections: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+/// Options for creating a Proxy instance
+pub struct ProxyOptions {
+    pub config: Config,
+    pub my_app_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// TLS configuration (from Rocket's tls config)
+    pub tls_config: TlsConfig,
+}
+
+/// Outcome of an operator-initiated CVM removal.
+///
+/// Both fields are false when the instance was never known (or the removal
+/// already completed), which lets the operator distinguish a mistyped
+/// instance_id from an actual removal.
+pub struct CvmRemoval {
+    /// A live instance record (decodable or not) existed in WaveKV.
+    pub record_existed: bool,
+    /// The CVM was present in this node's local data plane.
+    pub removed_locally: bool,
+}
+
+/// Outcome of an operator-initiated gateway node removal.
+///
+/// Both fields are false when the node was never known (or the removal
+/// already completed), which lets the operator distinguish a mistyped
+/// node_id from an actual removal.
+pub struct NodeRemoval {
+    /// Any of the node's records (info, status, or sync address) was live
+    /// in WaveKV.
+    pub record_existed: bool,
+    /// The node was still in this gateway's sync peer set.
+    pub removed_from_peer_set: bool,
+}
+
+/// A refused instance record plus its local data-plane footprint.
+pub struct RejectedInstanceReport {
+    pub rejected: import::RejectedInstance,
+    /// Whether the instance still holds state in this node's data plane. An
+    /// unusable record keeps whatever the data plane already had, so removing
+    /// an active instance also drops its routing.
+    pub active_locally: bool,
+}
+
+impl Proxy {
+    /// Remove one CVM by explicit operator request.
+    ///
+    /// The tombstone is written even when this node cannot decode the stored
+    /// record or no longer has the CVM in memory. This makes the operation an
+    /// idempotent recovery path for bad replicated instance records without
+    /// exposing arbitrary raw-KV deletion.
+    pub fn remove_cvm(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Result<CvmRemoval> {
+        let mut state = self.lock();
+        let record_existed = state
+            .kv_store
+            .sync_delete_instance(instance_id)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to delete CVM {instance_id} from WaveKV"))?;
+
+        let removed_locally = state.forget_instance(instance_id).is_some();
+        // Reconfigure unconditionally: the tombstone write and the in-memory
+        // removal are not repeated on a retry, so gating this on them would
+        // leave a failed reconfigure with no retry path and the removed CVM's
+        // WireGuard peer stuck on the interface.
+        state.reconfigure()?;
+        Ok(CvmRemoval {
+            record_existed,
+            removed_locally,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Instance records this node currently refuses to import.
+    ///
+    /// Recomputed from the store on every call rather than read from the
+    /// cached rejection log, so the answer is current even right after a
+    /// restart and does not depend on when the last reload ran.
+    pub fn rejected_instances(&self) -> Vec<RejectedInstanceReport> {
+        let rejected =
+            import::accept_instances(&self.config.wg, self.kv_store.load_all_instances()).rejected;
+        let state = self.lock();
+        rejected
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|rejected| RejectedInstanceReport {
+                active_locally: state.state.instances.contains_key(&rejected.instance_id),
+                rejected,
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a decommissioned gateway node by explicit operator request.
+    ///
+    /// Tombstones the node's replicated records and drops it from this
+    /// gateway's sync peer set immediately; other gateways prune their own
+    /// sets when the `__peer_addr` tombstone reaches them. A node removed by
+    /// mistake rejoins when it restarts (startup re-registers its records),
+    /// or via `SetNodeUrl` from any live gateway.
+    pub fn remove_node(&self, node_id: NodeId) -> Result<NodeRemoval> {
+        ensure!(
+            node_id != self.config.sync.node_id,
+            "a node cannot remove itself"
+        );
+        // Drop the peer before publishing the tombstone: the __peer_addr
+        // deletion wakes the peer-address watcher, whose prune would
+        // otherwise race this call and make the reported membership depend
+        // on scheduling.
+        let removed_from_peer_set = self.kv_store.remove_peer(node_id)?;
+        let record_existed = self
+            .kv_store
+            .sync_remove_node(node_id)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to delete node {node_id} from WaveKV"))?;
+        Ok(NodeRemoval {
+            record_existed,
+            removed_from_peer_set,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub async fn new(options: ProxyOptions) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (port_policy_tx, port_policy_rx) = unbounded_channel();
+        let inner = ProxyInner::new(options, port_policy_tx).await?;
+        let proxy = Self {
+            _inner: Arc::new(inner),
+        };
+        crate::proxy::port_policy::spawn_fetcher(proxy.clone(), port_policy_rx);
+        Ok(proxy)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProxyInner {
+    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<'_, ProxyState> {
+        self.state.lock().or_panic("Failed to lock AppState")
+    }
+
+    pub async fn new(
+        options: ProxyOptions,
+        port_policy_tx: UnboundedSender<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let ProxyOptions {
+            config,
+            my_app_id,
+            tls_config,
+        } = options;
+        let config = Arc::new(config);
+
+        // Initialize WaveKV store without peers (peers will be added dynamically from bootnode)
+        let kv_store = Arc::new(
+            KvStore::new(config.sync.node_id, vec![], &config.sync.data_dir)
+                .context("failed to initialize WaveKV store")?,
+        );
+        info!(
+            "WaveKV store initialized: node_id={}, sync_enabled={}",
+            config.sync.node_id, config.sync.enabled
+        );
+
+        // Load state from WaveKV
+        let instances = kv_store.load_all_instances();
+        let nodes = kv_store.load_all_nodes();
+        info!(
+            "Loaded state from WaveKV: {} instances ({} unreadable), {} nodes",
+            instances.decoded.len(),
+            instances.undecodable.len(),
+            nodes.len()
+        );
+        let state = build_state_from_kv_store(&config, instances);
+
+        // This node's own records are written *after* the bootstrap below, not
+        // here. A local write allocates a sequence number, and after a
+        // data-directory loss this node has no record of which numbers it
+        // already spent — only its peers do. `bootstrap` rebuilds the counter
+        // from their coverage, so anything written before it reuses numbers the
+        // peers already treat as seen and is silently dropped cluster-wide.
+        // That would strand exactly the records recovery depends on: the fresh
+        // uuid peers check us against, and our sync address.
+        let node_data = NodeData {
+            uuid: config.uuid(),
+            url: config.sync.my_url.clone(),
+            wg_public_key: config.wg.public_key.clone(),
+            wg_endpoint: config.wg.endpoint.clone(),
+            wg_ip: config.wg.ip.to_string(),
+        };
+        // Build HttpsClientConfig for mTLS communication
+        let https_config = {
+            let tls = &tls_config;
+            let cert_validator = my_app_id
+                .clone()
+                .map(|app_id| Arc::new(AppIdValidator::new(app_id)) as _);
+            HttpsClientConfig {
+                cert_path: tls.certs.clone(),
+                key_path: tls.key.clone(),
+                ca_cert_path: tls.mutual.ca_certs.clone(),
+                cert_validator,
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Fetch peers from bootnode if configured (only when sync is enabled)
+        if config.sync.enabled && !config.sync.bootnode.is_empty() {
+            if let Err(err) = fetch_peers_from_bootnode(
+                &config.sync.bootnode,
+                &kv_store,
+                config.sync.node_id,
+                &https_config,
+            )
+            .await
+            {
+                warn!("Failed to fetch peers from bootnode: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create WaveKV sync service (only if sync is enabled)
+        let wavekv_sync = if config.sync.enabled {
+            match WaveKvSyncService::new(
+                &kv_store,
+                &config.sync,
+                https_config.clone(),
+                node_data.uuid.clone(),
+            ) {
+                Ok(sync_service) => Some(Arc::new(sync_service)),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    error!("Failed to create WaveKV sync service: {err:?}");
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let handshake_cache = Arc::new(LatestHandshakesCache::new(
+            config.wg.interface.clone(),
+            HANDSHAKE_CACHE_TTL,
+        ));
+        if let Err(err) = handshake_cache.refresh().await {
+            warn!("failed to preload WireGuard latest-handshakes cache: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        let state = Mutex::new(ProxyState {
+            config: config.clone(),
+            state,
+            kv_store: kv_store.clone(),
+            handshake_cache: handshake_cache.clone(),
+            admin_shutdown: None,
+            reported_rejections: BTreeMap::new(),
+        });
+        let auth_client = AuthClient::new(config.auth.clone());
+        // Bootstrap WaveKV first if sync is enabled, so certbot can load certs from peers
+        if let Some(ref wavekv_sync) = wavekv_sync {
+            info!("WaveKV: bootstrapping from peers...");
+            if let Err(err) = wavekv_sync.bootstrap().await {
+                warn!("WaveKV bootstrap failed: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Publish this node's own records now that the sequence counter reflects
+        // whatever the peers already know we have spent (see the note above).
+        if let Err(err) = kv_store.sync_node(config.sync.node_id, &node_data) {
+            error!("Failed to sync this node to KvStore: {err:?}");
+        }
+        // Set this node's status to Online
+        if let Err(err) = kv_store.set_node_status(config.sync.node_id, NodeStatus::Up) {
+            error!("Failed to set node status: {err:?}");
+        }
+        // Register this node's sync URL in DB (for peer discovery)
+        if let Err(err) = kv_store.register_peer_url(config.sync.node_id, &config.sync.my_url) {
+            error!("Failed to register peer URL: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        // Create CertResolver and load certificates from KvStore
+        let cert_resolver = Arc::new(CertResolver::new());
+        let all_cert_data = kv_store.load_all_cert_data();
+        if !all_cert_data.is_empty() {
+            let mut builder = CertStoreBuilder::new();
+            for (domain, data) in &all_cert_data {
+                if let Err(err) = builder.add_cert(domain, data) {
+                    warn!("failed to load certificate for {domain}: {err:?}");
+                }
+            }
+            cert_resolver.set(Arc::new(builder.build()));
+            info!(
+                "CertStore: loaded {} certificates from KvStore",
+                all_cert_data.len()
+            );
+        }
+        if let (Some(base_domain), Some(cert_chain), Some(cert_key)) = (
+            &config.proxy.base_domain,
+            &config.proxy.cert_chain,
+            &config.proxy.cert_key,
+        ) {
+            let cert_pem = std::fs::read_to_string(cert_chain).with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to read proxy cert_chain {}", cert_chain.display())
+            })?;
+            let key_pem = std::fs::read_to_string(cert_key)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to read proxy cert_key {}", cert_key.display()))?;
+            let now = now_secs();
+            let cert_data = CertData {
+                cert_pem,
+                key_pem,
+                not_after: now + 14 * 24 * 60 * 60,
+                issued_by: config.sync.node_id,
+                issued_at: now,
+            };
+            cert_resolver
+                .update_cert(base_domain, &cert_data)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to load static proxy cert for {base_domain}"))?;
+            info!("CertStore: loaded static proxy certificate for *.{base_domain}");
+        }
+
+        // Create multi-domain certbot (uses KvStore configs for DNS credentials and domains)
+        let certbot = Arc::new(DistributedCertBot::new(
+            kv_store.clone(),
+            cert_resolver.clone(),
+            wavekv_sync
+                .clone()
+                .map(|service| service as Arc<dyn crate::kv::PersistentWriteNotifier>),
+        ));
+        // Initialize any configured domains
+        if let Err(err) = certbot.init_all().await {
+            warn!("Failed to initialize multi-domain certbot: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        // Create TLS acceptors with CertResolver for SNI-based resolution
+        // CertResolver allows atomic certificate updates without recreating acceptors
+        info!(
+            "CertResolver initialized with {} domains",
+            cert_resolver.list_domains().len()
+        );
+        let acceptor =
+            create_acceptor_with_cert_resolver(&config.proxy, cert_resolver.clone(), false)
+                .context("failed to create acceptor with cert resolver")?;
+        let h2_acceptor =
+            create_acceptor_with_cert_resolver(&config.proxy, cert_resolver.clone(), true)
+                .context("failed to create h2 acceptor with cert resolver")?;
+        let app_address_resolver = Arc::new(
+            AppAddressResolver::new(
+                config.proxy.app_address_ns_prefix.clone(),
+                config.proxy.app_address_ns_compat,
+                config.proxy.app_address_dns_servers.clone(),
+            )
+            .context("failed to create app address resolver")?,
+        );
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            config,
+            state,
+            notify_state_updated: Notify::new(),
+            my_app_id,
+            auth_client,
+            acceptor,
+            h2_acceptor,
+            cert_resolver,
+            certbot,
+            kv_store,
+            wavekv_sync,
+            https_config: Some(https_config),
+            port_policy_tx,
+            handshake_cache,
+            app_address_resolver,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn kv_store(&self) -> &Arc<KvStore> {
+        &self.kv_store
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn my_app_id(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        self.my_app_id.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Proxy {
+    pub(crate) async fn start_bg_tasks(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Err(err) = self.handshake_cache.refresh().await {
+            warn!("failed to refresh WireGuard latest-handshakes cache before starting background tasks: {err:?}");
+        }
+        self.handshake_cache
+            .clone()
+            .spawn_refresh_task(HANDSHAKE_REFRESH_INTERVAL);
+        start_recycle_thread(self.clone());
+        // Start WaveKV periodic sync (bootstrap already done in new())
+        if let Some(ref wavekv_sync) = self.wavekv_sync {
+            start_wavekv_sync_task(self.clone(), wavekv_sync.clone()).await;
+        }
+        start_wavekv_watch_task(self.clone()).context("Failed to start WaveKV watch task")?;
+        start_certbot_task(self.clone()).await;
+        start_cert_store_watch_task(self.clone());
+        start_zt_domain_watch_task(self.clone());
+        start_bootnode_discovery_task(self.clone());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Reload all certificates from KvStore into CertStore (atomic replacement)
+    pub(crate) fn reload_all_certs_from_kvstore(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let all_cert_data = self.kv_store.load_all_cert_data();
+
+        // Build new CertStore from scratch
+        let mut builder = CertStoreBuilder::new();
+        let mut loaded = 0;
+        for (domain, data) in &all_cert_data {
+            if let Err(err) = builder.add_cert(domain, data) {
+                warn!("failed to reload certificate for {domain}: {err:?}");
+            } else {
+                loaded += 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Atomically replace the CertStore (no need to recreate acceptors)
+        self.cert_resolver.set(Arc::new(builder.build()));
+        info!("CertStore: reloaded {loaded} certificates from KvStore");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Renew a specific domain certificate or all domains
+    pub(crate) async fn renew_cert(&self, domain: Option<&str>, force: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        match domain {
+            Some(domain) => self
+                .certbot
+                .try_renew(domain, force)
+                .await
+                .context("failed to renew cert"),
+            None => {
+                // Renew all domains
+                self.certbot
+                    .try_renew_all()
+                    .await
+                    .context("failed to renew all certs")?;
+                Ok(true)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn rotate_acme_credentials(&self) -> Result<(String, usize)> {
+        self.certbot.rotate_acme_credentials().await
+    }
+
+    /// Get ACME info for all managed domains (or a specific domain)
+    pub(crate) fn acme_info(&self, domain: Option<&str>) -> Result<AcmeInfoResponse> {
+        let kv_store = self.kv_store.clone();
+
+        let mut quoted_hist_keys = vec![];
+
+        // Get domains to query
+        let domains: Vec<String> = match domain {
+            Some(d) => vec![d.to_string()],
+            None => kv_store
+                .list_zt_domain_configs()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|c| c.domain)
+                .collect(),
+        };
+
+        // The account URI comes from the published credentials; the attestation
+        // record is written best-effort and may lag behind a rotation, so it
+        // only supplies the quote when it matches the current account.
+        let attestation = kv_store
+            .get_acme_attestation()
+            .context("failed to read the ACME account attestation")?;
+        let account_uri = kv_store
+            .get_acme_credentials()
+            .context("call RotateAcmeCredentials to replace the stored ACME credentials")?
+            .and_then(|creds| {
+                crate::distributed_certbot::extract_account_uri(&creds.acme_credentials)
+            })
+            .or_else(|| attestation.as_ref().map(|att| att.account_uri.clone()))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let (account_quote, account_attestation) = attestation
+            .filter(|att| att.account_uri == account_uri)
+            .map(|att| (att.quote, att.attestation))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        for domain in &domains {
+            // Get all attestations for this domain
+            let attestations = kv_store.list_cert_attestations(domain);
+            for att in attestations {
+                quoted_hist_keys.push(QuotedPublicKey {
+                    public_key: att.public_key,
+                    quote: att.quote,
+                    attestation: att.attestation,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(AcmeInfoResponse {
+            account_uri,
+            account_quote,
+            account_attestation,
+            quoted_hist_keys,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Register a CVM with the given app_id, instance_id and client_public_key.
+    ///
+    /// `port_policy = None` means the CVM didn't report any policy (legacy
+    /// CVM). The gateway will lazily fetch it via Info() on first connection.
+    ///
+    /// `compose_hash` is the attested compose_hash — used to invalidate any
+    /// cached `port_policy` when the app is upgraded.
+    pub fn do_register_cvm(
+        &self,
+        app_id: &str,
+        instance_id: &str,
+        client_public_key: &str,
+        compose_hash: &str,
+        port_policy: Option<PortPolicy>,
+    ) -> Result<RegisterCvmResponse> {
+        let mut state = self.lock();
+
+        // Check if this node is marked as down
+        let my_status = state.kv_store.get_node_status(state.config.sync.node_id);
+        if matches!(my_status, NodeStatus::Down) {
+            bail!("this gateway node is marked as down and cannot accept new registrations");
+        }
+
+        if app_id.is_empty() {
+            bail!("[{instance_id}] app id is empty");
+        }
+        if instance_id.is_empty() {
+            bail!("[{instance_id}] instance id is empty");
+        }
+        import::validate_wg_public_key(client_public_key)
+            .with_context(|| format!("[{instance_id}] invalid client public key"))?;
+        let client_info = state
+            .new_client_by_id(
+                instance_id,
+                app_id,
+                client_public_key,
+                compose_hash,
+                port_policy,
+            )
+            .context("failed to allocate IP address for client")?;
+        if let Err(err) = state.reconfigure() {
+            error!("failed to reconfigure: {err:?}");
+        }
+        // Capture the prewarm decision before continuing under the lock.
+        // If the instance arrived without port_policy (legacy CVM, or
+        // compose_hash mismatch invalidated the cache), enqueue a
+        // background fetch so the first proxied connection isn't the one
+        // that triggers it. The fetcher dedupes, so this is safe.
+        let needs_prewarm = client_info.port_policy.is_none();
+        let gateways = state.get_active_nodes();
+        let servers = gateways
+            .iter()
+            .map(|n| WireGuardPeer {
+                pk: n.wg_public_key.clone(),
+                ip: n.wg_ip.clone(),
+                endpoint: n.wg_endpoint.clone(),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let (base_domain, port) = state.kv_store.get_best_zt_domain().unwrap_or_default();
+        let response = RegisterCvmResponse {
+            wg: Some(WireGuardConfig {
+                client_ip: client_info.ip.to_string(),
+                servers,
+            }),
+            agent: Some(GuestAgentConfig {
+                external_port: port.into(),
+                internal_port: state.config.proxy.agent_port.into(),
+                domain: base_domain,
+                app_address_ns_prefix: state.config.proxy.app_address_ns_prefix.clone(),
+            }),
+            gateways,
+        };
+        drop(state);
+        if needs_prewarm {
+            let _ = self.port_policy_tx.send(instance_id.to_string());
+        }
+        self.notify_state_updated.notify_one();
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Log the records a KV import refused, one line each.
+///
+/// A refused record makes its CVM invisible to this node, so it must never be
+/// a silent skip.
+fn report_rejected_instances(rejected: &[import::RejectedInstance]) {
+    for import::RejectedInstance {
+        instance_id,
+        reason,
+        ..
+    } in rejected
+    {
+        error!("ignoring KV instance record {instance_id}: {reason:#}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Report refused records, but only what has changed since the last reload.
+///
+/// A record is refused because of what it contains, so nothing about the next
+/// reload will make it acceptable — it stays refused until someone rewrites it.
+/// Logging the whole set every round turns one stuck record into an unbounded
+/// stream of identical `error!` lines, at whatever rate peer syncs happen to
+/// wake the watch task, which buries the very first occurrence. Report a record
+/// when it starts being refused or its reason changes, and again when it
+/// recovers, so the log carries transitions instead of a level.
+fn report_new_rejections(
+    reported: &mut BTreeMap<String, String>,
+    rejected: &[import::RejectedInstance],
+) {
+    let mut current = BTreeMap::new();
+    for import::RejectedInstance {
+        instance_id,
+        reason,
+        ..
+    } in rejected
+    {
+        let reason = format!("{reason:#}");
+        if reported.get(instance_id) != Some(&reason) {
+            error!("ignoring KV instance record {instance_id}: {reason}");
+        }
+        current.insert(instance_id.clone(), reason);
+    }
+    for instance_id in reported.keys() {
+        if !current.contains_key(instance_id) {
+            info!("KV instance record {instance_id} is usable again");
+        }
+    }
+    *reported = current;
+}
+
+fn build_state_from_kv_store(config: &Config, instances: LoadedInstances) -> ProxyStateMut {
+    let mut state = ProxyStateMut::default();
+
+    let accepted = import::accept_instances(&config.wg, instances);
+    report_rejected_instances(&accepted.rejected);
+
+    // Build instances
+    for (instance_id, data) in accepted.instances {
+        let info = InstanceInfo {
+            id: instance_id.clone(),
+            app_id: data.app_id.clone(),
+            ip: data.ip,
+            public_key: data.public_key,
+            reg_time: UNIX_EPOCH
+                .checked_add(Duration::from_secs(data.reg_time))
+                .unwrap_or(UNIX_EPOCH),
+            port_policy: data.port_policy,
+            port_policy_hash: data.port_policy_hash,
+            admin_port_policy: data.admin_port_policy,
+            connections: Default::default(),
+        };
+        state.allocated_addresses.insert(data.ip);
+        state
+            .apps
+            .entry(data.app_id)
+            .or_default()
+            .insert(instance_id.clone());
+        state.instances.insert(instance_id, info);
+    }
+
+    state
+}
+
+fn start_recycle_thread(proxy: Proxy) {
+    if !proxy.config.recycle.enabled {
+        info!("recycle is disabled");
+        return;
+    }
+    std::thread::spawn(move || loop {
+        std::thread::sleep(proxy.config.recycle.interval);
+        if let Err(err) = proxy.lock().recycle() {
+            error!("failed to run recycle: {err:?}");
+        };
+    });
+}
+
+/// Start periodic certificate renewal task for multi-domain certbot
+async fn start_certbot_task(proxy: Proxy) {
+    info!("starting certificate renewal task");
+
+    // Periodic renewal task for all domains
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        // Run once at startup to check for any pending renewals
+        info!("running initial certificate renewal check");
+        if let Err(err) = proxy.renew_cert(None, false).await {
+            error!("failed initial certificate renewal: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        loop {
+            // Get current config from KV store (allows dynamic updates)
+            let renew_interval = match proxy.kv_store.get_certbot_config() {
+                Ok(config) => config.renew_interval,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    // Falling back to the defaults here would switch acme_url
+                    // back to Let's Encrypt production; wait for an operator to
+                    // repair the record instead.
+                    error!("failed to read certbot config, skipping renewal round: {err:?}");
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(60)).await;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            if renew_interval.is_zero() {
+                // Check again later if disabled
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(60)).await;
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Wait for the interval
+            tokio::time::sleep(renew_interval).await;
+
+            // Renew certificates
+            if let Err(err) = proxy.renew_cert(None, false).await {
+                error!("failed to renew certificates: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// Watch for certificate changes from KvStore and update CertStore
+fn start_cert_store_watch_task(proxy: Proxy) {
+    let kv_store = proxy.kv_store.clone();
+
+    // Watch for any certificate changes (all domains)
+    let mut rx = kv_store.watch_all_certs();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        loop {
+            if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
+                break;
+            }
+            info!("WaveKV: detected certificate changes, reloading CertStore...");
+            if let Err(err) = proxy.reload_all_certs_from_kvstore() {
+                error!("Failed to reload certificates from KvStore: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    info!("CertStore watch task started");
+}
+
+/// Watch for ZT-Domain config changes and auto-renew certificates
+fn start_zt_domain_watch_task(proxy: Proxy) {
+    let kv_store = proxy.kv_store.clone();
+    let certbot = proxy.certbot.clone();
+
+    let mut rx = kv_store.watch_zt_domain_configs();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        // Track known domains to detect additions
+        let mut known_domains = kv_store
+            .list_zt_domain_configs()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| c.domain)
+            .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+
+        loop {
+            if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Get current domains
+            let current_domains: HashSet<String> = kv_store
+                .list_zt_domain_configs()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|c| c.domain)
+                .collect();
+
+            // Find newly added domains
+            let new_domains: Vec<String> = current_domains
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|d| !known_domains.contains(*d))
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+
+            // Update known domains
+            known_domains = current_domains;
+
+            // Trigger renewal for new domains
+            for domain in new_domains {
+                info!("ZT-Domain added: {domain}, attempting certificate request...");
+                let certbot = certbot.clone();
+                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    match certbot.try_renew(&domain, false).await {
+                        Ok(renewed) => {
+                            if renewed {
+                                info!("cert[{domain}]: successfully issued/renewed");
+                            } else {
+                                info!("cert[{domain}]: renewal not needed or another node is handling it");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            warn!("cert[{domain}]: auto-renewal failed: {e:?}");
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    info!("ZT-Domain watch task started");
+}
+
+/// Periodically retry bootnode peer discovery if no peers are available
+fn start_bootnode_discovery_task(proxy: Proxy) {
+    if !proxy.config.sync.enabled || proxy.config.sync.bootnode.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let bootnode = proxy.config.sync.bootnode.clone();
+    let node_id = proxy.config.sync.node_id;
+    let kv_store = proxy.kv_store.clone();
+    let https_config = match &proxy.https_config {
+        Some(config) => config.clone(),
+        None => return,
+    };
+
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(10));
+        loop {
+            interval.tick().await;
+            // Check if we already have peers
+            let n_peers = kv_store
+                .load_all_node_statuses()
+                .keys()
+                .filter(|&id| *id != node_id)
+                .count();
+            if n_peers > 0 {
+                info!("bootnode peer discovery finished, {n_peers} peers found");
+                break;
+            }
+            // Try to fetch peers from bootnode
+            debug!("retrying bootnode peer discovery...");
+            if let Err(err) =
+                fetch_peers_from_bootnode(&bootnode, &kv_store, node_id, &https_config).await
+            {
+                warn!("bootnode discovery retry failed: {err:?}");
+            } else {
+                info!("bootnode peer discovery succeeded");
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    info!("Bootnode discovery task started (will retry every 10s if no peers)");
+}
+
+async fn start_wavekv_sync_task(proxy: Proxy, wavekv_sync: Arc<WaveKvSyncService>) {
+    if !proxy.config.sync.enabled {
+        info!("WaveKV sync is disabled");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Bootstrap already done in ProxyInner::new() before certbot init
+    // Peers are discovered from bootnode or via Admin.SetNodeInfo RPC
+
+    // Start periodic sync tasks (runs forever in background)
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        wavekv_sync.start_sync_tasks().await;
+    });
+    info!("WaveKV sync tasks started");
+}
+
+fn start_wavekv_watch_task(proxy: Proxy) -> Result<()> {
+    let kv_store = proxy.kv_store.clone();
+
+    // Watch for instance changes
+    let proxy_clone = proxy.clone();
+    let store_clone = kv_store.clone();
+    // Register watcher first, then do initial load to avoid race condition
+    let mut rx = store_clone.watch_instances();
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&proxy_clone, &store_clone)
+        .context("Failed to initial load instances from KvStore")?;
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        loop {
+            if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
+                break;
+            }
+            info!("WaveKV: detected remote instance changes, reloading...");
+            if let Err(err) = reload_instances_from_kv_store(&proxy_clone, &store_clone) {
+                error!("Failed to reload instances from KvStore: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Initial WireGuard configuration
+    proxy.lock().reconfigure()?;
+
+    // Watch for node changes and reconfigure WireGuard
+    let mut rx = kv_store.watch_nodes();
+    let proxy_for_nodes = proxy.clone();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        loop {
+            if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
+                break;
+            }
+            info!("WaveKV: detected remote node changes, reconfiguring WireGuard...");
+            if let Err(err) = proxy_for_nodes.lock().reconfigure() {
+                error!("Failed to reconfigure WireGuard: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Watch for peer address deletions and prune the sync peer set, so a
+    // node removed by an operator on any gateway stops being a sync target
+    // here without a restart.
+    let mut rx = kv_store.watch_peer_addrs();
+    let kv_for_peers = kv_store.clone();
+    kv_for_peers.prune_removed_peers();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        loop {
+            if rx.changed().await.is_err() {
+                break;
+            }
+            kv_for_peers.prune_removed_peers();
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Start periodic persistence task
+    let persist_interval = proxy.config.sync.persist_interval;
+    if !persist_interval.is_zero() {
+        let kv_store_for_persist = kv_store.clone();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(persist_interval);
+            loop {
+                ticker.tick().await;
+                match kv_store_for_persist.persist_if_dirty() {
+                    Ok(true) => info!("WaveKV: periodic persist completed"),
+                    Ok(false) => {} // No changes to persist
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        crate::metrics::record_kv_persist_failure();
+                        error!("WaveKV: periodic persist failed: {err:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        info!("WaveKV: periodic persistence enabled (interval: {persist_interval:?})");
+    }
+
+    // Start periodic connection sync task
+    if proxy.config.sync.sync_connections_enabled {
+        let sync_interval = proxy.config.sync.sync_connections_interval;
+        let proxy_for_sync = proxy.clone();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(sync_interval);
+            loop {
+                ticker.tick().await;
+                let state = proxy_for_sync.lock();
+                for (instance_id, instance) in &state.state.instances {
+                    let count = instance.num_connections();
+                    state.sync_connections(instance_id, count);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        info!(
+            "WaveKV: periodic connection sync enabled (interval: {:?})",
+            proxy.config.sync.sync_connections_interval
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Grace period protecting a freshly registered local instance from being
+/// dropped by the "gone from KV" pass.
+///
+/// A registration writes to ProxyState and to the KV store under the same lock,
+/// so the two cannot normally disagree — but if that write failed, the instance
+/// would otherwise be evicted before the CVM's next registration refresh.
+const LOCAL_REGISTRATION_GRACE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);
+
+fn reload_instances_from_kv_store(proxy: &Proxy, store: &KvStore) -> Result<()> {
+    let accepted = import::accept_instances(&proxy.config.wg, store.load_all_instances());
+    // An unreadable record is not a deletion. Its instance keeps whatever the
+    // data plane already holds, so it must be exempt from the removal pass
+    // below; a record that lost an IP or key conflict is not exempt, because
+    // the winner owns that IP or key and the loser has to stop being routable.
+    let unreadable: HashSet<String> = accepted
+        .unreadable()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(str::to_owned)
+        .collect();
+    let instances = accepted.instances;
+    let mut state = proxy.lock();
+    report_new_rejections(&mut state.reported_rejections, &accepted.rejected);
+    let mut wg_changed = false;
+
+    // Instances deleted (or recycled) on another node must stop being routable
+    // here too, rather than lingering until this node's own recycle timeout.
+    let removed: Vec<String> = state
+        .state
+        .instances
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(id, info)| {
+            !instances.contains_key(*id)
+                && !unreadable.contains(id.as_str())
+                && info.reg_time.elapsed().unwrap_or_default() > LOCAL_REGISTRATION_GRACE
+        })
+        .map(|(id, _)| id.clone())
+        .collect();
+    for instance_id in removed {
+        info!("WaveKV: instance {instance_id} was deleted remotely, dropping it");
+        state.forget_instance(&instance_id);
+        wg_changed = true;
+    }
+
+    for (instance_id, data) in instances {
+        let mut new_info = InstanceInfo {
+            id: instance_id.clone(),
+            app_id: data.app_id.clone(),
+            ip: data.ip,
+            public_key: data.public_key.clone(),
+            reg_time: UNIX_EPOCH
+                .checked_add(Duration::from_secs(data.reg_time))
+                .unwrap_or(UNIX_EPOCH),
+            port_policy: data.port_policy.clone(),
+            port_policy_hash: data.port_policy_hash.clone(),
+            admin_port_policy: data.admin_port_policy.clone(),
+            connections: Default::default(),
+        };
+
+        let existing = state.state.instances.get(&instance_id).cloned();
+        if let Some(existing) = &existing {
+            // Check if wg config needs update
+            if existing.public_key != data.public_key || existing.ip != data.ip {
+                wg_changed = true;
+            }
+            // WaveKV has already selected the winning value. Materialize it
+            // unconditionally instead of applying another LWW rule here.
+            new_info.connections = existing.connections.clone();
+        } else {
+            wg_changed = true;
+        }
+
+        // Release old IP if it changed (prevent IP leak)
+        if let Some(existing) = &existing {
+            if existing.ip != data.ip {
+                state.state.allocated_addresses.remove(&existing.ip);
+            }
+            if existing.app_id != data.app_id {
+                if let Some(app_instances) = state.state.apps.get_mut(&existing.app_id) {
+                    app_instances.remove(&instance_id);
+                    if app_instances.is_empty() {
+                        state.state.apps.remove(&existing.app_id);
+                        state.state.top_n.remove(&existing.app_id);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        state.state.allocated_addresses.insert(data.ip);
+        state
+            .state
+            .apps
+            .entry(data.app_id)
+            .or_default()
+            .insert(instance_id.clone());
+        state.state.instances.insert(instance_id, new_info);
+    }
+
+    if wg_changed {
+        state.reconfigure()?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl ProxyState {
+    fn valid_ip(&self, ip: Ipv4Addr) -> bool {
+        self.config.wg.is_valid_client_ip(ip)
+    }
+    fn alloc_ip(&mut self) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
+        for ip in self.config.wg.client_ip_range.hosts() {
+            if !self.valid_ip(ip) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if self.state.allocated_addresses.contains(&ip) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            self.state.allocated_addresses.insert(ip);
+            return Some(ip);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn new_client_by_id(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &str,
+        app_id: &str,
+        public_key: &str,
+        compose_hash: &str,
+        port_policy: Option<PortPolicy>,
+    ) -> Result<InstanceInfo> {
+        if id.is_empty() {
+            bail!("instance_id is empty (no_instance_id is set?)");
+        }
+        if app_id.is_empty() {
+            bail!("app_id is empty");
+        }
+        // Checked here as well as on the KV import path: a key `wg` refuses
+        // makes it reject the whole config file, so it must never enter the
+        // instance table in the first place.
+        import::validate_wg_public_key(public_key).context("invalid WireGuard public key")?;
+        if self
+            .state
+            .instances
+            .values()
+            .any(|instance| instance.id != id && instance.public_key == public_key)
+        {
+            bail!("WireGuard public key is already registered to another instance");
+        }
+        if let Some(existing) = self.state.instances.get_mut(id) {
+            if existing.app_id != app_id {
+                bail!("instance_id is already registered to a different app");
+            }
+            let pubkey_changed = existing.public_key != public_key;
+            if pubkey_changed {
+                info!("public key changed for instance {id}, new key: {public_key}");
+                existing.public_key = public_key.to_string();
+                // Update reg_time so other nodes will pick up the change
+                existing.reg_time = SystemTime::now();
+            }
+            // App upgrade detection: a different attested compose_hash invalidates
+            // any cached port_policy from the previous code.
+            if existing.port_policy_hash != compose_hash {
+                info!(
+                    "compose_hash changed for instance {id} ({} -> {compose_hash}), \
+                     invalidating cached port_policy",
+                    existing.port_policy_hash
+                );
+                existing.port_policy = None;
+                existing.port_policy_hash = compose_hash.to_string();
+            }
+            // Only override cached port_policy when the caller actually reports
+            // one. A `None` request (legacy CVM) means "I don't know" — let
+            // the lazy fetch path run again.
+            if port_policy.is_some() {
+                existing.port_policy = port_policy.clone();
+            }
+            let existing = existing.clone();
+            if self.valid_ip(existing.ip) {
+                // Sync existing instance to KvStore (might be from legacy state)
+                let data = InstanceData {
+                    app_id: existing.app_id.clone(),
+                    ip: existing.ip,
+                    public_key: existing.public_key.clone(),
+                    reg_time: encode_ts(existing.reg_time),
+                    port_policy: existing.port_policy.clone(),
+                    port_policy_hash: existing.port_policy_hash.clone(),
+                    admin_port_policy: existing.admin_port_policy.clone(),
+                };
+                if let Err(err) = self.kv_store.sync_instance(&existing.id, &data) {
+                    error!("failed to sync existing instance to KvStore: {err:?}");
+                }
+                return Ok(existing);
+            }
+            info!("ip {} is invalid, removing", existing.ip);
+            self.state.allocated_addresses.remove(&existing.ip);
+        }
+        let ip = self
+            .alloc_ip()
+            .context("IP pool exhausted, no available addresses in client_ip_range")?;
+        let host_info = InstanceInfo {
+            id: id.to_string(),
+            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+            ip,
+            public_key: public_key.to_string(),
+            reg_time: SystemTime::now(),
+            port_policy,
+            port_policy_hash: compose_hash.to_string(),
+            admin_port_policy: None,
+            connections: Default::default(),
+        };
+        self.add_instance(host_info.clone());
+        Ok(host_info)
+    }
+
+    /// Lookup an instance's IP. Returns `None` if the instance is unknown.
+    pub(crate) fn instance_ip(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
+        self.state.instances.get(instance_id).map(|i| i.ip)
+    }
+
+    /// Lookup the effective port_policy for an instance: admin override wins,
+    /// otherwise fall back to the instance-reported policy. `None` means
+    /// neither is set — caller fails closed and may schedule a lazy fetch.
+    pub(crate) fn instance_port_policy(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Option<&PortPolicy> {
+        let info = self.state.instances.get(instance_id)?;
+        info.admin_port_policy
+            .as_ref()
+            .or(info.port_policy.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    /// Update an instance's port_policy (used after a lazy fetch via Info()).
+    /// Persists to the WaveKV store so other gateway nodes pick it up.
+    pub(crate) fn update_instance_port_policy(&mut self, instance_id: &str, policy: PortPolicy) {
+        let Some(info) = self.state.instances.get_mut(instance_id) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        info.port_policy = Some(policy);
+        self.persist_instance_record(instance_id);
+    }
+
+    /// Snapshot view of an instance's port-policy state for inspection.
+    pub(crate) fn instance_port_policy_view(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Option<PortPolicyView> {
+        let info = self.state.instances.get(instance_id)?;
+        Some(PortPolicyView {
+            instance_reported: info.port_policy.clone(),
+            admin_override: info.admin_port_policy.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Set an admin override. Errors if the instance is not registered.
+    pub(crate) fn set_admin_port_policy(
+        &mut self,
+        instance_id: &str,
+        policy: PortPolicy,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(info) = self.state.instances.get_mut(instance_id) else {
+            bail!("instance {instance_id} not found");
+        };
+        let prev = info.admin_port_policy.take();
+        info.admin_port_policy = Some(policy.clone());
+        info!(
+            "admin set port_policy for instance {instance_id}: \
+             restrict_mode={}, ports={} (prev: {})",
+            policy.restrict_mode,
+            policy.ports.len(),
+            prev.is_some(),
+        );
+        self.persist_instance_record(instance_id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Clear any admin override. Errors if the instance is not registered.
+    /// No-op (still Ok) if no override was set.
+    pub(crate) fn clear_admin_port_policy(&mut self, instance_id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(info) = self.state.instances.get_mut(instance_id) else {
+            bail!("instance {instance_id} not found");
+        };
+        let had_override = info.admin_port_policy.take().is_some();
+        info!("admin cleared port_policy for instance {instance_id} (was set: {had_override})");
+        if had_override {
+            self.persist_instance_record(instance_id);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Persist the current in-memory `InstanceInfo` snapshot to WaveKV.
+    fn persist_instance_record(&self, instance_id: &str) {
+        let Some(info) = self.state.instances.get(instance_id) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let data = InstanceData {
+            app_id: info.app_id.clone(),
+            ip: info.ip,
+            public_key: info.public_key.clone(),
+            reg_time: encode_ts(info.reg_time),
+            port_policy: info.port_policy.clone(),
+            port_policy_hash: info.port_policy_hash.clone(),
+            admin_port_policy: info.admin_port_policy.clone(),
+        };
+        if let Err(err) = self.kv_store.sync_instance(instance_id, &data) {
+            error!("failed to sync instance {instance_id} to KvStore: {err:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_instance(&mut self, info: InstanceInfo) {
+        self.state.top_n.remove(&info.app_id);
+        // Sync to KvStore
+        let data = InstanceData {
+            app_id: info.app_id.clone(),
+            ip: info.ip,
+            public_key: info.public_key.clone(),
+            reg_time: encode_ts(info.reg_time),
+            port_policy: info.port_policy.clone(),
+            port_policy_hash: info.port_policy_hash.clone(),
+            admin_port_policy: info.admin_port_policy.clone(),
+        };
+        if let Err(err) = self.kv_store.sync_instance(&info.id, &data) {
+            error!("failed to sync instance to KvStore: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        self.state
+            .apps
+            .entry(info.app_id.clone())
+            .or_default()
+            .insert(info.id.clone());
+        self.state.instances.insert(info.id.clone(), info);
+    }
+
+    fn generate_wg_config(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        // Last check before the values leave Rust: `wg syncconf` refuses the
+        // entire file when one peer is malformed, so a record that somehow got
+        // past the import boundary must cost only its own routing.
+        let mut peers = Vec::with_capacity(self.state.instances.len());
+        for info in self.state.instances.values() {
+            if let Err(err) = import::validate_wg_public_key(&info.public_key) {
+                error!("excluding instance {} from wg config: {err:#}", info.id);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if info.public_key == self.config.wg.public_key {
+                error!(
+                    "excluding instance {} from wg config: public key belongs to this gateway",
+                    info.id
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !self.config.wg.is_routable_client_ip(info.ip) {
+                error!(
+                    "excluding instance {} from wg config: ip {} is outside the wg network",
+                    info.id, info.ip
+                );
+                continue;
+            }
+            peers.push(WgPeer {
+                public_key: &info.public_key,
+                ip: info.ip,
+            });
+        }
+        let model = WgConf {
+            private_key: &self.config.wg.private_key,
+            listen_port: self.config.wg.listen_port,
+            peers,
+        };
+        Ok(model.render()?)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn reconfigure(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        // Every way out of here that is not a clean apply leaves the data plane
+        // on the routing table it already had, so they all feed one counter --
+        // the early returns included. A config that cannot be rendered or
+        // written never reaches `wg` at all, and both call sites of this
+        // function only log the `Err`, so a full disk would otherwise look
+        // exactly like having nothing to apply.
+        let result = self.reconfigure_inner();
+        if result.is_err() {
+            crate::metrics::record_wg_reconfigure(false);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    fn reconfigure_inner(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let wg_config = self.generate_wg_config()?;
+        // the rendered config carries the interface's WireGuard private key.
+        safe_write_with_mode(&self.config.wg.config_path, wg_config, 0o600)
+            .context("failed to write wg config")?;
+        // wg setconf <interface_name> <config_path>
+        let ifname = &self.config.wg.interface;
+        let config_path = &self.config.wg.config_path;
+
+        match cmd!(wg syncconf $ifname $config_path) {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                crate::metrics::record_wg_reconfigure(true);
+                info!("wg config updated");
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                // `wg syncconf` rejects the whole file when one peer stanza is
+                // bad, and this stays `Ok` for the caller as it always has, so
+                // the counter is the only signal that routing updates stopped
+                // reaching the data plane.
+                crate::metrics::record_wg_reconfigure(false);
+                error!("failed to set wg config: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn select_top_n_hosts(&mut self, id: &str) -> Result<AddressGroup> {
+        if self.config.debug.insecure_localhost_backend && id == "localhost" {
+            return Ok(smallvec![AddressInfo {
+                ip: Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1),
+                counter: Default::default(),
+                instance_id: "localhost".to_string(),
+            }]);
+        }
+        let n = self.config.proxy.connect_top_n;
+        if let Some(instance) = self.state.instances.get(id) {
+            return Ok(smallvec![AddressInfo {
+                ip: instance.ip,
+                counter: instance.connections.clone(),
+                instance_id: instance.id.clone(),
+            }]);
+        };
+        let app_instances = self.state.apps.get(id).context("app not found")?;
+        if n == 0 {
+            // fallback to random selection
+            return Ok(self.random_select_a_host(id).unwrap_or_default());
+        }
+        if let Some((top_n, insert_time)) = self.state.top_n.get(id) {
+            if !top_n.is_empty() && insert_time.elapsed() < self.config.proxy.timeouts.cache_top_n {
+                return Ok(top_n.clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        let handshakes = self.latest_handshakes(None);
+        let mut instances = match handshakes {
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("Failed to get handshakes, fallback to random selection: {err:?}");
+                return Ok(self.random_select_a_host(id).unwrap_or_default());
+            }
+            Ok(handshakes) => app_instances
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|instance_id| {
+                    let instance = self.state.instances.get(instance_id)?;
+                    let (_, elapsed) = handshakes.get(&instance.public_key)?;
+                    (*elapsed < self.config.proxy.timeouts.handshake_stale).then(|| {
+                        (
+                            instance.ip,
+                            *elapsed,
+                            instance.connections.clone(),
+                            instance.id.clone(),
+                        )
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect::<SmallVec<[_; 4]>>(),
+        };
+        instances.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.cmp(&b.1));
+        instances.truncate(n);
+        let selected: AddressGroup = instances
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(ip, _, counter, instance_id)| AddressInfo {
+                ip,
+                counter,
+                instance_id,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        self.state
+            .top_n
+            .insert(id.to_string(), (selected.clone(), Instant::now()));
+        Ok(selected)
+    }
+
+    fn random_select_a_host(&self, id: &str) -> Option<AddressGroup> {
+        // Direct instance lookup first
+        if let Some(info) = self.state.instances.get(id).cloned() {
+            return Some(smallvec![AddressInfo {
+                ip: info.ip,
+                counter: info.connections.clone(),
+                instance_id: info.id.clone(),
+            }]);
+        }
+
+        let app_instances = self.state.apps.get(id)?;
+
+        // Get latest handshakes to check instance health
+        let handshakes = self.latest_handshakes(None).ok()?;
+
+        // Filter healthy instances and choose randomly among them
+        let healthy_instances = app_instances.iter().filter(|instance_id| {
+            if let Some(instance) = self.state.instances.get(*instance_id) {
+                // Consider instance healthy if it had a recent handshake
+                handshakes
+                    .get(&instance.public_key)
+                    .map(|(_, elapsed)| *elapsed < self.config.proxy.timeouts.handshake_stale)
+                    .unwrap_or(false)
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        });
+
+        let selected = healthy_instances.choose(&mut rand::thread_rng())?;
+        self.state.instances.get(selected).map(|info| {
+            smallvec![AddressInfo {
+                ip: info.ip,
+                counter: info.connections.clone(),
+                instance_id: info.id.clone(),
+            }]
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get latest handshakes
+    ///
+    /// Return a map of public key to (timestamp, elapsed)
+    pub(crate) fn latest_handshakes(
+        &self,
+        stale_timeout: Option<Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, (u64, Duration)>> {
+        self.handshake_cache.latest(stale_timeout)
+    }
+
+    /// Drop an instance from the local state only.
+    ///
+    /// Used when the KV store already says the instance is gone; the syncing
+    /// counterpart is [`Self::remove_instance`].
+    fn forget_instance(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<InstanceInfo> {
+        let info = self.state.instances.remove(id)?;
+        self.state.allocated_addresses.remove(&info.ip);
+        self.state.top_n.remove(&info.app_id);
+        if let Some(app_instances) = self.state.apps.get_mut(&info.app_id) {
+            app_instances.remove(id);
+            if app_instances.is_empty() {
+                self.state.apps.remove(&info.app_id);
+            }
+        }
+        Some(info)
+    }
+
+    fn remove_instance(&mut self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.forget_instance(id).context("instance not found")?;
+
+        // Sync deletion to KvStore
+        if let Err(err) = self.kv_store.sync_delete_instance(id) {
+            error!("Failed to sync instance deletion to KvStore: {err:?}");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn recycle(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        // Refresh state: sync local handshakes to KvStore, update local last_seen from global
+        if let Err(err) = self.refresh_state() {
+            warn!("failed to refresh state: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        // Note: Gateway nodes are not removed from KvStore, only marked offline/retired
+
+        // Recycle stale CVM instances based on global last_seen (max across all nodes)
+        let stale_timeout = self.config.recycle.timeout;
+        let now = SystemTime::now();
+
+        let stale_instances: Vec<_> = self
+            .state
+            .instances
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(id, info)| {
+                // Skip if instance was registered recently
+                if info.reg_time.elapsed().unwrap_or_default() <= stale_timeout {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // Check global last_seen from KvStore (max across all nodes)
+                let global_ts = self.kv_store.get_instance_latest_handshake(id);
+                let last_seen = global_ts.map(decode_ts).unwrap_or(info.reg_time);
+                let elapsed = now.duration_since(last_seen).unwrap_or_default();
+                if elapsed > stale_timeout {
+                    debug!(
+                        "stale instance: {} last_seen={:?} ({:?} ago)",
+                        id, last_seen, elapsed
+                    );
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+            .map(|(id, _)| id.clone())
+            .collect();
+
+        let num_recycled = stale_instances.len();
+        for id in stale_instances {
+            self.remove_instance(&id)?;
+        }
+
+        if num_recycled > 0 {
+            info!("recycled {num_recycled} stale instances");
+            self.reconfigure()?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_admin_shutdown(&mut self, shutdown: rocket::Shutdown) {
+        self.admin_shutdown = Some(shutdown);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn exit(&self, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        if force {
+            std::process::exit(0);
+        }
+
+        let shutdown = self
+            .admin_shutdown
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("admin server shutdown handle is not initialized")?;
+        shutdown.notify();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn refresh_state(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        // Get local WG handshakes and sync to KvStore
+        let handshakes = self.latest_handshakes(None)?;
+
+        // Build a map from public_key to instance_id for lookup
+        let pk_to_id: BTreeMap<&str, &str> = self
+            .state
+            .instances
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(id, info)| (info.public_key.as_str(), id.as_str()))
+            .collect();
+
+        // Sync local handshake observations to KvStore
+        for (pk, (ts, _)) in &handshakes {
+            if let Some(&instance_id) = pk_to_id.get(pk.as_str()) {
+                if let Err(err) = self.kv_store.sync_instance_handshake(instance_id, *ts) {
+                    debug!("failed to sync instance handshake: {err:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Update this node's last_seen in KvStore
+        let now = now_secs();
+        if let Err(err) = self
+            .kv_store
+            .sync_node_last_seen(self.config.sync.node_id, now)
+        {
+            debug!("failed to sync node last_seen: {err:?}");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Sync connection count for an instance to KvStore
+    pub(crate) fn sync_connections(&self, instance_id: &str, count: u64) {
+        if let Err(err) = self.kv_store.sync_connections(instance_id, count) {
+            debug!("Failed to sync connections: {err:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get latest handshake for an instance from KvStore (max across all nodes)
+    pub(crate) fn get_instance_latest_handshake(&self, instance_id: &str) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.kv_store.get_instance_latest_handshake(instance_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Get all nodes from KvStore (for admin API - includes all nodes)
+    pub(crate) fn get_all_nodes(&self) -> Vec<GatewayNodeInfo> {
+        self.get_all_nodes_filtered(false)
+    }
+
+    /// Get nodes for CVM registration (excludes nodes with status "down")
+    pub(crate) fn get_active_nodes(&self) -> Vec<GatewayNodeInfo> {
+        self.get_all_nodes_filtered(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Get all nodes from KvStore with optional filtering
+    fn get_all_nodes_filtered(&self, exclude_down: bool) -> Vec<GatewayNodeInfo> {
+        let node_statuses = if exclude_down {
+            self.kv_store.load_all_node_statuses()
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+
+        self.kv_store
+            .load_all_nodes()
+            .into_iter()
+            // Shared with the metrics sampler so the gauge and the routing
+            // table cannot disagree about what "active" means.
+            .filter(|(id, _)| !exclude_down || KvStore::node_is_active(node_statuses.get(id)))
+            .map(|(id, node)| GatewayNodeInfo {
+                id,
+                uuid: node.uuid,
+                wg_public_key: node.wg_public_key,
+                wg_ip: node.wg_ip,
+                wg_endpoint: node.wg_endpoint,
+                url: node.url,
+                last_seen: self.kv_store.get_node_latest_last_seen(id).unwrap_or(0),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RpcHandler {
+    remote_app_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    remote_app_info: Option<AppInfo>,
+    attestation: Option<VerifiedAttestation>,
+    state: Proxy,
+}
+
+impl RpcHandler {
+    fn ensure_from_gateway(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.state.config.debug.insecure_skip_attestation {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if self.remote_app_id.is_none() {
+            bail!("Client authentication is required");
+        }
+        if self.state.my_app_id != self.remote_app_id {
+            bail!("Remote app id is not from dstack-gateway");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl GatewayRpc for RpcHandler {
+    async fn register_cvm(self, request: RegisterCvmRequest) -> Result<RegisterCvmResponse> {
+        let app_info = match self.remote_app_info {
+            Some(app_info) => app_info,
+            None => {
+                let Some(ra) = &self.attestation else {
+                    bail!("neither app-info nor attestation provided");
+                };
+                ra.decode_app_info(false)
+                    .context("failed to decode app-info from attestation")?
+            }
+        };
+        self.state
+            .auth_client
+            .ensure_app_authorized(&app_info)
+            .await
+            .context("App authorization failed")?;
+        let app_id = hex::encode(&app_info.app_id);
+        let instance_id = hex::encode(&app_info.instance_id);
+        let compose_hash = hex::encode(&app_info.compose_hash);
+        let port_policy = request
+            .port_policy
+            .map(|policy| -> Result<PortPolicy> {
+                let ports = policy
+                    .ports
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|attr| {
+                        let port = u16::try_from(attr.port)
+                            .with_context(|| format!("port {} out of u16 range", attr.port))?;
+                        if port == 0 {
+                            bail!("port must be between 1 and 65535");
+                        }
+                        Ok((port, crate::kv::PortFlags { pp: attr.pp }))
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+                Ok(PortPolicy {
+                    ports,
+                    restrict_mode: policy.restrict_mode,
+                })
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+        self.state.do_register_cvm(
+            &app_id,
+            &instance_id,
+            &request.client_public_key,
+            &compose_hash,
+            port_policy,
+        )
+    }
+
+    async fn acme_info(self) -> Result<AcmeInfoResponse> {
+        self.state.acme_info(None)
+    }
+
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<InfoResponse> {
+        let state = self.state.lock();
+        let (base_domain, port) = state.kv_store.get_best_zt_domain().unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(InfoResponse {
+            base_domain,
+            external_port: port.into(),
+            app_address_ns_prefix: state.config.proxy.app_address_ns_prefix.clone(),
+            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_peers(self) -> Result<GetPeersResponse> {
+        self.ensure_from_gateway()?;
+
+        let kv_store = self.state.kv_store();
+        let config = &self.state.config;
+
+        // Get all peer addresses from KvStore
+        let peer_addrs = kv_store.get_all_peer_addrs();
+
+        let peers: Vec<PeerInfo> = peer_addrs
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(id, url)| PeerInfo { id, url })
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(GetPeersResponse {
+            my_id: config.sync.node_id,
+            my_url: config.sync.my_url.clone(),
+            peers,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<Proxy> for RpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = GatewayServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, Proxy>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(RpcHandler {
+            remote_app_id: context.remote_app_id,
+            remote_app_info: context.remote_app_info,
+            attestation: context.attestation,
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/auth_client.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/auth_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f729cf7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/auth_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::config::AuthConfig;
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use ra_tls::attestation::AppInfo;
+use reqwest::Client;
+
+pub(crate) struct AuthClient {
+    config: AuthConfig,
+    client: Client,
+}
+
+impl AuthClient {
+    pub(crate) fn new(config: AuthConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            config,
+            client: reqwest::Client::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn ensure_app_authorized(&self, app_info: &AppInfo) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.config.enabled {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let req = self.client.post(&self.config.url).json(app_info).send();
+        let res = tokio::time::timeout(self.config.timeout, req)
+            .await
+            .context("Auth timeout")?
+            .context("Failed to send request")?;
+        res.error_for_status().context("Request failed")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/handshakes.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/handshakes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2876dd47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/handshakes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use cached_cell::TtlCell;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+type HandshakeTimestamps = BTreeMap<String, u64>;
+type HandshakesWithAge = BTreeMap<String, (u64, Duration)>;
+
+/// Domain-specific wrapper around the generic TTL cell.
+///
+/// The cache framework lives in `cached-cell`; this type only knows how to
+/// produce and interpret WireGuard `latest-handshakes` snapshots.
+pub(crate) struct LatestHandshakesCache {
+    interface: String,
+    cell: Arc<TtlCell<HandshakeTimestamps>>,
+}
+
+impl LatestHandshakesCache {
+    pub(crate) fn new(interface: String, ttl: Duration) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            interface,
+            cell: Arc::new(TtlCell::new(ttl)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn spawn_refresh_task(self: Arc<Self>, interval: Duration) {
+        let interface = self.interface.clone();
+        self.cell.clone().spawn_refresh_task(
+            interval,
+            move || fetch_latest_handshake_timestamps(&interface),
+            |err| warn!("failed to refresh WireGuard latest-handshakes cache: {err}"),
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn refresh(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let interface = self.interface.clone();
+        self.cell
+            .refresh_blocking(move || fetch_latest_handshake_timestamps(&interface))
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("{err}"))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn set_for_test(&self, timestamps: HandshakeTimestamps) {
+        self.cell.set(timestamps);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn latest(&self, stale_timeout: Option<Duration>) -> Result<HandshakesWithAge> {
+        // Admin/public status paths call this synchronously. On fixture hosts the
+        // first successful `wg show` may not have completed yet (or the interface
+        // may be absent), so a hard Empty error collapses many Admin.* RPCs with
+        // "cached cell is empty". Prefer:
+        // 1) fresh TTL value
+        // 2) stale last-known value
+        // 3) one synchronous producer refresh
+        // 4) empty map so callers can still report registered hosts/meta
+        let timestamps = match self.cell.get() {
+            Ok(snapshot) => snapshot.into_value(),
+            Err(cached_cell::GetError::Expired { .. }) | Err(cached_cell::GetError::Empty) => {
+                match self.cell.get_allow_stale() {
+                    Ok(snapshot) => snapshot.into_value(),
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        let interface = self.interface.clone();
+                        match fetch_latest_handshake_timestamps(&interface) {
+                            Ok(value) => {
+                                self.cell.set(value.clone());
+                                std::sync::Arc::new(value)
+                            }
+                            Err(err) => {
+                                warn!(
+                                    "WireGuard latest-handshakes unavailable; returning empty map: {err}"
+                                );
+                                std::sync::Arc::new(BTreeMap::new())
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        add_elapsed_time(timestamps.as_ref(), stale_timeout)
+    }
+}
+
+fn fetch_latest_handshake_timestamps(interface: &str) -> Result<HandshakeTimestamps> {
+    /*
+    $wg show ds-gw-kvin1 latest-handshakes
+    eHBq6OjihPy1IZ2cFDomSesjeD+new7KNdWn9MHdQC8=    1730190589
+    SRuIdjZ1CkR54jJ1g7JC4cy9nxHPezXf2bZlkZHjFxE=    1732085583
+    YobeKV6YpmuTAQd0+Tx30Pe4JP12fPFwftC04Umt6Bw=    1731214390
+    9pgMHikM4onpoiNPJkya003BFAdzRMiD2WMDSMb64zo=    1731213050
+    oZppF/Rk7NgnuPkkfGUiBpY9HbThJvq3jACNGW2vnVA=    1731213485
+    3OxwGWcnC+4TZ31rnmDpfgbLBi8DCWdEk4k/7gFG5HU=    1732085521
+    */
+    let output = cmd_lib::run_fun!(wg show $interface latest-handshakes)?;
+    parse_latest_handshake_timestamps(&output)
+}
+
+fn parse_latest_handshake_timestamps(output: &str) -> Result<HandshakeTimestamps> {
+    let mut handshakes = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    for line in output.lines() {
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = line.split_whitespace().collect();
+        if parts.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if parts.len() != 2 {
+            bail!("invalid latest-handshakes line: {line:?}");
+        }
+
+        let pubkey = parts[0].trim().to_string();
+        let timestamp = parts[1]
+            .trim()
+            .parse::<u64>()
+            .context("invalid WireGuard latest-handshake timestamp")?;
+        handshakes.insert(pubkey, timestamp);
+    }
+
+    Ok(handshakes)
+}
+
+fn add_elapsed_time(
+    timestamps: &HandshakeTimestamps,
+    stale_timeout: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<HandshakesWithAge> {
+    let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .context("system time before Unix epoch")?;
+    let mut handshakes = BTreeMap::new();
+
+    for (pubkey, timestamp) in timestamps {
+        if *timestamp == 0 {
+            handshakes.insert(pubkey.clone(), (0, Duration::MAX));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let timestamp_duration = Duration::from_secs(*timestamp);
+        let elapsed = now.checked_sub(timestamp_duration).unwrap_or_default();
+        match stale_timeout {
+            Some(min_duration) if elapsed < min_duration => continue,
+            _ => (),
+        }
+        handshakes.insert(pubkey.clone(), (*timestamp, elapsed));
+    }
+
+    Ok(handshakes)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_latest_handshake_timestamps() {
+        let handshakes = parse_latest_handshake_timestamps(
+            "pubkey-a 1730190589\n\
+             pubkey-b 0\n",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(handshakes.get("pubkey-a"), Some(&1730190589));
+        assert_eq!(handshakes.get("pubkey-b"), Some(&0));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config-2.snap b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config-2.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de3d7e1d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config-2.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+source: gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs
+assertion_line: 71
+expression: info1
+---
+InstanceInfo {
+    id: "test-id-1",
+    app_id: "app-id-1",
+    ip: 10.0.0.3,
+    public_key: "dGVzdC1wdWJrZXktMXRlc3QtcHVia2V5LTF0ZXN0LXA=",
+    reg_time: SystemTime {
+        tv_sec: 0,
+        tv_nsec: 0,
+    },
+    port_policy: None,
+    port_policy_hash: "",
+    admin_port_policy: None,
+    connections: 0,
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config-3.snap b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config-3.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f9e2a19c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config-3.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+source: gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs
+assertion_line: 34
+expression: wg_config
+snapshot_kind: text
+---
+[Interface]
+PrivateKey = 
+ListenPort = 51820
+
+
+[Peer]
+PublicKey = dGVzdC1wdWJrZXktMHRlc3QtcHVia2V5LTB0ZXN0LXA=
+AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32
+PersistentKeepalive = 25
+
+[Peer]
+PublicKey = dGVzdC1wdWJrZXktMXRlc3QtcHVia2V5LTF0ZXN0LXA=
+AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.3/32
+PersistentKeepalive = 25
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config.snap b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9fa988e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__config.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+source: gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs
+assertion_line: 65
+expression: info
+---
+InstanceInfo {
+    id: "test-id-0",
+    app_id: "app-id-0",
+    ip: 10.0.0.2,
+    public_key: "dGVzdC1wdWJrZXktMHRlc3QtcHVia2V5LTB0ZXN0LXA=",
+    reg_time: SystemTime {
+        tv_sec: 0,
+        tv_nsec: 0,
+    },
+    port_policy: None,
+    port_policy_hash: "",
+    admin_port_policy: None,
+    connections: 0,
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__empty_config.snap b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__empty_config.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..557a753d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/dstack_gateway__main_service__tests__empty_config.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+source: gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs
+assertion_line: 14
+expression: wg_config
+snapshot_kind: text
+---
+[Interface]
+PrivateKey = 
+ListenPort = 51820
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4280da273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/main_service/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::config::{load_config_figment, Config, MutualConfig};
+use crate::kv::PortFlags;
+use crate::proxy::port_policy::is_port_allowed;
+use base64::Engine as _;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+struct TestState {
+    proxy: Proxy,
+    _temp_dir: TempDir,
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for TestState {
+    type Target = Proxy;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.proxy
+    }
+}
+
+async fn create_test_state() -> TestState {
+    let figment = load_config_figment(None);
+    let mut config = figment.focus("core").extract::<Config>().unwrap();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().expect("failed to create temp dir");
+    config.sync.data_dir = temp_dir.path().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+    // the default points at /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf, so anything that calls
+    // `reconfigure` would write to the host's real WireGuard config.
+    config.wg.config_path = temp_dir
+        .path()
+        .join("wg.conf")
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .into_owned();
+    let options = ProxyOptions {
+        config,
+        my_app_id: None,
+        tls_config: TlsConfig {
+            certs: "".to_string(),
+            key: "".to_string(),
+            mutual: MutualConfig {
+                ca_certs: "".to_string(),
+            },
+        },
+    };
+    let proxy = Proxy::new(options)
+        .await
+        .expect("failed to create app state");
+    TestState {
+        proxy,
+        _temp_dir: temp_dir,
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_empty_config() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let wg_config = state.lock().generate_wg_config().unwrap();
+    insta::assert_snapshot!(wg_config);
+}
+
+/// The rendered config contains the interface's WireGuard private key, so the
+/// file must not be readable by anyone else. It used to be written with the
+/// default mode, landing at `0o666 & !umask`.
+#[cfg(unix)]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn wg_config_is_written_owner_only() {
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let path = state.lock().config.wg.config_path.clone();
+
+    // `reconfigure` also runs `wg syncconf`, which fails without a real
+    // interface — that failure is logged rather than propagated, so the write
+    // is still exercised here.
+    state.lock().reconfigure().expect("reconfigure failed");
+
+    let rendered = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).expect("wg config was not written");
+    assert!(
+        rendered.contains("PrivateKey"),
+        "test would be vacuous: the config carries no key"
+    );
+
+    let mode = std::fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777;
+    assert_eq!(
+        mode, 0o600,
+        "wg config holds a private key, got mode {mode:o}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Deterministic stand-in for a real WireGuard public key.
+///
+/// Registration and the wg-config renderer both reject keys `wg` itself would
+/// refuse, so test fixtures have to be 32 base64-encoded bytes like the real
+/// thing.
+fn test_pubkey(label: &str) -> String {
+    let mut key = [0u8; 32];
+    for (slot, byte) in key.iter_mut().zip(label.bytes().cycle()) {
+        *slot = byte;
+    }
+    base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(key)
+}
+
+fn policy(restrict: bool, ports: &[u16]) -> PortPolicy {
+    PortPolicy {
+        ports: ports
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| (*p, PortFlags { pp: false }))
+            .collect(),
+        restrict_mode: restrict,
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_validate_wireguard_public_key() {
+    assert!(crate::kv::import::validate_wg_public_key(
+        "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA="
+    )
+    .is_ok());
+    assert!(crate::kv::import::validate_wg_public_key("not-a-wireguard-key").is_err());
+    assert!(crate::kv::import::validate_wg_public_key("AQID").is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_invalid_wireguard_public_key_does_not_register() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let result = state.do_register_cvm("app", "instance", "invalid", "compose", None);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(!state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("instance"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_wireguard_public_key_cannot_be_reused_by_another_instance() {
+    const PUBLIC_KEY: &str = "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=";
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id("instance-1", "app", PUBLIC_KEY, "compose", None)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let result = state.do_register_cvm("app", "instance-2", PUBLIC_KEY, "compose", None);
+
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert!(!state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("instance-2"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_port_policy_restrict_mode_allows_listed_only() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-allow",
+            "app-allow",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-allow"),
+            "hash-allow",
+            Some(policy(true, &[8080, 9090])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-allow", 8080).is_ok());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-allow", 9090).is_ok());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-allow", 7070).is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_port_policy_disabled_allows_all() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-open",
+            "app-open",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-open"),
+            "hash-open",
+            // restrict_mode = false, but with `ports` listed: still open.
+            Some(policy(false, &[8080])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-open", 8080).is_ok());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-open", 9999).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_port_policy_unknown_fails_closed() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // Register without a policy (legacy CVM): policy is None.
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-legacy",
+            "app-legacy",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-legacy"),
+            "hash-legacy",
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-legacy", 8080).is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_port_policy_unknown_instance_bypasses_check() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // No registration for "localhost" (or any other id) → not a CVM, allow.
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "localhost", 8080).is_ok());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "never-registered", 80).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_admin_override_takes_precedence() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // Instance reports a permissive policy (port 8080 allowed).
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-ovr",
+            "app-ovr",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-ovr"),
+            "hash-ovr",
+            Some(policy(true, &[8080])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-ovr", 8080).is_ok());
+    // Admin overrides with a stricter policy (only port 9090 allowed).
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .set_admin_port_policy("inst-ovr", policy(true, &[9090]))
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-ovr", 8080).is_err());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-ovr", 9090).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_admin_override_can_open_what_instance_restricts() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // Instance restricts to nothing (effectively a lockdown).
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-lock",
+            "app-lock",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-lock"),
+            "hash-lock",
+            Some(policy(true, &[])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-lock", 8080).is_err());
+    // Admin opens it back up (restrict_mode=false → allow all).
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .set_admin_port_policy("inst-lock", policy(false, &[]))
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-lock", 8080).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_clear_admin_override_reverts_to_instance_policy() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-revert",
+            "app-revert",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-revert"),
+            "hash-revert",
+            Some(policy(true, &[8080])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .set_admin_port_policy("inst-revert", policy(true, &[9090]))
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-revert", 9090).is_ok());
+    state.lock().clear_admin_port_policy("inst-revert").unwrap();
+    // Back to instance policy: 8080 yes, 9090 no.
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-revert", 8080).is_ok());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-revert", 9090).is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_admin_override_unknown_instance_errors() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let err = state
+        .lock()
+        .set_admin_port_policy("never-registered", policy(true, &[8080]))
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("not found"));
+    let err = state
+        .lock()
+        .clear_admin_port_policy("never-registered")
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("not found"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_admin_override_survives_compose_hash_change() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // Initial registration with one compose_hash.
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-upgrade",
+            "app-upgrade",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-upgrade"),
+            "hash-v1",
+            Some(policy(true, &[8080])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .set_admin_port_policy("inst-upgrade", policy(true, &[9090]))
+        .unwrap();
+    // Re-register with a different compose_hash (simulating an app upgrade).
+    // Instance reports a new permissive policy.
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "inst-upgrade",
+            "app-upgrade",
+            &test_pubkey("pubkey-upgrade"),
+            "hash-v2",
+            Some(policy(true, &[7070, 8080])),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    // Admin override must still be in effect.
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-upgrade", 9090).is_ok());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-upgrade", 7070).is_err());
+    assert!(is_port_allowed(&state.proxy, "inst-upgrade", 8080).is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_config() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let mut info = state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "test-id-0",
+            "app-id-0",
+            &test_pubkey("test-pubkey-0"),
+            "",
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    info.reg_time = SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
+    insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(info);
+    let mut info1 = state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id(
+            "test-id-1",
+            "app-id-1",
+            &test_pubkey("test-pubkey-1"),
+            "",
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    info1.reg_time = SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
+    insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(info1);
+    let wg_config = state.lock().generate_wg_config().unwrap();
+    insta::assert_snapshot!(wg_config);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn gateway_top_n_batch_007_cache_health_and_invalidation() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap()
+        .as_secs();
+    {
+        let mut proxy = state.lock();
+        for index in 0..4 {
+            proxy
+                .new_client_by_id(
+                    &format!("top-instance-{index}"),
+                    "top-app",
+                    &test_pubkey(&format!("top-key-{index}")),
+                    "",
+                    Some(policy(false, &[])),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        proxy.handshake_cache.set_for_test(BTreeMap::from([
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-0"), now),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-1"), now - 1),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-2"), now - 2),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-3"), now - 3600),
+        ]));
+        let selected = proxy.select_top_n_hosts("top-app").unwrap();
+        let selected_ids = selected
+            .iter()
+            .map(|row| row.instance_id.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(
+            selected_ids,
+            vec!["top-instance-0", "top-instance-1", "top-instance-2"]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(proxy.state.top_n.len(), 1);
+
+        proxy.handshake_cache.set_for_test(BTreeMap::from([
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-0"), now - 3600),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-1"), now - 3600),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-2"), now - 3600),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-3"), now),
+        ]));
+        let cached = proxy.select_top_n_hosts("top-app").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            cached
+                .iter()
+                .map(|row| row.instance_id.as_str())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            selected_ids
+        );
+
+        proxy
+            .new_client_by_id(
+                "top-instance-4",
+                "top-app",
+                &test_pubkey("top-key-4"),
+                "",
+                Some(policy(false, &[])),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(proxy.state.top_n.is_empty());
+        proxy.handshake_cache.set_for_test(BTreeMap::from([
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-0"), now - 3600),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-1"), now - 3600),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-2"), now - 3600),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-3"), now),
+            (test_pubkey("top-key-4"), now - 1),
+        ]));
+        let refreshed = proxy.select_top_n_hosts("top-app").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(refreshed.len(), 2);
+        assert!(refreshed
+            .iter()
+            .any(|row| row.instance_id == "top-instance-4"));
+
+        proxy.remove_instance("top-instance-4").unwrap();
+        assert!(proxy.state.top_n.is_empty());
+        let direct = proxy.select_top_n_hosts("top-instance-3").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(direct.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(direct[0].instance_id, "top-instance-3");
+        assert!(proxy.select_top_n_hosts("other-app").is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Write a record straight into the KV store, bypassing registration, the way
+/// a peer's sync round would.
+fn sync_from_peer(state: &TestState, instance_id: &str, ip: &str, public_key: &str) {
+    sync_from_peer_at(state, instance_id, ip, public_key, 1);
+}
+
+fn sync_from_peer_at(
+    state: &TestState,
+    instance_id: &str,
+    ip: &str,
+    public_key: &str,
+    reg_time: u64,
+) {
+    state
+        .kv_store
+        .sync_instance(
+            instance_id,
+            &InstanceData {
+                app_id: "peer-app".to_string(),
+                ip: ip.parse().unwrap(),
+                public_key: public_key.to_string(),
+                reg_time,
+                port_policy: None,
+                port_policy_hash: String::new(),
+                admin_port_policy: None,
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_poisoned_peer_record_costs_only_its_own_instance() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "good", "10.0.0.41", &test_pubkey("good-key"));
+    // A key `wg` refuses makes `wg syncconf` reject the entire config file, so
+    // this record must never reach ProxyState or the rendered peer list.
+    sync_from_peer(
+        &state,
+        "poisoned",
+        "10.0.0.42",
+        "not-a-key\nEndpoint = 1.2.3.4:1",
+    );
+    // The gateway's own wg address, claimed by an instance.
+    sync_from_peer(
+        &state,
+        "steals-gateway-ip",
+        "10.0.0.1",
+        &test_pubkey("other"),
+    );
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    let proxy = state.lock();
+    assert!(proxy.state.instances.contains_key("good"));
+    assert!(!proxy.state.instances.contains_key("poisoned"));
+    assert!(!proxy.state.instances.contains_key("steals-gateway-ip"));
+
+    let rendered = proxy.generate_wg_config().unwrap();
+    assert!(rendered.contains(&test_pubkey("good-key")));
+    assert!(!rendered.contains("Endpoint = 1.2.3.4:1"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_cvm_registered_on_another_node_becomes_a_wg_peer_here() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // What a peer node allocated out of its own slice. `test-run/cluster.sh`
+    // and the e2e configs give each node a /24 of its own, so a peer's address
+    // is outside this node's pool *and* outside its interface network — yet
+    // every CVM is handed every gateway as a WireGuard server, so this node
+    // still has to carry it.
+    let peer_ip = "10.0.42.5";
+    assert!(!state.config.wg.is_valid_client_ip(peer_ip.parse().unwrap()));
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-node-cvm", peer_ip, &test_pubkey("far"));
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    let proxy = state.lock();
+    assert!(
+        proxy.state.instances.contains_key("peer-node-cvm"),
+        "refusing a peer node's instance leaves each gateway serving only its own CVMs"
+    );
+    let rendered = proxy.generate_wg_config().unwrap();
+    assert!(rendered.contains(peer_ip), "peer missing from wg.conf");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn an_instance_deleted_on_another_node_stops_being_routable_here() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(
+        &state,
+        "peer-instance",
+        "10.0.0.40",
+        &test_pubkey("peer-key"),
+    );
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert!(state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+
+    // The remote node recycled the CVM; until the deletion is applied locally
+    // the deregistered instance keeps receiving proxied traffic.
+    state
+        .kv_store
+        .sync_delete_instance("peer-instance")
+        .unwrap();
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    let proxy = state.lock();
+    assert!(!proxy.state.instances.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+    assert!(!proxy.state.apps.contains_key("peer-app"));
+    assert!(!proxy
+        .state
+        .allocated_addresses
+        .contains(&"10.0.0.40".parse().unwrap()));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn proxy_state_adopts_the_wavekv_winner_regardless_of_value_reg_time() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer_at(
+        &state,
+        "contended",
+        "10.0.0.40",
+        &test_pubkey("old-key"),
+        300,
+    );
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .state
+        .instances
+        .get("contended")
+        .unwrap()
+        .connections
+        .store(7, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+    // This is the value WaveKV selected using its own entry metadata. Its
+    // payload timestamp is older, so comparing reg_time again would leave the
+    // data plane permanently materializing a losing value.
+    sync_from_peer_at(
+        &state,
+        "contended",
+        "10.0.0.41",
+        &test_pubkey("winner-key"),
+        100,
+    );
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    let proxy = state.lock();
+    let instance = &proxy.state.instances["contended"];
+    assert_eq!(instance.ip, "10.0.0.41".parse::<Ipv4Addr>().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(instance.public_key, test_pubkey("winner-key"));
+    assert_eq!(encode_ts(instance.reg_time), 100);
+    assert_eq!(instance.num_connections(), 7);
+    assert!(!proxy
+        .state
+        .allocated_addresses
+        .contains(&"10.0.0.40".parse().unwrap()));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_local_registration_survives_a_reload_that_cannot_see_it_yet() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .new_client_by_id("fresh", "fresh-app", &test_pubkey("fresh-key"), "", None)
+        .unwrap();
+    // Stand in for a KV write that failed: the instance exists locally only.
+    // Evicting it would black-hole a live CVM until it re-registers.
+    state
+        .kv_store
+        .persistent()
+        .write()
+        .delete(crate::kv::keys::inst("fresh"))
+        .unwrap();
+
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert!(state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("fresh"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_record_that_stops_validating_keeps_the_instance_it_describes() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("good"));
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert!(state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+
+    // A peer overwrites the record with one this node refuses. "I cannot read
+    // your current state" is not "you were deleted": the last known-good state
+    // keeps the CVM reachable until a usable record or a real deletion arrives.
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", "not-a-key");
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    let proxy = state.lock();
+    let instance = proxy
+        .state
+        .instances
+        .get("peer-instance")
+        .expect("a rejected record must not evict the instance");
+    assert_eq!(instance.public_key, test_pubkey("good"));
+    assert!(proxy.generate_wg_config().unwrap().contains("10.0.0.40"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn an_undecodable_record_keeps_the_instance_it_describes() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("good"));
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    // A torn write, or a record written by a build whose schema this one cannot
+    // read. Folding that into "absent" would let a rolling upgrade evict every
+    // instance the newer nodes registered.
+    state
+        .kv_store
+        .persistent()
+        .write()
+        .put(
+            crate::kv::keys::inst("peer-instance"),
+            b"not-messagepack".to_vec(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn an_operator_can_remove_a_cvm_whose_kv_record_is_unreadable() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("good"));
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    state
+        .kv_store
+        .persistent()
+        .write()
+        .put(
+            crate::kv::keys::inst("peer-instance"),
+            b"not-messagepack".to_vec(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let removal = state.proxy.remove_cvm("peer-instance").unwrap();
+    assert!(removal.record_existed);
+    assert!(removal.removed_locally);
+    assert!(!state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+    let loaded = state.kv_store.load_all_instances();
+    assert!(!loaded.decoded.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+    assert!(!loaded.undecodable.contains_key("peer-instance"));
+
+    // The recovery operation is safe to retry after a timeout or lost reply,
+    // and the retry tells the operator there was nothing left to remove.
+    let retry = state.proxy.remove_cvm("peer-instance").unwrap();
+    assert!(!retry.record_existed);
+    assert!(!retry.removed_locally);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn removing_an_unknown_cvm_reports_that_nothing_existed() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+
+    // A mistyped instance_id must not be mistaken for a successful removal.
+    let removal = state.proxy.remove_cvm("no-such-instance").unwrap();
+    assert!(!removal.record_existed);
+    assert!(!removal.removed_locally);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn rejected_instance_records_are_visible_to_the_operator() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("good"));
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert!(state.proxy.rejected_instances().is_empty());
+
+    state
+        .kv_store
+        .persistent()
+        .write()
+        .put(
+            crate::kv::keys::inst("peer-instance"),
+            b"not-messagepack".to_vec(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // The operator can see what is wrong — with the actual decode error, and
+    // whether removal would also drop live routing — without grepping logs.
+    let rejected = state.proxy.rejected_instances();
+    assert_eq!(rejected.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(rejected[0].rejected.instance_id, "peer-instance");
+    assert!(format!("{:#}", rejected[0].rejected.reason).contains("corrupt record"));
+    assert!(rejected[0].active_locally);
+
+    // Once removed, the record no longer shows up as rejected.
+    state.proxy.remove_cvm("peer-instance").unwrap();
+    assert!(state.proxy.rejected_instances().is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn an_operator_can_remove_a_decommissioned_node() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let kv = &state.kv_store;
+    kv.register_peer_url(7, "https://gw7.example.com:9202")
+        .unwrap();
+    kv.sync_node(
+        7,
+        &crate::kv::NodeData {
+            uuid: b"gw7-uuid".to_vec(),
+            url: "https://gw7.example.com:9202".to_string(),
+            wg_public_key: String::new(),
+            wg_endpoint: String::new(),
+            wg_ip: String::new(),
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let removal = state.proxy.remove_node(7).unwrap();
+    assert!(removal.record_existed);
+    assert!(removal.removed_from_peer_set);
+    assert!(kv.get_peer_url(7).is_none());
+    assert!(!kv.load_all_nodes().contains_key(&7));
+    let peers = kv.persistent().read().status().peers;
+    assert!(!peers.iter().any(|peer| peer.id == 7));
+
+    // The recovery operation is safe to retry after a timeout or lost reply,
+    // and the retry tells the operator there was nothing left to remove.
+    let retry = state.proxy.remove_node(7).unwrap();
+    assert!(!retry.record_existed);
+    assert!(!retry.removed_from_peer_set);
+
+    // A node known only by its sync address (registered via SetNodeUrl but
+    // never booted) still reports record_existed.
+    kv.register_peer_url(8, "https://gw8.example.com:9202")
+        .unwrap();
+    let removal = state.proxy.remove_node(8).unwrap();
+    assert!(removal.record_existed);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_node_cannot_remove_itself() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let my_id = state.proxy.config.sync.node_id;
+    assert!(state.proxy.remove_node(my_id).is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn peers_prune_nodes_removed_on_another_gateway() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let kv = &state.kv_store;
+
+    // Simulate observing a removal performed elsewhere: the __peer_addr
+    // tombstone arrives via replication, not through this node's admin API.
+    kv.register_peer_url(9, "https://gw9.example.com:9202")
+        .unwrap();
+    kv.persistent()
+        .write()
+        .delete(crate::kv::keys::peer_addr(9))
+        .unwrap();
+    kv.prune_removed_peers();
+    let peers = kv.persistent().read().status().peers;
+    assert!(!peers.iter().any(|peer| peer.id == 9));
+
+    // A peer whose address record was never written is not dropped:
+    // bootstrap can add a peer before its address has synced in.
+    kv.add_peer(11).unwrap();
+    kv.prune_removed_peers();
+    let peers = kv.persistent().read().status().peers;
+    assert!(peers.iter().any(|peer| peer.id == 11));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 4)]
+async fn remove_node_reports_peer_membership_despite_a_racing_watcher() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let kv = state.kv_store.clone();
+
+    // The production watch task prunes the peer set as soon as the
+    // __peer_addr tombstone lands. remove_node must capture membership
+    // before publishing the tombstone, or the answer it returns would
+    // depend on which of the two gets there first.
+    let mut rx = kv.watch_peer_addrs();
+    let kv_for_watch = kv.clone();
+    let watcher = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        while rx.changed().await.is_ok() {
+            kv_for_watch.prune_removed_peers();
+        }
+    });
+
+    for node_id in 100..120 {
+        kv.register_peer_url(node_id, "https://gw.example.com:9202")
+            .unwrap();
+        let removal = state.proxy.remove_node(node_id).unwrap();
+        assert!(removal.record_existed);
+        assert!(
+            removal.removed_from_peer_set,
+            "node {node_id}: membership must be captured before the tombstone publishes"
+        );
+        let peers = kv.persistent().read().status().peers;
+        assert!(!peers.iter().any(|peer| peer.id == node_id));
+    }
+
+    watcher.abort();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_zt_domain_with_a_corrupt_config_can_still_be_deleted() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    let kv = &state.kv_store;
+
+    kv.persistent()
+        .write()
+        .put(
+            crate::kv::keys::zt_domain_config("bad.example.com"),
+            b"not-messagepack".to_vec(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // The corrupt record is invisible to reads, but must still be deletable —
+    // otherwise it would be permanently stuck.
+    assert!(kv.get_zt_domain_config("bad.example.com").is_none());
+    assert!(kv.zt_domain_config_exists("bad.example.com"));
+
+    kv.delete_zt_domain_config("bad.example.com").unwrap();
+    assert!(!kv.zt_domain_config_exists("bad.example.com"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn an_instance_that_lost_an_ip_conflict_stops_being_routable() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer_at(&state, "loser", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("loser"), 300);
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert!(state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("loser"));
+
+    // An older registration claims the same IP. Unlike an unreadable record,
+    // this one is readable and says the address belongs to someone else, so
+    // the loser has to go: two peers on one IP is a config `wg` will not load.
+    sync_from_peer_at(&state, "winner", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("winner"), 100);
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    let proxy = state.lock();
+    assert!(!proxy.state.instances.contains_key("loser"));
+    assert!(proxy.state.instances.contains_key("winner"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_future_dated_registration_cannot_park_itself_in_the_data_plane() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    // Both the removal pass and `recycle()` age instances with
+    // `elapsed().unwrap_or_default()`, which reads a future `reg_time` as zero
+    // age — an instance dated forward would survive deletion and recycling
+    // alike until this process restarts.
+    let far_future = now_secs() + 365 * 24 * 3600;
+    sync_from_peer_at(&state, "zombie", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("z"), far_future);
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+
+    assert!(!state.lock().state.instances.contains_key("zombie"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_stuck_bad_record_is_reported_once_and_again_when_it_recovers() {
+    let state = create_test_state().await;
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", "not-a-key");
+
+    // A record is refused for what it contains, so it stays refused until
+    // someone rewrites it. `reported_rejections` is what keeps the reload from
+    // re-emitting the same `error!` on every round: a reason already in the map
+    // is not logged again, so a second identical reload must leave it untouched.
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    let first = state.lock().reported_rejections.clone();
+    assert_eq!(first.len(), 1);
+    assert!(first["peer-instance"].contains("public key"));
+
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state.lock().reported_rejections, first);
+
+    // Recovery is a transition too, and clearing the entry is what lets a
+    // later relapse be reported instead of silently swallowed.
+    sync_from_peer(&state, "peer-instance", "10.0.0.40", &test_pubkey("good"));
+    reload_instances_from_kv_store(&state.proxy, &state.kv_store).unwrap();
+    assert!(state.lock().reported_rejections.is_empty());
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/metrics.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/metrics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17f847bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/metrics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Prometheus metrics for the gateway.
+//!
+//! Counters live in process-wide atomics rather than on `Proxy` because the
+//! sites that need them -- the KV codec, `reconfigure()` -- run on code paths
+//! that hold no handle to the proxy state. `proxy::NUM_CONNECTIONS` and
+//! `proxy::stats` already work this way.
+//!
+//! Gauges are not stored: they are sampled from live state when a scrape
+//! arrives, so a scrape never has to be kept in sync with a mutation.
+//!
+//! Label values that come from replicated state (domains, and therefore
+//! anything a peer can name) are escaped, and the decode-failure label set is
+//! a fixed list of known prefixes plus `other`, so a peer cannot inflate
+//! cardinality by inventing keys.
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::ProxyAccelStatus;
+
+use crate::kv::keys;
+
+/// Key prefixes that get their own decode-failure series.
+///
+/// Taken from `kv::keys` rather than spelled out here: a prefix that is
+/// renamed there and not here would not break anything loudly, it would just
+/// start counting that key space under `other`.
+///
+/// Anything unmatched lands in `other`, which is what keeps a peer from
+/// inventing key spaces to inflate cardinality.
+const METERED_PREFIXES: [&str; 9] = [
+    keys::INST_PREFIX,
+    keys::NODE_PREFIX,
+    keys::CONN_PREFIX,
+    keys::HANDSHAKE_PREFIX,
+    keys::LAST_SEEN_NODE_PREFIX,
+    keys::PEER_ADDR_PREFIX,
+    keys::CERT_PREFIX,
+    keys::DNS_CRED_PREFIX,
+    keys::GLOBAL_PREFIX,
+];
+
+const OTHER_PREFIX: &str = "other";
+
+/// Ceiling on `cert_not_after` series, far above any real deployment.
+const MAX_CERT_SERIES: usize = 256;
+
+static DECODE_FAILURES: [AtomicU64; METERED_PREFIXES.len() + 1] =
+    [const { AtomicU64::new(0) }; METERED_PREFIXES.len() + 1];
+static WG_RECONFIGURE_TOTAL: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+static WG_RECONFIGURE_FAILURES: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+static KV_PERSIST_FAILURES: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+thread_local! {
+    /// Set while a scrape is sampling live state.
+    ///
+    /// A scrape reads the same replicated records the data path reads, through
+    /// the same decoding helpers, so without this it would feed the very
+    /// counter it is about to report: one permanently corrupt record would
+    /// increment `decode_failures` once per scrape forever, and `rate()` over
+    /// it would measure the scrape interval rather than anything about the
+    /// store. Observing must not be indistinguishable from failing.
+    static SAMPLING: Cell<bool> = const { Cell::new(false) };
+}
+
+/// Suppresses decode-failure counting until dropped.
+///
+/// Correctness depends on the sampler staying synchronous: it must not yield
+/// to the runtime while this is alive, or the flag would apply to whatever
+/// else the runtime schedules onto this thread.
+pub(crate) struct ScrapeGuard(bool);
+
+impl Drop for ScrapeGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        SAMPLING.with(|sampling| sampling.set(self.0));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mark the current thread as sampling for a scrape. See [`ScrapeGuard`].
+#[must_use = "decode-failure suppression ends as soon as the guard is dropped"]
+pub(crate) fn scrape_guard() -> ScrapeGuard {
+    ScrapeGuard(SAMPLING.with(|sampling| sampling.replace(true)))
+}
+
+/// Record that a replicated value could not be decoded.
+///
+/// A decode failure makes the record invisible to the data plane with nothing
+/// but a log line to say so, which is how a single corrupt record turns into
+/// "that CVM silently stopped being routable".
+///
+/// Counting is suppressed while a scrape samples; see [`ScrapeGuard`].
+pub(crate) fn record_decode_failure(key: &str) {
+    if SAMPLING.with(Cell::get) {
+        return;
+    }
+    DECODE_FAILURES[prefix_index(key)].fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+/// Record the outcome of pushing a new WireGuard config.
+///
+/// Covers the whole of `reconfigure()`, not just `wg syncconf`: rendering and
+/// writing the config can fail too, and all three leave the data plane on its
+/// previous routing table while the gateway keeps answering. `wg syncconf`
+/// additionally rejects the *whole* file when one peer stanza is bad, and its
+/// call site can only log that, so without a counter a gateway that stopped
+/// applying routing updates looks healthy.
+pub(crate) fn record_wg_reconfigure(ok: bool) {
+    WG_RECONFIGURE_TOTAL.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    if !ok {
+        WG_RECONFIGURE_FAILURES.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Record a failed periodic snapshot. Repeated failures mean the node is one
+/// restart away from replaying a very long WAL, or from losing the writes it
+/// never managed to snapshot.
+pub(crate) fn record_kv_persist_failure() {
+    KV_PERSIST_FAILURES.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+/// Index of the longest prefix in `prefixes` that `key` starts with.
+///
+/// Longest rather than first so that adding a narrower prefix later (say
+/// `node/status/` next to `node/`) routes keys to the narrower series instead
+/// of depending on array order. The current set does not overlap, so this is
+/// here to keep the next addition from being a silent mis-bucketing.
+fn longest_prefix_index(prefixes: &[&str], key: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    prefixes
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, prefix)| key.starts_with(*prefix))
+        .max_by_key(|(_, prefix)| prefix.len())
+        .map(|(index, _)| index)
+}
+
+fn prefix_index(key: &str) -> usize {
+    longest_prefix_index(&METERED_PREFIXES, key).unwrap_or(METERED_PREFIXES.len())
+}
+
+fn prefix_label(index: usize) -> &'static str {
+    METERED_PREFIXES.get(index).copied().unwrap_or(OTHER_PREFIX)
+}
+
+/// Live state sampled for one scrape.
+pub(crate) struct Snapshot {
+    pub version: String,
+    pub node_id: u32,
+    pub instances: u64,
+    pub connections: u64,
+    pub nodes_total: u64,
+    pub nodes_active: u64,
+    pub accel: ProxyAccelStatus,
+    pub stores: Vec<StoreSnapshot>,
+    /// domain -> certificate `notAfter`, in seconds since the epoch.
+    pub cert_not_after: Vec<(String, u64)>,
+}
+
+/// One WaveKV store (`persistent` or `ephemeral`).
+pub(crate) struct StoreSnapshot {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub keys: u64,
+    pub next_seq: u64,
+    pub dirty: bool,
+    pub peers: Vec<PeerSnapshot>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct PeerSnapshot {
+    pub id: u32,
+    /// Highest sequence from this peer that the local store covers.
+    pub local_ack: u64,
+    /// Highest local sequence that the peer reports covering.
+    pub peer_ack: u64,
+}
+
+/// Render the Prometheus text exposition format.
+pub(crate) fn render(snapshot: &Snapshot) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(2048);
+
+    gauge(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_build_info",
+        "Gateway build information.",
+        &format!(
+            "{{version=\"{}\",node_id=\"{}\"}}",
+            escape_label(&snapshot.version),
+            snapshot.node_id
+        ),
+        1,
+    );
+    gauge(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_cluster_instances",
+        "CVM instances currently in the routing table. Replicated: every node reports the same value, so aggregate with max(), not sum().",
+        "",
+        snapshot.instances,
+    );
+    gauge(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_connections",
+        "Proxy connections currently open.",
+        "",
+        snapshot.connections,
+    );
+    gauge(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_cluster_nodes",
+        "Gateway nodes known to the cluster. Replicated: aggregate with max(), not sum().",
+        "",
+        snapshot.nodes_total,
+    );
+    gauge(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_cluster_nodes_active",
+        "Gateway nodes this node does not consider down. Replicated state seen locally, so disagreement between nodes is itself the replication-lag signal.",
+        "",
+        snapshot.nodes_active,
+    );
+
+    counter(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_ktls_offloaded_total",
+        "Connections handed to the kernel TLS ULP.",
+        "",
+        snapshot.accel.ktls_offloaded,
+    );
+    counter(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_ktls_offload_failed_total",
+        "Connections whose kernel TLS handover failed.",
+        "",
+        snapshot.accel.ktls_offload_failed,
+    );
+    counter(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_splice_engaged_total",
+        "Connections that entered a zero-copy splice relay.",
+        "",
+        snapshot.accel.splice_engaged,
+    );
+
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_cluster_kv_keys",
+        "Keys held in a WaveKV store. Replicated: aggregate with max(), not sum().",
+        "gauge",
+    );
+    for store in &snapshot.stores {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_kv_keys",
+            &store_label(store),
+            store.keys,
+        );
+    }
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_kv_next_seq",
+        "Next sequence number this node will assign in a WaveKV store.",
+        "gauge",
+    );
+    for store in &snapshot.stores {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_kv_next_seq",
+            &store_label(store),
+            store.next_seq,
+        );
+    }
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_kv_dirty",
+        "1 when a WaveKV store holds changes that are not in its snapshot.",
+        "gauge",
+    );
+    for store in &snapshot.stores {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_kv_dirty",
+            &store_label(store),
+            u64::from(store.dirty),
+        );
+    }
+
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_kv_peer_local_ack",
+        "How far this node has consumed a peer's log.",
+        "gauge",
+    );
+    for (store, peer) in peers(snapshot) {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_kv_peer_local_ack",
+            &peer_label(store, peer),
+            peer.local_ack,
+        );
+    }
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_kv_peer_remote_ack",
+        "How far a peer reports having consumed this node's log.",
+        "gauge",
+    );
+    for (store, peer) in peers(snapshot) {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_kv_peer_remote_ack",
+            &peer_label(store, peer),
+            peer.peer_ack,
+        );
+    }
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_kv_decode_failures_total",
+        "Replicated values that could not be decoded, by key prefix.",
+        "counter",
+    );
+    for (index, counter) in DECODE_FAILURES.iter().enumerate() {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_kv_decode_failures_total",
+            &format!("{{prefix=\"{}\"}}", escape_label(prefix_label(index))),
+            counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+        );
+    }
+
+    counter(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_wg_reconfigure_total",
+        "WireGuard config applications attempted.",
+        "",
+        WG_RECONFIGURE_TOTAL.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+    );
+    counter(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_wg_reconfigure_failures_total",
+        "WireGuard config applications that did not reach the data plane: render failure, write failure, or a config wg syncconf rejected.",
+        "",
+        WG_RECONFIGURE_FAILURES.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+    );
+    counter(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_kv_persist_failures_total",
+        "Periodic WaveKV snapshots that failed.",
+        "",
+        KV_PERSIST_FAILURES.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+    );
+
+    gauge(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_domains",
+        "Domains holding certificate data. Exceeding the number of cert_not_after series means the series were truncated.",
+        "",
+        snapshot.cert_not_after.len() as u64,
+    );
+    header(
+        &mut out,
+        "dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds",
+        "Certificate expiry per domain, in seconds since the epoch. Replicated: every node reports the same series.",
+        "gauge",
+    );
+    // Domains are only created through the admin API, so in practice this is a
+    // handful of wildcard certificates. The cap is for the case where it is
+    // not: the records are replicated, so a peer with write access could turn
+    // one label into an unbounded series count. Truncation is by domain order
+    // rather than by expiry so the exported set does not flap between scrapes;
+    // `cert_domains` above is what tells you it happened.
+    for (domain, not_after) in snapshot.cert_not_after.iter().take(MAX_CERT_SERIES) {
+        line(
+            &mut out,
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds",
+            &format!("{{domain=\"{}\"}}", escape_label(domain)),
+            *not_after,
+        );
+    }
+
+    out
+}
+
+fn peers(snapshot: &Snapshot) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&StoreSnapshot, &PeerSnapshot)> {
+    snapshot
+        .stores
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|store| store.peers.iter().map(move |peer| (store, peer)))
+}
+
+fn store_label(store: &StoreSnapshot) -> String {
+    format!("{{store=\"{}\"}}", escape_label(store.name))
+}
+
+fn peer_label(store: &StoreSnapshot, peer: &PeerSnapshot) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "{{store=\"{}\",peer=\"{}\"}}",
+        escape_label(store.name),
+        peer.id
+    )
+}
+
+fn header(out: &mut String, name: &str, help: &str, kind: &str) {
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# HELP {name} {help}");
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "# TYPE {name} {kind}");
+}
+
+fn line(out: &mut String, name: &str, labels: &str, value: u64) {
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{name}{labels} {value}");
+}
+
+fn gauge(out: &mut String, name: &str, help: &str, labels: &str, value: u64) {
+    header(out, name, help, "gauge");
+    line(out, name, labels, value);
+}
+
+fn counter(out: &mut String, name: &str, help: &str, labels: &str, value: u64) {
+    header(out, name, help, "counter");
+    line(out, name, labels, value);
+}
+
+/// Escape a label value per the exposition format.
+///
+/// Domains reach this from replicated state, so an unescaped quote or newline
+/// would be a peer-controlled way to forge series in the scrape output.
+///
+/// The format defines exactly three escapes: `\\`, `\"` and `\n`. Escaping
+/// anything else is not the safer choice it looks like -- `prometheus/common`'s
+/// parser, which backs `promtool check metrics` and most client tooling,
+/// rejects an unknown escape sequence outright. Emitting `\t` would hand the
+/// same hostile peer a cheaper attack than the one this function exists to
+/// stop: one tab in a domain and the entire scrape stops parsing. Remaining
+/// control characters are dropped instead, so the output is valid and carries
+/// no raw control bytes either.
+fn escape_label(value: &str) -> String {
+    let mut escaped = String::with_capacity(value.len());
+    for ch in value.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '\\' => escaped.push_str("\\\\"),
+            '"' => escaped.push_str("\\\""),
+            '\n' => escaped.push_str("\\n"),
+            _ if ch.is_control() => {}
+            _ => escaped.push(ch),
+        }
+    }
+    escaped
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn snapshot() -> Snapshot {
+        Snapshot {
+            version: "0.0.0-test".to_string(),
+            node_id: 7,
+            instances: 3,
+            connections: 12,
+            nodes_total: 3,
+            nodes_active: 2,
+            accel: ProxyAccelStatus {
+                ktls_mode: "off".to_string(),
+                splice_mode: "off".to_string(),
+                ktls_offloaded: 5,
+                ktls_offload_failed: 1,
+                splice_engaged: 4,
+            },
+            stores: vec![StoreSnapshot {
+                name: "persistent",
+                keys: 42,
+                next_seq: 100,
+                dirty: true,
+                peers: vec![PeerSnapshot {
+                    id: 2,
+                    local_ack: 9,
+                    peer_ack: 8,
+                }],
+            }],
+            cert_not_after: vec![("app.example.com".to_string(), 1_800_000_000)],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_series_is_declared_before_it_is_used() {
+        let rendered = render(&snapshot());
+        let mut declared = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for row in rendered.lines() {
+            if let Some(rest) = row.strip_prefix("# TYPE ") {
+                let name = rest.split(' ').next().unwrap_or_default();
+                declared.insert(name.to_string());
+                continue;
+            }
+            if row.starts_with('#') {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let name = row
+                .split(['{', ' '])
+                .next()
+                .expect("a sample line names a series");
+            assert!(
+                declared.contains(name),
+                "sample {name} appears without a # TYPE line"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn samples_carry_the_values_they_were_given() {
+        let rendered = render(&snapshot());
+        for expected in [
+            "dstack_gateway_build_info{version=\"0.0.0-test\",node_id=\"7\"} 1",
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_instances 3",
+            "dstack_gateway_connections 12",
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_nodes_active 2",
+            "dstack_gateway_ktls_offload_failed_total 1",
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_kv_keys{store=\"persistent\"} 42",
+            "dstack_gateway_kv_dirty{store=\"persistent\"} 1",
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds{domain=\"app.example.com\"} 1800000000",
+        ] {
+            assert!(rendered.contains(expected), "missing sample: {expected}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_the_three_escapes_the_format_defines_are_emitted() {
+        // The exposition format defines \\, \" and \n and nothing else, and
+        // `prometheus/common`'s parser errors on any other escape sequence. A
+        // tab that reaches a label value must therefore be dropped rather than
+        // written as `\t`, which would cost the whole scrape -- a cheaper
+        // attack than the injection this escaping exists to stop.
+        assert_eq!(escape_label("a\tb\rc\u{7}d"), "abcd");
+        assert_eq!(escape_label("a\\b\"c\nd"), "a\\\\b\\\"c\\nd");
+
+        let mut snapshot = snapshot();
+        snapshot.cert_not_after = vec![("tab\there\rand\u{7}bell".to_string(), 1_800_000_000)];
+        let rendered = render(&snapshot);
+        for undefined in ["\\t", "\\r"] {
+            assert!(
+                !rendered.contains(undefined),
+                "emitted `{undefined}`, an escape the exposition format does not define"
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(rendered.contains(
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds{domain=\"tabhereandbell\"} 1800000000"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hostile_domain_cannot_forge_a_series() {
+        let mut snapshot = snapshot();
+        // A domain arrives from replicated state, so treat it as peer-supplied.
+        snapshot.cert_not_after = vec![(
+            "evil\" 1\ndstack_gateway_cluster_instances 999\n#".to_string(),
+            1_800_000_000,
+        )];
+        let rendered = render(&snapshot);
+
+        // The injection stays inside one label value on one line: no forged
+        // sample line, and the real gauge still reads what it was given.
+        let forged = rendered
+            .lines()
+            .filter(|row| row.starts_with("dstack_gateway_cluster_instances "))
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(
+            forged, 1,
+            "the payload escaped its label and became a sample"
+        );
+        assert!(rendered
+            .lines()
+            .any(|row| row == "dstack_gateway_cluster_instances 3"));
+        assert!(rendered.contains(
+            "dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds{domain=\"evil\\\" 1\\ndstack_gateway_cluster_instances 999\\n#\"} 1800000000"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decode_failures_are_bucketed_by_key_prefix() {
+        assert_eq!(prefix_label(prefix_index("inst/abc")), "inst/");
+        // No narrower `node/` prefix is metered, so this folds into `node/`.
+        assert_eq!(prefix_label(prefix_index("node/status/3")), "node/");
+        assert_eq!(prefix_label(prefix_index("cert/example.com/data")), "cert/");
+        assert_eq!(prefix_label(prefix_index("__peer_addr/3")), "__peer_addr/");
+        assert_eq!(
+            prefix_label(prefix_index("global/certbot_config")),
+            "global/"
+        );
+        // A key a peer invented does not get a series of its own.
+        assert_eq!(prefix_label(prefix_index("whatever/1")), "other");
+        assert_eq!(prefix_label(prefix_index("")), "other");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_narrower_prefix_wins_over_a_wider_one() {
+        // The metered set does not overlap today, so drive the rule directly:
+        // adding `node/status/` later must not depend on where in the array it
+        // lands.
+        let prefixes = ["node/", "node/status/"];
+        assert_eq!(longest_prefix_index(&prefixes, "node/status/3"), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(longest_prefix_index(&prefixes, "node/info/3"), Some(0));
+
+        let reversed = ["node/status/", "node/"];
+        assert_eq!(longest_prefix_index(&reversed, "node/status/3"), Some(0));
+
+        assert_eq!(longest_prefix_index(&prefixes, "inst/1"), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_per_domain_expiry_series_is_capped() {
+        let mut snapshot = snapshot();
+        let total = MAX_CERT_SERIES + 25;
+        snapshot.cert_not_after = (0..total)
+            .map(|i| (format!("d{i:04}.example.com"), 1_800_000_000 + i as u64))
+            .collect();
+        let rendered = render(&snapshot);
+
+        let exported = rendered
+            .lines()
+            .filter(|row| row.starts_with("dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_not_after_seconds{"))
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(exported, MAX_CERT_SERIES, "the cap did not hold");
+        // The real count still reaches the operator, so truncation is visible
+        // rather than silent.
+        assert!(rendered
+            .lines()
+            .any(|row| row == format!("dstack_gateway_cluster_cert_domains {total}")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_scrape_does_not_feed_the_counter_it_reports() {
+        // Process-wide statics: assert on deltas, never on absolute values.
+        let bucket = &DECODE_FAILURES[prefix_index("conn/probe")];
+        let before = bucket.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        {
+            let _guard = scrape_guard();
+            record_decode_failure("conn/probe");
+            // Nested guards must not end suppression early.
+            {
+                let _inner = scrape_guard();
+                record_decode_failure("conn/probe");
+            }
+            record_decode_failure("conn/probe");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            bucket.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            before,
+            "a scrape counted its own reads"
+        );
+
+        record_decode_failure("conn/probe");
+        assert_eq!(
+            bucket.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            before + 1,
+            "suppression outlived the scrape"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn recording_a_failure_moves_its_own_bucket_only() {
+        // Process-wide statics: assert on deltas, never on absolute values.
+        let before: Vec<u64> = DECODE_FAILURES
+            .iter()
+            .map(|counter| counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+            .collect();
+        record_decode_failure("dns_cred/abc");
+        let after: Vec<u64> = DECODE_FAILURES
+            .iter()
+            .map(|counter| counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+            .collect();
+
+        let moved = prefix_index("dns_cred/abc");
+        for (index, (before, after)) in before.iter().zip(after.iter()).enumerate() {
+            let expected = if index == moved { before + 1 } else { *before };
+            assert_eq!(*after, expected, "bucket {} moved unexpectedly", index);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/models.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/models.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7c82f0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/models.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::{AcmeInfoResponse, ProxyAccelStatus, StatusResponse};
+use rinja::Template;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{
+    net::Ipv4Addr,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+        Arc,
+    },
+    time::SystemTime,
+};
+
+use crate::kv::PortPolicy;
+
+mod filters {
+    pub fn hex(data: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> rinja::Result<String> {
+        Ok(hex::encode(data))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct InstanceInfo {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub ip: Ipv4Addr,
+    pub public_key: String,
+    pub reg_time: SystemTime,
+    /// Port policy. `None` means the CVM didn't report any (legacy);
+    /// gateway will lazily populate via Info() on first proxied connection.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub port_policy: Option<PortPolicy>,
+    /// Hex-encoded compose_hash that `port_policy` was learned against. The
+    /// cache is invalidated when a new registration presents a different hash.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub port_policy_hash: String,
+    /// Operator-set override (Admin RPC). Takes precedence over `port_policy`
+    /// when set; survives app upgrades.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub admin_port_policy: Option<PortPolicy>,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub connections: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+}
+
+impl InstanceInfo {
+    pub fn num_connections(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.connections.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Snapshot of an instance's port-policy state for admin inspection.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PortPolicyView {
+    /// What the instance most recently reported (registration or lazy fetch).
+    pub instance_reported: Option<PortPolicy>,
+    /// What the operator set via Admin RPC, if any.
+    pub admin_override: Option<PortPolicy>,
+}
+
+impl PortPolicyView {
+    /// The policy the proxy will actually enforce (admin override wins).
+    pub fn effective(&self) -> Option<&PortPolicy> {
+        self.admin_override
+            .as_ref()
+            .or(self.instance_reported.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    /// `"admin"`, `"instance"`, or `"none"`.
+    pub fn source(&self) -> &'static str {
+        if self.admin_override.is_some() {
+            "admin"
+        } else if self.instance_reported.is_some() {
+            "instance"
+        } else {
+            "none"
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Counting {
+    fn inc(&self);
+    fn dec(&self);
+    fn enter(self) -> EnteredCounter<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        EnteredCounter::new(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Counting for Arc<AtomicU64> {
+    fn inc(&self) {
+        self.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+    fn dec(&self) {
+        self.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Counting for &'_ AtomicU64 {
+    fn inc(&self) {
+        self.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+    fn dec(&self) {
+        self.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EnteredCounter<C: Counting = Arc<AtomicU64>>(C);
+impl<C: Counting> EnteredCounter<C> {
+    pub fn new(connections: C) -> Self {
+        connections.inc();
+        Self(connections)
+    }
+}
+impl<C: Counting> Drop for EnteredCounter<C> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.0.dec();
+    }
+}
+
+/// One `[Peer]` stanza of the rendered WireGuard config.
+///
+/// Built by the caller rather than borrowed straight from the instance table so
+/// that a record `wg` would refuse can be left out — the template renders with
+/// `escape = "none"`, and `wg syncconf` rejects the whole file on one bad line.
+pub struct WgPeer<'a> {
+    pub public_key: &'a str,
+    pub ip: Ipv4Addr,
+}
+
+#[derive(Template)]
+#[template(path = "wg.conf", escape = "none")]
+pub struct WgConf<'a> {
+    pub private_key: &'a str,
+    pub listen_port: u16,
+    pub peers: Vec<WgPeer<'a>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Template)]
+#[template(path = "dashboard.html")]
+pub struct Dashboard {
+    pub status: StatusResponse,
+    pub acme_info: AcmeInfoResponse,
+    /// Lifted out of `status` so the template does not have to unwrap the
+    /// proto's optional message on every field.
+    pub accel: ProxyAccelStatus,
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/pp.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/pp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..893e3f844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/pp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use proxy_protocol::{version1 as v1, version2 as v2, ProxyHeader};
+use tokio::{
+    io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt},
+    net::TcpStream,
+};
+
+use crate::config::ProxyConfig;
+
+const V1_PROTOCOL_PREFIX: &str = "PROXY";
+const V1_PREFIX_LEN: usize = 5;
+const V1_MAX_LENGTH: usize = 107;
+const V1_TERMINATOR: &[u8] = b"\r\n";
+
+const V2_PROTOCOL_PREFIX: &[u8] = b"\r\n\r\n\0\r\nQUIT\n";
+const V2_PREFIX_LEN: usize = 12;
+const V2_MINIMUM_LEN: usize = 16;
+const V2_LENGTH_INDEX: usize = 14;
+const READ_BUFFER_LEN: usize = 512;
+const V2_MAX_LENGTH: usize = 2048;
+
+/// Read or synthesize the inbound proxy protocol header.
+///
+/// When `inbound_pp_enabled` is true, reads a PP header from the stream (e.g. from an upstream
+/// load balancer). When false, synthesizes one from the TCP peer address.
+pub(crate) async fn get_inbound_pp_header(
+    inbound: TcpStream,
+    config: &ProxyConfig,
+) -> Result<(TcpStream, ProxyHeader)> {
+    if config.inbound_pp_enabled {
+        read_proxy_header(inbound).await
+    } else {
+        let header = create_inbound_pp_header(&inbound);
+        Ok((inbound, header))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DisplayAddr<'a>(pub &'a ProxyHeader);
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for DisplayAddr<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self.0 {
+            ProxyHeader::Version2 { addresses, .. } => match addresses {
+                v2::ProxyAddresses::Ipv4 { source, .. } => write!(f, "{}", source),
+                v2::ProxyAddresses::Ipv6 { source, .. } => write!(f, "{}", source),
+                v2::ProxyAddresses::Unix { .. } => write!(f, "<unix>"),
+                v2::ProxyAddresses::Unspec => write!(f, "<unspec>"),
+            },
+            ProxyHeader::Version1 { addresses, .. } => match addresses {
+                v1::ProxyAddresses::Ipv4 { source, .. } => write!(f, "{}", source),
+                v1::ProxyAddresses::Ipv6 { source, .. } => write!(f, "{}", source),
+                v1::ProxyAddresses::Unknown => write!(f, "<unknown>"),
+            },
+            _ => write!(f, "<unknown ver>"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_inbound_pp_header(inbound: &TcpStream) -> ProxyHeader {
+    let peer_addr = inbound.peer_addr().ok();
+    let local_addr = inbound.local_addr().ok();
+
+    match (peer_addr, local_addr) {
+        (Some(SocketAddr::V4(source)), Some(SocketAddr::V4(destination))) => {
+            ProxyHeader::Version2 {
+                command: v2::ProxyCommand::Proxy,
+                transport_protocol: v2::ProxyTransportProtocol::Stream,
+                addresses: v2::ProxyAddresses::Ipv4 {
+                    source,
+                    destination,
+                },
+            }
+        }
+        (Some(SocketAddr::V6(source)), Some(SocketAddr::V6(destination))) => {
+            ProxyHeader::Version2 {
+                command: v2::ProxyCommand::Proxy,
+                transport_protocol: v2::ProxyTransportProtocol::Stream,
+                addresses: v2::ProxyAddresses::Ipv6 {
+                    source,
+                    destination,
+                },
+            }
+        }
+        _ => ProxyHeader::Version2 {
+            command: v2::ProxyCommand::Proxy,
+            transport_protocol: v2::ProxyTransportProtocol::Stream,
+            addresses: v2::ProxyAddresses::Unspec,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+async fn read_proxy_header<I>(mut stream: I) -> Result<(I, ProxyHeader)>
+where
+    I: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    let mut buffer = [0; READ_BUFFER_LEN];
+    let mut dynamic_buffer = None;
+
+    stream.read_exact(&mut buffer[..V1_PREFIX_LEN]).await?;
+
+    if &buffer[..V1_PREFIX_LEN] == V1_PROTOCOL_PREFIX.as_bytes() {
+        read_v1_header(&mut stream, &mut buffer).await?;
+    } else {
+        stream
+            .read_exact(&mut buffer[V1_PREFIX_LEN..V2_MINIMUM_LEN])
+            .await?;
+        if &buffer[..V2_PREFIX_LEN] == V2_PROTOCOL_PREFIX {
+            dynamic_buffer = read_v2_header(&mut stream, &mut buffer).await?;
+        } else {
+            bail!("no valid proxy protocol header detected");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut buffer = dynamic_buffer.as_deref().unwrap_or(&buffer[..]);
+
+    let header =
+        proxy_protocol::parse(&mut buffer).context("failed to parse proxy protocol header")?;
+    Ok((stream, header))
+}
+
+async fn read_v2_header<I>(
+    mut stream: I,
+    buffer: &mut [u8; READ_BUFFER_LEN],
+) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>
+where
+    I: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    let length =
+        u16::from_be_bytes([buffer[V2_LENGTH_INDEX], buffer[V2_LENGTH_INDEX + 1]]) as usize;
+    let full_length = V2_MINIMUM_LEN + length;
+
+    if full_length > V2_MAX_LENGTH {
+        bail!("v2 proxy protocol header is too long");
+    }
+
+    if full_length > READ_BUFFER_LEN {
+        let mut dynamic_buffer = Vec::with_capacity(full_length);
+        dynamic_buffer.extend_from_slice(&buffer[..V2_MINIMUM_LEN]);
+        dynamic_buffer.resize(full_length, 0);
+        stream
+            .read_exact(&mut dynamic_buffer[V2_MINIMUM_LEN..full_length])
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(Some(dynamic_buffer))
+    } else {
+        stream
+            .read_exact(&mut buffer[V2_MINIMUM_LEN..full_length])
+            .await?;
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+}
+
+async fn read_v1_header<I>(mut stream: I, buffer: &mut [u8; READ_BUFFER_LEN]) -> Result<()>
+where
+    I: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    let mut end_found = false;
+    for i in V1_PREFIX_LEN..V1_MAX_LENGTH {
+        buffer[i] = stream.read_u8().await?;
+
+        if [buffer[i - 1], buffer[i]] == V1_TERMINATOR {
+            end_found = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if !end_found {
+        bail!("no valid proxy protocol header detected (v1 terminator not found)");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use proxy_protocol::{version1 as v1, version2 as v2, ProxyHeader};
+
+    fn extract_v4(header: ProxyHeader) -> (std::net::SocketAddrV4, std::net::SocketAddrV4) {
+        match header {
+            ProxyHeader::Version1 {
+                addresses:
+                    v1::ProxyAddresses::Ipv4 {
+                        source,
+                        destination,
+                    },
+                ..
+            } => (source, destination),
+            ProxyHeader::Version2 {
+                addresses:
+                    v2::ProxyAddresses::Ipv4 {
+                        source,
+                        destination,
+                    },
+                ..
+            } => (source, destination),
+            other => panic!("expected ipv4 header, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn parses_v1_ipv4() {
+        // v1 is ASCII: "PROXY TCP4 <src> <dst> <sport> <dport>\r\n"
+        let header = b"PROXY TCP4 1.2.3.4 5.6.7.8 11111 22222\r\n";
+        let (_stream, parsed) = read_proxy_header(&header[..]).await.expect("v1 parse");
+        let (src, dst) = extract_v4(parsed);
+        assert_eq!(src.ip().octets(), [1, 2, 3, 4]);
+        assert_eq!(src.port(), 11111);
+        assert_eq!(dst.ip().octets(), [5, 6, 7, 8]);
+        assert_eq!(dst.port(), 22222);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn parses_v2_ipv4() {
+        // v2 magic + ver/cmd 0x21 + family/proto 0x11 (TCP/IPv4) + len 12
+        let mut header = Vec::new();
+        header.extend_from_slice(V2_PROTOCOL_PREFIX);
+        header.extend_from_slice(&[0x21, 0x11, 0x00, 0x0c]);
+        header.extend_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3, 4]); // src ip
+        header.extend_from_slice(&[5, 6, 7, 8]); // dst ip
+        header.extend_from_slice(&11111u16.to_be_bytes()); // src port
+        header.extend_from_slice(&22222u16.to_be_bytes()); // dst port
+
+        let (_stream, parsed) = read_proxy_header(&header[..]).await.expect("v2 parse");
+        let (src, dst) = extract_v4(parsed);
+        assert_eq!(src.ip().octets(), [1, 2, 3, 4]);
+        assert_eq!(src.port(), 11111);
+        assert_eq!(dst.ip().octets(), [5, 6, 7, 8]);
+        assert_eq!(dst.port(), 22222);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rejects_no_prefix() {
+        // Looks neither like v1 ("PROXY") nor v2 magic.
+        let bytes = b"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n";
+        let err = read_proxy_header(&bytes[..]).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:#}").contains("no valid proxy protocol header"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rejects_v1_without_terminator() {
+        // PROXY prefix matched but no \r\n terminator within V1_MAX_LENGTH bytes.
+        let bytes = vec![b'P'; V1_MAX_LENGTH + 8]; // all 'P' — never closes
+        let mut head = b"PROXY".to_vec();
+        head.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(b'A', V1_MAX_LENGTH));
+        let err = read_proxy_header(&head[..]).await.unwrap_err();
+        let msg = format!("{err:#}");
+        assert!(
+            msg.contains("v1 terminator not found") || msg.contains("no valid proxy"),
+            "unexpected error: {msg}"
+        );
+        // Sanity: the longer no-terminator buffer would also fail (read past)
+        let _ = bytes;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rejects_v2_oversize_length() {
+        // v2 prefix with a length field exceeding V2_MAX_LENGTH.
+        let mut header = Vec::new();
+        header.extend_from_slice(V2_PROTOCOL_PREFIX);
+        header.extend_from_slice(&[0x21, 0x11]);
+        // length = V2_MAX_LENGTH bytes -> total = MIN + that, blows the cap
+        header.extend_from_slice(&(V2_MAX_LENGTH as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        let err = read_proxy_header(&header[..]).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:#}").contains("too long"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn synthesizes_unspec_when_no_addrs() {
+        // We can't construct a real TcpStream in a unit test cheaply; just
+        // assert the helper returns Unspec for the all-None branch by going
+        // through the public Display impl.
+        let header = ProxyHeader::Version2 {
+            command: v2::ProxyCommand::Proxy,
+            transport_protocol: v2::ProxyTransportProtocol::Stream,
+            addresses: v2::ProxyAddresses::Unspec,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", DisplayAddr(&header)), "<unspec>");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display_v2_ipv4_source() {
+        let header = ProxyHeader::Version2 {
+            command: v2::ProxyCommand::Proxy,
+            transport_protocol: v2::ProxyTransportProtocol::Stream,
+            addresses: v2::ProxyAddresses::Ipv4 {
+                source: "9.8.7.6:1234".parse().unwrap(),
+                destination: "1.2.3.4:80".parse().unwrap(),
+            },
+        };
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", DisplayAddr(&header)), "9.8.7.6:1234");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58d73d7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    net::Ipv4Addr,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+        Arc,
+    },
+    task::Poll,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use sni::extract_sni;
+pub(crate) use tls_passthough::AppAddressResolver;
+pub(crate) use tls_terminate::create_acceptor_with_cert_resolver;
+use tokio::{
+    io::AsyncReadExt,
+    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
+    runtime::Runtime,
+    time::timeout,
+};
+use tracing::{debug, debug_span, error, info, warn, Instrument};
+
+use crate::{
+    config::ProxyConfig,
+    main_service::Proxy,
+    models::EnteredCounter,
+    pp::{get_inbound_pp_header, DisplayAddr},
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct AddressInfo {
+    pub ip: Ipv4Addr,
+    pub counter: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+    /// Instance id this address belongs to. Used to look up per-instance state
+    /// (e.g. port_policy) after the racing connect picks a winner.
+    pub instance_id: String,
+}
+
+pub(crate) type AddressGroup = smallvec::SmallVec<[AddressInfo; 4]>;
+
+mod adaptive_ktls;
+mod balance;
+mod idle;
+mod io_bridge;
+pub(crate) mod port_policy;
+mod reuseport;
+mod sni;
+mod splice;
+pub(crate) mod stats;
+mod tls_passthough;
+mod tls_terminate;
+
+async fn take_sni(stream: &mut TcpStream) -> Result<(Option<String>, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let mut buffer = vec![0u8; 4096];
+    let mut data_len = 0;
+    loop {
+        // read data from stream
+        let n = stream
+            .read(&mut buffer[data_len..])
+            .await
+            .context("failed to read from incoming tcp stream")?;
+        if n == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        data_len += n;
+
+        if let Some(sni) = extract_sni(&buffer[..data_len]) {
+            let sni = String::from_utf8(sni.to_vec()).context("sni: invalid utf-8")?;
+            debug!("got sni: {sni}");
+            buffer.truncate(data_len);
+            return Ok((Some(sni), buffer));
+        }
+    }
+    buffer.truncate(data_len);
+    Ok((None, buffer))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct DstInfo {
+    app_id: String,
+    port: u16,
+    is_tls: bool,
+    is_h2: bool,
+}
+
+fn parse_dst_info(subdomain: &str) -> Result<DstInfo> {
+    let mut parts = subdomain.split('-');
+    let app_id = parts.next().context("no app id found")?.to_owned();
+    if app_id.is_empty() {
+        bail!("app id is empty");
+    }
+    let last_part = parts.next();
+    let is_tls;
+    let port;
+    let is_h2;
+    match last_part {
+        None => {
+            is_tls = false;
+            is_h2 = false;
+            port = None;
+        }
+        Some(last_part) => {
+            let (port_str, has_g) = match last_part.strip_suffix('g') {
+                Some(without_g) => (without_g, true),
+                None => (last_part, false),
+            };
+
+            let (port_str, has_s) = match port_str.strip_suffix('s') {
+                Some(without_s) => (without_s, true),
+                None => (port_str, false),
+            };
+            if has_g && has_s {
+                bail!("invalid sni format: `gs` is not allowed");
+            }
+            is_h2 = has_g;
+            is_tls = has_s;
+            port = if port_str.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(port_str.parse::<u16>().context("invalid port")?)
+            };
+        }
+    };
+    let port = port.unwrap_or(if is_tls { 443 } else { 80 });
+    if parts.next().is_some() {
+        bail!("invalid sni format");
+    }
+    Ok(DstInfo {
+        app_id,
+        port,
+        is_tls,
+        is_h2,
+    })
+}
+
+pub static NUM_CONNECTIONS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+
+async fn handle_connection(inbound: TcpStream, state: Proxy) -> Result<()> {
+    let timeouts = &state.config.proxy.timeouts;
+
+    let pp_fut = get_inbound_pp_header(inbound, &state.config.proxy);
+    let (mut inbound, pp_header) = timeout(timeouts.pp_header, pp_fut)
+        .await
+        .context("proxy protocol header timeout")?
+        .context("failed to read proxy protocol header")?;
+    debug!("client address: {}", DisplayAddr(&pp_header));
+
+    let (sni, buffer) = timeout(timeouts.handshake, take_sni(&mut inbound))
+        .await
+        .context("take sni timeout")?
+        .context("failed to take sni")?;
+    let Some(sni) = sni else {
+        bail!("no sni found");
+    };
+
+    let (subdomain, base_domain) = sni.split_once('.').context("invalid sni")?;
+    if state.cert_resolver.get().contains_wildcard(base_domain) {
+        let dst = parse_dst_info(subdomain)?;
+        debug!("dst: {dst:?}");
+        if dst.is_tls {
+            tls_passthough::proxy_to_app(state, inbound, pp_header, buffer, &dst.app_id, dst.port)
+                .await
+        } else {
+            state
+                .proxy(inbound, pp_header, buffer, &dst.app_id, dst.port, dst.is_h2)
+                .await
+        }
+    } else {
+        tls_passthough::proxy_with_sni(state, inbound, pp_header, buffer, &sni).await
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bind one listener per configured port.
+///
+/// With `reuse_port` every worker binds its own listener on the same port and
+/// the kernel spreads incoming connections across them, so each worker can
+/// accept and serve its connections without any cross-thread handoff.
+/// Accept queue depth. tokio's default is 1024, which is where SYN drops start
+/// under connection bursts; both listen paths use this so they behave alike.
+const LISTEN_BACKLOG: i32 = 4096;
+
+async fn bind_listeners(config: &ProxyConfig, reuse_port: bool) -> Result<Vec<TcpListener>> {
+    let mut tcp_listeners = Vec::new();
+    for &port in &config.listen_port {
+        let listener = {
+            let addr = std::net::SocketAddr::from((config.listen_addr, port));
+            let socket = socket2::Socket::new(
+                socket2::Domain::IPV4,
+                socket2::Type::STREAM,
+                Some(socket2::Protocol::TCP),
+            )
+            .context("failed to create listening socket")?;
+            if reuse_port {
+                socket
+                    .set_reuse_port(true)
+                    .context("failed to set SO_REUSEPORT")?;
+            }
+            socket.set_reuse_address(true).ok();
+            socket.set_nonblocking(true).ok();
+            socket
+                .bind(&addr.into())
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind {addr}"))?;
+            socket.listen(LISTEN_BACKLOG).context("failed to listen")?;
+            TcpListener::from_std(std::net::TcpListener::from(socket))
+                .context("failed to register listener with tokio")?
+        };
+        info!("tcp bridge listening on {}:{}", config.listen_addr, port);
+        tcp_listeners.push(listener);
+    }
+    Ok(tcp_listeners)
+}
+
+#[inline(never)]
+pub async fn proxy_main(rt: &Runtime, config: &ProxyConfig, proxy: Proxy) -> Result<()> {
+    let tcp_listeners = bind_listeners(config, false).await?;
+    accept_loop(tcp_listeners, proxy, Some(rt), None).await
+}
+
+/// The per-connection task: everything a single proxied connection does.
+/// Was this failure just the peer hanging up?
+///
+/// Clients disconnecting mid-connection is routine -- a browser navigating away,
+/// a mobile network dropping, a load generator ending its run. Logging those at
+/// error level buries the failures that are actually the gateway's fault: a 40
+/// minute soak produced 379 such lines and no real errors.
+fn is_peer_disconnect(err: &anyhow::Error) -> bool {
+    err.chain().any(|cause| {
+        cause.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>().is_some_and(|io| {
+            matches!(
+                io.kind(),
+                std::io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset
+                    | std::io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe
+                    | std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof
+                    | std::io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted
+            )
+        })
+    })
+}
+
+fn conn_task(
+    inbound: TcpStream,
+    from: std::net::SocketAddr,
+    proxy: Proxy,
+    slot: Option<balance::CoreSlot>,
+) -> impl std::future::Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static {
+    let span = debug_span!("conn", id = next_connection_id());
+    let conn_entered = EnteredCounter::new(&NUM_CONNECTIONS);
+    async move {
+        let _conn_entered = conn_entered;
+        let _slot = slot;
+        debug!(%from, "new connection");
+        let timeouts = &proxy.config.proxy.timeouts;
+        match timeout(timeouts.total, handle_connection(inbound, proxy)).await {
+            Ok(Ok(_)) => debug!("connection closed"),
+            Ok(Err(e)) if is_peer_disconnect(&e) => debug!("peer disconnected: {e:#}"),
+            Ok(Err(e)) => error!("connection error: {e:#}"),
+            Err(_) => error!("connection kept too long, force closing"),
+        }
+    }
+    .instrument(span)
+}
+
+/// Accept connections forever.
+///
+/// `rt` selects where connections run: `Some(worker_rt)` hands them to a shared
+/// multi-threaded runtime, `None` keeps them on the calling thread's own
+/// runtime (thread-per-core), which avoids the cross-thread handoff and the
+/// work-stealing migrations that come with it.
+async fn accept_loop(
+    tcp_listeners: Vec<TcpListener>,
+    proxy: Proxy,
+    rt: Option<&Runtime>,
+    mut balance: Option<(
+        balance::Balancer,
+        tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<balance::Handoff>,
+    )>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if tcp_listeners.is_empty() {
+        bail!("no tcp listen ports configured");
+    }
+    let poll_counter = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+    loop {
+        // Accept from any TCP listener via round-robin poll.
+        let poll_start = poll_counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let n = tcp_listeners.len();
+        let accept_next = std::future::poll_fn(|cx| {
+            for j in 0..n {
+                let i = (poll_start + j) % n;
+                if let Poll::Ready(result) = tcp_listeners[i].poll_accept(cx) {
+                    return Poll::Ready(result);
+                }
+            }
+            Poll::Pending
+        });
+        // Also take connections other cores decided to give us.
+        let accepted: std::io::Result<(TcpStream, std::net::SocketAddr)> = match balance.as_mut() {
+            Some((_, rx)) => {
+                tokio::select! {
+                    r = accept_next => r,
+                    Some((raw, from, slot)) = rx.recv() => {
+                        // Register the handed-over socket with *this* core's reactor.
+                        match TcpStream::from_std(raw) {
+                            Ok(stream) => {
+                                let task = conn_task(stream, from, proxy.clone(), Some(slot));
+                                tokio::spawn(task);
+                            }
+                            Err(e) => error!("failed to adopt handed-over connection: {e}"),
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            None => accept_next.await,
+        };
+        match accepted {
+            Ok((inbound, from)) => {
+                // Disable Nagle: this is a latency-sensitive proxy and small
+                // request/response traffic otherwise stalls on delayed ACKs.
+                let _ = inbound.set_nodelay(true);
+                // In thread-per-core mode, hand the connection to a less loaded
+                // core when this one is running ahead; SO_REUSEPORT's hash can
+                // leave a core starved and it cannot be fixed later.
+                let placed: Option<(TcpStream, Option<balance::CoreSlot>)> = match balance.as_ref()
+                {
+                    Some((b, _)) => b.place(inbound, from).map(|(s, slot)| (s, Some(slot))),
+                    None => Some((inbound, None)),
+                };
+                if let Some((inbound, slot)) = placed {
+                    let task = conn_task(inbound, from, proxy.clone(), slot);
+                    match rt {
+                        Some(rt) => {
+                            rt.spawn(task);
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            tokio::spawn(task);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                error!("failed to accept connection: {e:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn next_connection_id() -> usize {
+    static COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+    COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+}
+
+pub fn start(config: ProxyConfig, app_state: Proxy) -> Result<()> {
+    if config.thread_per_core {
+        // Probe SO_REUSEPORT before committing: it is the one prerequisite the
+        // thread-per-core model cannot work without, and failing to serve at all
+        // is far worse than losing the optimisation.
+        match probe_reuse_port(&config) {
+            Ok(()) => return start_thread_per_core(config, app_state),
+            Err(err) => warn!(
+                "thread_per_core requested but SO_REUSEPORT is unavailable ({err:#}); \
+                 falling back to the shared-runtime proxy"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+    if config.connection_rebalance {
+        // It is only wired up by the thread-per-core path: there is nothing to
+        // rebalance between when every connection lands on a shared runtime.
+        warn!(
+            "connection_rebalance is set but has no effect without thread_per_core; \
+             the shared-runtime proxy balances connections through its scheduler"
+        );
+    }
+    std::thread::Builder::new()
+        .name("proxy-main".to_string())
+        .spawn(move || {
+            // Create a new single-threaded runtime
+            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+                .enable_all()
+                .build()
+                .or_panic("Failed to build Tokio runtime");
+
+            let worker_rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
+                .thread_name("proxy-worker")
+                .enable_all()
+                .worker_threads(config.workers)
+                .build()
+                .or_panic("Failed to build Tokio runtime");
+
+            // Run the proxy_main function in this runtime
+            if let Err(err) = rt.block_on(proxy_main(&worker_rt, &config, app_state)) {
+                error!(
+                    "error on {}:{:?}: {err:?}",
+                    config.listen_addr, config.listen_port
+                );
+            }
+        })
+        .context("Failed to spawn proxy-main thread")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Check that a `SO_REUSEPORT` listener can actually be created and bound.
+fn probe_reuse_port(config: &ProxyConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    let port = *config
+        .listen_port
+        .first()
+        .context("no tcp listen ports configured")?;
+    let addr = std::net::SocketAddr::from((config.listen_addr, port));
+    let socket = socket2::Socket::new(
+        socket2::Domain::IPV4,
+        socket2::Type::STREAM,
+        Some(socket2::Protocol::TCP),
+    )
+    .context("failed to create probe socket")?;
+    socket
+        .set_reuse_port(true)
+        .context("SO_REUSEPORT not supported")?;
+    socket.set_reuse_address(true).ok();
+    socket
+        .bind(&addr.into())
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind {addr} with SO_REUSEPORT"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Turn kTLS off when the kernel cannot provide it.
+///
+/// Without the TLS ULP an immediate offload fails every handshake, which is at
+/// least loud. A gated offload is worse: the connection is served from
+/// userspace up to the threshold and only then fails, so the client gets a
+/// successful response truncated at exactly the gate. Both are worse than never
+/// offloading, and whether the ULP is there is not something the config can
+/// know -- so ask the kernel once, at startup, before the acceptor is built
+/// (that is also what decides whether rustls extracts session secrets at all).
+///
+/// This only establishes that the ULP exists. A cipher suite the kernel does
+/// not implement still fails per connection, at offload time.
+pub fn disable_ktls_if_unsupported(config: &mut ProxyConfig) {
+    if config.ktls.is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Err(err) = probe_ktls() {
+        warn!(
+            "kTLS is configured but unavailable ({err:#}); \
+             falling back to userspace TLS record encryption"
+        );
+        config.ktls = None;
+        stats::mark_ktls_unsupported();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check that the kernel exposes the TLS upper-layer protocol.
+///
+/// `TCP_ULP` is only accepted on an established socket, so this sets up a
+/// throwaway loopback connection instead of probing a fresh one, which would
+/// fail with `ENOTCONN` whether or not the ULP exists.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn probe_ktls() -> Result<()> {
+    use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, TcpListener, TcpStream};
+    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+
+    /// `include/uapi/linux/tcp.h`; not exposed by the `libc` crate.
+    const TCP_ULP: libc::c_int = 31;
+
+    let listener =
+        TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).context("failed to bind the probe listener")?;
+    let addr = listener
+        .local_addr()
+        .context("failed to read the probe listener address")?;
+    let client = TcpStream::connect(addr).context("failed to connect the probe socket")?;
+    let _server = listener
+        .accept()
+        .context("failed to accept the probe socket")?;
+
+    let name = c"tls";
+    // SAFETY: `name` outlives the call and `len` matches it, NUL included.
+    let rc = unsafe {
+        libc::setsockopt(
+            client.as_raw_fd(),
+            libc::IPPROTO_TCP,
+            TCP_ULP,
+            name.as_ptr().cast(),
+            name.to_bytes_with_nul().len() as libc::socklen_t,
+        )
+    };
+    if rc != 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
+            .context("kernel rejected the TLS ULP (is CONFIG_TLS enabled?)");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+fn probe_ktls() -> Result<()> {
+    bail!("kernel TLS is only available on Linux")
+}
+
+/// Thread-per-core proxy: `workers` threads, each with its own single-threaded
+/// runtime and its own `SO_REUSEPORT` listener.
+///
+/// The kernel load-balances new connections across the listeners, and a
+/// connection is accepted and served entirely on one thread. That removes the
+/// accept-thread -> worker handoff and the work-stealing scheduler's task
+/// migrations, which together accounted for ~0.6 context switches per request
+/// in the default model.
+fn start_thread_per_core(config: ProxyConfig, app_state: Proxy) -> Result<()> {
+    let workers = config.workers.max(1);
+    // Bind every listener here, in order, rather than letting each thread bind
+    // its own. The CBPF steering program that originally needed a known group
+    // order is gone (see `super::reuseport`), but binding in one place is kept:
+    // it keeps listener-to-core assignment deterministic across restarts, and it
+    // fails startup as a whole if any bind fails, instead of leaving some cores
+    // serving and others dead.
+    let mut per_worker: Vec<Vec<std::net::TcpListener>> =
+        (0..workers).map(|_| Vec::new()).collect();
+    for &port in &config.listen_port {
+        let addr = std::net::SocketAddr::from((config.listen_addr, port));
+        let group = reuseport::bind_group(addr, workers, LISTEN_BACKLOG)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind reuseport group on {addr}"))?;
+        info!(
+            "tcp bridge listening on {}:{} across {} listeners",
+            config.listen_addr, port, workers
+        );
+        for (i, l) in group.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            per_worker[i].push(l);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Per-core balancers share the connection counts; each core also gets the
+    // receiving end of its handoff channel.
+    let (balancers, receivers) = if config.connection_rebalance {
+        let (b, r) = balance::Balancer::build(workers);
+        (
+            b.into_iter().map(Some).collect(),
+            r.into_iter().map(Some).collect(),
+        )
+    } else {
+        (
+            (0..workers).map(|_| None).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            (0..workers).map(|_| None).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    let config = Arc::new(config);
+    for (i, ((std_listeners, balancer), receiver)) in per_worker
+        .into_iter()
+        .zip(balancers)
+        .zip(receivers)
+        .enumerate()
+    {
+        let config = config.clone();
+        let app_state = app_state.clone();
+        std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .name(format!("proxy-core-{i}"))
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+                    .enable_all()
+                    .build()
+                    .or_panic("Failed to build Tokio runtime");
+                let result = rt.block_on(async {
+                    let mut listeners = Vec::with_capacity(std_listeners.len());
+                    for l in std_listeners {
+                        listeners.push(
+                            TcpListener::from_std(l)
+                                .context("failed to register listener with tokio")?,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    let bal = balancer.zip(receiver);
+                    accept_loop(listeners, app_state, None, bal).await
+                });
+                if let Err(err) = result {
+                    error!(
+                        "proxy core {i} error on {}:{:?}: {err:?}",
+                        config.listen_addr, config.listen_port
+                    );
+                }
+            })
+            .with_context(|| format!("Failed to spawn proxy-core-{i} thread"))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn default_proxy_config() -> ProxyConfig {
+        crate::config::load_config_figment(None)
+            .focus("core.proxy")
+            .extract()
+            .expect("the shipped default config should parse")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ktls_probe_leaves_an_unconfigured_gateway_alone() {
+        let mut config = default_proxy_config();
+        config.ktls = None;
+        disable_ktls_if_unsupported(&mut config);
+        assert!(config.ktls.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ktls_survives_the_probe_only_when_the_kernel_supports_it() {
+        let mut config = default_proxy_config();
+        config.ktls = Some(crate::config::EngageAfter::default());
+        disable_ktls_if_unsupported(&mut config);
+        // Whichever way this kernel answers, the config must agree with it:
+        // keeping kTLS on a kernel without the ULP is what truncates responses
+        // at the gate.
+        assert_eq!(config.ktls.is_some(), probe_ktls().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_destination() {
+        // Test basic app_id only
+        let result = parse_dst_info("myapp").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
+        assert_eq!(result.port, 80);
+        assert!(!result.is_tls);
+
+        // Test app_id with custom port
+        let result = parse_dst_info("myapp-8080").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
+        assert_eq!(result.port, 8080);
+        assert!(!result.is_tls);
+
+        // Test app_id with TLS
+        let result = parse_dst_info("myapp-443s").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
+        assert_eq!(result.port, 443);
+        assert!(result.is_tls);
+
+        // Test app_id with custom port and TLS
+        let result = parse_dst_info("myapp-8443s").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
+        assert_eq!(result.port, 8443);
+        assert!(result.is_tls);
+
+        // Test default port but ends with s
+        let result = parse_dst_info("myapps").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapps");
+        assert_eq!(result.port, 80);
+        assert!(!result.is_tls);
+
+        // Test default port but ends with s in port part
+        let result = parse_dst_info("myapp-s").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
+        assert_eq!(result.port, 443);
+        assert!(result.is_tls);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/adaptive_ktls.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/adaptive_ktls.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7b951585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/adaptive_ktls.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Traffic-triggered kernel TLS offload.
+//!
+//! Measurements show the two halves of kTLS pull in opposite directions:
+//! enabling it costs ~30% of connection setup rate (secret extraction plus
+//! kernel ULP setup per connection) but wins ~25% on bulk throughput once
+//! combined with splice. Short request/response connections therefore pay the
+//! setup cost and never earn it back.
+//!
+//! This module keeps the connection in userspace rustls after the handshake and
+//! only hands it to the kernel once it has proven itself: once the configured
+//! [`EngageAfter`] gate fires, the stream is drained at a TLS record boundary
+//! and switched to kTLS + splice for the remainder.
+//!
+//! Handing over mid-stream is sound because the secrets rustls exports carry
+//! the current record sequence numbers, and `CorkStream` exists precisely to
+//! stop reads at a record boundary so nothing is left half-parsed.
+
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use ktls::CorkStream;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio_rustls::server::TlsStream;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use super::idle::IdleWatchdog;
+use super::splice::{splice_bidirectional, CloseKind};
+use super::tls_terminate::SocketParts;
+use crate::config::{EngageAfter, SpliceConfig};
+
+/// Why the userspace relay phase stopped.
+enum Phase {
+    /// The connection proved itself worth the offload.
+    Gated,
+    /// One side closed before the gate fired.
+    Eof,
+}
+
+/// Relay both directions in userspace until either side closes or `gate` fires.
+async fn relay_until<S>(
+    tls: &mut S,
+    upstream: &mut TcpStream,
+    gate: &EngageAfter,
+    idle: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<Phase>
+where
+    S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    let (mut tr, mut tw) = tokio::io::split(tls);
+    let (mut ur, mut uw) = upstream.split();
+    let mut down = vec![0u8; 32 * 1024];
+    let mut up = vec![0u8; 32 * 1024];
+    let mut moved: u64 = 0;
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    let mut watchdog: Option<IdleWatchdog> = match idle {
+        Some(idle) => {
+            let mut w = IdleWatchdog::new(idle);
+            w.tick().await; // the first tick completes immediately
+            Some(w)
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+
+    let phase = loop {
+        // One side closing is not the end of the connection: a client that ends
+        // its request with close_notify still expects the response. Propagate
+        // the EOF to that direction's peer, then drain the other direction
+        // before giving up on the connection.
+        macro_rules! finish_one {
+            ($closing:expr, $r:expr, $w:expr, $buf:expr) => {{
+                $closing.shutdown().await.ok();
+                loop {
+                    let n = tokio::select! {
+                        () = async { match watchdog.as_mut() {
+                            Some(w) => w.tick().await,
+                            None => std::future::pending().await,
+                        } } => {
+                            // The drain is watched too: a backend that accepts the
+                            // request and then never answers would otherwise hold
+                            // the connection until `timeouts.total`.
+                            if watchdog.as_mut().is_some_and(|w| w.stalled(moved)) {
+                                bail!("idle timeout");
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        r = $r.read(&mut $buf) => r.context("read error")?,
+                    };
+                    if n == 0 {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    // Not `write_all`: it is not cancel-safe, so it cannot sit
+                    // in a `select!`, and leaving it outside meant a client
+                    // that stopped reading blocked the drain in its write with
+                    // the watchdog unpolled -- the mirror of the silent-backend
+                    // stall, and just as good for holding a connection to
+                    // `timeouts.total`. Single `write` calls are cancel-safe
+                    // (nothing is written when the other branch wins), so the
+                    // partial-write loop is ours to drive.
+                    let mut written = 0usize;
+                    while written < n {
+                        let count = tokio::select! {
+                            () = async { match watchdog.as_mut() {
+                                Some(w) => w.tick().await,
+                                None => std::future::pending().await,
+                            } } => {
+                                if watchdog.as_mut().is_some_and(|w| w.stalled(moved)) {
+                                    bail!("idle timeout");
+                                }
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            r = $w.write(&$buf[written..n]) => r.context("write error")?,
+                        };
+                        if count == 0 {
+                            bail!("write accepted no bytes");
+                        }
+                        written += count;
+                        // Per partial write, so a peer draining slowly still
+                        // counts as progress and is not reaped for being slow.
+                        moved += count as u64;
+                    }
+                }
+                $w.shutdown().await.ok();
+                break Phase::Eof;
+            }};
+        }
+        tokio::select! {
+            () = async { match watchdog.as_mut() {
+                Some(w) => w.tick().await,
+                // No idle timeout configured: this arm must never win.
+                None => std::future::pending().await,
+            } } => {
+                if watchdog.as_mut().is_some_and(|w| w.stalled(moved)) {
+                    bail!("idle timeout");
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            r = tr.read(&mut down) => {
+                let n = r.context("read from client failed")?;
+                if n == 0 { finish_one!(uw, ur, tw, up); }
+                uw.write_all(&down[..n]).await.context("write to app failed")?;
+                moved += n as u64;
+            }
+            r = ur.read(&mut up) => {
+                let n = r.context("read from app failed")?;
+                if n == 0 { finish_one!(tw, tr, uw, down); }
+                tw.write_all(&up[..n]).await.context("write to client failed")?;
+                moved += n as u64;
+            }
+        }
+        if gate.reached(moved, start) {
+            // Flush before handing the socket to the kernel so no plaintext is
+            // still sitting in a rustls write buffer.
+            tw.flush().await.context("flush before offload failed")?;
+            break Phase::Gated;
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(phase)
+}
+
+/// Relay a freshly accepted TLS connection, upgrading it to kTLS + splice once
+/// the kTLS gate fires. `splice` supplies the relay settings used afterwards.
+pub(crate) async fn relay_with_adaptive_offload<IO>(
+    mut tls: TlsStream<CorkStream<IO>>,
+    mut upstream: TcpStream,
+    ktls: &EngageAfter,
+    splice: &SpliceConfig,
+    idle: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    IO: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin + std::os::fd::AsRawFd + ktls::AsyncReadReady,
+    IO: SocketParts,
+{
+    match relay_until(&mut tls, &mut upstream, ktls, idle).await? {
+        Phase::Eof => return Ok(()),
+        Phase::Gated => {}
+    }
+    debug!("offloading connection to kTLS after {ktls:?}");
+
+    // config_ktls_server corks the stream, drains rustls to a record boundary
+    // and installs the current traffic secrets into the kernel.
+    let ktls_stream = super::stats::record_ktls_offload(ktls::config_ktls_server(tls).await)
+        .context("failed to switch connection to kernel TLS")?;
+    let (drained, io) = ktls_stream.into_raw();
+    if let Some(drained) = drained {
+        if !drained.is_empty() {
+            upstream
+                .write_all(&drained)
+                .await
+                .context("failed to flush drained data to app")?;
+        }
+    }
+    // Same rule as the immediate offload path: the sniff remainder is raw
+    // ciphertext, so it can neither be forwarded to the app nor pushed back
+    // into a socket the kernel now owns. A completed handshake always consumes
+    // it, so this is unreachable -- refuse rather than corrupt a stream if it
+    // ever is not.
+    let (buffered, tcp) = io.into_socket_parts();
+    if !buffered.is_empty() {
+        bail!(
+            "{} bytes of unconsumed ciphertext at kTLS handover",
+            buffered.len()
+        );
+    }
+    // The client side is now a kTLS socket, so its close needs a close_notify.
+    splice_bidirectional(
+        tcp,
+        upstream,
+        splice.release_idle_pipes,
+        idle,
+        CloseKind::KernelTls,
+    )
+    .await
+    .context("splice after kTLS offload failed")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+    async fn connected_pair() -> (TcpStream, TcpStream) {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let client = TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+        let (server, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        (client, server)
+    }
+
+    /// A gate no test connection reaches, so the relay stays in the userspace
+    /// phase for the whole exchange. `relay_until` is generic over the client
+    /// stream, so a plain socket stands in for the TLS one and the half-close
+    /// handling is exercised without a handshake.
+    fn ungated() -> EngageAfter {
+        EngageAfter {
+            after_bytes: Some(1 << 30),
+            after_duration: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn response_survives_a_client_half_close_before_the_gate() {
+        let (mut client, mut tls_side) = connected_pair().await;
+        let (mut upstream, mut backend) = connected_pair().await;
+        let relay = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            relay_until(&mut tls_side, &mut upstream, &ungated(), None).await
+        });
+
+        client.write_all(b"ping").await.unwrap();
+        client.shutdown().await.unwrap();
+
+        let mut req = vec![0u8; 4];
+        backend.read_exact(&mut req).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&req, b"ping");
+        let mut trailing = Vec::new();
+        backend.read_to_end(&mut trailing).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(trailing.is_empty());
+        backend.write_all(b"pong").await.unwrap();
+        drop(backend);
+
+        let mut resp = Vec::new();
+        client.read_to_end(&mut resp).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(resp, b"pong", "client lost the response after half-closing");
+        assert!(matches!(relay.await.unwrap().unwrap(), Phase::Eof));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn request_survives_an_app_half_close_before_the_gate() {
+        let (mut client, mut tls_side) = connected_pair().await;
+        let (mut upstream, mut backend) = connected_pair().await;
+        let relay = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            relay_until(&mut tls_side, &mut upstream, &ungated(), None).await
+        });
+
+        backend.write_all(b"early").await.unwrap();
+        backend.shutdown().await.unwrap();
+
+        let mut resp = vec![0u8; 5];
+        client.read_exact(&mut resp).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&resp, b"early");
+
+        client.write_all(b"late").await.unwrap();
+        drop(client);
+
+        let mut got = Vec::new();
+        backend.read_to_end(&mut got).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got, b"late", "app lost the request after half-closing");
+        assert!(matches!(relay.await.unwrap().unwrap(), Phase::Eof));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/balance.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/balance.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a065c4ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/balance.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Evening out connections across the thread-per-core workers.
+//!
+//! `SO_REUSEPORT` assigns a connection to a listener by hashing its 4-tuple, and
+//! thread-per-core cannot move a connection afterwards, so a core that draws few
+//! connections idles while its neighbours saturate. Measured at 16 connections
+//! over 4 cores, utilisation came out like `[99, 42, 101, 101]` and throughput
+//! varied 46% between restarts on nothing but how the hash fell.
+//!
+//! Steering the kernel's choice was tried first and failed (see
+//! [`super::reuseport`]). This instead lets the accepting core hand the
+//! connection to a less loaded one. The cost is a channel send per *rebalanced
+//! connection* -- not per connection, and never per request -- so the
+//! thread-per-core property that made this model fast in the first place is kept
+//! for everything already in flight.
+//!
+//! This is the same shape as HAProxy's multi-queue accept, which picks the least
+//! loaded of three candidate threads and pushes the connection onto its ring.
+//! Two of its choices were tried here and did not transfer: capping accepts per
+//! wakeup (its `maxaccept`) and routing every connection through the channel even
+//! when it stays local both measured within noise. Its shared listening socket
+//! measured clearly worse for us -- 227k against 245k at 16 connections -- since
+//! every worker's reactor then wakes on every connection. Its own numbers say the
+//! same thing from the other side: put HAProxy on per-thread reuseport listeners
+//! (`shards by-thread`) and it drops 15%, below our thread-per-core.
+
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+
+/// A connection accounted to one core, released when the connection ends.
+pub(crate) struct CoreSlot {
+    counts: Arc<Vec<AtomicUsize>>,
+    core: usize,
+}
+
+impl CoreSlot {
+    fn claim(counts: Arc<Vec<AtomicUsize>>, core: usize) -> Self {
+        counts[core].fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        Self { counts, core }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for CoreSlot {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.counts[self.core].fetch_sub(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A connection handed over from another core.
+///
+/// Carried as a `std::net::TcpStream`, deliberately: a tokio `TcpStream` stays
+/// registered with the reactor that accepted it, so moving the object to another
+/// core would leave its readiness handling behind and cost a cross-core hop on
+/// every read and write for the life of the connection. Handing over the plain
+/// socket lets the target core register it with its own reactor.
+pub(crate) type Handoff = (std::net::TcpStream, SocketAddr, CoreSlot);
+
+/// Per-core view of the shared connection counts and handoff channels.
+pub(crate) struct Balancer {
+    counts: Arc<Vec<AtomicUsize>>,
+    senders: Arc<Vec<mpsc::Sender<Handoff>>>,
+    me: usize,
+}
+
+/// Handoffs a core may have waiting before others stop offering it work.
+///
+/// The queue is bounded on purpose. A core only receives connections while it
+/// is the *least* loaded, so in steady state this never fills. What it protects
+/// against is a core that stops draining -- wedged or gone: with an unbounded
+/// queue the others keep succeeding at `send`, and every connection they hand
+/// over sits unserved until `timeouts.total` while its `CoreSlot` keeps the
+/// core looking busier, so the queue and the memory behind it only grow. Full
+/// means "this core is not actually taking work", and the sender keeps the
+/// connection instead.
+const HANDOFF_QUEUE: usize = 1024;
+
+/// How far above the least loaded core this one has to be before handing a
+/// connection over.
+///
+/// Proportional, not fixed: a slack of 2 stops a core being starved at 4
+/// connections per core but keeps churning at 12, and every migration costs a
+/// little locality. Measured against a fixed slack of 2 on passthrough
+/// small-request: +6.5% at 16 connections, and the worst-loaded core goes from
+/// 81% to 97% busy.
+fn migration_threshold(least: usize) -> usize {
+    least + 1 + least / 4
+}
+
+impl Balancer {
+    /// Build one balancer per core, plus the receiver each core listens on.
+    pub(crate) fn build(workers: usize) -> (Vec<Self>, Vec<mpsc::Receiver<Handoff>>) {
+        let counts = Arc::new(
+            (0..workers)
+                .map(|_| AtomicUsize::new(0))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        );
+        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(workers);
+        let mut receivers = Vec::with_capacity(workers);
+        for _ in 0..workers {
+            let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(HANDOFF_QUEUE);
+            senders.push(tx);
+            receivers.push(rx);
+        }
+        let senders = Arc::new(senders);
+        let balancers = (0..workers)
+            .map(|me| Self {
+                counts: counts.clone(),
+                senders: senders.clone(),
+                me,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        (balancers, receivers)
+    }
+
+    /// Which core should own a freshly accepted connection.
+    fn target(&self) -> usize {
+        if self.counts.len() < 2 {
+            return self.me;
+        }
+        let mine = self.counts[self.me].load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let mut best = self.me;
+        let mut best_val = mine;
+        for (i, c) in self.counts.iter().enumerate() {
+            let v = c.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            if v < best_val {
+                best = i;
+                best_val = v;
+            }
+        }
+        if mine >= migration_threshold(best_val) {
+            best
+        } else {
+            self.me
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Account a newly accepted connection, handing it to a less loaded core if
+    /// this one is running ahead.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the slot to keep alongside the connection when it stays here, or
+    /// `None` once the connection has been handed away.
+    ///
+    /// Handing over is best-effort: every failure path falls back to serving the
+    /// connection on this core, because a connection served by a busier core is
+    /// strictly better than one that is dropped. The one exception is
+    /// [`TcpStream::into_std`], which consumes the stream and closes the socket
+    /// when it fails -- there is nothing left to fall back to, so that case is
+    /// logged rather than silently counted as a handover.
+    pub(crate) fn place(
+        &self,
+        stream: TcpStream,
+        from: SocketAddr,
+    ) -> Option<(TcpStream, CoreSlot)> {
+        let target = self.target();
+        if target == self.me {
+            let slot = CoreSlot::claim(self.counts.clone(), self.me);
+            return Some((stream, slot));
+        }
+        // Drop this core's reactor registration before handing the socket over.
+        let raw = match stream.into_std() {
+            Ok(raw) => raw,
+            Err(err) => {
+                // `into_std` took ownership, so the socket is already closed.
+                warn!("dropping connection from {from}: failed to deregister for handover: {err}");
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+        let slot = CoreSlot::claim(self.counts.clone(), target);
+        // `try_send`, not `send`: this runs on the accept path and must not wait
+        // on a core that is not draining. See `HANDOFF_QUEUE`.
+        let raw = match self.senders[target].try_send((raw, from, slot)) {
+            Ok(()) => return None,
+            Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Full((raw, _, _))) => {
+                debug!(
+                    "core {target} handoff queue is full; keeping connection on core {}",
+                    self.me
+                );
+                raw
+            }
+            Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed((raw, _, _))) => {
+                debug!(
+                    "core {target} is gone; keeping connection on core {}",
+                    self.me
+                );
+                raw
+            }
+        };
+        match TcpStream::from_std(raw) {
+            Ok(stream) => Some((stream, CoreSlot::claim(self.counts.clone(), self.me))),
+            Err(err) => {
+                // Same as above: `from_std` consumed the socket.
+                warn!("dropping connection from {from}: failed to re-adopt after handover: {err}");
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/idle.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/idle.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34ce04f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/idle.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! One idle watchdog for every relay path.
+//!
+//! `timeouts.idle` used to be enforced per read, which meant a connection died
+//! when *one* direction went quiet even while the other was busy. It is now a
+//! connection-level watchdog that samples a monotonic progress counter: if
+//! neither direction has moved for the idle window, the connection is stalled.
+//! That costs one timer per window rather than one per operation, which is why
+//! the fast paths can afford it.
+//!
+//! It lives here rather than inside a relay because every relay needs it and
+//! they are shaped differently: the buffered bridge and the pre-gate relays are
+//! `select!` loops that can poll it as one more branch, while a spliced
+//! connection has no loop to hang it on and races it against the transfer
+//! instead. Both call the same sampling logic, so the three paths cannot drift
+//! into enforcing different things -- which is exactly what happened when
+//! splice and kTLS silently had no idle timeout at all.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use tokio::time::{interval, Interval, MissedTickBehavior};
+
+/// Samples a progress counter a few times per idle window.
+pub(crate) struct IdleWatchdog {
+    ticker: Interval,
+    /// Consecutive ticks that saw no progress.
+    idle_ticks: u32,
+    /// Ticks without progress that add up to the configured idle window.
+    max_idle_ticks: u32,
+    last_seen: u64,
+}
+
+impl IdleWatchdog {
+    pub(crate) fn new(idle: Duration) -> Self {
+        // Four samples per window bounds the overshoot at 25% while keeping the
+        // timer rate proportional to the window rather than to the traffic. The
+        // floor stops a tiny `idle` turning into a busy loop.
+        let tick = (idle / 4).max(Duration::from_millis(500));
+        let mut ticker = interval(tick);
+        ticker.set_missed_tick_behavior(MissedTickBehavior::Delay);
+        Self {
+            ticker,
+            idle_ticks: 0,
+            max_idle_ticks: (idle.as_millis() / tick.as_millis()).max(1) as u32,
+            last_seen: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wait for the next sample point.
+    ///
+    /// Cancel-safe: `Interval::tick` is, and nothing else is held across it, so
+    /// this can sit in a `select!` arm that loses the race.
+    pub(crate) async fn tick(&mut self) {
+        self.ticker.tick().await;
+    }
+
+    /// Record where the relay has got to. `true` means it has been stalled for
+    /// the whole idle window.
+    pub(crate) fn stalled(&mut self, progress: u64) -> bool {
+        if progress == self.last_seen {
+            self.idle_ticks += 1;
+            self.idle_ticks >= self.max_idle_ticks
+        } else {
+            self.idle_ticks = 0;
+            self.last_seen = progress;
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve once the relay has been idle for the whole window.
+    ///
+    /// For relays with no loop of their own to poll from -- a spliced
+    /// connection is two joined transfers, not a `select!` -- so this is raced
+    /// against the transfer instead.
+    pub(crate) async fn wait_until_stalled(mut self, progress: &AtomicU64) {
+        // The first tick completes immediately; consume it so the first real
+        // sample is a full tick away.
+        self.tick().await;
+        loop {
+            self.tick().await;
+            if self.stalled(progress.load(Ordering::Relaxed)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn a_stalled_relay_is_reported_after_the_window() {
+        let progress = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+        let watchdog = IdleWatchdog::new(Duration::from_secs(4));
+        let start = tokio::time::Instant::now();
+        watchdog.wait_until_stalled(&progress).await;
+        // Sampling four times per window means it fires within one tick of the
+        // window, never before it.
+        let waited = start.elapsed();
+        assert!(
+            waited >= Duration::from_secs(4) && waited <= Duration::from_secs(6),
+            "fired after {waited:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn a_relay_that_keeps_moving_is_never_reported() {
+        let progress = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+        let bump = progress.clone();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            for _ in 0..20 {
+                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+                bump.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            }
+        });
+        let watchdog = IdleWatchdog::new(Duration::from_secs(4));
+        let fired = tokio::time::timeout(
+            Duration::from_secs(15),
+            watchdog.wait_until_stalled(&progress),
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert!(
+            fired.is_err(),
+            "watchdog fired on a connection that was moving"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/io_bridge.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/io_bridge.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70cda0a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/io_bridge.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use super::idle::IdleWatchdog;
+use crate::config::ProxyConfig;
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use bytes::BytesMut;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+use tracing::{debug, trace};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum NextStep {
+    Read,
+    Write,
+    Flush,
+    Shutdown,
+    Done,
+}
+
+struct OneDirection<'a, R, W> {
+    dir: &'static str,
+    cfg: &'a ProxyConfig,
+    buf: BytesMut,
+    reader: &'a mut R,
+    writer: &'a mut W,
+    next_step: NextStep,
+    /// Bumped whenever this direction makes progress. The watchdog samples it
+    /// instead of the clock, so the hot path costs an integer increment rather
+    /// than arming a timer per read/write/flush.
+    progress: u64,
+}
+
+impl<R, W> OneDirection<'_, R, W>
+where
+    R: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    W: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    async fn step(&mut self) -> Result<bool> {
+        match self.next_step {
+            NextStep::Read => {
+                let n = self
+                    .reader
+                    .read_buf(&mut self.buf)
+                    .await
+                    .context("read error")?;
+                self.progress += 1;
+                trace!(direction = %self.dir, "read: {n} bytes");
+                if n == 0 {
+                    self.next_step = NextStep::Shutdown;
+                } else {
+                    self.next_step = NextStep::Write;
+                }
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+            NextStep::Write => {
+                self.writer
+                    .write_buf(&mut self.buf)
+                    .await
+                    .context("write error")?;
+                self.progress += 1;
+                if self.buf.is_empty() {
+                    self.next_step = NextStep::Flush;
+                }
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+            NextStep::Flush => {
+                self.writer.flush().await.context("flush error")?;
+                self.progress += 1;
+                self.next_step = NextStep::Read;
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+            NextStep::Shutdown => {
+                timeout(self.cfg.timeouts.shutdown, self.writer.shutdown())
+                    .await
+                    .ok()
+                    .context("shutdown timeout")?
+                    .context("shutdown error")?;
+                self.next_step = NextStep::Done;
+                Ok(true)
+            }
+            NextStep::Done => Ok(true),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum Rest<A, B> {
+    A2b(A),
+    B2a(B),
+}
+
+/// Relay between two TCP sockets.
+///
+/// Same logic as [`bridge`], but splitting a `TcpStream` with its own `split()`
+/// hands out borrowed halves, where the generic `tokio::io::split` has to wrap
+/// the stream in a `BiLock`. That lock showed up at 1.1% of total time on the
+/// small-request passthrough profile, and passthrough always has a plain socket
+/// on both sides, so it never needs the generic path.
+pub(crate) async fn bridge_tcp(
+    mut a: TcpStream,
+    mut b: TcpStream,
+    config: &ProxyConfig,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let buf_size = config.buffer_size;
+    if !config.timeouts.data_timeout_enabled {
+        tokio::io::copy_bidirectional_with_sizes(&mut a, &mut b, buf_size, buf_size)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to copy")?;
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let (mut ra, mut wa) = a.split();
+    let (mut rb, mut wb) = b.split();
+    relay(&mut ra, &mut wa, &mut rb, &mut wb, config).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn bridge<A, B>(mut a: A, mut b: B, config: &ProxyConfig) -> Result<()>
+where
+    A: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+    B: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    let buf_size = config.buffer_size;
+    if !config.timeouts.data_timeout_enabled {
+        debug!("copying bidirectionally");
+        tokio::io::copy_bidirectional_with_sizes(&mut a, &mut b, buf_size, buf_size)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to copy")?;
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let (mut ra, mut wa) = tokio::io::split(a);
+    let (mut rb, mut wb) = tokio::io::split(b);
+    relay(&mut ra, &mut wa, &mut rb, &mut wb, config).await
+}
+
+/// Drive both directions until each has seen EOF and been shut down.
+async fn relay<RA, WA, RB, WB>(
+    ra: &mut RA,
+    wa: &mut WA,
+    rb: &mut RB,
+    wb: &mut WB,
+    config: &ProxyConfig,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    RA: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    WA: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+    RB: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    WB: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    let buf_size = config.buffer_size;
+    let mut a2b = OneDirection {
+        dir: "a2b",
+        cfg: config,
+        buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(buf_size),
+        reader: ra,
+        writer: wb,
+        next_step: NextStep::Read,
+        progress: 0,
+    };
+    let mut b2a = OneDirection {
+        dir: "b2a",
+        cfg: config,
+        buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(buf_size),
+        reader: rb,
+        writer: wa,
+        next_step: NextStep::Read,
+        progress: 0,
+    };
+
+    // One watchdog for the whole connection replaces the per-operation timeouts:
+    // it samples both directions' progress counters, so a connection only dies
+    // when neither has moved. See `super::idle`.
+    let mut watchdog = IdleWatchdog::new(config.timeouts.idle);
+    watchdog.tick().await; // the first tick completes immediately
+
+    let mut rest;
+    // Progress of the direction that finishes first, frozen at that point. The
+    // watchdog samples a monotonic counter, so the drain phase has to keep
+    // adding it rather than restart from the surviving direction alone.
+    // Assigned on every path that leaves the loop, like `rest`.
+    let finished: u64;
+    // Transfer data between a and b bidirectionally.
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            _ = watchdog.tick() => {
+                if watchdog.stalled(a2b.progress + b2a.progress) {
+                    bail!("idle timeout");
+                }
+            }
+            done = a2b.step() => {
+                if done? {
+                    // a to b is EOF, switch to b to a only
+                    finished = a2b.progress;
+                    rest = Rest::B2a(b2a);
+                    drop(a2b);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            done = b2a.step() => {
+                if done? {
+                    // b to a is EOF, switch to a to b only
+                    finished = b2a.progress;
+                    rest = Rest::A2b(a2b);
+                    drop(b2a);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // One direction is closed; drain the other -- still watched. Half-close is
+    // not a licence to hang: before the watchdog existed each read carried its
+    // own `idle` timeout, so this phase was covered, and leaving it bare let a
+    // client hold a connection open until `timeouts.total` (5h) by
+    // half-closing against a backend that never replies.
+    match &mut rest {
+        Rest::A2b(a2b) => drain(a2b, &mut watchdog, finished).await,
+        Rest::B2a(b2a) => drain(b2a, &mut watchdog, finished).await,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pump the surviving direction to EOF, giving up if it stalls for `idle`.
+async fn drain<R, W>(
+    dir: &mut OneDirection<'_, R, W>,
+    watchdog: &mut IdleWatchdog,
+    finished: u64,
+) -> Result<()>
+where
+    R: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+    W: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            _ = watchdog.tick() => {
+                if watchdog.stalled(finished + dir.progress) {
+                    bail!("idle timeout");
+                }
+            }
+            done = dir.step() => {
+                if done? {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/port_policy.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/port_policy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d77371a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/port_policy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Per-instance port policy lookup with background lazy fetch from legacy CVMs.
+//!
+//! Two paths:
+//!
+//! - Fast path: synchronous, non-blocking lookups used by the proxy data path:
+//!     - [`is_port_allowed`] enforces `restrict_mode` (fail-close on cache miss).
+//!     - [`should_send_pp`] decides whether to prepend a PROXY protocol header.
+//! - Slow path ([`spawn_fetcher`]): a single background task that drains the
+//!   queue, dedupes in-flight instances, calls the agent's `Info()` RPC with
+//!   a timeout, and writes the result back to WaveKV.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::dstack_guest_client::DstackGuestClient;
+use dstack_types::AppCompose;
+use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    kv::{PortFlags, PortPolicy},
+    main_service::Proxy,
+    proxy::AddressGroup,
+};
+
+/// Outcome of a single fetch attempt, distinguishing what we can usefully retry.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum FetchError {
+    /// Transient: connection failed, RPC timed out, agent returned 5xx, etc.
+    /// The CVM might just be warming up — retry with backoff.
+    Transient(anyhow::Error),
+    /// Permanent: instance is gone, or the CVM responded with data we can't
+    /// parse (malformed tcb_info, schema mismatch). Retrying won't help.
+    Permanent(anyhow::Error),
+}
+
+/// Reason a port was denied. Used only for log messages.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) enum DenyReason {
+    /// `restrict_mode` is enabled and the port isn't in the allowed list.
+    PortNotAllowed,
+    /// The CVM hasn't reported a policy yet; we fail-close while a background
+    /// fetch is in flight.
+    PolicyUnknown,
+}
+
+/// Decide whether the gateway should accept an inbound connection for
+/// (`instance_id`, `port`). Fail-close: an unknown policy (cache miss) denies
+/// the connection and triggers a background fetch so subsequent connections
+/// can proceed once the policy is known.
+///
+/// Instances not present in state (e.g. the `localhost` shortcut) bypass the
+/// check — the policy machinery only applies to registered CVMs.
+pub(crate) fn is_port_allowed(
+    state: &Proxy,
+    instance_id: &str,
+    port: u16,
+) -> Result<(), DenyReason> {
+    let guard = state.lock();
+    let Some(policy) = guard.instance_port_policy(instance_id) else {
+        // Two cases land here:
+        //   1) `instance_id` isn't a registered CVM (e.g. `localhost`): no
+        //      policy applies, allow.
+        //   2) Registered CVM but no policy reported yet: fail-close, schedule
+        //      a fetch.
+        let known = guard.instance_ip(instance_id).is_some();
+        drop(guard);
+        if !known {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let _ = state.port_policy_tx.send(instance_id.to_string());
+        return Err(DenyReason::PolicyUnknown);
+    };
+    if !policy.restrict_mode {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if policy.ports.contains_key(&port) {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(DenyReason::PortNotAllowed)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Filter the candidate address group down to instances that allow `port`.
+///
+/// Bails with a descriptive error (which the caller turns into a TCP close)
+/// when no candidate is allowed. Logs each rejected candidate at debug level.
+pub(crate) fn filter_allowed_addresses(
+    state: &Proxy,
+    addresses: AddressGroup,
+    app_id: &str,
+    port: u16,
+) -> Result<AddressGroup> {
+    let total = addresses.len();
+    let allowed: AddressGroup = addresses
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|a| match is_port_allowed(state, &a.instance_id, port) {
+            Ok(()) => true,
+            Err(reason) => {
+                debug!(
+                    "denied port {port} for instance {} (app {app_id}): {reason:?}",
+                    a.instance_id
+                );
+                false
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    if allowed.is_empty() {
+        bail!("port {port} denied by app port policy for {app_id} ({total} candidate(s))");
+    }
+    Ok(allowed)
+}
+
+/// Decide whether the gateway should send a PROXY protocol header on the
+/// outbound connection to (`instance_id`, `port`).
+///
+/// Cache hit returns the declared value. Cache miss returns `false` (no PP) —
+/// `is_port_allowed` runs first under fail-close and would have rejected the
+/// connection if the policy were truly unknown, so by the time we get here the
+/// cache is normally populated. The default-false fallback is conservative
+/// because a missing PP header is safer than a forged one.
+pub(crate) fn should_send_pp(state: &Proxy, instance_id: &str, port: u16) -> bool {
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .instance_port_policy(instance_id)
+        .and_then(|p| p.ports.get(&port))
+        .map(|f| f.pp)
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+/// Spawn the background lazy-fetch worker. Should be called once at startup.
+pub(crate) fn spawn_fetcher(state: Proxy, mut rx: UnboundedReceiver<String>) {
+    let in_flight: Arc<Mutex<HashSet<String>>> = Default::default();
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        while let Some(instance_id) = rx.recv().await {
+            // Dedupe: only one fetch per instance at a time. The entry is
+            // removed once the retry loop terminates (success, exhausted,
+            // or unknown-instance), so a later registration with a new
+            // compose_hash can re-trigger via the same path.
+            {
+                let mut in_flight = in_flight.lock().or_panic("port_policy in_flight poisoned");
+                if !in_flight.insert(instance_id.clone()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            let state = state.clone();
+            let in_flight = in_flight.clone();
+            let id = instance_id.clone();
+            tokio::spawn(async move {
+                fetch_with_retry(&state, &id).await;
+                in_flight
+                    .lock()
+                    .or_panic("port_policy in_flight poisoned")
+                    .remove(&id);
+            });
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+async fn fetch_with_retry(state: &Proxy, instance_id: &str) {
+    let cfg = &state.config.proxy.port_policy_fetch;
+    let mut attempt = 0u32;
+    let mut backoff = cfg.backoff_initial;
+    loop {
+        let result =
+            match tokio::time::timeout(cfg.timeout, fetch_and_store(state, instance_id)).await {
+                Ok(r) => r,
+                // The Info() RPC took too long. Treat as transient — the CVM
+                // may just be slow to come up.
+                Err(_) => Err(FetchError::Transient(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                    "Info() rpc timed out after {:?}",
+                    cfg.timeout
+                ))),
+            };
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                debug!("port_policy cached for instance {instance_id} (attempt {attempt})");
+                return;
+            }
+            Err(FetchError::Permanent(err)) => {
+                // Either the instance was recycled while queued, or the
+                // agent responded with data we can't parse. Retrying won't
+                // change either; bail.
+                debug!("port_policy fetch for {instance_id}: permanent failure: {err:#}");
+                return;
+            }
+            Err(FetchError::Transient(err)) => {
+                warn!("port_policy fetch for {instance_id} failed (attempt {attempt}): {err:#}");
+            }
+        }
+        if attempt >= cfg.max_retries {
+            warn!(
+                "port_policy fetch for {instance_id} giving up after {} attempts",
+                attempt + 1
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+        tokio::time::sleep(backoff).await;
+        attempt += 1;
+        backoff = (backoff * 2).min(cfg.backoff_max);
+    }
+}
+
+async fn fetch_and_store(state: &Proxy, instance_id: &str) -> Result<(), FetchError> {
+    let (ip, agent_port) = {
+        let guard = state.lock();
+        let ip = guard
+            .instance_ip(instance_id)
+            // Instance was recycled — never coming back under this id.
+            .ok_or_else(|| FetchError::Permanent(anyhow::anyhow!("unknown instance")))?;
+        (ip, guard.config.proxy.agent_port)
+    };
+    let policy = fetch_port_policy(ip, agent_port).await?;
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .update_instance_port_policy(instance_id, policy);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn fetch_port_policy(ip: Ipv4Addr, agent_port: u16) -> Result<PortPolicy, FetchError> {
+    let url = format!("http://{ip}:{agent_port}/prpc");
+    let client = DstackGuestClient::new(PrpcClient::new(url));
+    // Network/RPC errors here are transient: agent might still be coming up.
+    let info = client
+        .info()
+        .await
+        .context("agent Info() rpc failed")
+        .map_err(FetchError::Transient)?;
+
+    parse_info_port_policy(&info.tcb_info)
+}
+
+fn parse_info_port_policy(tcb_info: &str) -> Result<PortPolicy, FetchError> {
+    // Legacy CVM with public_tcbinfo=false; we cannot inspect app-compose
+    // remotely. Cache the default (open) policy so we don't keep retrying.
+    // Apps that need restrict_mode must report policy during registration.
+    if tcb_info.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(PortPolicy::default());
+    }
+    let tcb: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(tcb_info)
+        .context("invalid tcb_info json")
+        .map_err(FetchError::Permanent)?;
+    let raw = tcb
+        .get("app_compose")
+        .and_then(|value| value.as_str())
+        .ok_or_else(|| FetchError::Permanent(anyhow::anyhow!("tcb_info missing app_compose")))?;
+    let app_compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_str(raw)
+        .context("failed to parse app_compose from tcb_info")
+        .map_err(FetchError::Permanent)?;
+    let ports = app_compose
+        .port_policy
+        .ports
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|port| (port.port, PortFlags { pp: port.pp }))
+        .collect();
+    Ok(PortPolicy {
+        ports,
+        restrict_mode: app_compose.port_policy.restrict_mode,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{parse_info_port_policy, FetchError};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_empty_info_uses_bounded_open_compatibility_policy() {
+        let policy = parse_info_port_policy("").expect("legacy empty info rejected");
+        assert!(!policy.restrict_mode);
+        assert!(policy.ports.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reported_policy_wins_and_preserves_proxy_protocol_flags() {
+        let compose = serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": "3",
+            "name": "port-policy-fixture",
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "gateway_enabled": true,
+            "port_policy": {
+                "restrict_mode": true,
+                "ports": [
+                    {"port": 443, "pp": true},
+                    {"port": 8080, "pp": false}
+                ]
+            }
+        });
+        let tcb = serde_json::json!({"app_compose": compose.to_string()}).to_string();
+        let policy = parse_info_port_policy(&tcb).expect("reported policy rejected");
+        assert!(policy.restrict_mode);
+        assert!(policy.ports.get(&443).expect("443 missing").pp);
+        assert!(!policy.ports.get(&8080).expect("8080 missing").pp);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_or_missing_compose_is_permanent_failure() {
+        for value in [
+            "not-json",
+            r#"{"other":"value"}"#,
+            r#"{"app_compose":"bad"}"#,
+        ] {
+            assert!(matches!(
+                parse_info_port_policy(value),
+                Err(FetchError::Permanent(_))
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/reuseport.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/reuseport.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2be7a93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/reuseport.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `SO_REUSEPORT` listener groups for the thread-per-core proxy.
+//!
+//! By default the kernel picks a listener from a reuseport group by hashing the
+//! connection's 4-tuple. With a moderate number of long-lived connections that
+//! distribution is visibly uneven, and because thread-per-core cannot migrate a
+//! connection between runtimes, the cores that drew fewer connections sit idle
+//! while the others saturate. Measured at 16 connections over 4 cores, per-core
+//! utilisation came out like `[99, 42, 101, 101]` and throughput swung 46%
+//! between restarts purely on how the hash fell.
+//!
+//! `SO_ATTACH_REUSEPORT_CBPF` steering was tried as a fix and measured worse:
+//! classic BPF has no maps, so round-robin is not expressible, and the one
+//! signal it does expose -- the CPU handling the packet -- collapses the
+//! distribution rather than evening it out. Connections are established in a
+//! burst, so only the one or two client CPUs active at that moment are sampled,
+//! and `cpu % n` sent every connection to the same one or two listeners: 2.3 of
+//! 4 cores active and 167k rps against 245k for the plain hash. A real fix needs
+//! per-connection state, i.e. an eBPF program with a counter map.
+//!
+//! What is kept here is binding the group in one place, in order, which keeps
+//! listener order deterministic and the setup out of the per-thread path.
+
+use std::net::{SocketAddr, TcpListener};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+
+/// Bind `count` `SO_REUSEPORT` listeners on `addr`, in order.
+///
+/// Returns one listener per worker, in the same order the kernel indexes them.
+pub(crate) fn bind_group(addr: SocketAddr, count: usize, backlog: i32) -> Result<Vec<TcpListener>> {
+    if count == 0 {
+        bail!("reuseport group needs at least one listener");
+    }
+    let mut listeners = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        let socket = socket2::Socket::new(
+            socket2::Domain::IPV4,
+            socket2::Type::STREAM,
+            Some(socket2::Protocol::TCP),
+        )
+        .context("failed to create listening socket")?;
+        socket
+            .set_reuse_port(true)
+            .context("failed to set SO_REUSEPORT")?;
+        socket.set_reuse_address(true).ok();
+        socket.set_nonblocking(true).ok();
+        socket
+            .bind(&addr.into())
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind {addr}"))?;
+        socket.listen(backlog).context("failed to listen")?;
+        listeners.push(TcpListener::from(socket));
+    }
+    Ok(listeners)
+}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/proxy/sni.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/sni.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from tproxy/src/proxy/sni.rs
rename to dstack/gateway/src/proxy/sni.rs
index a0768e79f..4901cc45f 100644
--- a/tproxy/src/proxy/sni.rs
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/sni.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 use parcelona::parser_combinators::{Msg, PErr};
 use parcelona::u8::*;
 use tracing::trace;
@@ -6,7 +10,7 @@ pub fn extract_sni(b: &[u8]) -> Option<&[u8]> {
     extract_sni_inner(b).ok().map(|r| r.1)
 }
 
-fn extract_sni_inner(b: &[u8]) -> Result<(usize, &[u8]), PErr<u8>> {
+fn extract_sni_inner(b: &[u8]) -> Result<(usize, &[u8]), PErr<'_, u8>> {
     const HANDSHAKE_TYPE_CLIENT_HELLO: usize = 1;
     const EXTENSION_TYPE_SNI: usize = 0;
     const NAME_TYPE_HOST_NAME: usize = 0;
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/splice.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/splice.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cf7b538f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/splice.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,769 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Zero-copy TCP relay using `splice(2)`.
+//!
+//! For the TLS-passthrough path both sides of the proxy are raw `TcpStream`s
+//! and the gateway never inspects the (encrypted) payload. Instead of copying
+//! bytes through a userspace buffer we move them kernel-side through a pipe with
+//! `splice(2)`, which avoids two copies per direction and the associated CPU.
+//!
+//! Only used on Linux and only for the passthrough path; TLS-terminate still
+//! uses the buffered bridge because one side is a decrypted rustls stream.
+
+use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, OwnedFd};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use nix::fcntl::{fcntl, splice, FcntlArg, SpliceFFlags};
+use nix::sys::socket::{shutdown, Shutdown};
+use nix::unistd::pipe;
+use or_panic::OptionOrPanic;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, Interest};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+
+use super::idle::IdleWatchdog;
+use crate::config::{EngageAfter, SpliceConfig};
+
+/// How a relay endpoint's write side has to be closed.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum CloseKind {
+    /// Plain socket: a FIN says everything there is to say.
+    Tcp,
+    /// Kernel TLS: the peer also needs a `close_notify` alert, or it cannot
+    /// tell an orderly close from a truncated stream.
+    KernelTls,
+}
+
+/// Bytes moved per `splice` syscall. Also the target pipe capacity so a full
+/// read can be buffered kernel-side before draining to the destination.
+const PIPE_CAPACITY: usize = 1 << 20; // 1 MiB
+
+fn set_pipe_capacity(fd: &OwnedFd, size: usize) {
+    // Best-effort: larger pipes mean fewer syscalls for bulk transfers. If the
+    // kernel rejects the size (e.g. over /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size) we simply
+    // keep the default capacity.
+    let _ = fcntl(
+        fd.as_raw_fd(),
+        FcntlArg::F_SETPIPE_SZ(size as std::os::raw::c_int),
+    );
+}
+
+fn errno_to_io(e: nix::errno::Errno) -> std::io::Error {
+    std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(e as i32)
+}
+
+/// Per-thread cache of splice pipes.
+///
+/// Creating a pipe per direction per connection costs two `pipe2` calls plus
+/// four descriptor closes, which is pure overhead for short connections: it
+/// measurably raised passthrough connection-setup CPU (134 -> 142 us per
+/// connection) while HAProxy, which pools its pipes, went the other way.
+/// Reusing them keeps the bulk-transfer win without paying setup per
+/// connection. Thread-local, so no locking -- and with thread-per-core a
+/// connection stays on the thread that took the pipe.
+/// Per thread. Each pooled pipe holds two descriptors, so the cap costs
+/// `PIPE_POOL_MAX * 2 * workers` file descriptors at steady state -- 512 for the
+/// 4-worker bench, ~4096 for a 32-worker gateway. That is fine given
+/// `set_ulimit` raises RLIMIT_NOFILE to the hard limit, but it is why the number
+/// is not larger. A 40-minute soak confirmed the pool fills to the cap and then
+/// stops (fds 487 -> 543 -> flat, RSS flat at ~44 MB).
+///
+/// With `SpliceConfig::release_idle_pipes` this cap stops being just a cache
+/// size and becomes the actual descriptor bound: idle connections park their
+/// pipes here instead of holding them, so steady-state use is
+/// `2 * PIPE_POOL_MAX * workers` plus the pipes carrying data, rather than
+/// `4 * connections`. Note that parking does not close anything -- the saving
+/// comes from connections sharing a bounded set of pipes, not from idle
+/// connections costing zero.
+const PIPE_POOL_MAX: usize = 64;
+
+thread_local! {
+    static PIPE_POOL: std::cell::RefCell<Vec<(OwnedFd, OwnedFd)>> =
+        const { std::cell::RefCell::new(Vec::new()) };
+    /// Pipes currently checked out of the pool. Test-only bookkeeping: together
+    /// with `PIPE_POOL.len()` it gives this thread's live pipe count exactly,
+    /// where counting `/proc/self/fd` would race with tests on other threads.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    static PIPES_BORROWED: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) };
+}
+
+/// A splice pipe borrowed from the thread-local pool.
+///
+/// Returned to the pool on drop, but only if the transfer drained it: a pipe
+/// still holding bytes would corrupt the next connection that used it.
+struct PooledPipe {
+    rd: Option<OwnedFd>,
+    wr: Option<OwnedFd>,
+    drained: bool,
+}
+
+impl PooledPipe {
+    fn get() -> Result<Self> {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        PIPES_BORROWED.with(|n| n.set(n.get() + 1));
+        if let Some((rd, wr)) = PIPE_POOL.with(|p| p.borrow_mut().pop()) {
+            return Ok(Self {
+                rd: Some(rd),
+                wr: Some(wr),
+                drained: true,
+            });
+        }
+        let (rd, wr) = pipe().context("failed to create splice pipe")?;
+        set_pipe_capacity(&wr, PIPE_CAPACITY);
+        Ok(Self {
+            rd: Some(rd),
+            wr: Some(wr),
+            drained: true,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The ends are `Option` only so `Drop` can move them into the pool, and
+    /// `Drop` is the last thing that runs, so both are always present here.
+    fn rd(&self) -> &OwnedFd {
+        self.rd.as_ref().or_panic("pipe read end present")
+    }
+
+    fn wr(&self) -> &OwnedFd {
+        self.wr.as_ref().or_panic("pipe write end present")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for PooledPipe {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let (Some(rd), Some(wr)) = (self.rd.take(), self.wr.take()) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        PIPES_BORROWED.with(|n| n.set(n.get() - 1));
+        if !self.drained {
+            // Unknown residue: close instead of poisoning the pool.
+            return;
+        }
+        PIPE_POOL.with(|p| {
+            let mut pool = p.borrow_mut();
+            if pool.len() < PIPE_POOL_MAX {
+                pool.push((rd, wr));
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Copy one direction (`src` -> `dst`) with splice until EOF, then half-close
+/// the destination's write side.
+///
+/// With `release_idle_pipes` the pipe is handed back to the pool whenever the
+/// source runs dry, so a connection only pins descriptors while it actually has
+/// bytes in flight. See `SpliceConfig::release_idle_pipes` for why that is safe
+/// and what it costs.
+async fn splice_one(
+    src: Arc<TcpStream>,
+    dst: Arc<TcpStream>,
+    release_idle_pipes: bool,
+    progress: &AtomicU64,
+    src_kind: CloseKind,
+    dst_close: CloseKind,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut pipe = PooledPipe::get()?;
+
+    loop {
+        // Move a chunk from the source socket into the pipe.
+        // Try the syscall first and only wait for readiness when it actually
+        // blocks. `try_io` decides with one atomic read of the cached readiness
+        // flag, where `readable()` builds, polls and drops a `Readiness` future
+        // every time -- which showed up as ~2.4% of total time on the
+        // small-request passthrough profile, paid once per splice.
+        let n = loop {
+            match src.try_io(Interest::READABLE, || {
+                splice(
+                    src.as_ref(),
+                    None,
+                    pipe.wr(),
+                    None,
+                    PIPE_CAPACITY,
+                    SpliceFFlags::SPLICE_F_MOVE | SpliceFFlags::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK,
+                )
+                .map_err(errno_to_io)
+            }) {
+                Ok(n) => break n,
+                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
+                    // The pipe is empty on every path that reaches here: it was
+                    // either just taken from the pool, or the drain below ran to
+                    // completion, and a `WouldBlock` from the fill above added
+                    // nothing. So it can be parked while the source is idle.
+                    if release_idle_pipes {
+                        drop(pipe);
+                        src.readable().await.context("readable error")?;
+                        pipe = PooledPipe::get()?;
+                    } else {
+                        src.readable().await.context("readable error")?;
+                    }
+                }
+                // A kTLS socket refuses to splice a record that is not
+                // application data, and reports it as EINVAL. For a byte relay
+                // that is the end of the data stream, not a failure: it is how
+                // the client's close_notify arrives once the socket belongs to
+                // the kernel. Treating it as fatal took down the *other*
+                // direction too, so a client closing its request discarded the
+                // response the app had already written.
+                Err(ref e)
+                    if matches!(src_kind, CloseKind::KernelTls)
+                        && e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EINVAL) =>
+                {
+                    break 0;
+                }
+                Err(e) => return Err(e).context("splice src->pipe failed"),
+            }
+        };
+        if n == 0 {
+            break; // EOF on source; the pipe was left empty by the last drain
+        }
+        // One relaxed increment per chunk -- not per byte, and dwarfed by the
+        // splice syscall it accompanies -- is what lets the idle watchdog see
+        // this connection without a timer per operation.
+        progress.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        // A chunk is in the pipe now: not safe to recycle until fully drained.
+        pipe.drained = false;
+
+        // Drain the pipe fully into the destination socket.
+        let mut left = n;
+        while left > 0 {
+            match dst.try_io(Interest::WRITABLE, || {
+                splice(
+                    pipe.rd(),
+                    None,
+                    dst.as_ref(),
+                    None,
+                    left,
+                    SpliceFFlags::SPLICE_F_MOVE | SpliceFFlags::SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK,
+                )
+                .map_err(errno_to_io)
+            }) {
+                Ok(m) => {
+                    left -= m;
+                    if left == 0 {
+                        // Fully drained: the pipe is empty again, so it can go
+                        // back to the pool even if the connection dies next.
+                        pipe.drained = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
+                    dst.writable().await.context("writable error")?;
+                }
+                Err(e) => return Err(e).context("splice pipe->dst failed"),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Propagate EOF: half-close the write side so the peer sees the close.
+    //
+    // A kTLS socket needs the TLS-level close first. `KtlsStream::poll_shutdown`
+    // would have sent it, but the offload path hands the bare descriptor to
+    // splice and never goes through that type again, so a plain shutdown here
+    // reaches the client as a FIN with no close_notify -- indistinguishable from
+    // a truncation attack to a client that checks.
+    if matches!(dst_close, CloseKind::KernelTls) {
+        let _ = ktls::send_close_notify(dst.as_raw_fd());
+    }
+    let _ = shutdown(dst.as_raw_fd(), Shutdown::Write);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Bidirectional zero-copy relay between two TCP streams.
+///
+/// `a` is the client side, `b` the app side; `a_close` describes what kind of
+/// socket `a` is, which decides both how its write side is closed and how a
+/// non-data record from it is interpreted.
+/// `idle` is `None` when data timeouts are disabled.
+pub(crate) async fn splice_bidirectional(
+    a: TcpStream,
+    b: TcpStream,
+    release_idle_pipes: bool,
+    idle: Option<Duration>,
+    a_close: CloseKind,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    // The single funnel for zero-copy relaying, so counting here covers both the
+    // passthrough gate and the post-kTLS handover.
+    super::stats::record_splice_engaged();
+    let a = Arc::new(a);
+    let b = Arc::new(b);
+    let progress = AtomicU64::new(0);
+    let relay = async {
+        // `a` is the client side: it is the one that may be a kTLS socket, so
+        // it is the source kind for a2b and the destination kind for b2a.
+        let a2b = splice_one(
+            a.clone(),
+            b.clone(),
+            release_idle_pipes,
+            &progress,
+            a_close,
+            CloseKind::Tcp,
+        );
+        let b2a = splice_one(b, a, release_idle_pipes, &progress, CloseKind::Tcp, a_close);
+        tokio::try_join!(a2b, b2a)?;
+        Ok(())
+    };
+    let Some(idle) = idle else {
+        return relay.await;
+    };
+    // Spliced bytes never enter this process, so there is no read to hang a
+    // timeout on; the watchdog races the transfer instead.
+    tokio::select! {
+        result = relay => result,
+        () = IdleWatchdog::new(idle).wait_until_stalled(&progress) => bail!("idle timeout"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Per-thread cache of relay buffers, for the same reason as the pipe pool:
+/// a pair of `buffer_size` allocations per connection is a real cost when the
+/// connection only carries a few hundred bytes.
+const BUF_POOL_MAX: usize = 32;
+/// Phase 1 only runs until the splice threshold, so it does not need the full
+/// `buffer_size` used for bulk copying.
+const RELAY_BUF_SIZE: usize = 16 * 1024;
+
+thread_local! {
+    static BUF_POOL: std::cell::RefCell<Vec<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)>> =
+        const { std::cell::RefCell::new(Vec::new()) };
+}
+
+struct PooledBufs {
+    a: Vec<u8>,
+    b: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl PooledBufs {
+    fn get(buf_size: usize) -> Self {
+        let size = buf_size.clamp(4096, RELAY_BUF_SIZE);
+        if let Some((a, b)) = BUF_POOL.with(|p| p.borrow_mut().pop()) {
+            return Self { a, b };
+        }
+        Self {
+            a: vec![0u8; size],
+            b: vec![0u8; size],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for PooledBufs {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let a = std::mem::take(&mut self.a);
+        let b = std::mem::take(&mut self.b);
+        BUF_POOL.with(|p| {
+            let mut pool = p.borrow_mut();
+            if pool.len() < BUF_POOL_MAX {
+                pool.push((a, b));
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Relay both directions with plain reads/writes until `gate` is reached, then
+/// report whether splice should take over.
+///
+/// Returns `true` if the gate was reached and both sockets are still open,
+/// `false` if the connection finished first (in which case it is fully done).
+///
+/// The gate is only tested at the tail of the loop, which is the one point
+/// where both directions are quiescent: the `select!` arms each finish their
+/// `write_all` before falling through, so nothing is buffered in userspace and
+/// the sockets can be handed to the kernel safely. A timer arm inside the
+/// `select!` would also be safe, but it would promote connections that are
+/// merely idle -- allocating a pipe for a stream with nothing to move -- so
+/// checking the clock on activity is both cheaper and better behaved.
+async fn relay_until(
+    a: &mut TcpStream,
+    b: &mut TcpStream,
+    gate: &EngageAfter,
+    buf_size: usize,
+    idle: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    let (mut ar, mut aw) = a.split();
+    let (mut br, mut bw) = b.split();
+    // Buffers come from a thread-local pool: allocating two of them per
+    // connection cost more than the pipe setup this phase exists to avoid.
+    let mut bufs = PooledBufs::get(buf_size);
+    let mut moved: u64 = 0;
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    // `moved` doubles as the progress counter: it only advances when a transfer
+    // happened, which is exactly what the watchdog samples for.
+    let mut watchdog: Option<IdleWatchdog> = match idle {
+        Some(idle) => {
+            let mut w = IdleWatchdog::new(idle);
+            w.tick().await; // the first tick completes immediately
+            Some(w)
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+
+    loop {
+        // `finish_one` drains a half-closed connection without splice: once one
+        // side is done there is no long-lived stream left to optimise.
+        //
+        // Half-close is not end-of-connection. A client that finishes its
+        // request with `shutdown(SHUT_WR)` still expects the response, so the
+        // EOF is propagated to the *peer of the direction that ended*
+        // (`$closing`) and the opposite direction is pumped to completion.
+        // Shutting down the writer we are about to pump into instead would
+        // deliver the peer's EOF and drop everything still in flight.
+        macro_rules! finish_one {
+            ($closing:expr, $r:expr, $w:expr, $buf:expr) => {{
+                $closing.shutdown().await.ok();
+                loop {
+                    let n = tokio::select! {
+                        () = async { match watchdog.as_mut() {
+                            Some(w) => w.tick().await,
+                            None => std::future::pending().await,
+                        } } => {
+                            // The drain is watched too: a backend that accepts the
+                            // request and then never answers would otherwise hold
+                            // the connection until `timeouts.total`.
+                            if watchdog.as_mut().is_some_and(|w| w.stalled(moved)) {
+                                bail!("idle timeout");
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        r = $r.read(&mut $buf) => r.context("read error")?,
+                    };
+                    if n == 0 {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    // Not `write_all`: it is not cancel-safe, so it cannot sit
+                    // in a `select!`, and leaving it outside meant a client
+                    // that stopped reading blocked the drain in its write with
+                    // the watchdog unpolled -- the mirror of the silent-backend
+                    // stall, and just as good for holding a connection to
+                    // `timeouts.total`. Single `write` calls are cancel-safe
+                    // (nothing is written when the other branch wins), so the
+                    // partial-write loop is ours to drive.
+                    let mut written = 0usize;
+                    while written < n {
+                        let count = tokio::select! {
+                            () = async { match watchdog.as_mut() {
+                                Some(w) => w.tick().await,
+                                None => std::future::pending().await,
+                            } } => {
+                                if watchdog.as_mut().is_some_and(|w| w.stalled(moved)) {
+                                    bail!("idle timeout");
+                                }
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            r = $w.write(&$buf[written..n]) => r.context("write error")?,
+                        };
+                        if count == 0 {
+                            bail!("write accepted no bytes");
+                        }
+                        written += count;
+                        // Per partial write, so a peer draining slowly still
+                        // counts as progress and is not reaped for being slow.
+                        moved += count as u64;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Both directions are drained now; let the other peer see EOF.
+                $w.shutdown().await.ok();
+                return Ok(false);
+            }};
+        }
+        tokio::select! {
+            () = async { match watchdog.as_mut() {
+                Some(w) => w.tick().await,
+                // No idle timeout configured: this arm must never win.
+                None => std::future::pending().await,
+            } } => {
+                if watchdog.as_mut().is_some_and(|w| w.stalled(moved)) {
+                    bail!("idle timeout");
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            r = ar.read(&mut bufs.a) => {
+                let n = r.context("read from client failed")?;
+                // Client is done sending: tell the app, keep relaying its reply.
+                if n == 0 { finish_one!(bw, br, aw, bufs.b); }
+                bw.write_all(&bufs.a[..n]).await.context("write to app failed")?;
+                moved += n as u64;
+            }
+            r = br.read(&mut bufs.b) => {
+                let n = r.context("read from app failed")?;
+                // App is done replying: tell the client, keep relaying its input.
+                if n == 0 { finish_one!(aw, ar, bw, bufs.a); }
+                aw.write_all(&bufs.b[..n]).await.context("write to client failed")?;
+                moved += n as u64;
+            }
+        }
+        if gate.reached(moved, start) {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bidirectional relay that only switches to splice once the connection has
+/// proven itself worth the syscalls.
+///
+/// splice moves ~17 syscalls per connection to shift a small response (fill the
+/// pipe, drain the pipe, plus readiness retries), where a read/write pair needs
+/// two. Its benefit is per byte, its cost is per connection -- the same shape as
+/// kTLS. Short request/response connections therefore never touch a pipe, while
+/// connections that trip either gate still get zero-copy.
+pub(crate) async fn splice_bidirectional_after(
+    mut a: TcpStream,
+    mut b: TcpStream,
+    config: &SpliceConfig,
+    buf_size: usize,
+    idle: Option<Duration>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if relay_until(&mut a, &mut b, &config.engage, buf_size, idle).await? {
+        splice_bidirectional(a, b, config.release_idle_pipes, idle, CloseKind::Tcp).await
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+    fn pool_len() -> usize {
+        PIPE_POOL.with(|pool| pool.borrow().len())
+    }
+
+    /// Descriptors this thread currently holds on a pipe: two per live pipe,
+    /// whether the pipe is parked in the pool or checked out by a relay.
+    ///
+    /// This is the number capacity planning cares about, so the tests assert on
+    /// it directly rather than trusting the pool alone as a proxy.
+    fn pipe_fds() -> usize {
+        2 * (pool_len() + PIPES_BORROWED.with(|n| n.get()))
+    }
+
+    async fn connected_pair() -> (TcpStream, TcpStream) {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let client = TcpStream::connect(addr).await.unwrap();
+        let (server, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        (client, server)
+    }
+
+    /// Wire up `client <-> relay <-> backend` and start the relay.
+    ///
+    /// The relay runs on the same thread as the test (a `#[tokio::test]`
+    /// runtime is single-threaded), so it shares the thread-local pipe pool and
+    /// the test can observe what the relay parks there.
+    async fn start_relay(release_idle_pipes: bool) -> (TcpStream, TcpStream) {
+        let (client, inbound) = connected_pair().await;
+        let (outbound, backend) = connected_pair().await;
+        tokio::spawn(splice_bidirectional(
+            inbound,
+            outbound,
+            release_idle_pipes,
+            None,
+            CloseKind::Tcp,
+        ));
+        (client, backend)
+    }
+
+    fn clear_pool() {
+        PIPE_POOL.with(|pool| pool.borrow_mut().clear());
+    }
+
+    /// Let the relay reach its next idle wait.
+    async fn settle() {
+        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+    }
+
+    async fn expect(stream: &mut TcpStream, want: &[u8]) {
+        let mut got = vec![0u8; want.len()];
+        stream.read_exact(&mut got).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got, want);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_idle_relay_owns_no_pipe_when_release_is_on() {
+        clear_pool();
+        let (mut client, mut backend) = start_relay(true).await;
+        client.write_all(b"ping").await.unwrap();
+        expect(&mut backend, b"ping").await;
+        settle().await;
+
+        // Only one pipe is ever created: each direction hands its pipe back
+        // before the other one asks for it, so an idle bidirectional relay
+        // converges on a single pipe shared through the pool -- and owns none
+        // of its own.
+        assert_eq!(pool_len(), 1, "the relay parked everything it borrowed");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_idle_relay_pins_two_pipes_when_release_is_off() {
+        clear_pool();
+        let (mut client, mut backend) = start_relay(false).await;
+        client.write_all(b"ping").await.unwrap();
+        expect(&mut backend, b"ping").await;
+        settle().await;
+
+        assert_eq!(pool_len(), 0, "both pipes stay pinned to the connection");
+    }
+
+    /// The headline claim: with release on, descriptor use tracks pipes that
+    /// are actually carrying data, not open connections.
+    ///
+    /// Note what this does *not* say. Released pipes stay open in the pool, so
+    /// the saving is not "idle connections cost nothing" but "idle connections
+    /// share": the steady-state bound moves from `4 * connections` to
+    /// `2 * PIPE_POOL_MAX * workers` plus whatever is in flight.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn idle_connections_share_pipes_instead_of_each_pinning_four() {
+        clear_pool();
+        assert_eq!(pipe_fds(), 0, "test starts with no pipes on this thread");
+        let mut ends = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+            let (mut client, mut backend) = start_relay(true).await;
+            client.write_all(b"ping").await.unwrap();
+            expect(&mut backend, b"ping").await;
+            // Without this the previous relay has not yet been polled back to
+            // its idle wait, so it still owns its pipe when the next one asks
+            // for one -- which is the in-flight case, not the idle case.
+            settle().await;
+            ends.push((client, backend));
+        }
+
+        // Held for the connection's lifetime this would be 8 * 4 = 32.
+        assert_eq!(pipe_fds(), 2, "8 idle connections share one pooled pipe");
+        drop(ends);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn idle_connections_each_cost_four_descriptors_when_release_is_off() {
+        clear_pool();
+        assert_eq!(pipe_fds(), 0, "test starts with no pipes on this thread");
+        let mut ends = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+            let (mut client, mut backend) = start_relay(false).await;
+            client.write_all(b"ping").await.unwrap();
+            expect(&mut backend, b"ping").await;
+            ends.push((client, backend));
+        }
+        settle().await;
+
+        assert_eq!(pipe_fds(), 8 * 4, "two pipes pinned per relay");
+        drop(ends);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn data_survives_repeated_park_and_reacquire() {
+        clear_pool();
+        let (mut client, mut backend) = start_relay(true).await;
+
+        // Each gap forces the relay to park its pipe and take a fresh one from
+        // the pool, which is where a stale or half-drained pipe would corrupt
+        // the stream.
+        for i in 0..5u8 {
+            let up = [b'a' + i; 16];
+            client.write_all(&up).await.unwrap();
+            expect(&mut backend, &up).await;
+            settle().await;
+
+            let down = [b'A' + i; 16];
+            backend.write_all(&down).await.unwrap();
+            expect(&mut client, &down).await;
+            settle().await;
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(pool_len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_payload_larger_than_one_splice_still_arrives_intact() {
+        let (mut client, mut backend) = start_relay(true).await;
+        let payload: Vec<u8> = (0..512 * 1024).map(|i| (i % 251) as u8).collect();
+        let sender = tokio::spawn({
+            let payload = payload.clone();
+            async move {
+                client.write_all(&payload).await.unwrap();
+                client
+            }
+        });
+        let mut got = vec![0u8; payload.len()];
+        backend.read_exact(&mut got).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got, payload);
+        drop(sender.await.unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn eof_propagates_with_release_enabled() {
+        let (client, mut backend) = start_relay(true).await;
+        drop(client);
+        let mut got = Vec::new();
+        backend.read_to_end(&mut got).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(got.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// A gate that no test connection will ever reach, so the relay stays in
+    /// the pre-splice phase for the whole exchange.
+    fn ungated() -> SpliceConfig {
+        SpliceConfig {
+            engage: EngageAfter {
+                after_bytes: Some(1 << 30),
+                after_duration: None,
+            },
+            release_idle_pipes: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn start_gated_relay() -> (TcpStream, TcpStream) {
+        let (client, inbound) = connected_pair().await;
+        let (outbound, backend) = connected_pair().await;
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            splice_bidirectional_after(inbound, outbound, &ungated(), 16 * 1024, None).await
+        });
+        (client, backend)
+    }
+
+    /// Half-closing a request must not cost the response: the client shuts down
+    /// its write side, and the backend replies afterwards.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn response_survives_a_client_half_close_before_the_gate() {
+        let (mut client, mut backend) = start_gated_relay().await;
+
+        client.write_all(b"ping").await.unwrap();
+        client.shutdown().await.unwrap();
+
+        let mut req = vec![0u8; 4];
+        backend.read_exact(&mut req).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&req, b"ping");
+        // The app sees the client's EOF but is still free to answer.
+        let mut trailing = Vec::new();
+        backend.read_to_end(&mut trailing).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(trailing.is_empty());
+        backend.write_all(b"pong").await.unwrap();
+        drop(backend);
+
+        let mut resp = Vec::new();
+        client.read_to_end(&mut resp).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(resp, b"pong", "client lost the response after half-closing");
+    }
+
+    /// The mirror image: the backend finishes first and the client is still
+    /// sending. Its remaining bytes have to reach the app.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn request_survives_a_backend_half_close_before_the_gate() {
+        let (mut client, mut backend) = start_gated_relay().await;
+
+        backend.write_all(b"early").await.unwrap();
+        backend.shutdown().await.unwrap();
+
+        let mut resp = vec![0u8; 5];
+        client.read_exact(&mut resp).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&resp, b"early");
+
+        client.write_all(b"late").await.unwrap();
+        drop(client);
+
+        let mut got = Vec::new();
+        backend.read_to_end(&mut got).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(got, b"late", "app lost the request after half-closing");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/stats.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/stats.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f468e6412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/stats.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! What the data path is actually doing with kTLS and splice.
+//!
+//! Neither option is simply on or off. kTLS can be cleared at startup by the
+//! capability probe, and both engage per connection only once their gate fires,
+//! so the configured value does not tell an operator what is running -- and the
+//! difference is worth 2-4x in per-connection memory. Two things are reported:
+//! the effective mode, which answers "is it on at all", and per-connection
+//! counters, which answer "is it engaging".
+//!
+//! All counters are monotonic since process start and are read without
+//! synchronisation, so a snapshot can be marginally inconsistent between
+//! fields. That is the right trade for numbers whose purpose is to be watched
+//! over time; the alternative costs an ordering on the connection path.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::ProxyAccelStatus;
+
+use crate::config::{EngageAfter, ProxyConfig};
+
+/// Connections handed to the kernel's TLS ULP.
+static KTLS_OFFLOADED: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+/// Connections where that handover failed. Non-zero here means connections are
+/// being dropped or truncated at the gate, not merely running unaccelerated.
+static KTLS_OFFLOAD_FAILED: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+/// Connections that entered a zero-copy splice relay. Counted on both paths --
+/// TLS passthrough, and terminate once kTLS has handed the socket over -- since
+/// from the relay's point of view they are the same thing.
+static SPLICE_ENGAGED: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+/// Set when the startup probe finds no TLS ULP. Without it a probe-disabled
+/// gateway is indistinguishable from one that was never configured for kTLS,
+/// because both end up with `ProxyConfig::ktls` unset.
+static KTLS_UNSUPPORTED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+/// Record that the kernel cannot do kTLS, so the reported mode can say why it
+/// is off rather than just that it is.
+pub(crate) fn mark_ktls_unsupported() {
+    KTLS_UNSUPPORTED.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+/// Record the outcome of handing one connection to the kernel.
+///
+/// Takes the result so both offload sites -- immediate and gated -- count the
+/// same way without repeating the match.
+pub(crate) fn record_ktls_offload<T, E>(result: Result<T, E>) -> Result<T, E> {
+    let counter = if result.is_ok() {
+        &KTLS_OFFLOADED
+    } else {
+        &KTLS_OFFLOAD_FAILED
+    };
+    counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    result
+}
+
+/// Record that one connection started splice relaying.
+pub(crate) fn record_splice_engaged() {
+    SPLICE_ENGAGED.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+/// Snapshot the effective acceleration state for the `Status` RPC.
+pub fn accel_status(config: &ProxyConfig) -> ProxyAccelStatus {
+    ProxyAccelStatus {
+        ktls_mode: ktls_mode(config),
+        splice_mode: match &config.tcp_splice {
+            Some(splice) => splice.engage.to_string(),
+            None => "off".to_string(),
+        },
+        ktls_offloaded: KTLS_OFFLOADED.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+        ktls_offload_failed: KTLS_OFFLOAD_FAILED.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+        splice_engaged: SPLICE_ENGAGED.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+    }
+}
+
+fn ktls_mode(config: &ProxyConfig) -> String {
+    describe_ktls(
+        config.ktls.as_ref(),
+        KTLS_UNSUPPORTED.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Split out from the statics so it can be tested without mutating global state
+/// that other tests in this process would then see.
+fn describe_ktls(ktls: Option<&EngageAfter>, unsupported: bool) -> String {
+    match ktls {
+        Some(engage) => engage.to_string(),
+        None if unsupported => "disabled (kernel has no TLS ULP)".to_string(),
+        None => "off".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gates_read_as_when_they_engage() {
+        let gate = |bytes, secs: Option<u64>| EngageAfter {
+            after_bytes: bytes,
+            after_duration: secs.map(std::time::Duration::from_secs),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(gate(None, None).to_string(), "immediate");
+        assert_eq!(gate(Some(65536), None).to_string(), "after 64 KiB");
+        assert_eq!(gate(Some(1 << 20), None).to_string(), "after 1 MiB");
+        assert_eq!(gate(Some(1000), None).to_string(), "after 1000 B");
+        assert_eq!(gate(None, Some(5)).to_string(), "after 5s");
+        assert_eq!(gate(Some(65536), Some(5)).to_string(), "after 64 KiB or 5s");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_probe_disabled_gateway_does_not_look_unconfigured() {
+        assert_eq!(describe_ktls(None, false), "off");
+        assert_eq!(
+            describe_ktls(None, true),
+            "disabled (kernel has no TLS ULP)"
+        );
+        // A kernel that cannot do kTLS is only interesting while kTLS is off;
+        // once it is on, the gate is the useful thing to report.
+        let gate = EngageAfter::default();
+        assert_eq!(describe_ktls(Some(&gate), true), "immediate");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/tls_passthough.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/tls_passthough.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21311730c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/tls_passthough.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::net::SocketAddr;
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use hickory_resolver::config::{NameServerConfig, ResolverConfig};
+use hickory_resolver::lookup::Lookup;
+use hickory_resolver::net::runtime::TokioRuntimeProvider;
+use hickory_resolver::proto::rr::RData;
+use hickory_resolver::TokioResolver;
+use proxy_protocol::ProxyHeader;
+use tokio::{io::AsyncWriteExt, net::TcpStream, task::JoinSet, time::timeout};
+use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    main_service::Proxy,
+    models::{Counting, EnteredCounter},
+};
+
+use super::{
+    io_bridge::bridge_tcp,
+    port_policy::{filter_allowed_addresses, should_send_pp},
+    AddressGroup,
+};
+
+const APP_ADDRESS_DNS_CACHE_SIZE: usize = 256;
+const APP_ADDRESS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct AppAddress {
+    app_id: String,
+    port: u16,
+}
+
+impl AppAddress {
+    fn parse(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        // format: "3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577:555"
+        let data = String::from_utf8(data.to_vec()).context("invalid app address")?;
+        let (app_id, port) = data.split_once(':').context("invalid app address")?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
+            port: port.parse().context("invalid port")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Shared resolver for SNI -> app address TXT lookups.
+///
+/// Hickory's resolver already has an internal TTL-aware DNS cache. The old
+/// code created a new resolver per proxy connection, which defeated that cache.
+/// Keeping a resolver in `ProxyInner` makes TXT caching effective across
+/// connections without introducing a separate cache invalidation policy here.
+pub(crate) struct AppAddressResolver {
+    prefix: String,
+    compat: bool,
+    resolver: TokioResolver,
+}
+
+impl AppAddressResolver {
+    pub(crate) fn new(prefix: String, compat: bool, dns_servers: Vec<SocketAddr>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            prefix,
+            compat,
+            resolver: app_address_tokio_resolver(dns_servers)?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn resolve(&self, sni: &str) -> Result<AppAddress> {
+        resolve_app_address(&self.resolver, &self.prefix, sni, self.compat).await
+    }
+}
+
+fn app_address_tokio_resolver(dns_servers: Vec<SocketAddr>) -> Result<TokioResolver> {
+    let mut builder = if dns_servers.is_empty() {
+        TokioResolver::builder_tokio().context("failed to read system dns config")?
+    } else {
+        let name_servers = dns_servers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|dns_server| {
+                let mut name_server = NameServerConfig::udp_and_tcp(dns_server.ip());
+                for connection in &mut name_server.connections {
+                    connection.port = dns_server.port();
+                }
+                name_server
+            })
+            .collect();
+        TokioResolver::builder_with_config(
+            ResolverConfig::from_parts(None, Vec::new(), name_servers),
+            TokioRuntimeProvider::default(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    // App-address records may appear shortly after a CVM/app is registered.
+    // Reusing one resolver enables positive TXT caching, but we do not want a
+    // transient NXDOMAIN/NODATA response to hide a newly-added app for too
+    // long. Keep positive caching TTL-aware and cap negative caching.
+    let options = builder.options_mut();
+    options.cache_size = APP_ADDRESS_DNS_CACHE_SIZE as u64;
+    options.negative_min_ttl = Some(Duration::ZERO);
+    options.negative_max_ttl = Some(APP_ADDRESS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_TTL);
+
+    builder.build().context("failed to build dns resolver")
+}
+
+fn parse_lookup(lookup: &Lookup, sni: &str, txt_domain: &str) -> Result<Option<AppAddress>> {
+    for answer in lookup.answers() {
+        let RData::TXT(txt) = &answer.data else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(data) = txt.txt_data.first() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        return AppAddress::parse(data)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse app address for {sni} via {txt_domain}"))
+            .map(Some);
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+/// Resolve app address by SNI. `resolver` is shared so its DNS cache is reused.
+async fn resolve_app_address(
+    resolver: &TokioResolver,
+    prefix: &str,
+    sni: &str,
+    compat: bool,
+) -> Result<AppAddress> {
+    let txt_domain = format!("{prefix}.{sni}");
+
+    if compat && prefix != "_tapp-address" {
+        let txt_domain_legacy = format!("_tapp-address.{sni}");
+        let (lookup, lookup_legacy) = tokio::join!(
+            resolver.txt_lookup(&txt_domain),
+            resolver.txt_lookup(&txt_domain_legacy),
+        );
+        for (lookup, domain) in [
+            (lookup, txt_domain.as_str()),
+            (lookup_legacy, txt_domain_legacy.as_str()),
+        ] {
+            let Ok(lookup) = lookup else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if let Some(app_address) = parse_lookup(&lookup, sni, domain)? {
+                return Ok(app_address);
+            }
+        }
+    } else if let Ok(lookup) = resolver.txt_lookup(&txt_domain).await {
+        if let Some(app_address) = parse_lookup(&lookup, sni, &txt_domain)? {
+            return Ok(app_address);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // wildcard fallback: try {prefix}-wildcard.{parent_domain}
+    if let Some((_, parent)) = sni.split_once('.') {
+        let wildcard_domain = format!("{prefix}-wildcard.{parent}");
+        let lookup = resolver
+            .txt_lookup(&wildcard_domain)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to lookup wildcard app address for {sni} via {wildcard_domain}")
+            })?;
+        return parse_lookup(&lookup, sni, &wildcard_domain)?
+            .with_context(|| format!("no txt record found for {sni} via {wildcard_domain}"));
+    }
+
+    anyhow::bail!("failed to resolve app address for {sni}");
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn proxy_with_sni(
+    state: Proxy,
+    inbound: TcpStream,
+    pp_header: ProxyHeader,
+    buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    sni: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let dns_timeout = state.config.proxy.timeouts.dns_resolve;
+    let addr = timeout(dns_timeout, state.app_address_resolver.resolve(sni))
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("DNS TXT resolve timeout for {sni}"))?
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to resolve app address for {sni}"))?;
+    debug!("target address is {}:{}", addr.app_id, addr.port);
+    proxy_to_app(state, inbound, pp_header, buffer, &addr.app_id, addr.port).await
+}
+
+/// Check if app has reached max connections limit
+fn check_connection_limit(
+    addresses: &AddressGroup,
+    max_connections: u64,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if max_connections == 0 {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let total: u64 = addresses
+        .iter()
+        .map(|a| a.counter.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+        .sum();
+    if total >= max_connections {
+        warn!(
+            app_id,
+            total, max_connections, "app connection limit exceeded"
+        );
+        bail!("app connection limit exceeded: {total}/{max_connections}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// connect to multiple hosts simultaneously and return the first successful connection
+/// along with the instance_id of the winning address.
+pub(crate) async fn connect_multiple_hosts(
+    addresses: AddressGroup,
+    port: u16,
+    max_connections: u64,
+    app_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(TcpStream, EnteredCounter, String)> {
+    check_connection_limit(&addresses, max_connections, app_id)?;
+
+    let mut candidates = addresses.into_iter();
+    let Some(first) = candidates.next() else {
+        bail!("no addresses to connect to app <{app_id}>");
+    };
+
+    // Fast path: with a single candidate there is nothing to race, so skip the
+    // JoinSet and the task spawn it needs. That allocation and scheduling
+    // happened on every connection, and single-address apps are the common
+    // case.
+    if candidates.as_slice().is_empty() {
+        let addr = first;
+        let counter = addr.counter.enter();
+        let ip = addr.ip;
+        debug!("connecting to {ip}:{port}");
+        let connection = TcpStream::connect((ip, port))
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to connect to app@{ip}:{port}: {e}"))?;
+        let _ = connection.set_nodelay(true);
+        return Ok((connection, counter, addr.instance_id));
+    }
+
+    let mut join_set = JoinSet::new();
+    for addr in std::iter::once(first).chain(candidates) {
+        let counter = addr.counter.enter();
+        let ip = addr.ip;
+        let instance_id = addr.instance_id;
+        debug!("connecting to {ip}:{port}");
+        let future = TcpStream::connect((ip, port));
+        join_set.spawn(async move {
+            (
+                future.await.map_err(|e| (e, ip, port)),
+                counter,
+                instance_id,
+            )
+        });
+    }
+    // select the first successful connection
+    let (connection, counter, instance_id) = loop {
+        let (result, counter, instance_id) = join_set
+            .join_next()
+            .await
+            .context("No connection success")?
+            .context("Failed to join the connect task")?;
+        match result {
+            Ok(connection) => break (connection, counter, instance_id),
+            Err((e, addr, port)) => {
+                info!("failed to connect to app@{addr}:{port}: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // Disable Nagle on the upstream socket for the same reason as the inbound
+    // side: avoid delayed-ACK stalls on small proxied messages.
+    let _ = connection.set_nodelay(true);
+    debug!("connected to {:?}", connection.peer_addr());
+    Ok((connection, counter, instance_id))
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn proxy_to_app(
+    state: Proxy,
+    inbound: TcpStream,
+    pp_header: ProxyHeader,
+    buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    app_id: &str,
+    port: u16,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let addresses = state.lock().select_top_n_hosts(app_id)?;
+    let addresses = filter_allowed_addresses(&state, addresses, app_id, port)?;
+    let max_connections = state.config.proxy.max_connections_per_app;
+    let (mut outbound, _counter, instance_id) = timeout(
+        state.config.proxy.timeouts.connect,
+        connect_multiple_hosts(addresses.clone(), port, max_connections, app_id),
+    )
+    .await
+    .with_context(|| format!("connecting timeout to app {app_id}: {addresses:?}:{port}"))?
+    .with_context(|| format!("failed to connect to app {app_id}: {addresses:?}:{port}"))?;
+    if should_send_pp(&state, &instance_id, port) {
+        let pp_header_bin =
+            proxy_protocol::encode(pp_header).context("failed to encode pp header")?;
+        outbound.write_all(&pp_header_bin).await?;
+    }
+    outbound
+        .write_all(&buffer)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to write to app")?;
+    if let Some(gate) = &state.config.proxy.tcp_splice {
+        // Passthrough is a pure TCP relay: move bytes kernel-side with splice.
+        // Both ends are plain sockets here, so a FIN is the whole close.
+        let idle = state.config.proxy.idle_timeout();
+        if gate.engage.is_immediate() {
+            super::splice::splice_bidirectional(
+                inbound,
+                outbound,
+                gate.release_idle_pipes,
+                idle,
+                super::splice::CloseKind::Tcp,
+            )
+            .await
+            .context("failed to splice between inbound and outbound")?;
+        } else {
+            let buf_size = state.config.proxy.buffer_size;
+            super::splice::splice_bidirectional_after(inbound, outbound, gate, buf_size, idle)
+                .await
+                .context("failed to relay between inbound and outbound")?;
+        }
+    } else {
+        bridge_tcp(inbound, outbound, &state.config.proxy)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to copy between inbound and outbound")?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_resolve_app_address() -> Result<()> {
+        let resolver = AppAddressResolver::new("_dstack-app-address".to_string(), false, vec![])?;
+        let app_addr = resolver
+            .resolve("3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577.app.dstack.org")
+            .await?;
+        assert_eq!(app_addr.app_id, "3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577");
+        assert_eq!(app_addr.port, 8090);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/tls_terminate.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/tls_terminate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..430089977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/proxy/tls_terminate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::io;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context as _, Result};
+use hyper::body::Incoming;
+use hyper::server::conn::http1;
+use hyper::service::service_fn;
+use hyper::{Request, Response, StatusCode};
+use hyper_util::rt::tokio::TokioIo;
+use proxy_protocol::ProxyHeader;
+use rustls::version::{TLS12, TLS13};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt, ReadBuf};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+use tokio_rustls::{rustls, server::TlsStream, TlsAcceptor};
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use crate::cert_store::CertResolver;
+
+use crate::config::{CryptoProvider, ProxyConfig, TlsVersion};
+use crate::main_service::Proxy;
+
+use super::io_bridge::bridge;
+use super::port_policy::{filter_allowed_addresses, should_send_pp};
+use super::tls_passthough::connect_multiple_hosts;
+
+#[pin_project::pin_project]
+struct IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S> {
+    #[pin]
+    stream: S,
+}
+
+impl<S> IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S> {
+    fn new(stream: S) -> Self {
+        Self { stream }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> AsyncRead for IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S>
+where
+    S: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match self.project().stream.poll_read(cx, buf) {
+            Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => Poll::Ready(Ok(())),
+            output => output,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> AsyncWrite for IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S>
+where
+    S: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<std::result::Result<(), io::Error>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<std::result::Result<(), io::Error>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_write_vectored(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        bufs: &[io::IoSlice<'_>],
+    ) -> Poll<std::result::Result<usize, io::Error>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
+    }
+
+    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
+        self.stream.is_write_vectored()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a TLS acceptor using CertResolver for SNI-based certificate resolution
+///
+/// The CertResolver allows atomic certificate updates without recreating the acceptor.
+pub(crate) fn create_acceptor_with_cert_resolver(
+    proxy_config: &ProxyConfig,
+    cert_resolver: Arc<CertResolver>,
+    h2: bool,
+) -> Result<TlsAcceptor> {
+    let provider = match proxy_config.tls_crypto_provider {
+        CryptoProvider::AwsLcRs => rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::default_provider(),
+        CryptoProvider::Ring => rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider(),
+    };
+    // Stateless session tickets. TLS 1.2 resumption already works via the
+    // in-memory session-ID cache, but TLS 1.3 resumption requires a ticketer;
+    // without one, every reconnect pays a full handshake (a large RSA signing
+    // cost on the server). Installing a ticketer restores resumption for 1.3.
+    let ticketer = match proxy_config.tls_crypto_provider {
+        CryptoProvider::AwsLcRs => rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::Ticketer::new(),
+        CryptoProvider::Ring => rustls::crypto::ring::Ticketer::new(),
+    }
+    .context("failed to create TLS session ticketer")?;
+    let supported_versions = proxy_config
+        .tls_versions
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| match v {
+            TlsVersion::Tls12 => &TLS12,
+            TlsVersion::Tls13 => &TLS13,
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let mut config = rustls::ServerConfig::builder_with_provider(Arc::new(provider))
+        .with_protocol_versions(&supported_versions)
+        .context("failed to build TLS config")?
+        .with_no_client_auth()
+        .with_cert_resolver(cert_resolver);
+
+    config.ticketer = ticketer;
+
+    // kTLS needs the negotiated traffic secrets so it can install them into
+    // the kernel's TLS ULP. This is opt-in because it moves session keys
+    // outside rustls' control (see the `ktls` config docs).
+    if proxy_config.ktls.is_some() {
+        config.enable_secret_extraction = true;
+    }
+
+    if h2 {
+        config.alpn_protocols = vec![b"h2".to_vec()];
+    }
+
+    let acceptor = TlsAcceptor::from(Arc::new(config));
+
+    Ok(acceptor)
+}
+
+fn json_response(body: &impl Serialize) -> Result<Response<String>> {
+    let body = serde_json::to_string(body).context("Failed to serialize response")?;
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(StatusCode::OK)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+        .body(body)
+        .context("Failed to build response")
+}
+
+fn empty_response(status: StatusCode) -> Result<Response<String>> {
+    Response::builder()
+        .status(status)
+        .body(String::new())
+        .context("Failed to build response")
+}
+
+impl Proxy {
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_this_node(
+        &self,
+        inbound: TcpStream,
+        buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        port: u16,
+        h2: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if port != 80 {
+            bail!("Only port 80 is supported for this node");
+        }
+        let stream = self.tls_accept(inbound, buffer, h2).await?;
+        let io = TokioIo::new(stream);
+
+        let service = service_fn(|req: Request<Incoming>| async move {
+            // Only respond to GET / requests
+            if req.method() != hyper::Method::GET {
+                return empty_response(StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
+            }
+            if req.uri().path() == "/health" {
+                return empty_response(StatusCode::OK);
+            }
+            let path = req.uri().path().trim_start_matches("/.dstack");
+            match path {
+                "/index" => {
+                    let body = serde_json::json!({
+                        "type": "dstack gateway",
+                        "paths": [
+                            "/index",
+                            "/app-info",
+                            "/acme-info",
+                        ],
+                    });
+                    json_response(&body)
+                }
+                "/app-info" => {
+                    let agent = crate::dstack_agent().context("Failed to get dstack agent")?;
+                    let app_info = agent.info().await.context("Failed to get app info")?;
+                    json_response(&app_info)
+                }
+                "/acme-info" => {
+                    let acme_info = self.acme_info(None).context("Failed to get acme info")?;
+                    json_response(&acme_info)
+                }
+                _ => empty_response(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND),
+            }
+        });
+
+        http1::Builder::new()
+            .serve_connection(io, service)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to serve HTTP connection")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Deprecated legacy endpoint
+    pub(crate) async fn handle_health_check(
+        &self,
+        inbound: TcpStream,
+        buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        port: u16,
+        h2: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if port != 80 {
+            bail!("Only port 80 is supported for health checks");
+        }
+        let stream = self.tls_accept(inbound, buffer, h2).await?;
+
+        // Wrap the TLS stream with TokioIo to make it compatible with hyper 1.x
+        let io = TokioIo::new(stream);
+
+        let service = service_fn(|req: Request<Incoming>| async move {
+            // Only respond to GET / requests
+            if req.method() != hyper::Method::GET || req.uri().path() != "/" {
+                return Response::builder()
+                    .status(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND)
+                    .body(String::new())
+                    .context("Failed to build response");
+            }
+            Response::builder()
+                .status(StatusCode::OK)
+                .body(String::new())
+                .context("Failed to build response")
+        });
+
+        http1::Builder::new()
+            .serve_connection(io, service)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to serve HTTP connection")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn tls_accept(
+        &self,
+        inbound: TcpStream,
+        buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        h2: bool,
+    ) -> Result<TlsStream<MergedStream>> {
+        let stream = MergedStream {
+            buffer,
+            buffer_cursor: 0,
+            inbound,
+        };
+        let acceptor = if h2 {
+            &self.h2_acceptor
+        } else {
+            &self.acceptor
+        };
+        let tls_stream = timeout(
+            self.config.proxy.timeouts.handshake,
+            acceptor.accept(stream),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("handshake timeout")?
+        .context("failed to accept tls connection")?;
+        Ok(tls_stream)
+    }
+
+    /// Accept a TLS connection keeping the `CorkStream` wrapper, so the
+    /// connection can be handed to the kernel later without re-wrapping.
+    async fn tls_accept_corked(
+        &self,
+        inbound: TcpStream,
+        buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        h2: bool,
+    ) -> Result<TlsStream<ktls::CorkStream<MergedStream>>> {
+        let stream = ktls::CorkStream::new(MergedStream {
+            buffer,
+            buffer_cursor: 0,
+            inbound,
+        });
+        let acceptor = if h2 {
+            &self.h2_acceptor
+        } else {
+            &self.acceptor
+        };
+        timeout(
+            self.config.proxy.timeouts.handshake,
+            acceptor.accept(stream),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("handshake timeout")?
+        .context("failed to accept tls connection")
+    }
+
+    /// Accept a TLS connection and hand the socket over to kernel TLS.
+    ///
+    /// The handshake still runs in rustls; afterwards the negotiated keys are
+    /// installed into the kernel TLS ULP so record encryption happens there.
+    /// The inner IO must be wrapped in `CorkStream` because that is the only
+    /// way to drain a rustls stream cleanly at a record boundary.
+    async fn tls_accept_ktls(
+        &self,
+        inbound: TcpStream,
+        buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        h2: bool,
+    ) -> Result<ktls::KtlsStream<MergedStream>> {
+        let stream = ktls::CorkStream::new(MergedStream {
+            buffer,
+            buffer_cursor: 0,
+            inbound,
+        });
+        let acceptor = if h2 {
+            &self.h2_acceptor
+        } else {
+            &self.acceptor
+        };
+        let tls_stream = timeout(
+            self.config.proxy.timeouts.handshake,
+            acceptor.accept(stream),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("handshake timeout")?
+        .context("failed to accept tls connection")?;
+        super::stats::record_ktls_offload(ktls::config_ktls_server(tls_stream).await)
+            .context("failed to enable kernel TLS")
+    }
+
+    pub(super) async fn proxy(
+        &self,
+        inbound: TcpStream,
+        pp_header: ProxyHeader,
+        buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        app_id: &str,
+        port: u16,
+        h2: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if app_id == "health" {
+            return self.handle_health_check(inbound, buffer, port, h2).await;
+        }
+        if app_id == "gateway" {
+            return self.handle_this_node(inbound, buffer, port, h2).await;
+        }
+        let addresses = self
+            .lock()
+            .select_top_n_hosts(app_id)
+            .with_context(|| format!("app <{app_id}> not found"))?;
+        let addresses = filter_allowed_addresses(self, addresses, app_id, port)?;
+        debug!("selected top n hosts: {addresses:?}");
+        if let Some(ktls) = &self.config.proxy.ktls {
+            let splice = self.config.proxy.tcp_splice.as_ref();
+            // A gated offload only pays off if the socket is spliced afterwards,
+            // so it needs both sections configured.
+            if let Some(splice) = splice.filter(|_| !ktls.is_immediate()) {
+                // Adaptive: stay in userspace rustls until the connection proves
+                // itself worth the offload, then hand it to the kernel.
+                let tls_stream = self.tls_accept_corked(inbound, buffer, h2).await?;
+                let (mut outbound, _counter, instance_id) =
+                    self.connect_upstream(addresses, port, app_id).await?;
+                self.send_pp_header(&mut outbound, &instance_id, port, pp_header)
+                    .await?;
+                return super::adaptive_ktls::relay_with_adaptive_offload(
+                    tls_stream,
+                    outbound,
+                    ktls,
+                    splice,
+                    self.config.proxy.idle_timeout(),
+                )
+                .await;
+            }
+            let tls_stream = self.tls_accept_ktls(inbound, buffer, h2).await?;
+            if let Some(splice) = splice {
+                // With kTLS the socket carries plaintext from userspace's point
+                // of view, so the payload can be relayed with splice and never
+                // enters this process at all.
+                let (mut outbound, _counter, instance_id) =
+                    self.connect_upstream(addresses, port, app_id).await?;
+                self.send_pp_header(&mut outbound, &instance_id, port, pp_header)
+                    .await?;
+                let (drained, stream) = tls_stream.into_raw();
+                let (buffered, tcp) = stream.into_parts();
+                // These two are not the same kind of data and must not be
+                // treated as interchangeable: `drained` is plaintext rustls
+                // decrypted past the handshake and owes to the app, while
+                // `buffered` is whatever raw *ciphertext* was left in the SNI
+                // sniff buffer. Forwarding the latter would hand the app TLS
+                // records to interpret as application data.
+                //
+                // A completed handshake always consumes the sniff buffer, so
+                // this is unreachable rather than merely unlikely -- but it is
+                // cheap to refuse instead of finding out by corrupting a stream.
+                if !buffered.is_empty() {
+                    bail!(
+                        "{} bytes of unconsumed ciphertext at kTLS handover",
+                        buffered.len()
+                    );
+                }
+                // Plaintext rustls already decrypted has to reach the app before
+                // the kernel starts moving bytes directly.
+                let drained = drained.unwrap_or_default();
+                if !drained.is_empty() {
+                    outbound
+                        .write_all(&drained)
+                        .await
+                        .context("failed to flush drained data to app")?;
+                }
+                // `tcp` is now a kernel-TLS socket, so closing it needs a
+                // close_notify and not just a FIN.
+                return super::splice::splice_bidirectional(
+                    tcp,
+                    outbound,
+                    splice.release_idle_pipes,
+                    self.config.proxy.idle_timeout(),
+                    super::splice::CloseKind::KernelTls,
+                )
+                .await
+                .context("ktls splice error");
+            }
+            self.relay_to_app(tls_stream, addresses, port, app_id, pp_header)
+                .await
+        } else {
+            let tls_stream = self.tls_accept(inbound, buffer, h2).await?;
+            self.relay_to_app(tls_stream, addresses, port, app_id, pp_header)
+                .await
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Connect to the app and relay an already-terminated TLS stream to it.
+    ///
+    /// Generic over the accepted stream so the userspace-rustls and kTLS
+    /// paths share the same connect / PROXY-protocol / bridging logic.
+    /// Race a connection to the app's top-N addresses.
+    async fn connect_upstream(
+        &self,
+        addresses: super::AddressGroup,
+        port: u16,
+        app_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(TcpStream, crate::models::EnteredCounter, String)> {
+        let max_connections = self.config.proxy.max_connections_per_app;
+        timeout(
+            self.config.proxy.timeouts.connect,
+            connect_multiple_hosts(addresses, port, max_connections, app_id),
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("connecting timeout"))?
+        .context("failed to connect to app")
+    }
+
+    /// Forward the client's address to the app when its port policy asks for it.
+    async fn send_pp_header(
+        &self,
+        outbound: &mut TcpStream,
+        instance_id: &str,
+        port: u16,
+        pp_header: ProxyHeader,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if should_send_pp(self, instance_id, port) {
+            let pp_header_bin =
+                proxy_protocol::encode(pp_header).context("failed to encode pp header")?;
+            outbound.write_all(&pp_header_bin).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn relay_to_app<S>(
+        &self,
+        tls_stream: S,
+        addresses: super::AddressGroup,
+        port: u16,
+        app_id: &str,
+        pp_header: ProxyHeader,
+    ) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        S: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+    {
+        let (mut outbound, _counter, instance_id) =
+            self.connect_upstream(addresses, port, app_id).await?;
+        self.send_pp_header(&mut outbound, &instance_id, port, pp_header)
+            .await?;
+        bridge(
+            IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream::new(tls_stream),
+            outbound,
+            &self.config.proxy,
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("bridge error")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Give up the raw socket *and* anything still buffered in front of it.
+///
+/// Deliberately not `Into<TcpStream>`: that conversion existed, and it dropped
+/// the remainder silently. Whatever is left here is raw ciphertext from the SNI
+/// sniff, which cannot be forwarded to an app expecting plaintext and cannot be
+/// pushed back once the socket belongs to the kernel -- so the only safe thing
+/// is to make every caller look at it.
+pub(crate) trait SocketParts {
+    fn into_socket_parts(self) -> (Vec<u8>, TcpStream);
+}
+
+#[pin_project::pin_project]
+struct MergedStream {
+    buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    buffer_cursor: usize,
+    #[pin]
+    inbound: TcpStream,
+}
+
+impl AsyncRead for MergedStream {
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        let mut cursor = *this.buffer_cursor;
+        if cursor < this.buffer.len() {
+            let n = std::cmp::min(buf.remaining(), this.buffer.len() - cursor);
+            buf.put_slice(&this.buffer[cursor..cursor + n]);
+            cursor += n;
+            if cursor == this.buffer.len() {
+                cursor = 0;
+                *this.buffer = vec![];
+            }
+            *this.buffer_cursor = cursor;
+            return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+        }
+        this.inbound.poll_read(cx, buf)
+    }
+}
+impl MergedStream {
+    /// Unwrap to the raw socket, returning any bytes still buffered from the
+    /// pre-handshake sniff. After a completed handshake the buffer is drained,
+    /// so the returned `Vec` is normally empty; callers that bypass the
+    /// `AsyncRead` impl (e.g. splice) must still handle a non-empty remainder.
+    fn into_parts(self) -> (Vec<u8>, TcpStream) {
+        let remaining = self.buffer[self.buffer_cursor.min(self.buffer.len())..].to_vec();
+        (remaining, self.inbound)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SocketParts for MergedStream {
+    fn into_socket_parts(self) -> (Vec<u8>, TcpStream) {
+        self.into_parts()
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::os::fd::AsRawFd for MergedStream {
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> std::os::fd::RawFd {
+        self.inbound.as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ktls::AsyncReadReady for MergedStream {
+    fn poll_read_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        // Safe to defer to the socket: by the time kTLS takes over, the
+        // buffered ClientHello prefix has already been consumed by rustls.
+        self.inbound.poll_read_ready(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for MergedStream {
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<usize, std::io::Error>> {
+        self.project().inbound.poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(
+        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
+        self.project().inbound.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
+        self.project().inbound.poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_write_vectored(
+        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+        bufs: &[std::io::IoSlice<'_>],
+    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<usize, std::io::Error>> {
+        self.project().inbound.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
+    }
+
+    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inbound.is_write_vectored()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt as _;
+    use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+    async fn merged_with(buffer: Vec<u8>) -> MergedStream {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.expect("bind");
+        let addr = listener.local_addr().expect("addr");
+        let client = TcpStream::connect(addr).await.expect("connect");
+        drop(client);
+        let (inbound, _) = listener.accept().await.expect("accept");
+        MergedStream {
+            buffer,
+            buffer_cursor: 0,
+            inbound,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The kTLS handover reads the remainder through this, and forwarding raw
+    /// ciphertext to an app expecting plaintext is the failure it guards
+    /// against -- so an unconsumed sniff buffer has to be visible, not silently
+    /// swallowed by the unwrap.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_unconsumed_sniff_buffer_is_surfaced_not_dropped() {
+        let stream = merged_with(b"leftover ciphertext".to_vec()).await;
+        let (remainder, _socket) = stream.into_socket_parts();
+        assert_eq!(remainder, b"leftover ciphertext");
+    }
+
+    /// The normal case: rustls drains the sniff buffer during the handshake, so
+    /// the handover sees nothing left and proceeds.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_consumed_sniff_buffer_leaves_no_remainder() {
+        let mut stream = merged_with(b"clienthello".to_vec()).await;
+        let mut sink = vec![0u8; 11];
+        stream.read_exact(&mut sink).await.expect("read");
+        assert_eq!(&sink, b"clienthello");
+        let (remainder, _socket) = stream.into_socket_parts();
+        assert!(remainder.is_empty(), "got {remainder:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/time.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/time.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..71e29a376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/time.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Epoch-seconds conversions shared across the gateway.
+//!
+//! Timestamps cross the KV boundary as `u64` seconds since the Unix epoch and
+//! are held in memory as `SystemTime`, so both directions are needed in several
+//! modules. Keeping one pair of them means the saturating behaviour — a time
+//! before the epoch reads as 0, a count of seconds `SystemTime` cannot
+//! represent clamps to the epoch — is decided once instead of at each call
+//! site.
+//!
+//! Call sites that would rather fail than saturate keep their own
+//! `duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?`: a clock behind the epoch is a real fault, and
+//! whether to report it or carry on is the caller's decision, not this
+//! module's.
+
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+/// Seconds since the Unix epoch for `ts`, or 0 if `ts` predates the epoch.
+pub(crate) fn encode_ts(ts: SystemTime) -> u64 {
+    ts.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default().as_secs()
+}
+
+/// The instant `ts` seconds after the Unix epoch, clamped to the epoch when
+/// that instant is not representable.
+pub(crate) fn decode_ts(ts: u64) -> SystemTime {
+    UNIX_EPOCH
+        .checked_add(Duration::from_secs(ts))
+        .unwrap_or(UNIX_EPOCH)
+}
+
+/// The local wall clock, as seconds since the Unix epoch.
+pub(crate) fn now_secs() -> u64 {
+    encode_ts(SystemTime::now())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29b37d9a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::main_service::Proxy;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use rocket::{get, http::ContentType, response::content::RawHtml, routes, Route, State};
+
+mod metrics;
+mod route_index;
+mod wavekv_sync;
+
+#[get("/")]
+async fn index(state: &State<Proxy>) -> Result<RawHtml<String>, String> {
+    route_index::index(state).await.map_err(|e| format!("{e}"))
+}
+
+/// Prometheus scrape endpoint.
+///
+/// Mounted on the admin listener only: the series below name domains, node ids
+/// and instance counts, which is topology no unauthenticated caller should be
+/// able to read.
+#[get("/metrics")]
+fn scrape(state: &State<Proxy>) -> (ContentType, String) {
+    // Naming the exposition version lets a scraper pick its parser instead of
+    // inferring one from a bare `text/plain`.
+    let content_type = ContentType::new("text", "plain").with_params([("version", "0.0.4")]);
+    (content_type, metrics::render(state))
+}
+
+#[get("/health")]
+fn health() -> &'static str {
+    "OK"
+}
+
+pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    routes![index, scrape]
+}
+
+/// Health endpoint for simple liveness checks
+pub fn health_routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    routes![health]
+}
+
+/// WaveKV sync endpoint (for main server, requires mTLS gateway auth)
+pub fn wavekv_sync_routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    routes![wavekv_sync::sync_store, wavekv_sync::push_store]
+}
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The scrape output names domains, node ids and instance counts, so `/metrics`
+    /// must be part of the authenticated admin route set (`routes()`) and must not
+    /// be included in the route sets intended for non-admin listeners.
+    ///
+    /// This test checks the route-set membership only; it does not inspect Rocket
+    /// listener wiring in `main.rs`.
+    #[test]
+    fn metrics_is_mounted_on_the_admin_listener_only() {
+        let mounted = |set: Vec<Route>| set.iter().any(|route| route.uri.path() == "/metrics");
+        assert!(mounted(routes()));
+        assert!(!mounted(health_routes()));
+        assert!(!mounted(wavekv_sync_routes()));
+    }
+
+    /// A typo in either path would prevent peers from synchronizing.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_sync_routes_are_mounted_where_peers_look_for_them() {
+        let mounted: Vec<String> = wavekv_sync_routes()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|route| route.uri.to_string())
+            .collect();
+
+        for expected in ["/wavekv/sync/<store>", "/wavekv/push/<store>"] {
+            assert!(
+                mounted.iter().any(|uri| uri == expected),
+                "{expected} is not mounted; peers would be unable to synchronize. \
+                 mounted: {mounted:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/metrics.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/metrics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a6aa132e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/metrics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! `/metrics` scrape handler.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+
+use rocket::State;
+
+use crate::{
+    main_service::Proxy,
+    metrics::{self, PeerSnapshot, Snapshot, StoreSnapshot},
+    proxy::{stats::accel_status, NUM_CONNECTIONS},
+};
+
+pub fn render(state: &State<Proxy>) -> String {
+    metrics::render(&sample(state))
+}
+
+fn sample(state: &State<Proxy>) -> Snapshot {
+    // Everything below reads replicated records through the decoding helpers
+    // that feed `record_decode_failure`. A scrape reporting a counter must not
+    // also be a writer of it.
+    let _sampling = metrics::scrape_guard();
+
+    let kv_store = state.kv_store().clone();
+    let accel = accel_status(&state.config.proxy);
+
+    // The public data path takes this lock on every connection, so the scrape
+    // holds it for one O(1) count and nothing else.
+    //
+    // The node counts deliberately do not go through `get_all_nodes()` /
+    // `get_active_nodes()`: those read no proxy state at all -- only
+    // `self.kv_store` -- so routing them through the lock would drag two loads
+    // of the node table, a `GatewayNodeInfo` per node, and one ephemeral-lock
+    // acquisition per node for an unused `last_seen` in here with them.
+    let instances = state.lock().state.instances.len() as u64;
+    let (nodes_total, nodes_active) = kv_store.count_nodes();
+
+    let stores = vec![
+        store_snapshot("persistent", kv_store.persistent()),
+        store_snapshot("ephemeral", kv_store.ephemeral()),
+    ];
+
+    let cert_not_after = kv_store
+        .load_all_cert_data()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(domain, data)| (domain, data.not_after))
+        .collect();
+
+    Snapshot {
+        version: crate::app_version(),
+        node_id: kv_store.my_node_id(),
+        instances,
+        connections: NUM_CONNECTIONS.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+        nodes_total,
+        nodes_active,
+        accel,
+        stores,
+        cert_not_after,
+    }
+}
+
+fn store_snapshot(name: &'static str, node: &wavekv::node::Node) -> StoreSnapshot {
+    // `status()` is O(peers) on wavekv 1.x, so this is cheap enough to do under
+    // the read lock. On the 2.0 branch it also computes a state digest over the
+    // whole dataset -- at that point this call hashes the entire store, twice
+    // per scrape, while blocking writers. Revisit when the dependency moves.
+    let status = node.read().status();
+    StoreSnapshot {
+        name,
+        keys: status.n_kvs as u64,
+        next_seq: status.next_seq,
+        dirty: status.dirty,
+        peers: status
+            .peers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|peer| PeerSnapshot {
+                id: peer.id,
+                local_ack: peer.ack,
+                peer_ack: peer.peer_ack,
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/route_index.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/route_index.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4e9907e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/route_index.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::{
+    admin_service::AdminRpcHandler,
+    main_service::{Proxy, RpcHandler},
+    models::Dashboard,
+};
+use anyhow::Context;
+use dstack_gateway_rpc::gateway_server::GatewayRpc;
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use rinja::Template as _;
+use rocket::{response::content::RawHtml as Html, State};
+
+pub async fn index(state: &State<Proxy>) -> anyhow::Result<Html<String>> {
+    let context = CallContext::builder().state(&**state).build();
+    let rpc_handler =
+        AdminRpcHandler::construct(context.clone()).context("Failed to construct RpcHandler")?;
+    let status = rpc_handler.status().await.context("Failed to get status")?;
+    let rpc_handler = RpcHandler::construct(context).context("Failed to construct RpcHandler")?;
+    let acme_info = rpc_handler
+        .acme_info()
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to get ACME info")?;
+    let accel = status.accel.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+    let model = Dashboard {
+        status,
+        acme_info,
+        accel,
+    };
+    let html = model.render().context("Failed to render template")?;
+    Ok(Html(html))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/wavekv_sync.rs b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/wavekv_sync.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd1df6653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/src/web_routes/wavekv_sync.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,765 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! WaveKV sync HTTP endpoints
+//!
+//! Sync data is encoded using msgpack + gzip compression for efficiency.
+
+use crate::{
+    kv::{gunzip_bounded, MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES, MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES},
+    main_service::Proxy,
+};
+use flate2::{write::GzEncoder, Compression};
+use ra_tls::traits::CertExt;
+use rocket::{
+    data::{Data, ToByteUnit},
+    http::{ContentType, Status},
+    mtls::{oid::Oid, x509::X509Extension, Certificate},
+    post, State,
+};
+use std::io::Write;
+use tracing::warn;
+use wavekv::sync::SyncEnvelope;
+
+/// Adapter implementing `CertExt` over a parsed certificate's extension list.
+///
+/// It holds the extensions rather than the `Certificate` so that a test can build one:
+/// `rocket::mtls::Certificate` has no public constructor — it can only be produced by a
+/// real mTLS handshake — while an extension list comes straight out of `X509Certificate`.
+struct RocketCert<'a, 'b>(&'b [X509Extension<'a>]);
+
+impl CertExt for RocketCert<'_, '_> {
+    fn get_extension_der(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> anyhow::Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let oid = Oid::from(oid).map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to create OID from slice"))?;
+        let Some(ext) = self.0.iter().find(|ext| ext.oid == oid) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        Ok(Some(ext.value.to_vec()))
+    }
+}
+
+fn gzip(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Status> {
+    let mut encoder = GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::fast());
+    encoder.write_all(bytes).map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("failed to compress sync response: {e}");
+        Status::InternalServerError
+    })?;
+    encoder.finish().map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("failed to finish compression: {e}");
+        Status::InternalServerError
+    })
+}
+
+fn gunzip(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Status> {
+    gunzip_bounded(data, MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES).map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("failed to decompress sync payload: {e:#}");
+        Status::BadRequest
+    })
+}
+
+async fn read_compressed_body(data: Data<'_>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Status> {
+    let bytes = data
+        .open(MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES.bytes())
+        .into_bytes()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| Status::BadRequest)?;
+    if !bytes.is_complete() {
+        warn!("sync payload exceeds the {MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES}-byte compressed-size limit");
+        return Err(Status::PayloadTooLarge);
+    }
+    Ok(bytes.into_inner())
+}
+
+/// Read a sync envelope from a bounded request body.
+async fn read_envelope(data: Data<'_>) -> Result<SyncEnvelope, Status> {
+    let decompressed = gunzip(&read_compressed_body(data).await?)?;
+    // `SyncEnvelope::decode` enforces the schema version and rejects trailing bytes;
+    // it is deliberately not the generic `decode` used for KV values.
+    SyncEnvelope::decode(&decompressed).map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("failed to decode sync envelope: {e:#}");
+        Status::BadRequest
+    })
+}
+
+/// Verify that the request is from a gateway with the same app_id (mTLS verification)
+fn verify_gateway_peer(state: &Proxy, cert: Option<Certificate<'_>>) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    // Skip verification if not running in dstack (test mode)
+    if state.config.debug.insecure_skip_attestation {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let Some(cert) = cert else {
+        warn!("WaveKV sync: client certificate required but not provided");
+        return Err(Status::Unauthorized);
+    };
+
+    authorize_peer(&RocketCert(cert.extensions()), state.my_app_id())
+}
+
+/// Decide whether a certificate's app identity is one we accept.
+///
+/// Split out from `verify_gateway_peer` because that function's other half — the
+/// attestation bypass and Rocket's certificate guard — cannot be exercised from a test,
+/// which left this decision, the actual authorization rule, uncovered.
+fn authorize_peer(cert: &impl CertExt, my_app_id: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<(), Status> {
+    let remote_app_id = match cert.get_app_id().map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("WaveKV sync: failed to extract app_id from certificate: {e}");
+        Status::Unauthorized
+    })? {
+        Some(app_id) => Some(app_id),
+        None => cert
+            .get_app_info()
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                warn!("WaveKV sync: failed to extract app_info from certificate: {e}");
+                Status::Unauthorized
+            })?
+            .map(|info| info.app_id),
+    };
+
+    let Some(remote_app_id) = remote_app_id else {
+        warn!("WaveKV sync: certificate does not contain app identity");
+        return Err(Status::Unauthorized);
+    };
+
+    if my_app_id != Some(remote_app_id.as_slice()) {
+        warn!("WaveKV sync: app_id mismatch, expected {my_app_id:?}, got {remote_app_id:?}");
+        return Err(Status::Forbidden);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// WaveKV sync endpoint.
+#[post("/wavekv/sync/<store>", data = "<data>")]
+pub async fn sync_store(
+    state: &State<Proxy>,
+    cert: Option<Certificate<'_>>,
+    store: &str,
+    data: Data<'_>,
+) -> Result<(ContentType, Vec<u8>), Status> {
+    verify_gateway_peer(state, cert)?;
+
+    let Some(ref wavekv_sync) = state.wavekv_sync else {
+        return Err(Status::ServiceUnavailable);
+    };
+
+    let env = read_envelope(data).await?;
+    if env.sender_id == 0 {
+        warn!("rejected sync from invalid node_id 0");
+        return Err(Status::BadRequest);
+    }
+
+    let Some(result) = wavekv_sync.handle_envelope(store, env) else {
+        return Err(Status::NotFound);
+    };
+    let response = result.map_err(|e| {
+        tracing::error!("{store} sync failed: {e:#}");
+        Status::InternalServerError
+    })?;
+
+    let encoded = response.encode().map_err(|e| {
+        warn!("failed to encode sync envelope: {e:#}");
+        Status::InternalServerError
+    })?;
+    Ok((
+        ContentType::new("application", "x-msgpack-gz"),
+        gzip(&encoded)?,
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Opportunistic push endpoint (wavekv RFC 0001 section 3.9).
+///
+/// Entries only: the receiver merges data but never moves its ack coverage from this
+/// channel, so loss, duplication and reordering here are all harmless and the periodic
+/// round remains the anti-entropy backstop.
+#[post("/wavekv/push/<store>", data = "<data>")]
+pub async fn push_store(
+    state: &State<Proxy>,
+    cert: Option<Certificate<'_>>,
+    store: &str,
+    data: Data<'_>,
+) -> Result<Status, Status> {
+    verify_gateway_peer(state, cert)?;
+
+    let Some(ref wavekv_sync) = state.wavekv_sync else {
+        return Err(Status::ServiceUnavailable);
+    };
+
+    let env = read_envelope(data).await?;
+    if env.sender_id == 0 {
+        warn!("rejected push from invalid node_id 0");
+        return Err(Status::BadRequest);
+    }
+
+    let Some(result) = wavekv_sync.handle_push(store, env) else {
+        return Err(Status::NotFound);
+    };
+    result.map_err(|e| {
+        tracing::error!("{store} push failed: {e:#}");
+        Status::InternalServerError
+    })?;
+    Ok(Status::Ok)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::config::{load_config_figment, Config, MutualConfig, TlsConfig};
+    use crate::kv::{HttpsClient, NodeData};
+    use crate::main_service::{Proxy, ProxyOptions};
+    use rocket::local::asynchronous::Client;
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+    use wavekv::types::{Entry, Metadata};
+
+    const ME: u32 = 1;
+    const PEER: u32 = 2;
+
+    fn peer_uuid() -> Vec<u8> {
+        b"the-real-peer-2".to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// A self-signed CA plus a leaf it signs. `HttpSyncNetwork::new` loads all three
+    /// from disk to build its rustls client config, and the root store only accepts a
+    /// trust anchor with `CA:TRUE` — so a lone self-signed leaf is not enough.
+    fn write_tls_material(dir: &std::path::Path) -> TlsConfig {
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::{BasicConstraints, CertificateParams, IsCa, KeyPair};
+
+        let ca_key = KeyPair::generate().expect("ca key");
+        let mut ca_params = CertificateParams::new(vec![]).expect("ca params");
+        ca_params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Unconstrained);
+        let ca_cert = ca_params.self_signed(&ca_key).expect("ca cert");
+
+        let leaf_key = KeyPair::generate().expect("leaf key");
+        let leaf_params =
+            CertificateParams::new(vec!["127.0.0.1".to_string()]).expect("leaf params");
+        let leaf_cert = leaf_params
+            .signed_by(&leaf_key, &ca_cert, &ca_key)
+            .expect("leaf cert");
+
+        let cert_path = dir.join("node.crt");
+        let key_path = dir.join("node.key");
+        let ca_path = dir.join("ca.crt");
+        std::fs::write(&cert_path, leaf_cert.pem()).expect("write cert");
+        std::fs::write(&key_path, leaf_key.serialize_pem()).expect("write key");
+        std::fs::write(&ca_path, ca_cert.pem()).expect("write ca");
+
+        TlsConfig {
+            certs: cert_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            key: key_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            mutual: MutualConfig {
+                ca_certs: ca_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A gateway serving the real sync routes over Rocket's local client.
+    ///
+    /// `insecure_skip_attestation` is on, which makes `verify_gateway_peer` return
+    /// immediately: these tests are about everything below it — route dispatch, the gzip
+    /// framing, the store split, the uuid check. `enforcing_gateway` covers the gate
+    /// itself, which this fixture cannot, because Rocket's local client speaks no TLS
+    /// and so can never present a certificate.
+    async fn serving_gateway(sync_enabled: bool) -> (Client, Proxy, TempDir) {
+        serving_gateway_with(sync_enabled, true).await
+    }
+
+    /// The same gateway with the attestation bypass switched off, so the peer check runs
+    /// for real.
+    async fn enforcing_gateway() -> (Client, Proxy, TempDir) {
+        serving_gateway_with(true, false).await
+    }
+
+    async fn serving_gateway_with(
+        sync_enabled: bool,
+        skip_attestation: bool,
+    ) -> (Client, Proxy, TempDir) {
+        // `main` installs this once at startup; the sync client builds a rustls config,
+        // so a test that skips it panics inside rustls rather than failing an assertion.
+        let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
+
+        let figment = load_config_figment(None);
+        let mut config = figment.focus("core").extract::<Config>().unwrap();
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().expect("temp dir");
+
+        config.sync.enabled = sync_enabled;
+        config.sync.node_id = ME;
+        config.sync.bootnode = String::new();
+        config.sync.data_dir = temp_dir.path().to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        config.wg.config_path = temp_dir
+            .path()
+            .join("wg.conf")
+            .to_string_lossy()
+            .into_owned();
+        config.debug.insecure_skip_attestation = skip_attestation;
+
+        let tls_config = write_tls_material(temp_dir.path());
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(ProxyOptions {
+            config,
+            my_app_id: None,
+            tls_config,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("failed to build gateway");
+
+        let rocket = rocket::build()
+            .manage(proxy.clone())
+            .mount("/", crate::web_routes::wavekv_sync_routes());
+        let client = Client::tracked(rocket).await.expect("rocket client");
+        (client, proxy, temp_dir)
+    }
+
+    /// The sync routes are the cluster's write surface: anything that reaches them can
+    /// insert entries that replicate to every gateway. `verify_gateway_peer` is the only
+    /// thing standing in front of them, and with `insecure_skip_attestation` set — which
+    /// every other test here sets — its first statement returns `Ok(())`, so the gate
+    /// itself was never executed by any test. Replacing the whole function body with
+    /// `Ok(())` did not turn the suite red.
+    ///
+    /// Rocket's local client speaks no TLS and so presents no certificate, which is
+    /// exactly the case that must be refused.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn every_sync_route_refuses_a_peer_it_cannot_identify() {
+        let (client, _proxy, _tmp) = enforcing_gateway().await;
+
+        for route in ["/wavekv/sync/persistent", "/wavekv/push/persistent"] {
+            let response = client.post(route).body(Vec::new()).dispatch().await;
+            assert_eq!(
+                response.status(),
+                Status::Unauthorized,
+                "{route} served a request from an unauthenticated caller"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A real certificate carrying `PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID`, minted locally.
+    ///
+    /// Nothing here needs a TEE: the extension is an ordinary X.509 extension that
+    /// `CertRequest` adds unconditionally, and the check under test never looks at a
+    /// quote — it reads two extensions and compares bytes.
+    fn cert_with_app_id(app_id: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::KeyPair;
+
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().expect("key");
+        let cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key)
+            .subject("peer.test")
+            .app_id(app_id)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .expect("self-signed cert");
+        cert.der().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// A certificate with no app identity at all.
+    fn cert_without_app_id() -> Vec<u8> {
+        use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+        use ra_tls::rcgen::KeyPair;
+
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().expect("key");
+        let cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key)
+            .subject("peer.test")
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .expect("self-signed cert");
+        cert.der().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    fn authorize(der: &[u8], my_app_id: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<(), Status> {
+        use rocket::mtls::x509::{FromDer, X509Certificate};
+        let (_, parsed) = X509Certificate::from_der(der).expect("parse cert");
+        authorize_peer(&RocketCert(parsed.extensions()), my_app_id)
+    }
+
+    /// The rule the sync routes are defended by: same app id or nothing.
+    ///
+    /// Every case below was previously unreachable, because the only tests that touched
+    /// this code set `insecure_skip_attestation` and returned before it. Inverting the
+    /// comparison to `==` left the suite green.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_peer_is_authorized_only_when_its_app_id_matches_ours() {
+        let ours = b"app-id-of-this-cluster".to_vec();
+
+        assert_eq!(authorize(&cert_with_app_id(&ours), Some(&ours)), Ok(()));
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            authorize(&cert_with_app_id(b"a-different-app"), Some(&ours)),
+            Err(Status::Forbidden),
+            "a valid certificate from another app must not reach the sync routes"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A certificate that proves nothing about which app presented it is refused, rather
+    /// than falling through to a comparison against `None`.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_certificate_without_an_app_id_is_refused() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            authorize(&cert_without_app_id(), Some(b"app-id-of-this-cluster")),
+            Err(Status::Unauthorized)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// A gateway that does not know its own app id cannot authorize anyone. Comparing
+    /// `None` against a present remote id must reject, never match.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_gateway_without_an_app_id_authorizes_nobody() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            authorize(&cert_with_app_id(b"anything"), None),
+            Err(Status::Forbidden)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The adapter must match the app-id extension by OID and no other. Returning some
+    /// other extension's bytes would hand `authorize_peer` a value it would happily
+    /// compare.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_adapter_reads_the_app_id_extension_and_not_a_neighbour() {
+        use ra_tls::traits::CertExt;
+        use rocket::mtls::x509::{FromDer, X509Certificate};
+
+        let der = cert_with_app_id(b"the-app-id");
+        let (_, parsed) = X509Certificate::from_der(&der).expect("parse cert");
+        let adapter = RocketCert(parsed.extensions());
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            adapter.get_app_id().expect("read app id"),
+            Some(b"the-app-id".to_vec())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            adapter.get_special_usage().expect("read special usage"),
+            None,
+            "an extension that was never set must read back as absent"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Register the peer so `query_uuid` returns something: the uuid check is opt-in and
+    /// an unknown sender bypasses it entirely.
+    fn register_peer(proxy: &Proxy) {
+        proxy
+            .kv_store()
+            .sync_node(
+                PEER,
+                &NodeData {
+                    uuid: peer_uuid(),
+                    url: "https://peer.test:8011".to_string(),
+                    wg_public_key: String::new(),
+                    wg_endpoint: String::new(),
+                    wg_ip: String::new(),
+                },
+            )
+            .expect("register peer");
+    }
+
+    fn push_envelope(uuid: Vec<u8>, key: &str) -> SyncEnvelope {
+        let mut env = SyncEnvelope::new(PEER, uuid);
+        env.push_only = true;
+        env.entries.push(Entry::new(
+            key.to_string(),
+            Some(b"v".to_vec()),
+            Metadata::new(PEER, 1, 1),
+        ));
+        env
+    }
+
+    fn body(env: &SyncEnvelope) -> Vec<u8> {
+        gzip(&env.encode().expect("encode envelope")).expect("gzip")
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_stamped_push_is_accepted_and_lands_in_the_store() {
+        let (client, proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        register_peer(&proxy);
+
+        let response = client
+            .post("/wavekv/push/persistent")
+            .body(body(&push_envelope(peer_uuid(), "node/9")))
+            .dispatch()
+            .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::Ok);
+        assert!(
+            proxy.kv_store().persistent().read().get("node/9").is_some(),
+            "a well-formed push must reach the store"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The route-level view of the bug that made every opportunistic push fail: the
+    /// sender built its envelope without stamping `sender_uuid`, and the receiver's
+    /// `check_uuid` — which only the manager runs, not `merge_push` — rejected it.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_unstamped_push_is_refused_at_the_route() {
+        let (client, proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        register_peer(&proxy);
+
+        let response = client
+            .post("/wavekv/push/persistent")
+            .body(body(&push_envelope(Vec::new(), "node/9")))
+            .dispatch()
+            .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::InternalServerError);
+        assert!(
+            proxy.kv_store().persistent().read().get("node/9").is_none(),
+            "a push that fails the identity check must not write anything"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_sync_round_trip_returns_a_decodable_envelope() {
+        let (client, proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        register_peer(&proxy);
+        proxy
+            .kv_store()
+            .persistent()
+            .write()
+            .put("node/7".to_string(), b"v".to_vec())
+            .expect("seed");
+
+        let request = SyncEnvelope::new(PEER, peer_uuid());
+        let response = client
+            .post("/wavekv/sync/persistent")
+            .body(body(&request))
+            .dispatch()
+            .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::Ok);
+        let bytes = response.into_bytes().await.expect("body");
+        let decoded = SyncEnvelope::decode(&gunzip(&bytes).expect("gunzip")).expect("decode");
+        assert_eq!(decoded.sender_id, ME);
+        assert!(
+            decoded.entries.iter().any(|e| e.key == "node/7"),
+            "an empty ack map must draw the whole live state"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Exercise the composed transport rather than testing the HTTPS client and Rocket
+    /// routes in isolation: a real TLS listener requires a CA-signed client certificate,
+    /// receives a compressed envelope, merges it, and returns a decodable response.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn sync_and_push_cross_a_real_mutually_authenticated_tls_connection() {
+        use rocket::{mtls::MtlsConfig, tls::TlsConfig as RocketTlsConfig};
+
+        let (_local, proxy, tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        register_peer(&proxy);
+        let tls = write_tls_material(tmp.path());
+
+        let port = {
+            let listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").expect("reserve port");
+            listener.local_addr().expect("local address").port()
+        };
+        let server_tls = RocketTlsConfig::from_paths(&tls.certs, &tls.key)
+            .with_mutual(MtlsConfig::from_path(&tls.mutual.ca_certs).mandatory(true));
+        let figment = rocket::Config::figment()
+            .merge(("address", "127.0.0.1"))
+            .merge(("port", port))
+            .merge(("tls", server_tls));
+        let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+            .manage(proxy.clone())
+            .mount("/", crate::web_routes::wavekv_sync_routes())
+            .ignite()
+            .await
+            .expect("ignite TLS Rocket server");
+        let shutdown = rocket.shutdown();
+        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            rocket.launch().await.expect("TLS Rocket server");
+        });
+
+        let client = HttpsClient::new(&crate::kv::HttpsClientConfig {
+            cert_path: tls.certs.clone(),
+            key_path: tls.key.clone(),
+            ca_cert_path: tls.mutual.ca_certs.clone(),
+            cert_validator: None,
+        })
+        .expect("HTTPS client");
+        let base = format!("https://127.0.0.1:{port}");
+
+        let mut request = SyncEnvelope::new(PEER, peer_uuid());
+        request.entries.push(Entry::new(
+            "node/21".to_string(),
+            Some(b"sync".to_vec()),
+            Metadata::new(PEER, 21, 1),
+        ));
+
+        let response = {
+            let mut last = None;
+            let mut response = None;
+            for _ in 0..50 {
+                match client
+                    .post_bytes_response(
+                        &format!("{base}/wavekv/sync/persistent"),
+                        request.encode().expect("encode sync request"),
+                    )
+                    .await
+                {
+                    Ok(bytes) => {
+                        response = Some(bytes);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        last = Some(err);
+                        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            response.unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("server did not become ready: {last:?}"))
+        };
+        SyncEnvelope::decode(&response).expect("decode sync response");
+        assert!(proxy
+            .kv_store()
+            .persistent()
+            .read()
+            .get("node/21")
+            .is_some());
+
+        let push = push_envelope(peer_uuid(), "node/22");
+        client
+            .post_bytes_no_response(
+                &format!("{base}/wavekv/push/persistent"),
+                push.encode().expect("encode push"),
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("push over mTLS");
+        assert!(proxy
+            .kv_store()
+            .persistent()
+            .read()
+            .get("node/22")
+            .is_some());
+
+        shutdown.notify();
+        server.await.expect("server task");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_oversized_compressed_request_is_rejected_explicitly() {
+        let (client, _proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        for path in ["/wavekv/sync/persistent", "/wavekv/push/persistent"] {
+            let response = client
+                .post(path)
+                .body(vec![0u8; 16 * 1024 * 1024 + 1])
+                .dispatch()
+                .await;
+            assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::PayloadTooLarge, "{path}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unknown stores are rejected rather than being routed to either replicated store.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn an_unknown_store_is_rejected() {
+        let (client, proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        register_peer(&proxy);
+
+        let response = client
+            .post("/wavekv/sync/bogus")
+            .body(body(&SyncEnvelope::new(PEER, peer_uuid())))
+            .dispatch()
+            .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::NotFound);
+    }
+
+    /// A node with synchronization disabled reports that the service is unavailable.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_sync_disabled_node_answers_503() {
+        let (client, _proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(false).await;
+
+        for path in ["/wavekv/sync/persistent", "/wavekv/push/persistent"] {
+            let response = client
+                .post(path)
+                .body(body(&SyncEnvelope::new(PEER, peer_uuid())))
+                .dispatch()
+                .await;
+            assert_eq!(
+                response.status(),
+                Status::ServiceUnavailable,
+                "{path} must not look like a missing v2 route"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// gzip expands by three orders of magnitude on attacker-chosen input, so the
+    /// 16 MiB cap on the request body bounds the *compressed* size and nothing else.
+    /// mTLS proves only that the sender is some gateway of this deployment, which is
+    /// the same trust level the key schema already assumes is insufficient.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_compression_bomb_is_refused_before_it_is_decompressed() {
+        let (client, _proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+
+        // ~130 MiB of zeroes compresses to well under the request cap.
+        let bomb = gzip(&vec![0u8; MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES + 1]).expect("gzip");
+        assert!(
+            bomb.len() < 16 * 1024 * 1024,
+            "the fixture has to fit through the body cap to be testing anything: {} bytes",
+            bomb.len()
+        );
+
+        for path in ["/wavekv/sync/persistent", "/wavekv/push/persistent"] {
+            let response = client.post(path).body(bomb.clone()).dispatch().await;
+            assert_eq!(
+                response.status(),
+                Status::BadRequest,
+                "{path} must refuse an over-sized expansion"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The limits must leave room for the largest legitimate message.
+    ///
+    /// The boundary test below asserts a payload of exactly `MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES`
+    /// is accepted — but it builds that payload *from the same constant*, so it holds
+    /// whatever the constant says. Shrinking the limit to a few kilobytes keeps it green
+    /// while rejecting every real delta. Pin the values against what production sends,
+    /// which is the property that actually matters.
+    // Deliberately runtime assertions rather than `const { assert!(..) }`: a const block
+    // would fail the build, which mutation testing scores as "unviable" rather than
+    // "caught", and would lose the message explaining what the number is for.
+    #[allow(clippy::assertions_on_constants)]
+    #[test]
+    fn the_sync_limits_admit_the_largest_message_the_protocol_can_produce() {
+        // A v2 delta is capped by wavekv's `max_delta_bytes` (4 MiB by default).
+        const MAX_DELTA_BYTES: usize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+        assert!(
+            MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES >= 8 * MAX_DELTA_BYTES,
+            "a decompression limit of {MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES} bytes would reject \
+             ordinary sync traffic, not just a bomb"
+        );
+
+        // The compressed ceiling mirrors what the routes accept on a request, so a peer
+        // cannot answer with more than it would have been allowed to ask.
+        assert_eq!(
+            crate::kv::MAX_COMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES,
+            16 * 1024 * 1024,
+            "this must stay equal to the 16 MiB the routes accept on a request body"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The limit is inclusive, so a payload landing exactly on it still decodes. Without
+    /// this the bound could tighten by a byte and only the bomb test would still pass.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_payload_exactly_on_the_limit_still_decompresses() {
+        let exact = gzip(&vec![7u8; MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES]).expect("gzip");
+        let out = gunzip_bounded(&exact, MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES).expect("must be accepted");
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES);
+
+        let one_over = gzip(&vec![7u8; MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES + 1]).expect("gzip");
+        assert!(gunzip_bounded(&one_over, MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SYNC_BYTES).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_push_from_node_id_zero_is_refused() {
+        let (client, proxy, _tmp) = serving_gateway(true).await;
+        register_peer(&proxy);
+
+        let mut env = push_envelope(peer_uuid(), "node/9");
+        env.sender_id = 0;
+        let response = client
+            .post("/wavekv/push/persistent")
+            .body(body(&env))
+            .dispatch()
+            .await;
+
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), Status::BadRequest);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/templates/dashboard.html b/dstack/gateway/templates/dashboard.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..719d2bf17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/templates/dashboard.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1578 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <style>
+        body {
+            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+            margin: 0;
+            padding: 40px;
+            background-color: #f0f0f0;
+            max-width: 1200px;
+            margin: 0 auto;
+        }
+
+        h1 {
+            color: #333;
+        }
+
+        h2 {
+            color: #333;
+            margin-top: 30px;
+            border-bottom: 2px solid #4CAF50;
+            padding-bottom: 8px;
+        }
+
+        table {
+            width: 100%;
+            border-collapse: collapse;
+            background-color: white;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+            margin: 20px 0;
+        }
+
+        th,
+        td {
+            padding: 12px 15px;
+            text-align: left;
+            border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
+        }
+
+        th {
+            background-color: #4CAF50;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        /* 添加斑马条纹样式 */
+        tr:nth-child(even) {
+            background-color: #f2f2f2;
+        }
+
+        tr:hover {
+            background-color: #e9e9e9;
+        }
+
+        a {
+            color: #1a73e8;
+            text-decoration: none;
+        }
+
+        a:hover {
+            text-decoration: underline;
+        }
+
+        input {
+            background-color: #f5f5f5;
+            border: 1px solid #ddd;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            width: 100%;
+            padding: 8px;
+            box-sizing: border-box;
+        }
+
+        .timestamp {
+            position: relative;
+        }
+
+        .timestamp:hover::after {
+            content: attr(data-original);
+            position: absolute;
+            bottom: 100%;
+            left: 0;
+            background: #333;
+            color: white;
+            padding: 4px 8px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            font-size: 12px;
+            white-space: nowrap;
+            z-index: 1;
+            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
+        }
+
+        .info-section {
+            background: white;
+            padding: 20px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+        }
+
+        .info-group {
+            margin-bottom: 25px;
+        }
+
+        .info-group h3 {
+            color: #333;
+            margin: 0 0 15px 0;
+            font-size: 1.2em;
+        }
+
+        .info-group h4 {
+            color: #555;
+            margin: 20px 0 10px 0;
+            font-size: 1.1em;
+        }
+
+        .info-row {
+            display: flex;
+            margin-bottom: 10px;
+            align-items: center;
+        }
+
+        .info-label {
+            font-weight: bold;
+            width: 120px;
+            color: #555;
+        }
+
+        .info-value {
+            flex: 1;
+        }
+
+        .key-list {
+            display: flex;
+            flex-direction: column;
+            gap: 8px;
+        }
+
+        .key-list input {
+            font-family: monospace;
+            background-color: #f8f8f8;
+        }
+
+        .truncated-id {
+            max-width: 100px;
+            overflow: hidden;
+            text-overflow: ellipsis;
+            white-space: nowrap;
+        }
+
+        .last-seen-cell {
+            white-space: nowrap;
+        }
+
+        .last-seen-row {
+            margin-bottom: 4px;
+        }
+
+        .last-seen-row:last-child {
+            margin-bottom: 0;
+        }
+
+        .observer-label {
+            color: #666;
+            font-size: 0.9em;
+        }
+
+        .node-status {
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+
+        .node-status.up {
+            color: #4CAF50;
+        }
+
+        .node-status.down {
+            color: #f44336;
+        }
+
+        .status-controls {
+            display: flex;
+            gap: 5px;
+        }
+
+        .status-btn {
+            padding: 4px 8px;
+            border: none;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            font-size: 12px;
+            font-weight: bold;
+            transition: opacity 0.2s;
+        }
+
+        .status-btn:hover {
+            opacity: 0.8;
+        }
+
+        .status-btn.up {
+            background-color: #4CAF50;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        .status-btn.down {
+            background-color: #f44336;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        .status-btn:disabled {
+            opacity: 0.5;
+            cursor: not-allowed;
+        }
+
+        /* Certificate config styles */
+        .action-btn {
+            padding: 6px 12px;
+            border: none;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            font-size: 13px;
+            font-weight: bold;
+            transition: opacity 0.2s;
+            margin-right: 5px;
+        }
+
+        .action-btn:hover {
+            opacity: 0.8;
+        }
+
+        .action-btn.primary {
+            background-color: #4CAF50;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        .action-btn.danger {
+            background-color: #f44336;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        .action-btn.secondary {
+            background-color: #2196F3;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        .action-btn.warning {
+            background-color: #ff9800;
+            color: white;
+        }
+
+        .action-btn:disabled {
+            opacity: 0.5;
+            cursor: not-allowed;
+        }
+
+        .default-badge {
+            background-color: #4CAF50;
+            color: white;
+            padding: 2px 8px;
+            border-radius: 12px;
+            font-size: 11px;
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+
+        .cert-status {
+            display: flex;
+            flex-direction: column;
+            gap: 4px;
+        }
+
+        .cert-status-item {
+            font-size: 12px;
+        }
+
+        .cert-status-item.has-cert {
+            color: #4CAF50;
+        }
+
+        .cert-status-item.no-cert {
+            color: #f44336;
+        }
+
+        .modal-overlay {
+            display: none;
+            position: fixed;
+            top: 0;
+            left: 0;
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 100%;
+            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
+            z-index: 1000;
+            justify-content: center;
+            align-items: center;
+        }
+
+        .modal-overlay.active {
+            display: flex;
+        }
+
+        .modal {
+            background: white;
+            padding: 30px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
+            min-width: 400px;
+            max-width: 500px;
+        }
+
+        .modal h3 {
+            margin-top: 0;
+            color: #333;
+            border-bottom: 2px solid #4CAF50;
+            padding-bottom: 10px;
+        }
+
+        .modal-field {
+            margin-bottom: 15px;
+        }
+
+        .modal-field label {
+            display: block;
+            margin-bottom: 5px;
+            font-weight: bold;
+            color: #555;
+        }
+
+        .modal-field input,
+        .modal-field select {
+            width: 100%;
+            padding: 10px;
+            border: 1px solid #ddd;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            box-sizing: border-box;
+        }
+
+        .modal-field input[type="checkbox"] {
+            width: auto;
+        }
+
+        .modal-actions {
+            display: flex;
+            justify-content: flex-end;
+            gap: 10px;
+            margin-top: 20px;
+        }
+
+        .toast {
+            position: fixed;
+            bottom: 20px;
+            right: 20px;
+            padding: 15px 25px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            color: white;
+            font-weight: bold;
+            z-index: 2000;
+            animation: slideIn 0.3s ease;
+        }
+
+        .toast.success {
+            background-color: #4CAF50;
+        }
+
+        .toast.error {
+            background-color: #f44336;
+        }
+
+        @keyframes slideIn {
+            from {
+                transform: translateX(100%);
+                opacity: 0;
+            }
+            to {
+                transform: translateX(0);
+                opacity: 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        .section-header {
+            display: flex;
+            justify-content: space-between;
+            align-items: center;
+        }
+
+        .section-header h2 {
+            margin: 0;
+        }
+    </style>
+    <title>Dashboard</title>
+    <script>
+        function timeAgo(timestamp) {
+            if (timestamp === 0) return 'never';
+
+            const seconds = Math.floor((Date.now() / 1000) - timestamp);
+            const intervals = {
+                year: 31536000,
+                month: 2592000,
+                week: 604800,
+                day: 86400,
+                hour: 3600,
+                minute: 60,
+                second: 1
+            };
+
+            for (const [unit, secondsInUnit] of Object.entries(intervals)) {
+                const interval = Math.floor(seconds / secondsInUnit);
+                if (interval >= 1) {
+                    return interval + ' ' + unit + (interval === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' ago';
+                }
+            }
+            return 'just now';
+        }
+
+        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
+            const timestamps = document.querySelectorAll('.timestamp');
+            timestamps.forEach(cell => {
+                const timestamp = parseInt(cell.textContent);
+                if (!isNaN(timestamp)) {
+                    const date = new Date(timestamp * 1000);
+                    cell.setAttribute('data-original', date.toLocaleString());
+                    cell.textContent = timeAgo(timestamp);
+                }
+            });
+        });
+    </script>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+    <h2>This Node</h2>
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th colspan="2">Node Information</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>URL</td>
+            <td>{{ status.url }}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>ID</td>
+            <td>{{ status.id }}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>UUID</td>
+            <td>{{ status.uuid|hex }}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Connections (Local)</td>
+            <td>{{ status.num_connections }}</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th colspan="3">Data Path</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>kTLS</td>
+            <td>{{ accel.ktls_mode }}</td>
+            <td>Record encryption in the kernel. Cleared at startup if the
+                kernel has no TLS ULP.</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Splice</td>
+            <td>{{ accel.splice_mode }}</td>
+            <td>Zero-copy relaying, once a connection trips the gate.</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>kTLS Offloads</td>
+            <td>{{ accel.ktls_offloaded }}</td>
+            <td>Connections handed to the kernel since start.</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>kTLS Offload Failures</td>
+            <td>{{ accel.ktls_offload_failed }}</td>
+            <td>Non-zero means connections are failing at the handover, not
+                merely running unaccelerated.</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Splice Engagements</td>
+            <td>{{ accel.splice_engaged }}</td>
+            <td>Connections that entered a zero-copy relay, on either path.</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <h2>Global Connections</h2>
+    <div id="global-connections">
+        <p>Loading global connection statistics...</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th colspan="2">ACME Information</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Account URI</td>
+            <td>{{ acme_info.account_uri }}</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Historical Certificate Public Keys</td>
+            <td>
+                <div class="key-list">
+                    {% for key in acme_info.quoted_hist_keys %}
+                    <input type="text" value="{{ key.public_key|hex }}" readonly>
+                    {% endfor %}
+                </div>
+            </td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <h2>Certbot Configuration</h2>
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th>Setting</th>
+            <th>Value</th>
+            <th>Description</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>ACME URL</td>
+            <td>
+                <input type="text" id="certbot-acme-url" placeholder="https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory (default)">
+            </td>
+            <td>ACME server URL (empty = Let's Encrypt production)</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Renewal Interval</td>
+            <td>
+                <input type="number" id="certbot-renew-interval" placeholder="43200" min="0"> seconds
+            </td>
+            <td>How often to check for certificate renewal</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Renew Before Expiry</td>
+            <td>
+                <input type="number" id="certbot-renew-before" placeholder="2592000" min="0"> seconds
+            </td>
+            <td>How many seconds before expiry to trigger renewal</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+            <td>Renewal Timeout</td>
+            <td>
+                <input type="number" id="certbot-renew-timeout" placeholder="300" min="0"> seconds
+            </td>
+            <td>Timeout for certificate renewal operations</td>
+        </tr>
+    </table>
+    <div style="margin-top: 10px;">
+        <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="saveCertbotConfig()">Save Configuration</button>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="section-header">
+        <h2>DNS Credentials</h2>
+        <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="showAddDnsCredModal()">Add Credential</button>
+    </div>
+    <div id="dns-credentials">
+        <p>Loading DNS credentials...</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="section-header">
+        <h2>ZT-Domains</h2>
+        <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="showAddZtDomainModal()">Add ZT-Domain</button>
+    </div>
+    <div id="zt-domains">
+        <p>Loading ZT-Domains...</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>Cluster</h2>
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th>ID</th>
+            <th>UUID</th>
+            <th>Status</th>
+            <th>Last Seen</th>
+            <th>Wg IP</th>
+            <th>Wg Endpoint</th>
+            <th>URL</th>
+            <th>Actions</th>
+        </tr>
+        {% for node in status.nodes %}
+        <tr class="{% if node.uuid == status.uuid %}me{% endif %}">
+            <td>{{ node.id }}</td>
+            <td class="truncated-id" title="{{ node.uuid|hex }}">{{ node.uuid|hex }}</td>
+            <td class="node-status" data-node-id="{{ node.id }}">-</td>
+            <td class="timestamp">{{ node.last_seen }}</td>
+            <td>{{ node.wg_ip }}</td>
+            <td>{{ node.wg_endpoint }}</td>
+            <td>{{ node.url }}</td>
+            <td>
+                <div class="status-controls">
+                    <button class="status-btn up" onclick="setNodeStatus({{ node.id }}, 'up')">Up</button>
+                    <button class="status-btn down" onclick="setNodeStatus({{ node.id }}, 'down')">Down</button>
+                </div>
+            </td>
+        </tr>
+        {% endfor %}
+    </table>
+
+    <h2>WaveKV Sync Status</h2>
+    <div id="wavekv-status">
+        <p>Loading WaveKV status...</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>CVM List</h2>
+    <table>
+        <tr>
+            <th>Instance ID</th>
+            <th>App ID</th>
+            <th>IP</th>
+            <th>Last Seen</th>
+            <th>Connections</th>
+        </tr>
+        {% for host in status.hosts %}
+        <tr>
+            <td class="truncated-id" title="{{ host.instance_id }}">{{ host.instance_id }}</td>
+            <td class="truncated-id" title="{{ host.app_id }}">{{ host.app_id }}</td>
+            <td>{{ host.ip }}</td>
+            <td class="timestamp">{{ host.latest_handshake }}</td>
+            <td>{{ host.num_connections }}</td>
+        </tr>
+        {% endfor %}
+    </table>
+
+    <!-- Add DNS Credential Modal -->
+    <div id="add-dns-cred-modal" class="modal-overlay">
+        <div class="modal">
+            <h3>Add DNS Credential</h3>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Name</label>
+                <input type="text" id="dns-cred-name" placeholder="My Cloudflare Credential">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Provider</label>
+                <select id="dns-cred-provider">
+                    <option value="cloudflare">Cloudflare</option>
+                </select>
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Cloudflare API Token</label>
+                <input type="password" id="dns-cred-token" placeholder="API Token with DNS edit permissions">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Cloudflare API URL (optional)</label>
+                <input type="text" id="dns-cred-api-url" placeholder="https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4 (default)">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>DNS TXT TTL (seconds, optional)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="dns-cred-ttl" placeholder="e.g. 60 (default from config)">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Max DNS Wait (seconds, optional)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="dns-cred-max-wait" placeholder="e.g. 300 (default from config)">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>
+                    <input type="checkbox" id="dns-cred-default"> Set as default
+                </label>
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-actions">
+                <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="hideModal('add-dns-cred-modal')">Cancel</button>
+                <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="createDnsCredential()">Create</button>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Edit DNS Credential Modal -->
+    <div id="edit-dns-cred-modal" class="modal-overlay">
+        <div class="modal">
+            <h3>Edit DNS Credential</h3>
+            <input type="hidden" id="edit-dns-cred-id">
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Name</label>
+                <input type="text" id="edit-dns-cred-name" placeholder="My Cloudflare Credential">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Provider</label>
+                <input type="text" id="edit-dns-cred-provider" readonly disabled>
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Cloudflare API Token (leave empty to keep current)</label>
+                <input type="password" id="edit-dns-cred-token" placeholder="Leave empty to keep current token">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Cloudflare API URL (optional)</label>
+                <input type="text" id="edit-dns-cred-api-url" placeholder="https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4 (default)">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>DNS TXT TTL (seconds, optional)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="edit-dns-cred-ttl" placeholder="e.g. 60 (default from config)">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Max DNS Wait (seconds, optional)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="edit-dns-cred-max-wait" placeholder="e.g. 300 (default from config)">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-actions">
+                <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="hideModal('edit-dns-cred-modal')">Cancel</button>
+                <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="updateDnsCredential()">Update</button>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Edit ZT-Domain Modal -->
+    <div id="edit-zt-domain-modal" class="modal-overlay">
+        <div class="modal">
+            <h3>Edit ZT-Domain</h3>
+            <input type="hidden" id="edit-domain-original">
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Domain (cannot be changed)</label>
+                <input type="text" id="edit-domain-name" readonly disabled>
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>DNS Credential</label>
+                <select id="edit-domain-dns-cred">
+                    <option value="">Use Default</option>
+                </select>
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Port (0 = default)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="edit-domain-port" placeholder="443" min="0" max="65535">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Node Binding (0 = any node)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="edit-domain-node" placeholder="0" min="0">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Priority (higher = preferred as default)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="edit-domain-priority" placeholder="0">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-actions">
+                <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="hideModal('edit-zt-domain-modal')">Cancel</button>
+                <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="updateZtDomain()">Update</button>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Add ZT-Domain Modal -->
+    <div id="add-zt-domain-modal" class="modal-overlay">
+        <div class="modal">
+            <h3>Add ZT-Domain</h3>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Domain (base domain, e.g., app.example.com)</label>
+                <input type="text" id="domain-name" placeholder="app.example.com">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>DNS Credential</label>
+                <select id="domain-dns-cred">
+                    <option value="">Use Default</option>
+                </select>
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Port</label>
+                <input type="number" id="domain-port" placeholder="443" min="0" max="65535" value="443">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Node Binding (0 = any node)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="domain-node" placeholder="0" min="0" value="0">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-field">
+                <label>Priority (higher = preferred as default)</label>
+                <input type="number" id="domain-priority" placeholder="0" value="0">
+            </div>
+            <div class="modal-actions">
+                <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="hideModal('add-zt-domain-modal')">Cancel</button>
+                <button class="action-btn primary" onclick="addZtDomain()">Add</button>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <script>
+        async function loadWaveKvStatus() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.WaveKvStatus', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: '{}'
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`);
+                }
+                const data = await response.json();
+                renderWaveKvStatus(data);
+            } catch (e) {
+                console.error('WaveKV status error:', e);
+                document.getElementById('wavekv-status').innerHTML =
+                    `<p style="color: #666;">WaveKV sync status unavailable: ${e.message}</p>`;
+            }
+        }
+
+        function renderWaveKvStatus(data) {
+            const container = document.getElementById('wavekv-status');
+
+            if (!data.enabled) {
+                container.innerHTML = '<p style="color: #666;">WaveKV sync is disabled</p>';
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let html = '';
+
+            // Render persistent store
+            if (data.persistent) {
+                html += renderStoreStatus(data.persistent);
+            }
+
+            // Render ephemeral store
+            if (data.ephemeral) {
+                html += renderStoreStatus(data.ephemeral);
+            }
+
+            container.innerHTML = html;
+
+            // Apply timeAgo to new timestamps
+            const timestamps = container.querySelectorAll('.timestamp');
+            timestamps.forEach(cell => {
+                const timestamp = parseInt(cell.textContent);
+                if (!isNaN(timestamp) && timestamp > 0) {
+                    const date = new Date(timestamp * 1000);
+                    cell.setAttribute('data-original', date.toLocaleString());
+                    cell.textContent = timeAgo(timestamp);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        function renderStoreStatus(store) {
+            const nodeId = store.node_id || store.nodeId;
+            const nKeys = store.n_keys || store.nKeys || 0;
+            const nextSeq = store.next_seq || store.nextSeq || 0;
+            const walEnabled = store.wal_enabled || store.walEnabled;
+            const peers = store.peers || [];
+            let html = `
+                <table>
+                    <tr>
+                        <th colspan="5">${store.name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + store.name.slice(1)} Store (Node: ${nodeId})</th>
+                    </tr>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td>Keys: ${nKeys}</td>
+                        <td>Next Seq: ${nextSeq}</td>
+                        <td>Dirty: ${store.dirty ? 'Yes' : 'No'}</td>
+                        <td colspan="2">WAL: ${walEnabled ? 'Enabled' : 'Disabled'}</td>
+                    </tr>
+                </table>
+            `;
+
+            if (peers.length > 0) {
+                html += `
+                    <table>
+                        <tr>
+                            <th>Peer ID</th>
+                            <th>Local Ack</th>
+                            <th>Peer Ack</th>
+                            <th>Last Seen</th>
+                        </tr>
+                `;
+
+                for (const peer of peers) {
+                    const lastSeenArr = peer.last_seen || peer.lastSeen || [];
+                    const lastSeenStr = lastSeenArr.length > 0
+                        ? lastSeenArr.map(entry => {
+                            const observer = entry.node_id || entry.nodeId;
+                            const ts = entry.timestamp;
+                            return `<div class="last-seen-row"><span class="observer-label">by ${observer}:</span> <span class="timestamp">${ts}</span></div>`;
+                        }).join('')
+                        : 'N/A';
+                    const localAck = peer.local_ack || peer.localAck || 0;
+                    const peerAck = peer.peer_ack || peer.peerAck || 0;
+
+                    html += `
+                        <tr>
+                            <td class="truncated-id" title="${peer.id}">${peer.id}</td>
+                            <td>${localAck}</td>
+                            <td>${peerAck}</td>
+                            <td class="last-seen-cell">${lastSeenStr}</td>
+                        </tr>
+                    `;
+                }
+
+                html += '</table>';
+            }
+
+            return html;
+        }
+
+        // Load WaveKV status after page loads
+        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
+            loadWaveKvStatus();
+            loadGlobalConnections();
+            loadNodeStatuses();
+            loadCertConfig();
+        });
+
+        // ==================== Certificate Configuration ====================
+
+        async function loadCertConfig() {
+            await loadCertbotConfig();
+            await loadDnsCredentials();
+            await loadZtDomains();
+        }
+
+        // ==================== Certbot Configuration ====================
+
+        async function loadCertbotConfig() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.GetCertbotConfig', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: '{}'
+                });
+                const data = await response.json();
+                document.getElementById('certbot-acme-url').value = data.acme_url || '';
+                document.getElementById('certbot-renew-interval').value = data.renew_interval_secs || 43200;
+                document.getElementById('certbot-renew-before').value = data.renew_before_expiration_secs || 2592000;
+                document.getElementById('certbot-renew-timeout').value = data.renew_timeout_secs || 300;
+            } catch (e) {
+                console.error('Failed to load certbot config:', e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function saveCertbotConfig() {
+            const acmeUrl = document.getElementById('certbot-acme-url').value.trim();
+            const renewInterval = parseInt(document.getElementById('certbot-renew-interval').value) || undefined;
+            const renewBefore = parseInt(document.getElementById('certbot-renew-before').value) || undefined;
+            const renewTimeout = parseInt(document.getElementById('certbot-renew-timeout').value) || undefined;
+
+            try {
+                const body = {};
+                if (acmeUrl !== undefined) body.acme_url = acmeUrl;
+                if (renewInterval !== undefined) body.renew_interval_secs = renewInterval;
+                if (renewBefore !== undefined) body.renew_before_expiration_secs = renewBefore;
+                if (renewTimeout !== undefined) body.renew_timeout_secs = renewTimeout;
+
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.SetCertbotConfig', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(body)
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Failed to save');
+                showToast('Certbot configuration saved', 'success');
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to save certbot config: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ==================== DNS Credentials ====================
+
+        let dnsCredentials = [];
+        let defaultDnsCredId = '';
+
+        async function loadDnsCredentials() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.ListDnsCredentials', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: '{}'
+                });
+                const data = await response.json();
+                dnsCredentials = data.credentials || [];
+                defaultDnsCredId = data.default_id || '';
+                renderDnsCredentials();
+                updateDnsCredSelect();
+            } catch (e) {
+                document.getElementById('dns-credentials').innerHTML =
+                    '<p style="color: #666;">Failed to load DNS credentials</p>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        function renderDnsCredentials() {
+            const container = document.getElementById('dns-credentials');
+            if (dnsCredentials.length === 0) {
+                container.innerHTML = '<p style="color: #666;">No DNS credentials configured</p>';
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let html = `
+                <table>
+                    <tr>
+                        <th>Name</th>
+                        <th>Provider</th>
+                        <th>Default</th>
+                        <th>Actions</th>
+                    </tr>
+            `;
+
+            for (const cred of dnsCredentials) {
+                const isDefault = cred.id === defaultDnsCredId;
+                html += `
+                    <tr>
+                        <td>${escapeHtml(cred.name)}</td>
+                        <td>${escapeHtml(cred.provider_type)}</td>
+                        <td>${isDefault ? '<span class="default-badge">DEFAULT</span>' : ''}</td>
+                        <td>
+                            <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="showEditDnsCredModal('${cred.id}')">Edit</button>
+                            ${!isDefault ? `<button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="setDefaultDnsCredential('${cred.id}')">Set Default</button>` : ''}
+                            <button class="action-btn danger" onclick="deleteDnsCredential('${cred.id}')" ${isDefault ? 'disabled title="Cannot delete default credential"' : ''}>Delete</button>
+                        </td>
+                    </tr>
+                `;
+            }
+
+            html += '</table>';
+            container.innerHTML = html;
+        }
+
+        function updateDnsCredSelect() {
+            const select = document.getElementById('domain-dns-cred');
+            select.innerHTML = '<option value="">Use Default</option>';
+            for (const cred of dnsCredentials) {
+                const isDefault = cred.id === defaultDnsCredId;
+                select.innerHTML += `<option value="${cred.id}">${escapeHtml(cred.name)}${isDefault ? ' (default)' : ''}</option>`;
+            }
+        }
+
+        function showAddDnsCredModal() {
+            document.getElementById('dns-cred-name').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('dns-cred-token').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('dns-cred-api-url').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('dns-cred-default').checked = dnsCredentials.length === 0;
+            showModal('add-dns-cred-modal');
+        }
+
+        function showEditDnsCredModal(credId) {
+            const cred = dnsCredentials.find(c => c.id === credId);
+            if (!cred) {
+                showToast('Credential not found', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-id').value = cred.id;
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-name').value = cred.name;
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-provider').value = cred.provider_type;
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-token').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-api-url').value = cred.cf_api_url || '';
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-ttl').value = cred.dns_txt_ttl || '';
+            document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-max-wait').value = cred.max_dns_wait || '';
+            showModal('edit-dns-cred-modal');
+        }
+
+        async function updateDnsCredential() {
+            const id = document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-id').value;
+            const name = document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-name').value.trim();
+            const token = document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-token').value.trim();
+            const apiUrl = document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-api-url').value.trim();
+            const ttl = document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-ttl').value.trim();
+            const maxWait = document.getElementById('edit-dns-cred-max-wait').value.trim();
+
+            if (!name) {
+                showToast('Name is required', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                const body = { id: id };
+                if (name) body.name = name;
+                if (token) body.cf_api_token = token;
+                if (apiUrl) body.cf_api_url = apiUrl;
+                if (ttl) body.dns_txt_ttl = parseInt(ttl);
+                if (maxWait) body.max_dns_wait = parseInt(maxWait);
+
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.UpdateDnsCredential', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(body)
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                hideModal('edit-dns-cred-modal');
+                showToast('DNS credential updated', 'success');
+                await loadDnsCredentials();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to update credential: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function createDnsCredential() {
+            const name = document.getElementById('dns-cred-name').value.trim();
+            const token = document.getElementById('dns-cred-token').value.trim();
+            const apiUrl = document.getElementById('dns-cred-api-url').value.trim();
+            const ttl = document.getElementById('dns-cred-ttl').value.trim();
+            const maxWait = document.getElementById('dns-cred-max-wait').value.trim();
+            const setAsDefault = document.getElementById('dns-cred-default').checked;
+
+            if (!name || !token) {
+                showToast('Name and API Token are required', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                const body = {
+                    name: name,
+                    provider_type: 'cloudflare',
+                    cf_api_token: token,
+                    cf_api_url: apiUrl || undefined,
+                    set_as_default: setAsDefault
+                };
+                if (ttl) body.dns_txt_ttl = parseInt(ttl);
+                if (maxWait) body.max_dns_wait = parseInt(maxWait);
+
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.CreateDnsCredential', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(body)
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                hideModal('add-dns-cred-modal');
+                showToast('DNS credential created', 'success');
+                await loadDnsCredentials();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to create credential: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function setDefaultDnsCredential(id) {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.SetDefaultDnsCredential', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({ id: id })
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) throw new Error('Failed to set default');
+                showToast('Default credential updated', 'success');
+                await loadDnsCredentials();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to set default: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function deleteDnsCredential(id) {
+            if (!confirm('Are you sure you want to delete this DNS credential?')) return;
+
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.DeleteDnsCredential', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({ id: id })
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                showToast('DNS credential deleted', 'success');
+                await loadDnsCredentials();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to delete: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ==================== ZT-Domains ====================
+
+        let ztDomains = [];
+
+        async function loadZtDomains() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.ListZtDomains', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: '{}'
+                });
+                const data = await response.json();
+                ztDomains = data.domains || [];
+                renderZtDomains(ztDomains);
+            } catch (e) {
+                document.getElementById('zt-domains').innerHTML =
+                    '<p style="color: #666;">Failed to load ZT-Domains</p>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        function renderZtDomains(domains) {
+            const container = document.getElementById('zt-domains');
+            if (domains.length === 0) {
+                container.innerHTML = '<p style="color: #666;">No ZT-Domains configured</p>';
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let html = `
+                <table>
+                    <tr>
+                        <th>Domain</th>
+                        <th>Port</th>
+                        <th>Node</th>
+                        <th>Priority</th>
+                        <th>DNS Credential</th>
+                        <th>Status</th>
+                        <th>Expires</th>
+                        <th>Actions</th>
+                    </tr>
+            `;
+
+            for (const item of domains) {
+                const config = item.config || {};
+                const certStatus = item.cert_status || {};
+                const hasCert = certStatus.has_cert;
+                const expiresAt = certStatus.not_after ? new Date(certStatus.not_after * 1000).toLocaleDateString() : 'N/A';
+                const dnsCredName = getDnsCredName(config.dns_cred_id);
+                const portDisplay = config.port ? config.port : '-';
+                const nodeDisplay = (config.node !== undefined && config.node !== null) ? `Node ${config.node}` : 'Any';
+                const priorityDisplay = config.priority || 0;
+
+                html += `
+                    <tr>
+                        <td>*.${escapeHtml(config.domain)}</td>
+                        <td>${portDisplay}</td>
+                        <td>${nodeDisplay}</td>
+                        <td>${priorityDisplay}</td>
+                        <td>${escapeHtml(dnsCredName)}</td>
+                        <td>
+                            <div class="cert-status">
+                                <span class="cert-status-item ${hasCert ? 'has-cert' : 'no-cert'}">
+                                    ${hasCert ? '✓ Certificate loaded' : '✗ No certificate'}
+                                </span>
+                                ${certStatus.loaded_in_memory ? '<span class="cert-status-item has-cert">✓ In memory</span>' : ''}
+                            </div>
+                        </td>
+                        <td class="timestamp" data-original="${expiresAt}">${certStatus.not_after || 0}</td>
+                        <td>
+                            <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="showEditZtDomainModal('${escapeHtml(config.domain)}')">Edit</button>
+                            <button class="action-btn warning" onclick="renewZtDomainCert('${escapeHtml(config.domain)}', false)">Renew</button>
+                            <button class="action-btn secondary" onclick="renewZtDomainCert('${escapeHtml(config.domain)}', true)">Force Renew</button>
+                            <button class="action-btn danger" onclick="deleteZtDomain('${escapeHtml(config.domain)}')">Delete</button>
+                        </td>
+                    </tr>
+                `;
+            }
+
+            html += '</table>';
+            container.innerHTML = html;
+
+            // Apply timeAgo to expiry timestamps
+            const timestamps = container.querySelectorAll('.timestamp');
+            timestamps.forEach(cell => {
+                const timestamp = parseInt(cell.textContent);
+                if (!isNaN(timestamp) && timestamp > 0) {
+                    const date = new Date(timestamp * 1000);
+                    cell.setAttribute('data-original', date.toLocaleString());
+                    cell.textContent = date.toLocaleDateString();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        function getDnsCredName(credId) {
+            if (!credId) return '(default)';
+            const cred = dnsCredentials.find(c => c.id === credId);
+            return cred ? cred.name : credId;
+        }
+
+        function showAddZtDomainModal() {
+            document.getElementById('domain-name').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('domain-dns-cred').value = '';
+            document.getElementById('domain-port').value = '443';
+            document.getElementById('domain-node').value = '0';
+            document.getElementById('domain-priority').value = '0';
+            showModal('add-zt-domain-modal');
+        }
+
+        function updateEditDnsCredSelect() {
+            const select = document.getElementById('edit-domain-dns-cred');
+            select.innerHTML = '<option value="">Use Default</option>';
+            for (const cred of dnsCredentials) {
+                const isDefault = cred.id === defaultDnsCredId;
+                select.innerHTML += `<option value="${cred.id}">${escapeHtml(cred.name)}${isDefault ? ' (default)' : ''}</option>`;
+            }
+        }
+
+        function showEditZtDomainModal(domain) {
+            const item = ztDomains.find(d => d.config && d.config.domain === domain);
+            if (!item) {
+                showToast('ZT-Domain not found', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const config = item.config;
+            document.getElementById('edit-domain-original').value = config.domain;
+            document.getElementById('edit-domain-name').value = config.domain;
+            document.getElementById('edit-domain-port').value = config.port || 0;
+            document.getElementById('edit-domain-node').value = (config.node !== undefined && config.node !== null) ? config.node : 0;
+            document.getElementById('edit-domain-priority').value = config.priority || 0;
+
+            updateEditDnsCredSelect();
+            document.getElementById('edit-domain-dns-cred').value = config.dns_cred_id || '';
+
+            showModal('edit-zt-domain-modal');
+        }
+
+        async function updateZtDomain() {
+            const domain = document.getElementById('edit-domain-original').value;
+            const dnsCredId = document.getElementById('edit-domain-dns-cred').value;
+            const port = parseInt(document.getElementById('edit-domain-port').value) || 0;
+            const nodeInput = document.getElementById('edit-domain-node').value.trim();
+            const node = (nodeInput && nodeInput !== '0') ? parseInt(nodeInput) : null;
+            const priority = parseInt(document.getElementById('edit-domain-priority').value) || 0;
+
+            if (!domain) {
+                showToast('Domain is required', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const body = {
+                domain: domain,
+                port: port,
+                priority: priority
+            };
+            // Only include dns_cred_id if not empty (empty means use default)
+            if (dnsCredId) {
+                body.dns_cred_id = dnsCredId;
+            }
+            if (node !== null && node > 0) {
+                body.node = node;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.UpdateZtDomain', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(body)
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                hideModal('edit-zt-domain-modal');
+                showToast('ZT-Domain updated', 'success');
+                await loadZtDomains();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to update ZT-Domain: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function addZtDomain() {
+            const domain = document.getElementById('domain-name').value.trim();
+            const dnsCredId = document.getElementById('domain-dns-cred').value;
+            const port = parseInt(document.getElementById('domain-port').value) || 0;
+            const nodeInput = document.getElementById('domain-node').value.trim();
+            const node = nodeInput ? parseInt(nodeInput) : null;
+            const priority = parseInt(document.getElementById('domain-priority').value) || 0;
+
+            if (!domain) {
+                showToast('Domain is required', 'error');
+                return;
+            }
+
+            const body = {
+                domain: domain,
+                port: port,
+                priority: priority
+            };
+            // Only include dns_cred_id if not empty (empty means use default)
+            if (dnsCredId) {
+                body.dns_cred_id = dnsCredId;
+            }
+            if (node !== null && node > 0) {
+                body.node = node;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.AddZtDomain', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(body)
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                hideModal('add-zt-domain-modal');
+                showToast('ZT-Domain added', 'success');
+                await loadZtDomains();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to add ZT-Domain: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function renewZtDomainCert(domain, force) {
+            const action = force ? 'force renew' : 'renew';
+            if (!confirm(`Are you sure you want to ${action} the certificate for ${domain}?`)) return;
+
+            try {
+                showToast(`Renewing certificate for ${domain}...`, 'success');
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.RenewZtDomainCert', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({
+                        domain: domain,
+                        force: force
+                    })
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                const data = await response.json();
+                if (data.renewed) {
+                    showToast(`Certificate renewed for ${domain}`, 'success');
+                } else {
+                    showToast(`Certificate does not need renewal`, 'success');
+                }
+                await loadZtDomains();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to renew: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        async function deleteZtDomain(domain) {
+            if (!confirm(`Are you sure you want to delete the ZT-Domain config for ${domain}?`)) return;
+
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.DeleteZtDomain', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({ domain: domain })
+                });
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    const err = await response.text();
+                    throw new Error(err);
+                }
+                showToast('ZT-Domain deleted', 'success');
+                await loadZtDomains();
+            } catch (e) {
+                showToast('Failed to delete: ' + e.message, 'error');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ==================== UI Helpers ====================
+
+        function showModal(id) {
+            document.getElementById(id).classList.add('active');
+        }
+
+        function hideModal(id) {
+            document.getElementById(id).classList.remove('active');
+        }
+
+        function showToast(message, type) {
+            // Remove existing toasts
+            document.querySelectorAll('.toast').forEach(t => t.remove());
+
+            const toast = document.createElement('div');
+            toast.className = `toast ${type}`;
+            toast.textContent = message;
+            document.body.appendChild(toast);
+
+            setTimeout(() => toast.remove(), 3000);
+        }
+
+        function escapeHtml(text) {
+            if (!text) return '';
+            const div = document.createElement('div');
+            div.textContent = text;
+            return div.innerHTML;
+        }
+
+        async function loadGlobalConnections() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.GetGlobalConnections', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: '{}'
+                });
+                const data = await response.json();
+                renderGlobalConnections(data);
+            } catch (e) {
+                document.getElementById('global-connections').innerHTML =
+                    '<p style="color: #666;">Global connection statistics unavailable</p>';
+            }
+        }
+
+        function renderGlobalConnections(data) {
+            const container = document.getElementById('global-connections');
+
+            let html = `
+                <table>
+                    <tr>
+                        <th colspan="2">Connection Summary</th>
+                    </tr>
+                    <tr>
+                        <td>Total Connections (Cluster-wide)</td>
+                        <td><strong>${data.total_connections || 0}</strong></td>
+                    </tr>
+                </table>
+            `;
+
+            if (data.node_connections && Object.keys(data.node_connections).length > 0) {
+                html += `
+                    <table>
+                        <tr>
+                            <th>Node ID</th>
+                            <th>Connections</th>
+                        </tr>
+                `;
+
+                for (const [nodeId, count] of Object.entries(data.node_connections)) {
+                    html += `
+                        <tr>
+                            <td>Node ${nodeId}</td>
+                            <td>${count}</td>
+                        </tr>
+                    `;
+                }
+
+                html += '</table>';
+            }
+
+            container.innerHTML = html;
+        }
+
+        async function loadNodeStatuses() {
+            try {
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.GetNodeStatuses', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: '{}'
+                });
+                const data = await response.json();
+                renderNodeStatuses(data);
+            } catch (e) {
+                console.error('Failed to load node statuses:', e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        function renderNodeStatuses(data) {
+            if (!data.statuses || data.statuses.length === 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Create a map of node_id -> status
+            const statusMap = {};
+            for (const entry of data.statuses) {
+                statusMap[entry.node_id] = entry.status;
+            }
+
+            // Update each node status cell
+            const statusCells = document.querySelectorAll('.node-status');
+            statusCells.forEach(cell => {
+                const nodeId = parseInt(cell.getAttribute('data-node-id'));
+                const status = statusMap[nodeId] || 'up'; // default to "up"
+                cell.textContent = status;
+                cell.className = 'node-status ' + status;
+            });
+        }
+
+        async function setNodeStatus(nodeId, status) {
+            try {
+                // Disable all buttons for this node
+                const buttons = document.querySelectorAll(`button[onclick*="setNodeStatus(${nodeId}"]`);
+                buttons.forEach(btn => btn.disabled = true);
+
+                const response = await fetch('/prpc/Admin.SetNodeStatus', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({
+                        id: nodeId,
+                        status: status
+                    })
+                });
+
+                if (!response.ok) {
+                    throw new Error('Failed to set node status');
+                }
+
+                // Reload node statuses to update the display
+                await loadNodeStatuses();
+
+                // Re-enable buttons
+                buttons.forEach(btn => btn.disabled = false);
+            } catch (e) {
+                console.error('Failed to set node status:', e);
+                alert('Failed to set node status: ' + e.message);
+
+                // Re-enable buttons on error
+                const buttons = document.querySelectorAll(`button[onclick*="setNodeStatus(${nodeId}"]`);
+                buttons.forEach(btn => btn.disabled = false);
+            }
+        }
+    </script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/tproxy/templates/rproxy.yaml b/dstack/gateway/templates/rproxy.yaml
similarity index 81%
rename from tproxy/templates/rproxy.yaml
rename to dstack/gateway/templates/rproxy.yaml
index 2cd5adc96..e5513b0ae 100644
--- a/tproxy/templates/rproxy.yaml
+++ b/dstack/gateway/templates/rproxy.yaml
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 servers:
   {%- for p in portmap %}
   - type: socket
@@ -18,4 +22,4 @@ servers:
             target: {{ peer.ip }}:{{ p.target_port }}
       {% endfor %}
       {%- endif %}
-  {%- endfor %}
\ No newline at end of file
+  {%- endfor %}
diff --git a/tproxy/templates/wg.conf b/dstack/gateway/templates/wg.conf
similarity index 81%
rename from tproxy/templates/wg.conf
rename to dstack/gateway/templates/wg.conf
index d34ff0f38..eb1d39e6a 100644
--- a/tproxy/templates/wg.conf
+++ b/dstack/gateway/templates/wg.conf
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ ListenPort = {{ listen_port }}
 [Peer]
 PublicKey = {{ peer.public_key }}
 AllowedIPs = {{ peer.ip }}/32
-{% endfor %}
\ No newline at end of file
+PersistentKeepalive = 25
+{% endfor %}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/.env.example b/dstack/gateway/test-run/.env.example
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff6571750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/.env.example
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Cloudflare API token with DNS edit permissions
+# Required scopes: Zone.DNS (Edit), Zone.Zone (Read)
+CF_API_TOKEN=your_cloudflare_api_token_here
+
+# Cloudflare Zone ID for your domain
+CF_ZONE_ID=your_zone_id_here
+
+# Test domain (must be a wildcard domain managed by Cloudflare)
+# Example: *.test.example.com
+TEST_DOMAIN=*.test.example.com
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/.gitignore b/dstack/gateway/test-run/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1c90f813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/run/
+.env
+/e2e/dstack-gateway
+__pycache__/
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/TESTING.md b/dstack/gateway/test-run/TESTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..650297e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/TESTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Gateway test plan
+
+This document records the local checks used for the gateway handshake-cache
+change. The goal is to verify three things:
+
+1. the generic `cached-cell` crate behaves correctly;
+2. existing gateway control-plane and WaveKV flows still work;
+3. the proxy data path does not call blocking `wg show latest-handshakes` per
+   request.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Run on Linux with:
+
+- Rust toolchain;
+- `sudo`, `ip`, `wg` / `wireguard-tools`;
+- `curl`, `openssl`, `python3`;
+- `wrk` for the performance test.
+
+The integration script creates temporary WireGuard interfaces named
+`wavekv-test1`, `wavekv-test2`, and `wavekv-test3`, so it needs root privileges.
+
+## Unit and build checks
+
+From the repository root:
+
+```bash
+cargo test -p cached-cell
+cargo test --manifest-path gateway/Cargo.toml
+cargo check --manifest-path gateway/Cargo.toml
+cargo clippy -- \
+  -D warnings \
+  -D clippy::expect_used \
+  -D clippy::unwrap_used \
+  --allow unused_variables
+```
+
+Expected result: all commands pass.
+
+## WaveKV / gateway integration test
+
+Build the gateway binary first:
+
+```bash
+cargo build --release --manifest-path gateway/Cargo.toml
+```
+
+Then run the integration suite:
+
+```bash
+cd gateway/test-run
+sudo -E GATEWAY_BIN="$(pwd)/../../target/release/dstack-gateway" ./test_suite.sh
+```
+
+The suite starts real gateway processes and exercises:
+
+- CVM registration through `POST /prpc/RegisterCvm` on the debug service;
+- admin RPCs such as `Admin.SetNodeUrl`, `Admin.SetNodeStatus`, and
+  `Admin.WaveKvStatus`;
+- WaveKV persistent and ephemeral sync between gateway nodes;
+- push propagation before the five-second periodic sync interval;
+- periodic anti-entropy repair after a push is missed while a peer is offline;
+- bootstrap recovery after a node loses its local WaveKV store while retaining
+  its node identity;
+- convergence of divergent writes made on both sides of a partition;
+- idempotence when opportunistic pushes overlap a periodic sync round;
+- bootnode discovery retry, interrupted-sync recovery, and partial-cluster
+  bootstrap while another peer is unavailable;
+- ephemeral-store convergence after a peer restart;
+- node-ID conflict rejection followed by convergence under the replacement
+  node's fresh UUID;
+- node restart, network partition recovery, periodic persistence, and node
+  up/down filtering.
+
+Expected result:
+
+```text
+Tests passed: 28
+```
+
+Important request paths covered by this suite:
+
+| Path | Purpose |
+| --- | --- |
+| `POST /prpc/RegisterCvm` | Register a CVM, allocate a WireGuard IP, update gateway state. |
+| `POST /prpc/Debug.Info` | Verify the debug service is available. |
+| `POST /prpc/Debug.GetSyncData` | Inspect peer/node/instance data synced through WaveKV. |
+| `POST /prpc/GetProxyState` | Compare in-memory proxy state with WaveKV state. |
+| `POST /prpc/Admin.SetNodeUrl` | Register peer gateway URLs. |
+| `POST /prpc/Admin.SetNodeStatus` | Mark nodes up/down and verify registration filtering. |
+| `POST /prpc/Admin.WaveKvStatus` | Inspect WaveKV store status. |
+| `POST /wavekv/sync/persistent` | Gateway-to-gateway persistent data sync. |
+| `POST /wavekv/sync/ephemeral` | Gateway-to-gateway last-seen/handshake/connection sync. |
+| `POST /wavekv/push/persistent` | Opportunistic persistent-state propagation. |
+| `POST /wavekv/push/ephemeral` | Opportunistic ephemeral-state propagation. |
+
+## Real proxy data-path smoke test
+
+The integration suite above validates registration and sync, but it does not
+open a client connection through the gateway proxy. For the proxy data path, use
+this shape:
+
+1. Start one `dstack-gateway` with debug/admin enabled and `insecure_skip_attestation = true`.
+2. Register a test CVM through the debug `RegisterCvm` RPC.
+3. Bind a local HTTPS backend to the allocated CVM IP, for example
+   `10.0.51.2:23143`.
+4. Serve a local DNS TXT response:
+
+   ```text
+   _dstack-app-address.proxy-flow.local TXT "proxyflow:23143"
+   ```
+
+5. Allow the backend port with `Admin.SetInstancePortPolicy` so the proxy data
+   path is not blocked by port-policy fail-close.
+6. Send a request through the proxy:
+
+   ```bash
+   curl -skf \
+     --connect-to proxy-flow.local:13114:127.0.0.1:13114 \
+     https://proxy-flow.local:13114/proxy-e2e
+   ```
+
+Expected response from the backend:
+
+```text
+proxy-e2e-ok path=/proxy-e2e
+```
+
+Expected gateway log shape:
+
+```text
+got sni: proxy-flow.local
+target address is proxyflow:23143
+connecting to 10.0.51.2:23143
+connected to 10.0.51.2:23143
+```
+
+This confirms the real data flow:
+
+```text
+client -> gateway proxy -> SNI parse -> DNS TXT lookup -> ProxyState selection -> backend TLS service
+```
+
+## Proxy performance / hot-path check
+
+The performance test uses the same real proxy data flow as the smoke test, with
+one extra control: put a temporary `wg` wrapper earlier in `PATH` for the gateway
+process. The wrapper delegates normal commands to `/usr/bin/wg`, but for
+
+```text
+wg show <iface> latest-handshakes
+```
+
+it returns a fixed test public key and records the call. This verifies that the
+proxy hot path does not execute blocking `wg show` for every request.
+
+Use `wrk` for three measurements:
+
+```bash
+# Direct backend baseline.
+wrk -t4 -c64 -d15s https://10.0.62.2:23243/bench
+
+# Gateway proxy with keep-alive.
+wrk -t4 -c64 -d15s https://proxy-perf.local:13214/bench
+
+# Gateway proxy with new TLS connections.
+wrk -t4 -c32 -d10s -H 'Connection: close' \
+  https://proxy-perf.local:13214/bench-close
+```
+
+Reference result from the local PR run:
+
+```text
+direct backend keep-alive:        71507 req/s, avg latency 1.14ms
+gateway proxy keep-alive:         33842 req/s, avg latency 8.83ms
+gateway proxy connection-close:     874 req/s, avg latency 33.45ms
+```
+
+The same run handled more than 500k proxy keep-alive requests. The `wg` wrapper
+recorded:
+
+```text
+wg show latest-handshakes: 7
+wg syncconf: 3
+```
+
+The important assertion is the call count: `wg show latest-handshakes` is only
+used by startup/preload and the periodic refresh task, not once per proxied
+request.
+
+## PR CI
+
+Check GitHub Actions before merging:
+
+```bash
+gh pr checks <PR_NUMBER> --repo Dstack-TEE/dstack --watch=false
+```
+
+Expected result: all required checks pass, including `gateway`, `rust-checks`,
+`prek`, `reuse-lint`, and CodeQL.
+
+## Proxy data-path integration tests
+
+`test_proxy.sh` runs a real gateway process and asserts on what reaches the
+wire, across every combination of the two gated optimisations and both proxy
+paths. It runs in CI (`.github/workflows/gateway-proxy-tests.yml`); unlike
+`test_suite.sh` it needs no root for the gateway itself, only one `sudo ip link
+add` for the link the gateway expects at startup.
+
+```bash
+cd gateway/test-run
+./test_proxy.sh                                   # builds the gateway if needed
+GATEWAY_BIN=../../target/release/dstack-gateway ./test_proxy.sh
+BASE_PORT=39000 ./test_proxy.sh                   # if the default range is busy
+KEEP_LOGS=1 ./test_proxy.sh                       # keep the work dir on success
+```
+
+What it covers:
+
+| group | asserts |
+|---|---|
+| data path | payloads survive byte-for-byte on both paths, under and over each gate, and under concurrency |
+| close | the app closing reaches the client as an orderly TLS shutdown, including after kTLS offload |
+| `timeouts.idle` | the idle watchdog reaps on every relay path -- buffered, spliced, kTLS -- and `data_timeout_enabled = false` still opts out |
+| kTLS engagement | offload happens, and only once the gate fires; no TLS decrypt errors |
+| capability fallbacks | a kernel without the TLS ULP warns and keeps serving untruncated; an inert `connection_rebalance` warns |
+| runtime modes | every `thread_per_core` / `connection_rebalance` combination serves traffic |
+| half-close | a client that finishes its request still gets the reply, on both paths and every arm |
+| Status RPC | the accel counters reflect the traffic that ran |
+
+The suite adapts to the host: groups that need a capability the kernel or the
+privileges do not provide are reported as `SKIP` with the reason, never silently
+passed.
+
+Half-close needs a TLS client that can send `close_notify` without waiting for
+the peer's, which `ssl.SSLSocket` cannot express: its only shutdown is
+bidirectional, and dropping to `shutdown(SHUT_WR)` sends a bare FIN, which
+mid-TLS is a truncation the peer is right to reject. `proxy/tlsclient.py`
+drives the TLS state machine over memory BIOs to do it properly.
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/cluster.sh b/dstack/gateway/test-run/cluster.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..27f58b4c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/cluster.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Gateway cluster management script for manual testing
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+
+GATEWAY_BIN="${SCRIPT_DIR}/../../target/release/dstack-gateway"
+RUN_DIR="run"
+CERTS_DIR="$RUN_DIR/certs"
+CA_CERT="$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert"
+LOG_DIR="$RUN_DIR/logs"
+TMUX_SESSION="gateway-cluster"
+
+# Colors
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+BLUE='\033[0;34m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+log_info() { echo -e "${GREEN}[INFO]${NC} $1"; }
+log_warn() { echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} $1"; }
+log_error() { echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $1"; }
+
+show_help() {
+    echo "Gateway Cluster Management Script"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Usage: $0 <command>"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Commands:"
+    echo "  start   Start a 3-node gateway cluster in tmux"
+    echo "  stop    Stop the cluster (keep tmux session)"
+    echo "  reg     Register a random instance"
+    echo "  status  Show cluster status"
+    echo "  clean   Destroy cluster and clean all data"
+    echo "  attach  Attach to tmux session"
+    echo "  help    Show this help"
+    echo ""
+}
+
+# Generate certificates
+generate_certs() {
+    mkdir -p "$CERTS_DIR"
+    mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/certbot/live"
+
+    # Generate CA certificate
+    if [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" ]]; then
+        log_info "Creating CA certificate..."
+        openssl genrsa -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" 2048 2>/dev/null
+        openssl req -x509 -new -nodes \
+            -key "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" \
+            -sha256 -days 365 \
+            -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert" \
+            -subj "/CN=Test CA/O=Gateway Test" \
+            2>/dev/null
+    fi
+
+    # Generate RPC certificate signed by CA
+    if [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key" ]]; then
+        log_info "Creating RPC certificate..."
+        openssl genrsa -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key" 2048 2>/dev/null
+        openssl req -new \
+            -key "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key" \
+            -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.csr" \
+            -subj "/CN=localhost" \
+            2>/dev/null
+        cat > "$CERTS_DIR/ext.cnf" << EXTEOF
+authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
+basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
+keyUsage = digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment
+subjectAltName = @alt_names
+
+[alt_names]
+DNS.1 = localhost
+IP.1 = 127.0.0.1
+EXTEOF
+        openssl x509 -req \
+            -in "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.csr" \
+            -CA "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert" \
+            -CAkey "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" \
+            -CAcreateserial \
+            -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.cert" \
+            -days 365 \
+            -sha256 \
+            -extfile "$CERTS_DIR/ext.cnf" \
+            2>/dev/null
+        rm -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.csr" "$CERTS_DIR/ext.cnf"
+    fi
+
+    # Generate proxy certificates
+    local proxy_cert_dir="$RUN_DIR/certbot/live"
+    if [[ ! -f "$proxy_cert_dir/cert.pem" ]]; then
+        log_info "Creating proxy certificates..."
+        openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes \
+            -keyout "$proxy_cert_dir/key.pem" \
+            -out "$proxy_cert_dir/cert.pem" \
+            -days 365 \
+            -subj "/CN=localhost" \
+            2>/dev/null
+    fi
+
+    # Generate unique WireGuard key pair for each node
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        if [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/wg-node${i}.key" ]]; then
+            log_info "Generating WireGuard keys for node ${i}..."
+            wg genkey > "$CERTS_DIR/wg-node${i}.key"
+            wg pubkey < "$CERTS_DIR/wg-node${i}.key" > "$CERTS_DIR/wg-node${i}.pub"
+        fi
+    done
+}
+
+# Generate node config
+generate_config() {
+    local node_id=$1
+    local rpc_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 2))
+    local wg_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 3))
+    local proxy_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 4))
+    local debug_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 5))
+    local admin_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 6))
+    local wg_ip="10.0.3${node_id}.1/24"
+    local other_nodes=""
+    local peer_urls=""
+
+    # Read WireGuard keys for this node
+    local wg_private_key=$(cat "$CERTS_DIR/wg-node${node_id}.key")
+    local wg_public_key=$(cat "$CERTS_DIR/wg-node${node_id}.pub")
+
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        if [[ $i -ne $node_id ]]; then
+            local peer_rpc_port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 2))
+            if [[ -n "$other_nodes" ]]; then
+                other_nodes="$other_nodes, $i"
+                peer_urls="$peer_urls, \"$i:https://localhost:$peer_rpc_port\""
+            else
+                other_nodes="$i"
+                peer_urls="\"$i:https://localhost:$peer_rpc_port\""
+            fi
+        fi
+    done
+
+    local abs_run_dir="$SCRIPT_DIR/$RUN_DIR"
+    cat > "$RUN_DIR/node${node_id}.toml" << EOF
+log_level = "info"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = ${rpc_port}
+
+[tls]
+key = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = ""
+
+[core.debug]
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = true
+port = ${debug_port}
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+port = ${admin_port}
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5s"
+timeout = "10s"
+my_url = "https://localhost:${rpc_port}"
+bootnode = ""
+node_id = ${node_id}
+data_dir = "${RUN_DIR}/wavekv_node${node_id}"
+
+[core.certbot]
+enabled = false
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "${wg_private_key}"
+public_key = "${wg_public_key}"
+listen_port = ${wg_port}
+ip = "${wg_ip}"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.3${node_id}.1/31"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.3${node_id}.1/24"
+config_path = "${RUN_DIR}/wg_node${node_id}.conf"
+interface = "gw-test${node_id}"
+endpoint = "127.0.0.1:${wg_port}"
+
+[core.proxy]
+cert_chain = "${RUN_DIR}/certbot/live/cert.pem"
+cert_key = "${RUN_DIR}/certbot/live/key.pem"
+base_domain = "test.local"
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = ${proxy_port}
+tappd_port = 8090
+external_port = ${proxy_port}
+
+[core.recycle]
+enabled = true
+interval = "30s"
+timeout = "120s"
+node_timeout = "300s"
+EOF
+}
+
+# Build gateway binary
+build_gateway() {
+    if [[ ! -f "$GATEWAY_BIN" ]]; then
+        log_info "Building gateway..."
+        (cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && cargo build --release)
+    fi
+}
+
+# Start cluster
+cmd_start() {
+    build_gateway
+    generate_certs
+
+    # Check if tmux session exists
+    if tmux has-session -t "$TMUX_SESSION" 2>/dev/null; then
+        log_warn "Cluster already running. Use 'clean' to restart."
+        cmd_status
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    log_info "Generating configs..."
+    mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR" "$LOG_DIR"
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        generate_config $i
+        mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node${i}"
+    done
+
+    log_info "Starting cluster in tmux session '$TMUX_SESSION'..."
+
+    # Create wrapper scripts that keep running even if gateway exits
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        cat > "$RUN_DIR/run_node${i}.sh" << RUNEOF
+#!/bin/bash
+cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+while true; do
+    echo "Starting node ${i}..."
+    sudo RUST_LOG=info $GATEWAY_BIN -c $RUN_DIR/node${i}.toml 2>&1 | tee -a $LOG_DIR/node${i}.log
+    echo "Node ${i} exited. Press Ctrl+C to stop, or wait 3s to restart..."
+    sleep 3
+done
+RUNEOF
+        chmod +x "$RUN_DIR/run_node${i}.sh"
+    done
+
+    # Create tmux session
+    tmux new-session -d -s "$TMUX_SESSION" -n "node1"
+    tmux send-keys -t "$TMUX_SESSION:node1" "$RUN_DIR/run_node1.sh" Enter
+
+    sleep 1
+
+    # Add windows for other nodes
+    tmux new-window -t "$TMUX_SESSION" -n "node2"
+    tmux send-keys -t "$TMUX_SESSION:node2" "$RUN_DIR/run_node2.sh" Enter
+
+    tmux new-window -t "$TMUX_SESSION" -n "node3"
+    tmux send-keys -t "$TMUX_SESSION:node3" "$RUN_DIR/run_node3.sh" Enter
+
+    # Add a shell window
+    tmux new-window -t "$TMUX_SESSION" -n "shell"
+
+    sleep 3
+
+    log_info "Cluster started!"
+    echo ""
+    cmd_status
+    echo ""
+    log_info "Use '$0 attach' to view logs"
+}
+
+# Stop cluster
+cmd_stop() {
+    log_info "Stopping cluster..."
+    sudo pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*node[123].toml" 2>/dev/null || true
+    sudo ip link delete gw-test1 2>/dev/null || true
+    sudo ip link delete gw-test2 2>/dev/null || true
+    sudo ip link delete gw-test3 2>/dev/null || true
+    log_info "Cluster stopped"
+}
+
+# Clean everything
+cmd_clean() {
+    cmd_stop
+
+    # Kill tmux session
+    tmux kill-session -t "$TMUX_SESSION" 2>/dev/null || true
+
+    log_info "Cleaning data..."
+    sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node"*
+    sudo rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node"*.json
+    rm -f "$RUN_DIR/wg_node"*.conf
+    rm -f "$RUN_DIR/node"*.toml
+    rm -f "$RUN_DIR/run_node"*.sh
+    rm -rf "$LOG_DIR"
+
+    log_info "Cleaned"
+}
+
+# Show status
+cmd_status() {
+    echo -e "${BLUE}=== Gateway Cluster Status ===${NC}"
+    echo ""
+
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        local rpc_port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 2))
+        local proxy_port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 4))
+        local debug_port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 5))
+        local admin_port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 6))
+
+        if pgrep -f "dstack-gateway.*node${i}.toml" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo -e "Node $i: ${GREEN}RUNNING${NC}"
+        else
+            echo -e "Node $i: ${RED}STOPPED${NC}"
+        fi
+        echo "  RPC:   https://localhost:${rpc_port}"
+        echo "  Proxy: https://localhost:${proxy_port}"
+        echo "  Debug: http://localhost:${debug_port}"
+        echo "  Admin: http://localhost:${admin_port}"
+        echo ""
+    done
+
+    # Show instance count from first running node
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        local debug_port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 5))
+        if pgrep -f "dstack-gateway.*node${i}.toml" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+            local response=$(curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/GetSyncData" \
+                -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}' 2>/dev/null)
+            if [[ -n "$response" ]]; then
+                local n_instances=$(echo "$response" | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(len(json.load(sys.stdin).get('instances', [])))" 2>/dev/null || echo "?")
+                local n_nodes=$(echo "$response" | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(len(json.load(sys.stdin).get('nodes', [])))" 2>/dev/null || echo "?")
+                echo -e "${BLUE}Cluster State:${NC}"
+                echo "  Nodes: $n_nodes"
+                echo "  Instances: $n_instances"
+            fi
+            break
+        fi
+    done
+}
+
+# Register a random instance
+cmd_reg() {
+    # Find a running node
+    local debug_port=""
+    for i in 1 2 3; do
+        local port=$((13000 + i * 10 + 5))
+        if pgrep -f "dstack-gateway.*node${i}.toml" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+            debug_port=$port
+            break
+        fi
+    done
+
+    if [[ -z "$debug_port" ]]; then
+        log_error "No running nodes found. Start cluster first."
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    # Generate random WireGuard key pair
+    local private_key=$(wg genkey)
+    local public_key=$(echo "$private_key" | wg pubkey)
+
+    # Generate random IDs
+    local app_id="app-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
+    local instance_id="inst-$(openssl rand -hex 4)"
+
+    log_info "Registering instance..."
+    log_info "  App ID: $app_id"
+    log_info "  Instance ID: $instance_id"
+    log_info "  Public Key: $public_key"
+
+    local response=$(curl -s \
+        -X POST "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/RegisterCvm" \
+        -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+        -d "{\"client_public_key\": \"$public_key\", \"app_id\": \"$app_id\", \"instance_id\": \"$instance_id\"}" 2>/dev/null)
+
+    if echo "$response" | python3 -c "import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); assert 'wg' in d" 2>/dev/null; then
+        local client_ip=$(echo "$response" | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['wg']['client_ip'])" 2>/dev/null)
+        log_info "Registered successfully!"
+        echo -e "  Client IP: ${GREEN}$client_ip${NC}"
+        echo ""
+        echo "Instance details:"
+        echo "$response" | python3 -m json.tool 2>/dev/null || echo "$response"
+    else
+        log_error "Registration failed:"
+        echo "$response" | python3 -m json.tool 2>/dev/null || echo "$response"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Attach to tmux
+cmd_attach() {
+    if tmux has-session -t "$TMUX_SESSION" 2>/dev/null; then
+        tmux attach -t "$TMUX_SESSION"
+    else
+        log_error "No cluster running"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Main
+case "${1:-help}" in
+    start)
+        cmd_start
+        ;;
+    stop)
+        cmd_stop
+        ;;
+    clean)
+        cmd_clean
+        ;;
+    status)
+        cmd_status
+        ;;
+    reg)
+        cmd_reg
+        ;;
+    attach)
+        cmd_attach
+        ;;
+    help|--help|-h)
+        show_help
+        ;;
+    *)
+        log_error "Unknown command: $1"
+        show_help
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..643e83c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM rust:1.92-bookworm AS builder
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY . .
+RUN cargo build --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --locked --release \
+    -p dstack-guest-agent-simulator
+
+FROM debian:bookworm-slim
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+WORKDIR /opt/dstack-simulator
+COPY --from=builder /src/dstack/target/release/dstack-simulator /usr/local/bin/dstack-simulator
+COPY sdk/simulator/app-compose.json sdk/simulator/appkeys.json \
+    sdk/simulator/sys-config.json sdk/simulator/attestation.bin ./
+COPY dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/simulator.toml ./simulator.toml
+CMD ["dstack-simulator", "--config", "/opt/dstack-simulator/simulator.toml"]
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator.dockerignore b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator.dockerignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f53ffe346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator.dockerignore
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+.git
+**/target
+**/node_modules
+**/__pycache__
+**/.env
+**/.env.*
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-1.toml b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-1.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b90efd4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-1.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Gateway Node 1 configuration for E2E testing
+log_level = "debug"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9012
+
+[tls]
+key = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = "gateway-1"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+port = 9016
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; weak/hardcoded credential
+auth_token = "e2e-admin-token"
+
+[core.debug]
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; enables debug RPC
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = false
+port = 9015
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5s"
+timeout = "10s"
+my_url = "https://gateway-1:9012"
+bootnode = "https://gateway-2:9012"
+node_id = 1
+data_dir = "/var/lib/gateway/wavekv"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "SEcoI37oGWynhukxXo5Mi8/8zZBU6abg6T1TOJRMj1Y="
+public_key = "xc+7qkdeNFfl4g4xirGGGXHMc0cABuE5IHaLeCASVWM="
+listen_port = 9013
+ip = "10.0.41.1/24"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.41.1/31"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.41.1/24"
+config_path = "/var/lib/gateway/wg.conf"
+interface = "wg-test1"
+endpoint = "gateway-1:9013"
+
+[core.proxy]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = 9014
+tappd_port = 8090
+external_port = 9014
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-2.toml b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-2.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7bdd729f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-2.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Gateway Node 2 configuration for E2E testing
+log_level = "debug"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9012
+
+[tls]
+key = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = "gateway-2"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+port = 9016
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; weak/hardcoded credential
+auth_token = "e2e-admin-token"
+
+[core.debug]
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; enables debug RPC
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = false
+port = 9015
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5s"
+timeout = "10s"
+my_url = "https://gateway-2:9012"
+bootnode = "https://gateway-1:9012"
+node_id = 2
+data_dir = "/var/lib/gateway/wavekv"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "SEcoI37oGWynhukxXo5Mi8/8zZBU6abg6T1TOJRMj1Y="
+public_key = "xc+7qkdeNFfl4g4xirGGGXHMc0cABuE5IHaLeCASVWM="
+listen_port = 9013
+ip = "10.0.42.1/24"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.42.1/31"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.42.1/24"
+config_path = "/var/lib/gateway/wg.conf"
+interface = "wg-test2"
+endpoint = "gateway-2:9013"
+
+[core.proxy]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = 9014
+tappd_port = 8090
+external_port = 9014
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-3.toml b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-3.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cb845126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/gateway-3.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Gateway Node 3 configuration for E2E testing
+log_level = "debug"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 9012
+
+[tls]
+key = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/var/lib/gateway/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = "gateway-3"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+port = 9016
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; weak/hardcoded credential
+auth_token = "e2e-admin-token"
+
+[core.debug]
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; enables debug RPC
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = false
+port = 9015
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5s"
+timeout = "10s"
+my_url = "https://gateway-3:9012"
+bootnode = "https://gateway-1:9012"
+node_id = 3
+data_dir = "/var/lib/gateway/wavekv"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "SEcoI37oGWynhukxXo5Mi8/8zZBU6abg6T1TOJRMj1Y="
+public_key = "xc+7qkdeNFfl4g4xirGGGXHMc0cABuE5IHaLeCASVWM="
+listen_port = 9013
+ip = "10.0.43.1/24"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.43.1/31"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.43.1/24"
+config_path = "/var/lib/gateway/wg.conf"
+interface = "wg-test3"
+endpoint = "gateway-3:9013"
+
+[core.proxy]
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = 9014
+tappd_port = 8090
+external_port = 9014
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/simulator.toml b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/simulator.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7020dbca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/configs/simulator.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack Gateway E2E Simulator"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+
+[default.core]
+keys_file = "/opt/dstack-simulator/appkeys.json"
+compose_file = "/opt/dstack-simulator/app-compose.json"
+sys_config_file = "/opt/dstack-simulator/sys-config.json"
+data_disks = ["/"]
+
+[default.core.simulator]
+attestation_file = "/opt/dstack-simulator/attestation.bin"
+patch_report_data = true
+
+[internal]
+address = "unix:/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock"
+reuse = true
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/docker-compose.yml b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/docker-compose.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59048d84f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/docker-compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# E2E test environment for dstack-gateway certbot functionality
+# Uses mock services: Pebble (ACME) + mock-cf-dns-api (Cloudflare DNS)
+# Uses a test-local dstack Guest Agent simulator for certificate and app identity flows.
+
+networks:
+  certbot-test:
+    driver: bridge
+    ipam:
+      config:
+        - subnet: 172.30.0.0/24
+
+volumes:
+  pebble-certs:
+  dstack-socket:
+
+services:
+  dstack-simulator:
+    build:
+      context: ../../../..
+      dockerfile: dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/Dockerfile.simulator
+    image: dstack-simulator:gateway-e2e
+    volumes:
+      - dstack-socket:/var/run/dstack
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "test -S /var/run/dstack/dstack.sock"]
+      interval: 1s
+      timeout: 1s
+      retries: 30
+
+  # ==================== Mock Services ====================
+
+  # Mock Cloudflare DNS API
+  mock-cf-dns-api:
+    image: kvin/mock-cf-dns-api:latest
+    container_name: mock-cf-dns-api
+    networks:
+      certbot-test:
+        ipv4_address: 172.30.0.10
+    ports:
+      - "18080:8080"
+    environment:
+      - PORT=8080
+      - DEBUG=true
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "python", "-c", "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://localhost:8080/health')"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 5
+
+  # Pebble - Let's Encrypt test server (custom build with HTTP support)
+  pebble:
+    image: kvin/pebble:latest
+    container_name: pebble
+    command: ["-http", "-dnsserver", "172.30.0.10:53"]
+    networks:
+      certbot-test:
+        ipv4_address: 172.30.0.11
+    ports:
+      - "14000:14000"  # ACME directory
+      - "15000:15000"  # Management interface
+    environment:
+      - PEBBLE_VA_NOSLEEP=1
+      - PEBBLE_VA_ALWAYS_VALID=1  # Skip actual DNS validation for testing
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "wget", "-q", "--spider", "http://localhost:14000/dir"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 10
+
+  # ==================== Gateway Cluster ====================
+
+  # Gateway Node 1 - Will be the first to request certificate
+  gateway-1:
+    image: ${GATEWAY_IMAGE:-dstack-gateway:test}
+    container_name: gateway-1
+    networks:
+      certbot-test:
+        ipv4_address: 172.30.0.21
+    ports:
+      - "19012:9012"  # RPC
+      - "19014:9014"  # Proxy
+      - "19015:9015"  # Debug
+      - "19016:9016"  # Admin
+    volumes:
+      - ./configs/gateway-1.toml:/etc/gateway/gateway.toml:ro
+      - dstack-socket:/var/run/dstack
+    tmpfs:
+      - /var/lib/gateway
+    environment:
+      - RUST_LOG=info,dstack_gateway=debug,certbot=debug
+      - DSTACK_AGENT_ADDRESS=unix:/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock
+    depends_on:
+      dstack-simulator:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      mock-cf-dns-api:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      pebble:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:9015/health"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 10
+      start_period: 30s
+    cap_add:
+      - NET_ADMIN
+    extra_hosts:
+      # Pebble returns localhost in directory URLs, so we need to resolve localhost to pebble's IP
+      - "localhost:172.30.0.11"
+
+  # Gateway Node 2 - Will sync certificate from Node 1
+  gateway-2:
+    image: ${GATEWAY_IMAGE:-dstack-gateway:test}
+    container_name: gateway-2
+    networks:
+      certbot-test:
+        ipv4_address: 172.30.0.22
+    ports:
+      - "19022:9012"  # RPC
+      - "19024:9014"  # Proxy
+      - "19025:9015"  # Debug
+      - "19026:9016"  # Admin
+    volumes:
+      - ./configs/gateway-2.toml:/etc/gateway/gateway.toml:ro
+      - dstack-socket:/var/run/dstack
+    tmpfs:
+      - /var/lib/gateway
+    environment:
+      - RUST_LOG=info,dstack_gateway=debug,certbot=debug
+      - DSTACK_AGENT_ADDRESS=unix:/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock
+    depends_on:
+      gateway-1:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:9015/health"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 10
+      start_period: 30s
+    cap_add:
+      - NET_ADMIN
+
+  # Gateway Node 3 - Will sync certificate from cluster
+  gateway-3:
+    image: ${GATEWAY_IMAGE:-dstack-gateway:test}
+    container_name: gateway-3
+    networks:
+      certbot-test:
+        ipv4_address: 172.30.0.23
+    ports:
+      - "19032:9012"  # RPC
+      - "19034:9014"  # Proxy
+      - "19035:9015"  # Debug
+      - "19036:9016"  # Admin
+    volumes:
+      - ./configs/gateway-3.toml:/etc/gateway/gateway.toml:ro
+      - dstack-socket:/var/run/dstack
+    tmpfs:
+      - /var/lib/gateway
+    environment:
+      - RUST_LOG=info,dstack_gateway=debug,certbot=debug
+      - DSTACK_AGENT_ADDRESS=unix:/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock
+    depends_on:
+      gateway-2:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:9015/health"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 10
+      start_period: 30s
+    cap_add:
+      - NET_ADMIN
+
+  # ==================== Test Runner ====================
+
+  test-runner:
+    image: alpine:latest
+    container_name: test-runner
+    networks:
+      certbot-test:
+        ipv4_address: 172.30.0.100
+    volumes:
+      - ./test.sh:/test.sh:ro
+    entrypoint: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "apk add --no-cache curl openssl jq && /bin/sh /test.sh"]
+    depends_on:
+      gateway-1:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      gateway-2:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      gateway-3:
+        condition: service_healthy
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/pebble-config.json b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/pebble-config.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..414110883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/pebble-config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "pebble": {
+    "listenAddress": "0.0.0.0:14000",
+    "managementListenAddress": "0.0.0.0:15000",
+    "certificate": "/etc/pebble/certs/localhost/cert.pem",
+    "privateKey": "/etc/pebble/certs/localhost/key.pem",
+    "httpPort": 5002,
+    "tlsPort": 5001,
+    "ocspResponderURL": "",
+    "externalAccountBindingRequired": false,
+    "domainBlocklist": [],
+    "retryAfter": {
+      "authz": 3,
+      "order": 5
+    },
+    "certificateValidityPeriod": 157680000
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/run-e2e.sh b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/run-e2e.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..835d31fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/run-e2e.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# E2E test runner for dstack-gateway
+# Builds gateway image, then runs the test suite using real TDX endpoint
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/../../.." && pwd)"
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+BLUE='\033[0;34m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+log_info() { echo -e "${BLUE}[INFO]${NC} $1"; }
+log_success() { echo -e "${GREEN}[OK]${NC} $1"; }
+log_warn() { echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} $1"; }
+log_error() { echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $1"; }
+
+# Parse arguments
+SKIP_BUILD=false
+KEEP_RUNNING=false
+CLEAN=false
+
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case $1 in
+        --skip-build)
+            SKIP_BUILD=true
+            shift
+            ;;
+        --keep-running)
+            KEEP_RUNNING=true
+            shift
+            ;;
+        --clean)
+            CLEAN=true
+            shift
+            ;;
+        down)
+            cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+            log_info "Stopping containers..."
+            docker compose down -v --remove-orphans 2>/dev/null || true
+            log_success "Containers stopped"
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            echo "Usage: $0 [OPTIONS|COMMAND]"
+            echo ""
+            echo "Commands:"
+            echo "  down                   Stop all containers"
+            echo ""
+            echo "Options:"
+            echo "  --skip-build           Skip building gateway image"
+            echo "  --keep-running         Keep containers running after test"
+            echo "  --clean                Clean up containers and images"
+            echo "  -h, --help             Show this help"
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            log_error "Unknown option: $1"
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+
+# Cleanup function
+cleanup() {
+    if ! $KEEP_RUNNING; then
+        log_info "Stopping containers..."
+        docker compose down -v --remove-orphans 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+}
+
+# Trap to ensure cleanup on exit/interrupt
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Clean up if requested
+if $CLEAN; then
+    log_info "Cleaning up..."
+    docker compose down -v --remove-orphans 2>/dev/null || true
+    docker rmi dstack-gateway:test 2>/dev/null || true
+    log_success "Cleanup complete"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Stop any running containers first (to release file handles)
+log_info "Stopping any existing containers..."
+docker compose down -v --remove-orphans 2>/dev/null || true
+
+# Step 1: Build gateway if needed (musl static build)
+if ! $SKIP_BUILD; then
+    log_info "Building dstack-gateway (musl static)..."
+    cd "$REPO_ROOT"
+    cargo build --release -p dstack-gateway --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+
+    # Copy binary to e2e directory
+    cp target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-gateway "$SCRIPT_DIR/"
+    log_success "Gateway built: $SCRIPT_DIR/dstack-gateway"
+fi
+
+# Step 2: Create gateway docker image (alpine for musl)
+log_info "Creating gateway docker image..."
+cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+
+cat > Dockerfile.gateway << 'EOF'
+FROM alpine:latest
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache \
+    wireguard-tools \
+    iproute2 \
+    curl \
+    ca-certificates
+
+COPY dstack-gateway /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway
+
+RUN chmod +x /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway && \
+    mkdir -p /etc/gateway/certs /var/lib/gateway
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway", "-c", "/etc/gateway/gateway.toml"]
+EOF
+
+docker build -t dstack-gateway:test -f Dockerfile.gateway .
+rm Dockerfile.gateway
+log_success "Gateway image created: dstack-gateway:test"
+
+# Step 3: Run docker compose
+log_info "Starting e2e test environment..."
+
+export GATEWAY_IMAGE=dstack-gateway:test
+
+docker compose up -d mock-cf-dns-api pebble
+log_info "Waiting for mock services to be healthy..."
+sleep 5
+
+docker compose up -d gateway-1 gateway-2 gateway-3
+log_info "Waiting for gateway cluster to be healthy..."
+sleep 10
+
+# Step 4: Run tests
+log_info "Running tests..."
+docker compose run --rm test-runner
+TEST_EXIT_CODE=$?
+
+# Step 5: Report result (cleanup handled by trap)
+if [ $TEST_EXIT_CODE -eq 0 ]; then
+    log_success "All tests passed!"
+else
+    log_error "Tests failed with exit code: $TEST_EXIT_CODE"
+fi
+
+exit $TEST_EXIT_CODE
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/test.sh b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..223fc5219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/e2e/test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# E2E test script for dstack-gateway certbot functionality
+# This script runs inside the test-runner container
+
+set -e
+
+# ==================== Configuration ====================
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+BLUE='\033[0;34m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+# Gateway endpoints
+GATEWAY_PROXIES="gateway-1:9014 gateway-2:9014 gateway-3:9014"
+GATEWAY_DEBUG_URLS="http://gateway-1:9015 http://gateway-2:9015 http://gateway-3:9015"
+GATEWAY_ADMIN="http://gateway-1:9016"
+
+# Must match `auth_token` in configs/gateway-*.toml
+ADMIN_TOKEN="e2e-admin-token"
+ADMIN_AUTH_HEADER="Authorization: Bearer ${ADMIN_TOKEN}"
+
+# External services
+MOCK_CF_API="http://mock-cf-dns-api:8080"
+PEBBLE_DIR="http://pebble:14000/dir"
+
+# Certificate domains to test (base domains, certs will be issued for *.domain)
+CERT_DOMAINS="test0.local test1.local test2.local"
+
+# Cloudflare mock settings
+CF_API_TOKEN="test-token"
+CF_API_URL="http://mock-cf-dns-api:8080/client/v4"
+ACME_URL="http://pebble:14000/dir"
+
+# Test counters
+TESTS_PASSED=0
+TESTS_FAILED=0
+
+# ==================== Logging ====================
+
+log_info()    { printf "${BLUE}[INFO]${NC} %s\n" "$1"; }
+log_warn()    { printf "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} %s\n" "$1"; }
+log_error()   { printf "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} %s\n" "$1"; }
+log_success() { printf "${GREEN}[PASS]${NC} %s\n" "$1"; }
+log_fail()    { printf "${RED}[FAIL]${NC} %s\n" "$1"; }
+
+log_section() {
+    printf "\n"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "$1"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+}
+
+log_phase() {
+    printf "\n"
+    log_info "Phase $1: $2"
+    log_info "------------------------------------------"
+}
+
+# ==================== Test Utilities ====================
+
+# Run a test and record result
+run_test() {
+    local name="$1"
+    local result="$2"
+
+    if [ "$result" = "0" ]; then
+        log_success "$name"
+        TESTS_PASSED=$((TESTS_PASSED + 1))
+    else
+        log_fail "$name"
+        TESTS_FAILED=$((TESTS_FAILED + 1))
+    fi
+}
+
+# ==================== Domain Helpers ====================
+
+# Convert base domain to test SNI: test0.local -> gateway.test0.local
+# Uses "gateway" as it's a special app_id that proxies to gateway's own endpoints
+get_test_sni() {
+    echo "gateway.${1}"
+}
+
+# Convert base domain to wildcard format for certificate SAN check
+get_wildcard_domain() {
+    echo "*.${1}"
+}
+
+# ==================== Certificate Helpers ====================
+
+# Get certificate via openssl s_client
+get_cert_pem() {
+    local host="$1"
+    local sni="$2"
+    echo | timeout 5 openssl s_client -connect "$host" -servername "$sni" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+get_cert_serial() {
+    get_cert_pem "$1" "$2" | openssl x509 -noout -serial 2>/dev/null | cut -d= -f2
+}
+
+get_cert_issuer() {
+    get_cert_pem "$1" "$2" | openssl x509 -noout -issuer 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+get_cert_san() {
+    get_cert_pem "$1" "$2" | openssl x509 -noout -ext subjectAltName 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# ==================== Test Functions ====================
+
+test_http_health() {
+    curl -sf "$1" > /dev/null
+}
+
+test_certificate_issued() {
+    local host="$1"
+    local sni="$2"
+    [ -n "$(get_cert_serial "$host" "$sni")" ]
+}
+
+test_certificates_match() {
+    local sni="$1"
+    local serial1="" serial2="" serial3=""
+    local i=1
+
+    for proxy in $GATEWAY_PROXIES; do
+        eval "serial${i}=\"\$(get_cert_serial \"\$proxy\" \"\$sni\")\""
+        log_info "Gateway $i cert serial ($sni): $(eval echo \$serial$i)" >&2
+        i=$((i + 1))
+    done
+
+    [ "$serial1" = "$serial2" ] && [ "$serial2" = "$serial3" ] && [ -n "$serial1" ]
+}
+
+test_certificate_from_pebble() {
+    local sni="$1"
+    local proxy
+    proxy=$(echo "$GATEWAY_PROXIES" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+    get_cert_issuer "$proxy" "$sni" | grep -qi "pebble"
+}
+
+test_sni_cert_selection() {
+    local host="$1"
+    local sni="$2"
+    local expected_wildcard="$3"
+    get_cert_san "$host" "$sni" | grep -q "$expected_wildcard"
+}
+
+test_proxy_tls_health() {
+    local host="$1"
+    local gateway_sni="$2"
+    curl -sf --connect-to "${gateway_sni}:9014:${host}" -k "https://${gateway_sni}:9014/health" > /dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+# ==================== Setup ====================
+
+setup_certbot_config() {
+    log_info "Configuring certbot via Admin API..."
+
+    # Set ACME URL
+    log_info "Setting ACME URL: ${ACME_URL}"
+    if ! curl -sf -X POST "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.SetCertbotConfig" \
+        -H "${ADMIN_AUTH_HEADER}" \
+        -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+        -d '{"acme_url": "'"${ACME_URL}"'"}' > /dev/null; then
+        log_error "Failed to set certbot config"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Create DNS credential
+    log_info "Creating DNS credential..."
+    if ! curl -sf -X POST "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.CreateDnsCredential" \
+        -H "${ADMIN_AUTH_HEADER}" \
+        -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+        -d '{
+            "name": "test-cloudflare",
+            "provider_type": "cloudflare",
+            "cf_api_token": "'"${CF_API_TOKEN}"'",
+            "cf_api_url": "'"${CF_API_URL}"'",
+            "set_as_default": true,
+            "dns_txt_ttl": 1,
+            "max_dns_wait": 0
+        }' > /dev/null; then
+        log_error "Failed to create DNS credential"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Add domains and trigger renewal
+    for domain in $CERT_DOMAINS; do
+        log_info "Adding domain: $domain"
+        curl -sf -X POST "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.AddZtDomain" \
+            -H "${ADMIN_AUTH_HEADER}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            -d '{"domain": "'"${domain}"'"}' > /dev/null || true
+
+        log_info "Triggering renewal for: $domain"
+        curl -sf -X POST "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.RenewZtDomainCert" \
+            -H "${ADMIN_AUTH_HEADER}" \
+            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+            -d '{"domain": "'"${domain}"'", "force": true}' > /dev/null || \
+            log_warn "Renewal request failed for $domain (may retry)"
+    done
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+# Returns 0 if HTTP status code from $1 args equals $2.
+http_status_eq() {
+    local expected="$1"
+    shift
+    local actual
+    actual=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w '%{http_code}' "$@")
+    [ "$actual" = "$expected" ]
+}
+
+# Returns 0 if all three admin auth checks pass: missing 401, wrong 401, right 200.
+test_admin_auth() {
+    log_info "checking admin auth on ${GATEWAY_ADMIN}"
+    # Missing token → 401
+    http_status_eq 401 "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.Status" \
+        || { log_error "no-token request did not return 401"; return 1; }
+    # Wrong token → 401
+    http_status_eq 401 "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.Status" \
+        -H "Authorization: Bearer wrong-token" \
+        || { log_error "wrong-token request did not return 401"; return 1; }
+    # Correct token → 200
+    http_status_eq 200 "${GATEWAY_ADMIN}/prpc/Admin.Status" \
+        -H "${ADMIN_AUTH_HEADER}" \
+        || { log_error "valid-token request did not return 200"; return 1; }
+}
+
+# ==================== Main ====================
+
+main() {
+    log_section "dstack-gateway Certbot E2E Test"
+
+    # Phase 1: Mock services
+    log_phase 1 "Verify mock services"
+    run_test "Mock CF DNS API health" "$(test_http_health "${MOCK_CF_API}/health"; echo $?)"
+    run_test "Pebble ACME directory" "$(test_http_health "${PEBBLE_DIR}"; echo $?)"
+
+    # Phase 2: Gateway cluster
+    log_phase 2 "Verify gateway cluster"
+    local i=1
+    for url in $GATEWAY_DEBUG_URLS; do
+        run_test "Gateway $i health" "$(test_http_health "${url}/health"; echo $?)"
+        i=$((i + 1))
+    done
+
+    # Phase 3: Admin auth gating
+    log_phase 3 "Admin token auth"
+    run_test "Admin endpoint accepts valid token and rejects missing/wrong" \
+        "$(test_admin_auth; echo $?)"
+
+    # Phase 4: Configure certbot
+    log_phase 4 "Configure certbot"
+    if ! setup_certbot_config; then
+        log_error "Failed to setup certbot configuration"
+    fi
+
+    # Phase 5: Certificate issuance
+    log_phase 5 "Certificate issuance"
+    local first_domain first_sni first_proxy
+    first_domain=$(echo "$CERT_DOMAINS" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+    first_sni=$(get_test_sni "$first_domain")
+    first_proxy=$(echo "$GATEWAY_PROXIES" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+
+    log_info "Waiting for certificates (up to 120s)..."
+    local waited=0
+    while [ $waited -lt 120 ]; do
+        if test_certificate_issued "$first_proxy" "$first_sni"; then
+            log_info "Certificate detected for $first_sni"
+            break
+        fi
+        sleep 5
+        waited=$((waited + 5))
+        log_info "Waiting... (${waited}s)"
+    done
+
+    local sni wildcard
+    for domain in $CERT_DOMAINS; do
+        sni=$(get_test_sni "$domain")
+        run_test "Certificate issued for $domain" \
+            "$(test_certificate_issued "$first_proxy" "$sni"; echo $?)"
+    done
+
+    log_info "Waiting 20s for cluster sync..."
+    sleep 20
+
+    # Phase 6: Certificate consistency
+    log_phase 6 "Certificate consistency"
+    for domain in $CERT_DOMAINS; do
+        sni=$(get_test_sni "$domain")
+        run_test "All gateways have same cert for $domain" \
+            "$(test_certificates_match "$sni"; echo $?)"
+        run_test "Cert for $domain issued by Pebble" \
+            "$(test_certificate_from_pebble "$sni"; echo $?)"
+    done
+
+    # Phase 7: SNI-based selection
+    log_phase 7 "SNI-based certificate selection"
+    for domain in $CERT_DOMAINS; do
+        sni=$(get_test_sni "$domain")
+        wildcard=$(get_wildcard_domain "$domain")
+        run_test "SNI $sni returns $wildcard cert" \
+            "$(test_sni_cert_selection "$first_proxy" "$sni" "$wildcard"; echo $?)"
+    done
+
+    # Phase 8: Proxy TLS health
+    log_phase 8 "Proxy TLS health endpoint"
+    local i
+    for domain in $CERT_DOMAINS; do
+        sni=$(get_test_sni "$domain")
+        i=1
+        for proxy in $GATEWAY_PROXIES; do
+            run_test "Gateway $i TLS health ($sni)" \
+                "$(test_proxy_tls_health "$proxy" "$sni"; echo $?)"
+            i=$((i + 1))
+        done
+    done
+
+    # Phase 9: DNS records (informational)
+    log_phase 9 "DNS-01 challenge records"
+    local records
+    records=$(curl -sf "${MOCK_CF_API}/api/records" 2>/dev/null || echo "")
+    if echo "$records" | grep -q "TXT"; then
+        log_success "DNS TXT records found"
+    else
+        log_info "No DNS TXT records (expected if certs cached)"
+    fi
+
+    # Summary
+    log_section "Test Summary"
+    log_info "Passed: $TESTS_PASSED"
+    log_info "Failed: $TESTS_FAILED"
+    log_info "Domains: $(echo "$CERT_DOMAINS" | wc -w)"
+
+    if [ $TESTS_FAILED -eq 0 ]; then
+        log_success "All tests passed!"
+        exit 0
+    else
+        log_fail "Some tests failed!"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+main
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/gwconfig.py b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/gwconfig.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..46e488fd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/gwconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Emit a gateway config for one arm of the proxy integration tests.
+
+Every knob the suite varies is written explicitly rather than left to the
+shipped defaults, so a test says what it is testing and a default change shows
+up as a test change rather than as a silent shift in what was covered.
+
+Usage: gwconfig.py DIR [key=value ...]
+
+  splice=off|immediate|after:<bytes>[:<duration>]
+  ktls=off|immediate|after:<bytes>[:<duration>]
+  tpc=true|false          thread_per_core
+  rebalance=true|false    connection_rebalance
+  idle=<duration>         timeouts.idle
+  data_timeout=true|false timeouts.data_timeout_enabled
+  workers=<n>
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+
+def gate_section(name: str, spec: str, extra: str = "") -> str:
+    """Render `[core.proxy.<name>]` for one of the two gated optimisations.
+
+    Absent section = off, empty section = engage immediately, keys = gated;
+    the same three states the config documents.
+    """
+    if spec == "off":
+        return ""
+    body = f"\n[core.proxy.{name}]\n"
+    if spec != "immediate":
+        _, _, rest = spec.partition(":")
+        parts = rest.split(":")
+        body += f"after_bytes = {parts[0]}\n"
+        if len(parts) > 1:
+            body += f'after_duration = "{parts[1]}"\n'
+    return body + extra
+
+
+def main():
+    """Write one arm's config to stdout."""
+    d = sys.argv[1].rstrip("/")
+    o = dict(a.split("=", 1) for a in sys.argv[2:] if "=" in a)
+
+    cert, key = f"{d}/certs/cert.pem", f"{d}/certs/key.pem"
+    cfg = f"""workers = 2
+address = "127.0.0.1:{o["rpc_port"]}"
+[tls]
+key = "{key}"
+certs = "{cert}"
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "{cert}"
+[core]
+rpc_domain = ""
+set_ulimit = false
+[core.debug]
+insecure_localhost_backend = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = true
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = false
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1:{o["admin_port"]}"
+auth_token = "{o["admin_token"]}"
+[core.sync]
+enabled = false
+node_id = 1
+data_dir = "{d}/data"
+[core.wg]
+public_key = ""
+private_key = ""
+listen_port = {o["wg_port"]}
+ip = "10.90.0.1/24"
+reserved_net = ["10.90.0.1/32"]
+client_ip_range = "10.90.0.0/25"
+config_path = "{d}/wg.conf"
+interface = "{o["wg_iface"]}"
+endpoint = "10.90.0.1:{o["wg_port"]}"
+[core.proxy]
+listen_addr = "127.0.0.1"
+listen_port = {o["proxy_port"]}
+base_domain = "{o["base_domain"]}"
+cert_chain = "{cert}"
+cert_key = "{key}"
+workers = {o.get("workers", "2")}
+max_connections_per_app = 0
+buffer_size = 65536
+tls_versions = ["1.2"]
+thread_per_core = {o.get("tpc", "true")}
+connection_rebalance = {o.get("rebalance", "true")}
+
+[core.proxy.timeouts]
+idle = "{o.get("idle", "10m")}"
+data_timeout_enabled = {o.get("data_timeout", "true")}
+"""
+    cfg += gate_section(
+        "tcp_splice", o.get("splice", "off"), extra="release_idle_pipes = true\n"
+    )
+    cfg += gate_section("ktls", o.get("ktls", "off"))
+    print(cfg)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/origin.py b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/origin.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a950d2942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/origin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Origin server for the proxy integration tests.
+
+Serves the same content over plain HTTP (what the gateway's TLS-terminate path
+talks to) and over TLS (what the passthrough path relays to), so a single test
+can compare the two paths against one implementation.
+
+Endpoints:
+  /bytes/<n>   `n` bytes of a deterministic pattern
+  /close/<n>   the same, then close the connection (no keep-alive)
+  /halfclose   reads the request, waits for the client's EOF, *then* replies --
+               the shape that used to lose its response before the splice gate
+  /blackhole   waits for the client's EOF and then never replies, holding the
+               connection open -- what a half-closed request looks like to the
+               relay's drain phase
+  /flood/<n>   waits for the client's EOF and then sends `n` bytes as fast as
+               it can -- the drain phase with the *write* side blocked, if the
+               client has stopped reading
+  /trickle/<n> `n` small records spaced out in time, i.e. token streaming
+  /health      "ok"
+
+Deterministic payloads mean a test can assert on a digest without a second
+fetch, and the pattern is not all-zeroes so a truncated or misaligned relay
+cannot accidentally look correct.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import socket
+import ssl
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+
+PATTERN = b"dstack-gateway-proxy-test-0123456789abcdef"
+
+
+def payload(n: int) -> bytes:
+    """Return `n` bytes of the deterministic pattern."""
+    reps = n // len(PATTERN) + 1
+    return (PATTERN * reps)[:n]
+
+
+def digest(n: int) -> str:
+    """Return the sha256 of what `payload(n)` returns."""
+    return hashlib.sha256(payload(n)).hexdigest()
+
+
+def _respond(conn, body: bytes, close: bool):
+    head = [
+        b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK",
+        b"Content-Type: application/octet-stream",
+        b"Content-Length: %d" % len(body),
+    ]
+    head.append(b"Connection: close" if close else b"Connection: keep-alive")
+    conn.sendall(b"\r\n".join(head) + b"\r\n\r\n" + body)
+
+
+def _read_request(conn) -> bytes | None:
+    buf = b""
+    while b"\r\n\r\n" not in buf:
+        try:
+            chunk = conn.recv(65536)
+        except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+            return None
+        if not chunk:
+            return None
+        buf += chunk
+    return buf
+
+
+def handle(conn):
+    """Serve one connection until it closes."""
+    try:
+        while True:
+            req = _read_request(conn)
+            if req is None:
+                return
+            path = req.split(b" ")[1].decode()
+
+            if path == "/health":
+                _respond(conn, b"ok", close=False)
+            elif path.startswith("/bytes/"):
+                _respond(conn, payload(int(path.rsplit("/", 1)[1])), close=False)
+            elif path.startswith("/close/"):
+                _respond(conn, payload(int(path.rsplit("/", 1)[1])), close=True)
+                return
+            elif path == "/halfclose":
+                # Wait for the client's half-close before answering. A relay that
+                # treats one direction's EOF as end-of-connection drops this.
+                conn.settimeout(20)
+                try:
+                    while conn.recv(65536):
+                        pass
+                except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+                    pass
+                _respond(conn, payload(4096), close=True)
+                return
+            elif path == "/blackhole":
+                # Drain the client's half of the conversation, then hold the
+                # connection open without answering. The relay is now in its
+                # post-EOF drain, waiting on us; whether it ever gives up is
+                # what `timeouts.idle` is supposed to decide.
+                conn.settimeout(600)
+                try:
+                    while conn.recv(65536):
+                        pass
+                except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+                    pass
+                time.sleep(600)
+                return
+            elif path.startswith("/flood/"):
+                # Drain the client's half, then push far more than the sockets
+                # in between can buffer. If the client is not reading, the
+                # relay's drain blocks in its *write*, which is a different
+                # stall from /blackhole and has to be watched too.
+                size = int(path.rsplit("/", 1)[1])
+                conn.settimeout(600)
+                try:
+                    while conn.recv(65536):
+                        pass
+                except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    conn.sendall(
+                        b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\n\r\n" % size
+                    )
+                    chunk = payload(262144)
+                    sent = 0
+                    while sent < size:
+                        conn.sendall(chunk[: min(len(chunk), size - sent)])
+                        sent += len(chunk)
+                except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+                    pass
+                return
+            elif path.startswith("/trickle/"):
+                count = int(path.rsplit("/", 1)[1])
+                conn.sendall(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n")
+                for _ in range(count):
+                    conn.sendall(b"40\r\n" + payload(64) + b"\r\n")
+                    time.sleep(0.05)
+                conn.sendall(b"0\r\n\r\n")
+                return
+            else:
+                conn.sendall(b"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\nContent-Length: 0\r\n\r\n")
+                return
+    except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+        pass
+    finally:
+        try:
+            conn.close()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+
+def serve(port: int, ctx: ssl.SSLContext | None):
+    """Accept forever on `port`, wrapping in TLS when `ctx` is given."""
+    srv = socket.socket()
+    srv.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+    srv.bind(("127.0.0.1", port))
+    srv.listen(512)
+    while True:
+        raw, _ = srv.accept()
+        raw.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        if ctx is not None:
+            try:
+                raw = ctx.wrap_socket(raw, server_side=True)
+            except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+                raw.close()
+                continue
+        threading.Thread(target=handle, args=(raw,), daemon=True).start()
+
+
+def main():
+    """Start the configured listeners and idle."""
+    plain = int(os.environ.get("PLAIN_PORT", "0"))
+    tls = int(os.environ.get("TLS_PORT", "0"))
+    cert, key = os.environ["CERT"], os.environ["KEY"]
+
+    ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+    ctx.load_cert_chain(cert, key)
+
+    if plain:
+        threading.Thread(target=serve, args=(plain, None), daemon=True).start()
+    if tls:
+        threading.Thread(target=serve, args=(tls, ctx), daemon=True).start()
+    print("origin ready", flush=True)
+    try:
+        while True:
+            time.sleep(3600)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == "digest":
+        print(digest(int(sys.argv[2])))
+    else:
+        main()
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/probe.py b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/probe.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..03695e615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/probe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Client-side probes for the gateway proxy integration tests.
+
+Each subcommand exercises one behaviour and prints a single machine-readable
+verdict line, so the shell driver stays a list of expectations rather than a
+pile of parsing.
+
+Deliberately uses raw sockets and `ssl` rather than an HTTP client: three of the
+behaviours under test (half-close, TLS close_notify, idle reaping) are invisible
+to a client that hides connection lifecycle from you.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import socket
+import ssl
+import sys
+import time
+
+import origin
+from tlsclient import HalfCloseTlsClient
+
+
+def tls_context() -> ssl.SSLContext:
+    """Build a client context that hides nothing about how a connection ended."""
+    ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+    ctx.check_hostname = False
+    ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+    # The gateway ships TLS 1.2 by default; pin it so a version change shows up
+    # as a config diff rather than as a mystery here.
+    ctx.maximum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_2
+    # Ragged EOF is one of the things under test, so never paper over it.
+    return ctx
+
+
+def connect(args):
+    """Open one TLS connection to the gateway, routed by SNI."""
+    raw = socket.create_connection((args.host, args.port), timeout=args.timeout)
+    return tls_context().wrap_socket(
+        raw, server_hostname=args.sni, suppress_ragged_eofs=False
+    )
+
+
+def request(sock, path: str, sni: str, close: bool = False):
+    """Send one HTTP request."""
+    extra = "Connection: close\r\n" if close else ""
+    sock.sendall(f"GET {path} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {sni}\r\n{extra}\r\n".encode())
+
+
+def read_response(sock) -> tuple[bytes, str]:
+    """Return (body, how_it_ended)."""
+    buf = b""
+    try:
+        while b"\r\n\r\n" not in buf:
+            chunk = sock.recv(65536)
+            if not chunk:
+                return b"", "eof_before_headers"
+            buf += chunk
+    except ssl.SSLEOFError:
+        return b"", "truncated_before_headers"
+
+    head, body = buf.split(b"\r\n\r\n", 1)
+    length = None
+    for line in head.split(b"\r\n"):
+        if line.lower().startswith(b"content-length:"):
+            length = int(line.split(b":")[1])
+    if length is None:
+        return body, "no_content_length"
+
+    try:
+        while len(body) < length:
+            chunk = sock.recv(65536)
+            if not chunk:
+                return body, "clean_eof"
+            body += chunk
+    except ssl.SSLEOFError:
+        return body, "truncated"
+    return body, "complete"
+
+
+# --- probes -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def probe_fetch(args):
+    """Check the payload survives the proxy byte for byte."""
+    sock = connect(args)
+    request(sock, f"/bytes/{args.size}", args.sni)
+    body, how = read_response(sock)
+    sock.close()
+    got = hashlib.sha256(body).hexdigest()
+    ok = got == origin.digest(args.size) and how == "complete"
+    print(
+        f"verdict={'pass' if ok else 'FAIL'} bytes={len(body)} want={args.size} end={how}"
+    )
+    return ok
+
+
+def probe_halfclose(args):
+    """Check a client that half-closes its request still gets the response.
+
+    Regression test for the gated relays shutting down the wrong half and
+    returning an empty, successful response. Needs a client that can send
+    `close_notify` without waiting for the peer's -- see `tlsclient`.
+    """
+    client = HalfCloseTlsClient(args.host, args.port, args.sni, args.timeout)
+    try:
+        client.send(f"GET /halfclose HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {args.sni}\r\n\r\n".encode())
+        client.close_write()
+        body, how = client.read_http_response()
+    finally:
+        client.close()
+    ok = len(body) == 4096 and how == "complete"
+    print(f"verdict={'pass' if ok else 'FAIL'} bytes={len(body)} want=4096 end={how}")
+    return ok
+
+
+def probe_close_notify(args):
+    """Check the app closing first reaches the client as an orderly TLS shutdown.
+
+    Regression test: after kTLS offload the gateway used to close with a bare
+    FIN, which a strict client cannot tell from a truncation attack.
+    """
+    sock = connect(args)
+    request(sock, f"/close/{args.size}", args.sni, close=True)
+    body, how = read_response(sock)
+    sock.close()
+    ok = len(body) == args.size and how in ("complete", "clean_eof")
+    print(f"verdict={'pass' if ok else 'FAIL'} bytes={len(body)} end={how}")
+    return ok
+
+
+def probe_idle(args):
+    """Check whether a connection that goes quiet is reaped, as configured.
+
+    Regression test: configuring splice or kTLS used to bypass the watchdog
+    entirely, leaving `timeouts.total` (5h) as the only bound.
+    """
+    sock = connect(args)
+    request(sock, f"/bytes/{args.size}", args.sni)
+    body, _ = read_response(sock)
+    if len(body) != args.size:
+        print(f"verdict=FAIL setup: read {len(body)} of {args.size}")
+        return False
+
+    time.sleep(args.wait)
+    try:
+        sock.settimeout(10)
+        request(sock, "/bytes/64", args.sni)
+        alive = bool(sock.recv(200))
+    except (OSError, ssl.SSLError):
+        alive = False
+    finally:
+        sock.close()
+
+    want_alive = args.expect == "alive"
+    ok = alive == want_alive
+    print(
+        f"verdict={'pass' if ok else 'FAIL'} "
+        f"observed={'alive' if alive else 'reaped'} expected={args.expect}"
+    )
+    return ok
+
+
+def probe_stalled_after_halfclose(args):
+    """Check a half-closed request whose backend never replies is still reaped.
+
+    Regression test: the relays dropped out of their watchdog once one
+    direction hit EOF and drained the other with bare reads, so a client could
+    hold a connection open until `timeouts.total` -- five hours by default --
+    by half-closing against a backend that accepts and stays silent.
+    """
+    client = HalfCloseTlsClient(args.host, args.port, args.sni, args.timeout)
+    started = time.monotonic()
+    try:
+        client.send(f"GET /blackhole HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {args.sni}\r\n\r\n".encode())
+        client.close_write()
+        client.sock.settimeout(args.wait)
+        try:
+            client.recv()
+            reaped = True
+        except Exception:
+            reaped = False
+    finally:
+        client.close()
+    waited = time.monotonic() - started
+    print(
+        f"verdict={'pass' if reaped else 'FAIL'} "
+        f"{'reaped' if reaped else 'still open'} after {waited:.1f}s"
+    )
+    return reaped
+
+
+def probe_stalled_write_after_halfclose(args):
+    """Check a half-closed request is reaped when the *client* stops reading.
+
+    The mirror of `stalled-halfclose`: there the backend goes silent and the
+    relay blocks in `read`, here the backend floods and the relay blocks in
+    `write` because this client never drains it. Watching only the read half
+    leaves this one running until `timeouts.total`.
+    """
+    client = HalfCloseTlsClient(args.host, args.port, args.sni, args.timeout)
+    started = time.monotonic()
+    try:
+        client.send(
+            f"GET /flood/{args.size} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {args.sni}\r\n\r\n".encode()
+        )
+        client.close_write()
+        # Deliberately read nothing: let every buffer between here and the
+        # backend fill, so the relay is stuck in its write.
+        time.sleep(args.wait)
+        # Now drain. A reaped connection ends after whatever was buffered; a
+        # live one keeps feeding us the whole flood.
+        client.sock.settimeout(10)
+        drained = 0
+        reaped = False
+        while drained < args.size:
+            try:
+                chunk = client.recv()
+            except Exception:
+                reaped = True
+                break
+            if not chunk:
+                reaped = True
+                break
+            drained += len(chunk)
+    finally:
+        client.close()
+    waited = time.monotonic() - started
+    print(
+        f"verdict={'pass' if reaped else 'FAIL'} "
+        f"{'reaped' if reaped else 'still open'} after {waited:.1f}s, drained {drained}B"
+    )
+    return reaped
+
+
+def probe_concurrent(args):
+    """Check many simultaneous transfers all arrive intact.
+
+    Exercises the parts a single-connection test cannot: the pipe pool, the
+    per-core balancer, and whatever the gate does under real concurrency.
+    """
+    import concurrent.futures
+
+    def one(_):
+        try:
+            sock = connect(args)
+            request(sock, f"/bytes/{args.size}", args.sni)
+            body, how = read_response(sock)
+            sock.close()
+            return (
+                hashlib.sha256(body).hexdigest() == origin.digest(args.size)
+                and how == "complete"
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+
+    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=args.count) as pool:
+        results = list(pool.map(one, range(args.count)))
+    ok = all(results)
+    print(
+        f"verdict={'pass' if ok else 'FAIL'} "
+        f"intact={sum(results)}/{args.count} size={args.size}"
+    )
+    return ok
+
+
+PROBES = {
+    "fetch": probe_fetch,
+    "halfclose": probe_halfclose,
+    "close-notify": probe_close_notify,
+    "idle": probe_idle,
+    "stalled-halfclose": probe_stalled_after_halfclose,
+    "stalled-write-halfclose": probe_stalled_write_after_halfclose,
+    "concurrent": probe_concurrent,
+}
+
+
+def main():
+    """Run one probe and exit non-zero if it failed."""
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    ap.add_argument("probe", choices=sorted(PROBES))
+    ap.add_argument("--host", default="127.0.0.1")
+    ap.add_argument("--port", type=int, required=True)
+    ap.add_argument("--sni", required=True)
+    ap.add_argument("--size", type=int, default=1024)
+    ap.add_argument("--count", type=int, default=16)
+    ap.add_argument("--wait", type=float, default=12.0)
+    ap.add_argument("--expect", default="reaped", choices=["alive", "reaped"])
+    ap.add_argument("--timeout", type=float, default=60.0)
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+    sys.exit(0 if PROBES[args.probe](args) else 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/tlsclient.py b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/tlsclient.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4210fb68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/proxy/tlsclient.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""A TLS client that can half-close.
+
+`ssl.SSLSocket` cannot express "I have finished sending, keep sending to me".
+Its only shutdown is `unwrap()`, which sends our `close_notify` and then blocks
+for the peer's -- but the peer will not send its own until it has finished
+replying, which is the very thing under test. Going one level lower and doing
+`shutdown(SHUT_WR)` on the socket sends a bare FIN, which mid-TLS is a
+truncation rather than an orderly half-close, so the peer is right to abandon
+the connection.
+
+Driving the TLS state machine over memory BIOs solves it: `unwrap()` on an
+`SSLObject` writes the `close_notify` record into the outgoing BIO before it
+raises `SSLWantReadError` waiting for the reply. Flushing that BIO and then
+declining to finish the handshake is exactly a half-close -- the peer sees an
+orderly end of our stream and can keep writing to us.
+"""
+
+import socket
+import ssl
+
+
+class HalfCloseTlsClient:
+    """A TLS connection whose write side can be closed independently."""
+
+    def __init__(self, host: str, port: int, sni: str, timeout: float = 30.0):
+        """Connect and complete the TLS handshake over memory BIOs."""
+        self.sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout=timeout)
+        self.sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        self._incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        self._outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+        ctx.check_hostname = False
+        ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+        ctx.maximum_version = ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_2
+        self._tls = ctx.wrap_bio(self._incoming, self._outgoing, server_hostname=sni)
+        self._eof = False
+        self._run(self._tls.do_handshake)
+
+    # --- BIO plumbing -------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _flush(self) -> None:
+        """Send whatever the TLS engine has queued."""
+        data = self._outgoing.read()
+        if data:
+            self.sock.sendall(data)
+
+    def _fill(self) -> bool:
+        """Feed one chunk of wire data in. False once the peer is done."""
+        data = self.sock.recv(65536)
+        if not data:
+            self._incoming.write_eof()
+            self._eof = True
+            return False
+        self._incoming.write(data)
+        return True
+
+    def _run(self, op):
+        """Drive one TLS operation to completion, pumping both BIOs."""
+        while True:
+            try:
+                result = op()
+            except ssl.SSLWantReadError:
+                # Always flush first: the engine often needs to *send* something
+                # before the peer will send what it is waiting for, and skipping
+                # that deadlocks the handshake.
+                self._flush()
+                if not self._fill():
+                    raise
+            except ssl.SSLWantWriteError:
+                self._flush()
+            else:
+                self._flush()
+                return result
+
+    # --- the interesting part ----------------------------------------------
+
+    def close_write(self) -> None:
+        """Send `close_notify` without waiting for the peer's.
+
+        This is the half-close the rest of the suite could not express. The
+        `SSLWantReadError` is the engine asking for the peer's reply; ignoring
+        it is the point, since the peer owes us a response first. The TCP FIN
+        goes out too, so the far side of a passthrough relay sees a genuine
+        half-close rather than just a TLS alert.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._tls.unwrap()
+        except (ssl.SSLWantReadError, ssl.SSLWantWriteError):
+            pass
+        self._flush()
+        self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
+
+    # --- ordinary I/O -------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def send(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        """Write application data."""
+        self._run(lambda: self._tls.write(data))
+
+    def recv(self, size: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        """Read application data. `b""` means the peer closed cleanly."""
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self._tls.read(size)
+            except ssl.SSLWantReadError:
+                if self._eof:
+                    return b""
+                if not self._fill():
+                    return b""
+            except ssl.SSLZeroReturnError:
+                # The peer's own close_notify: an orderly end of its stream.
+                return b""
+
+    def read_http_response(self) -> tuple[bytes, str]:
+        """Read one response, returning (body, how_it_ended)."""
+        buf = b""
+        while b"\r\n\r\n" not in buf:
+            chunk = self.recv()
+            if not chunk:
+                return b"", "eof_before_headers"
+            buf += chunk
+        head, body = buf.split(b"\r\n\r\n", 1)
+        length = None
+        for line in head.split(b"\r\n"):
+            if line.lower().startswith(b"content-length:"):
+                length = int(line.split(b":")[1])
+        if length is None:
+            return body, "no_content_length"
+        while len(body) < length:
+            chunk = self.recv()
+            if not chunk:
+                return body, "truncated"
+            body += chunk
+        return body, "complete"
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Drop the connection."""
+        try:
+            self.sock.close()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_certbot.sh b/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_certbot.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..29d3a58b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_certbot.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Distributed Certbot E2E test script
+# Tests certificate issuance and synchronization across gateway nodes
+
+set -m
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+
+# Show help
+show_help() {
+    echo "Usage: $0 [OPTIONS]"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Distributed Certbot E2E Test"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Options:"
+    echo "  --fresh         Clean everything and request new certificate from ACME"
+    echo "  --sync-only     Keep existing cert, only test sync between nodes"
+    echo "  --clean         Clean all test data and exit"
+    echo "  -h, --help      Show this help message"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Default (no options): Keep ACME account, request new certificate"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Examples:"
+    echo "  $0              # Keep account, new cert"
+    echo "  $0 --fresh      # Fresh start, new account and cert"
+    echo "  $0 --sync-only  # Test sync with existing cert"
+    echo "  $0 --clean      # Clean up all test data"
+}
+
+# Parse arguments
+MODE="default"
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case $1 in
+        --fresh)
+            MODE="fresh"
+            shift
+            ;;
+        --sync-only)
+            MODE="sync-only"
+            shift
+            ;;
+        --clean)
+            MODE="clean"
+            shift
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            show_help
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown option: $1"
+            show_help
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+# Load environment variables from .env
+if [[ -f ".env" ]]; then
+    source ".env"
+else
+    echo "ERROR: .env file not found!"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Please create a .env file with the following variables:"
+    echo "  CF_API_TOKEN=<your cloudflare api token>"
+    echo "  CF_ZONE_ID=<your cloudflare zone id>"
+    echo "  TEST_DOMAIN=<domain to test, e.g., *.test.example.com>"
+    echo ""
+    echo "The domain must be managed by Cloudflare and the API token must have"
+    echo "permissions to manage DNS records and CAA records."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Validate required environment variables
+if [[ -z "$CF_API_TOKEN" ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: CF_API_TOKEN is not set in .env"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [[ -z "$CF_ZONE_ID" ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: CF_ZONE_ID is not set in .env"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [[ -z "$TEST_DOMAIN" ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: TEST_DOMAIN is not set in .env"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+GATEWAY_BIN="$SCRIPT_DIR/../../target/release/dstack-gateway"
+RUN_DIR="run"
+CERTS_DIR="$RUN_DIR/certs"
+CA_CERT="$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert"
+LOG_DIR="$RUN_DIR/logs"
+CURRENT_TEST="test_certbot"
+
+# Let's Encrypt staging URL (for testing without rate limits)
+ACME_STAGING_URL="https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory"
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+log_info() { echo -e "${GREEN}[INFO]${NC} $1"; }
+log_warn() { echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} $1"; }
+log_error() { echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $1"; }
+
+cleanup() {
+    log_info "Cleaning up..."
+    sudo pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*certbot_node[12].toml" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    sudo ip link delete certbot-test1 2>/dev/null || true
+    sudo ip link delete certbot-test2 2>/dev/null || true
+    sleep 1
+    stty sane 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Generate node config with certbot enabled
+generate_certbot_config() {
+    local node_id=$1
+    local rpc_port=$((14000 + node_id * 10 + 2))
+    local wg_port=$((14000 + node_id * 10 + 3))
+    local proxy_port=$((14000 + node_id * 10 + 4))
+    local debug_port=$((14000 + node_id * 10 + 5))
+    local wg_ip="10.0.4${node_id}.1/24"
+
+    # Build peer config
+    local other_node=$((3 - node_id))  # If node_id=1, other=2; if node_id=2, other=1
+    local other_rpc_port=$((14000 + other_node * 10 + 2))
+
+    local abs_run_dir="$SCRIPT_DIR/$RUN_DIR"
+    local certbot_dir="$abs_run_dir/certbot_node${node_id}"
+
+    mkdir -p "$certbot_dir"
+
+    cat > "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node${node_id}.toml" << EOF
+log_level = "info"
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = ${rpc_port}
+
+[tls]
+key = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = ""
+
+[core.debug]
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = true
+port = ${debug_port}
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5s"
+timeout = "10s"
+my_url = "https://localhost:${rpc_port}"
+bootnode = "https://localhost:${other_rpc_port}"
+node_id = ${node_id}
+data_dir = "${RUN_DIR}/wavekv_certbot_node${node_id}"
+
+[core.certbot]
+enabled = true
+workdir = "${certbot_dir}"
+acme_url = "${ACME_STAGING_URL}"
+cf_api_token = "${CF_API_TOKEN}"
+cf_zone_id = "${CF_ZONE_ID}"
+auto_set_caa = true
+domain = "${TEST_DOMAIN}"
+renew_interval = "1h"
+renew_before_expiration = "720h"
+renew_timeout = "5m"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "SEcoI37oGWynhukxXo5Mi8/8zZBU6abg6T1TOJRMj1Y="
+public_key = "xc+7qkdeNFfl4g4xirGGGXHMc0cABuE5IHaLeCASVWM="
+listen_port = ${wg_port}
+ip = "${wg_ip}"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.4${node_id}.1/31"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.4${node_id}.1/24"
+config_path = "${RUN_DIR}/wg_certbot_node${node_id}.conf"
+interface = "certbot-test${node_id}"
+endpoint = "127.0.0.1:${wg_port}"
+
+[core.proxy]
+cert_chain = "${certbot_dir}/live/cert.pem"
+cert_key = "${certbot_dir}/live/key.pem"
+base_domain = "tdxlab.dstack.org"
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = ${proxy_port}
+tappd_port = 8090
+external_port = ${proxy_port}
+EOF
+    log_info "Generated certbot_node${node_id}.toml (rpc=${rpc_port}, debug=${debug_port}, proxy=${proxy_port})"
+}
+
+start_certbot_node() {
+    local node_id=$1
+    local config="$RUN_DIR/certbot_node${node_id}.toml"
+    local log_file="${LOG_DIR}/${CURRENT_TEST}_node${node_id}.log"
+
+    log_info "Starting certbot node ${node_id}..."
+    mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_certbot_node${node_id}"
+    mkdir -p "$LOG_DIR"
+    ( sudo RUST_LOG=info "$GATEWAY_BIN" -c "$config" > "$log_file" 2>&1 & )
+
+    # Wait for process to either stabilize or fail
+    local max_wait=30
+    local waited=0
+    while [[ $waited -lt $max_wait ]]; do
+        sleep 2
+        waited=$((waited + 2))
+
+        if ! pgrep -f "dstack-gateway.*${config}" > /dev/null; then
+            # Process exited, check why
+            log_error "Certbot node ${node_id} exited after ${waited}s"
+            echo "--- Log output ---"
+            cat "$log_file"
+            echo "--- End log ---"
+
+            # Check for rate limit error
+            if grep -q "rateLimited" "$log_file"; then
+                log_error "Let's Encrypt rate limit hit. Wait a few minutes and retry."
+            fi
+            return 1
+        fi
+
+        # Check if cert files exist (indicates successful init)
+        local certbot_dir="$RUN_DIR/certbot_node${node_id}"
+        if [[ -f "$certbot_dir/live/cert.pem" ]] && [[ -f "$certbot_dir/live/key.pem" ]]; then
+            log_info "Certbot node ${node_id} started and certificate obtained"
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        log_info "Waiting for node ${node_id} to initialize... (${waited}s)"
+    done
+
+    # Process still running but no cert yet - might still be requesting
+    if pgrep -f "dstack-gateway.*${config}" > /dev/null; then
+        log_info "Certbot node ${node_id} still running, certificate request in progress"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    log_error "Certbot node ${node_id} failed to start within ${max_wait}s"
+    cat "$log_file"
+    return 1
+}
+
+stop_certbot_node() {
+    local node_id=$1
+    log_info "Stopping certbot node ${node_id}..."
+    sudo pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*certbot_node${node_id}.toml" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+    sleep 1
+}
+
+# Get debug sync data from a node
+debug_get_sync_data() {
+    local debug_port=$1
+    curl -s "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/GetSyncData" \
+        -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+        -d '{}' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Check if KvStore has cert data for the domain
+check_kvstore_cert() {
+    local debug_port=$1
+    local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+
+    # The cert data would be in the persistent store
+    # For now, check if we can get any data
+    if [[ -z "$response" ]]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Check for cert-related keys in the response
+    echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    # Check if there are any keys that start with 'cert/'
+    # This is a simplified check
+    print('ok')
+    sys.exit(0)
+except Exception as e:
+    print(f'error: {e}', file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(1)
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Check if proxy is using a valid certificate by connecting via TLS
+check_proxy_cert() {
+    local proxy_port=$1
+
+    # Use gateway.{base_domain} as the SNI for health endpoint
+    local gateway_host="gateway.tdxlab.dstack.org"
+
+    # Use openssl to check the certificate
+    local cert_info=$(echo | timeout 5 openssl s_client -connect "localhost:${proxy_port}" -servername "$gateway_host" 2>/dev/null)
+
+    if [[ -z "$cert_info" ]]; then
+        log_error "Failed to connect to proxy on port ${proxy_port}"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Check if the certificate is valid (not self-signed test cert)
+    # For staging certs, the issuer should contain "Staging" or "(STAGING)"
+    local issuer=$(echo "$cert_info" | openssl x509 -noout -issuer 2>/dev/null)
+
+    if echo "$issuer" | grep -qi "staging\|fake\|test"; then
+        log_info "Proxy on port ${proxy_port} is using Let's Encrypt staging certificate"
+        log_info "Issuer: $issuer"
+        return 0
+    elif echo "$issuer" | grep -qi "let's encrypt\|letsencrypt"; then
+        log_info "Proxy on port ${proxy_port} is using Let's Encrypt certificate"
+        log_info "Issuer: $issuer"
+        return 0
+    else
+        log_warn "Proxy on port ${proxy_port} certificate issuer: $issuer"
+        # Still return success if we got a certificate
+        return 0
+    fi
+}
+
+# Get certificate expiry from proxy health endpoint
+get_proxy_cert_expiry() {
+    local proxy_port=$1
+    # Use gateway.{base_domain} as the SNI for health endpoint
+    local gateway_host="gateway.tdxlab.dstack.org"
+    echo | timeout 5 openssl s_client -connect "localhost:${proxy_port}" -servername "$gateway_host" 2>/dev/null | \
+        openssl x509 -noout -enddate 2>/dev/null | \
+        cut -d= -f2
+}
+
+# Get certificate serial from proxy health endpoint
+get_proxy_cert_serial() {
+    local proxy_port=$1
+    local gateway_host="gateway.tdxlab.dstack.org"
+    echo | timeout 5 openssl s_client -connect "localhost:${proxy_port}" -servername "$gateway_host" 2>/dev/null | \
+        openssl x509 -noout -serial 2>/dev/null | \
+        cut -d= -f2
+}
+
+# Get certificate issuer from proxy
+get_proxy_cert_issuer() {
+    local proxy_port=$1
+    local gateway_host="gateway.tdxlab.dstack.org"
+    echo | timeout 5 openssl s_client -connect "localhost:${proxy_port}" -servername "$gateway_host" 2>/dev/null | \
+        openssl x509 -noout -issuer 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Wait for certificate to be issued (with timeout)
+wait_for_cert() {
+    local proxy_port=$1
+    local timeout_secs=${2:-300}  # Default 5 minutes
+    local start_time=$(date +%s)
+
+    log_info "Waiting for certificate to be issued (timeout: ${timeout_secs}s)..."
+
+    while true; do
+        local current_time=$(date +%s)
+        local elapsed=$((current_time - start_time))
+
+        if [[ $elapsed -ge $timeout_secs ]]; then
+            log_error "Timeout waiting for certificate"
+            return 1
+        fi
+
+        # Try to get certificate info
+        local expiry=$(get_proxy_cert_expiry "$proxy_port")
+        if [[ -n "$expiry" ]]; then
+            log_info "Certificate detected! Expiry: $expiry"
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        log_info "Waiting... (${elapsed}s elapsed)"
+        sleep 10
+    done
+}
+
+# ============================================================
+# Main Test
+# ============================================================
+
+do_clean() {
+    log_info "Cleaning all certbot test data..."
+    cleanup
+    sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1" "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node2"
+    sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_certbot_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_certbot_node2"
+    sudo rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-certbot-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-certbot-node2.json"
+    log_info "Done."
+}
+
+main() {
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "Distributed Certbot E2E Test"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "Test domain: $TEST_DOMAIN"
+    log_info "ACME URL: $ACME_STAGING_URL"
+    log_info "Mode: $MODE"
+    log_info ""
+
+    # Handle --clean mode
+    if [[ "$MODE" == "clean" ]]; then
+        do_clean
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    # Handle --sync-only mode: check if cert exists
+    if [[ "$MODE" == "sync-only" ]]; then
+        if [[ ! -f "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1/live/cert.pem" ]]; then
+            log_error "No existing certificate found. Run without --sync-only first."
+            return 1
+        fi
+        log_info "Using existing certificate for sync test"
+    fi
+
+    # Clean up processes and state
+    cleanup
+
+    # Decide what to clean based on mode
+    case "$MODE" in
+        fresh)
+            # Clean everything including ACME account
+            log_info "Fresh mode: cleaning all data including ACME account"
+            sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1" "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node2"
+            ;;
+        sync-only)
+            # Keep node1 cert, only clean node2 and wavekv
+            log_info "Sync-only mode: keeping node1 certificate"
+            sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node2"
+            ;;
+        *)
+            # Default: keep ACME account (credentials.json), clean certs
+            log_info "Default mode: keeping ACME account, requesting new certificate"
+            # Backup credentials if exists
+            if [[ -f "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1/credentials.json" ]]; then
+                sudo cp "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1/credentials.json" /tmp/certbot_credentials_backup.json
+            fi
+            sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1" "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node2"
+            # Restore credentials
+            if [[ -f /tmp/certbot_credentials_backup.json ]]; then
+                mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1"
+                sudo mv /tmp/certbot_credentials_backup.json "$RUN_DIR/certbot_node1/credentials.json"
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+
+    # Always clean wavekv and gateway state
+    sudo rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_certbot_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_certbot_node2"
+    sudo rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-certbot-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-certbot-node2.json"
+
+    # Generate configs
+    log_info "Generating node configurations..."
+    generate_certbot_config 1
+    generate_certbot_config 2
+
+    # Start Node 1 first - it will request the certificate
+    log_info ""
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "Phase 1: Start Node 1 and request certificate"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+
+    if ! start_certbot_node 1; then
+        log_error "Failed to start node 1"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Wait for certificate to be issued
+    local proxy_port_1=14014
+    if ! wait_for_cert "$proxy_port_1" 300; then
+        log_error "Node 1 failed to obtain certificate"
+        cat "$LOG_DIR/${CURRENT_TEST}_node1.log" | tail -50
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Get Node 1's certificate info
+    local node1_serial=$(get_proxy_cert_serial "$proxy_port_1")
+    local node1_expiry=$(get_proxy_cert_expiry "$proxy_port_1")
+    log_info "Node 1 certificate serial: $node1_serial"
+    log_info "Node 1 certificate expiry: $node1_expiry"
+
+    # Show certificate source logs for Node 1
+    log_info ""
+    log_info "Node 1 certificate source:"
+    grep -E "cert\[|acme\[" "$LOG_DIR/${CURRENT_TEST}_node1.log" 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/  /'
+
+    # Start Node 2 - it should sync the certificate from Node 1
+    log_info ""
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "Phase 2: Start Node 2 and verify sync"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+
+    if ! start_certbot_node 2; then
+        log_error "Failed to start node 2"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Wait for Node 2 to sync and load the certificate
+    local proxy_port_2=14024
+    sleep 10  # Give time for sync
+
+    if ! wait_for_cert "$proxy_port_2" 60; then
+        log_error "Node 2 failed to obtain certificate via sync"
+        cat "$LOG_DIR/${CURRENT_TEST}_node2.log" | tail -50
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Get Node 2's certificate info
+    local node2_serial=$(get_proxy_cert_serial "$proxy_port_2")
+    local node2_expiry=$(get_proxy_cert_expiry "$proxy_port_2")
+    log_info "Node 2 certificate serial: $node2_serial"
+    log_info "Node 2 certificate expiry: $node2_expiry"
+
+    # Show certificate source logs for Node 2
+    log_info ""
+    log_info "Node 2 certificate source:"
+    grep -E "cert\[|acme\[" "$LOG_DIR/${CURRENT_TEST}_node2.log" 2>/dev/null | sed 's/^/  /'
+
+    # Verify both nodes have the same certificate
+    log_info ""
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "Verification"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+
+    if [[ "$node1_serial" == "$node2_serial" ]]; then
+        log_info "SUCCESS: Both nodes have the same certificate (serial: $node1_serial)"
+    else
+        log_error "FAILURE: Certificate mismatch!"
+        log_error "  Node 1 serial: $node1_serial"
+        log_error "  Node 2 serial: $node2_serial"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Check that proxy is actually using the certificate
+    check_proxy_cert "$proxy_port_1"
+    check_proxy_cert "$proxy_port_2"
+
+    log_info ""
+    log_info "=========================================="
+    log_info "All tests passed!"
+    log_info "=========================================="
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+# Run main
+main
+exit $?
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_proxy.sh b/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_proxy.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..76d1ba929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_proxy.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Integration tests for the gateway's proxy data path.
+#
+# Covers what unit tests cannot: a real gateway process relaying real
+# connections, across every combination of the two gated optimisations
+# (`tcp_splice`, `ktls`) and both proxy paths (TLS terminate, TLS passthrough).
+#
+# Complements `test_suite.sh`, which covers the control plane, WaveKV and the
+# handshake cache. This one is about bytes on the wire.
+#
+# Requirements: python3, openssl, ip, sudo (once, to create the WireGuard-named
+# link the gateway expects at startup). No root for the gateway itself.
+#
+#   ./test_proxy.sh                 # build and run everything
+#   GATEWAY_BIN=/path/to/dstack-gateway ./test_proxy.sh
+#   KEEP_LOGS=1 ./test_proxy.sh     # leave the work dir behind on success
+set -uo pipefail
+
+HERE="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd -P)"
+CORE_DIR="$(cd "$HERE/../.." && pwd -P)"
+PROXY_DIR="$HERE/proxy"
+WORK="${WORK:-$(mktemp -d /tmp/dstack-gw-proxy-test.XXXXXX)}"
+
+# Ports are derived from one base so a busy CI machine can shift the whole set.
+BASE_PORT="${BASE_PORT:-38400}"
+PROXY_PORT=$((BASE_PORT + 0))
+RPC_PORT=$((BASE_PORT + 1))
+ADMIN_PORT=$((BASE_PORT + 2))
+WG_PORT=$((BASE_PORT + 3))
+ORIGIN_PLAIN=$((BASE_PORT + 4))
+ORIGIN_TLS=$((BASE_PORT + 5))
+
+BASE_DOMAIN="gwtest.local"
+# `insecure_localhost_backend` routes `localhost-<port>[s]` to 127.0.0.1:<port>,
+# which is what lets these tests run without registering a CVM.
+SNI_TERMINATE="localhost-$ORIGIN_PLAIN.$BASE_DOMAIN"
+SNI_PASSTHROUGH="localhost-${ORIGIN_TLS}s.$BASE_DOMAIN"
+ADMIN_TOKEN="proxy-integration-test"
+WG_IFACE="${WG_IFACE:-gwtest0}"
+
+GATEWAY_BIN="${GATEWAY_BIN:-$CORE_DIR/target/release/dstack-gateway}"
+
+PASS=0
+FAIL=0
+SKIP=0
+FAILED_NAMES=()
+
+say() { printf '%s\n' "$*"; }
+group() { printf '\n\033[1m== %s ==\033[0m\n' "$*"; }
+
+# $1 = test name, remaining args = command. The command must exit 0 to pass.
+check() {
+  local name="$1"; shift
+  local out rc
+  out=$("$@" 2>&1); rc=$?
+  if [ $rc -eq 0 ]; then
+    PASS=$((PASS + 1))
+    printf '  \033[32mPASS\033[0m %-52s %s\n' "$name" "$(tail -1 <<<"$out")"
+  else
+    FAIL=$((FAIL + 1))
+    FAILED_NAMES+=("$name")
+    printf '  \033[31mFAIL\033[0m %-52s %s\n' "$name" "$(tail -1 <<<"$out")"
+    printf '        %s\n' "${out//$'\n'/$'\n'        }" | tail -12
+  fi
+}
+
+skip() {
+  SKIP=$((SKIP + 1))
+  printf '  \033[33mSKIP\033[0m %-52s %s\n' "$1" "$2"
+}
+
+probe() { python3 "$PROXY_DIR/probe.py" "$@"; }
+
+# --- setup ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+cleanup() {
+  stop_gateway
+  [ -n "${ORIGIN_PID:-}" ] && kill "$ORIGIN_PID" 2>/dev/null
+  if [ -n "${WG_CREATED:-}" ]; then
+    sudo ip link del "$WG_IFACE" 2>/dev/null
+  fi
+  if [ $FAIL -eq 0 ] && [ -z "${KEEP_LOGS:-}" ]; then
+    rm -rf "$WORK"
+  else
+    say "work dir kept at $WORK"
+  fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+require() {
+  command -v "$1" >/dev/null || { say "missing required tool: $1"; exit 1; }
+}
+
+setup() {
+  require python3; require openssl; require ip; require ss
+  mkdir -p "$WORK/certs" "$WORK/logs"
+
+  # Fail fast on a port that is already taken. A stale listener does not just
+  # break startup: the probes reach *it* instead, and its config is not the arm
+  # under test, so the run reports a scatter of unrelated assertion failures.
+  # That cost a long time to diagnose once.
+  local port
+  local busy=""
+  for port in "$PROXY_PORT" "$RPC_PORT" "$ADMIN_PORT" "$ORIGIN_PLAIN" "$ORIGIN_TLS"; do
+    if ss -ltn "sport = :$port" 2>/dev/null | grep -q LISTEN; then
+      busy="$busy $port"
+    fi
+  done
+  if [ -n "$busy" ]; then
+    say "ports already in use:$busy"
+    say "stop whatever holds them, or re-run with BASE_PORT set to a free range"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  if [ ! -x "$GATEWAY_BIN" ]; then
+    say "building the gateway (set GATEWAY_BIN to skip)"
+    (cd "$CORE_DIR" && cargo build --release -p dstack-gateway) || exit 1
+  fi
+
+  openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -days 2 \
+    -keyout "$WORK/certs/key.pem" -out "$WORK/certs/cert.pem" \
+    -subj "/CN=$BASE_DOMAIN" \
+    -addext "subjectAltName=DNS:$BASE_DOMAIN,DNS:*.$BASE_DOMAIN,IP:127.0.0.1" \
+    2>/dev/null || { say "failed to generate a test certificate"; exit 1; }
+
+  # The gateway insists on a link with the configured name at startup. A real
+  # WireGuard device also makes `wg show` work, which the Status RPC needs; a
+  # dummy link is enough for the data path, so fall back to one rather than
+  # skipping every test on a host without the wireguard module.
+  if ip link show "$WG_IFACE" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    WG_KIND=preexisting
+  elif sudo ip link add "$WG_IFACE" type wireguard 2>/dev/null; then
+    WG_KIND=wireguard; WG_CREATED=1
+  elif sudo ip link add "$WG_IFACE" type dummy 2>/dev/null; then
+    WG_KIND=dummy; WG_CREATED=1
+  else
+    say "cannot create the link '$WG_IFACE' the gateway needs at startup"; exit 1
+  fi
+  [ -n "${WG_CREATED:-}" ] && sudo ip link set "$WG_IFACE" up
+  say "link $WG_IFACE: $WG_KIND"
+
+  CERT="$WORK/certs/cert.pem" KEY="$WORK/certs/key.pem" \
+    PLAIN_PORT="$ORIGIN_PLAIN" TLS_PORT="$ORIGIN_TLS" \
+    python3 "$PROXY_DIR/origin.py" >"$WORK/logs/origin.log" 2>&1 &
+  ORIGIN_PID=$!
+  for _ in $(seq 50); do
+    grep -q "origin ready" "$WORK/logs/origin.log" 2>/dev/null && break
+    sleep 0.2
+  done
+  grep -q "origin ready" "$WORK/logs/origin.log" || { say "origin failed to start"; exit 1; }
+}
+
+# --- gateway lifecycle ------------------------------------------------------
+
+stop_gateway() {
+  [ -n "${GW_PID:-}" ] || return 0
+  kill "$GW_PID" 2>/dev/null
+  for _ in $(seq 50); do
+    kill -0 "$GW_PID" 2>/dev/null || break
+    sleep 0.1
+  done
+  kill -9 "$GW_PID" 2>/dev/null
+  GW_PID=""
+  # The suite restarts the gateway ~25 times. Killing the process is not enough:
+  # its listeners linger briefly, and the next arm then dies with EADDRINUSE on
+  # the RPC port -- which showed up as unrelated assertions failing. Wait for the
+  # ports to actually come back before handing them to the next arm.
+  local port
+  for port in "$PROXY_PORT" "$RPC_PORT" "$ADMIN_PORT"; do
+    for _ in $(seq 100); do
+      ss -ltn "sport = :$port" 2>/dev/null | grep -q LISTEN || break
+      sleep 0.1
+    done
+  done
+}
+
+# start_gateway <label> [gwconfig key=value ...]
+start_gateway() {
+  local label="$1"; shift
+  stop_gateway
+  rm -rf "$WORK/data"; mkdir -p "$WORK/data"
+  GW_LOG="$WORK/logs/gw-$label.log"
+  python3 "$PROXY_DIR/gwconfig.py" "$WORK" \
+    proxy_port="$PROXY_PORT" rpc_port="$RPC_PORT" admin_port="$ADMIN_PORT" \
+    wg_port="$WG_PORT" wg_iface="$WG_IFACE" admin_token="$ADMIN_TOKEN" \
+    base_domain="$BASE_DOMAIN" "$@" >"$WORK/gw.toml" || return 1
+  RUST_LOG="${RUST_LOG:-warn}" "$GATEWAY_BIN" -c "$WORK/gw.toml" \
+    >"$GW_LOG" 2>&1 &
+  GW_PID=$!
+  for _ in $(seq 100); do
+    if probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 64 \
+        >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      return 0
+    fi
+    kill -0 "$GW_PID" 2>/dev/null || { say "gateway exited; see $GW_LOG"; return 1; }
+    sleep 0.2
+  done
+  say "gateway did not become ready; see $GW_LOG"
+  return 1
+}
+
+# Assert on the gateway's own log, which is where the fallbacks announce
+# themselves -- a fallback that happens silently is the bug, not the fallback.
+log_contains() { grep -q "$1" "$GW_LOG"; }
+log_lacks() { ! grep -q "$1" "$GW_LOG"; }
+
+tls_stat() { awk -v k="$1" '$1==k{print $2}' /proc/net/tls_stat 2>/dev/null || echo 0; }
+
+# --- the arms ---------------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# Both gated optimisations have three states, and the point of the gates is that
+# the state can change mid-connection, so each arm is run against both proxy
+# paths and both sides of its gate.
+
+ARMS=(
+  "baseline|splice=off ktls=off"
+  "splice-immediate|splice=immediate ktls=off"
+  "splice-gated|splice=after:65536:5s ktls=off"
+  "ktls-immediate|splice=immediate ktls=immediate"
+  "ktls-gated|splice=after:65536:5s ktls=after:65536:5s"
+)
+
+test_data_path() {
+  group "data path: payload integrity across every arm and both paths"
+  local arm name cfg
+  for arm in "${ARMS[@]}"; do
+    name="${arm%%|*}"; cfg="${arm#*|}"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086  # $cfg is a list of gwconfig arguments
+    start_gateway "$name" $cfg || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); FAILED_NAMES+=("$name: startup"); continue; }
+    # Under the gate and over it, so both halves of each arm are exercised.
+    check "$name / terminate 1 KiB" \
+      probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1024
+    check "$name / terminate 1 MiB" \
+      probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576
+    check "$name / passthrough 1 KiB" \
+      probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_PASSTHROUGH" --size 1024
+    check "$name / passthrough 1 MiB" \
+      probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_PASSTHROUGH" --size 1048576
+    check "$name / 16 concurrent transfers" \
+      probe concurrent --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 262144 --count 16
+  done
+}
+
+test_half_close() {
+  group "half-close: a client that finishes its request still gets the reply"
+  # Needs a TLS client that can send close_notify without waiting for the
+  # peer's, which `ssl.SSLSocket` cannot express -- see `proxy/tlsclient.py`.
+  # This found a bug `shutdown(SHUT_WR)` could not: after kTLS offload, splice
+  # reports the client's close_notify as EINVAL, which used to be fatal and
+  # took the app's in-flight response down with it.
+  local arm name cfg
+  for arm in "${ARMS[@]}"; do
+    name="${arm%%|*}"; cfg="${arm#*|}"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086  # $cfg is a list of gwconfig arguments
+    start_gateway "halfclose-$name" $cfg || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); continue; }
+    check "$name / terminate" \
+      probe halfclose --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE"
+    check "$name / passthrough" \
+      probe halfclose --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_PASSTHROUGH"
+  done
+}
+
+test_close_notify() {
+  group "close: the app closing reaches the client as an orderly TLS shutdown"
+  local arm name cfg
+  for arm in "${ARMS[@]}"; do
+    name="${arm%%|*}"; cfg="${arm#*|}"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086  # $cfg is a list of gwconfig arguments
+    start_gateway "close-$name" $cfg || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); continue; }
+    check "$name / terminate 1 MiB" \
+      probe close-notify --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576
+  done
+}
+
+test_idle_timeout() {
+  group "timeouts.idle applies to every relay path, gated or not"
+  # 3s window, 12s of silence: comfortably past it without making CI slow.
+  local common="idle=3s data_timeout=true"
+  local arm
+  for arm in \
+    "buffered|splice=off ktls=off|$SNI_TERMINATE|1048576" \
+    "splice engaged|splice=after:1024 ktls=off|$SNI_PASSTHROUGH|1048576" \
+    "ktls engaged|splice=immediate ktls=immediate|$SNI_TERMINATE|1048576" \
+    "splice configured, gate not reached|splice=after:10485760 ktls=off|$SNI_PASSTHROUGH|1024" \
+    "ktls configured, gate not reached|ktls=after:10485760 splice=after:10485760|$SNI_TERMINATE|1024"
+  do
+    local name="${arm%%|*}" rest="${arm#*|}"
+    local cfg="${rest%%|*}" rest2="${rest#*|}"
+    local sni="${rest2%%|*}" size="${rest2##*|}"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086  # both are lists of gwconfig arguments
+    start_gateway "idle-${name// /-}" $cfg $common || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); continue; }
+    check "reaped: $name" \
+      probe idle --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$sni" --size "$size" --wait 12 --expect reaped
+  done
+
+  # A half-closed request whose backend never answers must still be reaped:
+  # the drain phase runs outside the main relay loop, so it needs the watchdog
+  # of its own that it did not originally have.
+  local arm2
+  for arm2 in \
+    "buffered|splice=off ktls=off|$SNI_TERMINATE" \
+    "splice engaged|splice=immediate ktls=off|$SNI_PASSTHROUGH" \
+    "splice gated|splice=after:1048576 ktls=off|$SNI_PASSTHROUGH" \
+    "ktls gated|splice=after:1048576 ktls=after:1048576|$SNI_TERMINATE"
+  do
+    local n2="${arm2%%|*}" r2="${arm2#*|}"
+    local c2="${r2%%|*}" s2="${r2##*|}"
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086  # $c2 is a list of gwconfig arguments
+    start_gateway "stalled-${n2// /-}" $c2 $common || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); continue; }
+    check "reaped after half-close, backend silent: $n2" \
+      probe stalled-halfclose --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$s2" --wait 20
+    # The mirror: the backend floods and *this* side stops reading, so the
+    # relay stalls in its write instead of its read. Watching only the read
+    # half left this one running to `timeouts.total`.
+    check "reaped after half-close, client not reading: $n2" \
+      probe stalled-write-halfclose --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$s2" \
+        --size 67108864 --wait 15 --timeout 90
+  done
+
+  start_gateway "idle-disabled" splice=immediate ktls=immediate idle=3s data_timeout=false \
+    || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); return; }
+  check "kept: data_timeout_enabled = false" \
+    probe idle --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576 --wait 12 --expect alive
+}
+
+test_ktls_engages() {
+  group "kTLS actually offloads, and only when the gate says so"
+  if [ ! -r /proc/net/tls_stat ]; then
+    skip "kTLS offload counters" "/proc/net/tls_stat unavailable"
+    return
+  fi
+
+  start_gateway "ktls-engage" splice=immediate ktls=immediate || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); return; }
+  if log_contains "kTLS is configured but unavailable"; then
+    skip "kTLS offload counters" "kernel has no TLS ULP; fallback path covered below"
+    return
+  fi
+  local before after err_before err_after
+  before=$(tls_stat TlsTxSw); err_before=$(tls_stat TlsDecryptError)
+  check "immediate / 1 MiB transfer intact" \
+    probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576
+  after=$(tls_stat TlsTxSw); err_after=$(tls_stat TlsDecryptError)
+  check "immediate / offloaded to the kernel" \
+    test "$after" -gt "$before"
+  check "immediate / no TLS decrypt errors" \
+    test "$err_after" -eq "$err_before"
+
+  start_gateway "ktls-gate" splice=after:65536 ktls=after:65536 || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); return; }
+  before=$(tls_stat TlsTxSw)
+  probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1024 >/dev/null
+  after=$(tls_stat TlsTxSw)
+  check "gated / a small request does not offload" test "$after" -eq "$before"
+  probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576 >/dev/null
+  after=$(tls_stat TlsTxSw)
+  check "gated / a large transfer does offload" test "$after" -gt "$before"
+}
+
+test_capability_fallbacks() {
+  group "capability fallbacks announce themselves and keep serving"
+
+  # kTLS on a kernel without the TLS ULP must fall back, not truncate. Only
+  # exercised where the module can actually be taken away.
+  if [ "$(id -u)" = 0 ] || sudo -n true 2>/dev/null; then
+    if lsmod 2>/dev/null | grep -q "^tls " && sudo rmmod tls 2>/dev/null; then
+      echo "install tls /bin/false" | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/zz-gwtest-notls.conf >/dev/null
+      start_gateway "ktls-no-ulp" splice=immediate ktls=after:65536
+      check "no TLS ULP / warns at startup" log_contains "kTLS is configured but unavailable"
+      check "no TLS ULP / small request intact" \
+        probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1024
+      # The regression this guards: a gated offload used to return HTTP 200 with
+      # the body cut off at exactly the gate.
+      check "no TLS ULP / large transfer not truncated" \
+        probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576
+      stop_gateway
+      sudo rm -f /etc/modprobe.d/zz-gwtest-notls.conf
+      sudo modprobe tls 2>/dev/null
+    else
+      skip "kTLS fallback without the TLS ULP" "tls module not removable here"
+    fi
+  else
+    skip "kTLS fallback without the TLS ULP" "needs passwordless sudo"
+  fi
+
+  start_gateway "rebalance-inert" splice=off ktls=off tpc=false rebalance=true \
+    || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); return; }
+  check "connection_rebalance without thread_per_core / warns" \
+    log_contains "connection_rebalance is set but has no effect"
+  check "connection_rebalance without thread_per_core / still serves" \
+    probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 65536
+
+  start_gateway "rebalance-on" splice=off ktls=off tpc=true rebalance=true \
+    || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); return; }
+  check "thread_per_core + rebalance / no inert warning" \
+    log_lacks "connection_rebalance is set but has no effect"
+  check "thread_per_core + rebalance / serves concurrently" \
+    probe concurrent --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 131072 --count 24
+}
+
+test_runtime_modes() {
+  group "runtime modes all serve traffic"
+  local mode
+  for mode in "tpc=true rebalance=true" "tpc=true rebalance=false" \
+              "tpc=false rebalance=false"; do
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086  # $mode is a pair of gwconfig arguments
+    start_gateway "mode-${mode// /-}" splice=off ktls=off $mode \
+      || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); FAILED_NAMES+=("$mode: startup"); continue; }
+    check "$mode" \
+      probe concurrent --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 65536 --count 16
+  done
+}
+
+test_accel_status() {
+  group "the Status RPC reports what the data path is doing"
+  start_gateway "accel" splice=after:65536:5s ktls=after:65536:5s || { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); return; }
+  # `Status` calls `refresh_state`, which shells out to `wg show` -- that needs
+  # both a real WireGuard device and the privileges to query it. Probe it rather
+  # than guessing from the link kind, so this skips for the right reason.
+  if ! curl -sf -H "Authorization: Bearer $ADMIN_TOKEN" \
+       "http://127.0.0.1:$ADMIN_PORT/prpc/Admin.Status?json" \
+       | grep -q '"accel"'; then
+    skip "accel status counters" "Status RPC unavailable (wg show needs a real device + privileges)"
+    return
+  fi
+  probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_TERMINATE" --size 1048576 >/dev/null
+  probe fetch --port "$PROXY_PORT" --sni "$SNI_PASSTHROUGH" --size 1048576 >/dev/null
+  local accel
+  accel=$(curl -s -H "Authorization: Bearer $ADMIN_TOKEN" \
+    "http://127.0.0.1:$ADMIN_PORT/prpc/Admin.Status?json" \
+    | python3 -c 'import sys,json; print(json.dumps(json.load(sys.stdin).get("accel",{})))')
+  say "    $accel"
+  check "reports the configured splice mode" \
+    python3 -c "import sys,json; a=json.loads(sys.argv[1]); sys.exit(0 if 'after' in a.get('splice_mode','') else 1)" "$accel"
+  check "counts spliced connections" \
+    python3 -c "import sys,json; a=json.loads(sys.argv[1]); sys.exit(0 if a.get('splice_engaged',0) > 0 else 1)" "$accel"
+  check "reports no failed offloads" \
+    python3 -c "import sys,json; a=json.loads(sys.argv[1]); sys.exit(0 if a.get('ktls_offload_failed',0) == 0 else 1)" "$accel"
+}
+
+# --- run --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+setup
+say "gateway:  $GATEWAY_BIN"
+say "work dir: $WORK"
+
+test_data_path
+test_half_close
+test_close_notify
+test_idle_timeout
+test_ktls_engages
+test_capability_fallbacks
+test_runtime_modes
+test_accel_status
+
+printf '\n\033[1m%d passed, %d failed, %d skipped\033[0m\n' "$PASS" "$FAIL" "$SKIP"
+if [ $FAIL -gt 0 ]; then
+  printf 'failed:\n'
+  printf '  - %s\n' "${FAILED_NAMES[@]}"
+  exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_suite.sh b/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_suite.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..aff9e7234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/gateway/test-run/test_suite.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,2442 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# WaveKV integration test script
+#
+# This legacy integration script predates the repository-wide shellcheck hook.
+# Keep the existing style warnings suppressed so small harness fixes do not
+# require a full script rewrite.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2015,SC2034,SC2086,SC2155,SC2164
+
+# Don't use set -e as it causes issues with cleanup and test flow
+# set -e
+
+# Disable job control messages (prevents "Killed" messages from messing up output)
+set +m
+
+# Fix terminal output - ensure proper line endings
+stty -echoctl 2>/dev/null || true
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"
+
+GATEWAY_BIN="${GATEWAY_BIN:-${SCRIPT_DIR}/../../target/release/dstack-gateway}"
+RUN_DIR="run"
+CERTS_DIR="$RUN_DIR/certs"
+CA_CERT="$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert"
+LOG_DIR="$RUN_DIR/logs"
+CURRENT_TEST=""
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+log_info() { echo -e "${GREEN}[INFO]${NC} $1"; }
+log_warn() { echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARN]${NC} $1"; }
+log_error() { echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $1"; }
+
+cleanup() {
+	log_info "Cleaning up..."
+	# Kill only dstack-gateway processes started by this test (matching our specific config path)
+	# Use absolute path to avoid killing system dstack-gateway processes
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway -c ${SCRIPT_DIR}/${RUN_DIR}/node" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*${SCRIPT_DIR}/${RUN_DIR}/node" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	sleep 1
+	# Only delete WireGuard interfaces with sudo (these are our test interfaces)
+	sudo ip link delete wavekv-test1 2>/dev/null || true
+	sudo ip link delete wavekv-test2 2>/dev/null || true
+	sudo ip link delete wavekv-test3 2>/dev/null || true
+	# Clean up all wavekv data directories to prevent peer list contamination
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node3" 2>/dev/null || true
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node"*.json 2>/dev/null || true
+	sleep 1
+	stty sane 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Generate node configs
+# Usage: generate_config <node_id> [bootnode_url]
+generate_config() {
+	local node_id=$1
+	local bootnode_url=${2:-""}
+	local rpc_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 2))
+	local wg_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 3))
+	local proxy_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 4))
+	local debug_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 5))
+	local admin_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 6))
+	local wg_ip="10.0.3${node_id}.1/24"
+
+	# Use absolute paths to avoid Rocket's relative path resolution issues
+	local abs_run_dir="$SCRIPT_DIR/$RUN_DIR"
+	cat >"$RUN_DIR/node${node_id}.toml" <<EOF
+log_level = "info"
+address = "0.0.0.0:${rpc_port}"
+
+[tls]
+# Use absolute paths since Rocket resolves relative paths from config file directory
+key = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "${abs_run_dir}/certs/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = ""
+
+[core.debug]
+insecure_enable_debug_rpc = true
+insecure_skip_attestation = true
+address = "127.0.0.1:${debug_port}"
+
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1:${admin_port}"
+# TEST ONLY - do not use in production; disables admin API authentication
+insecure_no_auth = true
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = true
+interval = "5s"
+timeout = "10s"
+my_url = "https://localhost:${rpc_port}"
+bootnode = "${bootnode_url}"
+node_id = ${node_id}
+data_dir = "${RUN_DIR}/wavekv_node${node_id}"
+persist_interval = "5s"
+
+[core.certbot]
+enabled = false
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "SEcoI37oGWynhukxXo5Mi8/8zZBU6abg6T1TOJRMj1Y="
+public_key = "xc+7qkdeNFfl4g4xirGGGXHMc0cABuE5IHaLeCASVWM="
+listen_port = ${wg_port}
+ip = "${wg_ip}"
+reserved_net = ["10.0.3${node_id}.1/31"]
+client_ip_range = "10.0.3${node_id}.1/24"
+config_path = "${RUN_DIR}/wg_node${node_id}.conf"
+interface = "wavekv-test${node_id}"
+endpoint = "127.0.0.1:${wg_port}"
+
+[core.proxy]
+cert_chain = "${RUN_DIR}/certbot/live/cert.pem"
+cert_key = "${RUN_DIR}/certbot/live/key.pem"
+base_domain = "tdxlab.dstack.org"
+listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+listen_port = ${proxy_port}
+tappd_port = 8090
+external_port = ${proxy_port}
+EOF
+	log_info "Generated node${node_id}.toml (rpc=${rpc_port}, debug=${debug_port}, admin=${admin_port}, bootnode=${bootnode_url:-none})"
+}
+
+wait_for_port_free() {
+	local port=$1
+	local max_wait=10
+	local waited=0
+	while [[ $waited -lt $max_wait ]]; do
+		if ! netstat -tlnp 2>/dev/null | grep -q ":${port} "; then
+			return 0
+		fi
+		sleep 1
+		((waited++))
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+ensure_wg_interface() {
+	local node_id=$1
+	local iface="wavekv-test${node_id}"
+
+	# Check if interface exists, create if not
+	if ! ip link show "$iface" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		log_info "Creating WireGuard interface ${iface}..."
+		sudo ip link add "$iface" type wireguard || {
+			log_error "Failed to create WireGuard interface ${iface}"
+			return 1
+		}
+	fi
+	return 0
+}
+
+start_node() {
+	local node_id=$1
+	local config="${SCRIPT_DIR}/${RUN_DIR}/node${node_id}.toml"
+	local log_file="${LOG_DIR}/${CURRENT_TEST}_node${node_id}.log"
+
+	# Calculate ports for this node
+	local admin_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 6))
+	local rpc_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 2))
+
+	log_info "Starting node ${node_id}..."
+
+	# Kill any existing test process for this node first (use absolute path to be precise)
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway -c ${config}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*${config}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	sleep 1
+
+	# Wait for ports to be free
+	if ! wait_for_port_free $admin_port; then
+		log_error "Port $admin_port still in use after waiting"
+		netstat -tlnp 2>/dev/null | grep ":${admin_port} " || true
+		return 1
+	fi
+	if ! wait_for_port_free $rpc_port; then
+		log_error "Port $rpc_port still in use after waiting"
+		netstat -tlnp 2>/dev/null | grep ":${rpc_port} " || true
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Ensure WireGuard interface exists before starting
+	if ! ensure_wg_interface "$node_id"; then
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node${node_id}"
+	mkdir -p "$LOG_DIR"
+	(RUST_LOG=info "$GATEWAY_BIN" -c "$config" >"$log_file" 2>&1 &)
+	sleep 2
+
+	if pgrep -f "dstack-gateway.*${config}" >/dev/null; then
+		log_info "Node ${node_id} started successfully"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Node ${node_id} failed to start"
+		cat "$log_file"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+stop_node() {
+	local node_id=$1
+	local config="${SCRIPT_DIR}/${RUN_DIR}/node${node_id}.toml"
+	local admin_port=$((13000 + node_id * 10 + 6))
+
+	log_info "Stopping node ${node_id}..."
+	# Kill only the specific test process using absolute config path
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway -c ${config}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*${config}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	sleep 1
+
+	# Verify the port is free, otherwise force kill by PID
+	if ! wait_for_port_free $admin_port; then
+		log_warn "Node ${node_id} port still in use, forcing cleanup..."
+		# Find and kill the process holding the port
+		local pid=$(netstat -tlnp 2>/dev/null | grep ":${admin_port} " | awk '{print $7}' | cut -d'/' -f1)
+		if [[ -n "$pid" ]]; then
+			kill -9 "$pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+			sleep 1
+		fi
+	fi
+
+	# Reset terminal to fix any broken line endings
+	stty sane 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+# Get WaveKV status via Admin.WaveKvStatus RPC
+# Usage: get_status <admin_port>
+get_status() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${admin_port}/prpc/Admin.WaveKvStatus" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+		-d '{}' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+get_n_keys() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	get_status "$admin_port" | python3 -c "import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); print(d['persistent']['n_keys'])" 2>/dev/null || echo "0"
+}
+
+# Register CVM via debug port (no attestation required)
+# Usage: debug_register_cvm <debug_port> <client_public_key> <app_id> <instance_id>
+# Returns: JSON response
+debug_register_cvm() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local public_key=$2
+	local app_id=${3:-"testapp"}
+	local instance_id=${4:-"testinstance"}
+	curl -s \
+		-X POST "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/RegisterCvm" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+		-d "{\"client_public_key\": \"$public_key\", \"app_id\": \"$app_id\", \"instance_id\": \"$instance_id\"}" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Check if debug service is available
+# Usage: check_debug_service <debug_port>
+check_debug_service() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local response=$(curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/Debug.Info" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}' 2>/dev/null)
+	if echo "$response" | python3 -c "import sys,json; d=json.load(sys.stdin); assert 'base_domain' in d" 2>/dev/null; then
+		return 0
+	else
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# Verify register response is successful (has wg config, no error)
+# Usage: verify_register_response <response>
+verify_register_response() {
+	local response="$1"
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    if 'error' in d:
+        print(f'ERROR: {d[\"error\"]}', file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+    assert 'wg' in d, 'missing wg config'
+    assert 'client_ip' in d['wg'], 'missing client_ip'
+    print(d['wg']['client_ip'])
+except Exception as e:
+    print(f'ERROR: {e}', file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(1)
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Get sync data from debug port (peer_addrs, nodes, instances)
+# Usage: debug_get_sync_data <debug_port>
+# Returns: JSON response with my_node_id, peer_addrs, nodes, instances
+debug_get_sync_data() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/Debug.GetSyncData" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Check if node has synced peer address from another node
+# Usage: has_peer_addr <debug_port> <peer_node_id>
+# Returns: 0 if peer address exists, 1 otherwise
+has_peer_addr() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local peer_node_id=$2
+	local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    peer_addrs = d.get('peer_addrs', [])
+    for pa in peer_addrs:
+        if pa.get('node_id') == $peer_node_id:
+            sys.exit(0)
+    sys.exit(1)
+except Exception as e:
+    sys.exit(1)
+"
+}
+
+# Check if node has synced node info from another node
+# Usage: has_node_info <debug_port> <peer_node_id>
+# Returns: 0 if node info exists, 1 otherwise
+has_node_info() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local peer_node_id=$2
+	local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    nodes = d.get('nodes', [])
+    for n in nodes:
+        if n.get('node_id') == $peer_node_id:
+            sys.exit(0)
+    sys.exit(1)
+except Exception as e:
+    sys.exit(1)
+"
+}
+
+# Get number of peer addresses from sync data
+# Usage: get_n_peer_addrs <debug_port>
+get_n_peer_addrs() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    print(len(d.get('peer_addrs', [])))
+except Exception:
+    print(0)
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Get number of node infos from sync data
+# Usage: get_n_nodes <debug_port>
+get_n_nodes() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    print(len(d.get('nodes', [])))
+except Exception:
+    print(0)
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Get number of instances from KvStore sync data
+# Usage: get_n_instances <debug_port>
+get_n_instances() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    print(len(d.get('instances', [])))
+except Exception:
+    print(0)
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+get_persistent_digest() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	get_status "$admin_port" | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['persistent']['digest'])" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+get_ephemeral_digest() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	get_status "$admin_port" | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['ephemeral']['digest'])" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+get_node_uuid() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	admin_get_status "$admin_port" | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(json.dumps(json.load(sys.stdin)['uuid']))" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+test_public_key() {
+	local seed=$1
+	python3 -c "import base64; print(base64.b64encode(int($seed).to_bytes(32, 'big')).decode())"
+}
+
+wait_for_instances() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local expected=$2
+	local timeout_seconds=$3
+	local attempts=$((timeout_seconds * 10))
+	for _ in $(seq 1 "$attempts"); do
+		if [[ "$(get_n_instances "$debug_port")" -ge "$expected" ]]; then return 0; fi
+		sleep 0.1
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+wait_for_digest_match() {
+	local store=$1
+	local port1=$2
+	local port2=$3
+	local timeout_seconds=$4
+	local getter="get_${store}_digest"
+	for _ in $(seq 1 $((timeout_seconds * 10))); do
+		local digest1=$($getter "$port1")
+		local digest2=$($getter "$port2")
+		if [[ -n "$digest1" && "$digest1" == "$digest2" ]]; then return 0; fi
+		sleep 0.1
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+# Get Proxy State from debug port (in-memory state)
+# Usage: debug_get_proxy_state <debug_port>
+# Returns: JSON response with instances and allocated_addresses
+debug_get_proxy_state() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${debug_port}/prpc/GetProxyState" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{}' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Get number of instances from ProxyState (in-memory)
+# Usage: get_n_proxy_state_instances <debug_port>
+get_n_proxy_state_instances() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local response=$(debug_get_proxy_state "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    print(len(d.get('instances', [])))
+except Exception:
+    print(0)
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Check KvStore and ProxyState instance consistency
+# Usage: check_instance_consistency <debug_port>
+# Returns: 0 if consistent, 1 otherwise
+check_instance_consistency() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local kvstore_instances=$(get_n_instances "$debug_port")
+	local proxystate_instances=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances "$debug_port")
+
+	if [[ "$kvstore_instances" -eq "$proxystate_instances" ]]; then
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Instance count mismatch: KvStore=$kvstore_instances, ProxyState=$proxystate_instances"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 1: Single node persistence
+# =============================================================================
+test_persistence() {
+	log_info "========== Test 1: Persistence =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	generate_config 1
+
+	# Start node and let it write some data
+	start_node 1
+
+	local admin_port=13016
+	local initial_keys=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Initial keys: $initial_keys"
+
+	# The gateway auto-writes some data (peer_addr, etc)
+	sleep 2
+	local keys_after_write=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys after startup: $keys_after_write"
+
+	# Stop and restart
+	stop_node 1
+	log_info "Restarting node 1..."
+	start_node 1
+
+	local keys_after_restart=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys after restart: $keys_after_restart"
+
+	if [[ "$keys_after_restart" -ge "$keys_after_write" ]]; then
+		log_info "Persistence test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Persistence test FAILED: expected >= $keys_after_write keys, got $keys_after_restart"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 2: Multi-node sync
+# =============================================================================
+test_multi_node_sync() {
+	log_info "========== Test 2: Multi-node Sync =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	# Clean up all state files to ensure fresh start
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node3"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node3.json"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Register peers so nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+
+	# Wait for sync
+	log_info "Waiting for nodes to sync..."
+	sleep 10
+
+	# Use debug RPC to check actual synced data
+	local peer_addrs1=$(get_n_peer_addrs $debug_port1)
+	local peer_addrs2=$(get_n_peer_addrs $debug_port2)
+	local nodes1=$(get_n_nodes $debug_port1)
+	local nodes2=$(get_n_nodes $debug_port2)
+
+	log_info "Node 1: peer_addrs=$peer_addrs1, nodes=$nodes1"
+	log_info "Node 2: peer_addrs=$peer_addrs2, nodes=$nodes2"
+
+	# For true sync, each node should have:
+	# - At least 2 peer addresses (both nodes' addresses)
+	# - At least 2 node infos (both nodes' info)
+	local sync_ok=true
+
+	if ! has_peer_addr $debug_port1 2; then
+		log_error "Node 1 missing peer_addr for node 2"
+		sync_ok=false
+	fi
+	if ! has_peer_addr $debug_port2 1; then
+		log_error "Node 2 missing peer_addr for node 1"
+		sync_ok=false
+	fi
+	if ! has_node_info $debug_port1 2; then
+		log_error "Node 1 missing node_info for node 2"
+		sync_ok=false
+	fi
+	if ! has_node_info $debug_port2 1; then
+		log_error "Node 2 missing node_info for node 1"
+		sync_ok=false
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$sync_ok" == "true" ]]; then
+		log_info "Multi-node sync test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Multi-node sync test FAILED: nodes did not sync peer data"
+		log_info "Sync data from node 1: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port1)"
+		log_info "Sync data from node 2: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port2)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 3: Node recovery after disconnect
+# =============================================================================
+test_node_recovery() {
+	log_info "========== Test 3: Node Recovery =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	# Clean up all state files to ensure fresh start
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Register peers so nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+
+	# Wait for initial sync
+	sleep 5
+
+	# Stop node 2
+	log_info "Stopping node 2 to simulate disconnect..."
+	stop_node 2
+
+	# Wait and let node 1 continue
+	sleep 3
+
+	# Check node 1 has its own data
+	local peer_addrs1_before=$(get_n_peer_addrs $debug_port1)
+	log_info "Node 1 peer_addrs before node 2 restart: $peer_addrs1_before"
+
+	# Restart node 2
+	log_info "Restarting node 2..."
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Re-register peers after restart
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	# Wait for sync
+	sleep 10
+
+	# After recovery, node 2 should have synced node 1's data
+	local sync_ok=true
+
+	if ! has_peer_addr $debug_port2 1; then
+		log_error "Node 2 missing peer_addr for node 1 after recovery"
+		sync_ok=false
+	fi
+	if ! has_node_info $debug_port2 1; then
+		log_error "Node 2 missing node_info for node 1 after recovery"
+		sync_ok=false
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$sync_ok" == "true" ]]; then
+		log_info "Node recovery test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Node recovery test FAILED: node 2 did not sync data from node 1"
+		log_info "Sync data from node 2: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port2)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 4: Status endpoint structure (Admin.WaveKvStatus RPC)
+# =============================================================================
+test_status_endpoint() {
+	log_info "========== Test 4: Status Endpoint =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local admin_port=13016
+	local status=$(get_status $admin_port)
+
+	# Verify all expected fields exist
+	local checks_passed=0
+	local total_checks=6
+
+	echo "$status" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+assert d['enabled'] == True, 'enabled should be True'
+assert 'persistent' in d, 'missing persistent'
+assert 'ephemeral' in d, 'missing ephemeral'
+assert d['persistent']['wal_enabled'] == True, 'persistent wal should be enabled'
+assert d['ephemeral']['wal_enabled'] == False, 'ephemeral wal should be disabled'
+assert 'peers' in d['persistent'], 'missing peers in persistent'
+print('All status checks passed')
+" && checks_passed=1
+
+	if [[ $checks_passed -eq 1 ]]; then
+		log_info "Status endpoint test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Status endpoint test FAILED"
+		log_info "Status response: $status"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 5: Cross-node data sync verification (KvStore + ProxyState)
+# =============================================================================
+test_cross_node_data_sync() {
+	log_info "========== Test 5: Cross-node Data Sync =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Register peers so nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+
+	# Wait for initial connection
+	sleep 5
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port1; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available on node 1"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Register a client on node 1 via debug port
+	log_info "Registering client on node 1 via debug port..."
+	local register_response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port1 "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "app1" "inst1")
+	log_info "Register response: $register_response"
+
+	# Verify registration succeeded
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$register_response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Registered client with IP: $client_ip"
+
+	# Wait for sync (need at least 3 sync intervals of 5s for data to propagate)
+	log_info "Waiting for sync..."
+	sleep 20
+
+	# Check KvStore instance count on both nodes
+	local kv_instances1=$(get_n_instances $debug_port1)
+	local kv_instances2=$(get_n_instances $debug_port2)
+
+	# Check ProxyState instance count on both nodes
+	local ps_instances1=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port1)
+	local ps_instances2=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port2)
+
+	log_info "Node 1: KvStore=$kv_instances1, ProxyState=$ps_instances1"
+	log_info "Node 2: KvStore=$kv_instances2, ProxyState=$ps_instances2"
+
+	local test_passed=true
+
+	# Verify KvStore sync
+	if [[ "$kv_instances1" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$kv_instances2" -lt 1 ]]; then
+		log_error "KvStore sync failed: kv_instances1=$kv_instances1, kv_instances2=$kv_instances2"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify ProxyState sync (node 2 should have loaded instance from KvStore)
+	if [[ "$ps_instances1" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$ps_instances2" -lt 1 ]]; then
+		log_error "ProxyState sync failed: ps_instances1=$ps_instances1, ps_instances2=$ps_instances2"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify consistency on each node
+	if [[ "$kv_instances1" -ne "$ps_instances1" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 1 inconsistent: KvStore=$kv_instances1, ProxyState=$ps_instances1"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+	if [[ "$kv_instances2" -ne "$ps_instances2" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 inconsistent: KvStore=$kv_instances2, ProxyState=$ps_instances2"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_passed" == "true" ]]; then
+		log_info "Cross-node data sync test PASSED (KvStore and ProxyState consistent)"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_info "KvStore from node 1: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port1)"
+		log_info "KvStore from node 2: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port2)"
+		log_info "ProxyState from node 1: $(debug_get_proxy_state $debug_port1)"
+		log_info "ProxyState from node 2: $(debug_get_proxy_state $debug_port2)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Push fast path: propagation must happen before the periodic interval
+# =============================================================================
+test_push_fast_path() {
+	log_info "========== Push Fast Path =========="
+	cleanup
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+
+	local before=$(get_n_instances 13025)
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+		"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "push_app" "push_instance")
+	verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null || return 1
+	# The periodic interval is 5 seconds. Arrival within 3 seconds exercises push.
+	wait_for_instances 13025 $((before + 1)) 3 || {
+		log_error "Node 2 did not receive the write before the periodic interval"; return 1; }
+	for _ in $(seq 1 30); do
+		local digest1=$(get_persistent_digest 13016)
+		local digest2=$(get_persistent_digest 13026)
+		if [[ -n "$digest1" && "$digest1" == "$digest2" ]]; then
+			log_info "Push fast-path and digest convergence test PASSED"; return 0
+		fi
+		sleep 0.1
+	done
+	log_error "Persistent digests did not converge after push"
+	return 1
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Periodic anti-entropy must repair a write whose push could not be delivered
+# =============================================================================
+test_periodic_repair_after_missed_push() {
+	log_info "========== Periodic Repair After Missed Push =========="
+	cleanup
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+
+	local before=$(get_n_instances 13025)
+	stop_node 2
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+		"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "repair_app" "repair_instance")
+	verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null || return 1
+	sleep 1
+	start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2
+	wait_for_instances 13025 $((before + 1)) 15 || {
+		log_error "Periodic sync did not repair the missed write"; return 1; }
+	log_info "Periodic repair test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# A node that loses its local store files must bootstrap before local writes
+# =============================================================================
+test_bootstrap_after_data_dir_loss() {
+	log_info "========== Bootstrap After Data Directory Loss =========="
+	cleanup
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2 "https://localhost:13012"
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+		"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "bootstrap_app" "bootstrap_instance")
+	verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null || return 1
+	wait_for_instances 13025 1 10 || return 1
+	local old_uuid=$(get_node_uuid 13026)
+	if [[ -z "$old_uuid" || "$old_uuid" == "null" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 did not report its identity before recovery"; return 1
+	fi
+
+	stop_node 2
+	cp "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2/node_uuid" "$RUN_DIR/node2.uuid"
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	mv "$RUN_DIR/node2.uuid" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2/node_uuid"
+	start_node 2
+	wait_for_instances 13025 1 15 || {
+		log_error "Node 2 did not bootstrap after losing its local store"; return 1; }
+	if [[ "$(get_persistent_digest 13016)" != "$(get_persistent_digest 13026)" ]]; then
+		log_error "Persistent digests differ after bootstrap"; return 1
+	fi
+	setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+	local new_uuid=$(get_node_uuid 13026)
+	if [[ -z "$new_uuid" || "$new_uuid" == "null" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 did not report its post-recovery identity"; return 1
+	fi
+	if [[ "$old_uuid" != "$new_uuid" ]]; then
+		log_error "Losing the WaveKV store unexpectedly changed the node UUID"; return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Data-directory-loss bootstrap test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Divergent writes made from the same base must merge after both nodes return
+# =============================================================================
+test_divergent_partition_writes() {
+	log_info "========== Divergent Partition Writes =========="
+	cleanup
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+
+	stop_node 2
+	verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+		"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "left_app" "left_instance")" >/dev/null || return 1
+	stop_node 1; start_node 2
+	verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm 13025 \
+		"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBA=" "right_app" "right_instance")" >/dev/null || return 1
+	start_node 1; setup_peers 1 2
+	wait_for_instances 13015 2 15 && wait_for_instances 13025 2 15 || {
+		log_error "Divergent partition writes did not merge"; return 1; }
+	wait_for_digest_match persistent 13016 13026 10 || {
+		log_error "Persistent digests did not converge after divergent writes"; return 1; }
+	log_info "Divergent partition write test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Pushes racing the periodic round must remain idempotent and converge
+# =============================================================================
+test_push_periodic_overlap() {
+	log_info "========== Push and Periodic Sync Overlap =========="
+	cleanup
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 4
+	local before=$(get_n_instances 13015)
+	for i in $(seq 1 6); do
+		verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+			"$(test_public_key $((100 + i)))" "overlap_app_$i" "overlap_instance_$i")" >/dev/null || {
+			log_error "Overlap write $i was rejected"; return 1; }
+		sleep 0.2
+	done
+	wait_for_instances 13025 $((before + 6)) 15 || {
+		log_error "Writes racing periodic sync did not arrive"; return 1; }
+	[[ "$(get_n_instances 13015)" -eq $((before + 6)) ]] || {
+		log_error "Overlapping push and sync produced duplicate instances"; return 1; }
+	wait_for_digest_match persistent 13016 13026 10 || return 1
+	log_info "Push/periodic overlap test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# A node started before its bootnode must discover it on a later retry
+# =============================================================================
+test_delayed_bootnode_recovery() {
+	log_info "========== Delayed Bootnode Recovery =========="
+	cleanup
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2 "https://localhost:13012"
+	start_node 2
+	verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm 13025 \
+		"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "delayed_app" "delayed_instance")" >/dev/null || return 1
+	sleep 2; start_node 1
+	for _ in $(seq 1 25); do
+		has_peer_addr 13015 2 && has_peer_addr 13025 1 && break
+		sleep 1
+	done
+	has_peer_addr 13015 2 && has_peer_addr 13025 1 || {
+		log_error "Bootnode retry did not form the cluster"; return 1; }
+	wait_for_instances 13015 1 15 || {
+		log_error "Data did not converge after delayed bootnode recovery"; return 1; }
+	log_info "Delayed bootnode recovery test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Interrupting a recovery round must not prevent a later round from converging
+# =============================================================================
+test_interrupted_sync_recovery() {
+	log_info "========== Interrupted Sync Recovery =========="
+	cleanup
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+	stop_node 2
+	for i in $(seq 1 20); do
+		verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+			"$(test_public_key $((200 + i)))" "interrupt_app_$i" "interrupt_instance_$i")" >/dev/null || {
+			log_error "Interrupted-sync fixture write $i was rejected"; return 1; }
+	done
+	start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 0.2; stop_node 2
+	start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2
+	wait_for_instances 13025 20 20 || {
+		log_error "Sync did not recover after interruption"; return 1; }
+	wait_for_digest_match persistent 13016 13026 10 || return 1
+	log_info "Interrupted sync recovery test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Ephemeral state must resume converging after a peer outage
+# =============================================================================
+test_ephemeral_recovery() {
+	log_info "========== Ephemeral Store Recovery =========="
+	cleanup
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 8
+	stop_node 2; sleep 2; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2
+	for _ in $(seq 1 20); do
+		local keys1=$(debug_get_sync_data 13015 | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['ephemeral_keys'])")
+		local keys2=$(debug_get_sync_data 13025 | python3 -c "import sys,json; print(json.load(sys.stdin)['ephemeral_keys'])")
+		if [[ "$keys1" -gt 0 && "$keys2" -gt 0 ]]; then break; fi
+		sleep 1
+	done
+	wait_for_digest_match ephemeral 13016 13026 15 || {
+		log_error "Ephemeral store did not converge after restart"; return 1; }
+	log_info "Ephemeral recovery test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# A fresh third node must bootstrap while another non-bootnode peer is down
+# =============================================================================
+test_partial_cluster_bootstrap() {
+	log_info "========== Partial Cluster Bootstrap =========="
+	cleanup
+	generate_config 1; generate_config 2; generate_config 3 "https://localhost:13012"
+	start_node 1; start_node 2; setup_peers 1 2; sleep 6
+	verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm 13015 \
+		"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=" "partial_app" "partial_instance")" >/dev/null || return 1
+	wait_for_instances 13025 1 10 || return 1
+	stop_node 2; start_node 3
+	wait_for_instances 13035 1 20 || {
+		log_error "Node 3 did not bootstrap while node 2 was unavailable"; return 1; }
+	log_info "Partial-cluster bootstrap test PASSED"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 6: prpc DebugRegisterCvm endpoint (on separate debug port)
+# =============================================================================
+test_prpc_register() {
+	log_info "========== Test 6: prpc DebugRegisterCvm =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local debug_port=13015
+
+	# Verify debug service is available first
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Debug service is available"
+
+	# Register via debug port
+	local register_response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "prpctest12345678901234567890123456789012=" "deadbeef" "cafebabe")
+	log_info "Register response: $register_response"
+
+	# Verify registration succeeded
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$register_response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "prpc DebugRegisterCvm test FAILED"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	log_info "DebugRegisterCvm success: client_ip=$client_ip"
+	log_info "prpc DebugRegisterCvm test PASSED"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 7: prpc Info endpoint
+# =============================================================================
+test_prpc_info() {
+	log_info "========== Test 7: prpc Info =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local port=13012
+
+	# Call Info via prpc
+	# Note: trim: "Tproxy." removes "Tproxy.Gateway." prefix, so endpoint is just /prpc/Info
+	local info_response=$(curl -sk --cacert "$CA_CERT" \
+		-X POST "https://localhost:${port}/prpc/Info" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+		-d '{}' 2>/dev/null)
+
+	log_info "Info response: $info_response"
+
+	# Verify response has expected fields and no error
+	echo "$info_response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+if 'error' in d:
+    print(f'ERROR: {d[\"error\"]}', file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(1)
+assert 'base_domain' in d, 'missing base_domain'
+assert 'external_port' in d, 'missing external_port'
+print('prpc Info check passed')
+" && {
+		log_info "prpc Info test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	} || {
+		log_error "prpc Info test FAILED"
+		return 1
+	}
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 8: Client registration and data persistence
+# =============================================================================
+test_client_registration_persistence() {
+	log_info "========== Test 8: Client Registration Persistence =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local debug_port=13015
+	local admin_port=13016
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Register a client via debug port
+	log_info "Registering client..."
+	local register_response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "persisttest1234567890123456789012345678901=" "persist_app" "persist_inst")
+	log_info "Register response: $register_response"
+
+	# Verify registration succeeded
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$register_response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Get initial key count
+	local keys_before=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys before restart: $keys_before"
+
+	# Restart node
+	stop_node 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	# Check keys after restart
+	local keys_after=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys after restart: $keys_after"
+
+	if [[ "$keys_after" -ge "$keys_before" ]] && [[ "$keys_before" -gt 2 ]]; then
+		log_info "Client registration persistence test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Client registration persistence test FAILED: keys_before=$keys_before, keys_after=$keys_after"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 9: Stress test - multiple writes
+# =============================================================================
+test_stress_writes() {
+	log_info "========== Test 9: Stress Test =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local debug_port=13015
+	local admin_port=13016
+	local num_clients=10
+	local success_count=0
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	log_info "Registering $num_clients clients via debug port..."
+	for i in $(seq 1 $num_clients); do
+		local key=$(printf "stresstest%02d12345678901234567890123456=" "$i")
+		local app_id=$(printf "stressapp%02d" "$i")
+		local inst_id=$(printf "stressinst%02d" "$i")
+		local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "$key" "$app_id" "$inst_id")
+		if verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			((success_count++))
+		fi
+	done
+
+	log_info "Successfully registered $success_count/$num_clients clients"
+
+	sleep 2
+
+	local keys_after=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys after stress test: $keys_after"
+
+	# We expect successful registrations to create keys
+	if [[ "$success_count" -eq "$num_clients" ]] && [[ "$keys_after" -gt 2 ]]; then
+		log_info "Stress test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Stress test FAILED: success_count=$success_count, keys_after=$keys_after"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 10: Network partition simulation (KvStore + ProxyState consistency)
+# =============================================================================
+test_network_partition() {
+	log_info "========== Test 10: Network Partition Recovery =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	# Clean up all state files to ensure fresh start
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Register peers so nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+
+	# Let them sync initially
+	sleep 5
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port1; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available on node 1"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Stop node 2 (simulate partition)
+	log_info "Simulating network partition - stopping node 2..."
+	stop_node 2
+
+	# Register clients on node 1 while node 2 is down
+	log_info "Registering clients on node 1 during partition..."
+	local success_count=0
+	for i in $(seq 1 3); do
+		local key=$(printf "partition%02d123456789012345678901234567=" "$i")
+		local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port1 "$key" "partition_app$i" "partition_inst$i")
+		if verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			((success_count++))
+		fi
+	done
+	log_info "Registered $success_count/3 clients during partition"
+
+	local kv1_during=$(get_n_instances $debug_port1)
+	local ps1_during=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port1)
+	log_info "Node 1 during partition: KvStore=$kv1_during, ProxyState=$ps1_during"
+
+	# Restore node 2
+	log_info "Healing partition - restarting node 2..."
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Re-register peers after restart
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	# Wait for sync
+	sleep 15
+
+	# Check KvStore and ProxyState on both nodes after recovery
+	local kv1_after=$(get_n_instances $debug_port1)
+	local kv2_after=$(get_n_instances $debug_port2)
+	local ps1_after=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port1)
+	local ps2_after=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port2)
+
+	log_info "Node 1 after recovery: KvStore=$kv1_after, ProxyState=$ps1_after"
+	log_info "Node 2 after recovery: KvStore=$kv2_after, ProxyState=$ps2_after"
+
+	local test_passed=true
+
+	# Verify basic sync
+	if [[ "$success_count" -ne 3 ]] || [[ "$kv1_during" -lt 3 ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration or KvStore write failed during partition"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify node 2 synced KvStore
+	if [[ "$kv2_after" -lt "$kv1_during" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 KvStore sync failed: kv2_after=$kv2_after, expected >= $kv1_during"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify node 2 ProxyState sync
+	if [[ "$ps2_after" -lt "$kv1_during" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 ProxyState sync failed: ps2_after=$ps2_after, expected >= $kv1_during"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify consistency on each node
+	if [[ "$kv1_after" -ne "$ps1_after" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 1 inconsistent: KvStore=$kv1_after, ProxyState=$ps1_after"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+	if [[ "$kv2_after" -ne "$ps2_after" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 inconsistent: KvStore=$kv2_after, ProxyState=$ps2_after"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_passed" == "true" ]]; then
+		log_info "Network partition recovery test PASSED (KvStore and ProxyState consistent)"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_info "KvStore from node 2: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port2)"
+		log_info "ProxyState from node 2: $(debug_get_proxy_state $debug_port2)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 11: Three-node cluster (KvStore + ProxyState consistency)
+# =============================================================================
+test_three_node_cluster() {
+	log_info "========== Test 11: Three-node Cluster =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	# Clean up all state files to ensure fresh start
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node3"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node3.json"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+	generate_config 3
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+	start_node 3
+
+	# Register peers so all nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2 3
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+	local debug_port3=13035
+
+	# Wait for cluster to form
+	sleep 10
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port1; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available on node 1"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Register client on node 1
+	log_info "Registering client on node 1..."
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port1 "threenode12345678901234567890123456789=" "threenode_app" "threenode_inst")
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Registered client with IP: $client_ip"
+
+	# Wait for sync across all nodes (need at least 2 sync intervals of 5s)
+	sleep 20
+
+	# Check KvStore instances on all three nodes
+	local kv1=$(get_n_instances $debug_port1)
+	local kv2=$(get_n_instances $debug_port2)
+	local kv3=$(get_n_instances $debug_port3)
+
+	# Check ProxyState instances on all three nodes
+	local ps1=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port1)
+	local ps2=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port2)
+	local ps3=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port3)
+
+	log_info "Node 1: KvStore=$kv1, ProxyState=$ps1"
+	log_info "Node 2: KvStore=$kv2, ProxyState=$ps2"
+	log_info "Node 3: KvStore=$kv3, ProxyState=$ps3"
+
+	local test_passed=true
+
+	# Verify KvStore sync on all nodes
+	if [[ "$kv1" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$kv2" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$kv3" -lt 1 ]]; then
+		log_error "KvStore sync failed: kv1=$kv1, kv2=$kv2, kv3=$kv3"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify ProxyState sync on all nodes
+	if [[ "$ps1" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$ps2" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$ps3" -lt 1 ]]; then
+		log_error "ProxyState sync failed: ps1=$ps1, ps2=$ps2, ps3=$ps3"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify consistency on each node
+	if [[ "$kv1" -ne "$ps1" ]] || [[ "$kv2" -ne "$ps2" ]] || [[ "$kv3" -ne "$ps3" ]]; then
+		log_error "Inconsistency detected between KvStore and ProxyState"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_passed" == "true" ]]; then
+		log_info "Three-node cluster test PASSED (KvStore and ProxyState consistent)"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_info "KvStore from node 1: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port1)"
+		log_info "KvStore from node 2: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port2)"
+		log_info "KvStore from node 3: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port3)"
+		log_info "ProxyState from node 1: $(debug_get_proxy_state $debug_port1)"
+		log_info "ProxyState from node 2: $(debug_get_proxy_state $debug_port2)"
+		log_info "ProxyState from node 3: $(debug_get_proxy_state $debug_port3)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 12: WAL file integrity
+# =============================================================================
+test_wal_integrity() {
+	log_info "========== Test 12: WAL File Integrity =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local debug_port=13015
+	local success_count=0
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Register some clients via debug port
+	for i in $(seq 1 5); do
+		local key=$(printf "waltest%02d1234567890123456789012345678901=" "$i")
+		local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "$key" "wal_app$i" "wal_inst$i")
+		if verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			((success_count++))
+		fi
+	done
+	log_info "Registered $success_count/5 clients"
+
+	if [[ "$success_count" -ne 5 ]]; then
+		log_error "Failed to register all clients"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	sleep 2
+	stop_node 1
+
+	# Check WAL file exists and has content
+	local wal_file="$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1/node_1.wal"
+	if [[ -f "$wal_file" ]]; then
+		local wal_size=$(stat -c%s "$wal_file" 2>/dev/null || stat -f%z "$wal_file" 2>/dev/null)
+		log_info "WAL file size: $wal_size bytes"
+
+		if [[ "$wal_size" -gt 100 ]]; then
+			log_info "WAL file integrity test PASSED"
+			return 0
+		else
+			log_error "WAL file integrity test FAILED: WAL file too small ($wal_size bytes)"
+			return 1
+		fi
+	else
+		log_error "WAL file not found: $wal_file"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 13: Three-node cluster with bootnode (no dynamic peer setup)
+# =============================================================================
+test_three_node_bootnode() {
+	log_info "========== Test 13: Three-node Cluster with Bootnode =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	# Clean up all state files to ensure fresh start
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node3"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node3.json"
+
+	# Node 1 is the bootnode (no bootnode config)
+	# Node 2 and 3 use node 1 as bootnode
+	local bootnode_url="https://localhost:13012"
+
+	generate_config 1 ""
+	generate_config 2 "$bootnode_url"
+	generate_config 3 "$bootnode_url"
+
+	# Start node 1 first (bootnode)
+	start_node 1
+	sleep 2
+
+	# Start node 2 and 3, they will discover each other via bootnode
+	start_node 2
+	start_node 3
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+	local debug_port3=13035
+
+	# Wait for cluster to form via bootnode discovery
+	log_info "Waiting for nodes to discover each other via bootnode..."
+	sleep 15
+
+	# Verify debug service is available on all nodes
+	for port in $debug_port1 $debug_port2 $debug_port3; do
+		if ! check_debug_service $port; then
+			log_error "Debug service not available on port $port"
+			return 1
+		fi
+	done
+
+	# Check peer discovery - each node should know about the others
+	local peer_addrs1=$(get_n_peer_addrs $debug_port1)
+	local peer_addrs2=$(get_n_peer_addrs $debug_port2)
+	local peer_addrs3=$(get_n_peer_addrs $debug_port3)
+
+	log_info "Peer addresses: node1=$peer_addrs1, node2=$peer_addrs2, node3=$peer_addrs3"
+
+	# Register client on node 2 (not the bootnode)
+	log_info "Registering client on node 2..."
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port2 "bootnode12345678901234567890123456789=" "bootnode_app" "bootnode_inst")
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Registered client with IP: $client_ip"
+
+	# Wait for sync across all nodes
+	sleep 20
+
+	# Check KvStore instances on all three nodes
+	local kv1=$(get_n_instances $debug_port1)
+	local kv2=$(get_n_instances $debug_port2)
+	local kv3=$(get_n_instances $debug_port3)
+
+	# Check ProxyState instances on all three nodes
+	local ps1=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port1)
+	local ps2=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port2)
+	local ps3=$(get_n_proxy_state_instances $debug_port3)
+
+	log_info "Node 1 (bootnode): KvStore=$kv1, ProxyState=$ps1"
+	log_info "Node 2: KvStore=$kv2, ProxyState=$ps2"
+	log_info "Node 3: KvStore=$kv3, ProxyState=$ps3"
+
+	local test_passed=true
+
+	# Verify peer discovery worked (each node should have at least 2 peer addresses)
+	if [[ "$peer_addrs1" -lt 2 ]] || [[ "$peer_addrs2" -lt 2 ]] || [[ "$peer_addrs3" -lt 2 ]]; then
+		log_error "Peer discovery via bootnode failed: peer_addrs1=$peer_addrs1, peer_addrs2=$peer_addrs2, peer_addrs3=$peer_addrs3"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify KvStore sync on all nodes
+	if [[ "$kv1" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$kv2" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$kv3" -lt 1 ]]; then
+		log_error "KvStore sync failed: kv1=$kv1, kv2=$kv2, kv3=$kv3"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify ProxyState sync on all nodes
+	if [[ "$ps1" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$ps2" -lt 1 ]] || [[ "$ps3" -lt 1 ]]; then
+		log_error "ProxyState sync failed: ps1=$ps1, ps2=$ps2, ps3=$ps3"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	# Verify consistency on each node
+	if [[ "$kv1" -ne "$ps1" ]] || [[ "$kv2" -ne "$ps2" ]] || [[ "$kv3" -ne "$ps3" ]]; then
+		log_error "Inconsistency detected between KvStore and ProxyState"
+		test_passed=false
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_passed" == "true" ]]; then
+		log_info "Three-node bootnode cluster test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_info "Sync data from node 1: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port1)"
+		log_info "Sync data from node 2: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port2)"
+		log_info "Sync data from node 3: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port3)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 14: Node ID reuse rejection
+# =============================================================================
+test_node_id_reuse_rejected() {
+	log_info "========== Node ID Reuse Rejection and Recovery =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	# Clean up all state files to ensure fresh start
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node1.json" "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+
+	# Start node 1 and node 2, let them sync
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Register peers so nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	local debug_port1=13015
+	local debug_port2=13025
+	local admin_port1=13016
+
+	# Wait for initial sync
+	log_info "Waiting for initial sync between node 1 and node 2..."
+	sleep 10
+
+	# Verify both nodes have synced
+	if ! has_peer_addr $debug_port1 2; then
+		log_error "Node 1 missing peer_addr for node 2"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	if ! has_peer_addr $debug_port2 1; then
+		log_error "Node 2 missing peer_addr for node 1"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Initial sync completed successfully"
+	verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port1 \
+		"$(test_public_key 400)" "reuse_app" "reuse_fixture")" >/dev/null || return 1
+	wait_for_instances $debug_port2 1 10 || {
+		log_error "Node 2 did not receive the recovery fixture"; return 1; }
+	local old_uuid=$(get_node_uuid 13026)
+
+	# Get initial key count on node 1
+	local keys_before=$(get_n_keys $admin_port1)
+	log_info "Keys on node 1 before node 2 restart: $keys_before"
+
+	# Stop node 2 and delete its data (simulating a fresh node trying to reuse the ID)
+	log_info "Stopping node 2 and deleting its data..."
+	stop_node 2
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+	rm -f "$RUN_DIR/gateway-state-node2.json"
+
+	# Restart node 2 - it will have a new UUID but same node_id
+	log_info "Restarting node 2 with fresh data (new UUID, same node_id)..."
+	start_node 2
+	local new_uuid=$(get_node_uuid 13026)
+	if [[ -z "$old_uuid" || -z "$new_uuid" || "$old_uuid" == "$new_uuid" ]]; then
+		log_error "Fresh node 2 did not receive a new UUID"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Re-register peers
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	# The first exchange must reject the conflicting identity. A response from the
+	# established peer then carries the fresh identity record so subsequent rounds
+	# can converge instead of leaving the pair permanently wedged.
+	local log_file1="${LOG_DIR}/${CURRENT_TEST}_node1.log"
+	local log_file2="${LOG_DIR}/${CURRENT_TEST}_node2.log"
+	local mismatch_seen=false
+	for _ in $(seq 1 15); do
+		if grep -q "UUID mismatch" "$log_file1" "$log_file2" 2>/dev/null; then
+			mismatch_seen=true
+			break
+		fi
+		sleep 1
+	done
+	if [[ "$mismatch_seen" != "true" ]]; then
+		log_error "Reused node ID was not rejected"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Node 1 should have rejected sync from new node 2
+	# Check if node 1's data is still intact (keys should not decrease)
+	local keys_after=$(get_n_keys $admin_port1)
+	log_info "Keys on node 1 after node 2 restart: $keys_after"
+
+	# Verify node 1's data is intact
+	if [[ "$keys_after" -lt "$keys_before" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 1 lost data after node 2 restart with reused ID"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	wait_for_instances $debug_port2 1 20 || {
+		log_error "Fresh node did not recover after the UUID rejection"; return 1; }
+	wait_for_digest_match persistent 13016 13026 15 || {
+		log_error "Stores did not converge after UUID recovery"; return 1; }
+	verify_register_response "$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port2 \
+		"$(test_public_key 401)" "reuse_app" "post_recovery")" >/dev/null || return 1
+	wait_for_instances $debug_port1 2 15 || {
+		log_error "Post-recovery write did not propagate"; return 1; }
+	wait_for_digest_match persistent 13016 13026 10 || return 1
+	log_info "Node ID reuse rejection and recovery test PASSED"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 15: Periodic persistence
+# =============================================================================
+test_periodic_persistence() {
+	log_info "========== Test 15: Periodic Persistence =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local debug_port=13015
+	local admin_port=13016
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Register some clients to create data
+	log_info "Registering clients to create data..."
+	local success_count=0
+	for i in $(seq 1 3); do
+		local key=$(printf "persist%02d123456789012345678901234567890=" "$i")
+		local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "$key" "persist_app$i" "persist_inst$i")
+		if verify_register_response "$response" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			((success_count++))
+		fi
+	done
+	log_info "Registered $success_count/3 clients"
+
+	if [[ "$success_count" -ne 3 ]]; then
+		log_error "Failed to register all clients"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Get initial key count
+	local keys_before=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys before waiting for persist: $keys_before"
+
+	# Wait for periodic persistence (persist_interval is 5s in test config)
+	log_info "Waiting for periodic persistence (8s)..."
+	sleep 8
+
+	# Check log for periodic persist message
+	local log_file="${LOG_DIR}/${CURRENT_TEST}_node1.log"
+	if grep -q "periodic persist completed" "$log_file" 2>/dev/null; then
+		log_info "Found periodic persist message in log"
+	else
+		log_error "Periodic persist message not found in log - test FAILED"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Stop node
+	stop_node 1
+
+	# Check WAL file exists and has content
+	local wal_file="$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1/node_1.wal"
+	if [[ ! -f "$wal_file" ]]; then
+		log_error "WAL file not found: $wal_file"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	local wal_size=$(stat -c%s "$wal_file" 2>/dev/null || stat -f%z "$wal_file" 2>/dev/null)
+	log_info "WAL file size after periodic persist: $wal_size bytes"
+
+	# Restart node and verify data is recovered
+	log_info "Restarting node to verify persistence..."
+	start_node 1
+
+	local keys_after=$(get_n_keys $admin_port)
+	log_info "Keys after restart: $keys_after"
+
+	if [[ "$keys_after" -ge "$keys_before" ]]; then
+		log_info "Periodic persistence test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Periodic persistence test FAILED: keys_before=$keys_before, keys_after=$keys_after"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Admin RPC helper functions
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Call Admin.SetNodeUrl RPC
+# Usage: admin_set_node_url <admin_port> <node_id> <url>
+admin_set_node_url() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	local node_id=$2
+	local url=$3
+	curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${admin_port}/prpc/Admin.SetNodeUrl" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+		-d "{\"id\": $node_id, \"url\": \"$url\"}" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Register peers between nodes via Admin RPC
+# This is needed since we removed peer_node_ids/peer_urls from config
+# Usage: setup_peers <node_ids...>
+# Example: setup_peers 1 2 3  # Sets up peers between nodes 1, 2, and 3
+setup_peers() {
+	local node_ids=("$@")
+
+	for src_node in "${node_ids[@]}"; do
+		local src_admin_port=$((13000 + src_node * 10 + 6))
+
+		for dst_node in "${node_ids[@]}"; do
+			if [[ "$src_node" != "$dst_node" ]]; then
+				local dst_rpc_port=$((13000 + dst_node * 10 + 2))
+				local dst_url="https://localhost:${dst_rpc_port}"
+				admin_set_node_url "$src_admin_port" "$dst_node" "$dst_url"
+			fi
+		done
+	done
+
+	# Wait for peers to be registered
+	sleep 1
+}
+
+# Call Admin.SetNodeStatus RPC
+# Usage: admin_set_node_status <admin_port> <node_id> <status>
+# status: "up" or "down"
+admin_set_node_status() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	local node_id=$2
+	local status=$3
+	curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${admin_port}/prpc/Admin.SetNodeStatus" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+		-d "{\"id\": $node_id, \"status\": \"$status\"}" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Call Admin.Status RPC to get all nodes
+# Usage: admin_get_status <admin_port>
+admin_get_status() {
+	local admin_port=$1
+	curl -s -X POST "http://localhost:${admin_port}/prpc/Admin.Status" \
+		-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+		-d '{}' 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# Get peer URL from sync data
+# Usage: get_peer_url <debug_port> <node_id>
+get_peer_url_from_sync() {
+	local debug_port=$1
+	local node_id=$2
+	local response=$(debug_get_sync_data "$debug_port")
+	echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    for pa in d.get('peer_addrs', []):
+        if pa.get('node_id') == $node_id:
+            print(pa.get('url', ''))
+            sys.exit(0)
+    print('')
+except Exception:
+    print('')
+" 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 16: Admin.SetNodeUrl RPC
+# =============================================================================
+test_admin_set_node_url() {
+	log_info "========== Test 16: Admin.SetNodeUrl RPC =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local admin_port=13016
+	local debug_port=13015
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Set URL for a new node (node 2) via Admin RPC
+	local new_url="https://new-node2.example.com:8011"
+	log_info "Setting node 2 URL via Admin.SetNodeUrl..."
+	local response=$(admin_set_node_url $admin_port 2 "$new_url")
+	log_info "SetNodeUrl response: $response"
+
+	# Check if the response contains an error
+	if echo "$response" | grep -q '"error"'; then
+		log_error "SetNodeUrl returned error: $response"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Wait for data to be written
+	sleep 2
+
+	# Verify the URL was stored in KvStore
+	local stored_url=$(get_peer_url_from_sync $debug_port 2)
+	log_info "Stored URL for node 2: $stored_url"
+
+	if [[ "$stored_url" == "$new_url" ]]; then
+		log_info "Admin.SetNodeUrl test PASSED"
+		return 0
+	else
+		log_error "Admin.SetNodeUrl test FAILED: expected '$new_url', got '$stored_url'"
+		log_info "Sync data: $(debug_get_sync_data $debug_port)"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 17: Admin.SetNodeStatus RPC
+# =============================================================================
+test_admin_set_node_status() {
+	log_info "========== Test 17: Admin.SetNodeStatus RPC =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local admin_port=13016
+	local debug_port=13015
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# First set a URL for node 2 so we have a peer
+	admin_set_node_url $admin_port 2 "https://node2.example.com:8011"
+	sleep 1
+
+	# Set node 2 status to "down"
+	log_info "Setting node 2 status to 'down' via Admin.SetNodeStatus..."
+	local response=$(admin_set_node_status $admin_port 2 "down")
+	log_info "SetNodeStatus response: $response"
+
+	# Check if the response contains an error
+	if echo "$response" | grep -q '"error"'; then
+		log_error "SetNodeStatus returned error: $response"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	sleep 1
+
+	# Set node 2 status back to "up"
+	log_info "Setting node 2 status to 'up' via Admin.SetNodeStatus..."
+	response=$(admin_set_node_status $admin_port 2 "up")
+	log_info "SetNodeStatus response: $response"
+
+	if echo "$response" | grep -q '"error"'; then
+		log_error "SetNodeStatus returned error: $response"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Test invalid status
+	log_info "Testing invalid status..."
+	response=$(admin_set_node_status $admin_port 2 "invalid")
+	if echo "$response" | grep -q '"error"'; then
+		log_info "Invalid status correctly rejected"
+	else
+		log_warn "Invalid status was not rejected (may be acceptable)"
+	fi
+
+	log_info "Admin.SetNodeStatus test PASSED"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 18: Node down excluded from RegisterCvm response
+# =============================================================================
+test_node_status_register_exclude() {
+	log_info "========== Test 18: Node Down Excluded from Registration =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1" "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node2"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	generate_config 2
+
+	start_node 1
+	start_node 2
+
+	# Register peers so nodes can discover each other
+	setup_peers 1 2
+
+	local admin_port1=13016
+	local admin_port2=13026
+	local debug_port1=13015
+
+	# Wait for sync
+	sleep 5
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port1; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available on node 1"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Set node 2 status to "down" via node 1's admin API
+	log_info "Setting node 2 status to 'down'..."
+	admin_set_node_status $admin_port1 2 "down"
+	sleep 2
+
+	# Register a client on node 1
+	log_info "Registering client on node 1 (node 2 is down)..."
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port1 "downtest12345678901234567890123456789012=" "downtest_app" "downtest_inst")
+	log_info "Register response: $response"
+
+	# Verify registration succeeded
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Registered client with IP: $client_ip"
+
+	# Check gateways list in response - should NOT include node 2
+	local has_node2=$(echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    gateways = d.get('gateways', [])
+    for gw in gateways:
+        if gw.get('id') == 2:
+            sys.exit(0)
+    sys.exit(1)
+except Exception:
+    sys.exit(1)
+" && echo "yes" || echo "no")
+
+	if [[ "$has_node2" == "yes" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 (down) was included in registration response"
+		log_info "Response: $response"
+		return 1
+	else
+		log_info "Node 2 (down) correctly excluded from registration response"
+	fi
+
+	# Set node 2 status back to "up"
+	log_info "Setting node 2 status to 'up'..."
+	admin_set_node_status $admin_port1 2 "up"
+	sleep 2
+
+	# Register another client
+	log_info "Registering client on node 1 (node 2 is now up)..."
+	response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port1 "uptest123456789012345678901234567890123=" "uptest_app" "uptest_inst2")
+
+	# Check gateways list - should now include node 2
+	has_node2=$(echo "$response" | python3 -c "
+import sys, json
+try:
+    d = json.load(sys.stdin)
+    gateways = d.get('gateways', [])
+    for gw in gateways:
+        if gw.get('id') == 2:
+            sys.exit(0)
+    sys.exit(1)
+except Exception:
+    sys.exit(1)
+" && echo "yes" || echo "no")
+
+	if [[ "$has_node2" == "no" ]]; then
+		log_error "Node 2 (up) was NOT included in registration response"
+		log_info "Response: $response"
+		return 1
+	else
+		log_info "Node 2 (up) correctly included in registration response"
+	fi
+
+	log_info "Node down excluded from registration test PASSED"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Test 19: Node down rejects RegisterCvm requests
+# =============================================================================
+test_node_status_register_reject() {
+	log_info "========== Test 19: Node Down Rejects Registration =========="
+	cleanup
+
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR/wavekv_node1"
+
+	generate_config 1
+	start_node 1
+
+	local admin_port=13016
+	local debug_port=13015
+
+	# Verify debug service is available
+	if ! check_debug_service $debug_port; then
+		log_error "Debug service not available"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Register a client when node is up (should succeed)
+	log_info "Registering client when node 1 is up..."
+	local response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "upnode123456789012345678901234567890123=" "upnode_app" "upnode_inst")
+	local client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed when node was up"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Registration succeeded when node was up (IP: $client_ip)"
+
+	# Set node 1 status to "down" (marking itself as down)
+	log_info "Setting node 1 status to 'down'..."
+	admin_set_node_status $admin_port 1 "down"
+	sleep 2
+
+	# Try to register a client when node is down (should fail)
+	log_info "Attempting to register client when node 1 is down..."
+	response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "downnode12345678901234567890123456789012=" "downnode_app" "downnode_inst")
+	log_info "Register response: $response"
+
+	# Check if response contains error about node being down
+	if echo "$response" | grep -qi "error"; then
+		log_info "Registration correctly rejected when node is down"
+		if echo "$response" | grep -qi "marked as down"; then
+			log_info "Error message mentions 'marked as down' (correct)"
+		fi
+	else
+		log_error "Registration was NOT rejected when node is down"
+		log_info "Response: $response"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# Set node 1 status back to "up"
+	log_info "Setting node 1 status to 'up'..."
+	admin_set_node_status $admin_port 1 "up"
+	sleep 2
+
+	# Register a client again (should succeed)
+	log_info "Registering client when node 1 is back up..."
+	response=$(debug_register_cvm $debug_port "backup123456789012345678901234567890123=" "backup_app" "backup_inst")
+	client_ip=$(verify_register_response "$response")
+	if [[ -z "$client_ip" ]]; then
+		log_error "Registration failed when node was back up"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	log_info "Registration succeeded when node was back up (IP: $client_ip)"
+
+	log_info "Node down rejects registration test PASSED"
+	return 0
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Clean command - remove all generated files
+# =============================================================================
+clean() {
+	log_info "Cleaning up generated files..."
+
+	# Kill only test gateway processes (matching our specific config path)
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway -c ${SCRIPT_DIR}/${RUN_DIR}/node" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	pkill -9 -f "dstack-gateway.*${SCRIPT_DIR}/${RUN_DIR}/node" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+	sleep 1
+
+	# Remove WireGuard interfaces (only our test interfaces need sudo)
+	sudo ip link delete wavekv-test1 2>/dev/null || true
+	sudo ip link delete wavekv-test2 2>/dev/null || true
+	sudo ip link delete wavekv-test3 2>/dev/null || true
+
+	# Remove run directory (contains all generated files including certs)
+	rm -rf "$RUN_DIR"
+
+	log_info "Cleanup complete"
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Ensure all certificates exist (CA + RPC + proxy)
+# =============================================================================
+ensure_certs() {
+	# Create directories
+	mkdir -p "$CERTS_DIR"
+	mkdir -p "$RUN_DIR/certbot/live"
+
+	# Generate CA certificate if not exists
+	if [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" ]] || [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert" ]]; then
+		log_info "Creating CA certificate..."
+		openssl genrsa -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" 2048 2>/dev/null
+		openssl req -x509 -new -nodes \
+			-key "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" \
+			-sha256 -days 365 \
+			-out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert" \
+			-subj "/CN=Test CA/O=WaveKV Test" \
+			2>/dev/null
+	fi
+
+	# Generate RPC certificate signed by CA if not exists
+	if [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key" ]] || [[ ! -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.cert" ]]; then
+		log_info "Creating RPC certificate signed by CA..."
+		openssl genrsa -out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key" 2048 2>/dev/null
+		openssl req -new \
+			-key "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key" \
+			-out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.csr" \
+			-subj "/CN=localhost" \
+			2>/dev/null
+		# Create certificate with SAN for localhost
+		cat >"$CERTS_DIR/ext.cnf" <<EXTEOF
+authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer
+basicConstraints=CA:FALSE
+keyUsage = digitalSignature, nonRepudiation, keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment
+subjectAltName = @alt_names
+
+[alt_names]
+DNS.1 = localhost
+IP.1 = 127.0.0.1
+EXTEOF
+		openssl x509 -req \
+			-in "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.csr" \
+			-CA "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert" \
+			-CAkey "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.key" \
+			-CAcreateserial \
+			-out "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.cert" \
+			-days 365 \
+			-sha256 \
+			-extfile "$CERTS_DIR/ext.cnf" \
+			2>/dev/null
+		rm -f "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.csr" "$CERTS_DIR/ext.cnf"
+	fi
+
+	# Generate proxy certificates (for TLS termination)
+	local proxy_cert_dir="$RUN_DIR/certbot/live"
+	if [[ ! -f "$proxy_cert_dir/cert.pem" ]] || [[ ! -f "$proxy_cert_dir/key.pem" ]]; then
+		log_info "Creating proxy certificates..."
+		openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes \
+			-keyout "$proxy_cert_dir/key.pem" \
+			-out "$proxy_cert_dir/cert.pem" \
+			-days 365 \
+			-subj "/CN=localhost" \
+			2>/dev/null
+	fi
+}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Main
+# =============================================================================
+main() {
+	# Handle clean command
+	if [[ "${1:-}" == "clean" ]]; then
+		clean
+		exit 0
+	fi
+
+	# Handle cfg command - generate node configuration
+	if [[ "${1:-}" == "cfg" ]]; then
+		local node_id="${2:-}"
+		if [[ -z "$node_id" ]]; then
+			log_error "Usage: $0 cfg <node_id>"
+			log_info "Example: $0 cfg 1"
+			exit 1
+		fi
+
+		# Ensure certificates exist
+		ensure_certs
+
+		# Generate config for the specified node
+		generate_config "$node_id"
+		log_info "Configuration generated: $RUN_DIR/node${node_id}.toml"
+		exit 0
+	fi
+
+	# Handle ls command - list all test cases
+	if [[ "${1:-}" == "ls" ]]; then
+		echo "Available test cases:"
+		echo ""
+		echo "Quick tests:"
+		echo "  test_persistence                      - Single node persistence"
+		echo "  test_status_endpoint                  - Status endpoint structure"
+		echo "  test_prpc_register                    - prpc DebugRegisterCvm endpoint"
+		echo "  test_prpc_info                        - prpc Info endpoint"
+		echo "  test_wal_integrity                    - WAL file integrity"
+		echo ""
+		echo "Sync tests:"
+		echo "  test_multi_node_sync                  - Multi-node sync"
+		echo "  test_node_recovery                    - Node recovery after disconnect"
+		echo "  test_cross_node_data_sync             - Cross-node data sync verification"
+		echo "  test_push_fast_path                   - Push propagation before periodic sync"
+		echo "  test_periodic_repair_after_missed_push - Periodic repair after a missed push"
+		echo "  test_bootstrap_after_data_dir_loss    - Bootstrap after local store loss"
+		echo "  test_divergent_partition_writes       - Merge writes from divergent partitions"
+		echo "  test_push_periodic_overlap            - Push racing periodic synchronization"
+		echo "  test_delayed_bootnode_recovery        - Bootnode discovery retry"
+		echo "  test_interrupted_sync_recovery        - Recovery after interrupted sync"
+		echo "  test_ephemeral_recovery               - Ephemeral convergence after restart"
+		echo "  test_partial_cluster_bootstrap        - Bootstrap with one cluster peer down"
+		echo "  test_node_id_reuse_rejected           - Node ID conflict rejection and recovery"
+		echo ""
+		echo "Advanced tests:"
+		echo "  test_client_registration_persistence  - Client registration and persistence"
+		echo "  test_stress_writes                    - Stress test - multiple writes"
+		echo "  test_network_partition                - Network partition simulation"
+		echo "  test_three_node_cluster               - Three-node cluster"
+		echo "  test_three_node_bootnode              - Three-node cluster with bootnode"
+		echo "  test_periodic_persistence             - Periodic persistence"
+		echo ""
+		echo "Admin RPC tests:"
+		echo "  test_admin_set_node_url               - Admin.SetNodeUrl RPC"
+		echo "  test_admin_set_node_status            - Admin.SetNodeStatus RPC"
+		echo "  test_node_status_register_exclude     - Node down excluded from registration"
+		echo "  test_node_status_register_reject      - Node down rejects registration"
+		echo ""
+		echo "Usage:"
+		echo "  $0              - Run all tests"
+		echo "  $0 quick        - Run quick tests only"
+		echo "  $0 sync         - Run sync tests only"
+		echo "  $0 advanced     - Run advanced tests only"
+		echo "  $0 admin        - Run admin RPC tests only"
+		echo "  $0 case <name>  - Run specific test case"
+		echo "  $0 ls           - List all test cases"
+		echo "  $0 clean        - Clean up generated files"
+		exit 0
+	fi
+
+	# Handle case command - run specific test case
+	if [[ "${1:-}" == "case" ]]; then
+		local test_case="${2:-}"
+		if [[ -z "$test_case" ]]; then
+			log_error "Usage: $0 case <testcase>"
+			log_info "Run '$0 ls' to see all available test cases"
+			exit 1
+		fi
+
+		# Check if gateway binary exists
+		if [[ ! -f "$GATEWAY_BIN" ]]; then
+			log_error "Gateway binary not found: $GATEWAY_BIN"
+			log_info "Please run: cargo build --release"
+			exit 1
+		fi
+
+		# Ensure certificates exist
+		ensure_certs
+
+		# Check if test function exists
+		if ! declare -f "$test_case" >/dev/null; then
+			log_error "Test case not found: $test_case"
+			log_info "Use '$0 case' to see available test cases"
+			exit 1
+		fi
+
+		# Run the specific test
+		log_info "Running test case: $test_case"
+		CURRENT_TEST="$test_case"
+		if $test_case; then
+			log_info "Test PASSED: $test_case"
+			cleanup
+			exit 0
+		else
+			log_error "Test FAILED: $test_case"
+			cleanup
+			exit 1
+		fi
+	fi
+
+	log_info "Starting WaveKV integration tests..."
+
+	if [[ ! -f "$GATEWAY_BIN" ]]; then
+		log_error "Gateway binary not found: $GATEWAY_BIN"
+		log_info "Please run: cargo build --release"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	# Ensure all certificates exist (RPC + proxy)
+	ensure_certs
+
+	local failed=0
+	local passed=0
+	local failed_tests=()
+
+	run_test() {
+		local test_name=$1
+		CURRENT_TEST="$test_name"
+		if $test_name; then
+			((passed++))
+		else
+			((failed++))
+			failed_tests+=("$test_name")
+		fi
+		cleanup
+	}
+
+	# Run selected test or all tests
+	local test_filter="${1:-all}"
+
+	if [[ "$test_filter" == "all" ]] || [[ "$test_filter" == "quick" ]]; then
+		run_test test_persistence
+		run_test test_status_endpoint
+		run_test test_prpc_register
+		run_test test_prpc_info
+		run_test test_wal_integrity
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_filter" == "all" ]] || [[ "$test_filter" == "sync" ]]; then
+		run_test test_multi_node_sync
+		run_test test_node_recovery
+		run_test test_cross_node_data_sync
+		run_test test_push_fast_path
+		run_test test_periodic_repair_after_missed_push
+		run_test test_bootstrap_after_data_dir_loss
+		run_test test_divergent_partition_writes
+		run_test test_push_periodic_overlap
+		run_test test_delayed_bootnode_recovery
+		run_test test_interrupted_sync_recovery
+		run_test test_ephemeral_recovery
+		run_test test_partial_cluster_bootstrap
+		run_test test_node_id_reuse_rejected
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_filter" == "all" ]] || [[ "$test_filter" == "advanced" ]]; then
+		run_test test_client_registration_persistence
+		run_test test_stress_writes
+		run_test test_network_partition
+		run_test test_three_node_cluster
+		run_test test_three_node_bootnode
+		run_test test_periodic_persistence
+	fi
+
+	if [[ "$test_filter" == "all" ]] || [[ "$test_filter" == "admin" ]]; then
+		run_test test_admin_set_node_url
+		run_test test_admin_set_node_status
+		run_test test_node_status_register_exclude
+		run_test test_node_status_register_reject
+	fi
+
+	echo ""
+	log_info "=========================================="
+	log_info "Tests passed: $passed"
+	if [[ $failed -gt 0 ]]; then
+		log_error "Tests failed: $failed"
+		echo ""
+		log_error "Failed test cases:"
+		for test_name in "${failed_tests[@]}"; do
+			log_error "  - $test_name"
+		done
+		echo ""
+		log_info "To rerun a failed test:"
+		log_info "  $0 case <test_name>"
+		log_info "Example:"
+		if [[ ${#failed_tests[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
+			log_info "  $0 case ${failed_tests[0]}"
+		fi
+	fi
+	log_info "=========================================="
+
+	return $failed
+}
+
+# Run if executed directly
+if [[ "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then
+	main "$@"
+fi
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/.gitignore b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..849ddff3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+dist/
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/Cargo.toml b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d7fd4c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-guest-agent-simulator"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-simulator"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+rocket.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["rocket"] }
+ra-tls = { workspace = true, features = ["quote"] }
+dstack-guest-agent = { path = "../guest-agent" }
+dstack-guest-agent-rpc.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+mock-attestation = { path = "../crates/mock-attestation" }
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dstack-simulator.service b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dstack-simulator.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64b7be66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dstack-simulator.service
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack Simulator Service
+After=network.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+WorkingDirectory=@INSTALL_DIR@
+ExecStart=@INSTALL_DIR@/dstack-simulator -c @INSTALL_DIR@/dstack.toml
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=2s
+User=@USER@
+Group=@GROUP@
+Environment=RUST_LOG=@RUST_LOG@
+StandardOutput=journal
+StandardError=journal
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dstack.toml b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dstack.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1c7325a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/dstack.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack Simulator"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "debug"
+
+[default.core]
+keys_file = "appkeys.json"
+compose_file = "app-compose.json"
+sys_config_file = "sys-config.json"
+data_disks = ["/"]
+
+[default.core.simulator]
+attestation_file = "attestation.bin"
+patch_report_data = true
+
+[internal-v0]
+address = "unix:./tappd.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[internal]
+address = "unix:./dstack.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[external]
+address = "unix:./external.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[guest-api]
+address = "unix:./guest.sock"
+reuse = true
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd.sh b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..01a2a6cfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+REPO="Dstack-TEE/dstack"
+TARGET="x86_64-unknown-linux-musl"
+INSTALL_ROOT="/opt/dstack-simulator"
+SERVICE_NAME="dstack-simulator"
+SERVICE_FILE="/etc/systemd/system/${SERVICE_NAME}.service"
+BIN_LINK="/usr/local/bin/dstack-simulator"
+RUN_USER="root"
+RUN_GROUP="root"
+RUST_LOG="info"
+VERSION=""
+TARBALL=""
+SKIP_SYSTEMD=0
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<'EOF'
+Usage: install-systemd.sh [options]
+
+Install dstack-simulator from a GitHub release tarball and register it as a systemd service.
+
+Options:
+  --version <version>         Release version to install (e.g. 0.5.8). Defaults to latest simulator release.
+  --tarball <path-or-url>     Install from a local tarball or explicit URL.
+  --repo <owner/repo>         GitHub repository to download from. Default: Dstack-TEE/dstack
+  --target <triple>           Target triple asset to download. Default: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+  --install-root <path>       Installation root. Default: /opt/dstack-simulator
+  --service-name <name>       systemd service name. Default: dstack-simulator
+  --service-file <path>       systemd unit path. Default: /etc/systemd/system/dstack-simulator.service
+  --bin-link <path>           Binary symlink path. Default: /usr/local/bin/dstack-simulator
+  --user <user>               Service user. Default: root
+  --group <group>             Service group. Default: root
+  --rust-log <level>          RUST_LOG value for the systemd unit. Default: info
+  --skip-systemd              Install files but skip systemd daemon-reload/enable/start.
+  -h, --help                  Show this help text.
+EOF
+}
+
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --version)
+            VERSION="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --tarball)
+            TARBALL="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --repo)
+            REPO="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --target)
+            TARGET="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --install-root)
+            INSTALL_ROOT="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --service-name)
+            SERVICE_NAME="$2"
+            SERVICE_FILE="/etc/systemd/system/${SERVICE_NAME}.service"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --service-file)
+            SERVICE_FILE="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --bin-link)
+            BIN_LINK="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --user)
+            RUN_USER="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --group)
+            RUN_GROUP="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --rust-log)
+            RUST_LOG="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --skip-systemd)
+            SKIP_SYSTEMD=1
+            shift
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            usage
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown argument: $1" >&2
+            usage >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [[ $EUID -ne 0 ]]; then
+    echo "Please run as root." >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+need_cmd() {
+    command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 || {
+        echo "Missing required command: $1" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+}
+
+need_cmd curl
+need_cmd tar
+need_cmd python3
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+LOCAL_BUNDLE_DIR=""
+if [[ -f "$SCRIPT_DIR/dstack-simulator" && -f "$SCRIPT_DIR/dstack.toml" ]]; then
+    LOCAL_BUNDLE_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR"
+fi
+
+cleanup() {
+    if [[ -n "${TMP_DIR:-}" && -d "${TMP_DIR:-}" ]]; then
+        rm -rf "$TMP_DIR"
+    fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+normalize_version() {
+    local value="$1"
+    value="${value#refs/tags/}"
+    value="${value#simulator-v}"
+    echo "$value"
+}
+
+latest_version() {
+    curl -fsSL "https://api.github.com/repos/${REPO}/releases?per_page=100" | python3 -c '
+import json, sys
+for release in json.load(sys.stdin):
+    if release.get("draft") or release.get("prerelease"):
+        continue
+    tag = release.get("tag_name", "")
+    if tag.startswith("simulator-v"):
+        print(tag[len("simulator-v"):])
+        break
+else:
+    raise SystemExit("No simulator release found")
+'
+}
+
+guess_local_version() {
+    local base
+    base="$(basename "$LOCAL_BUNDLE_DIR")"
+    base="${base#dstack-simulator-}"
+    base="${base%-${TARGET}}"
+    if [[ "$base" == "dstack-simulator" || -z "$base" ]]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+    echo "$base"
+}
+
+if [[ -z "$VERSION" ]]; then
+    if [[ -n "$LOCAL_BUNDLE_DIR" ]]; then
+        VERSION="$(guess_local_version || true)"
+    fi
+    if [[ -z "$VERSION" ]]; then
+        VERSION="$(latest_version)"
+    fi
+fi
+VERSION="$(normalize_version "$VERSION")"
+
+ASSET_NAME="dstack-simulator-${VERSION}-${TARGET}.tar.gz"
+TAG="simulator-v${VERSION}"
+TMP_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
+
+fetch_to_file() {
+    local source="$1"
+    local dest="$2"
+    if [[ "$source" =~ ^https?:// ]]; then
+        curl -fsSL "$source" -o "$dest"
+    else
+        cp "$source" "$dest"
+    fi
+}
+
+extract_tarball() {
+    local tarball_path="$1"
+    local dest_dir="$2"
+    tar -xzf "$tarball_path" -C "$dest_dir"
+}
+
+BUNDLE_DIR=""
+if [[ -n "$LOCAL_BUNDLE_DIR" && -z "$TARBALL" ]]; then
+    BUNDLE_DIR="$LOCAL_BUNDLE_DIR"
+else
+    TARBALL_PATH="$TMP_DIR/$ASSET_NAME"
+    CHECKSUM_PATH="$TMP_DIR/${ASSET_NAME}.sha256"
+
+    if [[ -n "$TARBALL" ]]; then
+        echo "Fetching simulator tarball from: $TARBALL"
+        fetch_to_file "$TARBALL" "$TARBALL_PATH"
+    else
+        local_url="https://github.com/${REPO}/releases/download/${TAG}/${ASSET_NAME}"
+        checksum_url="${local_url}.sha256"
+        echo "Downloading simulator release ${TAG}"
+        fetch_to_file "$local_url" "$TARBALL_PATH"
+        if curl -fsSL "$checksum_url" -o "$CHECKSUM_PATH"; then
+            (
+                cd "$TMP_DIR"
+                sha256sum -c "$(basename "$CHECKSUM_PATH")"
+            )
+        else
+            echo "Warning: checksum asset not found, skipping checksum verification." >&2
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    extract_tarball "$TARBALL_PATH" "$TMP_DIR"
+    BUNDLE_DIR="$TMP_DIR/dstack-simulator-${VERSION}-${TARGET}"
+fi
+
+if [[ ! -f "$BUNDLE_DIR/dstack-simulator" || ! -f "$BUNDLE_DIR/dstack.toml" ]]; then
+    echo "Bundle directory is missing expected simulator files: $BUNDLE_DIR" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+VERSION_DIR="$INSTALL_ROOT/releases/$VERSION"
+CURRENT_DIR="$INSTALL_ROOT/current"
+
+mkdir -p "$INSTALL_ROOT/releases"
+rm -rf "$VERSION_DIR"
+mkdir -p "$VERSION_DIR"
+cp -a "$BUNDLE_DIR/." "$VERSION_DIR/"
+ln -sfn "$VERSION_DIR" "$CURRENT_DIR"
+
+chown -R "$RUN_USER:$RUN_GROUP" "$VERSION_DIR"
+ln -sfn "$CURRENT_DIR/dstack-simulator" "$BIN_LINK"
+
+python3 - "$BUNDLE_DIR/dstack-simulator.service" "$SERVICE_FILE" "$CURRENT_DIR" "$RUN_USER" "$RUN_GROUP" "$RUST_LOG" <<'PY'
+from pathlib import Path
+import sys
+
+template_path, output_path, install_dir, user, group, rust_log = sys.argv[1:]
+template = Path(template_path).read_text()
+rendered = (
+    template
+    .replace("@INSTALL_DIR@", install_dir)
+    .replace("@USER@", user)
+    .replace("@GROUP@", group)
+    .replace("@RUST_LOG@", rust_log)
+)
+Path(output_path).write_text(rendered)
+PY
+
+echo "Installed dstack-simulator ${VERSION} to ${CURRENT_DIR}"
+echo "Binary symlink: ${BIN_LINK}"
+echo "Service file: ${SERVICE_FILE}"
+
+if [[ "$SKIP_SYSTEMD" -eq 0 ]]; then
+    need_cmd systemctl
+    UNIT_NAME="$(basename "$SERVICE_FILE")"
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    systemctl enable --now "$UNIT_NAME"
+    echo "systemd service enabled and started: ${UNIT_NAME}"
+else
+    echo "Skipping systemd enable/start (--skip-systemd)."
+fi
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/package-release.sh b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/package-release.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d1cd3892f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/package-release.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<'EOF'
+Usage: package-release.sh <version> <target-triple> [--binary <path>] [--out-dir <path>]
+
+Create a self-contained dstack-simulator release tarball that includes:
+  - the simulator binary
+  - default simulator config and fixture data
+  - a systemd unit template
+  - the install-systemd.sh helper
+EOF
+}
+
+if [[ $# -lt 2 ]]; then
+    usage >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+VERSION="$1"
+TARGET="$2"
+shift 2
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+CORE_DIR="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$CORE_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+OUT_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/dist"
+BINARY_PATH="$CORE_DIR/target/$TARGET/release/dstack-simulator"
+
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --binary)
+            BINARY_PATH="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --out-dir)
+            OUT_DIR="$2"
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            usage
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown argument: $1" >&2
+            usage >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [[ ! -f "$BINARY_PATH" ]]; then
+    echo "Simulator binary not found: $BINARY_PATH" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+PACKAGE_NAME="dstack-simulator-${VERSION}-${TARGET}"
+STAGE_DIR="$OUT_DIR/$PACKAGE_NAME"
+TARBALL_PATH="$OUT_DIR/${PACKAGE_NAME}.tar.gz"
+CHECKSUM_PATH="${TARBALL_PATH}.sha256"
+
+rm -rf "$STAGE_DIR" "$TARBALL_PATH" "$CHECKSUM_PATH"
+mkdir -p "$STAGE_DIR"
+
+install -m 755 "$BINARY_PATH" "$STAGE_DIR/dstack-simulator"
+install -m 644 "$REPO_ROOT/sdk/simulator/dstack.toml" "$STAGE_DIR/dstack.toml"
+install -m 644 "$REPO_ROOT/sdk/simulator/app-compose.json" "$STAGE_DIR/app-compose.json"
+install -m 644 "$REPO_ROOT/sdk/simulator/appkeys.json" "$STAGE_DIR/appkeys.json"
+install -m 644 "$REPO_ROOT/sdk/simulator/sys-config.json" "$STAGE_DIR/sys-config.json"
+install -m 644 "$REPO_ROOT/sdk/simulator/attestation.bin" "$STAGE_DIR/attestation.bin"
+install -m 644 "$SCRIPT_DIR/dstack-simulator.service" "$STAGE_DIR/dstack-simulator.service"
+install -m 755 "$SCRIPT_DIR/install-systemd.sh" "$STAGE_DIR/install-systemd.sh"
+
+tar -C "$OUT_DIR" -czf "$TARBALL_PATH" "$PACKAGE_NAME"
+(
+    cd "$OUT_DIR"
+    sha256sum "$(basename "$TARBALL_PATH")" > "$(basename "$CHECKSUM_PATH")"
+)
+
+echo "Created release bundle:"
+echo "  $TARBALL_PATH"
+echo "  $CHECKSUM_PATH"
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/src/main.rs b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49e088271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+mod simulator;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use dstack_guest_agent::{
+    backend::PlatformBackend,
+    config::{self, Config},
+    run_server, AppState,
+};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{AttestResponse, GetQuoteResponse};
+use mock_attestation::tdx::TdxGenerator;
+use ra_tls::attestation::VersionedAttestation;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../dstack.toml");
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about = "dstack guest agent simulator", long_version = dstack_guest_agent::app_version())]
+struct Args {
+    /// Path to the configuration file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Enable systemd watchdog
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    watchdog: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct SimulatorSettings {
+    attestation_file: String,
+    #[serde(default = "default_patch_report_data")]
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    mock_attestation_seed: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+struct SimulatorCoreConfig {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    core: Config,
+    simulator: SimulatorSettings,
+}
+
+struct SimulatorPlatform {
+    attestation: VersionedAttestation,
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    generator: Option<TdxGenerator>,
+}
+
+impl SimulatorPlatform {
+    fn new(
+        attestation: VersionedAttestation,
+        patch_report_data: bool,
+        mock_attestation_seed: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let generator = mock_attestation_seed
+            .map(mock_attestation::parse_seed)
+            .transpose()?
+            .map(TdxGenerator::from_seed)
+            .transpose()?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            attestation,
+            patch_report_data,
+            generator,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_patch_report_data() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+impl PlatformBackend for SimulatorPlatform {
+    fn attestation_for_info(&self) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+        Ok(simulator::simulated_info_attestation(&self.attestation))
+    }
+
+    fn certificate_attestation(&self, pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+        simulator::simulated_certificate_attestation(
+            &self.attestation,
+            pubkey,
+            self.patch_report_data,
+            self.generator.as_ref(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn quote_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64], vm_config: &str) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+        simulator::simulated_quote_response(
+            &self.attestation,
+            report_data,
+            vm_config,
+            self.patch_report_data,
+            self.generator.as_ref(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn attest_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+        simulator::simulated_attest_response(
+            &self.attestation,
+            report_data,
+            self.patch_report_data,
+            self.generator.as_ref(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    let figment = config::load_config_figment_with_default(DEFAULT_CONFIG, args.config.as_deref());
+    let sim_config: SimulatorCoreConfig = figment
+        .focus("core")
+        .extract()
+        .context("Failed to extract simulator core config")?;
+    warn!(
+        attestation_file = %sim_config.simulator.attestation_file,
+        patch_report_data = sim_config.simulator.patch_report_data,
+        signed_quotes = sim_config.simulator.mock_attestation_seed.is_some(),
+        "starting dstack guest-agent simulator"
+    );
+    if sim_config.simulator.patch_report_data {
+        warn!(
+            "simulator will rewrite report_data to match requests; quote verification may fail against the original fixture signature"
+        );
+    } else {
+        warn!(
+            "simulator will preserve fixture report_data; cert/key binding and requested report_data may not match"
+        );
+    }
+    let attestation =
+        simulator::load_versioned_attestation(&sim_config.simulator.attestation_file)?;
+    let state = AppState::new_with_platform(
+        sim_config.core,
+        Arc::new(SimulatorPlatform::new(
+            attestation,
+            sim_config.simulator.patch_report_data,
+            sim_config.simulator.mock_attestation_seed.as_deref(),
+        )?),
+    )
+    .await
+    .context("Failed to create simulator app state")?;
+    run_server(state, figment, args.watchdog).await
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ra_tls::attestation::TdxAttestationExt;
+
+    fn load_fixture_platform() -> SimulatorPlatform {
+        let fixture = simulator::load_versioned_attestation(
+            std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+                .join("../guest-agent/fixtures/attestation.bin"),
+        )
+        .expect("fixture attestation should load");
+        SimulatorPlatform::new(fixture, true, None).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simulator_provides_certificate_attestation() {
+        let platform = load_fixture_platform();
+        let cert_attestation = platform
+            .certificate_attestation(b"test-public-key")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(cert_attestation.into_v1().decode_app_info(false).is_ok());
+        let _ = platform.attestation_for_info().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simulator_attest_response_preserves_legacy_wire_format() {
+        let platform = load_fixture_platform();
+        let report_data = [0x5a; 64];
+        let response = platform.attest_response(report_data).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(response.attestation.first(), Some(&0x00));
+        let patched = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&response.attestation)
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_v1();
+        assert_eq!(patched.report_data().unwrap(), report_data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn seeded_simulator_resigns_certificate_attestation() {
+        let fixture = simulator::load_versioned_attestation(
+            std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+                .join("../guest-agent/fixtures/attestation.bin"),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let seed = [0x5a; 32];
+        let platform = SimulatorPlatform::new(fixture, true, Some(&hex::encode(seed))).unwrap();
+        let attestation = platform
+            .certificate_attestation(b"test-public-key")
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_v1();
+        let quote = attestation.tdx_quote_bytes().unwrap();
+        let generator = TdxGenerator::from_seed(seed).unwrap();
+        let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(generator.root_ca_der())
+            .verify(&quote, &generator.sample_collateral().unwrap(), now)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            attestation.report_data().unwrap(),
+            ra_tls::attestation::QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(b"test-public-key")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simulator_can_preserve_fixture_report_data() {
+        let fixture = simulator::load_versioned_attestation(
+            std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+                .join("../guest-agent/fixtures/attestation.bin"),
+        )
+        .expect("fixture attestation should load");
+        let original = fixture.clone().into_v1().report_data().unwrap();
+        let platform = SimulatorPlatform::new(fixture, false, None).unwrap();
+        let report_data = [0x5a; 64];
+        let response = platform.attest_response(report_data).unwrap();
+        let patched = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&response.attestation)
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_v1();
+        assert_eq!(patched.report_data().unwrap(), original);
+        assert_ne!(patched.report_data().unwrap(), report_data);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/src/simulator.rs b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/src/simulator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33f277d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent-simulator/src/simulator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use dcap_qvl::quote::Quote;
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{AttestResponse, GetQuoteResponse};
+use mock_attestation::tdx::TdxGenerator;
+use ra_tls::attestation::{
+    AttestationV1, PlatformEvidence, QuoteContentType, TdxAttestationExt, VersionedAttestation,
+};
+use std::fs;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+pub fn load_versioned_attestation(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+    let attestation_bytes = fs::read(path).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "Failed to read simulator attestation file: {}",
+            path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+    VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&attestation_bytes)
+        .context("Failed to decode simulator attestation")
+}
+
+pub fn simulated_quote_response(
+    attestation: &VersionedAttestation,
+    report_data: [u8; 64],
+    vm_config: &str,
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    generator: Option<&TdxGenerator>,
+) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+    let attestation = prepare_attestation(
+        attestation,
+        report_data,
+        patch_report_data,
+        generator,
+        "quote",
+    )?;
+    let Some(quote) = attestation.tdx_quote_bytes() else {
+        return Err(anyhow!("Quote not found"));
+    };
+    let versioned = VersionedAttestation::V1 {
+        attestation: attestation.clone(),
+    }
+    .to_bytes()?;
+
+    Ok(GetQuoteResponse {
+        quote,
+        event_log: attestation.tdx_event_log_string().unwrap_or_default(),
+        report_data: report_data.to_vec(),
+        vm_config: vm_config.to_string(),
+        attestation: versioned,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn simulated_attest_response(
+    source: &VersionedAttestation,
+    report_data: [u8; 64],
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    generator: Option<&TdxGenerator>,
+) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+    let preserve_legacy = matches!(source, VersionedAttestation::V0 { .. });
+    let mut attestation =
+        prepare_attestation(source, report_data, patch_report_data, generator, "attest")?;
+    if let Some(event_log) = attestation.platform.tdx_event_log_mut() {
+        cc_eventlog::tdx::fill_v2_preimages(event_log);
+    }
+    let attestation = if preserve_legacy {
+        attestation.try_into_legacy()?.into_versioned()
+    } else {
+        VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation }
+    };
+    Ok(AttestResponse {
+        attestation: attestation.to_bytes()?,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn simulated_info_attestation(attestation: &VersionedAttestation) -> VersionedAttestation {
+    attestation.clone()
+}
+
+pub fn simulated_certificate_attestation(
+    source: &VersionedAttestation,
+    pubkey: &[u8],
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    generator: Option<&TdxGenerator>,
+) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+    let preserve_legacy = matches!(source, VersionedAttestation::V0 { .. });
+    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(pubkey);
+    let attestation = prepare_attestation(
+        source,
+        report_data,
+        patch_report_data,
+        generator,
+        "certificate_attestation",
+    )?;
+    if preserve_legacy {
+        return Ok(attestation.try_into_legacy()?.into_versioned());
+    }
+    Ok(VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation })
+}
+
+fn prepare_attestation(
+    attestation: &VersionedAttestation,
+    report_data: [u8; 64],
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    generator: Option<&TdxGenerator>,
+    context: &str,
+) -> Result<AttestationV1> {
+    let Some(generator) = generator else {
+        return Ok(maybe_patch_report_data(
+            attestation,
+            report_data,
+            patch_report_data,
+            context,
+        ));
+    };
+    let mut attestation = attestation.clone().into_v1().with_report_data(report_data);
+    let quote = attestation
+        .platform
+        .tdx_quote()
+        .context("TDX quote is unavailable in simulator fixture")?;
+    let quote = Quote::parse(quote).context("invalid simulator fixture TDX quote")?;
+    let report = quote
+        .report
+        .as_td10()
+        .context("simulator fixture does not contain a TDX 1.0 report")?;
+    let evidence = generator.attest_with_measurements(
+        report_data,
+        report.mr_td,
+        [report.rt_mr0, report.rt_mr1, report.rt_mr2, report.rt_mr3],
+    )?;
+    match &mut attestation.platform {
+        PlatformEvidence::Tdx { quote, .. } => *quote = evidence.quote,
+        _ => return Err(anyhow!("seeded simulator requires dstack TDX evidence")),
+    }
+    Ok(attestation)
+}
+
+fn maybe_patch_report_data(
+    attestation: &VersionedAttestation,
+    report_data: [u8; 64],
+    patch_report_data: bool,
+    context: &str,
+) -> AttestationV1 {
+    if !patch_report_data {
+        warn!(
+            context = context,
+            requested_report_data = ?report_data,
+            "simulator is preserving fixture report_data; returned attestation may not match the current request"
+        );
+        return attestation.clone().into_v1();
+    }
+    attestation.clone().into_v1().with_report_data(report_data)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/Cargo.toml b/dstack/guest-agent/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecd8dbc83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-guest-agent"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+rocket.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+rcgen.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+bollard.workspace = true
+chrono.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+rinja.workspace = true
+dstack-build-info.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client", "rocket"] }
+dstack-guest-agent-rpc.workspace = true
+ra-tls = { workspace = true, features = ["quote"] }
+tdx-attest.workspace = true
+tpm-attest.workspace = true
+guest-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+host-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+sysinfo.workspace = true
+default-net.workspace = true
+rocket-vsock-listener.workspace = true
+sd-notify.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+cmd_lib.workspace = true
+figment = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "toml"] }
+load_config.workspace = true
+k256 = { workspace = true, features = ["ecdsa"] }
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
+strip-ansi-escapes.workspace = true
+cert-client.workspace = true
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+ring.workspace = true
+ed25519-dalek.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+listenfd.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/dstack.toml b/dstack/guest-agent/dstack.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b4bcd5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/dstack.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack guest agent"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "debug"
+
+[default.core]
+keys_file = "/dstack/.host-shared/.appkeys.json"
+compose_file = "/dstack/.host-shared/app-compose.json"
+sys_config_file = "/dstack/.host-shared/.sys-config.json"
+data_disks = ["/"]
+
+
+[internal-v0]
+address = "unix:/var/run/dstack/tappd.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[internal]
+address = "unix:/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[external]
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8090
+
+[guest-api]
+address = "vsock:0xffffffff"
+port = 8000
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/fixtures/attestation.bin b/dstack/guest-agent/fixtures/attestation.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c4aef253
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/guest-agent/fixtures/attestation.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/Cargo.toml b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7e573c64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-guest-agent-rpc"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+prpc.workspace = true
+prost.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+
+[build-dependencies]
+prpc-build.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/build.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc584fdbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+
+fn main() {
+    prpc_build::configure()
+        .out_dir(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("OUT_DIR not set"))
+        .mod_prefix("super::")
+        .build_scale_ext(false)
+        .disable_package_emission()
+        .enable_serde_extension()
+        .field_attribute(
+            ".dstack_guest.GetQuoteResponse.attestation",
+            "#[serde(skip_serializing_if = \"::prost::alloc::vec::Vec::is_empty\")]",
+        )
+        .disable_service_name_emission()
+        .compile_dir("./proto")
+        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/proto/agent_rpc.proto b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/proto/agent_rpc.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39c63134f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/proto/agent_rpc.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+package dstack_guest;
+
+// For backwards compatibility with tappd
+service Tappd {
+  // Derives a cryptographic key from the specified key path.
+  // Returns the derived key along with its certificate chain.
+  rpc DeriveKey(DeriveKeyArgs) returns (GetTlsKeyResponse) {}
+
+  // Derives a new ECDSA key with k256 EC curve.
+  rpc DeriveK256Key(GetKeyArgs) returns (DeriveK256KeyResponse) {}
+
+  // Generates a TDX quote
+  rpc TdxQuote(TdxQuoteArgs) returns (TdxQuoteResponse) {}
+
+  // Generates a TDX quote with raw report data.
+  // This is a low-level API that should be used with caution.
+  // When using quotes in multiple locations within your application,
+  // ensure proper quote differentiation by including a content type
+  // identifier in the report_data to avoid Quote Repurposing Attacks.
+  rpc RawQuote(RawQuoteArgs) returns (TdxQuoteResponse) {}
+
+  // Get app info
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (AppInfo) {}
+
+  // Get the guest agent version
+  rpc Version(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WorkerVersion) {}
+}
+
+// The service for the dstack guest agent
+service DstackGuest {
+  // Derives a cryptographic key from the specified key path.
+  // Returns the derived key along with its TLS certificate chain.
+  rpc GetTlsKey(GetTlsKeyArgs) returns (GetTlsKeyResponse) {}
+
+  // Derives a new key.
+  rpc GetKey(GetKeyArgs) returns (GetKeyResponse) {}
+
+  // Generates a TDX quote with given report data.
+  rpc GetQuote(RawQuoteArgs) returns (GetQuoteResponse) {}
+
+  // Generates a versioned attestation with the given report data.
+  // Returns a dstack-defined attestation format that supports different attestation modes across platforms.
+  rpc Attest(RawQuoteArgs) returns (AttestResponse) {}
+
+  // Get app info
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (AppInfo) {}
+
+  // Get GPU information collected during boot.
+  rpc GpuInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GpuInfoResponse) {}
+
+  // Sign a payload
+  rpc Sign(SignRequest) returns (SignResponse) {}
+
+  // Verify a signature
+  rpc Verify(VerifyRequest) returns (VerifyResponse) {}
+
+  // Get the guest agent version
+  rpc Version(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WorkerVersion) {}
+}
+
+// The request to derive a key
+message GetTlsKeyArgs {
+  // Subject of the certificate to request
+  string subject = 1;
+  // DNS alternative names for the certificate
+  repeated string alt_names = 2;
+  // Includes quote in the certificate
+  bool usage_ra_tls = 3;
+  // Key usage server auth
+  bool usage_server_auth = 4;
+  // Key usage client auth
+  bool usage_client_auth = 5;
+  // Certificate validity start time as seconds since UNIX epoch
+  optional uint64 not_before = 6;
+  // Certificate validity end time as seconds since UNIX epoch
+  optional uint64 not_after = 7;
+  // Includes app info in the certificate
+  bool with_app_info = 8;
+}
+
+// The request to derive a key
+message DeriveKeyArgs {
+  // Path used to derive the private key
+  string path = 1;
+  // Bellow fields are used to generate the certificate
+  // Subject of the certificate to request
+  string subject = 2;
+  // DNS alternative names for the certificate
+  repeated string alt_names = 3;
+  // Includes quote in the certificate
+  bool usage_ra_tls = 4;
+  // Key usage server auth
+  bool usage_server_auth = 5;
+  // Key usage client auth
+  bool usage_client_auth = 6;
+  // Derive from random seed
+  bool random_seed = 7;
+}
+
+// The response to a DeriveKey request
+message GetTlsKeyResponse {
+  // Derived key
+  string key = 1;
+  // Certificate chain
+  repeated string certificate_chain = 2;
+}
+
+// The request to derive a new key
+message GetKeyArgs {
+  // Path to the key to derive
+  string path = 1;
+  // Purpose of the key
+  string purpose = 2;
+  // Algorithm of the key. Either `secp256k1` or `ed25519`. Defaults to `secp256k1`
+  string algorithm = 3;
+}
+
+// The response to a DeriveK256Key request
+message DeriveK256KeyResponse {
+  // Derived k256 key
+  bytes k256_key = 1;
+  // Derived k256 signature chain
+  repeated bytes k256_signature_chain = 2;
+}
+
+// The response to a GetEthKey request
+message GetKeyResponse {
+  // Derived key
+  bytes key = 1;
+  // The signature chain consists of the following signatures:
+  // [0] - the k256 signature of the derived pK signed by the app root key
+  // [1] - the k256 signature of the app root pK signed by the KMS root key
+  repeated bytes signature_chain = 2;
+}
+
+// The request to get a TDX quote
+// The report data is prefixed with `app-data:` before hashing unless the algorithm is `raw`.
+// Final report data is hash(`app-data:` + report_data) if the algorithm is not `raw`.
+message TdxQuoteArgs {
+  // Report data
+  bytes report_data = 1;
+  // The hash algorithm to use to process the report data. Default is `sha512`.
+  // Supported algorithms are:
+  // - `sha256`
+  // - `sha384`
+  // - `sha512`
+  // - `sha3-256`
+  // - `sha3-384`
+  // - `sha3-512`
+  // - `keccak256`
+  // - `keccak384`
+  // - `keccak512`
+  // - `raw`: Passes the report_data directly to the driver without any processing
+  string hash_algorithm = 2;
+
+  // Custom prefix to prepend to report data before hashing.
+  // Defaults to 'app-data:' when hash_algorithm is not 'raw'.
+  string prefix = 3;
+}
+
+// The request to get a raw TDX quote
+message RawQuoteArgs {
+  // 64 bytes of report data
+  bytes report_data = 1;
+}
+
+message TdxQuoteResponse {
+  // TDX quote
+  bytes quote = 1;
+  // Event log
+  string event_log = 2;
+
+  // The following fields might be used for app debugging purposes
+  // Hash algorithm used to hash the caller passed in report data
+  string hash_algorithm = 3;
+  // Prefix added to the report data before hashing
+  string prefix = 4;
+}
+
+message AttestResponse {
+  // The attestation
+  bytes attestation = 1;
+}
+
+message GpuInfoResponse {
+  // Complete JSON output produced by nvattest. Empty when no boot-time GPU
+  // attestation output is available.
+  string attestation = 1;
+}
+
+message GetQuoteResponse {
+  // TDX quote (empty on non-TDX platforms such as AMD SEV-SNP)
+  bytes quote = 1;
+  // Event log (empty on non-TDX platforms). V2 runtime events always include
+  // their hex-encoded digest preimage. Clients should verify
+  // sha384(hex_decode(preimage)) == digest.
+  string event_log = 2;
+  // Report data
+  bytes report_data = 3;
+  // Hw config
+  string vm_config = 4;
+  // Platform-adaptive versioned attestation (SCALE/msgpack encoded). Populated
+  // on non-TDX platforms; TDX uses quote + event_log above.
+  bytes attestation = 5;
+}
+
+// The request to derive a key
+message AppInfo {
+  // App ID
+  bytes app_id = 1;
+  // App Instance ID
+  bytes instance_id = 2;
+  // App certificate
+  string app_cert = 3;
+  // TCB info
+  string tcb_info = 4;
+  // App name
+  string app_name = 5;
+  // Device ID
+  bytes device_id = 8;
+  // MR Aggregated
+  bytes mr_aggregated = 9;
+  // OS Image hash
+  bytes os_image_hash = 10;
+  // Key provider info
+  string key_provider_info = 12;
+  // Compose hash
+  bytes compose_hash = 13;
+  // VM config
+  string vm_config = 14;
+  // Cloud provider sys_vendor (e.g. "Google")
+  string cloud_vendor = 15;
+  // Cloud provider product_name (e.g. "Google Compute Engine")
+  string cloud_product = 16;
+}
+
+// The response to a Version request
+message WorkerVersion {
+  // dstack version
+  string version = 1;
+  // Git revision
+  string rev = 2;
+}
+
+service Worker {
+  // Get app info
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (AppInfo) {}
+  // Get the guest agent version
+  rpc Version(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WorkerVersion) {}
+  // Get attestation
+  rpc GetAttestationForAppKey(GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest) returns (GetQuoteResponse) {}
+}
+
+message SignRequest {
+  string algorithm = 1;
+  bytes data = 2;
+}
+
+message SignResponse {
+  // the signature of the data
+  bytes signature = 1;
+  // The signature chain consists of the following signatures:
+  // [0] - the signature of the data
+  // [1] - the k256 signature of the message signing pubkey signed by the app root key
+  // [2] - the k256 signature of the app root pubkey signed by the KMS root key
+  repeated bytes signature_chain = 2;
+  // The public key signing the data
+  bytes public_key = 3;
+}
+
+message VerifyRequest {
+  string algorithm = 1;
+  bytes data = 2;
+  bytes signature = 3;
+  bytes public_key = 4;
+}
+
+message VerifyResponse {
+  bool valid = 1;
+}
+
+message GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+  string algorithm = 1;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/src/generated.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/src/generated.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28748082f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/src/generated.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/dstack_guest.rs"));
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/src/lib.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..089da7c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/rpc/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub use generated::*;
+
+mod generated;
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/backend.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/backend.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03012ef9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/backend.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{AttestResponse, GetQuoteResponse};
+use ra_tls::attestation::Attestation;
+use ra_tls::attestation::{QuoteContentType, VersionedAttestation};
+
+pub trait PlatformBackend: Send + Sync {
+    fn attestation_for_info(&self) -> Result<VersionedAttestation>;
+    fn certificate_attestation(&self, pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<VersionedAttestation>;
+    fn quote_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64], vm_config: &str) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse>;
+    fn attest_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<AttestResponse>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct RealPlatform;
+
+impl PlatformBackend for RealPlatform {
+    fn attestation_for_info(&self) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+        Ok(Attestation::local()
+            .context("Failed to get local attestation")?
+            .into_versioned())
+    }
+
+    fn certificate_attestation(&self, pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+        let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(pubkey);
+        Ok(Attestation::quote(&report_data)
+            .context("Failed to get quote for cert pubkey")?
+            .into_versioned())
+    }
+
+    fn quote_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64], vm_config: &str) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+        let attestation = Attestation::quote(&report_data).context("Failed to get quote")?;
+        let tdx_quote = attestation.get_tdx_quote_bytes();
+        let tdx_event_log = attestation.get_tdx_event_log_string();
+        let versioned = if tdx_quote.is_some() {
+            Vec::new()
+        } else {
+            attestation
+                .into_versioned()
+                .to_bytes()
+                .context("Failed to encode versioned attestation")?
+        };
+        Ok(GetQuoteResponse {
+            quote: tdx_quote.unwrap_or_default(),
+            event_log: tdx_event_log.unwrap_or_default(),
+            report_data: report_data.to_vec(),
+            vm_config: vm_config.to_string(),
+            attestation: versioned,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn attest_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+        let mut attestation =
+            Attestation::quote(&report_data).context("Failed to get attestation")?;
+        attestation.fill_event_preimages();
+        Ok(AttestResponse {
+            attestation: attestation.into_versioned().to_bytes()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/config.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..550502f98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{collections::HashSet, ops::Deref, path::PathBuf};
+
+use dstack_types::AppCompose;
+use figment::Figment;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use load_config::load_config;
+use serde::{de::Error, Deserialize};
+
+pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../dstack.toml");
+
+pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
+    load_config_figment_with_default(DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file)
+}
+
+pub fn load_config_figment_with_default(
+    default_config: &str,
+    config_file: Option<&str>,
+) -> Figment {
+    load_config("dstack", default_config, config_file, true)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Deserialize)]
+pub struct BindAddr {
+    pub port: u16,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct AppComposeWrapper {
+    pub app_compose: AppCompose,
+    pub raw: String,
+}
+
+impl Deref for AppComposeWrapper {
+    type Target = AppCompose;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.app_compose
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Config {
+    pub keys_file: String,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_app_compose", flatten)]
+    pub app_compose: AppComposeWrapper,
+    pub sys_config_file: PathBuf,
+    pub data_disks: HashSet<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+fn deserialize_app_compose<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<AppComposeWrapper, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+    struct Config {
+        compose_file: String,
+    }
+
+    let config = Config::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(&config.compose_file)
+        .map_err(|e| D::Error::custom(format!("Failed to read compose file: {e}")))?;
+    let app_compose = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+        .map_err(|e| D::Error::custom(format!("Failed to parse compose file: {e}")))?;
+    Ok(AppComposeWrapper {
+        app_compose,
+        raw: content,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/guest_api_service.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/guest_api_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a625aff00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/guest_api_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use bollard::{container::ListContainersOptions, Docker};
+use cmd_lib::{run_cmd as cmd, run_fun};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::worker_server::WorkerRpc as _;
+use dstack_types::shared_filenames::{HOST_SHARED_DIR, SYS_CONFIG};
+use dstack_types::SysConfig;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use guest_api::{
+    guest_api_server::{GuestApiRpc, GuestApiServer},
+    Container, DiskInfo, Gateway, GuestInfo, Interface, IpAddress, ListContainersResponse,
+    NetworkInformation, SystemInfo,
+};
+use host_api::Notification;
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use tracing::error;
+
+use crate::{rpc_service::ExternalRpcHandler, AppState};
+
+pub struct GuestApiHandler {
+    state: AppState,
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<AppState> for GuestApiHandler {
+    type PrpcService = GuestApiServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl GuestApiRpc for GuestApiHandler {
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<GuestInfo> {
+        let ext_rpc = ExternalRpcHandler::new(self.state);
+        let info = ext_rpc.info().await?;
+        Ok(GuestInfo {
+            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
+            app_id: info.app_id,
+            instance_id: info.instance_id,
+            device_id: info.device_id,
+            app_cert: info.app_cert,
+            tcb_info: info.tcb_info,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn shutdown(self) -> Result<()> {
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            notify_host("shutdown.progress", "powering off").await.ok();
+            perr(cmd!(systemctl poweroff));
+        });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn network_info(self) -> Result<NetworkInformation> {
+        Ok(NetworkInformation {
+            dns_servers: get_dns_servers(),
+            gateways: get_gateways(),
+            interfaces: get_interfaces(),
+            wg_info: get_wg_info().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.to_string()),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn sys_info(self) -> Result<SystemInfo> {
+        use sysinfo::System;
+
+        let system = System::new_all();
+        let cpus = system.cpus();
+
+        let disks = sysinfo::Disks::new_with_refreshed_list();
+        let config = self.state.config();
+        let mut disks = disks
+            .list()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|d| config.data_disks.contains(d.mount_point()))
+            .map(|d| DiskInfo {
+                name: d.name().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                mount_point: d.mount_point().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+                total_size: d.total_space(),
+                free_size: d.available_space(),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        disks.sort_by(|d1, d2| d1.mount_point.cmp(&d2.mount_point));
+        let avg = System::load_average();
+        Ok(SystemInfo {
+            os_name: System::name().unwrap_or_default(),
+            os_version: System::os_version().unwrap_or_default(),
+            kernel_version: System::kernel_version().unwrap_or_default(),
+            cpu_model: cpus.first().map_or("".into(), |cpu| {
+                format!("{} @{} MHz", cpu.name(), cpu.frequency())
+            }),
+            num_cpus: cpus.len() as _,
+            total_memory: system.total_memory(),
+            available_memory: system.available_memory(),
+            used_memory: system.used_memory(),
+            free_memory: system.free_memory(),
+            total_swap: system.total_swap(),
+            used_swap: system.used_swap(),
+            free_swap: system.free_swap(),
+            uptime: System::uptime(),
+            loadavg_one: (avg.one * 100.0) as u32,
+            loadavg_five: (avg.five * 100.0) as u32,
+            loadavg_fifteen: (avg.fifteen * 100.0) as u32,
+            disks,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn list_containers(self) -> Result<ListContainersResponse> {
+        list_containers().await
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn list_containers() -> Result<ListContainersResponse> {
+    let docker = Docker::connect_with_defaults().context("Failed to connect to Docker")?;
+    let containers = docker
+        .list_containers::<&str>(Some(ListContainersOptions {
+            all: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }))
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to list containers")?;
+    Ok(ListContainersResponse {
+        containers: containers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| Container {
+                id: c.id.unwrap_or_default(),
+                names: c.names.unwrap_or_default(),
+                image: c.image.unwrap_or_default(),
+                image_id: c.image_id.unwrap_or_default(),
+                created: c.created.unwrap_or_default(),
+                state: c.state.unwrap_or_default(),
+                status: c.status.unwrap_or_default(),
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn get_interfaces() -> Vec<Interface> {
+    sysinfo::Networks::new_with_refreshed_list()
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(interface_name, network)| {
+            if !(interface_name.starts_with("dstack-wg")
+                || interface_name.starts_with("enp")
+                || interface_name.starts_with("eth"))
+            {
+                // We only get dstack gateway, enp and eth interfaces.
+                // Docker bridge is not included due to privacy concerns.
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(Interface {
+                name: interface_name.clone(),
+                addresses: network
+                    .ip_networks()
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|ip| IpAddress {
+                        address: ip.addr.to_string(),
+                        prefix: ip.prefix as u32,
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                rx_bytes: network.total_received(),
+                tx_bytes: network.total_transmitted(),
+                rx_errors: network.total_errors_on_received(),
+                tx_errors: network.total_errors_on_transmitted(),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn get_gateways() -> Vec<Gateway> {
+    default_net::get_interfaces()
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(|iface| {
+            iface.gateway.map(|gw| Gateway {
+                address: gw.ip_addr.to_string(),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn get_dns_servers() -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut dns_servers = Vec::new();
+    // read /etc/resolv.conf
+    let Ok(resolv_conf) = fs::read_to_string("/etc/resolv.conf") else {
+        return dns_servers;
+    };
+    for line in resolv_conf.lines() {
+        if line.starts_with("nameserver") {
+            let Some(ip) = line.split_whitespace().nth(1) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            dns_servers.push(ip.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    dns_servers
+}
+
+fn get_wg_info() -> Result<String> {
+    let output = run_fun!(wg)?;
+    Ok(output)
+}
+
+pub async fn notify_host(event: &str, payload: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let local_config: SysConfig = serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(format!(
+        "{HOST_SHARED_DIR}/{SYS_CONFIG}"
+    ))?)?;
+    let Some(host_api_url) = local_config.host_api_url else {
+        anyhow::bail!("host_api_url not configured");
+    };
+    let nc = host_api::client::new_client(host_api_url);
+    nc.notify(Notification {
+        event: event.to_string(),
+        payload: payload.to_string(),
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn perr<T, E: Debug>(result: Result<T, E>) {
+    if let Err(e) = &result {
+        error!("{e:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tappd/src/http_routes.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/http_routes.rs
similarity index 77%
rename from tappd/src/http_routes.rs
rename to dstack/guest-agent/src/http_routes.rs
index 09e9a7a17..c8fa44df2 100644
--- a/tappd/src/http_routes.rs
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/http_routes.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,55 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::guest_api_service::{list_containers, GuestApiHandler};
 use crate::rpc_service::{AppState, ExternalRpcHandler};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use docker_logs::parse_duration;
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{worker_server::WorkerRpc, AppInfo};
 use guest_api::guest_api_server::GuestApiRpc;
 use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
 use rinja::Template;
 use rocket::futures::StreamExt;
 use rocket::response::stream::TextStream;
 use rocket::{get, response::content::RawHtml, routes, Route, State};
-use tappd_rpc::{worker_server::WorkerRpc, WorkerInfo};
 
 pub fn external_routes(config: &Config) -> Vec<Route> {
     let mut routes = routes![index];
-    if config.public_logs {
+    if config.app_compose.public_logs {
         routes.extend(routes![get_logs]);
     }
+    if config.app_compose.public_sysinfo {
+        routes.extend(routes![metrics]);
+    }
     routes
 }
 
 #[get("/")]
 async fn index(state: &State<AppState>) -> Result<RawHtml<String>, String> {
+    let public_logs = state.config().app_compose.public_logs;
+    let public_sysinfo = state.config().app_compose.public_sysinfo;
+    let public_tcbinfo = state.config().app_compose.public_tcbinfo;
     let context = CallContext::builder().state(&**state).build();
     let handler = ExternalRpcHandler::construct(context.clone())
         .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to construct RPC handler: {}", e))?;
-    let WorkerInfo {
+    let AppInfo {
         app_name,
         app_id,
         instance_id,
+        device_id,
+        mr_aggregated: _,
+        os_image_hash: _,
+        key_provider_info,
+        compose_hash: _,
         tcb_info,
-        app_cert,
-        public_logs,
-        public_sysinfo,
+        app_cert: _,
+        vm_config: _,
+        cloud_vendor,
+        cloud_product,
     } = handler
         .info()
         .await
@@ -46,12 +64,16 @@ async fn index(state: &State<AppState>) -> Result<RawHtml<String>, String> {
         app_name,
         app_id,
         instance_id,
-        app_cert,
+        device_id,
+        key_provider_info,
         tcb_info,
         containers,
         system_info,
         public_sysinfo,
         public_logs,
+        public_tcbinfo,
+        cloud_vendor,
+        cloud_product,
     };
     match model.render() {
         Ok(html) => Ok(RawHtml(html)),
@@ -59,7 +81,26 @@ async fn index(state: &State<AppState>) -> Result<RawHtml<String>, String> {
     }
 }
 
-#[get("/logs/<container_name>?<since>&<until>&<follow>&<text>&<timestamps>&<bare>&<tail>")]
+// Returns metrics about the guest in prometheus format if public_sysinfo is enabled
+#[get("/metrics")]
+async fn metrics(state: &State<AppState>) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let public_sysinfo = state.config().app_compose.public_sysinfo;
+    if !public_sysinfo {
+        return Err("Sysinfo API is disabled".to_string());
+    }
+    let context = CallContext::builder().state(&**state).build();
+    let handler = GuestApiHandler::construct(context.clone())
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to construct RPC handler: {}", e))?;
+
+    let system_info = handler.sys_info().await.unwrap_or_default();
+    let model = crate::models::Metrics { system_info };
+    match model.render() {
+        Ok(body) => Ok(body),
+        Err(err) => Err(format!("Failed to render template: {err}")),
+    }
+}
+
+#[get("/logs/<container_name>?<since>&<until>&<follow>&<text>&<timestamps>&<bare>&<tail>&<ansi>")]
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn get_logs(
     container_name: String,
@@ -70,6 +111,7 @@ fn get_logs(
     bare: bool,
     timestamps: bool,
     tail: Option<String>,
+    ansi: bool,
 ) -> TextStream![String] {
     // default to 1 hour ago
     let since = since.map_or(Ok(0), parse_duration);
@@ -92,6 +134,7 @@ fn get_logs(
             bare,
             timestamps,
             tail,
+            ansi,
         };
         let mut stream = match docker_logs::get_logs(&container_name, config) {
             Ok(stream) => stream,
@@ -100,9 +143,18 @@ fn get_logs(
                 return;
             }
         };
-        while let Some(log) = stream.next().await {
+        loop {
+            let log = match tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(600), stream.next()).await {
+                Ok(Some(log)) => log,
+                Ok(None) => break,
+                Err(_) => {
+                    break;
+                }
+            };
             match log {
-                Ok(log) => yield log,
+                Ok(log) => {
+                    yield log;
+                }
                 Err(e) => yield serde_json::json!({ "error": e.to_string() }).to_string(),
             }
         }
@@ -126,6 +178,7 @@ mod docker_logs {
         pub bare: bool,
         pub timestamps: bool,
         pub tail: String,
+        pub ansi: bool,
     }
 
     pub fn parse_duration(duration: &str) -> Result<i64> {
@@ -175,6 +228,7 @@ mod docker_logs {
             bare,
             timestamps,
             tail,
+            ansi,
         } = config;
         let docker = Docker::connect_with_local_defaults()?;
         let options = LogsOptions {
@@ -189,10 +243,10 @@ mod docker_logs {
 
         Ok(docker
             .logs(container_name, Some(options))
-            .map(move |result| result.map(|m| log_to_json(m, text, bare))))
+            .map(move |result| result.map(|m| log_to_json(m, text, bare, ansi))))
     }
 
-    fn log_to_json(log: LogOutput, text: bool, bare: bool) -> String {
+    fn log_to_json(log: LogOutput, text: bool, bare: bool, ansi: bool) -> String {
         let channel = match &log {
             LogOutput::StdErr { .. } => "stderr",
             LogOutput::StdOut { .. } => "stdout",
@@ -207,7 +261,11 @@ mod docker_logs {
             base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(message)
         };
         if bare {
-            return message;
+            if ansi || !text {
+                return message;
+            } else {
+                return strip_ansi_escapes::strip_str(&message);
+            }
         }
         let log_line = serde_json::json!({
             "channel": channel,
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/lib.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10e0f8c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+pub const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+pub const GIT_REV: &str = dstack_build_info::git_revision!();
+
+pub mod backend;
+pub mod config;
+mod guest_api_service;
+mod http_routes;
+mod models;
+pub mod rpc_service;
+mod server;
+mod socket_activation;
+
+pub use rpc_service::AppState;
+pub use server::{app_version, run as run_server};
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/main.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0263d3f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use dstack_guest_agent::{config, run_server, AppState};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_version = dstack_guest_agent::app_version())]
+struct Args {
+    /// Path to the configuration file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Enable systemd watchdog
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    watchdog: bool,
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
+    let state = AppState::new(figment.focus("core").extract()?)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to create app state")?;
+    run_server(state, figment, args.watchdog).await
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/models.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/models.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d91bab21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/models.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use guest_api::{Container, SystemInfo};
+use rinja::Template;
+
+mod filters {
+    use anyhow::Result;
+
+    pub fn cname<'a>(s: &'a Option<&'a String>) -> Result<&'a str, rinja::Error> {
+        let name = s.map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(name.strip_prefix("/").unwrap_or(name))
+    }
+
+    pub fn hsize(s: &u64) -> Result<String, rinja::Error> {
+        // convert bytes to human readable size
+        let mut size = *s as f64;
+        let units = ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB", "ZB", "YB"];
+        let mut unit_index = 0;
+        while size >= 1024.0 && unit_index < units.len() - 1 {
+            size /= 1024.0;
+            unit_index += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(format!(
+            "{:.2} {}",
+            size,
+            units.get(unit_index).unwrap_or(&"?")
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn hex(s: &[u8]) -> Result<String, rinja::Error> {
+        Ok(hex::encode(s))
+    }
+
+    pub fn prometheus_label(s: &str) -> Result<String, rinja::Error> {
+        Ok(s.replace('\\', "\\\\")
+            .replace('\n', "\\n")
+            .replace('"', "\\\""))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Template)]
+#[template(path = "dashboard.html")]
+pub struct Dashboard {
+    pub app_name: String,
+    pub app_id: Vec<u8>,
+    pub instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+    pub device_id: Vec<u8>,
+    pub key_provider_info: String,
+    pub tcb_info: String,
+    pub containers: Vec<Container>,
+    pub system_info: SystemInfo,
+    pub public_sysinfo: bool,
+    pub public_logs: bool,
+    pub public_tcbinfo: bool,
+    pub cloud_vendor: String,
+    pub cloud_product: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Template)]
+#[template(path = "metrics.tpl", escape = "none")]
+pub struct Metrics {
+    pub system_info: SystemInfo,
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/rpc_service.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/rpc_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6451c40b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/rpc_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1359 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    path::Path,
+    sync::{Arc, RwLock},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use base64::{engine::general_purpose::URL_SAFE_NO_PAD, Engine as _};
+use cert_client::CertRequestClient;
+use dstack_attest::default_verifier;
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{
+    dstack_guest_server::{DstackGuestRpc, DstackGuestServer},
+    tappd_server::{TappdRpc, TappdServer},
+    worker_server::{WorkerRpc, WorkerServer},
+    AppInfo, AttestResponse, DeriveK256KeyResponse, DeriveKeyArgs, GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest,
+    GetKeyArgs, GetKeyResponse, GetQuoteResponse, GetTlsKeyArgs, GetTlsKeyResponse,
+    GpuInfoResponse, RawQuoteArgs, SignRequest, SignResponse, TdxQuoteArgs, TdxQuoteResponse,
+    VerifyRequest, VerifyResponse, WorkerVersion,
+};
+use dstack_types::{AppKeys, SysConfig, GPU_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT};
+use ed25519_dalek::ed25519::signature::hazmat::{PrehashSigner, PrehashVerifier};
+use ed25519_dalek::{
+    Signer as Ed25519Signer, SigningKey as Ed25519SigningKey, Verifier as Ed25519Verifier,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey;
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::{
+        QuoteContentType, TdxAttestationExt, VersionedAttestation, DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM,
+    },
+    cert::{CertConfigV2, CertSigningRequestV2, Csr},
+    kdf::{derive_key, derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes},
+};
+use rcgen::KeyPair;
+use ring::rand::{SecureRandom, SystemRandom};
+use serde_json::json;
+use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+use tracing::{error, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    backend::{PlatformBackend, RealPlatform},
+    config::Config,
+};
+
+fn read_dmi_file(name: &str) -> String {
+    fs::read_to_string(format!("/sys/class/dmi/id/{name}"))
+        .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// Read the GPU attestation output saved during boot. Returns an empty string
+/// when no output is available (e.g. no GPU attached or attestation disabled).
+fn read_gpu_attestation(path: &Path) -> String {
+    match fs::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(attestation) => attestation,
+        Err(err) => {
+            if err.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound {
+                warn!("failed to read GPU attestation output: {err:?}");
+            }
+            String::new()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AppState {
+    inner: Arc<AppStateInner>,
+}
+
+struct AppStateInner {
+    config: Config,
+    keys: AppKeys,
+    vm_config: String,
+    cert_client: CertRequestClient,
+    demo_cert: RwLock<String>,
+    platform: Arc<dyn PlatformBackend>,
+}
+
+impl AppStateInner {
+    fn info_attestation(&self) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+        self.platform.attestation_for_info()
+    }
+
+    async fn issue_cert(&self, key: &KeyPair, config: CertConfigV2) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+        let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
+        let attestation = self
+            .platform
+            .certificate_attestation(&pubkey)
+            .context("Failed to get certificate attestation")?;
+        let csr = CertSigningRequestV2 {
+            confirm: "please sign cert:".to_string(),
+            pubkey,
+            config,
+            attestation,
+        };
+        let signature = csr.signed_by(key).context("Failed to sign the CSR")?;
+        self.cert_client
+            .sign_csr(&csr, &signature)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to sign the CSR")
+    }
+
+    async fn request_demo_cert(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate().context("Failed to generate demo key")?;
+        let demo_cert = self
+            .issue_cert(
+                &key,
+                CertConfigV2 {
+                    org_name: None,
+                    subject: "demo-cert".to_string(),
+                    subject_alt_names: vec![],
+                    usage_server_auth: false,
+                    usage_client_auth: true,
+                    ext_quote: true,
+                    ext_app_info: false,
+                    not_after: None,
+                    not_before: None,
+                },
+            )
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get app cert")?
+            .join("\n");
+        Ok(demo_cert)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppState {
+    fn maybe_request_demo_cert(&self) {
+        let state = self.inner.clone();
+        if !state
+            .demo_cert
+            .read()
+            .or_panic("lock shoud never fail")
+            .is_empty()
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            match state.request_demo_cert().await {
+                Ok(demo_cert) => {
+                    *state.demo_cert.write().or_panic("lock shoud never fail") = demo_cert;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    error!("Failed to request demo cert: {e}");
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub async fn new_with_platform(
+        config: Config,
+        platform: Arc<dyn PlatformBackend>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let keys: AppKeys = serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(&config.keys_file)?)
+            .context("Failed to parse app keys")?;
+        let sys_config: SysConfig =
+            serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(&config.sys_config_file)?)
+                .context("Failed to parse VM config")?;
+        let collateral_urls = sys_config.collateral_urls();
+        let vm_config = sys_config.vm_config;
+        // Same trust anchor decision as dstack-util: never host-supplied, and
+        // development roots only when this guest published them itself.
+        let verifier = Arc::new(default_verifier(&collateral_urls)?);
+        let cert_client = CertRequestClient::create(&keys, verifier, vm_config.clone())
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to create cert signer")?;
+        let me = Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(AppStateInner {
+                config,
+                keys,
+                cert_client,
+                demo_cert: RwLock::new(String::new()),
+                vm_config,
+                platform,
+            }),
+        };
+        me.maybe_request_demo_cert();
+        Ok(me)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn new(config: Config) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::new_with_platform(config, Arc::new(RealPlatform)).await
+    }
+
+    pub fn config(&self) -> &Config {
+        &self.inner.config
+    }
+
+    fn quote_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+        self.inner
+            .platform
+            .quote_response(report_data, &self.inner.vm_config)
+    }
+
+    fn attest_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+        self.inner.platform.attest_response(report_data)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct InternalRpcHandler {
+    state: AppState,
+}
+
+pub async fn get_info(state: &AppState, external: bool) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+    let hide_tcb_info = external && !state.config().app_compose.public_tcbinfo;
+    let versioned_attestation = state.inner.info_attestation()?;
+    let attestation = versioned_attestation.into_v1();
+    let app_info = attestation
+        .decode_app_info(false)
+        .context("Failed to decode app info")?;
+    let event_log = attestation.tdx_event_log().unwrap_or_default();
+    let tcb_info = if hide_tcb_info {
+        "".to_string()
+    } else {
+        let app_compose = state.config().app_compose.raw.clone();
+        let td_report = match attestation.td10_report() {
+            Some(report) => json!({
+                "mrtd": hex::encode(report.mr_td),
+                "rtmr0": hex::encode(report.rt_mr0),
+                "rtmr1": hex::encode(report.rt_mr1),
+                "rtmr2": hex::encode(report.rt_mr2),
+                "rtmr3": hex::encode(report.rt_mr3),
+            }),
+            None => json!({}),
+        };
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&json!({
+            "mrtd": td_report["mrtd"],
+            "rtmr0": td_report["rtmr0"],
+            "rtmr1": td_report["rtmr1"],
+            "rtmr2": td_report["rtmr2"],
+            "rtmr3": td_report["rtmr3"],
+            "mr_aggregated": hex::encode(app_info.mr_aggregated),
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(&app_info.os_image_hash),
+            "compose_hash": hex::encode(&app_info.compose_hash),
+            "device_id": hex::encode(&app_info.device_id),
+            "event_log": event_log,
+            "app_compose": app_compose,
+        }))
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+    };
+    let vm_config = if hide_tcb_info {
+        "".to_string()
+    } else {
+        state.inner.vm_config.clone()
+    };
+    state.maybe_request_demo_cert();
+    Ok(AppInfo {
+        app_name: state.config().app_compose.name.clone(),
+        app_id: app_info.app_id,
+        instance_id: app_info.instance_id,
+        device_id: app_info.device_id,
+        mr_aggregated: app_info.mr_aggregated.to_vec(),
+        os_image_hash: app_info.os_image_hash.clone(),
+        key_provider_info: String::from_utf8(app_info.key_provider_info).unwrap_or_default(),
+        compose_hash: app_info.compose_hash.clone(),
+        app_cert: state
+            .inner
+            .demo_cert
+            .read()
+            .or_panic("lock should not fail")
+            .clone(),
+        tcb_info,
+        vm_config,
+        cloud_vendor: read_dmi_file("sys_vendor"),
+        cloud_product: read_dmi_file("product_name"),
+    })
+}
+
+fn validate_cert_validity(not_before: Option<u64>, not_after: Option<u64>) -> Result<()> {
+    if let (Some(not_before), Some(not_after)) = (not_before, not_after) {
+        if not_before >= not_after {
+            anyhow::bail!("not_before must be earlier than not_after");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl DstackGuestRpc for InternalRpcHandler {
+    async fn get_tls_key(self, request: GetTlsKeyArgs) -> anyhow::Result<GetTlsKeyResponse> {
+        validate_cert_validity(request.not_before, request.not_after)?;
+        let mut seed = [0u8; 32];
+        SystemRandom::new()
+            .fill(&mut seed)
+            .context("Failed to generate secure seed")?;
+        let derived_key =
+            derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes(&seed, &[]).context("Failed to derive key")?;
+        let config = CertConfigV2 {
+            org_name: None,
+            subject: request.subject,
+            subject_alt_names: request.alt_names,
+            usage_server_auth: request.usage_server_auth,
+            usage_client_auth: request.usage_client_auth,
+            ext_quote: request.usage_ra_tls,
+            ext_app_info: request.with_app_info,
+            not_after: request.not_after,
+            not_before: request.not_before,
+        };
+        let certificate_chain = self.state.inner.issue_cert(&derived_key, config).await?;
+        Ok(GetTlsKeyResponse {
+            key: derived_key.serialize_pem(),
+            certificate_chain,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_key(self, request: GetKeyArgs) -> Result<GetKeyResponse> {
+        let k256_app_key = &self.state.inner.keys.k256_key;
+
+        let algorithm = normalize_algorithm(&request.algorithm);
+        let (key, pubkey_hex) = match algorithm {
+            "ed25519" => {
+                let derived_key = derive_key(k256_app_key, &[request.path.as_bytes()], 32)
+                    .context("Failed to derive ed25519 key")?;
+                let signing_key = Ed25519SigningKey::from_bytes(
+                    &derived_key
+                        .as_slice()
+                        .try_into()
+                        .or(Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid key length")))?,
+                );
+                let pubkey_hex = hex::encode(signing_key.verifying_key().as_bytes());
+                (derived_key, pubkey_hex)
+            }
+            "secp256k1" | "" => {
+                let derived_key = derive_key(k256_app_key, &[request.path.as_bytes()], 32)
+                    .context("Failed to derive k256 key")?;
+
+                let signing_key =
+                    SigningKey::from_slice(&derived_key).context("Failed to parse k256 key")?;
+                let pubkey_hex = hex::encode(signing_key.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes());
+                (derived_key, pubkey_hex)
+            }
+            _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unsupported algorithm")),
+        };
+
+        let msg_to_sign = format!("{}:{}", request.purpose, pubkey_hex);
+        let app_signing_key =
+            SigningKey::from_slice(k256_app_key).context("Failed to parse app k256 key")?;
+        let digest = Keccak256::new_with_prefix(msg_to_sign);
+        let (signature, recid) = app_signing_key.sign_digest_recoverable(digest)?;
+        let mut signature = signature.to_vec();
+        signature.push(recid.to_byte());
+
+        Ok(GetKeyResponse {
+            key,
+            signature_chain: vec![signature, self.state.inner.keys.k256_signature.clone()],
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_quote(self, request: RawQuoteArgs) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+        let report_data = pad64(&request.report_data).context("Report data is too long")?;
+        self.state.quote_response(report_data)
+    }
+
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        get_info(&self.state, false).await
+    }
+
+    async fn gpu_info(self) -> Result<GpuInfoResponse> {
+        Ok(GpuInfoResponse {
+            attestation: read_gpu_attestation(Path::new(GPU_ATTESTATION_OUTPUT)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn sign(self, request: SignRequest) -> Result<SignResponse> {
+        let algorithm = normalize_algorithm(&request.algorithm);
+        // Use the base algorithm for key derivation (e.g. secp256k1_prehashed -> secp256k1)
+        let key_algorithm = match algorithm {
+            "secp256k1_prehashed" => "secp256k1",
+            other => other,
+        };
+        let key_response = self
+            .get_key(GetKeyArgs {
+                path: "vms".to_string(),
+                purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+                algorithm: key_algorithm.to_string(),
+            })
+            .await?;
+        let (signature, public_key) = match algorithm {
+            "ed25519" => {
+                let key_bytes: [u8; 32] = key_response
+                    .key
+                    .try_into()
+                    .ok()
+                    .context("Key is incorrect")?;
+                let signing_key = Ed25519SigningKey::from_bytes(&key_bytes);
+                let signature = signing_key.sign(&request.data);
+                let public_key = signing_key.verifying_key().to_bytes().to_vec();
+                (signature.to_bytes().to_vec(), public_key)
+            }
+            "secp256k1" => {
+                let signing_key = SigningKey::from_slice(&key_response.key)
+                    .context("Failed to parse secp256k1 key")?;
+                let signature: k256::ecdsa::Signature = signing_key.sign(&request.data);
+                let public_key = signing_key.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes().to_vec();
+                (signature.to_bytes().to_vec(), public_key)
+            }
+            "secp256k1_prehashed" => {
+                if request.data.len() != 32 {
+                    return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                        "Pre-hashed signing requires a 32-byte digest, but received {} bytes",
+                        request.data.len()
+                    ));
+                }
+                let signing_key = SigningKey::from_slice(&key_response.key)
+                    .context("Failed to parse secp256k1 key")?;
+                let signature: k256::ecdsa::Signature = signing_key.sign_prehash(&request.data)?;
+                let public_key = signing_key.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes().to_vec();
+                (signature.to_bytes().to_vec(), public_key)
+            }
+            _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unsupported algorithm")),
+        };
+        Ok(SignResponse {
+            signature: signature.clone(),
+            signature_chain: vec![
+                signature,
+                key_response.signature_chain[0].clone(),
+                key_response.signature_chain[1].clone(),
+            ],
+            public_key,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn verify(self, request: VerifyRequest) -> Result<VerifyResponse> {
+        let algorithm = normalize_algorithm(&request.algorithm);
+        let valid = match algorithm {
+            "ed25519" => {
+                let verifying_key = ed25519_dalek::VerifyingKey::from_bytes(
+                    &request
+                        .public_key
+                        .as_slice()
+                        .try_into()
+                        .ok()
+                        .context("invalid public key")?,
+                )?;
+                let signature = ed25519_dalek::Signature::from_slice(&request.signature)?;
+                verifying_key.verify(&request.data, &signature).is_ok()
+            }
+            "secp256k1" => {
+                let verifying_key =
+                    k256::ecdsa::VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(&request.public_key)?;
+                let signature = k256::ecdsa::Signature::from_slice(&request.signature)?;
+                verifying_key.verify(&request.data, &signature).is_ok()
+            }
+            "secp256k1_prehashed" => {
+                let verifying_key =
+                    k256::ecdsa::VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(&request.public_key)?;
+                let signature = k256::ecdsa::Signature::from_slice(&request.signature)?;
+                verifying_key
+                    .verify_prehash(&request.data, &signature)
+                    .is_ok()
+            }
+            _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unsupported algorithm")),
+        };
+        Ok(VerifyResponse { valid })
+    }
+
+    async fn attest(self, request: RawQuoteArgs) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+        let report_data = pad64(&request.report_data).context("Report data is too long")?;
+        self.state.attest_response(report_data)
+    }
+
+    async fn version(self) -> Result<WorkerVersion> {
+        Ok(WorkerVersion {
+            version: crate::CARGO_PKG_VERSION.to_string(),
+            rev: crate::GIT_REV.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Normalize algorithm name to canonical form.
+/// Accepts "k256" as an alias for "secp256k1".
+fn normalize_algorithm(algorithm: &str) -> &str {
+    match algorithm {
+        "k256" => "secp256k1",
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+fn pad64(data: &[u8]) -> Option<[u8; 64]> {
+    if data.len() > 64 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut padded = [0u8; 64];
+    padded[..data.len()].copy_from_slice(data);
+    Some(padded)
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<AppState> for InternalRpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = DstackGuestServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct InternalRpcHandlerV0 {
+    state: AppState,
+}
+
+impl TappdRpc for InternalRpcHandlerV0 {
+    async fn derive_key(self, request: DeriveKeyArgs) -> anyhow::Result<GetTlsKeyResponse> {
+        let mut mbuf = [0u8; 32];
+        let seed = if request.random_seed {
+            SystemRandom::new()
+                .fill(&mut mbuf)
+                .context("Failed to generate secure seed")?;
+            &mbuf[..]
+        } else {
+            &self.state.inner.keys.k256_key
+        };
+        let derived_key = derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes(seed, &[request.path.as_bytes()])
+            .context("Failed to derive key")?;
+        let config = CertConfigV2 {
+            org_name: None,
+            subject: request.subject,
+            subject_alt_names: request.alt_names,
+            usage_server_auth: request.usage_server_auth,
+            usage_client_auth: request.usage_client_auth,
+            ext_quote: request.usage_ra_tls,
+            ext_app_info: false,
+            not_before: None,
+            not_after: None,
+        };
+        let certificate_chain = self.state.inner.issue_cert(&derived_key, config).await?;
+        Ok(GetTlsKeyResponse {
+            key: derived_key.serialize_pem(),
+            certificate_chain,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn derive_k256_key(self, request: GetKeyArgs) -> Result<DeriveK256KeyResponse> {
+        let res = InternalRpcHandler { state: self.state }
+            .get_key(request)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(DeriveK256KeyResponse {
+            k256_key: res.key,
+            k256_signature_chain: res.signature_chain,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn tdx_quote(self, request: TdxQuoteArgs) -> Result<TdxQuoteResponse> {
+        let hash_algorithm = if request.hash_algorithm.is_empty() {
+            DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM
+        } else {
+            &request.hash_algorithm
+        };
+        let content_type = if request.prefix.is_empty() {
+            QuoteContentType::AppData
+        } else {
+            QuoteContentType::Custom(&request.prefix)
+        };
+        let prefix = if hash_algorithm == "raw" {
+            "".into()
+        } else {
+            content_type.tag().to_string()
+        };
+        let report_data =
+            content_type.to_report_data_with_hash(&request.report_data, &request.hash_algorithm)?;
+        let response = self.state.quote_response(report_data)?;
+        Ok(TdxQuoteResponse {
+            quote: response.quote,
+            event_log: response.event_log,
+            hash_algorithm: hash_algorithm.to_string(),
+            prefix,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn raw_quote(self, request: RawQuoteArgs) -> Result<TdxQuoteResponse> {
+        self.tdx_quote(TdxQuoteArgs {
+            report_data: request.report_data,
+            hash_algorithm: "raw".to_string(),
+            prefix: "".to_string(),
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        get_info(&self.state, false).await
+    }
+
+    async fn version(self) -> Result<WorkerVersion> {
+        Ok(WorkerVersion {
+            version: crate::CARGO_PKG_VERSION.to_string(),
+            rev: crate::GIT_REV.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<AppState> for InternalRpcHandlerV0 {
+    type PrpcService = TappdServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(InternalRpcHandlerV0 {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ExternalRpcHandler {
+    state: AppState,
+}
+
+impl ExternalRpcHandler {
+    pub(crate) fn new(state: AppState) -> Self {
+        Self { state }
+    }
+}
+
+impl WorkerRpc for ExternalRpcHandler {
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        get_info(&self.state, true).await
+    }
+
+    async fn version(self) -> Result<WorkerVersion> {
+        Ok(WorkerVersion {
+            version: crate::CARGO_PKG_VERSION.to_string(),
+            rev: crate::GIT_REV.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_attestation_for_app_key(
+        self,
+        request: GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest,
+    ) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+        let key_response = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: self.state.clone(),
+        }
+        .get_key(GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "vms".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: request.algorithm.clone(),
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+        let algorithm = normalize_algorithm(&request.algorithm);
+        match algorithm {
+            "ed25519" => {
+                let key_bytes: [u8; 32] = key_response
+                    .key
+                    .try_into()
+                    .ok()
+                    .context("Key is incorrect")?;
+                let ed25519_key = Ed25519SigningKey::from_bytes(&key_bytes);
+                let ed25519_pubkey = ed25519_key.verifying_key().to_bytes();
+
+                let mut ed25519_report_data = [0u8; 64];
+                let ed25519_b64 = URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(ed25519_pubkey);
+                let ed25519_report_string = format!("dip1::ed25519-pk:{}", ed25519_b64);
+                let ed_bytes = ed25519_report_string.as_bytes();
+                ed25519_report_data[..ed_bytes.len()].copy_from_slice(ed_bytes);
+
+                self.state.quote_response(ed25519_report_data)
+            }
+            "secp256k1" | "secp256k1_prehashed" => {
+                let secp256k1_key = SigningKey::from_slice(&key_response.key)
+                    .context("Failed to parse secp256k1 key")?;
+                let secp256k1_pubkey = secp256k1_key.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes();
+
+                let mut secp256k1_report_data = [0u8; 64];
+                let secp256k1_b64 = URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(secp256k1_pubkey);
+                let secp256k1_report_string = format!("dip1::secp256k1c-pk:{}", secp256k1_b64);
+                let secp_bytes = secp256k1_report_string.as_bytes();
+                secp256k1_report_data[..secp_bytes.len()].copy_from_slice(secp_bytes);
+
+                self.state.quote_response(secp256k1_report_data)
+            }
+            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unsupported algorithm")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<AppState> for ExternalRpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = WorkerServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(ExternalRpcHandler {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{
+        backend::PlatformBackend,
+        config::{AppComposeWrapper, Config},
+    };
+    use dstack_attest::attestation::AttestationVerifier;
+    use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest, SignRequest};
+    use dstack_types::{AppCompose, AppKeys, EventLogVersion, KeyProvider};
+    use ed25519_dalek::ed25519::signature::hazmat::PrehashVerifier;
+    use ed25519_dalek::{
+        Signature as Ed25519Signature, Verifier, VerifyingKey as Ed25519VerifyingKey,
+    };
+    use k256::ecdsa::{Signature as K256Signature, VerifyingKey};
+    use ra_tls::attestation::{AttestationV1, VersionedAttestation};
+    use sha2::Sha256;
+    use std::collections::HashSet;
+    use std::convert::TryFrom;
+    use std::io::Write;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_gpu_attestation_output_verbatim() {
+        let mut output = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let attestation = r#"{"result_code":0,"claims":[]}"#;
+        output.write_all(attestation.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        output.flush().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(read_gpu_attestation(output.path()), attestation);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_gpu_attestation_output_reads_as_empty() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(read_gpu_attestation(&dir.path().join("missing")), "");
+    }
+
+    fn extract_pubkey_from_report_data(report_data: &[u8], prefix: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let end = report_data
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&b| b == 0)
+            .unwrap_or(report_data.len());
+        let report_str = std::str::from_utf8(&report_data[..end])?;
+
+        if let Some(base64_pk) = report_str.strip_prefix(prefix) {
+            URL_SAFE_NO_PAD
+                .decode(base64_pk)
+                .context("Failed to decode base64")
+        } else {
+            Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Prefix not found in report data"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn setup_test_state() -> (AppState, tempfile::NamedTempFile) {
+        let mut temp_attestation_file = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+
+        let attestation = include_bytes!("../fixtures/attestation.bin");
+        temp_attestation_file.write_all(attestation).unwrap();
+        temp_attestation_file.flush().unwrap();
+
+        let dummy_appcompose = AppCompose {
+            manifest_version: "2".to_string(),
+            name: String::new(),
+            features: Vec::new(),
+            runner: String::new(),
+            snapshotter: None,
+            docker_compose_file: None,
+            init_script: Vec::new(),
+            public_logs: false,
+            public_sysinfo: false,
+            public_tcbinfo: false,
+            kms_enabled: false,
+            gateway_enabled: false,
+            local_key_provider_enabled: false,
+            key_provider: None,
+            key_provider_id: Vec::new(),
+            allowed_envs: Vec::new(),
+            no_instance_id: false,
+            secure_time: false,
+            storage_fs: None,
+            swap_size: 0,
+            event_log_version: EventLogVersion::V1,
+            port_policy: Default::default(),
+            requirements: None,
+            verity_volumes: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        let dummy_appcompose_wrapper = AppComposeWrapper {
+            app_compose: dummy_appcompose,
+            raw: String::new(),
+        };
+
+        let dummy_config = Config {
+            keys_file: String::new(),
+            app_compose: dummy_appcompose_wrapper,
+            sys_config_file: String::new().into(),
+            data_disks: HashSet::new(),
+        };
+
+        const DUMMY_PEM_KEY: &str = r#"-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
+"#;
+
+        const DUMMY_PEM_CERT: &str = r#"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"#;
+
+        const DUMMY_K256_KEY: [u8; 32] = [
+            0x1A, 0x2B, 0x3C, 0x4D, 0x5E, 0x6F, 0x7A, 0x8B, 0x9C, 0x0D, 0x1E, 0x2F, 0x3A, 0x4B,
+            0x5C, 0x6D, 0x7E, 0x8F, 0x9A, 0x0B, 0x1C, 0x2D, 0x3E, 0x4F, 0x5A, 0x6B, 0x7C, 0x8D,
+            0x9E, 0x0F, 0x1A, 0x2B,
+        ];
+
+        let dummy_keys = AppKeys {
+            disk_crypt_key: Vec::new(),
+            env_crypt_key: Vec::new(),
+            k256_key: DUMMY_K256_KEY.to_vec(),
+            k256_signature: Vec::new(),
+            gateway_app_id: String::new(),
+            ca_cert: DUMMY_PEM_CERT.to_string(),
+            key_provider: KeyProvider::None {
+                key: DUMMY_PEM_KEY.to_string(),
+            },
+        };
+
+        let verifier = Arc::new(AttestationVerifier::new_prod(None).unwrap());
+        let dummy_cert_client = CertRequestClient::create(&dummy_keys, verifier, String::new())
+            .await
+            .expect("Failed to create CertRequestClient");
+
+        struct TestSimulatorPlatform {
+            attestation: VersionedAttestation,
+        }
+
+        fn patch_report_data(
+            attestation: &VersionedAttestation,
+            report_data: [u8; 64],
+        ) -> AttestationV1 {
+            attestation.clone().into_v1().with_report_data(report_data)
+        }
+
+        impl PlatformBackend for TestSimulatorPlatform {
+            fn attestation_for_info(&self) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+                Ok(self.attestation.clone())
+            }
+
+            fn certificate_attestation(&self, pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+                let report_data =
+                    ra_tls::attestation::QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(pubkey);
+                let attestation = patch_report_data(&self.attestation, report_data);
+                Ok(VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation })
+            }
+
+            fn quote_response(
+                &self,
+                report_data: [u8; 64],
+                vm_config: &str,
+            ) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+                let attestation = patch_report_data(&self.attestation, report_data);
+                let Some(quote) = attestation.platform.tdx_quote().map(ToOwned::to_owned) else {
+                    return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Quote not found"));
+                };
+                Ok(GetQuoteResponse {
+                    quote,
+                    event_log: serde_json::to_string(
+                        attestation.tdx_event_log().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                    report_data: report_data.to_vec(),
+                    vm_config: vm_config.to_string(),
+                    attestation: Vec::new(),
+                })
+            }
+
+            fn attest_response(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+                let attestation = patch_report_data(&self.attestation, report_data);
+                Ok(AttestResponse {
+                    attestation: VersionedAttestation::V1 { attestation }.to_bytes()?,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        let inner = AppStateInner {
+            config: dummy_config,
+            keys: dummy_keys,
+            vm_config: String::new(),
+            cert_client: dummy_cert_client,
+            demo_cert: RwLock::new(String::new()),
+            platform: Arc::new(TestSimulatorPlatform {
+                attestation: VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(
+                    &std::fs::read(temp_attestation_file.path()).unwrap(),
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
+            }),
+        };
+
+        (
+            AppState {
+                inner: Arc::new(inner),
+            },
+            temp_attestation_file,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_verify_ed25519_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let data_to_sign = b"test message for ed25519";
+        let sign_request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "ed25519".to_string(),
+            data: data_to_sign.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let sign_response = handler.sign(sign_request).await.unwrap();
+
+        let verify_request = VerifyRequest {
+            algorithm: "ed25519".to_string(),
+            data: data_to_sign.to_vec(),
+            signature: sign_response.signature,
+            public_key: sign_response.public_key,
+        };
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let verify_response = handler.verify(verify_request).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(verify_response.valid);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_verify_secp256k1_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let data_to_sign = b"test message for secp256k1";
+        let sign_request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+            data: data_to_sign.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let sign_response = handler.sign(sign_request).await.unwrap();
+
+        let verify_request = VerifyRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+            data: data_to_sign.to_vec(),
+            signature: sign_response.signature,
+            public_key: sign_response.public_key,
+        };
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let verify_response = handler.verify(verify_request).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(verify_response.valid);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sign_ed25519_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let data_to_sign = b"test message for ed25519";
+        let request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "ed25519".to_string(),
+            data: data_to_sign.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.sign(request).await.unwrap();
+
+        let attestation_response = ExternalRpcHandler::new(state)
+            .get_attestation_for_app_key(GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+                algorithm: "ed25519".to_string(),
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let pk_bytes =
+            extract_pubkey_from_report_data(&attestation_response.report_data, "dip1::ed25519-pk:")
+                .unwrap();
+
+        let public_key = Ed25519VerifyingKey::try_from(pk_bytes.as_slice()).unwrap();
+        let signature = Ed25519Signature::try_from(response.signature.as_slice()).unwrap();
+        assert!(public_key.verify(data_to_sign, &signature).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sign_secp256k1_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let data_to_sign = b"test message for secp256k1";
+        let request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+            data: data_to_sign.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.sign(request).await.unwrap();
+
+        let attestation_response = ExternalRpcHandler::new(state)
+            .get_attestation_for_app_key(GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+                algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let pk_bytes = extract_pubkey_from_report_data(
+            &attestation_response.report_data,
+            "dip1::secp256k1c-pk:",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let public_key = VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(&pk_bytes).unwrap();
+        let signature = K256Signature::try_from(response.signature.as_slice()).unwrap();
+        assert!(public_key.verify(data_to_sign, &signature).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sign_secp256k1_prehashed_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let data_to_sign = b"test message for secp256k1 prehashed";
+
+        let digest = Sha256::digest(data_to_sign);
+
+        let request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1_prehashed".to_string(),
+            data: digest.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.sign(request).await.unwrap();
+
+        let attestation_response = ExternalRpcHandler::new(state)
+            .get_attestation_for_app_key(GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+                algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let pk_bytes = extract_pubkey_from_report_data(
+            &attestation_response.report_data,
+            "dip1::secp256k1c-pk:",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let public_key = VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(&pk_bytes).unwrap();
+        let signature = K256Signature::try_from(response.signature.as_slice()).unwrap();
+        assert!(public_key
+            .verify_prehash(digest.as_slice(), &signature)
+            .is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sign_secp256k1_prehashed_invalid_length_fails() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+
+        // digest with an invalid length
+        let invalid_digest = vec![0; 31];
+
+        let request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1_prehashed".to_string(),
+            data: invalid_digest,
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.sign(request).await;
+        assert!(response.is_err());
+        assert!(response
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("requires a 32-byte digest"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sign_unsupported_algorithm_fails() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler { state };
+        let request = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "rsa".to_string(), // Unsupported algorithm
+            data: b"test message".to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let result = handler.sign(request).await;
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), "Unsupported algorithm");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_attestation_for_app_key_ed25519_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = ExternalRpcHandler::new(state.clone());
+        let request = GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+            algorithm: "ed25519".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.get_attestation_for_app_key(request).await.unwrap();
+
+        const EXPECTED_REPORT_DATA: &str =
+            "dip1::ed25519-pk:5Pbre1Amf1hrp2V2bbfKlIfxpQb2pJAmrgmhxgVoG9s\0\0\0\0";
+        assert_eq!(EXPECTED_REPORT_DATA.as_bytes(), response.report_data);
+        assert!(response.attestation.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_attestation_for_app_key_secp256k1_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = ExternalRpcHandler::new(state.clone());
+        let request = GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.get_attestation_for_app_key(request).await.unwrap();
+
+        const EXPECTED_REPORT_DATA: &str =
+            "dip1::secp256k1c-pk:A6t_JdVkVdMAocH3f1f20WGT6JzdntxcXimUtEax8zc9";
+        assert_eq!(EXPECTED_REPORT_DATA.as_bytes(), response.report_data);
+        assert!(response.attestation.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_attestation_for_app_key_unsupported_algorithm_fails() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = ExternalRpcHandler::new(state);
+        let request = GetAttestationForAppKeyRequest {
+            algorithm: "ecdsa".to_string(), // Unsupported algorithm
+        };
+
+        let result = handler.get_attestation_for_app_key(request).await;
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), "Unsupported algorithm");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_normalize_algorithm() {
+        assert_eq!(normalize_algorithm("k256"), "secp256k1");
+        assert_eq!(normalize_algorithm("secp256k1"), "secp256k1");
+        assert_eq!(normalize_algorithm("ed25519"), "ed25519");
+        assert_eq!(normalize_algorithm(""), "");
+        assert_eq!(normalize_algorithm("unknown"), "unknown");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_key_k256_alias() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler_k256 = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let handler_secp = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let req_k256 = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "k256".to_string(),
+        };
+        let req_secp = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let resp_k256 = handler_k256.get_key(req_k256).await.unwrap();
+        let resp_secp = handler_secp.get_key(req_secp).await.unwrap();
+
+        // k256 alias should produce the same key as secp256k1
+        assert_eq!(resp_k256.key, resp_secp.key);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_key_secp256k1_prehashed_rejected() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler { state };
+
+        let request = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "secp256k1_prehashed".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let result = handler.get_key(request).await;
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), "Unsupported algorithm");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_key_ed25519_success() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler { state };
+
+        let request = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "ed25519".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let response = handler.get_key(request).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(!response.key.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(response.signature_chain.len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_key_default_algorithm() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler_default = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let handler_secp = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let req_default = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "".to_string(),
+        };
+        let req_secp = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let resp_default = handler_default.get_key(req_default).await.unwrap();
+        let resp_secp = handler_secp.get_key(req_secp).await.unwrap();
+
+        // Empty algorithm should default to secp256k1
+        assert_eq!(resp_default.key, resp_secp.key);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_tls_certificate_validity_order() {
+        assert!(validate_cert_validity(None, None).is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_cert_validity(Some(10), Some(11)).is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(
+            validate_cert_validity(Some(11), Some(11))
+                .unwrap_err()
+                .to_string(),
+            "not_before must be earlier than not_after"
+        );
+        assert!(validate_cert_validity(Some(12), Some(11)).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_get_key_unsupported_algorithm_fails() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler { state };
+
+        let request = GetKeyArgs {
+            path: "test".to_string(),
+            purpose: "signing".to_string(),
+            algorithm: "rsa".to_string(),
+        };
+
+        let result = handler.get_key(request).await;
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap_err().to_string(), "Unsupported algorithm");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_version() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler = InternalRpcHandler { state };
+
+        let response = handler.version().await.unwrap();
+        assert!(!response.version.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_tdx_quote_reports_effective_prefix() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+
+        let default = InternalRpcHandlerV0 {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        }
+        .tdx_quote(TdxQuoteArgs {
+            report_data: b"test".to_vec(),
+            hash_algorithm: "sha512".to_string(),
+            prefix: "".to_string(),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(default.prefix, "app-data");
+
+        let custom = InternalRpcHandlerV0 { state }
+            .tdx_quote(TdxQuoteArgs {
+                report_data: b"test".to_vec(),
+                hash_algorithm: "sha512".to_string(),
+                prefix: "custom-domain".to_string(),
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(custom.prefix, "custom-domain");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_sign_k256_alias() {
+        let (state, _guard) = setup_test_state().await;
+        let handler_k256 = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+        let handler_secp = InternalRpcHandler {
+            state: state.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let data = b"test message".to_vec();
+
+        let req_k256 = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "k256".to_string(),
+            data: data.clone(),
+        };
+        let req_secp = SignRequest {
+            algorithm: "secp256k1".to_string(),
+            data: data.clone(),
+        };
+
+        let resp_k256 = handler_k256.sign(req_k256).await.unwrap();
+        let resp_secp = handler_secp.sign(req_secp).await.unwrap();
+
+        // k256 alias should produce the same public key as secp256k1
+        assert_eq!(resp_k256.public_key, resp_secp.public_key);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/server.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/server.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53a0690ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/server.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{future::pending, os::unix::net::UnixListener as StdUnixListener, time::Duration};
+
+use crate::config::BindAddr;
+use crate::guest_api_service::GuestApiHandler;
+use crate::http_routes;
+use crate::rpc_service::{AppState, ExternalRpcHandler, InternalRpcHandler, InternalRpcHandlerV0};
+use crate::socket_activation::{ActivatedSockets, ActivatedUnixListener};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use ra_rpc::rocket_helper::UnixPeerCredListener;
+use rocket::{
+    fairing::AdHoc,
+    figment::Figment,
+    listener::{unix::UnixListener, Bind, DefaultListener, Endpoint},
+};
+use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockListener;
+use sd_notify::{notify as sd_notify, NotifyState};
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tracing::{error, info};
+
+pub fn app_version() -> String {
+    dstack_build_info::app_version!()
+}
+
+async fn run_internal_v0(
+    state: AppState,
+    figment: Figment,
+    activated_socket: Option<StdUnixListener>,
+    sock_ready_tx: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount(
+            "/prpc/",
+            ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, InternalRpcHandlerV0, trim: "Tappd."),
+        )
+        .manage(state);
+    let ignite = rocket
+        .ignite()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
+
+    if let Some(std_listener) = activated_socket {
+        info!("Using systemd-activated socket for tappd.sock");
+        let listener = UnixPeerCredListener::new(ActivatedUnixListener::new(std_listener)?);
+        sock_ready_tx.send(()).ok();
+        ignite
+            .launch_on(listener)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err: rocket::Error| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    } else {
+        let endpoint = DefaultListener::bind_endpoint(&ignite)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to get endpoint: {err}"))?;
+        sock_ready_tx.send(()).ok();
+        match endpoint {
+            Endpoint::Unix(_) => {
+                let listener = UnixPeerCredListener::new(
+                    <UnixListener as Bind>::bind(&ignite)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}: {err}"))?,
+                );
+                ignite
+                    .launch_on(listener)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let listener = DefaultListener::bind(&ignite)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}: {err}"))?;
+                ignite
+                    .launch_on(listener)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_internal(
+    state: AppState,
+    figment: Figment,
+    activated_socket: Option<StdUnixListener>,
+    sock_ready_tx: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, InternalRpcHandler))
+        .manage(state);
+    let ignite = rocket
+        .ignite()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
+
+    if let Some(std_listener) = activated_socket {
+        info!("Using systemd-activated socket for dstack.sock");
+        let listener = UnixPeerCredListener::new(ActivatedUnixListener::new(std_listener)?);
+        sock_ready_tx.send(()).ok();
+        ignite
+            .launch_on(listener)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err: rocket::Error| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    } else {
+        let endpoint = DefaultListener::bind_endpoint(&ignite)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to get endpoint: {err}"))?;
+        sock_ready_tx.send(()).ok();
+        match endpoint {
+            Endpoint::Unix(_) => {
+                let listener = UnixPeerCredListener::new(
+                    <UnixListener as Bind>::bind(&ignite)
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}: {err}"))?,
+                );
+                ignite
+                    .launch_on(listener)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let listener = DefaultListener::bind(&ignite)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}: {err}"))?;
+                ignite
+                    .launch_on(listener)
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_external(state: AppState, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
+    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/", http_routes::external_routes(state.config()))
+        .mount(
+            "/prpc",
+            ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, ExternalRpcHandler, trim: "Worker."),
+        )
+        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
+            })
+        }))
+        .manage(state);
+    let _ = rocket
+        .launch()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_guest_api(state: AppState, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
+    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/api", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, GuestApiHandler))
+        .manage(state);
+
+    let ignite = rocket
+        .ignite()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
+    if DefaultListener::bind_endpoint(&ignite).is_ok() {
+        let listener = DefaultListener::bind(&ignite)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind guest API : {err}"))?;
+        ignite
+            .launch_on(listener)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    } else {
+        let listener = VsockListener::bind_rocket(&ignite)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind guest API : {err}"))?;
+        ignite
+            .launch_on(listener)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_watchdog(port: u16) {
+    let mut watchdog_usec = 0;
+    let enabled = sd_notify::watchdog_enabled(false, &mut watchdog_usec);
+    if !enabled {
+        info!("Watchdog is not enabled in systemd service");
+        return pending::<()>().await;
+    }
+
+    info!("Starting watchdog");
+    if let Err(err) = sd_notify(false, &[NotifyState::Ready]) {
+        error!("Failed to notify systemd: {err}");
+    }
+    let heatbeat_interval = Duration::from_micros(watchdog_usec / 2);
+    let heatbeat_interval = heatbeat_interval.max(Duration::from_secs(1));
+    info!("Watchdog enabled, interval={watchdog_usec}us, heartbeat={heatbeat_interval:?}");
+    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(heatbeat_interval);
+
+    let probe_url = format!("http://localhost:{port}/prpc/Worker.Version");
+    loop {
+        interval.tick().await;
+
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        match client.get(&probe_url).send().await {
+            Ok(response) if response.status().is_success() => {
+                if let Err(err) = sd_notify(false, &[NotifyState::Watchdog]) {
+                    error!("Failed to notify systemd: {err}");
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(response) => {
+                error!("Health check failed with status: {}", response.status());
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                error!("Health check request failed: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn run(state: AppState, figment: Figment, watchdog: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    let internal_v0_figment = figment.clone().select("internal-v0");
+    let internal_figment = figment.clone().select("internal");
+    let external_figment = figment.clone().select("external");
+    let bind_addr = if watchdog {
+        Some(
+            external_figment
+                .extract::<BindAddr>()
+                .context("Failed to extract bind address")?,
+        )
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let guest_api_figment = figment.select("guest-api");
+
+    let activated = ActivatedSockets::from_env();
+    if activated.any_activated() {
+        info!("Systemd socket activation detected");
+    }
+
+    let (tappd_ready_tx, tappd_ready_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+    let (sock_ready_tx, sock_ready_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+    tokio::select!(
+        res = run_internal_v0(state.clone(), internal_v0_figment, activated.tappd, tappd_ready_tx) => res?,
+        res = run_internal(state.clone(), internal_figment, activated.dstack, sock_ready_tx) => res?,
+        res = run_external(state.clone(), external_figment) => res?,
+        res = run_guest_api(state.clone(), guest_api_figment) => res?,
+        _ = async {
+            let _ = tappd_ready_rx.await;
+            let _ = sock_ready_rx.await;
+            if let Some(bind_addr) = bind_addr {
+                run_watchdog(bind_addr.port).await;
+            } else {
+                pending::<()>().await;
+            }
+        } => {}
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/src/socket_activation.rs b/dstack/guest-agent/src/socket_activation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29f1faad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/src/socket_activation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Systemd socket activation support for dstack-guest-agent.
+//!
+//! This module provides utilities for receiving pre-created sockets from systemd
+//! via the LISTEN_FDS mechanism, allowing the service to use sockets that survive
+//! service restarts.
+
+use std::{io, os::unix::net::UnixListener as StdUnixListener};
+
+use listenfd::ListenFd;
+use rocket::listener::{unix::UnixStream, Endpoint, Listener};
+
+/// Socket indices for systemd socket activation.
+/// Order matches ListenStream declarations in dstack-guest-agent.socket.
+mod socket_index {
+    pub const DSTACK: usize = 0;
+    pub const TAPPD: usize = 1;
+}
+
+/// Systemd-activated sockets passed via LISTEN_FDS.
+pub struct ActivatedSockets {
+    pub dstack: Option<StdUnixListener>,
+    pub tappd: Option<StdUnixListener>,
+}
+
+impl ActivatedSockets {
+    /// Retrieve activated sockets from systemd environment variables.
+    pub fn from_env() -> Self {
+        let mut listenfd = ListenFd::from_env();
+        Self {
+            dstack: listenfd
+                .take_unix_listener(socket_index::DSTACK)
+                .ok()
+                .flatten(),
+            tappd: listenfd
+                .take_unix_listener(socket_index::TAPPD)
+                .ok()
+                .flatten(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if any sockets were activated.
+    pub fn any_activated(&self) -> bool {
+        self.dstack.is_some() || self.tappd.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper for systemd-activated Unix socket that implements rocket's Listener trait.
+pub struct ActivatedUnixListener {
+    listener: tokio::net::UnixListener,
+}
+
+impl ActivatedUnixListener {
+    /// Create a new listener from a standard library UnixListener.
+    pub fn new(std_listener: StdUnixListener) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        std_listener.set_nonblocking(true)?;
+        let listener = tokio::net::UnixListener::from_std(std_listener)?;
+        Ok(Self { listener })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Listener for ActivatedUnixListener {
+    type Accept = UnixStream;
+    type Connection = UnixStream;
+
+    async fn accept(&self) -> io::Result<Self::Accept> {
+        Ok(self.listener.accept().await?.0)
+    }
+
+    async fn connect(&self, accept: Self::Accept) -> io::Result<Self::Connection> {
+        Ok(accept)
+    }
+
+    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<Endpoint> {
+        self.listener.local_addr()?.try_into()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/templates/dashboard.html b/dstack/guest-agent/templates/dashboard.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4cfd5494d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/templates/dashboard.html
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <title>Worker Information</title>
+    <style>
+        :root {
+            --primary-color: #2c3e50;
+            --secondary-color: #3498db;
+            --background-color: #f8f9fa;
+            --border-color: #e9ecef;
+        }
+
+        body {
+            font-family: 'Segoe UI', system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
+            line-height: 1.6;
+            padding: 30px;
+            max-width: 1000px;
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            background-color: var(--background-color);
+            color: var(--primary-color);
+        }
+
+        h1,
+        h2 {
+            color: var(--primary-color);
+            margin-bottom: 1rem;
+            border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border-color);
+            padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
+        }
+
+        textarea {
+            width: 100%;
+            height: 200px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+            padding: 12px;
+            border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
+            border-radius: 6px;
+            font-family: monospace;
+            background-color: white;
+            resize: vertical;
+        }
+
+        table {
+            width: 100%;
+            border-collapse: separate;
+            border-spacing: 0;
+            margin-top: 20px;
+            background-color: white;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+        }
+
+        th,
+        td {
+            padding: 15px;
+            text-align: left;
+            border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
+        }
+
+        th {
+            background-color: var(--primary-color);
+            color: white;
+            font-weight: 500;
+        }
+
+        th:first-child {
+            border-top-left-radius: 8px;
+        }
+
+        th:last-child {
+            border-top-right-radius: 8px;
+        }
+
+        tr:last-child td:first-child {
+            border-bottom-left-radius: 8px;
+        }
+
+        tr:last-child td:last-child {
+            border-bottom-right-radius: 8px;
+        }
+
+        tbody tr:hover {
+            background-color: #f5f6f7;
+        }
+
+        a {
+            color: var(--secondary-color);
+            text-decoration: none;
+            padding: 6px 12px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            transition: background-color 0.2s;
+        }
+
+        a:hover {
+            background-color: #edf2f7;
+        }
+
+        .info-section {
+            background-color: white;
+            padding: 20px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+        }
+
+        .info-grid {
+            display: grid;
+            gap: 12px;
+            margin-top: 16px;
+        }
+
+        .info-row {
+            display: grid;
+            grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
+            align-items: center;
+            padding: 4px 12px;
+            background-color: #f8f9fa;
+            border-radius: 6px;
+        }
+
+        .info-label {
+            font-weight: 600;
+            color: var(--primary-color);
+        }
+
+        .info-value {
+            font-family: monospace;
+            background-color: white;
+            padding: 6px 12px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
+            word-break: break-all;
+            overflow-wrap: break-word;
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+    <h1>Node Information</h1>
+    <div class="info-section">
+        <div class="info-grid">
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">App Name</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{app_name}}</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">App ID</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{app_id|hex}}</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Instance ID</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{instance_id|hex}}</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Device ID</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{device_id|hex}}</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Key Provider Info</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{key_provider_info}}</div>
+            </div>
+            {% if !cloud_vendor.is_empty() || !cloud_product.is_empty() %}
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Machine Provider</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{cloud_vendor}} ({{cloud_product}})</div>
+            </div>
+            {% endif %}
+            {% if public_sysinfo %}
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Operating System</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.os_name}} {{system_info.os_version}}</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Kernel Version</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.kernel_version}}</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">CPU</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.cpu_model}} ({{system_info.num_cpus}} cores)</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Memory Usage</div>
+                <div class="info-value">Used: {{system_info.used_memory|hsize}} / Total: {{system_info.total_memory|hsize}} (Available: {{system_info.available_memory|hsize}})</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Swap Usage</div>
+                <div class="info-value">Used: {{system_info.used_swap|hsize}} / Total: {{system_info.total_swap|hsize}} (Free: {{system_info.free_swap|hsize}})</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Load Average</div>
+                <div class="info-value">1min: {{system_info.loadavg_one as f32 / 100.0}}%, 5min: {{system_info.loadavg_five as f32 / 100.0}}%, 15min: {{system_info.loadavg_fifteen as f32 / 100.0}}%</div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">System Uptime</div>
+                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.uptime}}</div>
+            </div>
+            {% for (i, disk) in system_info.disks.iter().enumerate() %}
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <div class="info-label">Disk {{i}}</div>
+                <div class="info-value">Free: {{disk.free_size|hsize}} / Total: {{disk.total_size|hsize}}</div>
+            </div>
+            {% endfor %}
+            {% endif %}
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>Deployed Containers</h2>
+    <table>
+        <thead>
+            <tr>
+                <th>Name</th>
+                <th>Status</th>
+                {% if public_logs %}
+                <th>Logs</th>
+                {% endif %}
+            </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+            {% for container in containers %}
+            {% set name = container.names.get(0) %}
+            <tr>
+                <td>{{name|cname}}</td>
+                <td>{{container.status}}</td>
+                {% if public_logs %}
+                <td>
+                    <a href="/logs/{{name|cname}}?text&bare&timestamps&follow&tail=20" target="_blank">View
+                        Logs</a>
+                </td>
+                {% endif %}
+            </tr>
+            {% endfor %}
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+
+    <h2>TCB Info</h2>
+    {% if public_tcbinfo %}
+    <textarea readonly>{{tcb_info}}</textarea>
+    {% else %}
+    <p>TCB info is not public</p>
+    {% endif %}
+</body>
+
+</html>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/dstack/guest-agent/templates/metrics.tpl b/dstack/guest-agent/templates/metrics.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cc46293c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-agent/templates/metrics.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# HELP system_os_name Operating system name
+# TYPE system_os_name gauge
+system_os_name{os_name="{{system_info.os_name|prometheus_label}}"} 1
+
+# HELP system_os_version Operating system version
+# TYPE system_os_version gauge
+system_os_version{os_version="{{system_info.os_version|prometheus_label}}"} 1
+
+# HELP system_kernel_version Kernel version
+# TYPE system_kernel_version gauge
+system_kernel_version{kernel_version="{{system_info.kernel_version|prometheus_label}}"} 1
+
+# HELP system_cpu_model CPU model information
+# TYPE system_cpu_model gauge
+system_cpu_model{cpu_model="{{system_info.cpu_model|prometheus_label}}"} 1
+
+# HELP system_num_cpus Number of logical CPUs
+# TYPE system_num_cpus gauge
+system_num_cpus {{system_info.num_cpus}}
+
+# HELP system_memory_total Total memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_memory_total gauge
+system_memory_total {{system_info.total_memory}}
+
+# HELP system_memory_available Available memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_memory_available gauge
+system_memory_available {{system_info.available_memory}}
+
+# HELP system_memory_used Used memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_memory_used gauge
+system_memory_used {{system_info.used_memory}}
+
+# HELP system_memory_free Free memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_memory_free gauge
+system_memory_free {{system_info.free_memory}}
+
+# HELP system_swap_total Total swap memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_swap_total gauge
+system_swap_total {{system_info.total_swap}}
+
+# HELP system_swap_used Used swap memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_swap_used gauge
+system_swap_used {{system_info.used_swap}}
+
+# HELP system_swap_free Free swap memory in bytes
+# TYPE system_swap_free gauge
+system_swap_free {{system_info.free_swap}}
+
+# HELP system_uptime System uptime in seconds
+# TYPE system_uptime gauge
+system_uptime {{system_info.uptime}}
+
+# HELP system_load_average_1m System load average (1 minute)
+# TYPE system_load_average_1m gauge
+system_load_average_1m {{system_info.loadavg_one}}
+
+# HELP system_load_average_5m System load average (5 minutes)
+# TYPE system_load_average_5m gauge
+system_load_average_5m {{system_info.loadavg_five}}
+
+# HELP system_load_average_15m System load average (15 minutes)
+# TYPE system_load_average_15m gauge
+system_load_average_15m {{system_info.loadavg_fifteen}}
+
+# HELP disk_total_size Disk total size in bytes
+# TYPE disk_total_size gauge
+{% for disk in system_info.disks %}
+disk_total_size{name="{{disk.name|prometheus_label}}", mount_point="{{disk.mount_point|prometheus_label}}"} {{disk.total_size}}
+{% endfor %}
+
+# HELP disk_free_size Disk free size in bytes
+# TYPE disk_free_size gauge
+{% for disk in system_info.disks %}
+disk_free_size{name="{{disk.name|prometheus_label}}", mount_point="{{disk.mount_point|prometheus_label}}"} {{disk.free_size}}
+{% endfor %}
+
+# HELP disk_used_size Disk used size in bytes
+# TYPE disk_used_size gauge
+{% for disk in system_info.disks %}
+disk_used_size{name="{{disk.name|prometheus_label}}", mount_point="{{disk.mount_point|prometheus_label}}"} {{disk.total_size - disk.free_size}}
+{% endfor %}
+
+# HELP disk_usage_percentage Disk usage percentage
+# TYPE disk_usage_percentage gauge
+{% for disk in system_info.disks %}
+disk_usage_percentage{name="{{disk.name|prometheus_label}}", mount_point="{{disk.mount_point|prometheus_label}}"} {% if disk.total_size > 0 %}{{(disk.total_size - disk.free_size) as f64 / disk.total_size as f64 * 100.0}}{% else %}0{% endif %}
+{% endfor %}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-api/Cargo.toml b/dstack/guest-api/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01b6c8909
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-api/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "guest-api"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+prpc.workspace = true
+prost.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+http-client = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["prpc"] }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+prpc-build.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = ["client"]
+client = ["dep:http-client"]
diff --git a/dstack/guest-api/build.rs b/dstack/guest-api/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc3e9d962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-api/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+
+fn main() {
+    prpc_build::configure()
+        .out_dir(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("OUT_DIR not set"))
+        .mod_prefix("super::")
+        .build_scale_ext(false)
+        .disable_service_name_emission()
+        .disable_package_emission()
+        .enable_serde_extension()
+        .compile_dir("./proto")
+        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto b/dstack/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d5868cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+package guest_api;
+
+// Identifies a running guest worker instance.
+message Id {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+// Static attestation and registration info reported by the guest agent.
+message GuestInfo {
+  // Guest software version
+  string version = 1;
+  // App ID
+  bytes app_id = 2;
+  // App Instance ID
+  bytes instance_id = 3;
+  // App certificate
+  string app_cert = 4;
+  // TCB info
+  string tcb_info = 5;
+  // Device ID
+  bytes device_id = 6;
+}
+
+// IPv4/IPv6 address with prefix length.
+message IpAddress {
+  string address = 1;
+  uint32 prefix = 2;
+}
+
+// Observability metrics for a single NIC inside the guest.
+message Interface {
+  string name = 1;
+  repeated IpAddress addresses = 2;
+  uint64 rx_bytes = 3;
+  uint64 tx_bytes = 4;
+  uint64 rx_errors = 5;
+  uint64 tx_errors = 6;
+}
+
+// Default gateway entry advertised to the guest.
+message Gateway {
+  string address = 1;
+}
+
+// Complete networking snapshot including WireGuard info.
+message NetworkInformation {
+  repeated string dns_servers = 1;
+  repeated Gateway gateways = 2;
+  repeated Interface interfaces = 3;
+  string wg_info = 4;
+}
+
+// Lists all containers currently scheduled in the guest.
+message ListContainersResponse {
+  repeated Container containers = 1;
+}
+
+// Docker-compatible view of an application container.
+message Container {
+  // The ID of this container
+  string id = 1;
+  // The names that this container has been given
+  repeated string names = 2;
+  // The name of the image used when creating this container
+  string image = 3;
+  // The ID of the image that this container was created from
+  string image_id = 4;
+  // When the container was created
+  int64 created = 6;
+  // The state of this container (e.g. Exited)
+  string state = 7;
+  // The status of this container (e.g. Exited)
+  string status = 8;
+}
+
+// OS, kernel, and resource metrics for the guest worker.
+message SystemInfo {
+  // Operating system
+  string os_name = 1;
+  // Operating system version
+  string os_version = 2;
+  // Kernel version
+  string kernel_version = 3;
+  // Cpu model
+  string cpu_model = 4;
+  // Number of logical CPUs
+  uint32 num_cpus = 5;
+  // Total memory
+  uint64 total_memory = 6;
+  // Available memory
+  uint64 available_memory = 7;
+  // Used memory
+  uint64 used_memory = 8;
+  // Free memory
+  uint64 free_memory = 9;
+  // Total swap memory
+  uint64 total_swap = 10;
+  // Used swap memory
+  uint64 used_swap = 11;
+  // Free swap memory
+  uint64 free_swap = 12;
+  // Uptime
+  uint64 uptime = 13;
+  // Load average
+  uint32 loadavg_one = 14;
+  uint32 loadavg_five = 15;
+  uint32 loadavg_fifteen = 16;
+  // Disks
+  repeated DiskInfo disks = 17;
+}
+
+// Disk usage metrics scoped per device or mount point.
+message DiskInfo {
+  // Device name
+  string name = 1;
+  // Mount point
+  string mount_point = 2;
+  // Total size
+  uint64 total_size = 3;
+  // Free size
+  uint64 free_size = 5;
+}
+
+// Direct gRPC surface exposed by the in-guest agent.
+service GuestApi {
+  // Returns attestation material and identifiers for the calling guest.
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GuestInfo);
+  // Reports the guest's OS/kernel and resource statistics.
+  rpc SysInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (SystemInfo);
+  // Dumps NIC/Gateway configuration so operators can debug connectivity.
+  rpc NetworkInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (NetworkInformation);
+  // Enumerates the containers running under the guest supervisor.
+  rpc ListContainers(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListContainersResponse);
+  // Initiates a graceful shutdown inside the guest VM.
+  rpc Shutdown(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+}
+
+// Same API surface as GuestApi but multiplexed by VM ID through VMM.
+service ProxiedGuestApi {
+  rpc Info(Id) returns (GuestInfo);
+  rpc SysInfo(Id) returns (SystemInfo);
+  rpc NetworkInfo(Id) returns (NetworkInformation);
+  rpc ListContainers(Id) returns (ListContainersResponse);
+  rpc Shutdown(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-api/src/client.rs b/dstack/guest-api/src/client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68fa36e44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-api/src/client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::guest_api_client::GuestApiClient;
+use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
+
+pub type DefaultClient = GuestApiClient<PrpcClient>;
+
+pub fn new_client(base_url: String) -> DefaultClient {
+    DefaultClient::new(PrpcClient::new(base_url))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/guest-api/src/generated/mod.rs b/dstack/guest-api/src/generated/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7aa7e5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-api/src/generated/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/guest_api.rs"));
diff --git a/dstack/guest-api/src/lib.rs b/dstack/guest-api/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb5524134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/guest-api/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub use generated::*;
+
+mod generated;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "client")]
+pub mod client;
diff --git a/dstack/host-api/Cargo.toml b/dstack/host-api/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c43a217f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/host-api/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "host-api"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+prpc.workspace = true
+prost.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+http-client = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["prpc"] }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+prpc-build.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = ["client"]
+client = ["dep:http-client"]
diff --git a/dstack/host-api/build.rs b/dstack/host-api/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc3e9d962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/host-api/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+
+fn main() {
+    prpc_build::configure()
+        .out_dir(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("OUT_DIR not set"))
+        .mod_prefix("super::")
+        .build_scale_ext(false)
+        .disable_service_name_emission()
+        .disable_package_emission()
+        .enable_serde_extension()
+        .compile_dir("./proto")
+        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/host-api/proto/host_api.proto b/dstack/host-api/proto/host_api.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8864f516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/host-api/proto/host_api.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+package host_api;
+
+message HostInfo {
+  string name = 1;
+  string version = 2;
+}
+
+message Notification {
+  string event = 1;
+  string payload = 2;
+}
+
+message GetSealingKeyRequest {
+  bytes quote = 1;
+}
+
+message GetSealingKeyResponse {
+  bytes encrypted_key = 1;
+  bytes provider_quote = 2;
+}
+
+service HostApi {
+  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (HostInfo);
+  rpc Notify(Notification) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  rpc GetSealingKey(GetSealingKeyRequest) returns (GetSealingKeyResponse);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/host-api/src/client.rs b/dstack/host-api/src/client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a0606009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/host-api/src/client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::host_api_client::HostApiClient;
+use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
+
+pub type DefaultClient = HostApiClient<PrpcClient>;
+
+pub fn new_client(base_url: String) -> DefaultClient {
+    DefaultClient::new(PrpcClient::new(base_url))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/host-api/src/generated/mod.rs b/dstack/host-api/src/generated/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aa653149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/host-api/src/generated/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/host_api.rs"));
diff --git a/dstack/host-api/src/lib.rs b/dstack/host-api/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb5524134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/host-api/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub use generated::*;
+
+mod generated;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "client")]
+pub mod client;
diff --git a/dstack/http-client/Cargo.toml b/dstack/http-client/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fffe277ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/http-client/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "http-client"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+http-body-util.workspace = true
+hyper.workspace = true
+hyper-util.workspace = true
+hyperlocal.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
+pin-project-lite = "0.2.15"
+prpc = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+tokio-vsock.workspace = true
+tower-service = "0.3.3"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+
+[features]
+default = ["prpc"]
+prpc = ["dep:prpc"]
diff --git a/http-client/src/hyper_vsock.rs b/dstack/http-client/src/hyper_vsock.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from http-client/src/hyper_vsock.rs
rename to dstack/http-client/src/hyper_vsock.rs
index 740d12841..df280f80b 100644
--- a/http-client/src/hyper_vsock.rs
+++ b/dstack/http-client/src/hyper_vsock.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 use hyper::{body::Body, rt::ReadBufCursor, Uri};
 use hyper_util::{
     client::legacy::{
diff --git a/dstack/http-client/src/lib.rs b/dstack/http-client/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b83dda54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/http-client/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use http_body_util::{BodyExt, Full};
+use hyper::body::Bytes;
+use hyper::Request;
+use hyper_util::client::legacy::Client;
+use hyper_vsock::VsockClientExt;
+use hyperlocal::{UnixClientExt, UnixConnector, Uri};
+use log::debug;
+
+mod hyper_vsock;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "prpc")]
+pub mod prpc;
+
+fn mk_url(base: &str, path: &str) -> String {
+    let base = base.trim_end_matches('/');
+    let path = path.trim_start_matches('/');
+    format!("{base}/{path}")
+}
+
+/// Sends an HTTP request to the supervisor.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `method` - The HTTP method to use.
+/// * `uri` - The URI to send the request to. Supports Unix sockets: `unix:/path/to/socket` or HTTP: `http://host:port`.
+/// * `body` - The body of the request.
+pub async fn http_request(
+    method: &str,
+    base: &str,
+    path: &str,
+    body: &[u8],
+) -> Result<(u16, Vec<u8>)> {
+    http_request_with_headers(method, base, path, body, &[]).await
+}
+
+/// Same as [`http_request`], with extra request headers (e.g. `Authorization`).
+pub async fn http_request_with_headers(
+    method: &str,
+    base: &str,
+    path: &str,
+    body: &[u8],
+    headers: &[(&str, &str)],
+) -> Result<(u16, Vec<u8>)> {
+    debug!("Sending HTTP request to {base}, path={path}");
+    let mut response = if let Some(uds) = base.strip_prefix("unix:") {
+        let path = if path.starts_with("/") {
+            path.to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("/{path}")
+        };
+        let client: Client<UnixConnector, Full<Bytes>> = Client::unix();
+        let unix_uri: hyper::Uri = Uri::new(uds, &path).into();
+        let mut builder = Request::builder().method(method).uri(unix_uri);
+        for (name, value) in headers {
+            builder = builder.header(*name, *value);
+        }
+        let req = builder.body(Full::new(Bytes::copy_from_slice(body)))?;
+        client.request(req).await?
+    } else if base.starts_with("vsock:") {
+        let client = Client::vsock();
+        let uri = mk_url(base, path).parse::<hyper::Uri>()?;
+        let mut builder = Request::builder().method(method).uri(uri);
+        for (name, value) in headers {
+            builder = builder.header(*name, *value);
+        }
+        let req = builder.body(Full::new(Bytes::copy_from_slice(body)))?;
+        client.request(req).await?
+    } else {
+        let uri = mk_url(base, path);
+        let client = reqwest::Client::builder().build()?;
+        let method = reqwest::Method::from_bytes(method.as_bytes())?;
+        let mut request = client.request(method, uri);
+        for (name, value) in headers {
+            request = request.header(*name, *value);
+        }
+        if !body.is_empty() {
+            request = request.body(body.to_vec());
+        }
+        let response = request.send().await?;
+        return Ok((
+            response.status().as_u16(),
+            response.text().await?.into_bytes(),
+        ));
+    };
+    debug!("Response: {:?}", response);
+    let mut body = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(frame_result) = response.frame().await {
+        let frame = frame_result?;
+        if let Some(segment) = frame.data_ref() {
+            body.extend_from_slice(segment.iter().as_slice());
+        }
+    }
+    Ok((response.status().as_u16(), body))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::error::Error;
+    use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+    use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_vsock_uri_parsing() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let uri = "vsock://2:1234/path".parse::<hyper::Uri>()?;
+        assert_eq!(uri.scheme_str(), Some("vsock"));
+        assert_eq!(uri.host(), Some("2"));
+        assert_eq!(uri.port_u16(), Some(1234));
+        assert_eq!(uri.path(), "/path");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn http_transport_honors_requested_method() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+        let addr = listener.local_addr()?;
+        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let (mut socket, _) = listener.accept().await?;
+            let mut buf = [0u8; 1024];
+            let n = socket.read(&mut buf).await?;
+            let request = String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf[..n]).into_owned();
+            socket
+                .write_all(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 2\r\n\r\nok")
+                .await?;
+            Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(request)
+        });
+
+        let (status, body) = http_request("GET", &format!("http://{addr}"), "/logs", b"").await?;
+        assert_eq!(status, 200);
+        assert_eq!(body, b"ok");
+        let request = server.await??;
+        assert!(
+            request.starts_with("GET /logs HTTP/1.1"),
+            "unexpected request: {request:?}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn http_transport_sends_extra_headers() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+        let addr = listener.local_addr()?;
+        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let (mut socket, _) = listener.accept().await?;
+            let mut buf = [0u8; 1024];
+            let n = socket.read(&mut buf).await?;
+            let request = String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf[..n]).into_owned();
+            socket
+                .write_all(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 2\r\n\r\nok")
+                .await?;
+            Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(request)
+        });
+
+        let (status, _body) = http_request_with_headers(
+            "POST",
+            &format!("http://{addr}"),
+            "/prpc/Status",
+            b"{}",
+            &[("Authorization", "Bearer secret-token")],
+        )
+        .await?;
+        assert_eq!(status, 200);
+        let request = server.await??;
+        assert!(
+            request.contains("authorization: Bearer secret-token")
+                || request.contains("Authorization: Bearer secret-token"),
+            "request is missing the Authorization header: {request:?}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn http_transport_omits_headers_when_none() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+        let addr = listener.local_addr()?;
+        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let (mut socket, _) = listener.accept().await?;
+            let mut buf = [0u8; 1024];
+            let n = socket.read(&mut buf).await?;
+            let request = String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf[..n]).into_owned();
+            socket
+                .write_all(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 2\r\n\r\nok")
+                .await?;
+            Ok::<_, std::io::Error>(request)
+        });
+
+        let (status, _body) = http_request("GET", &format!("http://{addr}"), "/x", b"").await?;
+        assert_eq!(status, 200);
+        let request = server.await??;
+        assert!(
+            !request.to_lowercase().contains("authorization:"),
+            "unexpected Authorization header: {request:?}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/http-client/src/prpc.rs b/dstack/http-client/src/prpc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e95373f4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/http-client/src/prpc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use prpc::{
+    client::{Error, RequestClient},
+    serde_json, Message,
+};
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
+
+pub struct PrpcClient {
+    base_url: String,
+    path_append: String,
+    auth_token: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl PrpcClient {
+    pub fn new(base_url: String) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            base_url,
+            path_append: String::new(),
+            auth_token: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_unix(socket_path: String, mut path: String) -> Self {
+        if !path.ends_with('/') {
+            path.push('/');
+        }
+        Self {
+            base_url: format!("unix:{socket_path}"),
+            path_append: path,
+            auth_token: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Send `Authorization: Bearer <token>` with every request.
+    pub fn with_bearer_token(mut self, token: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        let token = token.into();
+        self.auth_token = (!token.is_empty()).then_some(token);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize_json_response_body(body: &[u8]) -> &[u8] {
+    if body.is_empty() {
+        b"null"
+    } else {
+        body
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod response_tests {
+    use super::{normalize_json_response_body, serde_json};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_json_response_decodes_as_unit() {
+        let value: () = serde_json::from_slice(normalize_json_response_body(b""))
+            .expect("empty response should decode as unit");
+        assert_eq!(value, ());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_empty_json_response_is_unchanged() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_json_response_body(br#"{"value":1}"#),
+            br#"{"value":1}"#
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl RequestClient for PrpcClient {
+    async fn request<T, R>(&self, path: &str, body: T) -> Result<R, Error>
+    where
+        T: Message + Serialize,
+        R: Message + DeserializeOwned,
+    {
+        let body = serde_json::to_vec(&body).context("Failed to serialize body")?;
+        let path = format!("{}{path}?json", self.path_append);
+        let auth_header;
+        let mut headers: Vec<(&str, &str)> = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(token) = &self.auth_token {
+            auth_header = format!("Bearer {token}");
+            headers.push(("Authorization", auth_header.as_str()));
+        }
+        let (status, body) =
+            super::http_request_with_headers("POST", &self.base_url, &path, &body, &headers)
+                .await?;
+        if status != 200 {
+            anyhow::bail!("Invalid status code: {status}, path={path}");
+        }
+        let response = serde_json::from_slice(normalize_json_response_body(&body))
+            .context("Failed to deserialize response")?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/iohash/Cargo.toml b/dstack/iohash/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e7ac0e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/iohash/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "iohash"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+blake2.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/iohash/src/main.rs b/dstack/iohash/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bb32ce2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/iohash/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Stream compute hash digest of stdin and output the original data to stdout. The digest is output to stderr.
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use blake2::{
+    digest::consts::{U32, U64},
+    Blake2b, Blake2s,
+};
+use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha224, Sha256, Sha384, Sha512, Sha512_224, Sha512_256};
+use sha3::{Keccak224, Keccak256, Keccak384, Keccak512, Sha3_224, Sha3_256, Sha3_384, Sha3_512};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct App {
+    /// Hash algorithm
+    #[arg(value_enum)]
+    algorithm: Algorithm,
+
+    /// Binary output
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    binary: bool,
+
+    /// Input file. Default is stdin.
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    input: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Output file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    output: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Hash file. Default is stderr.
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    to: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(ValueEnum, Debug, Clone)]
+enum Algorithm {
+    Sha256,
+    Sha512,
+    Sha384,
+    Sha512_224,
+    Sha512_256,
+    Sha224,
+    Keccak224,
+    Keccak256,
+    Keccak384,
+    Keccak512,
+    Sha3_224,
+    Sha3_256,
+    Sha3_384,
+    Sha3_512,
+    Blake2b256,
+    Blake2b512,
+    Blake2s256,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    fn compute<Hasher: Digest>(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        struct BlackHole;
+        impl Write for BlackHole {
+            fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+                Ok(buf.len())
+            }
+
+            fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut hasher = Hasher::new();
+        let mut buffer = vec![0u8; 1024 * 32];
+        let input: &mut dyn Read = match &self.input {
+            Some(input_file) => {
+                if input_file == "-" {
+                    &mut std::io::stdin()
+                } else {
+                    let file = fs::File::open(input_file).context("Failed to open input file")?;
+                    &mut { file }
+                }
+            }
+            None => &mut std::io::stdin(),
+        };
+        let output: &mut dyn Write = match &self.output {
+            Some(output_file) => match output_file.as_str() {
+                "-" => &mut std::io::stdout(),
+                "!" => &mut BlackHole,
+                _ => {
+                    let file =
+                        fs::File::create(output_file).context("Failed to open output file")?;
+                    &mut { file }
+                }
+            },
+            None => &mut std::io::stdout(),
+        };
+        let to: &mut dyn Write = match &self.to {
+            Some(to_file) => {
+                if to_file == "-" {
+                    &mut std::io::stdout()
+                } else {
+                    let file = fs::File::create(to_file).context("Failed to open hash file")?;
+                    &mut { file }
+                }
+            }
+            None => &mut std::io::stderr(),
+        };
+        loop {
+            let len = input
+                .read(&mut buffer)
+                .context("Failed to read from stdin")?;
+            if len == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            hasher.update(&buffer[..len]);
+            output
+                .write_all(&buffer[..len])
+                .context("Failed to write to stdout")?;
+        }
+        let digest = hasher.finalize();
+        if self.binary {
+            to.write_all(&digest)
+                .context("Failed to write hash to file")?;
+        } else {
+            write!(to, "{}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(&digest)).context("Failed to write hash to file")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let app = App::parse();
+    match app.algorithm {
+        Algorithm::Sha256 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha256>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha512 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha512>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha384 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha384>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha512_224 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha512_224>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha512_256 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha512_256>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha224 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha224>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Keccak224 => {
+            app.compute::<Keccak224>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Keccak256 => {
+            app.compute::<Keccak256>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Keccak384 => {
+            app.compute::<Keccak384>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Keccak512 => {
+            app.compute::<Keccak512>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha3_224 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha3_224>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha3_256 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha3_256>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha3_384 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha3_384>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Sha3_512 => {
+            app.compute::<Sha3_512>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Blake2b256 => {
+            app.compute::<Blake2b<U32>>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Blake2b512 => {
+            app.compute::<Blake2b<U64>>()?;
+        }
+        Algorithm::Blake2s256 => {
+            app.compute::<Blake2s<U32>>()?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/key-provider-client/Cargo.toml b/dstack/key-provider-client/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4074fa39c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/key-provider-client/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "key-provider-client"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["net", "io-util"] }
diff --git a/dstack/key-provider-client/src/host.rs b/dstack/key-provider-client/src/host.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6ade400d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/key-provider-client/src/host.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use tokio::{
+    io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt},
+    net::TcpStream,
+};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct QuoteRequest<'a> {
+    quote: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+pub struct QuoteResponse {
+    pub encrypted_key: Vec<u8>,
+    pub provider_quote: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+pub async fn get_key(quote: Vec<u8>, address: IpAddr, port: u16) -> Result<QuoteResponse> {
+    if quote.len() > 1024 * 1024 {
+        bail!("Quote is too long");
+    }
+    let mut tcp_stream = TcpStream::connect((address, port))
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to connect to key provider")?;
+    let payload = QuoteRequest { quote: &quote };
+    let serialized = serde_json::to_vec(&payload)?;
+    let length = serialized.len() as u32;
+    tcp_stream
+        .write_all(&length.to_be_bytes())
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to write length")?;
+    tcp_stream
+        .write_all(&serialized)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to write payload")?;
+
+    let mut response_length = [0; 4];
+    tcp_stream
+        .read_exact(&mut response_length)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to read response length")?;
+    let response_length = u32::from_be_bytes(response_length);
+    let mut response = vec![0; response_length as usize];
+    tcp_stream
+        .read_exact(&mut response)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to read response")?;
+    let response: QuoteResponse =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&response).context("Failed to deserialize response")?;
+    Ok(response)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/key-provider-client/src/lib.rs b/dstack/key-provider-client/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ada18a6e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/key-provider-client/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+pub mod host;
diff --git a/dstack/kms/Cargo.toml b/dstack/kms/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a35f34e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-kms"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+dstack-build-info.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+rocket.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+x25519-dalek.workspace = true
+yasna.workspace = true
+
+dstack-kms-rpc.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client", "rocket"] }
+ra-tls.workspace = true
+load_config.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
+k256.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+dstack-guest-agent-rpc.workspace = true
+http-client = { workspace = true, features = ["prpc"] }
+scale.workspace = true
+x509-parser = { workspace = true, features = ["verify"] }
+ring.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["process"] }
+tempfile.workspace = true
+serde-duration.workspace = true
+dstack-verifier = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
+dstack-mr.workspace = true
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+dstack-api-auth.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = []
diff --git a/dstack/kms/README.md b/dstack/kms/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ea96fbda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# dstack - KMS Protocol
+
+## Overview
+
+CVMs running in dstack support three boot modes:
+- **Non-KMS Mode** (stateless)
+- **Local-Key-Provider Mode** (stateful, no upgrades)
+- **KMS Mode** (stateful, upgradeable)
+
+### Boot Mode Details
+
+#### Non-KMS Mode
+- Generates ephemeral app keys on startup
+- No persistent disk state
+- No external key provider required
+- `app-id` must equal `compose-hash`
+- `key-provider` in RTMR: `{"type": "none", "id": ""}`
+
+#### Local-Key-Provider Mode
+- Uses `local-key-provider` for app keys
+- Maintains persistent disk state
+- Validates key provider via SGX quote
+- `key-provider` in RTMR: `{"type": "local-sgx", "id": "<sgx mrenclave>"}`
+- `app-id` must equal `compose-hash`
+
+#### KMS Mode
+- Enables flexible `app-id` validation in KMS
+- Supports application upgrades
+- Requires control contract configuration
+- `key-provider` in RTMR: `{"type": "kms", "id": "<kms-root-pubkey>"}`
+- `app-id` is equal to the address of the deployed App Smart Contract.
+
+## Admin API authentication
+
+The KMS public RPCs authenticate callers by RA-TLS attestation. Operator-facing
+admin RPCs (currently `ClearImageCache`) are instead served on a **separate admin
+listener** (`[core.admin]` in `kms.toml`) behind the same shared HTTP
+authenticator used by the VMM and gateway, configured identically to the gateway
+admin API, so the credential travels in the `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or
+`X-Admin-Token: <token>` header:
+
+```toml
+[core.admin]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 8001
+# generate with: openssl rand -hex 32
+auth_token = "<token>"
+# htpasswd_file = "/etc/kms/admin.htpasswd"   # bcrypt (htpasswd -B), optional
+insecure_no_auth = false
+```
+
+The token can also be supplied via the `DSTACK_KMS_ADMIN_TOKEN` or
+`ADMIN_API_TOKEN` environment variables instead of the config file. The admin
+listener fails closed: enabled with neither `auth_token` nor `htpasswd_file`
+(and `insecure_no_auth = false`) refuses to start. Call it with, for example:
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST "http://127.0.0.1:8001/prpc/Admin.ClearImageCache?json" \
+  -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"image_hash": "<hash>", "config_hash": "<hash>"}'
+```
+
+This admin authentication is separate from the on-chain / webhook authorization
+below, which decides whether a CVM may boot and receive keys.
+
+## KMS Implementation
+
+### Components
+1. **dstack-kms**
+   - Main RPC service for app key requests
+   - Quote verification and boot info validation
+   - Asks `dstack-kms-auth-eth` for permission
+   - Builtin Replicator for root keys
+
+2. **dstack-kms-auth-eth**
+   - Chain interface for permission checks
+   - Two-step validation:
+     1. KMS control contract check
+     2. App control contract check
+
+3. **Authorization Contracts**
+   - `DstackKms.sol`
+      - Maintains a registry for all Applications
+      - Maintains the allowed KMS Instance MRs
+      - Maintains the allowed OS Images
+      - Registers KMS root keys
+   - `DstackApp.sol`
+      - Apps can have either a dedicated `DstackApp` contract or share one with multiple apps
+      - Controls permissions for individual apps
+      - Maintains the allowed compose hashes for each app
+
+### Deployment
+The first two components are deployed as an dstack app on dstack in Local-Key-Provider mode.
+The docker compose file would look like [this](dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml).
+
+The solidity contracts are deployed on an ethereum compatible chain.
+
+
+## Trustness
+
+### Local-Key-Provider Mode
+An instance of the in-tree [`local-key-provider`](../local-key-provider) must be deployed on the host. Use its [`build`](../local-key-provider/build/run.sh) directory to build and start it under Gramine.
+
+In this mode, the CVM obtains application keys from the `local-key-provider`, which runs within an SGX enclave. The provider derives the application keys using:
+- The SGX sealing key
+- CVM measurements, including:
+  - MRTD + RTMR[0-2]: Base image and VM configuration measurements
+  - RTMR[3]: Runtime application configuration
+
+The key provisioning process:
+1. The CVM validates the SGX quote from `local-key-provider`
+2. After obtaining the keys, the CVM records the provider's MR enclave in RTMR3
+3. Applications can verify trust by validating measurements in the TDX quote
+
+### KMS Mode
+
+KMS itself runs as a dstack app in Local-Key-Provider mode,
+allowing it to persist keys on its local disk but not across machines.
+
+On startup, the KMS node will either:
+- Bootstrap: Set up a new KMS instance
+- Onboard: Obtain root keys from an existing KMS instance
+
+#### Bootstrapping
+During bootstrapping, the KMS node generates two root keys:
+1. CA root key: Used to issue x509 certificates for Apps, enabling HTTPS traffic
+2. K256 root key: Used to derive Ethereum-compatible keys for Apps
+
+After generating the root keys, their public portions can be obtained along with the corresponding TDX quote and registered in the DstackKms contract.
+
+#### KMS Self Replication
+When deploying a new KMS instance (`B`) using an existing instance (`A`), the process follows these steps:
+
+1. **Prerequisites**
+   - Register allowed MRs of instance `B` in the DstackKms contract
+
+2. **Replication Flow**
+   - Configure instance `B` with the URL of existing instance `A`
+   - Instance `B` sends replication request to instance `A` via RA-TLS based RPC
+   - Instance `A` validates instance `B`'s TDX quote
+   - Instance `A` checks DstackKms contract for permissions
+   - If approved, instance `A` transfers root keys to instance `B`
+
+After the replication is complete, the KMS node becomes a fully functional KMS node.
+Both instances now share identical root keys, and either instance can service App key requests.
+
+#### App Key Provisioning
+
+Once onboarded, the KMS node begins listening for app key provisioning requests.
+
+When a KMS node receives a key provisioning request, it:
+1. Validates the TDX quote of the requesting App
+2. Queries the DstackKms contract for provisioning allowance
+3. If allowed, generates and sends the keys to the App
+
+### Attestation
+
+#### Vanilla TDX Quote attestation
+
+See [Intel TDX Attestation](../../docs/attestation-tdx.md) for more details.
+
+#### Validating Apps via the KMS Auth Chain
+
+The KMS performs TDX quote validation for Apps running in dstack and issues signed app keys to them.
+
+As a simpler approach, an App can verify the signature chain using the KMS root key as the root trust anchor.
+
+For example, given a message `M` signed by an App with signature `Sm`, the chain of trust works as follows:
+
+1. The KMS maintains the root key `sK0`, with its corresponding public key `pK0` registered in the DstackKms contract
+2. The App receives an app-key `sK1` from the KMS, along with signature `S1` (signed by `sK0`)
+3. The App derives a purpose-specific key `sK2` from `sK1`, with signature `S2` (signed by `sK1`)
+4. The App uses `sK2` to sign message `M`, producing signature `Sm`
+
+To verify the signature chain, all of `M`, `Sm`, `S1`, and `S2` are required.
+
+The verification process follows these steps:
+
+1. Recover `pK2` from `Sm` and `M`
+2. Recover `pK1` from `S2` and `pK2` + `<purpose-id>`
+3. Recover `pK0` from `S1` and `pK1` + `<app-id>`
+4. Compare the recovered `pK0` with the registered `pK0` in the DstackKms contract
+
+## The RPC Interface
+
+The KMS RPC interface is defined in [kms_rpc.proto](rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto).
+
+The core interface serving the dstack app are:
+- `GetAppKey`: Requests an app key using the app ID and TDX quote
+- `GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey`: Requests the app environment encryption public key using the app ID
+- `SignCert`: Signs a certificate
+
+Let's explain each one:
+
+### GetAppKey
+
+The `GetAppKey` RPC is used by the dstack app to request an app key. In this RPC, the KMS node will:
+
+- Verify the TDX quote and extract the app ID and MRs from it
+- Query the smart contract to check if the app is authorized to request the app key
+- If authorized, derive the app keys from the root key and app ID
+- Sign the app keys with the root key
+- Return the app keys to the app
+
+
+Note:
+There are multiple keys derived for different usage, see [kms_rpc.proto](rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto) for more details.
+The root key is generated by a genesis KMS node in TEE and would be stored in the KMS node's encrypted local disk, replicated to other KMS nodes.
+The keys are derived with app id which guarantees apps can not get the keys from other apps.
+
+### GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey
+
+The `GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey` RPC is used by the frontend web page to request the app environment encryption public key when deploying a new app. This key is used to encrypt the app environment variables, which can only be decrypted by the app in TEE.
+
+The response includes:
+- `public_key`: The X25519 public key for encrypting environment variables
+- `timestamp`: Unix timestamp (seconds) when the response was generated
+- `signature`: Legacy signature for backward compatibility
+  - Signs: `Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + public_key)`
+- `signature_v1`: New signature with timestamp to prevent replay attacks
+  - Signs: `Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + timestamp_be_bytes + public_key)`
+
+Clients should prefer verifying `signature_v1` with timestamp to protect against replay attacks. Fall back to `signature` only for backward compatibility with older KMS versions.
+
+### SignCert
+
+The `SignCert` RPC is used by the dstack app to sign a TLS certificate. In this RPC, the KMS node will:
+
+- Verify the TDX quote and extract the Certificate Signing Request (CSR)
+- Verify the CSR signature
+- Query the smart contract to check if the app is authorized
+- If authorized, sign the CSR with the CA root key and return the certificate chain to the app
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/.oxlintrc.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/.oxlintrc.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7d7b8e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/.oxlintrc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oxc-project/oxc/main/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/schema.json",
+  "rules": {
+    "typescript": "warn",
+    "unicorn": "warn",
+    "react": "off",
+    "jsx-a11y": "off",
+    "nextjs": "off"
+  },
+  "env": {
+    "node": true,
+    "es2022": true
+  },
+  "globals": {
+    "globalThis": "readonly",
+    "console": "readonly"
+  },
+  "ignore_patterns": [
+    "node_modules/**",
+    "dist/**",
+    "build/**",
+    "coverage/**",
+    "*.min.js",
+    "*.d.ts",
+    "*.test.ts"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/README.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f1725319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# dstack KMS auth-eth-bun
+
+a single-file implementation of the dstack KMS ethereum backend using bun + hono + zod.
+
+## features
+
+- 🚀 fast and lightweight with bun runtime
+- 🔧 modern web framework with hono.js
+- ✅ type-safe validation with zod.js
+- 📦 single file implementation
+- 🔐 ethereum smart contract integration with viem
+
+## installation
+
+```bash
+# install dependencies
+bun install
+```
+
+## usage
+
+### development
+```bash
+# run with hot reload
+bun run dev
+```
+
+### production
+```bash
+# run directly
+bun run start
+
+# or build first
+bun run build
+```
+
+### testing
+```bash
+# run tests (watch mode)
+bun run test
+
+# run tests once
+bun run test:run
+```
+
+### code quality
+```bash
+# run linter
+bun run lint
+
+# run linter and fix issues
+bun run lint:fix
+
+# format code
+bun run format
+
+# run full check (lint + tests)
+bun run check
+```
+
+## environment variables
+
+- `ETH_RPC_URL` - ethereum RPC endpoint (default: http://localhost:8545)
+- `KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR` - KMS contract address (default: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000)
+- `PORT` - server port (default: 3000)
+
+## API endpoints
+
+### GET /
+health check and system information
+
+### POST /bootAuth/app
+application boot authentication
+
+### POST /bootAuth/kms
+KMS boot authentication
+
+## request format
+
+```json
+{
+  "tcbStatus": "string",
+  "advisoryIds": ["string"],
+  "mrAggregated": "string",
+  "mrSystem": "string",
+  "osImageHash": "string",
+  "appId": "string",
+  "composeHash": "string",
+  "instanceId": "string",
+  "deviceId": "string"
+}
+```
+
+## response format
+
+```json
+{
+  "isAllowed": boolean,
+  "reason": "string",
+  "gatewayAppId": "string"
+}
+```
+
+## API compatibility
+
+this implementation is fully compatible with the original fastify + ethers version:
+
+- **request/response schemas**: identical to original API
+- **OpenAPI specification**: available in `openapi.json`
+- **comprehensive testing**: vitest test suite validates compatibility
+- **backward compatibility**: supports both minimal and full BootInfo formats
+
+### OpenAPI specification
+
+the complete API specification is available in `openapi.json` and includes:
+- detailed schema definitions
+- request/response examples
+- compatibility notes
+
+### compatibility testing
+
+the test suite (`index.test.ts`) validates:
+- ✅ request/response format compatibility
+- ✅ schema validation using OpenAPI spec
+- ✅ error handling behavior
+- ✅ hex encoding/decoding compatibility
+- ✅ optional field handling
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/bun.lock b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/bun.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7173ea3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/bun.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+{
+  "lockfileVersion": 1,
+  "configVersion": 0,
+  "workspaces": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "auth-eth-bun",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@hono/zod-validator": "0.2.2",
+        "hono": "4.12.27",
+        "viem": "2.31.7",
+        "zod": "3.25.76",
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/bun": "1.2.18",
+        "@types/node": "^24.0.14",
+        "@vitest/ui": "1.6.1",
+        "openapi-types": "12.1.3",
+        "oxlint": "0.9.10",
+        "typescript": "5.8.3",
+        "vitest": "3.2.6",
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  "packages": {
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+    "pathval": ["pathval@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-//nshmD55c46FuFw26xV/xFAaB5HF9Xdap7HJBBnrKdAd6/GxDBaNA1870O79+9ueg61cZLSVc+OaFlfmObYVQ=="],
+
+    "picocolors": ["picocolors@1.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-xceH2snhtb5M9liqDsmEw56le376mTZkEX/jEb/RxNFyegNul7eNslCXP9FDj/Lcu0X8KEyMceP2ntpaHrDEVA=="],
+
+    "picomatch": ["picomatch@4.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-RvwwcruNjI1ncT5xRakeyS9Lf8lcItv34KD+aif+VH9kduAyfYBipGh12274xtenIPZ119/R9BdTBa8gAwSh0A=="],
+
+    "postcss": ["postcss@8.5.6", "", { "dependencies": { "nanoid": "^3.3.11", "picocolors": "^1.1.1", "source-map-js": "^1.2.1" } }, "sha512-3Ybi1tAuwAP9s0r1UQ2J4n5Y0G05bJkpUIO0/bI9MhwmD70S5aTWbXGBwxHrelT+XM1k6dM0pk+SwNkpTRN7Pg=="],
+
+    "pretty-format": ["pretty-format@29.7.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@jest/schemas": "^29.6.3", "ansi-styles": "^5.0.0", "react-is": "^18.0.0" } }, "sha512-Pdlw/oPxN+aXdmM9R00JVC9WVFoCLTKJvDVLgmJ+qAffBMxsV85l/Lu7sNx4zSzPyoL2euImuEwHhOXdEgNFZQ=="],
+
+    "queue-microtask": ["queue-microtask@1.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-NuaNSa6flKT5JaSYQzJok04JzTL1CA6aGhv5rfLW3PgqA+M2ChpZQnAC8h8i4ZFkBS8X5RqkDBHA7r4hej3K9A=="],
+
+    "react-is": ["react-is@18.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-/LLMVyas0ljjAtoYiPqYiL8VWXzUUdThrmU5+n20DZv+a+ClRoevUzw5JxU+Ieh5/c87ytoTBV9G1FiKfNJdmg=="],
+
+    "reusify": ["reusify@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-g6QUff04oZpHs0eG5p83rFLhHeV00ug/Yf9nZM6fLeUrPguBTkTQOdpAWWspMh55TZfVQDPaN3NQJfbVRAxdIw=="],
+
+    "rollup": ["rollup@4.45.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/estree": "1.0.8" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-android-arm64": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-loongarch64-gnu": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-powerpc64le-gnu": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc": "4.45.1", "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc": "4.45.1", "fsevents": "~2.3.2" }, "bin": { "rollup": "dist/bin/rollup" } }, "sha512-4iya7Jb76fVpQyLoiVpzUrsjQ12r3dM7fIVz+4NwoYvZOShknRmiv+iu9CClZml5ZLGb0XMcYLutK6w9tgxHDw=="],
+
+    "run-parallel": ["run-parallel@1.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "queue-microtask": "^1.2.2" } }, "sha512-5l4VyZR86LZ/lDxZTR6jqL8AFE2S0IFLMP26AbjsLVADxHdhB/c0GUsH+y39UfCi3dzz8OlQuPmnaJOMoDHQBA=="],
+
+    "siginfo": ["siginfo@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-ybx0WO1/8bSBLEWXZvEd7gMW3Sn3JFlW3TvX1nREbDLRNQNaeNN8WK0meBwPdAaOI7TtRRRJn/Es1zhrrCHu7g=="],
+
+    "sirv": ["sirv@2.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@polka/url": "^1.0.0-next.24", "mrmime": "^2.0.0", "totalist": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-94Bdh3cC2PKrbgSOUqTiGPWVZeSiXfKOVZNJniWoqrWrRkB1CJzBU3NEbiTsPcYy1lDsANA/THzS+9WBiy5nfQ=="],
+
+    "source-map-js": ["source-map-js@1.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-UXWMKhLOwVKb728IUtQPXxfYU+usdybtUrK/8uGE8CQMvrhOpwvzDBwj0QhSL7MQc7vIsISBG8VQ8+IDQxpfQA=="],
+
+    "stackback": ["stackback@0.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-1XMJE5fQo1jGH6Y/7ebnwPOBEkIEnT4QF32d5R1+VXdXveM0IBMJt8zfaxX1P3QhVwrYe+576+jkANtSS2mBbw=="],
+
+    "std-env": ["std-env@3.9.0", "", {}, "sha512-UGvjygr6F6tpH7o2qyqR6QYpwraIjKSdtzyBdyytFOHmPZY917kwdwLG0RbOjWOnKmnm3PeHjaoLLMie7kPLQw=="],
+
+    "strip-literal": ["strip-literal@3.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "js-tokens": "^9.0.1" } }, "sha512-8r3mkIM/2+PpjHoOtiAW8Rg3jJLHaV7xPwG+YRGrv6FP0wwk/toTpATxWYOW0BKdWwl82VT2tFYi5DlROa0Mxg=="],
+
+    "tinybench": ["tinybench@2.9.0", "", {}, "sha512-0+DUvqWMValLmha6lr4kD8iAMK1HzV0/aKnCtWb9v9641TnP/MFb7Pc2bxoxQjTXAErryXVgUOfv2YqNllqGeg=="],
+
+    "tinyexec": ["tinyexec@0.3.2", "", {}, "sha512-KQQR9yN7R5+OSwaK0XQoj22pwHoTlgYqmUscPYoknOoWCWfj/5/ABTMRi69FrKU5ffPVh5QcFikpWJI/P1ocHA=="],
+
+    "tinyglobby": ["tinyglobby@0.2.17", "", { "dependencies": { "fdir": "^6.5.0", "picomatch": "^4.0.4" } }, "sha512-wXR/dYpcqKmfWpEdZjiKJOwCNFndD0DMnrW/cYjVGttEkBfVgcLFHoNrlj47mjOVic9yyNu65alsgF4NQyTa2g=="],
+
+    "tinypool": ["tinypool@1.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-Zba82s87IFq9A9XmjiX5uZA/ARWDrB03OHlq+Vw1fSdt0I+4/Kutwy8BP4Y/y/aORMo61FQ0vIb5j44vSo5Pkg=="],
+
+    "tinyrainbow": ["tinyrainbow@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-op4nsTR47R6p0vMUUoYl/a+ljLFVtlfaXkLQmqfLR1qHma1h/ysYk4hEXZ880bf2CYgTskvTa/e196Vd5dDQXw=="],
+
+    "tinyspy": ["tinyspy@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-azl+t0z7pw/z958Gy9svOTuzqIk6xq+NSheJzn5MMWtWTFywIacg2wUlzKFGtt3cthx0r2SxMK0yzJOR0IES7Q=="],
+
+    "to-regex-range": ["to-regex-range@5.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "is-number": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-65P7iz6X5yEr1cwcgvQxbbIw7Uk3gOy5dIdtZ4rDveLqhrdJP+Li/Hx6tyK0NEb+2GCyneCMJiGqrADCSNk8sQ=="],
+
+    "totalist": ["totalist@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-sf4i37nQ2LBx4m3wB74y+ubopq6W/dIzXg0FDGjsYnZHVa1Da8FH853wlL2gtUhg+xJXjfk3kUZS3BRoQeoQBQ=="],
+
+    "typescript": ["typescript@5.8.3", "", { "bin": { "tsc": "bin/tsc", "tsserver": "bin/tsserver" } }, "sha512-p1diW6TqL9L07nNxvRMM7hMMw4c5XOo/1ibL4aAIGmSAt9slTE1Xgw5KWuof2uTOvCg9BY7ZRi+GaF+7sfgPeQ=="],
+
+    "undici-types": ["undici-types@7.8.0", "", {}, "sha512-9UJ2xGDvQ43tYyVMpuHlsgApydB8ZKfVYTsLDhXkFL/6gfkp+U8xTGdh8pMJv1SpZna0zxG1DwsKZsreLbXBxw=="],
+
+    "viem": ["viem@2.31.7", "", { "dependencies": { "@noble/curves": "1.9.2", "@noble/hashes": "1.8.0", "@scure/bip32": "1.7.0", "@scure/bip39": "1.6.0", "abitype": "1.0.8", "isows": "1.0.7", "ox": "0.8.1", "ws": "8.18.2" }, "peerDependencies": { "typescript": ">=5.0.4" }, "optionalPeers": ["typescript"] }, "sha512-mpB8Hp6xK77E/b/yJmpAIQcxcOfpbrwWNItjnXaIA8lxZYt4JS433Pge2gg6Hp3PwyFtaUMh01j5L8EXnLTjQQ=="],
+
+    "vite": ["vite@5.4.19", "", { "dependencies": { "esbuild": "^0.21.3", "postcss": "^8.4.43", "rollup": "^4.20.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "fsevents": "~2.3.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "@types/node": "^18.0.0 || >=20.0.0", "less": "*", "lightningcss": "^1.21.0", "sass": "*", "sass-embedded": "*", "stylus": "*", "sugarss": "*", "terser": "^5.4.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["@types/node", "less", "lightningcss", "sass", "sass-embedded", "stylus", "sugarss", "terser"], "bin": { "vite": "bin/vite.js" } }, "sha512-qO3aKv3HoQC8QKiNSTuUM1l9o/XX3+c+VTgLHbJWHZGeTPVAg2XwazI9UWzoxjIJCGCV2zU60uqMzjeLZuULqA=="],
+
+    "vite-node": ["vite-node@3.2.4", "", { "dependencies": { "cac": "^6.7.14", "debug": "^4.4.1", "es-module-lexer": "^1.7.0", "pathe": "^2.0.3", "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0" }, "bin": { "vite-node": "vite-node.mjs" } }, "sha512-EbKSKh+bh1E1IFxeO0pg1n4dvoOTt0UDiXMd/qn++r98+jPO1xtJilvXldeuQ8giIB5IkpjCgMleHMNEsGH6pg=="],
+
+    "vitest": ["vitest@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/chai": "^5.2.2", "@vitest/expect": "3.2.6", "@vitest/mocker": "3.2.6", "@vitest/pretty-format": "^3.2.6", "@vitest/runner": "3.2.6", "@vitest/snapshot": "3.2.6", "@vitest/spy": "3.2.6", "@vitest/utils": "3.2.6", "chai": "^5.2.0", "debug": "^4.4.1", "expect-type": "^1.2.1", "magic-string": "^0.30.17", "pathe": "^2.0.3", "picomatch": "^4.0.2", "std-env": "^3.9.0", "tinybench": "^2.9.0", "tinyexec": "^0.3.2", "tinyglobby": "^0.2.14", "tinypool": "^1.1.1", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0", "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0", "vite-node": "3.2.4", "why-is-node-running": "^2.3.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "@edge-runtime/vm": "*", "@types/debug": "^4.1.12", "@types/node": "^18.0.0 || ^20.0.0 || >=22.0.0", "@vitest/browser": "3.2.6", "@vitest/ui": "3.2.6", "happy-dom": "*", "jsdom": "*" }, "optionalPeers": ["@edge-runtime/vm", "@types/debug", "@types/node", "@vitest/browser", "@vitest/ui", "happy-dom", "jsdom"], "bin": { "vitest": "vitest.mjs" } }, "sha512-xejya+bT/j/+R/AGa1XOfRxLmNUlLtlwjRsFUILF+xHfzElmGcmFydy2gqqIrd62ptIEfwVMofd19uNWD9L7Nw=="],
+
+    "why-is-node-running": ["why-is-node-running@2.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "siginfo": "^2.0.0", "stackback": "0.0.2" }, "bin": { "why-is-node-running": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-hUrmaWBdVDcxvYqnyh09zunKzROWjbZTiNy8dBEjkS7ehEDQibXJ7XvlmtbwuTclUiIyN+CyXQD4Vmko8fNm8w=="],
+
+    "ws": ["ws@8.18.2", "", { "peerDependencies": { "bufferutil": "^4.0.1", "utf-8-validate": ">=5.0.2" }, "optionalPeers": ["bufferutil", "utf-8-validate"] }, "sha512-DMricUmwGZUVr++AEAe2uiVM7UoO9MAVZMDu05UQOaUII0lp+zOzLLU4Xqh/JvTqklB1T4uELaaPBKyjE1r4fQ=="],
+
+    "zod": ["zod@3.25.76", "", {}, "sha512-gzUt/qt81nXsFGKIFcC3YnfEAx5NkunCfnDlvuBSSFS02bcXu4Lmea0AFIUwbLWxWPx3d9p8S5QoaujKcNQxcQ=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "3.2.6", "loupe": "^3.1.4", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lI23nIs4bnT3T8NIoh+vFaz5s2/DdP0Jgt2jxwgWljvwn82cLJtyi/If+fjFyoLMGIOz0U/fKvWE0d4jsNQEfg=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "3.2.6", "loupe": "^3.1.4", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lI23nIs4bnT3T8NIoh+vFaz5s2/DdP0Jgt2jxwgWljvwn82cLJtyi/If+fjFyoLMGIOz0U/fKvWE0d4jsNQEfg=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "@vitest/snapshot/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "@vitest/snapshot/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "bun-types/@types/node": ["@types/node@22.7.5", "", { "dependencies": { "undici-types": "~6.19.2" } }, "sha512-jML7s2NAzMWc//QSJ1a3prpk78cOPchGvXJsC3C6R6PSMoooztvRVQEz89gmBTBY1SPMaqo5teB4uNHPdetShQ=="],
+
+    "chai/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+
+    "micromatch/picomatch": ["picomatch@2.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-JU3teHTNjmE2VCGFzuY8EXzCDVwEqB2a8fsIvwaStHhAWJEeVd1o1QD80CU6+ZdEXXSLbSsuLwJjkCBWqRQUVA=="],
+
+    "vite-node/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "3.2.6", "loupe": "^3.1.4", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lI23nIs4bnT3T8NIoh+vFaz5s2/DdP0Jgt2jxwgWljvwn82cLJtyi/If+fjFyoLMGIOz0U/fKvWE0d4jsNQEfg=="],
+
+    "vitest/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+
+    "bun-types/@types/node/undici-types": ["undici-types@6.19.8", "", {}, "sha512-ve2KP6f/JnbPBFyobGHuerC9g1FYGn/F8n1LWTwNxCEzd6IfqTwUQcNXgEtmmQ6DlRrC1hrSrBnCZPokRrDHjw=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/index.test.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd97ffdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll, beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import openApiSpec from './openapi.json';
+
+// Mock viem
+const mockReadContract = vi.fn();
+const mockGetChainId = vi.fn();
+const mockGetBlockNumber = vi.fn();
+
+vi.mock('viem', () => ({
+  createPublicClient: vi.fn(() => ({
+    readContract: mockReadContract,
+    getChainId: mockGetChainId,
+    getBlockNumber: mockGetBlockNumber,
+  })),
+  http: vi.fn(),
+  getContract: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+// Dynamic import after mocking
+let appFetch: any;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  // Set environment variables for testing
+  process.env.ETH_RPC_URL = 'http://localhost:8545';
+  process.env.KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR = '0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890';
+  process.env.PORT = '3001';
+  process.env.ETH_CHAIN_ID = '1337';
+  process.env.ETH_FINALITY_CONFIRMATIONS = '2';
+
+  // Import the app after mocking
+  const indexModule = await import('./index.ts');
+  appFetch = indexModule.default.fetch;
+});
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  // Reset mocks before each test
+  vi.clearAllMocks();
+  mockGetChainId.mockResolvedValue(1337);
+  mockGetBlockNumber.mockResolvedValue(100n);
+});
+
+describe('API Compatibility Tests', () => {
+  describe('GET /', () => {
+    it('should return system info matching OpenAPI spec', async () => {
+      // Mock contract calls
+      mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+        if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') {
+          return '0xabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd';
+        }
+        if (params.functionName === 'appImplementation') {
+          return '0x9876543210987654321098765432109876543210';
+        }
+      });
+      mockGetChainId.mockResolvedValue(1337);
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/'));
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        status: 'ok',
+        kmsContractAddr: '0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890',
+        ethRpcUrl: 'http://localhost:8545',
+        gatewayAppId: expect.any(String),
+        chainId: expect.any(Number),
+        appAuthImplementation: expect.any(String),
+        appImplementation: expect.any(String),
+      });
+
+      // Verify response structure matches OpenAPI spec
+      const systemInfoSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.SystemInfo;
+      const requiredFields = systemInfoSchema.required;
+
+      requiredFields.forEach(field => {
+        expect(data).toHaveProperty(field);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle errors gracefully', async () => {
+      // Mock contract calls to throw error
+      mockReadContract.mockRejectedValue(new Error('contract error'));
+      mockGetChainId.mockRejectedValue(new Error('network error'));
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/'));
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(500);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        status: 'error',
+        message: 'authorization backend unavailable',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/app', () => {
+    const validBootInfo = {
+      mrAggregated: '0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234',
+      osImageHash: '0xabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd',
+      appId: '0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111',
+      composeHash: '0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222',
+      instanceId: '0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+      deviceId: '0x4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444',
+    };
+
+    it('should validate app boot with required fields only', async () => {
+      // Mock successful contract response
+      mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+        if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') {
+          return [true, 'success'];
+        }
+        if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') {
+          return '0xgateway123456789012345678901234567890';
+        }
+      });
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        isAllowed: true,
+        reason: 'success',
+        gatewayAppId: expect.any(String),
+      });
+
+      // Verify response matches OpenAPI spec
+      const bootResponseSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.BootResponse;
+      const requiredFields = bootResponseSchema.required;
+
+      requiredFields.forEach(field => {
+        expect(data).toHaveProperty(field);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle full BootInfo with optional fields', async () => {
+      const fullBootInfo = {
+        ...validBootInfo,
+        tcbStatus: 'OK',
+        advisoryIds: ['INTEL-SA-00123'],
+        mrSystem: '0x5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555',
+      };
+
+      mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+        if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') {
+          return [true, 'success with full info'];
+        }
+        if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') {
+          return '0xgateway123456789012345678901234567890';
+        }
+      });
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(fullBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(data.reason).toBe('success with full info');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle contract errors', async () => {
+      mockReadContract.mockRejectedValue(new Error('contract call failed'));
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: 'authorization backend unavailable',
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should reject invalid request body', async () => {
+      const invalidBootInfo = {
+        mrAggregated: '0x1234', // missing required fields
+      };
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(invalidBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+    });
+
+
+    it('should reject oversized and non-hex measurements before backend use', async () => {
+      for (const mrAggregated of ['0x' + 'ab'.repeat(33), 'not-hex']) {
+        const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+          method: 'POST',
+          headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+          body: JSON.stringify({ ...validBootInfo, mrAggregated }),
+        }));
+
+        expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+        expect(await response.json()).toEqual({ isAllowed: false, reason: 'invalid authorization request', gatewayAppId: '' });
+      }
+      expect(mockReadContract).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+});
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/kms', () => {
+    const validBootInfo = {
+      mrAggregated: '0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234',
+      osImageHash: '0xabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd',
+      appId: '0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111',
+      composeHash: '0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222',
+      instanceId: '0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+      deviceId: '0x4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444',
+    };
+
+    it('should validate KMS boot successfully', async () => {
+      // Mock successful contract response
+      mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+        if (params.functionName === 'isKmsAllowed') {
+          return [true, 'KMS allowed'];
+        }
+        if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') {
+          return '0xgateway123456789012345678901234567890';
+        }
+      });
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        isAllowed: true,
+        reason: 'KMS allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: expect.any(String),
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle KMS rejection', async () => {
+      mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+        if (params.functionName === 'isKmsAllowed') {
+          return [false, 'KMS not authorized'];
+        }
+        if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') {
+          return '0xgateway123456789012345678901234567890';
+        }
+      });
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        reason: 'KMS not authorized',
+        gatewayAppId: expect.any(String),
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should not log "Test backend error" messages', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      mockReadContract.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Test backend error'));
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(data.reason).toBe('authorization backend unavailable');
+
+      // Verify that console.error was not called for test errors
+      expect(consoleSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should log other error messages', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      mockReadContract.mockRejectedValue(new Error('real error'));
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(data.reason).toBe('authorization backend unavailable');
+
+      // Diagnostics identify the failing boundary without retaining backend details.
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('KMS authorization backend failed');
+      expect(JSON.stringify(consoleSpy.mock.calls)).not.toContain('real error');
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('API Schema Compatibility', () => {
+  it('should match BootInfo schema requirements', () => {
+    const bootInfoSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.BootInfo;
+
+    // Required fields should match original fastify schema
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.required).toEqual([
+      'mrAggregated',
+      'osImageHash',
+      'appId',
+      'composeHash',
+      'instanceId',
+      'deviceId'
+    ]);
+
+    // Optional fields should be present for full compatibility
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.properties).toHaveProperty('tcbStatus');
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.properties).toHaveProperty('advisoryIds');
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.properties).toHaveProperty('mrSystem');
+  });
+
+  it('should match BootResponse schema requirements', () => {
+    const bootResponseSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.BootResponse;
+
+    expect(bootResponseSchema.required).toEqual([
+      'isAllowed',
+      'reason',
+      'gatewayAppId'
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('should match SystemInfo schema requirements', () => {
+    const systemInfoSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.SystemInfo;
+
+    expect(systemInfoSchema.required).toEqual([
+      'status',
+      'kmsContractAddr',
+      'ethRpcUrl',
+      'gatewayAppId',
+      'chainId',
+      'appAuthImplementation',
+      'appImplementation'
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Hex Decoding Compatibility', () => {
+  it('should handle hex values with and without 0x prefix', async () => {
+    const bootInfoWithoutPrefix = {
+      mrAggregated: '1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234',
+      osImageHash: 'abcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd',
+      appId: '1111111111111111111111111111111111111111',
+      composeHash: '2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222',
+      instanceId: '3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+      deviceId: '4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444',
+    };
+
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') {
+        // Verify that hex values are properly formatted
+        const [bootInfoStruct] = params.args;
+        expect(bootInfoStruct.mrAggregated).toMatch(/^0x[0-9a-f]{64}$/i);
+        expect(bootInfoStruct.appId).toMatch(/^0x[0-9a-f]{40}$/i);
+        return [true, 'success'];
+      }
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') {
+        return '0xgateway123456789012345678901234567890';
+      }
+    });
+
+    const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(bootInfoWithoutPrefix),
+    }));
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Authorization freshness and domain binding', () => {
+  const requestBody = {
+    mrAggregated: '0x' + '11'.repeat(32),
+    osImageHash: '0x' + '22'.repeat(32),
+    appId: '0x' + '33'.repeat(20),
+    composeHash: '0x' + '44'.repeat(32),
+    instanceId: '0x' + '55'.repeat(20),
+    deviceId: '0x' + '66'.repeat(32),
+  };
+
+  const postApp = (body = requestBody) => appFetch(new Request(
+    'http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app',
+    {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    },
+  ));
+
+  it('re-evaluates replayed payloads instead of caching an earlier allow', async () => {
+    let decisions = 0;
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      expect(params.address).toBe('0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890');
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') {
+        decisions += 1;
+        return decisions === 1 ? [true, 'initial allow'] : [false, 'policy changed'];
+      }
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') return 'gateway-app';
+      throw new Error(`unexpected function ${params.functionName}`);
+    });
+
+    const first = await postApp();
+    const replay = await postApp();
+
+    expect(await first.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: true, reason: 'initial allow' });
+    expect(await replay.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: false, reason: 'policy changed' });
+    expect(decisions).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('binds changed measurements and identities into distinct contract arguments', async () => {
+    const calls: unknown[] = [];
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') {
+        calls.push(params.args[0]);
+        return [true, 'allowed'];
+      }
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') return 'gateway-app';
+      throw new Error(`unexpected function ${params.functionName}`);
+    });
+
+    await postApp();
+    await postApp({ ...requestBody, composeHash: '0x' + '77'.repeat(32) });
+    await postApp({ ...requestBody, appId: '0x' + '88'.repeat(20) });
+
+    expect(calls).toHaveLength(3);
+    expect(calls[0]).not.toEqual(calls[1]);
+    expect(calls[0]).not.toEqual(calls[2]);
+  });
+
+  it('fails closed during backend interruption and succeeds after recovery', async () => {
+    mockReadContract.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('backend unavailable'));
+    const interrupted = await postApp();
+    expect(await interrupted.json()).toEqual({
+      isAllowed: false,
+      gatewayAppId: '',
+      reason: 'authorization backend unavailable',
+    });
+
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') return [true, 'recovered'];
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') return 'gateway-app';
+      throw new Error(`unexpected function ${params.functionName}`);
+    });
+    const recovered = await postApp();
+    expect(await recovered.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: true, reason: 'recovered' });
+  });
+});
+
+
+describe('Ethereum finalized snapshot authorization', () => {
+  const requestBody = {
+    mrAggregated: '0x' + '11'.repeat(32),
+    osImageHash: '0x' + '22'.repeat(32),
+    appId: '0x' + '33'.repeat(20),
+    composeHash: '0x' + '44'.repeat(32),
+    instanceId: '0x' + '55'.repeat(20),
+    deviceId: '0x' + '66'.repeat(32),
+  };
+
+  const authorize = () => appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3001/bootAuth/app', {
+    method: 'POST',
+    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+    body: JSON.stringify(requestBody),
+  }));
+
+  it('reads the decision and gateway identity from one confirmation-depth snapshot', async () => {
+    mockGetBlockNumber.mockResolvedValue(100n);
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      expect(params.blockNumber).toBe(98n);
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') return [true, 'finalized allow'];
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') return 'gateway-app';
+      throw new Error(`unexpected function ${params.functionName}`);
+    });
+
+    const response = await authorize();
+    expect(await response.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: true, reason: 'finalized allow' });
+    expect(mockGetBlockNumber).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('re-evaluates the canonical finalized snapshot after a short reorg', async () => {
+    mockGetBlockNumber.mockResolvedValueOnce(100n).mockResolvedValueOnce(101n);
+    let decisions = 0;
+    const observedBlocks: bigint[] = [];
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') {
+        observedBlocks.push(params.blockNumber);
+        decisions += 1;
+        return decisions === 1 ? [true, 'old canonical allow'] : [false, 'new canonical deny'];
+      }
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') return 'gateway-app';
+      throw new Error(`unexpected function ${params.functionName}`);
+    });
+
+    const before = await authorize();
+    const after = await authorize();
+    expect(await before.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: true });
+    expect(await after.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: false, reason: 'new canonical deny' });
+    expect(observedBlocks).toEqual([98n, 99n]);
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    ['wrong chain', () => mockGetChainId.mockResolvedValue(1)],
+    ['stale head', () => mockGetBlockNumber.mockResolvedValue(1n)],
+    ['head timeout', () => mockGetBlockNumber.mockRejectedValue(new Error('timeout'))],
+  ])('fails closed for %s and recovers without retained decisions', async (_name, inject) => {
+    inject();
+    const failed = await authorize();
+    expect(await failed.json()).toEqual({
+      isAllowed: false,
+      gatewayAppId: '',
+      reason: 'authorization backend unavailable',
+    });
+
+    mockGetChainId.mockResolvedValue(1337);
+    mockGetBlockNumber.mockResolvedValue(102n);
+    mockReadContract.mockImplementation((params) => {
+      if (params.functionName === 'isAppAllowed') return [true, 'recovered'];
+      if (params.functionName === 'gatewayAppId') return 'gateway-app';
+      throw new Error(`unexpected function ${params.functionName}`);
+    });
+    const recovered = await authorize();
+    expect(await recovered.json()).toMatchObject({ isAllowed: true, reason: 'recovered' });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/index.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ea279327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { Hono } from 'hono';
+import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import { createPublicClient, http, type Address, type Hex } from 'viem';
+
+// zod schemas for validation - compatible with original fastify implementation
+const boundedHex = (bytes: number, description: string) =>
+  z.string()
+    .regex(/^(?:0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]*$/, `${description} must be hexadecimal`)
+    .refine(
+      (value) => value.replace(/^0x/, '').length <= bytes * 2,
+      `${description} exceeds ${bytes} bytes`,
+    );
+
+const BootInfoSchema = z.object({
+  // Short hexadecimal values remain compatible with the original backend,
+  // which left-pads them before making the contract call.
+  mrAggregated: boundedHex(32, 'aggregated MR measurement'),
+  osImageHash: boundedHex(32, 'OS Image hash'),
+  appId: boundedHex(20, 'application ID'),
+  composeHash: boundedHex(32, 'compose hash'),
+  instanceId: boundedHex(20, 'instance ID'),
+  deviceId: boundedHex(32, 'device ID'),
+  tcbStatus: z.string().max(128).optional().default(''),
+  advisoryIds: z.array(z.string().max(256)).max(128).optional().default([]),
+  mrSystem: boundedHex(32, 'system MR measurement').optional().default('')
+});
+
+const BootResponseSchema = z.object({
+  isAllowed: z.boolean(),
+  reason: z.string(),
+  gatewayAppId: z.string()
+});
+
+type BootInfo = z.infer<typeof BootInfoSchema>;
+type BootResponse = z.infer<typeof BootResponseSchema>;
+
+// DstackKms contract ABI (minimal required functions)
+const DSTACK_KMS_ABI = [
+  {
+    name: 'isKmsAllowed',
+    type: 'function',
+    stateMutability: 'view',
+    inputs: [
+      {
+        name: 'bootInfo',
+        type: 'tuple',
+        components: [
+          { name: 'appId', type: 'address' },
+          { name: 'composeHash', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'instanceId', type: 'address' },
+          { name: 'deviceId', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'mrAggregated', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'mrSystem', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'osImageHash', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'tcbStatus', type: 'string' },
+          { name: 'advisoryIds', type: 'string[]' }
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+    outputs: [
+      { name: 'isAllowed', type: 'bool' },
+      { name: 'reason', type: 'string' }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'isAppAllowed',
+    type: 'function',
+    stateMutability: 'view',
+    inputs: [
+      {
+        name: 'bootInfo',
+        type: 'tuple',
+        components: [
+          { name: 'appId', type: 'address' },
+          { name: 'composeHash', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'instanceId', type: 'address' },
+          { name: 'deviceId', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'mrAggregated', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'mrSystem', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'osImageHash', type: 'bytes32' },
+          { name: 'tcbStatus', type: 'string' },
+          { name: 'advisoryIds', type: 'string[]' }
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+    outputs: [
+      { name: 'isAllowed', type: 'bool' },
+      { name: 'reason', type: 'string' }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'gatewayAppId',
+    type: 'function',
+    stateMutability: 'view',
+    inputs: [],
+    outputs: [{ name: '', type: 'string' }]
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'appImplementation',
+    type: 'function',
+    stateMutability: 'view',
+    inputs: [],
+    outputs: [{ name: '', type: 'address' }]
+  }
+] as const;
+
+// ethereum backend class
+class EthereumBackend {
+  private client: ReturnType<typeof createPublicClient>;
+  private kmsContractAddr: Address;
+  private expectedChainId?: number;
+  private finalityConfirmations: bigint;
+
+  constructor(
+    client: ReturnType<typeof createPublicClient>,
+    kmsContractAddr: string,
+    expectedChainId: number | undefined,
+    finalityConfirmations: bigint,
+  ) {
+    this.client = client;
+    this.kmsContractAddr = kmsContractAddr as Address;
+    this.expectedChainId = expectedChainId;
+    this.finalityConfirmations = finalityConfirmations;
+  }
+
+  private async finalizedBlockNumber(): Promise<bigint> {
+    const chainId = await this.client.getChainId();
+    if (this.expectedChainId !== undefined && chainId !== this.expectedChainId) {
+      throw new Error('authorization backend chain ID mismatch');
+    }
+    const head = await this.client.getBlockNumber();
+    if (head < this.finalityConfirmations) {
+      throw new Error('authorization backend has not reached configured finality');
+    }
+    return head - this.finalityConfirmations;
+  }
+
+  private decodeHex(hex: string, sz: number = 32): Hex {
+    // remove '0x' prefix if present
+    hex = hex.startsWith('0x') ? hex.slice(2) : hex;
+    // pad hex string to specified size
+    hex = hex.padStart(sz * 2, '0');
+    // add '0x' prefix back
+    return `0x${hex}` as Hex;
+  }
+
+  async checkBoot(bootInfo: BootInfo, isKms: boolean): Promise<BootResponse> {
+    // create boot info struct for contract call
+    const bootInfoStruct = {
+      appId: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.appId, 20) as Address,
+      composeHash: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.composeHash, 32),
+      instanceId: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.instanceId, 20) as Address,
+      deviceId: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.deviceId, 32),
+      mrAggregated: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.mrAggregated, 32),
+      mrSystem: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.mrSystem || '', 32),
+      osImageHash: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.osImageHash, 32),
+      tcbStatus: bootInfo.tcbStatus || '',
+      advisoryIds: bootInfo.advisoryIds || []
+    };
+
+    const blockNumber = await this.finalizedBlockNumber();
+    let response;
+    if (isKms) {
+      response = await this.client.readContract({
+        address: this.kmsContractAddr,
+        abi: DSTACK_KMS_ABI,
+        functionName: 'isKmsAllowed',
+        args: [bootInfoStruct],
+        blockNumber
+      });
+    } else {
+      response = await this.client.readContract({
+        address: this.kmsContractAddr,
+        abi: DSTACK_KMS_ABI,
+        functionName: 'isAppAllowed',
+        args: [bootInfoStruct],
+        blockNumber
+      });
+    }
+
+    const [isAllowed, reason] = response;
+    const gatewayAppId = await this.client.readContract({
+      address: this.kmsContractAddr,
+      abi: DSTACK_KMS_ABI,
+      functionName: 'gatewayAppId',
+      blockNumber
+    });
+
+    return {
+      isAllowed,
+      reason,
+      gatewayAppId: gatewayAppId as string,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async getGatewayAppId(): Promise<string> {
+    const result = await this.client.readContract({
+      address: this.kmsContractAddr,
+      abi: DSTACK_KMS_ABI,
+      functionName: 'gatewayAppId'
+    });
+    return result as string;
+  }
+
+  async getChainId(): Promise<number> {
+    const chainId = await this.client.getChainId();
+    return Number(chainId);
+  }
+
+  async getAppImplementation(): Promise<string> {
+    const result = await this.client.readContract({
+      address: this.kmsContractAddr,
+      abi: DSTACK_KMS_ABI,
+      functionName: 'appImplementation'
+    });
+    return result as string;
+  }
+}
+
+// initialize app
+const app = new Hono();
+
+// initialize ethereum backend
+const rpcUrl = process.env.ETH_RPC_URL || 'http://localhost:8545';
+const kmsContractAddr = process.env.KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR || '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000';
+const parseNonNegativeInteger = (name: string, value: string | undefined): number | undefined => {
+  if (value === undefined || value === '') return undefined;
+  if (!/^(?:0|[1-9][0-9]*)$/.test(value)) throw new Error(`${name} must be a non-negative integer`);
+  const parsed = Number(value);
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(parsed)) throw new Error(`${name} exceeds the safe integer range`);
+  return parsed;
+};
+const expectedChainId = parseNonNegativeInteger('ETH_CHAIN_ID', process.env.ETH_CHAIN_ID);
+const finalityConfirmations = BigInt(
+  parseNonNegativeInteger('ETH_FINALITY_CONFIRMATIONS', process.env.ETH_FINALITY_CONFIRMATIONS) ?? 0,
+);
+const client = createPublicClient({
+  transport: http(rpcUrl)
+});
+const ethereum = new EthereumBackend(client, kmsContractAddr, expectedChainId, finalityConfirmations);
+
+const publicRpcEndpoint = (value: string): string => {
+  try {
+    const endpoint = new URL(value);
+    return `${endpoint.protocol}//${endpoint.host}`;
+  } catch {
+    return 'configured';
+  }
+};
+
+const backendUnavailable = 'authorization backend unavailable';
+const invalidRequest = { isAllowed: false, reason: 'invalid authorization request', gatewayAppId: '' };
+
+// health check and info endpoint
+app.get('/', async (c) => {
+  try {
+    const batch = await Promise.all([
+      ethereum.getGatewayAppId(),
+      ethereum.getChainId(),
+      ethereum.getAppImplementation(),
+    ]);
+    console.log('batch', batch);
+
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'ok',
+      kmsContractAddr: kmsContractAddr,
+      ethRpcUrl: publicRpcEndpoint(rpcUrl),
+      gatewayAppId: batch[0],
+      chainId: batch[1],
+      appAuthImplementation: batch[2], // NOTE: for backward compatibility
+      appImplementation: batch[2],
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('authorization backend health check failed');
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'error',
+      message: backendUnavailable
+    }, 500);
+  }
+});
+
+// app boot authentication
+app.post('/bootAuth/app',
+  zValidator('json', BootInfoSchema, (result, c) => {
+    if (!result.success) return c.json(invalidRequest, 400);
+  }),
+  async (c) => {
+    try {
+      const bootInfo = c.req.valid('json');
+      const result = await ethereum.checkBoot(bootInfo, false);
+      return c.json(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('application authorization backend failed');
+      return c.json({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: backendUnavailable
+      });
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// KMS boot authentication
+app.post('/bootAuth/kms',
+  zValidator('json', BootInfoSchema, (result, c) => {
+    if (!result.success) return c.json(invalidRequest, 400);
+  }),
+  async (c) => {
+    try {
+      const bootInfo = c.req.valid('json');
+      const result = await ethereum.checkBoot(bootInfo, true);
+      return c.json(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      // don't log test backend errors
+      if (!(error instanceof Error && "Test backend error" === error.message)) {
+        console.error('KMS authorization backend failed');
+      }
+      return c.json({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: backendUnavailable
+      });
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// start server
+const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT || '3000');
+console.log(`starting server on port ${port}`);
+
+export default {
+  port,
+  fetch: app.fetch,
+};
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/openapi.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/openapi.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e87c03611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/openapi.json
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.0.0",
+  "info": {
+    "title": "dstack KMS Ethereum Backend API",
+    "description": "API for dstack KMS Ethereum backend authentication and system information",
+    "version": "1.0.0"
+  },
+  "servers": [
+    {
+      "url": "http://localhost:3000",
+      "description": "Development server"
+    }
+  ],
+  "paths": {
+    "/": {
+      "get": {
+        "summary": "Health check and system information",
+        "description": "Returns system status and configuration information",
+        "operationId": "getSystemInfo",
+        "responses": {
+          "200": {
+            "description": "System information",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/SystemInfo"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "500": {
+            "description": "Internal server error",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Error"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "/bootAuth/app": {
+      "post": {
+        "summary": "Application boot authentication",
+        "description": "Validates application boot information against smart contract",
+        "operationId": "authenticateAppBoot",
+        "requestBody": {
+          "required": true,
+          "content": {
+            "application/json": {
+              "schema": {
+                "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootInfo"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "responses": {
+          "200": {
+            "description": "Authentication result",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootResponse"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "/bootAuth/kms": {
+      "post": {
+        "summary": "KMS boot authentication",
+        "description": "Validates KMS boot information against smart contract",
+        "operationId": "authenticateKmsBoot",
+        "requestBody": {
+          "required": true,
+          "content": {
+            "application/json": {
+              "schema": {
+                "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootInfo"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "responses": {
+          "200": {
+            "description": "Authentication result",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootResponse"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "BootInfo": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "mrAggregated",
+          "osImageHash",
+          "appId",
+          "composeHash",
+          "instanceId",
+          "deviceId"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "mrAggregated": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Aggregated MR measurement"
+          },
+          "osImageHash": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "OS Image hash"
+          },
+          "appId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Application ID"
+          },
+          "composeHash": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Compose hash"
+          },
+          "instanceId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Instance ID"
+          },
+          "deviceId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Device ID"
+          },
+          "tcbStatus": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "TCB status (optional for compatibility)"
+          },
+          "advisoryIds": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "description": "Advisory IDs (optional for compatibility)"
+          },
+          "mrSystem": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "MR System measurement (optional for compatibility)"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "BootResponse": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "isAllowed",
+          "reason",
+          "gatewayAppId"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "isAllowed": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "Whether the boot is allowed"
+          },
+          "reason": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Reason for the decision"
+          },
+          "gatewayAppId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Gateway application ID"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "SystemInfo": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "status",
+          "kmsContractAddr",
+          "ethRpcUrl",
+          "gatewayAppId",
+          "chainId",
+          "appAuthImplementation",
+          "appImplementation"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "status": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": ["ok"],
+            "description": "System status"
+          },
+          "kmsContractAddr": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "KMS contract address"
+          },
+          "ethRpcUrl": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Ethereum RPC URL"
+          },
+          "gatewayAppId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Gateway application ID"
+          },
+          "chainId": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "description": "Blockchain chain ID"
+          },
+          "appAuthImplementation": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "App auth implementation address (deprecated, use appImplementation)"
+          },
+          "appImplementation": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "App implementation address"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "Error": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "status",
+          "message"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "status": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": ["error"]
+          },
+          "message": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Error message"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/package.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c257b8912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "name": "auth-eth-bun",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "dstack KMS ethereum backend with bun + hono + zod",
+  "main": "index.ts",
+  "scripts": {
+    "dev": "bun run --watch index.ts",
+    "start": "bun run index.ts",
+    "build": "bun build index.ts --outdir ./dist --target bun",
+    "test": "vitest",
+    "test:run": "vitest run",
+    "lint": "oxlint .",
+    "lint:fix": "oxlint --fix .",
+    "fmt": "oxlint --fix .",
+    "check": "bun run lint && bun run test:run"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "hono": "4.12.34",
+    "@hono/zod-validator": "0.2.2",
+    "zod": "3.25.76",
+    "viem": "2.31.7"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/bun": "1.2.18",
+    "@types/node": "^24.0.14",
+    "@vitest/ui": "1.6.1",
+    "openapi-types": "12.1.3",
+    "oxlint": "0.9.10",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "vitest": "3.2.6"
+  },
+  "type": "module"
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/vitest.config.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/vitest.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17597daca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth-bun/vitest.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  test: {
+    globals: true,
+    environment: 'node',
+  },
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.env.example b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.env.example
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1e967f46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.env.example
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Example environment configuration for local testing
+
+# Server configuration
+PORT=8000
+HOST=127.0.0.1
+
+# Ethereum configuration
+ETH_RPC_URL=http://127.0.0.1:8545
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+
+# For testing with local Anvil node (Foundry):
+# ETH_RPC_URL=http://127.0.0.1:8545
+# KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=<deployed_contract_address>
+
+# For testing with testnet:
+# ETH_RPC_URL=https://rpc.sepolia.org
+# KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=<your_deployed_contract_address>
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.gitignore b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0993643fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/artifacts
+/broadcast
+/cache
+/coverage
+/dist
+/out
+
+# Test logs
+anvil-test.log
+anvil.log
+deploy.log
+server-test.log
+.env.test
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.openzeppelin/unknown-2035.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.openzeppelin/unknown-2035.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9087e8b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/.openzeppelin/unknown-2035.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+{
+  "manifestVersion": "3.2",
+  "proxies": [
+    {
+      "address": "0xAe43C1d4814F665aA4E08EC3589309DFf939A049",
+      "txHash": "0x3b9cd0bffb523b091062ac817270eb92c5c3ad21b48f805229acc1fa32dd1cd1",
+      "kind": "uups"
+    },
+    {
+      "address": "0xbfcEd675bf118481726661e56B5958F813DCBeBD",
+      "txHash": "0xd9531d8922ba2fee5dc087b41cca368ae2691bd5a990e09e60048e52540379a0",
+      "kind": "uups"
+    },
+    {
+      "address": "0xA88D19B573a5BDA3b13F473753d4C82171981620",
+      "txHash": "0x665656903bdb4c7c23bf51c04334c36f3c642697e95369d665208eea4fc0e5a9",
+      "kind": "uups"
+    },
+    {
+      "address": "0xcDD7e9752f9DE6B2e20eecbA3cB5FCC91FdC8517",
+      "txHash": "0xa8e13b6006cbfdf7ad1ae3aca20c9dfca4d2a6065916fffc3a826bb8cfec82ff",
+      "kind": "uups"
+    }
+  ],
+  "impls": {
+    "06254893ab0147e7386e876a3db3cb5979f08364ff8d15a618ffe81e55e0d2d7": {
+      "address": "0xCF80F10a2582fc70084A3C8906A0d81C8064313e",
+      "txHash": "0x6d0bda764312307e77ef140ee97f3dbf1fa70d2515630147caa0cd58100bb060",
+      "layout": {
+        "solcVersion": "0.8.22",
+        "storage": [
+          {
+            "label": "kmsInfo",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "0",
+            "type": "t_struct(KmsInfo)1468_storage",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:24"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "tproxyAppId",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "4",
+            "type": "t_string_storage",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:27"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "apps",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "5",
+            "type": "t_mapping(t_address,t_struct(AppConfig)1478_storage)",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:36"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "6",
+            "type": "t_mapping(t_bytes32,t_bool)",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:39"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "kmsAllowedDeviceIds",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "7",
+            "type": "t_mapping(t_bytes32,t_bool)",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:42"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "appAllowedImages",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "8",
+            "type": "t_mapping(t_bytes32,t_bool)",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:45"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "appAllowedSystemMrs",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "9",
+            "type": "t_mapping(t_bytes32,t_bool)",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:48"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "nextAppSequence",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "10",
+            "type": "t_mapping(t_address,t_uint256)",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:51"
+          },
+          {
+            "label": "__gap",
+            "offset": 0,
+            "slot": "11",
+            "type": "t_array(t_uint256)50_storage",
+            "contract": "DstackKms",
+            "src": "contracts/DstackKms.sol:220"
+          }
+        ],
+        "types": {
+          "t_address": {
+            "label": "address",
+            "numberOfBytes": "20"
+          },
+          "t_bool": {
+            "label": "bool",
+            "numberOfBytes": "1"
+          },
+          "t_struct(InitializableStorage)73_storage": {
+            "label": "struct Initializable.InitializableStorage",
+            "members": [
+              {
+                "label": "_initialized",
+                "type": "t_uint64",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "0"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "_initializing",
+                "type": "t_bool",
+                "offset": 8,
+                "slot": "0"
+              }
+            ],
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_struct(OwnableStorage)13_storage": {
+            "label": "struct OwnableUpgradeable.OwnableStorage",
+            "members": [
+              {
+                "label": "_owner",
+                "type": "t_address",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "0"
+              }
+            ],
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_uint64": {
+            "label": "uint64",
+            "numberOfBytes": "8"
+          },
+          "t_array(t_uint256)50_storage": {
+            "label": "uint256[50]",
+            "numberOfBytes": "1600"
+          },
+          "t_bytes32": {
+            "label": "bytes32",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_bytes_storage": {
+            "label": "bytes",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_mapping(t_address,t_struct(AppConfig)1478_storage)": {
+            "label": "mapping(address => struct DstackKms.AppConfig)",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_mapping(t_address,t_uint256)": {
+            "label": "mapping(address => uint256)",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_mapping(t_bytes32,t_bool)": {
+            "label": "mapping(bytes32 => bool)",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_string_storage": {
+            "label": "string",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_struct(AppConfig)1478_storage": {
+            "label": "struct DstackKms.AppConfig",
+            "members": [
+              {
+                "label": "isRegistered",
+                "type": "t_bool",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "0"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "controller",
+                "type": "t_address",
+                "offset": 1,
+                "slot": "0"
+              }
+            ],
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_struct(KmsInfo)1468_storage": {
+            "label": "struct DstackKms.KmsInfo",
+            "members": [
+              {
+                "label": "k256Pubkey",
+                "type": "t_bytes_storage",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "0"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "caPubkey",
+                "type": "t_bytes_storage",
+                "offset": 0,
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+            "label": "mapping(address => uint256)",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_mapping(t_bytes32,t_bool)": {
+            "label": "mapping(bytes32 => bool)",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_string_storage": {
+            "label": "string",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_struct(AppConfig)1484_storage": {
+            "label": "struct DstackKms.AppConfig",
+            "members": [
+              {
+                "label": "isRegistered",
+                "type": "t_bool",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "0"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "controller",
+                "type": "t_address",
+                "offset": 1,
+                "slot": "0"
+              }
+            ],
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          },
+          "t_struct(KmsInfo)1473_storage": {
+            "label": "struct DstackKms.KmsInfo",
+            "members": [
+              {
+                "label": "k256Pubkey",
+                "type": "t_bytes_storage",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "0"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "caPubkey",
+                "type": "t_bytes_storage",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "1"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "quote",
+                "type": "t_bytes_storage",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "2"
+              },
+              {
+                "label": "eventlog",
+                "type": "t_bytes_storage",
+                "offset": 0,
+                "slot": "3"
+              }
+            ],
+            "numberOfBytes": "128"
+          },
+          "t_uint256": {
+            "label": "uint256",
+            "numberOfBytes": "32"
+          }
+        },
+        "namespaces": {
+          "erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.Ownable": [
+            {
+              "contract": "OwnableUpgradeable",
+              "label": "_owner",
+              "type": "t_address",
+              "src": "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/OwnableUpgradeable.sol:24",
+              "offset": 0,
+              "slot": "0"
+            }
+          ],
+          "erc7201:openzeppelin.storage.Initializable": [
+            {
+              "contract": "Initializable",
+              "label": "_initialized",
+              "type": "t_uint64",
+              "src": "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol:69",
+              "offset": 0,
+              "slot": "0"
+            },
+            {
+              "contract": "Initializable",
+              "label": "_initializing",
+              "type": "t_bool",
+              "src": "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol:73",
+              "offset": 8,
+              "slot": "0"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/README.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d3b88f36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# dstack KMS Auth-ETH
+
+A Foundry-based smart contract project for dstack's Key Management System (KMS) authentication on Ethereum.
+
+## Overview
+
+This project contains upgradeable smart contracts for:
+- **DstackKms**: Key Management System contract with app registration and validation
+- **DstackApp**: Application-specific authentication contract with device and compose hash management
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- [Foundry](https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation) - For smart contract development and testing
+- Node.js - For the bootAuth server and TypeScript development
+
+## Setup
+
+1. Install dependencies:
+```bash
+# Install Foundry dependencies
+forge install
+
+# Install Node.js dependencies for server
+npm install
+```
+
+2. Build contracts and server:
+```bash
+# Build smart contracts
+forge build
+
+# Build TypeScript server
+npm run build
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+### Smart contract tests (Foundry)
+```bash
+forge test --ffi
+```
+
+### BootAuth server tests (Jest)
+```bash
+npm test
+```
+
+### Local integration testing
+```bash
+# Quick test workflow — spins up Anvil, deploys, runs Jest + Foundry against the live chain
+npm run test:all
+
+# Step-by-step workflow
+npm run test:setup        # Start Anvil and deploy contracts
+npm run test:run          # Run tests against deployed contracts
+npm run test:cleanup      # Stop all test processes
+```
+
+## Contract Management
+
+Use Foundry scripts for all contract operations instead of Cast commands:
+
+### Deployment
+```bash
+# Deploy both contracts
+forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript --broadcast --rpc-url http://localhost:8545
+
+# Deploy to other networks
+forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript --broadcast --rpc-url <RPC_URL> --private-key <PRIVATE_KEY>
+```
+
+### Management Operations
+```bash
+# Add KMS aggregated MR
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... MR_AGGREGATED=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddKmsAggregatedMr --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+
+# Deploy new app via factory
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_OWNER=0x... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:DeployApp --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### Query Operations
+```bash
+# Get KMS settings
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:GetKmsSettings --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+
+# Check if device is allowed
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckAppDevice --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### Safe Upgrades
+```bash
+# Upgrade KMS to V2
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Upgrade.s.sol:UpgradeKmsToV2 --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL --ffi
+```
+
+See `script/README.md` for complete documentation of all available scripts.
+
+## BootAuth Server
+
+The project includes a Fastify-based HTTP server for TEE boot validation:
+
+### Endpoints
+- **`GET /`** - Health check and contract information
+- **`POST /bootAuth/app`** - Validate application boot information
+- **`POST /bootAuth/kms`** - Validate KMS boot information
+
+### Configuration
+Set these environment variables:
+- **`ETH_RPC_URL`** - Ethereum RPC endpoint (default: `http://localhost:8545`)
+- **`KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR`** - Deployed DstackKms contract address
+- **`PORT`** - Server port (default: `8000`)
+- **`HOST`** - Server host (default: `127.0.0.1`)
+
+### Running the Server
+```bash
+# Development mode
+npm run dev
+
+# Production mode
+npm run build && npm start
+
+# Test the server
+npm test
+```
+
+## Static Analysis & Symbolic Verification (local only)
+
+We run [Slither](https://github.com/crytic/slither) and
+[Halmos](https://github.com/a16z/halmos) locally during development. They
+are intentionally not part of CI — symbolic proofs are slow, sensitive to
+solver versions, and most valuable as an interactive design check rather
+than a gate.
+
+```bash
+pipx install slither-analyzer halmos
+slither .
+halmos --contract DstackAppSymbolicTest
+halmos --contract DstackKmsSymbolicTest
+```
+
+Configuration lives in `slither.config.json` and `foundry.toml`.
+See `docs/formal-verification.md` for the verification roadmap, what each
+symbolic property proves, and the deeper-verification plan for a future
+audit-firm engagement.
+
+## Additional Commands
+
+```bash
+# Format code
+forge fmt
+
+# Gas snapshots
+forge snapshot
+
+# Start local node
+anvil
+```
+
+Documentation: https://book.getfoundry.sh/
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/TESTING.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/TESTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40398cef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/TESTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Testing Guide
+
+## Smart Contract Testing
+
+```bash
+forge test --ffi
+```
+
+## API Server Testing
+
+### Unit Tests
+```bash
+npm test                    # Jest, mocked Ethereum backend
+```
+
+### Integration Tests
+```bash
+npm run test:all           # Complete: Anvil + Deploy + API tests + Cleanup
+```
+
+This automatically:
+1. Starts Anvil node
+2. Deploys contracts
+3. Starts API server
+4. Tests all endpoints
+5. Cleans up
+
+## Manual Testing
+
+### Start Services
+```bash
+npm run test:setup         # Start Anvil and deploy contracts
+npm run dev                # Start API server in development mode
+```
+
+### Test Endpoints
+```bash
+curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/                    # Health check
+curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/bootAuth/app \
+  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+  -d '{"tcbStatus":"UpToDate","advisoryIds":[],"mrAggregated":"0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef","osImageHash":"0xabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd"}'
+```
+
+### Cleanup
+```bash
+npm run test:cleanup       # Stop all test processes
+```
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/DstackApp.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/DstackApp.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c27e9ccb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/DstackApp.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "./IAppAuth.sol";
+import "./IAppAuthBasicManagement.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/Ownable2StepUpgradeable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
+
+contract DstackApp is
+    Initializable,
+    Ownable2StepUpgradeable,
+    UUPSUpgradeable,
+    ERC165Upgradeable,
+    IAppAuth,
+    IAppAuthBasicManagement
+{
+    // Mapping of allowed compose hashes for this app
+    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public allowedComposeHashes;
+
+    // State variable to track if upgrades are disabled
+    bool private _upgradesDisabled;
+
+    // Whether allow any device to boot this app or only allow devices
+    bool public allowAnyDevice;
+
+    // Mapping of allowed device IDs for this app
+    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public allowedDeviceIds;
+
+    // Whether to require TCB status to be UpToDate
+    bool public requireTcbUpToDate;
+
+    // Additional events specific to DstackApp
+    event UpgradesDisabled();
+    event AllowAnyDeviceSet(bool allowAny);
+    event RequireTcbUpToDateSet(bool requireUpToDate);
+    /// @notice Additive audit event for reconstructing authorization policy.
+    event PolicyChanged(address indexed actor, bytes32 indexed policy, bytes32 indexed value, bool enabled);
+
+    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
+    constructor() {
+        _disableInitializers();
+    }
+
+    // Old initialize — preserved for upgrade compatibility
+    function initialize(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool _disableUpgrades,
+        bool _allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        public
+        initializer
+    {
+        _initializeCommon(initialOwner, _disableUpgrades, _allowAnyDevice, initialDeviceId, initialComposeHash);
+    }
+
+    // New initialize — includes requireTcbUpToDate
+    function initialize(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool _disableUpgrades,
+        bool _requireTcbUpToDate,
+        bool _allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        public
+        initializer
+    {
+        requireTcbUpToDate = _requireTcbUpToDate;
+        _initializeCommon(initialOwner, _disableUpgrades, _allowAnyDevice, initialDeviceId, initialComposeHash);
+    }
+
+    function _initializeCommon(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool _disableUpgrades,
+        bool _allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        internal
+    {
+        require(initialOwner != address(0), "invalid owner address");
+
+        _upgradesDisabled = _disableUpgrades;
+        allowAnyDevice = _allowAnyDevice;
+
+        // Add initial device if provided
+        if (initialDeviceId != bytes32(0)) {
+            allowedDeviceIds[initialDeviceId] = true;
+            emit DeviceAdded(initialDeviceId);
+            _emitPolicy("device", initialDeviceId, true);
+        }
+
+        // Add initial compose hash if provided
+        if (initialComposeHash != bytes32(0)) {
+            allowedComposeHashes[initialComposeHash] = true;
+            emit ComposeHashAdded(initialComposeHash);
+            _emitPolicy("compose-hash", initialComposeHash, true);
+        }
+
+        __Ownable_init(initialOwner);
+        __UUPSUpgradeable_init();
+        __ERC165_init();
+    }
+
+    function version() public pure returns (uint256) {
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
+     * @notice Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by interfaceId
+     * @param interfaceId The interface identifier, as specified in ERC-165
+     * @return True if the contract implements `interfaceId`
+     */
+    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
+        public
+        view
+        virtual
+        override(ERC165Upgradeable, IERC165)
+        returns (bool)
+    {
+        return interfaceId == 0x1e079198 // IAppAuth
+            || interfaceId == 0x8fd37527 // IAppAuthBasicManagement
+            || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
+    }
+
+    // Function to authorize upgrades (required by UUPSUpgradeable)
+    function _authorizeUpgrade(address newImplementation) internal override onlyOwner {
+        require(!_upgradesDisabled, "Upgrades are permanently disabled");
+        _emitPolicy("implementation-upgrade", bytes32(uint256(uint160(newImplementation))), true);
+    }
+
+    function _emitPolicy(string memory policy, bytes32 value, bool enabled) internal {
+        emit PolicyChanged(msg.sender, keccak256(bytes(policy)), value, enabled);
+    }
+
+    // Add a compose hash to allowed list
+    function addComposeHash(bytes32 composeHash) external onlyOwner {
+        allowedComposeHashes[composeHash] = true;
+        emit ComposeHashAdded(composeHash);
+        _emitPolicy("compose-hash", composeHash, true);
+    }
+
+    // Remove a compose hash from allowed list
+    function removeComposeHash(bytes32 composeHash) external onlyOwner {
+        allowedComposeHashes[composeHash] = false;
+        emit ComposeHashRemoved(composeHash);
+        _emitPolicy("compose-hash", composeHash, false);
+    }
+
+    // Set whether any device is allowed to boot this app
+    function setAllowAnyDevice(bool _allowAnyDevice) external onlyOwner {
+        allowAnyDevice = _allowAnyDevice;
+        emit AllowAnyDeviceSet(_allowAnyDevice);
+        _emitPolicy("allow-any-device", bytes32(0), _allowAnyDevice);
+    }
+
+    // Set whether TCB status must be UpToDate to boot this app
+    function setRequireTcbUpToDate(bool _requireUpToDate) external onlyOwner {
+        requireTcbUpToDate = _requireUpToDate;
+        emit RequireTcbUpToDateSet(_requireUpToDate);
+        _emitPolicy("require-tcb-up-to-date", bytes32(0), _requireUpToDate);
+    }
+
+    // Add a device ID to allowed list
+    function addDevice(bytes32 deviceId) external onlyOwner {
+        allowedDeviceIds[deviceId] = true;
+        emit DeviceAdded(deviceId);
+        _emitPolicy("device", deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    // Remove a device ID from allowed list
+    function removeDevice(bytes32 deviceId) external onlyOwner {
+        allowedDeviceIds[deviceId] = false;
+        emit DeviceRemoved(deviceId);
+        _emitPolicy("device", deviceId, false);
+    }
+
+    // Check if an app is allowed to boot
+    function isAppAllowed(IAppAuth.AppBootInfo calldata bootInfo)
+        external
+        view
+        override
+        returns (bool isAllowed, string memory reason)
+    {
+        // Optionally require TCB status to be up to date
+        if (
+            requireTcbUpToDate
+                && keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bootInfo.tcbStatus)) != keccak256(abi.encodePacked("UpToDate"))
+        ) {
+            return (false, "TCB status is not up to date");
+        }
+
+        // Check if compose hash is allowed
+        if (!allowedComposeHashes[bootInfo.composeHash]) {
+            return (false, "Compose hash not allowed");
+        }
+
+        // Check if device is allowed (when device restriction is enabled)
+        if (!allowAnyDevice && !allowedDeviceIds[bootInfo.deviceId]) {
+            return (false, "Device not allowed");
+        }
+
+        return (true, "");
+    }
+
+    // Function to permanently disable upgrades
+    function disableUpgrades() external onlyOwner {
+        _upgradesDisabled = true;
+        emit UpgradesDisabled();
+        _emitPolicy("upgrades-disabled", bytes32(0), true);
+    }
+
+    // Add storage gap for upgradeable contracts
+    uint256[49] private __gap;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/DstackKms.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/DstackKms.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f79325b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/DstackKms.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "./IAppAuth.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/Ownable2StepUpgradeable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/UUPSUpgradeable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol";
+
+contract DstackKms is Initializable, Ownable2StepUpgradeable, UUPSUpgradeable, ERC165Upgradeable, IAppAuth {
+    // Struct for KMS information
+    struct KmsInfo {
+        bytes k256Pubkey;
+        bytes caPubkey;
+        bytes quote;
+        bytes eventlog;
+    }
+
+    // KMS information
+    KmsInfo public kmsInfo;
+
+    // The dstack-gateway App ID
+    /// @custom:oz-renamed-from tproxyAppId
+    string public gatewayAppId;
+
+    // Mapping of registered apps
+    mapping(address => bool) public registeredApps;
+
+    // Mapping of allowed aggregated MR measurements for running KMS
+    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs;
+
+    // Mapping of allowed KMS device IDs
+    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public kmsAllowedDeviceIds;
+
+    // Mapping of allowed image measurements
+    mapping(bytes32 => bool) public allowedOsImages;
+
+    // DstackApp implementation contract address for factory deployment
+    address public appImplementation;
+
+    // Events
+    // appId is unindexed for backward compatibility with deployed log indexers.
+    // slither-disable-next-line unindexed-event-address
+    event AppRegistered(address appId);
+    event KmsInfoSet(bytes k256Pubkey);
+    event KmsAggregatedMrAdded(bytes32 mrAggregated);
+    event KmsAggregatedMrRemoved(bytes32 mrAggregated);
+    event KmsDeviceAdded(bytes32 deviceId);
+    event KmsDeviceRemoved(bytes32 deviceId);
+    event OsImageHashAdded(bytes32 osImageHash);
+    event OsImageHashRemoved(bytes32 osImageHash);
+    event GatewayAppIdSet(string gatewayAppId);
+    // slither-disable-next-line unindexed-event-address
+    event AppImplementationSet(address implementation);
+    event AppDeployedViaFactory(address indexed appId, address indexed deployer);
+    /// @notice Additive audit event for reconstructing authorization policy.
+    /// @dev `value` is the affected bytes32 value, address, or hash of dynamic public data.
+    event PolicyChanged(address indexed actor, bytes32 indexed policy, bytes32 indexed value, bool enabled);
+
+    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
+    constructor() {
+        _disableInitializers();
+    }
+
+    // Initialize the contract with the owner wallet address and optionally set DstackApp implementation
+    function initialize(address initialOwner, address _appImplementation) public initializer {
+        __Ownable_init(initialOwner);
+        __UUPSUpgradeable_init();
+        __ERC165_init();
+
+        // Set DstackApp implementation if provided
+        if (_appImplementation != address(0)) {
+            appImplementation = _appImplementation;
+            emit AppImplementationSet(_appImplementation);
+            _emitPolicy("app-implementation", bytes32(uint256(uint160(_appImplementation))), true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
+     * @notice Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by interfaceId
+     * @param interfaceId The interface identifier, as specified in ERC-165
+     * @return True if the contract implements `interfaceId`
+     */
+    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
+        public
+        view
+        virtual
+        override(ERC165Upgradeable, IERC165)
+        returns (bool)
+    {
+        return interfaceId == 0x1e079198 // IAppAuth
+            || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
+    }
+
+    // Function to authorize upgrades (required by UUPSUpgradeable)
+    function _authorizeUpgrade(address newImplementation) internal override onlyOwner {
+        _emitPolicy("implementation-upgrade", bytes32(uint256(uint160(newImplementation))), true);
+    }
+
+    function _emitPolicy(string memory policy, bytes32 value, bool enabled) internal {
+        emit PolicyChanged(msg.sender, keccak256(bytes(policy)), value, enabled);
+    }
+
+    // Function to set KMS information
+    function setKmsInfo(KmsInfo memory info) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsInfo = info;
+        emit KmsInfoSet(info.k256Pubkey);
+        _emitPolicy("kms-info", keccak256(info.k256Pubkey), true);
+    }
+
+    // Function to set KMS quote
+    function setKmsQuote(bytes memory quote) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsInfo.quote = quote;
+    }
+
+    // Function to set KMS eventlog
+    function setKmsEventlog(bytes memory eventlog) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsInfo.eventlog = eventlog;
+    }
+
+    // Function to set trusted Gateway App ID
+    function setGatewayAppId(string memory appId) external onlyOwner {
+        gatewayAppId = appId;
+        emit GatewayAppIdSet(appId);
+        _emitPolicy("gateway-app-id", keccak256(bytes(appId)), true);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Register an app address as known to this KMS.
+    /// @dev Intentionally permissionless: any caller can mark any non-zero
+    ///      address as registered. This is the factory hook used by
+    ///      {deployAndRegisterApp}, and direct external registration is
+    ///      also a supported use case (e.g. third parties bootstrapping
+    ///      their own DstackApp under this KMS). Authorization is gated
+    ///      downstream by the owner-controlled {allowedOsImages} whitelist
+    ///      and by the registered app's own {IAppAuth-isAppAllowed}, so
+    ///      registration alone confers no privilege.
+    function registerApp(address appId) public {
+        require(appId != address(0), "Invalid app ID");
+        registeredApps[appId] = true;
+        emit AppRegistered(appId);
+        _emitPolicy("registered-app", bytes32(uint256(uint160(appId))), true);
+    }
+
+    // Function to set DstackApp implementation contract address
+    function setAppImplementation(address _implementation) external onlyOwner {
+        require(_implementation != address(0), "Invalid implementation address");
+        appImplementation = _implementation;
+        emit AppImplementationSet(_implementation);
+        _emitPolicy("app-implementation", bytes32(uint256(uint160(_implementation))), true);
+    }
+
+    // Factory method: Deploy and register DstackApp in single transaction
+    function deployAndRegisterApp(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool disableUpgrades,
+        bool requireTcbUpToDate,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        public
+        returns (address appId)
+    {
+        require(appImplementation != address(0), "DstackApp implementation not set");
+        require(initialOwner != address(0), "Invalid owner address");
+
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeWithSelector(
+            bytes4(keccak256("initialize(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)")),
+            initialOwner,
+            disableUpgrades,
+            requireTcbUpToDate,
+            allowAnyDevice,
+            initialDeviceId,
+            initialComposeHash
+        );
+
+        // The ERC1967Proxy constructor delegatecalls into `appImplementation`'s
+        // initializer. The owner sets `appImplementation` via
+        // setAppImplementation; safety here rests on owner trust, not on a
+        // structural reentrancy impossibility — a malicious owner could in
+        // principle install an impl whose `initialize` reenters this contract.
+        // See docs/specification.md §1 for the owner trust scope and §6.1 for
+        // the malicious-registered-app threat model.
+        // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-benign,reentrancy-events
+        appId = address(new ERC1967Proxy(appImplementation, initData));
+        registerApp(appId);
+        emit AppDeployedViaFactory(appId, msg.sender);
+    }
+
+    // Backward compatible factory method for old SDK callers (pre TCB flag)
+    function deployAndRegisterApp(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool disableUpgrades,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        external
+        returns (address appId)
+    {
+        return deployAndRegisterApp(
+            initialOwner, disableUpgrades, false, allowAnyDevice, initialDeviceId, initialComposeHash
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Function to register an aggregated MR measurement
+    function addKmsAggregatedMr(bytes32 mrAggregated) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs[mrAggregated] = true;
+        emit KmsAggregatedMrAdded(mrAggregated);
+        _emitPolicy("kms-aggregated-mr", mrAggregated, true);
+    }
+
+    // Function to deregister an aggregated MR measurement
+    function removeKmsAggregatedMr(bytes32 mrAggregated) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs[mrAggregated] = false;
+        emit KmsAggregatedMrRemoved(mrAggregated);
+        _emitPolicy("kms-aggregated-mr", mrAggregated, false);
+    }
+
+    // Function to register a KMS device ID
+    function addKmsDevice(bytes32 deviceId) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsAllowedDeviceIds[deviceId] = true;
+        emit KmsDeviceAdded(deviceId);
+        _emitPolicy("kms-device", deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    // Function to deregister a KMS device ID
+    function removeKmsDevice(bytes32 deviceId) external onlyOwner {
+        kmsAllowedDeviceIds[deviceId] = false;
+        emit KmsDeviceRemoved(deviceId);
+        _emitPolicy("kms-device", deviceId, false);
+    }
+
+    // Function to register an image measurement
+    function addOsImageHash(bytes32 osImageHash) external onlyOwner {
+        allowedOsImages[osImageHash] = true;
+        emit OsImageHashAdded(osImageHash);
+        _emitPolicy("os-image", osImageHash, true);
+    }
+
+    // Function to deregister an image measurement
+    function removeOsImageHash(bytes32 osImageHash) external onlyOwner {
+        allowedOsImages[osImageHash] = false;
+        emit OsImageHashRemoved(osImageHash);
+        _emitPolicy("os-image", osImageHash, false);
+    }
+
+    // Function to check if KMS is allowed to boot
+    function isKmsAllowed(AppBootInfo calldata bootInfo) external view returns (bool isAllowed, string memory reason) {
+        // Check if the TCB status is up to date
+        if (keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bootInfo.tcbStatus)) != keccak256(abi.encodePacked("UpToDate"))) {
+            return (false, "TCB status is not up to date");
+        }
+
+        // Check if the OS image is allowed
+        if (!allowedOsImages[bootInfo.osImageHash]) {
+            return (false, "OS image is not allowed");
+        }
+
+        // Check if the aggregated MR is allowed
+        if (!kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs[bootInfo.mrAggregated]) {
+            return (false, "Aggregated MR not allowed");
+        }
+
+        // Check if the KMS device ID is allowed
+        if (!kmsAllowedDeviceIds[bootInfo.deviceId]) {
+            return (false, "KMS is not allowed to boot on this device");
+        }
+
+        return (true, "");
+    }
+
+    // Function to check if an app is allowed to boot
+    function isAppAllowed(AppBootInfo calldata bootInfo)
+        external
+        view
+        override
+        returns (bool isAllowed, string memory reason)
+    {
+        // Check if app is registered
+        if (!registeredApps[bootInfo.appId]) {
+            return (false, "App not registered");
+        }
+        // Check if the OS image is allowed
+        if (!allowedOsImages[bootInfo.osImageHash]) {
+            return (false, "OS image is not allowed");
+        }
+
+        // Check if the contract exists at the appId address
+        if (!isContract(bootInfo.appId)) {
+            return (false, "App not deployed or invalid address");
+        }
+
+        // Call the app's isAppAllowed function. The tuple is forwarded as the
+        // function's return value; the slither detector trips on the named
+        // return + forward pattern but the value is actually used.
+        // slither-disable-next-line unused-return
+        return IAppAuth(bootInfo.appId).isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+    }
+
+    // Add storage gap for upgradeable contracts
+    uint256[50] private __gap;
+}
+
+function isContract(address addr) view returns (bool) {
+    uint32 size;
+    assembly {
+        size := extcodesize(addr)
+    }
+    return (size > 0);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/IAppAuth.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/IAppAuth.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56b768971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/IAppAuth.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
+
+/**
+ * @title IAppAuth
+ * @notice Core interface for App Authentication contracts
+ * @dev This interface defines the core function for validating app boot information.
+ *      Any contract implementing this interface should also implement ERC-165 to
+ *      allow interface detection.
+ *
+ *      Interface ID: 0x1e079198
+ *
+ *      This interface can be checked using:
+ *      contract.supportsInterface(0x1e079198)
+ */
+interface IAppAuth is IERC165 {
+    /**
+     * @notice Information required to validate app boot authorization
+     * @param appId The unique identifier for the application
+     * @param composeHash Hash of the application composition/configuration
+     * @param instanceId Unique identifier for this specific app instance
+     * @param deviceId Unique identifier for the device/hardware
+     * @param mrAggregated Aggregated measurement register value
+     * @param mrSystem System measurement register value
+     * @param osImageHash Hash of the operating system image
+     * @param tcbStatus Trusted Computing Base status
+     * @param advisoryIds Array of security advisory identifiers
+     */
+    struct AppBootInfo {
+        address appId;
+        bytes32 composeHash;
+        address instanceId;
+        bytes32 deviceId;
+        bytes32 mrAggregated;
+        bytes32 mrSystem;
+        bytes32 osImageHash;
+        string tcbStatus;
+        string[] advisoryIds;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Check if an application is allowed to boot with the given parameters
+     * @dev This is the core authorization function that validates all boot parameters
+     * @param bootInfo Struct containing all necessary boot validation information
+     * @return isAllowed True if the app is authorized to boot, false otherwise
+     * @return reason Human-readable reason for the decision (empty if allowed)
+     */
+    function isAppAllowed(AppBootInfo calldata bootInfo) external view returns (bool isAllowed, string memory reason);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/IAppAuthBasicManagement.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/IAppAuthBasicManagement.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b72ceec3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/IAppAuthBasicManagement.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";
+
+/**
+ * @title IAppAuthBasicManagement
+ * @notice Basic management interface for App Authentication contracts
+ * @dev This interface defines the standard functions that UI tools and other contracts
+ *      can use to interact with App Auth contracts. Any contract implementing this
+ *      interface should also implement ERC-165 to allow interface detection.
+ *
+ *      Interface ID: 0x8fd37527
+ *
+ *      UI tools can check if a contract supports this interface by calling:
+ *      contract.supportsInterface(type(IAppAuthBasicManagement).interfaceId)
+ */
+interface IAppAuthBasicManagement is IERC165 {
+    /// @notice Emitted when a new compose hash is added to the allowed list
+    /// @param composeHash The compose hash that was added
+    event ComposeHashAdded(bytes32 composeHash);
+
+    /// @notice Emitted when a compose hash is removed from the allowed list
+    /// @param composeHash The compose hash that was removed
+    event ComposeHashRemoved(bytes32 composeHash);
+
+    /// @notice Emitted when a new device ID is added to the allowed list
+    /// @param deviceId The device ID that was added
+    event DeviceAdded(bytes32 deviceId);
+
+    /// @notice Emitted when a device ID is removed from the allowed list
+    /// @param deviceId The device ID that was removed
+    event DeviceRemoved(bytes32 deviceId);
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Add a compose hash to the allowed list
+     * @dev MUST emit ComposeHashAdded event on success
+     *      MUST revert if caller is not authorized
+     * @param composeHash The compose hash to add
+     */
+    function addComposeHash(bytes32 composeHash) external;
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Remove a compose hash from the allowed list
+     * @dev MUST emit ComposeHashRemoved event on success
+     *      MUST revert if caller is not authorized
+     * @param composeHash The compose hash to remove
+     */
+    function removeComposeHash(bytes32 composeHash) external;
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Add a device ID to the allowed list
+     * @dev MUST emit DeviceAdded event on success
+     *      MUST revert if caller is not authorized
+     * @param deviceId The device ID to add
+     */
+    function addDevice(bytes32 deviceId) external;
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Remove a device ID from the allowed list
+     * @dev MUST emit DeviceRemoved event on success
+     *      MUST revert if caller is not authorized
+     * @param deviceId The device ID to remove
+     */
+    function removeDevice(bytes32 deviceId) external;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/test-utils/DstackAppV2.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/test-utils/DstackAppV2.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a88678065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/test-utils/DstackAppV2.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "../DstackApp.sol";
+
+// The validator can't unambiguously resolve a parent initializer because
+// DstackApp has two `initialize` overloads (legacy 5-arg + new 6-arg with
+// the TCB toggle). For this test-only V2 there is no new state, so the
+// parents do not need to be re-initialized; the unsafe-allow below
+// acknowledges the check is being skipped.
+/// @custom:oz-upgrades-from contracts/DstackApp.sol:DstackApp
+/// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow missing-initializer missing-initializer-call
+contract DstackAppV2 is DstackApp {
+    // Minimal V2 contract that can be upgraded from DstackApp.
+    // Inherits all functionality; only exists to give the upgrade-safety
+    // validator a distinct target with an explicit reinitializer.
+
+    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
+    constructor() {
+        _disableInitializers();
+    }
+
+    // No new state in this test V2, but OZ's upgrade-safety validator
+    // requires an initializer marked with `reinitializer`. Empty body is
+    // intentional — the upgrade tests don't pass init data. The presence
+    // of this function is also what gives V2 a different bytecode from V1.
+    // Newer @openzeppelin/upgrades-core (1.44+) recognizes reinitializers
+    // only when explicitly opted in via `validate-as-initializer`, and
+    // then insists on parent-initializer calls — which we can't honor
+    // since the proxy is already initialized. The contract-level
+    // `unsafe-allow missing-initializer missing-initializer-call`
+    // suppresses both checks for both old and new validator versions.
+    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-validate-as-initializer
+    function initializeV2() public reinitializer(2) { }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/test-utils/DstackKmsV2.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/test-utils/DstackKmsV2.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c301926e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/contracts/test-utils/DstackKmsV2.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "../DstackKms.sol";
+
+/// @custom:oz-upgrades-from contracts/DstackKms.sol:DstackKms
+/// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow missing-initializer missing-initializer-call
+contract DstackKmsV2 is DstackKms {
+    // Minimal V2 contract that can be upgraded from DstackKms.
+    // Inherits all functionality; only exists to give the upgrade-safety
+    // validator a distinct target with an explicit reinitializer.
+
+    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
+    constructor() {
+        _disableInitializers();
+    }
+
+    // No new state in this test V2, but OZ's upgrade-safety validator
+    // requires an initializer marked with `reinitializer`. The presence of
+    // this function also gives V2 a different bytecode from V1.
+    // See DstackAppV2 for explanation of the annotations.
+    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-validate-as-initializer
+    function initializeV2() public reinitializer(2) { }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/docs/formal-verification.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/docs/formal-verification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67d776c4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/docs/formal-verification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# Formal Verification Plan — `kms/auth-eth`
+
+A layered approach: cheap static analysis → SMTChecker invariants → Halmos
+symbolic tests → (optional) Certora. Each layer is independently mergeable.
+
+The **formal specification** these layers verify against lives in
+[`specification.md`](./specification.md). The spec is normative — code
+and tests track the spec, not the other way around.
+
+Reference: <https://github.com/leonardoalt/ethereum_formal_verification_overview>
+
+## Targets
+
+The two contracts under verification are authorization gates for TEE workloads;
+correctness matters more than gas.
+
+- `contracts/DstackApp.sol` (209 LOC) — per-app boot authorization
+- `contracts/DstackKms.sol` (276 LOC) — KMS whitelist + factory
+- `contracts/IAppAuth.sol`, `contracts/IAppAuthBasicManagement.sol` — interfaces
+
+## Layer 0 — Slither (static analysis)
+
+Not formal verification but the standard first pass. Catches reentrancy,
+shadowing, uninitialized state, unsafe `delegatecall`, etc.
+
+- [ ] Install slither-analyzer (Python via pipx or as a uv tool)
+- [ ] Add `slither.config.json` at `kms/auth-eth/` excluding `lib/`, `out/`,
+      `cache/`, `node_modules/`, `test/` (focus on production contracts)
+- [ ] Run baseline `slither contracts/` and triage findings into:
+      - real → fix
+      - false-positive / wontfix → suppress with `// slither-disable-next-line`
+        and a justifying comment
+<!-- CI integration intentionally not added — see "What's intentionally not
+in scope" below. Slither runs locally before risky changes. -->
+- [x] Slither runs locally; no CI gate (intentional)
+- [ ] Update `kms/auth-eth/README.md` with one line on how to run Slither locally
+
+**Effort:** ~1h. **Owner:** _tbd_.
+
+## Layer 1 — SMTChecker (deferred)
+
+**Status: deferred.** Originally planned as the cheap free tier, but the
+practical setup cost is high enough that it's not worth doing before Halmos.
+
+What was tried (and why it fails to deliver value here):
+
+1. **CHC engine + `solvers = ["z3"]`:** solc's binary distributions on
+   foundry's `svm` (Solidity version manager) are not compiled with z3
+   linkage. Result: every analysis emits `Warning (7649): CHC analysis was
+   not possible since no Horn solver was found and enabled`.
+2. **CHC engine + `solvers = ["smtlib2"]`:** solc emits SMT-LIB2 queries
+   but does not auto-spawn an external solver. Without a wrapper, nothing
+   actually runs.
+3. **BMC engine:** runs, but on our OZ-upgradeable contracts emits only
+   `Warning (5724): SMTChecker: N unsupported language feature(s)` —
+   delegatecall, complex modifiers, and proxy patterns aren't in scope.
+   Net useful findings: zero.
+
+To enable SMTChecker properly we'd need to either:
+- build solc from source with `USE_Z3=1`, ship the binary, point forge at it
+  (via `solc = "/path/to/our/solc"` in `foundry.toml`);
+- or run solc in a container image like `ethereum/solc:0.8.24-z3` and wire
+  it into CI.
+
+Either path is significant infra work. Halmos (Layer 2) covers everything
+SMTChecker would prove on our contracts (asserts, overflows, owner-gated
+mutations) while also handling the symbolic-input cases SMTChecker can't
+(TCB string compare, `isAppAllowed` decision table), using a solver that's
+already a Foundry-native install.
+
+Revisit Layer 1 only if we want defense-in-depth alongside Halmos.
+
+## Layer 2 — Halmos symbolic tests
+
+[Halmos](https://github.com/a16z/halmos) runs Foundry-style tests with all
+function arguments as symbolic variables. Sweet spot for our contracts: we
+reuse the existing `.t.sol` scaffolding and OZ-foundry-upgrades plugin.
+
+### Setup
+
+- [x] `pipx install halmos` documented in `README.md`
+- [ ] No CI integration (intentional — see "What's intentionally not in
+      scope" below)
+
+### What we verify
+
+All tests are **single-call symbolic** (each `check_*` proves a property
+over symbolic inputs to one call). One test —
+`check_UpgradesDisabled_StepPreservation` — is the inductive *step* of a
+cross-transaction property (INV-1); see its entry and the note in
+"What we deliberately do not verify here" for the precise scope.
+
+We explicitly avoid the "symbolic clothing" failure mode where each
+owner-gated function gets its own `_OnlyOwner` test — those degenerate
+to a fuzz test of `OwnableUpgradeable.onlyOwner` (upstream-tested),
+and Halmos adds no information over bounded fuzzing. Where the spec
+says `pre: msg.sender == owner()`, we trust the OZ modifier.
+
+`test/DstackApp.symbolic.t.sol`:
+- [x] `check_DisableUpgrades_BlocksNextUpgrade` — after `disableUpgrades()`,
+      the *next* upgrade attempt reverts for any caller / impl / init data.
+- [x] `check_UpgradesDisabled_StepPreservation` — INV-1 inductive step:
+      from the canonical disabled state, no single call to any of the
+      enumerated externally-callable mutating functions (symbolic
+      selector + symbolic args + symbolic caller), issued against the
+      *proxy*, flips `_upgradesDisabled` back to false. Validated by
+      mutation testing: a permissionless flag-reset and an owner-callable
+      flag-reset are both caught. Scope caveat below.
+- [x] `check_Initialize5Arg_DefaultsTcbToFalse` and `_HonorsTcbFlag`
+      (6-arg) — initializer storage-layout coverage. Not symbolically
+      stronger than bounded fuzz for the assertion they make; they're
+      kept because they're cheap and would catch a slot-shift regression
+      faster than a unit test would.
+- [x] `check_Initialize_OnceOnly` — after setUp's successful 5-arg
+      init, both `initialize` overloads revert for any inputs.
+      Verifies INV-3.
+
+Single-call (`test/DstackKms.symbolic.t.sol`):
+- [x] `check_RegisterApp_AnyCallerCanRegisterNonZeroAddress` + `_RejectsZeroAddress`
+      — codifies the permissionless-by-design behavior; see "Findings"
+- [x] `check_IsAppAllowed_RejectsUnregisteredApp` / `_RejectsUnknownOsImage`
+      — fully symbolic `AppBootInfo`; the failing gate produces the
+      right rejection reason without delegating
+- [x] `check_IsAppAllowed_DelegatesFaithfully` — when both KMS gates
+      pass, the outer return equals the registered `IAppAuth`'s return.
+      Uses `MockConfigurableApp` whose `isAppAllowed` returns a
+      symbolic boolean (both branches explored). Caveat: the mock has
+      a single observable behavior shape; it does not universally
+      quantify over all possible registered contracts.
+- [x] `check_IsAppAllowed_PropagatesMockRevert` — a reverting
+      `MockRevertingApp` makes the outer `kms.isAppAllowed` revert,
+      not return `(false, …)`. Spec §5.1.
+- [x] `check_IsKmsAllowed_RejectsUnknownMr` and `_RejectsUnknownDevice`
+      — short-circuit gates for the `kmsAllowed*` whitelists
+- [x] `check_DeployAndRegisterApp_PostState` — when the 6-arg factory
+      returns, all six post-conditions (registered, owner,
+      allowAnyDevice, requireTcbUpToDate, and the conditional
+      device/compose-hash branches per spec §3.3) hold simultaneously
+- [x] `check_DeployAndRegisterApp5Arg_DefaultsTcbToFalse` — same shape
+      as above, plus `requireTcbUpToDate == false`
+- [x] `check_Owner_NotChangedByKmsFunctions` — INV-2 inductive step:
+      no call to any of DstackKms's own mutating functions (symbolic
+      selector + args + caller, against the proxy) changes `owner()`;
+      the inherited OZ ownership functions are excluded (upstream-
+      tested). Mutation-tested: catches owner-seizure in permissionless
+      functions (incl. via the indirect `deployAndRegisterApp` →
+      `registerApp` path) and owner-writes in owner-only functions.
+
+### What we deliberately do not verify here
+
+- **Owner-gated mutations.** `OwnableUpgradeable.onlyOwner` is upstream-
+  tested; the spec records the precondition (§3.7, §3.11) and trusts it.
+- **TCB byte-exactness via symbolic strings.** Halmos models `keccak256`
+  as an uninterpreted function, so a check of
+  `allowed == (keccak(x) == keccak("UpToDate"))` against code that
+  computes `allowed = (keccak(x) == keccak("UpToDate"))` is circular.
+  The byte-exact-under-collision-resistance argument lives in the spec
+  (§3.9) where it can be honest about being an assumption rather than
+  a proof.
+- **Adversarial mock OOG / malformed-returndata paths.** OOG propagates
+  to the outer call by EVM semantics. Misshapen returndata would
+  trigger Solidity's strict ABI decoder revert; spec §6.5 calls this
+  out as a useful next mock variant.
+- **Universal quantification over the registered `IAppAuth` contract.**
+  Halmos instantiates one mock at a time; it does not quantify over
+  arbitrary contracts. The two mock-driven tests bound the relevant
+  shapes (faithful return; revert propagation), and the spec is
+  explicit (§3.5) about treating the registered contract's output as
+  untrusted downstream.
+- **Full cross-transaction monotonicity (INV-1) over arbitrary
+  pre-states.** `check_UpgradesDisabled_StepPreservation` proves the
+  inductive *step* only from the canonical disabled state, over the
+  enumerated mutating surface. A complete proof would symbolically
+  quantify the pre-state (Halmos 0.3.3 has no `--symbolic-storage`)
+  and enumerate the surface programmatically rather than by hand.
+  The residual risk is closed by source inspection — see spec §4 INV-1
+  (only two writers to the slot; the initializer path is closed by
+  `check_Initialize_OnceOnly`). An earlier attempt to mechanize this
+  with Halmos invariant-mode (`--invariant-depth`) was discarded: the
+  auto-target fuzzer drove the implementation contract while the
+  assertion read the proxy, so it passed vacuously (a flag-reset
+  mutant was not caught). The step-test formulation reads and writes
+  the same proxy storage and does catch such mutants.
+- **Full cross-transaction monotonicity (INV-2) over arbitrary
+  pre-states.** Like INV-1, `check_Owner_NotChangedByKmsFunctions`
+  proves the inductive step from the canonical post-init state, not
+  over arbitrary pre-states. The two-step ownership *behaviour* itself
+  (stage / accept / reject / re-target) is covered by unit tests in
+  `DstackKms.t.sol` / `DstackApp.t.sol`.
+- **INV-6 (`__gap` zeroes).** Gap; would need the same step-test or
+  symbolic-storage treatment.
+
+### Findings from the initial run
+
+- **`DstackKms.registerApp` is intentionally permissionless** (confirmed
+  by the dstack team). The Halmos counterexample on an earlier
+  `_OnlyOwner` test reflected design, not a bug: any non-zero address
+  can be registered by anyone. Authorization is gated downstream by the
+  owner-controlled `allowedOsImages` whitelist and the registered app's
+  own `isAppAllowed`. The natspec on `registerApp` documents this;
+  `check_RegisterApp_AnyCallerCanRegisterNonZeroAddress` codifies it.
+  Crucially, `check_IsAppAllowed_DelegatesFaithfully` proves that even
+  an adversarial registered contract is consulted only after the
+  owner-controlled OS-image gate passes — registration alone confers
+  no privilege.
+
+- **Two-step ownership transfer adopted.** Both contracts now inherit
+  `Ownable2StepUpgradeable` instead of `OwnableUpgradeable`. The new
+  storage uses ERC-7201 namespaced slots, so existing UUPS proxies can
+  be safely upgraded to the new impl (no slot collision; the pending-
+  owner slot is zero-initialized on first upgrade). `transferOwnership`
+  no longer immediately transfers — the proposed owner must call
+  `acceptOwnership` to complete the transfer, eliminating the typo-bricks-
+  contract risk on the single-step variant.
+
+**Effort:** ~1 focused day. **Owner:** _tbd_.
+
+## Layer 3 — Certora (deferred)
+
+Deferred until a security review budget exists. CVL specs are 3-5× the size of
+Halmos tests, require team licenses, and overlap with Halmos coverage for
+authorization-style properties.
+
+If we revisit, target the same invariants as Layer 2 but add:
+
+- Storage-layout safety across upgrades (especially the
+  `@custom:oz-renamed-from tproxyAppId` rename — Certora's storage diff is
+  stronger than the OZ Foundry plugin's)
+- Cross-contract invariants spanning `DstackKms` ↔ `DstackApp`
+
+## What's intentionally not in scope
+
+- **CI gating of Slither / Halmos.** Symbolic execution is slow, solver-
+  version-sensitive, and produces non-actionable noise as a PR gate.
+  Run locally during development; treat these as design checks rather
+  than blocking lints.
+- **Echidna** — overlaps with Foundry's built-in fuzzer (already runs 10k
+  iterations under `FOUNDRY_PROFILE=ci` in `.github/workflows/foundry-test.yml`).
+- **Manticore / Mythril** — bytecode-level tools, slow, awkward with our
+  forge artifacts.
+- **Scribble** — runtime assertions, redundant with our `assert` + Foundry
+  test approach.
+
+## Status
+
+| Layer | Status | PR |
+|-------|--------|----|
+| 0. Slither | done (0 findings) | this branch |
+| 1. SMTChecker | deferred (see above) | — |
+| 2. Halmos symbolic (DstackApp) | done (5 properties, incl. INV-1 step) | this branch |
+| 2. Halmos symbolic (DstackKms) | done (11 properties, incl. INV-2 step) | this branch |
+| 3. Certora | deferred | — |
+
+Update this table as PRs land.
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/docs/specification.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/docs/specification.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95a72e506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/docs/specification.md
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# DstackKms + DstackApp — Formal Specification
+
+This document specifies the **intended** behavior of `contracts/DstackKms.sol`
+and `contracts/DstackApp.sol` independently of their implementation. It is
+the deliverable an external formal-verification engagement (Runtime
+Verification, ChainSecurity, Certora) would build against.
+
+Notation:
+
+- `pre`: caller / state / argument constraints that must hold before the call.
+  Violating `pre` is allowed to revert with any reason.
+- `post`: state and return-value guarantees after a successful call.
+- `frame`: storage cells that **must not change** on a successful call.
+  Cells not listed in `frame` may or may not change.
+- `events`: events that must be emitted on success.
+- `reverts`: enumerated revert conditions. Any unlisted revert is a spec
+  violation.
+
+Where a property has a corresponding Halmos symbolic proof, the test name
+is cited inline as `(verified: TestContract.check_X)`. Properties without
+a citation are **specification gaps** awaiting verification.
+
+## 1. Trust model
+
+| Principal | Trusted for | Not trusted for |
+|---|---|---|
+| `owner` (KMS) | All write operations on KMS; deciding the OS-image whitelist; upgrading the KMS implementation | Liveness (may renounce or be replaced via 2-step transfer) |
+| `owner` (App) | All write operations on a specific App; upgrading that App implementation (unless disabled) | Behaving consistently across apps — each app's owner is independent |
+| `pendingOwner` | Has the *option* to take ownership; no privilege until they call `acceptOwnership` | Not yet authoritative; current owner can override the pending transfer |
+| Any EOA / contract | Calling `registerApp` (permissionless), calling read methods | Any state mutation other than registration |
+| Registered `IAppAuth` contract | Returning `(bool, string)` from `isAppAllowed`; honoring the `view` mutability declared at the interface | Adversarial registered apps may return arbitrary values, revert, or consume all gas — the KMS treats their output as untrusted |
+| EVM | Standard semantics (gas, calldata, storage, `STATICCALL` propagation) | — |
+| ERC1967 / OZ proxy stack | Storage layout via ERC-7201; correct delegatecall to impl | — |
+| Off-chain attestation pipeline | Emitting the byte-exact ASCII string `"UpToDate"` as `tcbStatus` when reporting healthy TCB | — |
+
+### Boundary calls
+
+`DstackKms.isAppAllowed(b)` performs an **external view call** into
+`IAppAuth(b.appId).isAppAllowed(b)`. Because the outer function is `view`,
+the EVM lifts the call into `STATICCALL`, which propagates: the registered
+contract cannot mutate KMS state by any path. Out-of-gas, revert, and
+return-value spoofing are still possible — see §6.
+
+## 2. State variables
+
+### DstackKms
+
+| Slot | Name | Type | Writable by | Notes |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| 0–3 | `kmsInfo` | `KmsInfo` (struct, 4 fields) | `setKmsInfo`, `setKmsQuote`, `setKmsEventlog` (owner) | |
+| 4 | `gatewayAppId` | `string` | `setGatewayAppId` (owner) | Renamed from `tproxyAppId`; carries `@custom:oz-renamed-from` |
+| 5 | `registeredApps` | `mapping(address => bool)` | `registerApp` (anyone), `deployAndRegisterApp` (anyone) | Permissionless — see §6.1 |
+| 6 | `kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs` | `mapping(bytes32 => bool)` | `addKmsAggregatedMr`, `removeKmsAggregatedMr` (owner) | |
+| 7 | `kmsAllowedDeviceIds` | `mapping(bytes32 => bool)` | `addKmsDevice`, `removeKmsDevice` (owner) | |
+| 8 | `allowedOsImages` | `mapping(bytes32 => bool)` | `addOsImageHash`, `removeOsImageHash` (owner) | |
+| 9 | `appImplementation` | `address` | `setAppImplementation` (owner) | Used by `deployAndRegisterApp` |
+| 10 | `__gap[50]` | `uint256[50]` | (none — must always read zero) | Reserved |
+
+Plus inherited storage in ERC-7201 namespaces: `OwnableUpgradeable`,
+`Ownable2StepUpgradeable`, `UUPSUpgradeable`, `ERC165Upgradeable`,
+`Initializable`.
+
+### DstackApp
+
+| Slot | Name | Type | Writable by |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 0 | `allowedComposeHashes` | `mapping(bytes32 => bool)` | `addComposeHash`, `removeComposeHash` (owner); 5/6-arg initializer |
+| 1 | `_upgradesDisabled` + `allowAnyDevice` (packed) | `bool` + `bool` | `disableUpgrades` (owner, monotonic); `setAllowAnyDevice` (owner); initializer |
+| 2 | `allowedDeviceIds` | `mapping(bytes32 => bool)` | `addDevice`, `removeDevice` (owner); initializer |
+| 3 | `requireTcbUpToDate` | `bool` | `setRequireTcbUpToDate` (owner); 6-arg initializer only |
+| 4 | `__gap[49]` | `uint256[49]` | (none) |
+
+## 3. Public surface — pre/post/frame
+
+### 3.1 `DstackKms.initialize(address initialOwner, address _appImplementation)`
+
+- **pre**: contract is not yet initialized; `initialOwner != address(0)`;
+  `_appImplementation != address(0)`.
+- **post**: `owner() == initialOwner`; `appImplementation == _appImplementation`;
+  `_getInitializableStorage()._initialized == 1`.
+- **frame**: all mappings, `gatewayAppId`, `kmsInfo`.
+- **reverts**: already-initialized; either address is zero.
+
+### 3.2 `DstackKms.registerApp(address appId) public` — **permissionless by design**
+
+- **pre**: `appId != address(0)`.
+- **post**: `registeredApps[appId] == true`.
+- **frame**: every storage cell except `registeredApps[appId]`.
+- **events**: `AppRegistered(appId)`.
+- **reverts**: `appId == address(0)`.
+- **Note**: No caller restriction. Confirmed-intentional. See §6.1 for
+  the threat model around this.
+- (verified: `DstackKmsSymbolicTest.check_RegisterApp_AnyCallerCanRegisterNonZeroAddress`,
+  `check_RegisterApp_RejectsZeroAddress`)
+
+### 3.3 `DstackKms.deployAndRegisterApp(...)` — 6-arg
+
+Signature: `deployAndRegisterApp(address initialOwner, bool disableUpgrades, bool requireTcbUpToDate, bool allowAnyDevice, bytes32 initialDeviceId, bytes32 initialComposeHash) public returns (address appId)`
+
+- **pre**: `appImplementation != address(0)`; `initialOwner != address(0)`.
+- **post**:
+  - `registeredApps[appId] == true`.
+  - `appId` is a freshly-deployed ERC1967 proxy whose implementation is
+    `appImplementation`.
+  - The proxy is initialized: `DstackApp(appId).owner() == initialOwner`;
+    `DstackApp(appId).requireTcbUpToDate() == requireTcbUpToDate`;
+    `DstackApp(appId).allowAnyDevice() == allowAnyDevice`;
+    `allowedDeviceIds[initialDeviceId] == (initialDeviceId != 0)`;
+    `allowedComposeHashes[initialComposeHash] == (initialComposeHash != 0)`.
+- **frame**: every KMS storage cell except `registeredApps[appId]`.
+- **events**: `AppRegistered(appId)`, `AppDeployedViaFactory(appId, msg.sender)`.
+- **reverts**: implementation unset; owner is zero.
+- (verified, single-call post-state only:
+  `DstackKmsSymbolicTest.check_DeployAndRegisterApp_PostState`)
+
+### 3.4 `DstackKms.deployAndRegisterApp(...)` — 5-arg backward-compatible
+
+Signature: `deployAndRegisterApp(address initialOwner, bool disableUpgrades, bool allowAnyDevice, bytes32 initialDeviceId, bytes32 initialComposeHash) external returns (address appId)`
+
+- Semantics: equivalent to the 6-arg overload with `requireTcbUpToDate = false`.
+- (verified: `DstackKmsSymbolicTest.check_DeployAndRegisterApp5Arg_DefaultsTcbToFalse`)
+
+### 3.5 `DstackKms.isAppAllowed(AppBootInfo b) external view returns (bool, string)`
+
+Decision (in order):
+
+1. If `!registeredApps[b.appId]` → return `(false, "App not registered")`.
+2. If `!allowedOsImages[b.osImageHash]` → return `(false, "OS image is not allowed")`.
+3. If `b.appId.code.length == 0` → return `(false, "App not deployed or invalid address")`.
+4. Otherwise return `IAppAuth(b.appId).isAppAllowed(b)` — forwarded verbatim.
+
+- **frame**: entire storage.
+- **assumes (§6)**: the delegated call may revert or consume all gas;
+  the spec does not bound its behavior.
+- (verified, single-call:
+  `DstackKmsSymbolicTest.check_IsAppAllowed_RejectsUnregisteredApp`,
+  `check_IsAppAllowed_RejectsUnknownOsImage`,
+  `check_IsAppAllowed_DelegatesFaithfully`)
+- The delegation property uses a `MockConfigurableApp` whose
+  `isAppAllowed` returns a symbolic boolean — both `true` and `false`
+  branches are explored. The mock does not model reverting / OOG
+  behavior of an adversarial registered app; those propagate to the
+  outer call by EVM semantics (§5.1).
+
+### 3.6 `DstackKms.isKmsAllowed(AppBootInfo b) external view returns (bool, string)`
+
+Decision (in order):
+
+1. If `keccak256(bytes(b.tcbStatus)) != keccak256(bytes("UpToDate"))` →
+   `(false, "TCB status is not up to date")`.
+2. If `!allowedOsImages[b.osImageHash]` → `(false, "OS image is not allowed")`.
+3. If `!kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs[b.mrAggregated]` → `(false, "Aggregated MR not allowed")`.
+4. If `!kmsAllowedDeviceIds[b.deviceId]` → `(false, "KMS is not allowed to boot on this device")`.
+5. Otherwise `(true, "")`.
+
+- **frame**: entire storage.
+- (verified, single-call, mapping gates only:
+  `DstackKmsSymbolicTest.check_IsKmsAllowed_RejectsUnknownMr`,
+  `check_IsKmsAllowed_RejectsUnknownDevice`)
+- The `tcbStatus` byte-exactness gate is not separately verified —
+  same reasoning as §3.9.
+
+### 3.7 Owner-only KMS mutations (uniform pattern)
+
+For each of `setKmsInfo`, `setKmsQuote`, `setKmsEventlog`, `setGatewayAppId`,
+`setAppImplementation`, `addKmsAggregatedMr`, `removeKmsAggregatedMr`,
+`addKmsDevice`, `removeKmsDevice`, `addOsImageHash`, `removeOsImageHash`:
+
+- **pre**: `msg.sender == owner()`.
+- **frame**: every storage cell except the one mapped to the operation.
+- **reverts** if `msg.sender != owner()` with `OwnableUnauthorizedAccount`.
+- These rely on OpenZeppelin's `onlyOwner` modifier, which is exhaustively
+  tested upstream. We do not duplicate that proof in this repo.
+
+### 3.8 `DstackApp.initialize` — both overloads
+
+5-arg `(initialOwner, disableUpgrades, allowAnyDevice, deviceId, composeHash)`:
+
+- **post**: as for 6-arg with `requireTcbUpToDate = false`.
+
+6-arg `(initialOwner, disableUpgrades, requireTcbUpToDate, allowAnyDevice, deviceId, composeHash)`:
+
+- **pre**: not yet initialized; `initialOwner != address(0)`.
+- **post**:
+  - `owner() == initialOwner`; `_upgradesDisabled == disableUpgrades`;
+    `allowAnyDevice == allowAnyDevice`; `requireTcbUpToDate == requireTcbUpToDate`.
+  - `deviceId != 0 ⇒ allowedDeviceIds[deviceId] == true`.
+  - `composeHash != 0 ⇒ allowedComposeHashes[composeHash] == true`.
+- **events**: optionally `DeviceAdded(deviceId)` and `ComposeHashAdded(composeHash)`.
+- (verified: `DstackAppSymbolicTest.check_Initialize5Arg_DefaultsTcbToFalse`,
+  `check_Initialize6Arg_HonorsTcbFlag`)
+
+### 3.9 `DstackApp.isAppAllowed(AppBootInfo b) external view returns (bool, string)`
+
+Decision (in order, all evaluated under `b.appId == address(this)` by convention):
+
+1. If `requireTcbUpToDate && keccak256(bytes(b.tcbStatus)) != keccak256(bytes("UpToDate"))` →
+   `(false, "TCB status is not up to date")`.
+2. If `!allowedComposeHashes[b.composeHash]` → `(false, "Compose hash not allowed")`.
+3. If `!allowAnyDevice && !allowedDeviceIds[b.deviceId]` → `(false, "Device not allowed")`.
+4. Otherwise `(true, "")`.
+
+The TCB compare uses `keccak256` for byte-exact string equality. Under the
+keccak collision-resistance assumption, the accept set is exactly `{"UpToDate"}`
+(8 bytes, ASCII). The off-chain attestation pipeline **must** emit this exact
+byte sequence — no case variations, no trailing nulls, no whitespace.
+
+- **frame**: entire storage.
+- The byte-exactness of the TCB compare is a direct consequence of the
+  keccak collision-resistance assumption; Halmos can't add new information
+  here (its `keccak256` is an uninterpreted function), so this property is
+  not symbolically verified — it follows from the spec assumption above.
+
+### 3.10 `DstackApp.disableUpgrades()` — kill-switch
+
+- **pre**: `msg.sender == owner()`.
+- **post**: `_upgradesDisabled == true`.
+- **frame**: every storage cell except `_upgradesDisabled`.
+- **events**: `UpgradesDisabled()`.
+- After a successful `disableUpgrades` call, the next attempted upgrade
+  reverts for any caller / target impl / init data — (verified, single
+  call: `DstackAppSymbolicTest.check_DisableUpgrades_BlocksNextUpgrade`).
+- Full monotonicity over arbitrary call sequences — INV-1 below — is a
+  cross-transaction property not reachable with our current Halmos setup;
+  see §4 and §7.
+
+### 3.11 Owner-only App mutations
+
+For each of `addComposeHash`, `removeComposeHash`, `addDevice`, `removeDevice`,
+`setAllowAnyDevice`, `setRequireTcbUpToDate`, `disableUpgrades`:
+
+- **pre**: `msg.sender == owner()`.
+- **frame**: every storage cell except the one mapped to the operation.
+- These rely on OpenZeppelin's `onlyOwner` modifier, which is exhaustively
+  tested upstream. We do not duplicate that proof in this repo.
+
+### 3.12 Ownership transfer (inherited Ownable2Step)
+
+`transferOwnership(address newOwner)`:
+
+- **pre**: `msg.sender == owner()`.
+- **post**: `pendingOwner() == newOwner`; `owner()` unchanged.
+- **events**: `OwnershipTransferStarted(currentOwner, newOwner)`.
+
+`acceptOwnership()`:
+
+- **pre**: `msg.sender == pendingOwner()`.
+- **post**: `owner() == msg.sender`; `pendingOwner() == address(0)`.
+- **events**: `OwnershipTransferred(previousOwner, newOwner)`.
+
+- (gap: not symbolically verified; relies on OZ's tested implementation.)
+
+## 4. State invariants
+
+Properties that must hold in **every reachable state**, not just after one call.
+
+| Invariant | Status |
+|---|---|
+| INV-1: `_upgradesDisabled` is monotonic (once `true`, never `false`). | **Inductive step verified** by `DstackAppSymbolicTest.check_UpgradesDisabled_StepPreservation`: from the canonical disabled state, no single call to any enumerated mutating function (symbolic selector/args/caller, issued against the proxy) flips the flag — validated by mutation testing. **Base + closure by source inspection:** the slot has exactly two writers — `_initializeCommon` (gated by the `initializer` modifier; re-entry closed by `check_Initialize_OnceOnly`) and `disableUpgrades` (assigns only `true`). Together these establish monotonicity. Residual gap: the step is anchored at the canonical pre-state, not symbolically quantified over all disabled pre-states (Halmos 0.3.3 lacks symbolic storage). |
+| INV-2: The owner can only be changed via the inherited Ownable2Step flow (`transferOwnership` → `acceptOwnership`) or `renounceOwnership`. | **Inductive step verified** by `DstackKmsSymbolicTest.check_Owner_NotChangedByKmsFunctions`: from the canonical post-init state, no call to any of DstackKms's *own* mutating functions (the inherited OZ ownership functions excluded — they are upstream-tested) changes `owner()`, for any caller / args. Validated by mutation testing (catches owner-seizure in permissionless functions and owner-writes in owner-only functions, including via the indirect `deployAndRegisterApp`→`registerApp` path). Same residual gap as INV-1: anchored at the canonical pre-state, not symbolic-storage-quantified. The two-step *behaviour* itself (stage/accept/reject) is covered by unit tests in `DstackKms.t.sol`. |
+| INV-3: `_initialized` reaches `1` exactly once per proxy (either 5-arg or 6-arg, never both, never twice). | Verified by `DstackAppSymbolicTest.check_Initialize_OnceOnly` (after setUp's successful 5-arg init, both overloads revert for any inputs). |
+| INV-4: `appImplementation` stays a non-zero contract address once set (so the factory hook can't deploy from a junk impl). | Currently only `setAppImplementation` enforces `_implementation != address(0)`; the initializer sets it from input without re-checking. Inputs are owner-controlled, so the invariant holds modulo owner trust. Gap if we want to verify without trusting the owner. |
+| INV-5: For every entry `registeredApps[a] == true`, either `a` was the return of a successful `deployAndRegisterApp` call, **or** an external caller invoked `registerApp(a)` with `a != address(0)`. | Trivially holds by construction; documented for the threat model. |
+| INV-6: `__gap` slots read zero in every reachable state. | Standard OZ-upgradeable invariant; relies on never declaring new storage past `__gap`. Gap. |
+| INV-7: For all `b`, `kms.isAppAllowed(b)` returns the same value whether or not the registered `IAppAuth(b.appId)` mutates its own storage during the call (because the top-level call is `view`, the EVM enforces `STATICCALL` propagation; no inner mutation can influence the outer return). | Holds by EVM semantics; not separately verified. |
+
+## 5. Cross-contract assumptions
+
+### 5.1 KMS ↔ App (`isAppAllowed` delegation)
+
+KMS calls `IAppAuth(b.appId).isAppAllowed(b)` after confirming
+`registeredApps[b.appId]` and `allowedOsImages[b.osImageHash]`. Assumptions:
+
+- The call may revert. KMS does not catch the revert — `isAppAllowed`
+  propagates it. **Caller of KMS must be prepared to handle this.**
+- The call may consume all gas (1/64th-rule means some gas survives; the
+  KMS-level caller sees an out-of-gas-style revert).
+- The call's return value is **not authenticated**. A malicious registered
+  app can claim "allowed" for any input. The chain of trust requires the
+  off-chain consumer of `isAppAllowed`'s `(bool, string)` to also verify
+  that the app implementation at `b.appId` is one they expect (e.g., by
+  diffing bytecode against `DstackApp`'s known implementation).
+
+### 5.2 KMS ↔ Proxy (factory deploy)
+
+`deployAndRegisterApp` calls `new ERC1967Proxy(appImplementation, initData)`.
+The proxy constructor delegatecalls into the implementation's initialize
+function. Assumptions:
+
+- The constructor runs `initialize` exactly once on the new proxy.
+- `appImplementation` is a contract conforming to `DstackApp`'s storage
+  layout. Setting it to anything else is the owner's prerogative; the
+  spec does not constrain it beyond non-zero.
+
+### 5.3 App ↔ Proxy (upgrade authorization)
+
+`UUPSUpgradeable._authorizeUpgrade` is overridden in `DstackApp` to
+`require(!_upgradesDisabled)` plus the inherited `onlyOwner`. Assumption:
+
+- The OZ Foundry Upgrades plugin's storage-layout check is the primary
+  defense against incompatible upgrades; the on-chain `_authorizeUpgrade`
+  hook is only the access gate.
+
+## 6. Adversarial scenarios
+
+### 6.1 Malicious `registerApp`
+
+An attacker calls `kms.registerApp(maliciousContract)` where `maliciousContract`
+implements `IAppAuth` and returns `(true, "")` for every input. Can they
+gain authorization?
+
+**No, conditional on owner integrity.** The downstream gates remain:
+
+1. `allowedOsImages[b.osImageHash]` must be true — owner-controlled.
+2. The off-chain consumer of `isAppAllowed` is expected to verify that
+   `b.appId`'s deployed bytecode matches the legitimate `DstackApp`
+   implementation. The KMS does not (and arguably cannot) do this check
+   on-chain because the registered app could be a proxy pointing at the
+   correct impl.
+
+**Spec gap**: the on-chain contract does not enforce that the registered
+app's bytecode matches `appImplementation`. The trust assumption is
+external. Future hardening could require `b.appId.code` to equal a
+known proxy template that delegates to `appImplementation`.
+
+### 6.2 Reentrancy via delegated `isAppAllowed`
+
+KMS's `isAppAllowed` is `view`. The EVM lifts the inner call to
+`STATICCALL`, which propagates: no path through the registered contract
+can mutate KMS state. Reentrancy is structurally impossible at the
+KMS level.
+
+### 6.3 Gas-griefing
+
+The registered app's `isAppAllowed` can deliberately consume all gas.
+KMS's outer call sees an out-of-gas revert. Mitigation: callers should
+budget gas appropriately; do not infer "allowed" from a successful call
+without observing the return value.
+
+### 6.4 Front-running `deployAndRegisterApp`
+
+Alice intends to deploy at address `X` (CREATE2-style or similar
+prediction). Bob calls `registerApp(X)` first. Outcome:
+`registeredApps[X] = true` either way; Alice's later deploy succeeds and
+re-sets the bit. No privilege escalation.
+
+### 6.5 Malformed return data from a registered IAppAuth
+
+Solidity's strict ABI decoder reverts on a registered contract that
+returns shorter-than-expected data (e.g. a single bool, no string).
+That revert propagates out of `kms.isAppAllowed` rather than producing
+a `(false, …)` rejection. This matters because an off-chain consumer
+that retries on revert may interpret a misshapen-response attack
+differently from an explicit reject. Currently not symbolically
+verified — `MockConfigurableApp` returns the full tuple shape, and
+`MockRevertingApp` exercises only the explicit-revert path
+(`check_IsAppAllowed_PropagatesMockRevert`). A short-return mock
+remains a useful next addition.
+
+## 7. Known specification gaps
+
+For a future audit-firm engagement to close:
+
+1. **Cross-transaction invariants** — INV-6 (`__gap` zeroes) remains a
+   gap. INV-1 and INV-2 each have a verified inductive step
+   (`check_UpgradesDisabled_StepPreservation`,
+   `check_Owner_NotChangedByKmsFunctions`) plus a source-inspection
+   closure, but not a fully symbolic-storage proof over arbitrary
+   pre-states. INV-3 is verified by `check_Initialize_OnceOnly`. A
+   future engagement would mechanize the pre-state quantification
+   (e.g. Certora, or Halmos with symbolic storage once available).
+2. **Delegated-call universal quantification** — verify that for any
+   registered app contract, `kms.isAppAllowed` either reverts or returns
+   the registered contract's verbatim output. Requires modeling adversarial
+   external code.
+4. **Storage layout verification against deployed bytecode** — see
+   `formal-verification.md` Phase 4. The `.openzeppelin/unknown-2035.json`
+   manifest diverges from current source on slots 5/8/9/10; the team
+   believes the manifest is stale. An audit firm would confirm by
+   reading the live proxies.
+5. **Bytecode-level verification (KEVM)** — closes the compiler-as-attack-
+   surface gap. Phase 5 of the FV plan.
+6. **Initializer single-run invariant** — INV-3 needs explicit verification
+   that the two `initialize` overloads cannot both succeed on the same
+   proxy.
+
+## 8. Open questions for the team
+
+These are spec-level decisions the dstack team should pin down before a
+formal audit:
+
+1. **`renounceOwnership` semantics.** Both `DstackKms` and `DstackApp`
+   inherit `renounceOwnership` from `OwnableUpgradeable`. Renouncing
+   the KMS owner permanently freezes the OS-image whitelist and all
+   KMS mutations. Is that acceptable, or should `renounceOwnership` be
+   overridden to revert?
+2. **App impl drift.** If `appImplementation` is updated after several
+   apps have been deployed via the factory, the older proxies stay on
+   the older impl. Is that intended (versioning) or should the KMS
+   track which impl was current at deploy time?
+3. **Removing an OS image.** `removeOsImageHash` does not retroactively
+   un-authorize already-running apps that booted under that image. Is
+   that intended (revocation requires explicit downstream action) or
+   should the spec require it?
+4. **`gatewayAppId` semantics.** The string is owner-set with no
+   validation. Should the spec require a particular format (address,
+   ENS, etc.)?
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/foundry.toml b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/foundry.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05f06a0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/foundry.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[profile.default]
+src = "contracts"
+out = "out"
+libs = ["node_modules", "lib"]
+remappings = [
+    "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/contracts/",
+    "@openzeppelin/contracts/=lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable/lib/openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/",
+    "forge-std/=lib/forge-std/src/",
+    "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/=lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/src/"
+]
+solc_version = "0.8.24"
+optimizer = true
+optimizer_runs = 200
+via_ir = false
+ast = true
+build_info = true
+extra_output = ["storageLayout"]
+
+# SMTChecker (Layer 1 in docs/formal-verification.md) is deferred — see that
+# doc for the reasoning. tl;dr: forge's solc binary isn't compiled with z3,
+# and SMTChecker reports "unsupported language features" on most OZ
+# upgradeable patterns. Halmos (Layer 2) covers the same ground with stronger
+# guarantees on the contracts that matter.
+
+[profile.ci]
+fuzz = { runs = 10_000 }
+
+[fmt]
+bracket_spacing = true
+int_types = "long"
+line_length = 120
+multiline_func_header = "all"
+number_underscore = "thousands"
+quote_style = "double"
+tab_width = 4
+wrap_comments = true
+
+[rpc_endpoints]
+anvil = "http://127.0.0.1:8545/"
+phala = "https://rpc.phala.network"
+sepolia = "${SEPOLIA_RPC_URL}"
+base = "https://mainnet.base.org"
+
+[etherscan]
+phala = { key = "empty", url = "https://explorer-phala-mainnet-0.t.conduit.xyz/api" }
+sepolia = { key = "${ETHERSCAN_API_KEY}" }
+base = { key = "${ETHERSCAN_API_KEY}" }
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/jest.config.js b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/jest.config.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dafec6254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/jest.config.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module.exports = {
+  preset: 'ts-jest',
+  testEnvironment: 'node',
+  roots: ['<rootDir>/src'],
+  testMatch: ['**/main.test.ts'],
+  moduleFileExtensions: ['ts', 'js', 'json', 'node'],
+  collectCoverageFrom: [
+    'src/**/*.ts',
+    '!src/**/*.d.ts'
+  ],
+  coverageDirectory: 'coverage',
+  verbose: true
+};
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..60acb7aaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/forge-std
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 60acb7aaadcce2d68e52986a0a66fe79f07d138f
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..7bb7e9077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-contracts-upgradeable
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 7bb7e9077dd93d116657bb181e32c84165b8dbba
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..cfd861bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/lib/openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit cfd861bc18ef4737e82eae6ec75304e27af699ef
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/package-lock.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e2477c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5100 @@
+{
+  "name": "auth-eth",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "lockfileVersion": 3,
+  "requires": true,
+  "packages": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "auth-eth",
+      "version": "1.0.0",
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+        "@fastify/swagger-ui": "^2.0.1",
+        "dotenv": "^16.3.1",
+        "ethers": "^6.17.0",
+        "fastify": "^5.8.5",
+        "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/jest": "^29.5.14",
+        "@types/node": "^20.17.12",
+        "jest": "^29.7.0",
+        "ts-jest": "^29.1.1",
+        "ts-node": "^10.9.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.3.3"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@adraffy/ens-normalize": {
+      "version": "1.11.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@adraffy/ens-normalize/-/ens-normalize-1.11.1.tgz",
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+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@ampproject/remapping": {
+      "version": "2.3.0",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
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+        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24"
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+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/package.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c44a9a1b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+{
+  "name": "auth-eth",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "dstack KMS Ethereum Backend",
+  "main": "dist/main.js",
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "tsc",
+    "start": "node dist/main.js",
+    "dev": "ts-node src/main.ts",
+    "test": "jest",
+    "test:watch": "jest --watch",
+    "test:coverage": "jest --coverage",
+    "test:foundry": "forge test --ffi",
+    "test:foundry:all": "forge clean && forge build && forge test --ffi",
+    "test:setup": "./scripts/setup-local-chain.sh",
+    "test:run": "./scripts/run-tests.sh",
+    "test:all": "./scripts/test-all.sh",
+    "test:cleanup": "./scripts/cleanup.sh"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@fastify/swagger": "^8.12.0",
+    "@fastify/swagger-ui": "^2.0.1",
+    "dotenv": "^16.3.1",
+    "ethers": "^6.17.0",
+    "fastify": "^5.8.5",
+    "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/jest": "^29.5.14",
+    "@types/node": "^20.17.12",
+    "jest": "^29.7.0",
+    "ts-jest": "^29.1.1",
+    "ts-node": "^10.9.1",
+    "typescript": "^5.3.3"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/run-tests.sh b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/run-tests.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8dd6ea0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/run-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+npm run test
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Deploy.s.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Deploy.s.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a800d1f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Deploy.s.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Script.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol";
+
+contract DeployScript is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        uint256 deployerPrivateKey = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY");
+        address deployer = vm.addr(deployerPrivateKey);
+
+        console.log("Deploying with account:", deployer);
+        console.log("Account balance:", deployer.balance);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(deployerPrivateKey);
+
+        // Deploy DstackApp implementation
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        console.log("DstackApp implementation deployed to:", address(appImpl));
+
+        // Deploy DstackKms implementation
+        DstackKms kmsImpl = new DstackKms();
+        console.log("DstackKms implementation deployed to:", address(kmsImpl));
+
+        // Deploy DstackKms proxy
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (deployer, address(appImpl)));
+        ERC1967Proxy kmsProxy = new ERC1967Proxy(address(kmsImpl), initData);
+        console.log("DstackKms proxy deployed to:", address(kmsProxy));
+
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Deployment complete!");
+        console.log("- DstackApp implementation:", address(appImpl));
+        console.log("- DstackKms implementation:", address(kmsImpl));
+        console.log("- DstackKms proxy:", address(kmsProxy));
+    }
+}
+
+contract DeployKmsOnly is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        uint256 deployerPrivateKey = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY");
+        address deployer = vm.addr(deployerPrivateKey);
+        address appImplementation = vm.envAddress("APP_IMPLEMENTATION");
+
+        console.log("Deploying DstackKms with account:", deployer);
+        console.log("Account balance:", deployer.balance);
+        console.log("Using DstackApp implementation:", appImplementation);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(deployerPrivateKey);
+
+        // Deploy DstackKms implementation
+        DstackKms kmsImpl = new DstackKms();
+        console.log("DstackKms implementation deployed to:", address(kmsImpl));
+
+        // Deploy DstackKms proxy
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (deployer, appImplementation));
+        ERC1967Proxy kmsProxy = new ERC1967Proxy(address(kmsImpl), initData);
+        console.log("DstackKms proxy deployed to:", address(kmsProxy));
+
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("KMS deployment complete!");
+        console.log("- DstackKms implementation:", address(kmsImpl));
+        console.log("- DstackKms proxy:", address(kmsProxy));
+    }
+}
+
+contract DeployAppOnly is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        uint256 deployerPrivateKey = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY");
+        address deployer = vm.addr(deployerPrivateKey);
+
+        console.log("Deploying DstackApp implementation with account:", deployer);
+        console.log("Account balance:", deployer.balance);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(deployerPrivateKey);
+
+        // Deploy DstackApp implementation
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        console.log("DstackApp implementation deployed to:", address(appImpl));
+
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("App implementation deployment complete!");
+        console.log("- DstackApp implementation:", address(appImpl));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Manage.s.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Manage.s.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..110612b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Manage.s.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Script.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+
+// Base contract with common functionality
+abstract contract BaseScript is Script {
+    DstackKms public kms;
+    DstackApp public app;
+
+    function setUp() public virtual {
+        address kmsAddr = vm.envOr("KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR", address(0));
+        require(kmsAddr != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        kms = DstackKms(kmsAddr);
+
+        address appAddr = vm.envOr("APP_CONTRACT_ADDR", address(0));
+        if (appAddr != address(0)) {
+            app = DstackApp(appAddr);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// KMS Management Scripts
+contract AddKmsAggregatedMr is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = vm.envBytes32("MR_AGGREGATED");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Added KMS aggregated MR:", vm.toString(mrAggregated));
+    }
+}
+
+contract RemoveKmsAggregatedMr is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = vm.envBytes32("MR_AGGREGATED");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.removeKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Removed KMS aggregated MR:", vm.toString(mrAggregated));
+    }
+}
+
+contract AddOsImage is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes32 imageHash = vm.envBytes32("OS_IMAGE_HASH");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.addOsImageHash(imageHash);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Added OS image hash:", vm.toString(imageHash));
+    }
+}
+
+contract AddKmsDevice is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.addKmsDevice(deviceId);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Added KMS device:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+    }
+}
+
+contract SetGatewayAppId is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        string memory gatewayId = vm.envString("GATEWAY_APP_ID");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.setGatewayAppId(gatewayId);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Set gateway app ID:", gatewayId);
+    }
+}
+
+contract SetKmsInfo is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes memory k256Pubkey = vm.envBytes("K256_PUBKEY");
+        bytes memory caPubkey = vm.envBytes("CA_PUBKEY");
+        bytes memory quote = vm.envBytes("QUOTE");
+        bytes memory eventlog = vm.envBytes("EVENTLOG");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.setKmsInfo(
+            DstackKms.KmsInfo({ k256Pubkey: k256Pubkey, caPubkey: caPubkey, quote: quote, eventlog: eventlog })
+        );
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("KMS info set successfully");
+        console.log("  K256 Pubkey length:", k256Pubkey.length);
+        console.log("  CA Pubkey length:", caPubkey.length);
+        console.log("  Quote length:", quote.length);
+        console.log("  Eventlog length:", eventlog.length);
+    }
+}
+
+// App Management Scripts
+contract AddComposeHash is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 composeHash = vm.envBytes32("COMPOSE_HASH");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        app.addComposeHash(composeHash);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Added compose hash:", vm.toString(composeHash));
+    }
+}
+
+contract AddDevice is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Added device:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+    }
+}
+
+contract SetAllowAnyDevice is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bool allow = vm.envBool("ALLOW_ANY_DEVICE");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(allow);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Set allowAnyDevice to:", allow);
+    }
+}
+
+// Factory Deployment
+contract DeployApp is BaseScript {
+    function run() external returns (address) {
+        uint256 pk = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY");
+        address owner = vm.envOr("APP_OWNER", vm.addr(pk));
+        bool disableUpgrades = vm.envOr("DISABLE_UPGRADES", false);
+        bool requireTcbUpToDate = vm.envOr("REQUIRE_TCB_UP_TO_DATE", false);
+        bool allowAnyDevice = vm.envOr("ALLOW_ANY_DEVICE", true);
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envOr("INITIAL_DEVICE_ID", bytes32(0));
+        bytes32 composeHash = vm.envOr("INITIAL_COMPOSE_HASH", bytes32(0));
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(pk);
+        address appAddr = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(
+            owner, disableUpgrades, requireTcbUpToDate, allowAnyDevice, deviceId, composeHash
+        );
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Deployed new app at:", appAddr);
+        console.log("  Owner:", owner);
+        console.log("  Disable upgrades:", disableUpgrades);
+        console.log("  Require TCB up-to-date:", requireTcbUpToDate);
+        console.log("  Allow any device:", allowAnyDevice);
+        if (deviceId != bytes32(0)) {
+            console.log("  Initial device ID:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+        }
+        if (composeHash != bytes32(0)) {
+            console.log("  Initial compose hash:", vm.toString(composeHash));
+        }
+
+        return appAddr;
+    }
+}
+
+contract ShowAppInfo is BaseScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+
+        console.log("=== App Information ===");
+        console.log("App Contract:", address(app));
+        console.log("Owner:", app.owner());
+        console.log("Allow Any Device:", app.allowAnyDevice());
+    }
+}
+
+// Batch Operations Script
+contract BatchKmsSetup is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        // Load multiple values from environment
+        string memory gatewayId = vm.envOr("GATEWAY_APP_ID", string(""));
+        bytes32[] memory mrAggregated = vm.envOr("MR_AGGREGATED_LIST", ",", new bytes32[](0));
+        bytes32[] memory osImages = vm.envOr("OS_IMAGE_LIST", ",", new bytes32[](0));
+        bytes32[] memory devices = vm.envOr("DEVICE_LIST", ",", new bytes32[](0));
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+
+        // Set gateway ID if provided
+        if (bytes(gatewayId).length > 0) {
+            kms.setGatewayAppId(gatewayId);
+            console.log("Set gateway app ID:", gatewayId);
+        }
+
+        // Add aggregated MRs
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < mrAggregated.length; i++) {
+            kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated[i]);
+            console.log("Added MR aggregated:", vm.toString(mrAggregated[i]));
+        }
+
+        // Add OS images
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < osImages.length; i++) {
+            kms.addOsImageHash(osImages[i]);
+            console.log("Added OS image:", vm.toString(osImages[i]));
+        }
+
+        // Add devices
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < devices.length; i++) {
+            kms.addKmsDevice(devices[i]);
+            console.log("Added device:", vm.toString(devices[i]));
+        }
+
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("\nBatch KMS setup completed!");
+    }
+}
+
+// Remove operations for KMS management
+
+contract RemoveOsImage is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes32 imageHash = vm.envBytes32("OS_IMAGE_HASH");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.removeOsImageHash(imageHash);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Removed OS image hash:", vm.toString(imageHash));
+    }
+}
+
+contract RemoveKmsDevice is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.removeKmsDevice(deviceId);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Removed KMS device:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+    }
+}
+
+// Remove operations for App management
+contract RemoveComposeHash is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 composeHash = vm.envBytes32("COMPOSE_HASH");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        app.removeComposeHash(composeHash);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Removed compose hash:", vm.toString(composeHash));
+    }
+}
+
+contract RemoveDevice is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        app.removeDevice(deviceId);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Removed device:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+    }
+}
+
+// Register existing app
+contract RegisterApp is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        address appAddress = vm.envAddress("APP_ADDRESS");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.registerApp(appAddress);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Registered app:", appAddress);
+    }
+}
+
+// Set app implementation in KMS
+contract SetAppImplementation is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        address appImpl = vm.envAddress("APP_IMPLEMENTATION");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        kms.setAppImplementation(appImpl);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Set app implementation:", appImpl);
+    }
+}
+
+// Disable upgrades on app
+contract DisableAppUpgrades is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+
+        vm.startBroadcast(vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"));
+        app.disableUpgrades();
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Disabled upgrades for app:", address(app));
+    }
+}
+
+// Note: For upgrades, use the dedicated Upgrade.s.sol scripts which include
+// storage-layout safety validation. Use `UpgradeKms` / `UpgradeApp` to upgrade
+// a live proxy to the current `contracts/DstackKms.sol` / `contracts/DstackApp.sol`
+// source. The `UpgradeKmsToV2` / `UpgradeAppToV2` variants target the V2 test
+// mocks under `contracts/test-utils/` and are for upgrade-flow tests only.
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Query.s.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Query.s.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a9a01496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Query.s.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Script.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "../contracts/IAppAuth.sol";
+
+/**
+ * @title Query Scripts for Read-Only Operations
+ * @notice These scripts provide read-only access to contract state
+ */
+
+// Base contract with common functionality
+abstract contract BaseQueryScript is Script {
+    DstackKms public kms;
+    DstackApp public app;
+
+    function setUp() public virtual {
+        address kmsAddr = vm.envOr("KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR", address(0));
+        if (kmsAddr != address(0)) {
+            kms = DstackKms(kmsAddr);
+        }
+
+        address appAddr = vm.envOr("APP_CONTRACT_ADDR", address(0));
+        if (appAddr != address(0)) {
+            app = DstackApp(appAddr);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if KMS aggregated MR is allowed
+contract CheckKmsAggregatedMr is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = vm.envBytes32("MR_AGGREGATED");
+
+        bool isAllowed = kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mrAggregated);
+
+        console.log("=== KMS Aggregated MR Check ===");
+        console.log("MR Aggregated:", vm.toString(mrAggregated));
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if KMS device is allowed
+contract CheckKmsDevice is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID");
+
+        bool isAllowed = kms.kmsAllowedDeviceIds(deviceId);
+
+        console.log("=== KMS Device Check ===");
+        console.log("Device ID:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if OS image is allowed
+contract CheckOsImage is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 imageHash = vm.envBytes32("OS_IMAGE_HASH");
+
+        bool isAllowed = kms.allowedOsImages(imageHash);
+
+        console.log("=== OS Image Check ===");
+        console.log("Image Hash:", vm.toString(imageHash));
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if app is registered
+contract CheckAppRegistration is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        address appAddress = vm.envAddress("APP_ADDRESS");
+
+        bool isRegistered = kms.registeredApps(appAddress);
+
+        console.log("=== App Registration Check ===");
+        console.log("App Address:", appAddress);
+        console.log("Is Registered:", isRegistered);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if compose hash is allowed in app
+contract CheckComposeHash is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 composeHash = vm.envBytes32("COMPOSE_HASH");
+
+        bool isAllowed = app.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash);
+
+        console.log("=== Compose Hash Check ===");
+        console.log("Compose Hash:", vm.toString(composeHash));
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if device is allowed in app
+contract CheckAppDevice is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+        bytes32 deviceId = vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID");
+
+        bool isAllowed = app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId);
+
+        console.log("=== App Device Check ===");
+        console.log("Device ID:", vm.toString(deviceId));
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if KMS is allowed to boot
+contract CheckKmsAllowed is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+
+        // Read boot info from environment
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: vm.envAddress("APP_ID"),
+            composeHash: vm.envBytes32("COMPOSE_HASH"),
+            instanceId: vm.envOr("INSTANCE_ID", address(0)),
+            deviceId: vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID"),
+            mrAggregated: vm.envBytes32("MR_AGGREGATED"),
+            mrSystem: vm.envOr("MR_SYSTEM", bytes32(0)),
+            osImageHash: vm.envBytes32("OS_IMAGE_HASH"),
+            tcbStatus: vm.envString("TCB_STATUS"),
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool isAllowed, string memory reason) = kms.isKmsAllowed(bootInfo);
+
+        console.log("=== KMS Boot Check ===");
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+        console.log("Reason:", reason);
+    }
+}
+
+// Check if App is allowed to boot
+contract CheckAppAllowed is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+
+        // Read boot info from environment
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: vm.envAddress("APP_ID"),
+            composeHash: vm.envBytes32("COMPOSE_HASH"),
+            instanceId: vm.envOr("INSTANCE_ID", address(0)),
+            deviceId: vm.envBytes32("DEVICE_ID"),
+            mrAggregated: vm.envBytes32("MR_AGGREGATED"),
+            mrSystem: vm.envOr("MR_SYSTEM", bytes32(0)),
+            osImageHash: vm.envBytes32("OS_IMAGE_HASH"),
+            tcbStatus: vm.envString("TCB_STATUS"),
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool isAllowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+
+        console.log("=== App Boot Check ===");
+        console.log("Is Allowed:", isAllowed);
+        console.log("Reason:", reason);
+        console.log("Gateway App ID:", kms.gatewayAppId());
+    }
+}
+
+// Get storage slot value (useful for proxy verification)
+contract GetStorageSlot is Script {
+    function run() external view {
+        address target = vm.envAddress("TARGET_ADDRESS");
+        bytes32 slot = vm.envBytes32("STORAGE_SLOT");
+
+        bytes32 value = vm.load(target, slot);
+
+        console.log("=== Storage Slot Value ===");
+        console.log("Address:", target);
+        console.log("Slot:", vm.toString(slot));
+        console.log("Value:", vm.toString(value));
+
+        // If it's the implementation slot, decode as address
+        if (slot == 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc) {
+            address impl = address(uint160(uint256(value)));
+            console.log("Implementation Address:", impl);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get all KMS settings in one call
+contract GetKmsSettings is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(kms) != address(0), "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+
+        console.log("=== KMS Settings ===");
+        console.log("Contract Address:", address(kms));
+        console.log("Owner:", kms.owner());
+        console.log("Gateway App ID:", kms.gatewayAppId());
+        console.log("App Implementation:", kms.appImplementation());
+
+        // Get KMS info
+        (bytes memory k256Pubkey, bytes memory caPubkey, bytes memory quote, bytes memory eventlog) = kms.kmsInfo();
+        console.log("\nKMS Info:");
+        console.log("  K256 Pubkey length:", k256Pubkey.length);
+        console.log("  CA Pubkey length:", caPubkey.length);
+        console.log("  Quote length:", quote.length);
+        console.log("  Eventlog length:", eventlog.length);
+
+        // Check implementation via storage
+        bytes32 implSlot = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
+        address implementation = address(uint160(uint256(vm.load(address(kms), implSlot))));
+        console.log("\nProxy Implementation:", implementation);
+    }
+}
+
+// Get all App settings in one call
+contract GetAppSettings is BaseQueryScript {
+    function run() external view {
+        require(address(app) != address(0), "APP_CONTRACT_ADDR not set");
+
+        console.log("=== App Settings ===");
+        console.log("Contract Address:", address(app));
+        console.log("Owner:", app.owner());
+        console.log("Allow Any Device:", app.allowAnyDevice());
+
+        // Check implementation via storage
+        bytes32 implSlot = 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc;
+        address implementation = address(uint160(uint256(vm.load(address(app), implSlot))));
+        console.log("\nProxy Implementation:", implementation);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/README.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ff68a00e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+# Foundry Scripts
+
+This directory contains Foundry scripts for deploying and managing dstack contracts.
+
+## Deployment Scripts (`Deploy.s.sol`)
+
+### DeployScript
+Deploys both DstackKms and DstackApp implementation:
+```bash
+forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### DeployKmsOnly
+Deploys only DstackKms (requires APP_IMPLEMENTATION):
+```bash
+APP_IMPLEMENTATION=0x... forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployKmsOnly --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### DeployAppOnly
+Deploys only DstackApp implementation:
+```bash
+forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployAppOnly --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+## Management Scripts (`Manage.s.sol`)
+
+Type-safe contract management scripts. Set the environment variables and run the scripts.
+
+### KMS Management
+
+#### Add KMS Aggregated MR
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... MR_AGGREGATED=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddKmsAggregatedMr --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Add OS Image
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... OS_IMAGE_HASH=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddOsImage --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Add KMS Device
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddKmsDevice --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Set Gateway App ID
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... GATEWAY_APP_ID="my-gateway" \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:SetGatewayAppId --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Set KMS Info
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... K256_PUBKEY=0x... CA_PUBKEY=0x... QUOTE=0x... EVENTLOG=0x... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:SetKmsInfo --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Remove KMS Aggregated MR
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... MR_AGGREGATED=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:RemoveKmsAggregatedMr --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Remove OS Image
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... OS_IMAGE_HASH=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:RemoveOsImage --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Remove KMS Device
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:RemoveKmsDevice --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Set App Implementation
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_IMPLEMENTATION=0x... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:SetAppImplementation --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Register Existing App
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_ADDRESS=0x... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:RegisterApp --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Batch KMS Setup
+Configure multiple settings at once:
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+GATEWAY_APP_ID="my-gateway" \
+MR_AGGREGATED_LIST=0x1111...,0x2222...,0x3333... \
+OS_IMAGE_LIST=0xaaaa...,0xbbbb... \
+DEVICE_LIST=0xcccc...,0xdddd... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:BatchKmsSetup --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### App Management
+
+#### Add Compose Hash
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... COMPOSE_HASH=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddComposeHash --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Add Device
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:AddDevice --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Set Allow Any Device
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... ALLOW_ANY_DEVICE=true \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:SetAllowAnyDevice --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Remove Compose Hash
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... COMPOSE_HASH=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:RemoveComposeHash --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Remove Device
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:RemoveDevice --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Disable App Upgrades
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:DisableAppUpgrades --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### Factory Deployment
+
+Deploy a new app via factory:
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+APP_OWNER=0x... \
+DISABLE_UPGRADES=false \
+REQUIRE_TCB_UP_TO_DATE=false \
+ALLOW_ANY_DEVICE=true \
+INITIAL_DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+INITIAL_COMPOSE_HASH=0x5678... \
+forge script script/Manage.s.sol:DeployApp --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+`REQUIRE_TCB_UP_TO_DATE=true` makes the deployed app reject boot info whose
+`tcbStatus` is not `"UpToDate"`. Default is `false`; you can also toggle it
+later via `app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(bool)`.
+
+## Query Scripts (`Query.s.sol`)
+
+Query scripts provide read-only access to contract state without transactions.
+
+### KMS Queries
+
+#### Get All KMS Settings
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:GetKmsSettings --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check KMS Aggregated MR
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... MR_AGGREGATED=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckKmsAggregatedMr --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check KMS Device
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckKmsDevice --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check OS Image
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... OS_IMAGE_HASH=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckOsImage --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check App Registration
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... APP_ADDRESS=0x... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckAppRegistration --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check KMS Boot Authorization
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+APP_ID=0x... COMPOSE_HASH=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x... \
+MR_AGGREGATED=0x... OS_IMAGE_HASH=0x... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckKmsAllowed --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check App Boot Authorization
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+APP_ID=0x... COMPOSE_HASH=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x... \
+MR_AGGREGATED=0x... OS_IMAGE_HASH=0x... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckAppAllowed --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### App Queries
+
+#### Get All App Settings
+```bash
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:GetAppSettings --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check Compose Hash
+```bash
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... COMPOSE_HASH=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckComposeHash --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+#### Check App Device
+```bash
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... DEVICE_ID=0x1234... \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:CheckAppDevice --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+### Storage Queries
+
+#### Get Storage Slot Value
+```bash
+TARGET_ADDRESS=0x... STORAGE_SLOT=0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc \
+forge script script/Query.s.sol:GetStorageSlot --rpc-url $RPC_URL
+```
+
+## Upgrade Scripts (`Upgrade.s.sol`)
+
+The upgrade scripts use OpenZeppelin's Foundry upgrades plugin for safe
+contract upgrades with storage-layout validation.
+
+### Production upgrades
+
+Upgrade a live proxy to the current `contracts/DstackKms.sol` /
+`contracts/DstackApp.sol` source. This is the routine upgrade path.
+
+#### Upgrade KMS
+```bash
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Upgrade.s.sol:UpgradeKms --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL --ffi
+```
+
+#### Upgrade App
+```bash
+APP_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x... \
+forge script script/Upgrade.s.sol:UpgradeApp --broadcast --rpc-url $RPC_URL --ffi
+```
+
+### Test-only V2 upgrade targets
+
+`UpgradeKmsToV2` / `UpgradeAppToV2` upgrade to the V2 mock contracts in
+`contracts/test-utils/`. These are scaffolding for the upgrade-flow tests
+only — **do not run them against live proxies.**
+
+### Important Notes on Upgrades
+
+- **FFI Required**: Upgrade scripts require `--ffi` flag for the OpenZeppelin plugin
+- **Validation**: The plugin automatically validates storage layout compatibility
+- **Safety Checks**: Prevents common upgrade mistakes like storage collisions
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+### Required
+- `KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR` - Address of deployed KMS proxy
+- `APP_CONTRACT_ADDR` - Address of specific app (for app operations)
+- `PRIVATE_KEY` - Private key for transactions
+
+### Optional
+- `RPC_URL` - RPC endpoint (default: http://localhost:8545)
+- Various operation-specific variables (see examples above)
+
+## Script Categories
+
+### Management Scripts (`Manage.s.sol`)
+- Write operations: Add/remove/set functions
+- Factory deployment
+- Batch operations
+
+### Query Scripts (`Query.s.sol`)  
+- Read-only operations: Check/get functions
+- Storage inspection
+- Boot authorization validation
+
+### Upgrade Scripts (`Upgrade.s.sol`)
+- Safe contract upgrades with validation
+- Version-specific upgrade paths
+
+### Deploy Scripts (`Deploy.s.sol`)
+- Initial contract deployment
+- Various deployment configurations
+
+## Benefits
+
+1. **Type Safety**: Solidity types prevent encoding errors
+2. **Validation**: Built-in parameter validation
+3. **Logging**: Clear console output
+4. **Batch Operations**: Execute multiple transactions efficiently  
+5. **Maintainability**: Easy to modify and extend
+
+## Creating Custom Scripts
+
+To create your own management script:
+
+1. Extend `BaseScript` for common functionality
+2. Implement the `run()` function
+3. Use `vm.env*` functions to read parameters
+4. Use `vm.startBroadcast()` / `vm.stopBroadcast()` for transactions
+5. Add console.log statements for clarity
+
+Example:
+```solidity
+contract MyCustomScript is BaseScript {
+    function run() external {
+        // Read parameters
+        uint256 value = vm.envUint("MY_VALUE");
+
+        // Execute transaction
+        vm.startBroadcast();
+        kms.someFunction(value);
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        // Log result
+        console.log("Executed with value:", value);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Tips
+
+- Use `--dry-run` to simulate without broadcasting
+- Add `-vvvv` for detailed trace output
+- Check gas usage with `--gas-report`
+- Use `.env` files to manage environment variables
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Upgrade.s.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Upgrade.s.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94562b05f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/script/Upgrade.s.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Script.sol";
+import "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+
+// Production upgrade path: upgrade the live DstackKms proxy to the current
+// `contracts/DstackKms.sol` implementation. Use this for routine upgrades.
+contract UpgradeKms is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        address kmsProxy = vm.envAddress("KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR");
+
+        console.log("=== Upgrading DstackKms (production) ===");
+        console.log("Proxy address:", kmsProxy);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast();
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(kmsProxy, "DstackKms.sol", "");
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Success: DstackKms upgraded.");
+    }
+}
+
+// Production upgrade path: upgrade a live DstackApp proxy to the current
+// `contracts/DstackApp.sol` implementation.
+contract UpgradeApp is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        address appProxy = vm.envAddress("APP_CONTRACT_ADDR");
+
+        console.log("=== Upgrading DstackApp (production) ===");
+        console.log("Proxy address:", appProxy);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast();
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(appProxy, "DstackApp.sol", "");
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Success: DstackApp upgraded.");
+    }
+}
+
+// Test-only: upgrade to a specific version (e.g., V2 mock). The V2 contracts
+// in contracts/test-utils/ are scaffolding for the upgrade-flow tests — do
+// NOT run these against live proxies.
+contract UpgradeKmsToV2 is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        address kmsProxy = vm.envAddress("KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR");
+
+        console.log("=== Upgrading DstackKms to V2 ===");
+        console.log("Proxy address:", kmsProxy);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast();
+
+        // Upgrade to a specific contract version
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(kmsProxy, "DstackKmsV2.sol:DstackKmsV2", "");
+
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Success: DstackKms upgraded to V2!");
+    }
+}
+
+contract UpgradeAppToV2 is Script {
+    function run() external {
+        address appProxy = vm.envAddress("APP_CONTRACT_ADDR");
+
+        console.log("=== Upgrading DstackApp to V2 ===");
+        console.log("Proxy address:", appProxy);
+
+        vm.startBroadcast();
+
+        // Upgrade to a specific contract version
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(appProxy, "DstackAppV2.sol:DstackAppV2", "");
+
+        vm.stopBroadcast();
+
+        console.log("Success: DstackApp upgraded to V2!");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/README.md b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c58b743d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# Test Scripts
+
+This directory contains automated test scripts for the dstack KMS Ethereum backend.
+
+## Scripts Overview
+
+### 🚀 setup-local-chain.sh
+Sets up a local Anvil blockchain and deploys the dstack contracts.
+- Starts Anvil on port 8545
+- Deploys DstackKms and DstackApp contracts
+- Saves configuration to `.env.test`
+
+```bash
+npm run test:setup
+# or
+./scripts/setup-local-chain.sh
+```
+
+### 🧪 run-tests.sh
+Runs all tests against the deployed contracts on the local chain.
+- Requires local chain to be already set up
+- Runs Jest unit tests
+- Runs integration tests
+- Optionally runs Foundry tests
+
+```bash
+npm run test:run              # Run JS/TS tests only
+npm run test:run:foundry      # Include Foundry tests
+# or
+./scripts/run-tests.sh
+./scripts/run-tests.sh --with-foundry
+```
+
+### 🎯 test-all.sh
+Complete test suite - sets up chain and runs all tests.
+- Combines setup-local-chain.sh and run-tests.sh
+- Perfect for CI/CD or fresh test runs
+
+```bash
+npm run test:all              # Complete test suite
+npm run test:all:foundry      # Include Foundry tests
+# or
+./scripts/test-all.sh
+./scripts/test-all.sh --with-foundry
+```
+
+### 🧹 cleanup.sh
+Cleans up all test processes and temporary files.
+- Stops Anvil and API server
+- Removes temporary files and logs
+
+```bash
+npm run test:cleanup
+# or
+./scripts/cleanup.sh
+```
+
+## Typical Workflows
+
+### One-time Setup, Multiple Test Runs
+```bash
+# Set up once
+npm run test:setup
+
+# Run tests multiple times
+npm run test:run
+npm run test:run
+npm run test:run
+
+# Clean up when done
+npm run test:cleanup
+```
+
+### Complete Test Run
+```bash
+# Run everything in one go
+npm run test:all
+
+# Or with Foundry tests
+npm run test:all:foundry
+```
+
+### Development Workflow
+```bash
+# Set up chain
+npm run test:setup
+
+# Keep chain running, develop and test
+npm run test:run
+# ... make changes ...
+npm run test:run
+# ... make more changes ...
+npm run test:run
+
+# Clean up when done
+npm run test:cleanup
+```
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+After running `setup-local-chain.sh`, the following environment variables are saved to `.env.test`:
+
+- `ANVIL_PID` - Process ID of the Anvil instance
+- `ETH_RPC_URL` - RPC endpoint (http://127.0.0.1:8545)
+- `CHAIN_ID` - Chain ID (31337)
+- `KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR` - Deployed KMS proxy contract address
+- `APP_IMPLEMENTATION` - DstackApp implementation address
+- `KMS_IMPLEMENTATION` - DstackKms implementation address
+- `DEPLOYER_ADDRESS` - Address that deployed the contracts
+- `DEPLOYER_PRIVATE_KEY` - Private key of the deployer
+
+## Logs
+
+The scripts generate the following log files:
+
+- `anvil.log` - Anvil blockchain logs
+- `deploy.log` - Contract deployment logs
+- `server-test.log` - API server logs during tests
+
+## Requirements
+
+- Node.js and npm
+- Foundry (forge, anvil)
+- All npm dependencies installed (`npm install`)
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/cleanup.sh b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/cleanup.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8b428d4b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/cleanup.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Cleanup script to stop all test processes
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+ENV_FILE="$PROJECT_ROOT/.env.test"
+
+# Colors for output
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+echo "🧹 Cleaning up test environment..."
+
+# Kill any running API servers
+echo "Stopping API servers..."
+pkill -f "ts-node src/main.ts" || true
+pkill -f "node dist/main.js" || true
+
+# Load environment if exists
+if [ -f "$ENV_FILE" ]; then
+    # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+    source "$ENV_FILE"
+
+    # Kill Anvil if PID is set
+    if [ -n "$ANVIL_PID" ]; then
+        echo "Stopping Anvil (PID: $ANVIL_PID)..."
+        kill "$ANVIL_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+fi
+
+# Kill any other Anvil processes
+echo "Stopping any other Anvil processes..."
+pkill -f "anvil" || true
+
+# Clean up files
+echo "Removing temporary files..."
+rm -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/.env.test"
+rm -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/anvil.log"
+rm -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/deploy.log"
+rm -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/server-test.log"
+rm -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/integration-test.js"
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}✅ Cleanup complete!${NC}"
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/run-tests.sh b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/run-tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0835def67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/run-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Script to run all tests against the local chain
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+ENV_FILE="$PROJECT_ROOT/.env.test"
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+BLUE='\033[0;34m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+echo "🧪 Running test suite..."
+
+# Check if environment file exists
+if [ ! -f "$ENV_FILE" ]; then
+    echo -e "${RED}❌ Error: Environment file not found at $ENV_FILE${NC}"
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Please run ./scripts/setup-local-chain.sh first${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Load environment variables
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$ENV_FILE"
+
+# Export for child processes
+export ETH_RPC_URL
+export KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR
+export APP_IMPLEMENTATION
+
+# Check if Anvil is running
+if ! kill -0 "$ANVIL_PID" 2>/dev/null; then
+    echo -e "${RED}❌ Error: Anvil is not running (PID: $ANVIL_PID)${NC}"
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Please run ./scripts/setup-local-chain.sh first${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}✅ Local chain is running${NC}"
+echo "   KMS Contract: $KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR"
+echo "   App Implementation: $APP_IMPLEMENTATION"
+echo ""
+
+# Change to project root
+cd "$PROJECT_ROOT"
+
+# Build TypeScript
+echo -e "${BLUE}🔨 Building TypeScript...${NC}"
+npm run build
+
+# Function to cleanup on exit
+cleanup() {
+    echo ""
+    echo "🧹 Cleaning up..."
+    if [ -n "$SERVER_PID" ]; then
+        kill "$SERVER_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Start API server
+echo -e "${BLUE}🌐 Starting API server...${NC}"
+npm run dev > "$PROJECT_ROOT/server-test.log" 2>&1 &
+SERVER_PID=$!
+
+# Wait for server to be ready
+echo "⏳ Waiting for API server to start..."
+for i in {1..30}; do
+    if curl -s http://127.0.0.1:8000 > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo -e "${GREEN}✅ API server is ready!${NC}"
+        break
+    fi
+    if [ "$i" -eq 30 ]; then
+        echo -e "${RED}❌ API server failed to start within 30 seconds${NC}"
+        cat "$PROJECT_ROOT/server-test.log"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sleep 1
+done
+
+# Run Jest unit tests
+echo ""
+echo -e "${BLUE}📋 Running Jest unit tests...${NC}"
+npm test
+
+# Run integration tests
+echo ""
+echo -e "${BLUE}🔗 Running integration tests...${NC}"
+
+# Create and run integration test
+cat > "$PROJECT_ROOT/integration-test.js" << 'EOF'
+const { ethers } = require('ethers');
+
+async function runIntegrationTests() {
+    const baseUrl = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000';
+    const rpcUrl = process.env.ETH_RPC_URL;
+    const kmsAddress = process.env.KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR;
+
+    console.log('Testing against:');
+    console.log('  API URL:', baseUrl);
+    console.log('  RPC URL:', rpcUrl);
+    console.log('  KMS Contract:', kmsAddress);
+    console.log('');
+
+    const testData = {
+        tcbStatus: 'UpToDate',
+        advisoryIds: [],
+        mrAggregated: '0x' + '1234567890abcdef'.repeat(4),
+        osImageHash: '0x' + 'abcdefabcdefabcd'.repeat(4),
+        mrSystem: '0x' + '9012901290129012'.repeat(4),
+        appId: '0x9012345678901234567890123456789012345678',
+        composeHash: '0x' + 'abcdabcdabcdabcd'.repeat(4),
+        instanceId: '0x3456789012345678901234567890123456789012',
+        deviceId: '0x' + 'ef12ef12ef12ef12'.repeat(4)
+    };
+
+    const tests = [
+        {
+            name: 'Health Check',
+            run: async () => {
+                const res = await fetch(baseUrl + '/');
+                const data = await res.json();
+                return {
+                    passed: res.status === 200 && data.kmsContractAddr === kmsAddress,
+                    details: `Status: ${res.status}, Contract: ${data.kmsContractAddr}`
+                };
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            name: 'App Authorization',
+            run: async () => {
+                const res = await fetch(baseUrl + '/bootAuth/app', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(testData)
+                });
+                const data = await res.json();
+                return {
+                    passed: res.status === 200 && data.hasOwnProperty('isAllowed'),
+                    details: `Status: ${res.status}, Response: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`
+                };
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            name: 'KMS Authorization',
+            run: async () => {
+                const res = await fetch(baseUrl + '/bootAuth/kms', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify(testData)
+                });
+                const data = await res.json();
+                return {
+                    passed: res.status === 200 && data.hasOwnProperty('isAllowed'),
+                    details: `Status: ${res.status}, Response: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`
+                };
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            name: 'Invalid Request Validation',
+            run: async () => {
+                const res = await fetch(baseUrl + '/bootAuth/app', {
+                    method: 'POST',
+                    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+                    body: JSON.stringify({ mrAggregated: '0x1234' })
+                });
+                return {
+                    passed: res.status === 400,
+                    details: `Status: ${res.status} (expected 400)`
+                };
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            name: 'Contract Interaction',
+            run: async () => {
+                const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider(rpcUrl);
+                const abi = ['function owner() view returns (address)'];
+                const contract = new ethers.Contract(kmsAddress, abi, provider);
+                const owner = await contract.owner();
+                return {
+                    passed: ethers.isAddress(owner),
+                    details: `Owner: ${owner}`
+                };
+            }
+        }
+    ];
+
+    let passed = 0;
+    let failed = 0;
+
+    for (const test of tests) {
+        try {
+            const result = await test.run();
+            if (result.passed) {
+                console.log(`✅ ${test.name}`);
+                console.log(`   ${result.details}`);
+                passed++;
+            } else {
+                console.log(`❌ ${test.name}`);
+                console.log(`   ${result.details}`);
+                failed++;
+            }
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.log(`❌ ${test.name}`);
+            console.log(`   Error: ${error.message}`);
+            failed++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    console.log('');
+    console.log(`Summary: ${passed} passed, ${failed} failed`);
+
+    return failed === 0;
+}
+
+runIntegrationTests().then(success => {
+    process.exit(success ? 0 : 1);
+}).catch(error => {
+    console.error('Test runner error:', error);
+    process.exit(1);
+});
+EOF
+
+node "$PROJECT_ROOT/integration-test.js"
+INTEGRATION_RESULT=$?
+
+# Clean up integration test file
+rm -f "$PROJECT_ROOT/integration-test.js"
+
+# Run Foundry tests
+echo ""
+echo -e "${BLUE}🔨 Running Foundry tests...${NC}"
+ETHERSCAN_API_KEY=dummy forge test --ffi --rpc-url "$ETH_RPC_URL"
+FOUNDRY_RESULT=$?
+
+# Summary
+echo ""
+echo "📊 Test Summary:"
+echo "   Jest Tests: ${GREEN}✅ Passed${NC}"
+if [ $INTEGRATION_RESULT -eq 0 ]; then
+    echo "   Integration Tests: ${GREEN}✅ Passed${NC}"
+else
+    echo "   Integration Tests: ${RED}❌ Failed${NC}"
+fi
+if [ $FOUNDRY_RESULT -eq 0 ]; then
+    echo "   Foundry Tests: ${GREEN}✅ Passed${NC}"
+else
+    echo "   Foundry Tests: ${RED}❌ Failed${NC}"
+fi
+
+# Exit with appropriate code
+if [ $INTEGRATION_RESULT -ne 0 ] || [ $FOUNDRY_RESULT -ne 0 ]; then
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo ""
+echo -e "${GREEN}✅ All tests passed!${NC}"
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/setup-local-chain.sh b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/setup-local-chain.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ef306eb99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/setup-local-chain.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Script to set up local Anvil chain and deploy contracts
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/.." && pwd)"
+ENV_FILE="$PROJECT_ROOT/.env.test"
+
+echo "🔧 Setting up local test environment..."
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+# Check if anvil is available
+if ! command -v anvil &> /dev/null; then
+    echo -e "${RED}❌ Error: anvil not found. Install Foundry first:${NC}"
+    echo "curl -L https://foundry.paradigm.xyz | bash"
+    echo "foundryup"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Clean up any existing Anvil process
+echo "🧹 Cleaning up existing Anvil processes..."
+pkill -f "anvil" || true
+sleep 1
+
+# Start Anvil in the background
+echo "🚀 Starting Anvil local node..."
+anvil \
+    --host 0.0.0.0 \
+    --port 8545 \
+    --accounts 10 \
+    --balance 1000 \
+    --block-time 1 \
+    > "$PROJECT_ROOT/anvil.log" 2>&1 &
+
+ANVIL_PID=$!
+echo "   Anvil PID: $ANVIL_PID"
+
+# Wait for Anvil to be ready
+echo "⏳ Waiting for Anvil to start..."
+for i in {1..30}; do
+    if curl -s http://127.0.0.1:8545 > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo -e "${GREEN}✅ Anvil is ready!${NC}"
+        break
+    fi
+    if [ "$i" -eq 30 ]; then
+        echo -e "${RED}❌ Anvil failed to start within 30 seconds${NC}"
+        cat "$PROJECT_ROOT/anvil.log"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sleep 1
+done
+
+# Deploy contracts
+echo "📦 Deploying contracts..."
+cd "$PROJECT_ROOT"
+
+# Use the first Anvil account private key
+PRIVATE_KEY="0xac0974bec39a17e36ba4a6b4d238ff944bacb478cbed5efcae784d7bf4f2ff80"
+
+# Run deployment and capture output
+DEPLOY_OUTPUT=$(PRIVATE_KEY=$PRIVATE_KEY \
+    ETHERSCAN_API_KEY=dummy \
+    forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript \
+    --broadcast \
+    --rpc-url http://127.0.0.1:8545 \
+    -vvv 2>&1)
+
+echo "$DEPLOY_OUTPUT" > "$PROJECT_ROOT/deploy.log"
+
+# Extract contract addresses
+KMS_PROXY=$(echo "$DEPLOY_OUTPUT" | grep "DstackKms proxy deployed to:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+APP_IMPL=$(echo "$DEPLOY_OUTPUT" | grep "DstackApp implementation deployed to:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+KMS_IMPL=$(echo "$DEPLOY_OUTPUT" | grep "DstackKms implementation deployed to:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+
+if [ -z "$KMS_PROXY" ] || [ -z "$APP_IMPL" ]; then
+    echo -e "${RED}❌ Failed to extract contract addresses from deployment${NC}"
+    echo "Check deploy.log for details"
+    kill $ANVIL_PID 2>/dev/null
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Save environment variables
+cat > "$ENV_FILE" << EOF
+# Auto-generated test environment configuration
+# Generated at: $(date)
+
+# Anvil Configuration
+ANVIL_PID=$ANVIL_PID
+ETH_RPC_URL=http://127.0.0.1:8545
+CHAIN_ID=31337
+
+# Deployed Contracts
+KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=$KMS_PROXY
+APP_IMPLEMENTATION=$APP_IMPL
+KMS_IMPLEMENTATION=$KMS_IMPL
+
+# Test Account (Anvil account #0)
+DEPLOYER_ADDRESS=0xf39Fd6e51aad88F6F4ce6aB8827279cffFb92266
+DEPLOYER_PRIVATE_KEY=$PRIVATE_KEY
+EOF
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}✅ Local chain setup complete!${NC}"
+echo ""
+echo "📊 Deployment Summary:"
+echo "   Chain ID: 31337"
+echo "   RPC URL: http://127.0.0.1:8545"
+echo "   KMS Proxy: $KMS_PROXY"
+echo "   App Implementation: $APP_IMPL"
+echo ""
+echo "📄 Configuration saved to: $ENV_FILE"
+echo ""
+echo "🔍 Logs available at:"
+echo "   Anvil: $PROJECT_ROOT/anvil.log"
+echo "   Deploy: $PROJECT_ROOT/deploy.log"
+echo ""
+echo -e "${YELLOW}ℹ️  To stop Anvil: kill $ANVIL_PID${NC}"
+echo -e "${YELLOW}ℹ️  To run tests: ./scripts/run-tests.sh${NC}"
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/test-all.sh b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/test-all.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..581495233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/scripts/test-all.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Complete test runner - sets up chain and runs all tests
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+
+# Colors for output
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+echo "🚀 Complete Test Suite"
+echo "===================="
+echo ""
+
+# Setup local chain
+echo "Step 1: Setting up local chain..."
+"$SCRIPT_DIR/setup-local-chain.sh"
+
+echo ""
+echo "Step 2: Running tests..."
+"$SCRIPT_DIR/run-tests.sh" "$@"
+
+# Load env to get PID
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SCRIPT_DIR/../.env.test"
+
+echo ""
+echo -e "${GREEN}✅ Complete test suite finished!${NC}"
+echo ""
+echo -e "${YELLOW}ℹ️  To stop the local chain: kill $ANVIL_PID${NC}"
+echo -e "${YELLOW}ℹ️  To run tests again: ./scripts/run-tests.sh${NC}"
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/slither.config.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/slither.config.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66c7cb62f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/slither.config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "filter_paths": "lib/|node_modules/|test/|script/|out/|cache/|contracts/test-utils/",
+  "detectors_to_exclude": "naming-convention,solc-version"
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/ethereum.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/ethereum.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2715d5024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/ethereum.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { ethers } from 'ethers';
+import { BootInfo, BootResponse } from './types';
+
+// Minimal ABI for DstackKms contract
+const DSTACK_KMS_ABI = [
+  "function isAppAllowed((address appId,bytes32 composeHash,address instanceId,bytes32 deviceId,bytes32 mrAggregated,bytes32 mrSystem,bytes32 osImageHash,string tcbStatus,string[] advisoryIds) bootInfo) view returns (bool, string)",
+  "function isKmsAllowed((address appId,bytes32 composeHash,address instanceId,bytes32 deviceId,bytes32 mrAggregated,bytes32 mrSystem,bytes32 osImageHash,string tcbStatus,string[] advisoryIds) bootInfo) view returns (bool, string)",
+  "function gatewayAppId() view returns (string)",
+  "function appImplementation() view returns (address)"
+];
+
+export class EthereumBackend {
+  private provider: ethers.JsonRpcProvider;
+  private kmsContract: ethers.Contract;
+
+  constructor(provider: ethers.JsonRpcProvider, kmsContractAddr: string) {
+    this.provider = provider;
+    this.kmsContract = new ethers.Contract(
+      ethers.getAddress(kmsContractAddr),
+      DSTACK_KMS_ABI,
+      provider
+    );
+  }
+
+  private decodeHex(hex: string, sz: number = 32): string {
+    // Remove '0x' prefix if present
+    hex = hex.startsWith('0x') ? hex.slice(2) : hex;
+
+    // Pad hex string to 64 characters (32 bytes)
+    hex = hex.padStart(sz * 2, '0');
+
+    // Add '0x' prefix back
+    return '0x' + hex;
+  }
+
+  async checkBoot(bootInfo: BootInfo, isKms: boolean): Promise<BootResponse> {
+    // Create boot info struct for contract call
+    const bootInfoStruct = {
+      appId: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.appId, 20),
+      instanceId: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.instanceId, 20),
+      composeHash: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.composeHash, 32),
+      deviceId: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.deviceId, 32),
+      mrSystem: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.mrSystem, 32),
+      mrAggregated: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.mrAggregated, 32),
+      osImageHash: this.decodeHex(bootInfo.osImageHash, 32),
+      tcbStatus: bootInfo.tcbStatus,
+      advisoryIds: bootInfo.advisoryIds
+    };
+    let response;
+    if (isKms) {
+      response = await this.kmsContract.isKmsAllowed(bootInfoStruct);
+    } else {
+      response = await this.kmsContract.isAppAllowed(bootInfoStruct);
+    }
+    const [isAllowed, reason] = response;
+    const gatewayAppId = await this.kmsContract.gatewayAppId();
+    return {
+      isAllowed,
+      reason,
+      gatewayAppId,
+    }
+  }
+
+  async getGatewayAppId(): Promise<string> {
+    return await this.kmsContract.gatewayAppId();
+  }
+
+  async getChainId(): Promise<number> {
+    const chainId = await this.provider.getNetwork().then((network) => network.chainId);
+    return Number(chainId);
+  }
+
+  async getAppImplementation(): Promise<string> {
+    return await this.kmsContract.appImplementation();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/main.test.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/main.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..842f1e36b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/main.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { FastifyInstance } from 'fastify';
+import { build } from './server';
+import { BootInfo } from './types';
+
+// Mock EthereumBackend
+jest.mock('./ethereum', () => {
+  return {
+    EthereumBackend: jest.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+      checkBoot: jest.fn()
+    }))
+  };
+});
+
+describe('Server', () => {
+  let app: FastifyInstance;
+  const mockBootInfo: BootInfo = {
+    tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+    advisoryIds: [],
+    mrAggregated: '0x1234',
+    osImageHash: '0x5678',
+    mrSystem: '0x9012',
+    appId: '0x9012345678901234567890123456789012345678',
+    composeHash: '0xabcd',
+    instanceId: '0x3456789012345678901234567890123456789012',
+    deviceId: '0xef12'
+  };
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    app = await build();
+  });
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    await app.close();
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/app', () => {
+    it('should return 200 when backend check passes', async () => {
+      // Mock successful response
+      const mockCheckBoot = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        isAllowed: true,
+        reason: '',
+        gatewayAppId: ''
+      });
+      app.ethereum.checkBoot = mockCheckBoot;
+
+      const response = await app.inject({
+        method: 'POST',
+        url: '/bootAuth/app',
+        payload: mockBootInfo
+      });
+
+      expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
+      const result = JSON.parse(response.payload);
+      expect(result.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.reason).toBe('');
+      expect(mockCheckBoot).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockBootInfo, false);
+    });
+
+    it('should reject oversized and non-hex measurements before backend use', async () => {
+      jest.clearAllMocks();
+      for (const mrAggregated of ['0x' + 'ab'.repeat(33), 'not-hex']) {
+        const response = await app.inject({
+          method: 'POST',
+          url: '/bootAuth/app',
+          payload: { ...mockBootInfo, mrAggregated }
+        });
+        expect(response.statusCode).toBe(400);
+        expect(JSON.parse(response.payload)).toEqual({ isAllowed: false, reason: 'invalid authorization request', gatewayAppId: '' });
+      }
+      expect(app.ethereum.checkBoot).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    });
+
+    it('should return 400 for invalid boot info', async () => {
+      const response = await app.inject({
+        method: 'POST',
+        url: '/bootAuth/app',
+        payload: {
+          // Missing required fields
+          mrAggregated: '0x1234'
+        }
+      });
+
+      expect(response.statusCode).toBe(400);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/kms', () => {
+    it('should return 200 when backend check passes', async () => {
+      // Mock successful response
+      const mockCheckBoot = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+        isAllowed: true,
+        reason: '',
+        gatewayAppId: '0x1234',
+      });
+      app.ethereum.checkBoot = mockCheckBoot;
+
+      const response = await app.inject({
+        method: 'POST',
+        url: '/bootAuth/kms',
+        payload: mockBootInfo,
+      });
+
+      const result = JSON.parse(response.payload);
+      expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
+      expect(result.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.reason).toBe('');
+      expect(mockCheckBoot).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockBootInfo, true);
+    });
+
+    it('should handle backend errors gracefully', async () => {
+      // Mock error response
+      const mockCheckBoot = jest.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Test backend error'));
+      app.ethereum.checkBoot = mockCheckBoot;
+
+      const response = await app.inject({
+        method: 'POST',
+        url: '/bootAuth/kms',
+        payload: mockBootInfo
+      });
+
+      expect(response.statusCode).toBe(200);
+      const result = JSON.parse(response.payload);
+      expect(result.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(result.reason).toBe('authorization backend unavailable');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/main.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdbf2e7c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { config } from 'dotenv';
+import { build } from './server';
+
+// Load environment variables
+config();
+
+async function main() {
+  try {
+    const port = process.env.PORT ? parseInt(process.env.PORT) : 8000;
+    const host = process.env.HOST || '127.0.0.1';
+
+    const server = await build();
+    await server.listen({ port, host });
+    console.log(`Server listening on ${host}:${port}`);
+
+    // Handle graceful shutdown
+    const signals = ['SIGINT', 'SIGTERM'];
+    for (const signal of signals) {
+      process.on(signal, async () => {
+        try {
+          await server.close();
+          process.exit(0);
+        } catch (err) {
+          console.error('Error during shutdown:', err);
+          process.exit(1);
+        }
+      });
+    }
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Error starting server:', err);
+    process.exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+main();
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/server.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54dd14346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import fastify, { FastifyInstance } from 'fastify';
+import { EthereumBackend } from './ethereum';
+import { BootInfo, BootResponse } from './types';
+import { ethers } from 'ethers';
+
+declare module 'fastify' {
+  interface FastifyInstance {
+    ethereum: EthereumBackend;
+  }
+}
+
+export async function build(): Promise<FastifyInstance> {
+  const server = fastify({
+    logger: true
+  });
+
+  // Register schema for request/response validation
+  const hex = (bytes: number, description: string) => ({
+    type: 'string',
+    pattern: `^(?:0x[0-9a-fA-F]{0,${bytes * 2}}|[0-9a-fA-F]{0,${bytes * 2}})$`,
+    description,
+  });
+
+  server.addSchema({
+    $id: 'bootInfo',
+    type: 'object',
+    required: ['mrAggregated', 'osImageHash', 'appId', 'composeHash', 'instanceId', 'deviceId'],
+    properties: {
+      mrAggregated: hex(32, 'Aggregated MR measurement'),
+      osImageHash: hex(32, 'OS Image hash'),
+      appId: hex(20, 'Application ID'),
+      composeHash: hex(32, 'Compose hash'),
+      instanceId: hex(20, 'Instance ID'),
+      deviceId: hex(32, 'Device ID'),
+      tcbStatus: { type: 'string', maxLength: 128, default: '' },
+      advisoryIds: { type: 'array', maxItems: 128, items: { type: 'string', maxLength: 256 }, default: [] },
+      mrSystem: { ...hex(32, 'System MR measurement'), default: '' },
+    }
+  });
+
+  server.addSchema({
+    $id: 'bootResponse',
+    type: 'object',
+    required: ['isAllowed', 'reason', 'gatewayAppId'],
+    properties: {
+      isAllowed: { type: 'boolean' },
+      reason: { type: 'string' },
+      gatewayAppId: { type: 'string' },
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Initialize backend
+  const rpcUrl = process.env.ETH_RPC_URL || 'http://localhost:8545';
+  const kmsContractAddr = process.env.KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR || '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000';
+  const provider = new ethers.JsonRpcProvider(rpcUrl);
+  server.decorate('ethereum', new EthereumBackend(provider, kmsContractAddr));
+
+  const publicRpcEndpoint = (value: string): string => {
+    try {
+      const endpoint = new URL(value);
+      return `${endpoint.protocol}//${endpoint.host}`;
+    } catch {
+      return 'configured';
+    }
+  };
+  const backendUnavailable = 'authorization backend unavailable';
+  const invalidRequest = { isAllowed: false, reason: 'invalid authorization request', gatewayAppId: '' };
+
+  server.setErrorHandler((error, request, reply) => {
+    if (typeof error === 'object' && error !== null && 'validation' in error) {
+      return reply.code(400).send(invalidRequest);
+    }
+    request.log.error('authorization request failed');
+    return reply.code(500).send({ status: 'error', message: backendUnavailable });
+  });
+
+  server.get('/', async (_request, reply) => {
+    try {
+      const batch = await Promise.all([
+        server.ethereum.getGatewayAppId(),
+        server.ethereum.getChainId(),
+        server.ethereum.getAppImplementation(),
+      ]);
+      return {
+        status: 'ok',
+        kmsContractAddr: kmsContractAddr,
+        ethRpcUrl: publicRpcEndpoint(rpcUrl),
+        gatewayAppId: batch[0],
+        chainId: batch[1],
+        appAuthImplementation: batch[2], // NOTE: for backward compatibility
+        appImplementation: batch[2],
+      };
+    } catch {
+      _request.log.error('authorization backend health check failed');
+      return reply.code(500).send({ status: 'error', message: backendUnavailable });
+    }
+  });
+
+  // Define routes
+  server.post<{
+    Body: BootInfo;
+    Reply: BootResponse;
+  }>('/bootAuth/app', {
+    schema: {
+      body: { $ref: 'bootInfo#' },
+      response: {
+        200: { $ref: 'bootResponse#' }
+      }
+    }
+  }, async (request, reply) => {
+    try {
+      return await server.ethereum.checkBoot(request.body, false);
+    } catch (error) {
+      request.log.error('application authorization backend failed');
+      reply.code(200).send({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: backendUnavailable
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  server.post<{
+    Body: BootInfo;
+    Reply: BootResponse;
+  }>('/bootAuth/kms', {
+    schema: {
+      body: { $ref: 'bootInfo#' },
+      response: {
+        200: { $ref: 'bootResponse#' }
+      }
+    }
+  }, async (request, reply) => {
+    try {
+      return await server.ethereum.checkBoot(request.body, true);
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (!(error instanceof Error && "Test backend error" == error.message)) {
+        request.log.error('KMS authorization backend failed');
+      }
+      reply.code(200).send({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: backendUnavailable
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  return server;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/types.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd1a89143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/src/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+export interface BootInfo {
+  tcbStatus: string;
+  advisoryIds: string[];
+  mrAggregated: string;
+  mrSystem: string;
+  osImageHash: string;
+  appId: string;
+  composeHash: string;
+  instanceId: string;
+  deviceId: string;
+}
+
+export interface BootResponse {
+  isAllowed: boolean;
+  gatewayAppId: string;
+  reason: string;
+}
+
+// Removed KMS_CONTRACT_ABI and APP_CONTRACT_ABI since we're using typechain types now
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackApp.symbolic.t.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackApp.symbolic.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2af3492f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackApp.symbolic.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "../contracts/IAppAuth.sol";
+
+/// @notice Halmos symbolic tests for DstackApp.
+///
+/// We deliberately do NOT include per-function `_OnlyOwner` tests. Each
+/// owner-gated mutation goes through OpenZeppelin's `onlyOwner` modifier
+/// (literally `_checkOwner(); _;`). Proving symbolically that a non-owner
+/// caller reverts on each function is a fuzz-test in symbolic clothing —
+/// it adds no information that bounded fuzzing wouldn't already deliver,
+/// and the modifier itself is exhaustively tested upstream. The spec
+/// (docs/specification.md §3) documents these as `pre: msg.sender == owner()`
+/// and trusts the OZ modifier; we don't restate that here.
+///
+/// Run with `halmos --contract DstackAppSymbolicTest`.
+contract DstackAppSymbolicTest is Test {
+    DstackApp internal app;
+    address internal constant OWNER = address(0xA11CE);
+
+    function setUp() public {
+        // Deploy proxy directly via ERC1967, bypassing the OZ Upgrades plugin
+        // (which uses FFI and is unsuitable for symbolic execution).
+        DstackApp impl = new DstackApp();
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeWithSignature(
+            "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", OWNER, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+        );
+        ERC1967Proxy proxy = new ERC1967Proxy(address(impl), initData);
+        app = DstackApp(address(proxy));
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // After disableUpgrades(), the *next* upgradeToAndCall reverts for
+    // any caller / impl / init data.
+    //
+    // This is single-call only — not full monotonicity (∀ traces, once
+    // _upgradesDisabled = true it stays true), which is INV-1 in the
+    // spec and listed there as a cross-transaction gap. Renamed from
+    // an earlier "_Monotonic" name that overclaimed.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_DisableUpgrades_BlocksNextUpgrade(address upgrader, address newImpl, bytes calldata data) external {
+        vm.prank(OWNER);
+        app.disableUpgrades();
+
+        vm.prank(upgrader);
+        (bool ok,) = address(app).call(abi.encodeWithSelector(app.upgradeToAndCall.selector, newImpl, data));
+        assert(!ok);
+    }
+
+    /// @dev `_upgradesDisabled` is slot 1, byte 0 in DstackApp's storage
+    ///      (confirmed via `forge inspect DstackApp storageLayout`; the OZ
+    ///      v5.4.0 parents use ERC-7201 namespaced storage and consume no
+    ///      sequential slots). Read it on the PROXY, which is where the
+    ///      delegatecalled implementation actually writes.
+    function _upgradesDisabledFlag(address proxy) internal view returns (bool) {
+        return uint256(vm.load(proxy, bytes32(uint256(1)))) & 0xff != 0;
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // INV-1 inductive STEP: from the disabled state, no single call to
+    // any of DstackApp's externally-callable state-changing functions —
+    // by any caller, with symbolic args — can flip `_upgradesDisabled`
+    // back to false.
+    //
+    // The call is issued directly against the PROXY (`address(app)`),
+    // so it delegatecalls into the implementation and mutates proxy
+    // storage; the assertion reads that same proxy slot. (An earlier
+    // attempt used Halmos invariant-mode auto-targeting, which was
+    // BROKEN: the fuzzer drove the *implementation* contract while the
+    // assertion read the *proxy*, so it passed vacuously and did not
+    // catch a permissionless flag-reset mutant. This formulation does
+    // catch that mutant — verified by mutation testing.)
+    //
+    // We enumerate the mutating surface with concrete selectors rather
+    // than fully-symbolic calldata: Halmos 0.3.3 raises NotConcreteError
+    // when a fully-symbolic calldata blob is decoded as a dynamic type,
+    // which would make the result inconclusive. The `which` selector is
+    // symbolic, so Halmos explores every branch; args are symbolic.
+    //
+    // Scope and residual gap: this proves the step from the *canonical*
+    // disabled state (fresh proxy + one disableUpgrades), not over an
+    // arbitrary disabled pre-state. Full inductive monotonicity would
+    // require symbolic storage (absent in Halmos 0.3.3). Combined with
+    // the source-level argument in docs/specification.md §4 (only two
+    // writers to the slot; the initializer path is closed by
+    // check_Initialize_OnceOnly), this is a strong but not complete
+    // mechanization. See spec §4 / §7.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_UpgradesDisabled_StepPreservation(
+        address caller,
+        uint256 which,
+        bytes32 word,
+        bool flag,
+        address addr
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        vm.prank(OWNER);
+        app.disableUpgrades();
+        assert(_upgradesDisabledFlag(address(app))); // base: flag is set
+
+        bytes memory data;
+        if (which == 0) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.addComposeHash.selector, word);
+        else if (which == 1) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.removeComposeHash.selector, word);
+        else if (which == 2) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.addDevice.selector, word);
+        else if (which == 3) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.removeDevice.selector, word);
+        else if (which == 4) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.setAllowAnyDevice.selector, flag);
+        else if (which == 5) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.setRequireTcbUpToDate.selector, flag);
+        else if (which == 6) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackApp.disableUpgrades.selector);
+        else if (which == 7) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(UUPSUpgradeable.upgradeToAndCall.selector, addr, "");
+        else if (which == 8) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(Ownable2StepUpgradeable.transferOwnership.selector, addr);
+        else if (which == 9) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(Ownable2StepUpgradeable.acceptOwnership.selector);
+        else if (which == 10) data = abi.encodeWithSelector(OwnableUpgradeable.renounceOwnership.selector);
+        else return; // outside the enumerated mutating surface
+
+        vm.prank(caller);
+        (bool ok,) = address(app).call(data);
+        ok; // success/revert both allowed; only the post-state matters
+
+        assert(_upgradesDisabledFlag(address(app))); // step: flag still set
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 5-arg legacy initializer leaves the new requireTcbUpToDate slot
+    // at zero regardless of the other inputs — proves the storage
+    // layout for the post-rebase field doesn't accidentally pick up
+    // garbage from any input combination.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_Initialize5Arg_DefaultsTcbToFalse(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool disableUpgrades,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 deviceId,
+        bytes32 composeHash
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        vm.assume(initialOwner != address(0));
+
+        DstackApp impl = new DstackApp();
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeWithSignature(
+            "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)",
+            initialOwner,
+            disableUpgrades,
+            allowAnyDevice,
+            deviceId,
+            composeHash
+        );
+        ERC1967Proxy proxy = new ERC1967Proxy(address(impl), initData);
+        DstackApp fresh = DstackApp(address(proxy));
+
+        assert(!fresh.requireTcbUpToDate());
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 6-arg initializer honors the TCB flag exactly for any inputs.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_Initialize6Arg_HonorsTcbFlag(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool flag,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 deviceId,
+        bytes32 composeHash
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        vm.assume(initialOwner != address(0));
+
+        DstackApp impl = new DstackApp();
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeWithSignature(
+            "initialize(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)",
+            initialOwner,
+            false,
+            flag,
+            allowAnyDevice,
+            deviceId,
+            composeHash
+        );
+        ERC1967Proxy proxy = new ERC1967Proxy(address(impl), initData);
+        DstackApp fresh = DstackApp(address(proxy));
+
+        assert(fresh.requireTcbUpToDate() == flag);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // INV-3: the proxy can be initialized at most once. setUp() runs
+    // the 5-arg overload successfully; this test proves both the
+    // 5-arg and 6-arg overloads revert for any inputs after that.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_Initialize_OnceOnly(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool disableUpgrades,
+        bool requireTcbUpToDate,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 deviceId,
+        bytes32 composeHash
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        bytes memory data5 = abi.encodeWithSignature(
+            "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)",
+            initialOwner,
+            disableUpgrades,
+            allowAnyDevice,
+            deviceId,
+            composeHash
+        );
+        (bool ok5,) = address(app).call(data5);
+        assert(!ok5);
+
+        bytes memory data6 = abi.encodeWithSignature(
+            "initialize(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)",
+            initialOwner,
+            disableUpgrades,
+            requireTcbUpToDate,
+            allowAnyDevice,
+            deviceId,
+            composeHash
+        );
+        (bool ok6,) = address(app).call(data6);
+        assert(!ok6);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackApp.t.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackApp.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ad8050e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackApp.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "../contracts/IAppAuth.sol";
+
+contract DstackAppTest is Test {
+    DstackApp public app;
+    address public owner;
+    address public user;
+
+    event ComposeHashAdded(bytes32 hash);
+    event ComposeHashRemoved(bytes32 hash);
+    event DeviceAdded(bytes32 deviceId);
+    event DeviceRemoved(bytes32 deviceId);
+    event AllowAnyDeviceSet(bool allowAnyDevice);
+    event RequireTcbUpToDateSet(bool requireUpToDate);
+
+    function setUp() public {
+        owner = makeAddr("owner");
+        user = makeAddr("user");
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy DstackApp proxy using OpenZeppelin plugin
+        address appProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+        app = DstackApp(appProxy);
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_Initialize() public view {
+        assertEq(app.owner(), owner);
+        assertFalse(app.allowAnyDevice());
+    }
+
+    function test_InitializeWithData() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(456));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy DstackApp proxy with initialization data using OpenZeppelin plugin
+        address testAppProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, true, deviceId, composeHash
+            )
+        );
+        DstackApp testApp = DstackApp(testAppProxy);
+
+        assertEq(testApp.owner(), owner);
+        assertTrue(testApp.allowAnyDevice());
+        assertTrue(testApp.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        assertTrue(testApp.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_AddComposeHash() public {
+        bytes32 hash = bytes32(uint256(123));
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit ComposeHashAdded(hash);
+
+        app.addComposeHash(hash);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(hash));
+    }
+
+    function test_RemoveComposeHash() public {
+        bytes32 hash = bytes32(uint256(123));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        app.addComposeHash(hash);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(hash));
+
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit ComposeHashRemoved(hash);
+
+        app.removeComposeHash(hash);
+        assertFalse(app.allowedComposeHashes(hash));
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_AddDevice() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(456));
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit DeviceAdded(deviceId);
+
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+    }
+
+    function test_RemoveDevice() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(456));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit DeviceRemoved(deviceId);
+
+        app.removeDevice(deviceId);
+        assertFalse(app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_SetAllowAnyDevice() public {
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit AllowAnyDeviceSet(true);
+
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(true);
+        assertTrue(app.allowAnyDevice());
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit AllowAnyDeviceSet(false);
+
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(false);
+        assertFalse(app.allowAnyDevice());
+    }
+
+    function test_OnlyOwnerFunctions() public {
+        bytes32 hash = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(456));
+
+        vm.startPrank(user);
+
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        app.addComposeHash(hash);
+
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        app.removeComposeHash(hash);
+
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        app.removeDevice(deviceId);
+
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(true);
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_IsAppAllowed() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(456));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        app.addComposeHash(composeHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(app),
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: bytes32(0),
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = app.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+
+        // Test with wrong device
+        bytes32 wrongDevice = bytes32(uint256(789));
+        bootInfo.deviceId = wrongDevice;
+        (allowed, reason) = app.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertFalse(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "Device not allowed");
+
+        // Test with allowAnyDevice = true
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(true);
+
+        (allowed, reason) = app.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+    }
+
+    function test_RejectUnallowedComposeHash() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 allowedHash = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        bytes32 unallowedHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        app.addComposeHash(allowedHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(app),
+            composeHash: unallowedHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: bytes32(0),
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = app.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertFalse(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "Compose hash not allowed");
+    }
+
+    function test_Version() public view {
+        assertEq(app.version(), 2);
+    }
+
+    function test_RequireTcbUpToDate_DefaultFalseAfter5ArgInit() public view {
+        // setUp used the legacy 5-arg initialize; the TCB slot must read zero.
+        assertFalse(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+    }
+
+    function test_SetRequireTcbUpToDate() public {
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit RequireTcbUpToDateSet(true);
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(true);
+        assertTrue(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit RequireTcbUpToDateSet(false);
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(false);
+        assertFalse(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+    }
+
+    function test_SetRequireTcbUpToDate_OnlyOwner() public {
+        vm.prank(user);
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(true);
+    }
+
+    function test_IsAppAllowed_RejectsOutdatedTcbWhenRequired() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(456));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        app.addComposeHash(composeHash);
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(true);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(app),
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: bytes32(0),
+            tcbStatus: "OutOfDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = app.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertFalse(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "TCB status is not up to date");
+
+        bootInfo.tcbStatus = "UpToDate";
+        (allowed, reason) = app.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+    }
+
+    function test_Initialize6Arg_RequireTcbUpToDateTrue() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(0xDEAD));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(0xBEEF));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        address proxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, true, true, deviceId, composeHash
+            )
+        );
+        DstackApp tcbApp = DstackApp(proxy);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        assertTrue(tcbApp.requireTcbUpToDate());
+        assertTrue(tcbApp.allowAnyDevice());
+        assertTrue(tcbApp.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        assertTrue(tcbApp.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(tcbApp),
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: bytes32(0),
+            tcbStatus: "OutOfDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = tcbApp.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertFalse(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "TCB status is not up to date");
+    }
+
+    function test_Initialize6Arg_RequireTcbUpToDateFalse() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        address proxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, false, true, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+        DstackApp plainApp = DstackApp(proxy);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        assertFalse(plainApp.requireTcbUpToDate());
+    }
+
+    function test_SupportsInterface() public view {
+        // Test IAppAuth interface
+        assertTrue(app.supportsInterface(0x1e079198));
+
+        // Test IAppAuthBasicManagement interface
+        assertTrue(app.supportsInterface(0x8fd37527));
+
+        // Test IERC165 interface
+        assertTrue(app.supportsInterface(0x01ffc9a7));
+
+        // Test invalid interface
+        assertFalse(app.supportsInterface(0x12345678));
+    }
+
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Two-step ownership (Ownable2StepUpgradeable). DstackApp inherits the
+    // same base as DstackKms; this confirms the App contract didn't
+    // accidentally shadow/override the two-step semantics. The KMS test
+    // suite covers the full matrix; here we assert the core safety
+    // property and a happy-path completion.
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function test_TransferOwnership_StagesPendingWithoutChangingOwner() public {
+        address newOwner = makeAddr("newOwner");
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        app.transferOwnership(newOwner);
+
+        assertEq(app.owner(), owner, "owner must not change on transferOwnership");
+        assertEq(app.pendingOwner(), newOwner, "pendingOwner must be staged");
+    }
+
+    function test_AcceptOwnership_CompletesTransfer() public {
+        address newOwner = makeAddr("newOwner");
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        app.transferOwnership(newOwner);
+        vm.prank(newOwner);
+        app.acceptOwnership();
+
+        assertEq(app.owner(), newOwner);
+        assertEq(app.pendingOwner(), address(0));
+
+        // owner-only authority follows the new owner
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address)", owner));
+        app.addComposeHash(bytes32(uint256(1)));
+
+        vm.prank(newOwner);
+        app.addComposeHash(bytes32(uint256(1)));
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(bytes32(uint256(1))));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackKms.symbolic.t.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackKms.symbolic.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..573aa8cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackKms.symbolic.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/ERC1967/ERC1967Proxy.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "../contracts/IAppAuth.sol";
+
+/// @notice Halmos symbolic tests for DstackKms.
+///
+/// Owner-only mutation tests are intentionally omitted — every write
+/// function uses OpenZeppelin's `onlyOwner` modifier; the spec
+/// (docs/specification.md §3) documents the precondition and trusts
+/// the OZ modifier. Proving each one symbolically is a fuzz test in
+/// symbolic clothing.
+///
+/// Run with `halmos --contract DstackKmsSymbolicTest`.
+
+/// @dev Mock app contract with a configurable `isAppAllowed` return.
+///      The constructor argument is the symbolic input we treat as
+///      "what a benign-shape registered app would return."
+contract MockConfigurableApp {
+    bool internal immutable _ret;
+
+    constructor(bool ret) {
+        _ret = ret;
+    }
+
+    function isAppAllowed(IAppAuth.AppBootInfo calldata) external view returns (bool, string memory) {
+        return (_ret, "");
+    }
+}
+
+/// @dev Mock app contract that always reverts on `isAppAllowed`. Used
+///      to verify that a malicious registered contract's revert
+///      propagates out of `kms.isAppAllowed` rather than being swallowed.
+contract MockRevertingApp {
+    function isAppAllowed(IAppAuth.AppBootInfo calldata) external pure returns (bool, string memory) {
+        revert("malicious app revert");
+    }
+}
+
+contract DstackKmsSymbolicTest is Test {
+    DstackKms internal kms;
+    DstackApp internal appImpl;
+    address internal constant OWNER = address(0xA11CE);
+
+    function setUp() public {
+        appImpl = new DstackApp();
+
+        DstackKms kmsImpl = new DstackKms();
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (OWNER, address(appImpl)));
+        ERC1967Proxy proxy = new ERC1967Proxy(address(kmsImpl), initData);
+        kms = DstackKms(address(proxy));
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // registerApp is intentionally permissionless. The Halmos run
+    // confirms any caller can register any non-zero address; zero is
+    // rejected. Authorization is gated downstream by the
+    // owner-controlled allowedOsImages whitelist and by the registered
+    // app's own isAppAllowed — see check_IsAppAllowed_* below.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_RegisterApp_AnyCallerCanRegisterNonZeroAddress(address caller, address appId) external {
+        vm.assume(appId != address(0));
+        vm.prank(caller);
+        kms.registerApp(appId);
+        assert(kms.registeredApps(appId));
+    }
+
+    function check_RegisterApp_RejectsZeroAddress(address caller) external {
+        vm.prank(caller);
+        (bool ok,) = address(kms).call(abi.encodeWithSelector(kms.registerApp.selector, address(0)));
+        assert(!ok);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // KMS.isAppAllowed short-circuits — symbolic bootInfo, in each
+    // case the gate that's not satisfied is the one that produces
+    // the (false, reason) return without delegating.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_IsAppAllowed_RejectsUnregisteredApp(IAppAuth.AppBootInfo calldata bootInfo) external view {
+        // No apps registered in setUp(), so any bootInfo.appId is rejected.
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assert(!allowed);
+        assert(keccak256(bytes(reason)) == keccak256(bytes("App not registered")));
+    }
+
+    function check_IsAppAllowed_RejectsUnknownOsImage(address appId, IAppAuth.AppBootInfo calldata bootInfo) external {
+        vm.assume(appId != address(0));
+
+        // Register the appId so the registration check passes.
+        vm.prank(OWNER);
+        kms.registerApp(appId);
+
+        // No OS image is in the allowlist, so any bootInfo.osImageHash rejects.
+        vm.assume(bootInfo.appId == appId);
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assert(!allowed);
+        assert(keccak256(bytes(reason)) == keccak256(bytes("OS image is not allowed")));
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // KMS.isAppAllowed delegation, benign-shape registered contract:
+    // when the registration and OS-image gates both pass, the outer
+    // call's boolean return equals the registered IAppAuth's return.
+    //
+    // The mock returns whatever bool is passed at construction (Halmos
+    // explores both branches). The empty-string reason and the absence
+    // of revert/OOG paths are *not* universally quantified — those are
+    // separate properties (next test for the revert case; OOG / short-
+    // returndata are out of scope and noted in docs/formal-verification.md).
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_IsAppAllowed_DelegatesFaithfully(bool mockReturn, bytes32 osImageHash) external {
+        MockConfigurableApp mock = new MockConfigurableApp(mockReturn);
+
+        vm.startPrank(OWNER);
+        kms.registerApp(address(mock));
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory b = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(mock),
+            composeHash: bytes32(0),
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: bytes32(0),
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool outerAllowed,) = kms.isAppAllowed(b);
+        assert(outerAllowed == mockReturn);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Revert propagation: if the registered IAppAuth reverts, the
+    // outer kms.isAppAllowed call also reverts. The KMS does not
+    // catch / mask the inner revert. (Spec §5.1.)
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_IsAppAllowed_PropagatesMockRevert(bytes32 osImageHash) external {
+        MockRevertingApp mock = new MockRevertingApp();
+
+        vm.startPrank(OWNER);
+        kms.registerApp(address(mock));
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory b = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(mock),
+            composeHash: bytes32(0),
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: bytes32(0),
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool ok,) = address(kms).call(abi.encodeWithSelector(kms.isAppAllowed.selector, b));
+        assert(!ok);
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // KMS.isKmsAllowed short-circuits — mirror of the isAppAllowed
+    // gate proofs above. Symbolic bootInfo; in each case the gate
+    // that isn't satisfied produces the (false, reason) return.
+    //
+    // We pre-set tcbStatus to "UpToDate" because the keccak-based
+    // string compare is byte-exact under collision resistance (see
+    // docs/specification.md §3.9); symbolic exploration of that
+    // branch via Halmos's uninterpreted-keccak is circular and
+    // omitted.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_IsKmsAllowed_RejectsUnknownMr(bytes32 osImageHash, bytes32 mrAggregated) external {
+        // Allow the OS image so the second gate passes; leave
+        // kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs empty.
+        vm.prank(OWNER);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory b = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(0),
+            composeHash: bytes32(0),
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: bytes32(0),
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isKmsAllowed(b);
+        assert(!allowed);
+        assert(keccak256(bytes(reason)) == keccak256(bytes("Aggregated MR not allowed")));
+    }
+
+    function check_IsKmsAllowed_RejectsUnknownDevice(
+        bytes32 osImageHash,
+        bytes32 mrAggregated,
+        bytes32 deviceId
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        vm.startPrank(OWNER);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+        // kmsAllowedDeviceIds is left empty.
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory b = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(0),
+            composeHash: bytes32(0),
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isKmsAllowed(b);
+        assert(!allowed);
+        assert(keccak256(bytes(reason)) == keccak256(bytes("KMS is not allowed to boot on this device")));
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // deployAndRegisterApp 6-arg post-state: when the factory call
+    // returns, the returned address is registered AND its proxy's
+    // owner / allowAnyDevice / requireTcbUpToDate match the supplied
+    // flags exactly. Renamed from a previous "_Atomic" name — true
+    // atomicity (no partial registration on revert) is an EVM-level
+    // guarantee, not a property worth re-proving.
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_DeployAndRegisterApp_PostState(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool requireTcbUpToDate,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        vm.assume(initialOwner != address(0));
+
+        vm.prank(OWNER);
+        address appId = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(
+            initialOwner, false, requireTcbUpToDate, allowAnyDevice, initialDeviceId, initialComposeHash
+        );
+
+        assert(kms.registeredApps(appId));
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).requireTcbUpToDate() == requireTcbUpToDate);
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).allowAnyDevice() == allowAnyDevice);
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).owner() == initialOwner);
+        // Spec §3.3: the conditional initial-state branches actually fire.
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).allowedDeviceIds(initialDeviceId) == (initialDeviceId != bytes32(0)));
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).allowedComposeHashes(initialComposeHash) == (initialComposeHash != bytes32(0)));
+    }
+
+    // Legacy 5-arg overload always defaults `requireTcbUpToDate` to false.
+    function check_DeployAndRegisterApp5Arg_DefaultsTcbToFalse(
+        address initialOwner,
+        bool allowAnyDevice,
+        bytes32 initialDeviceId,
+        bytes32 initialComposeHash
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        vm.assume(initialOwner != address(0));
+
+        vm.prank(OWNER);
+        address appId =
+            kms.deployAndRegisterApp(initialOwner, false, allowAnyDevice, initialDeviceId, initialComposeHash);
+
+        assert(kms.registeredApps(appId));
+        assert(!DstackApp(appId).requireTcbUpToDate());
+        // Spec §3.4: defers to 6-arg post-state, including the conditional branches.
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).allowedDeviceIds(initialDeviceId) == (initialDeviceId != bytes32(0)));
+        assert(DstackApp(appId).allowedComposeHashes(initialComposeHash) == (initialComposeHash != bytes32(0)));
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+    // INV-2 (owner integrity): none of DstackKms's OWN externally-
+    // callable functions can change `owner()`. Only the inherited
+    // Ownable2Step functions (transferOwnership + acceptOwnership) and
+    // renounceOwnership may change ownership; those are upstream-tested
+    // and excluded from the enumeration below. This proves the
+    // contract's own surface never writes the owner slot — e.g. via a
+    // storage collision or an accidental write — for any caller and
+    // any args.
+    //
+    // Issued directly against the PROXY so the call mutates proxy
+    // storage, with the owner read via the getter on the same proxy.
+    // (Same construction as the INV-1 step test in DstackApp; the
+    // earlier invariant-mode harness that drove the implementation
+    // instead of the proxy is deliberately avoided.)
+    //
+    // Scope: the step is anchored at the canonical post-init state
+    // (owner = OWNER, no pending owner). Full quantification over
+    // arbitrary pre-states needs symbolic storage (absent in Halmos
+    // 0.3.3). Validated by mutation testing — a function mutated to
+    // call `_transferOwnership(msg.sender)` is caught. See
+    // docs/specification.md §4 (INV-2).
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function check_Owner_NotChangedByKmsFunctions(
+        address caller,
+        uint256 which,
+        bytes32 word,
+        address addr,
+        bool flag
+    )
+        external
+    {
+        address ownerBefore = kms.owner();
+
+        bytes memory data;
+        if (which == 0) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.setGatewayAppId.selector, "");
+        } else if (which == 1) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.setAppImplementation.selector, addr);
+        } else if (which == 2) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.registerApp.selector, addr);
+        } else if (which == 3) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.addKmsAggregatedMr.selector, word);
+        } else if (which == 4) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.removeKmsAggregatedMr.selector, word);
+        } else if (which == 5) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.addKmsDevice.selector, word);
+        } else if (which == 6) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.removeKmsDevice.selector, word);
+        } else if (which == 7) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.addOsImageHash.selector, word);
+        } else if (which == 8) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.removeOsImageHash.selector, word);
+        } else if (which == 9) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(
+                bytes4(keccak256("deployAndRegisterApp(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)")),
+                addr,
+                flag,
+                flag,
+                flag,
+                word,
+                word
+            );
+        } else if (which == 10) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(
+                bytes4(keccak256("deployAndRegisterApp(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)")),
+                addr,
+                flag,
+                flag,
+                word,
+                word
+            );
+        } else if (which == 11) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.setKmsQuote.selector, "");
+        } else if (which == 12) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(DstackKms.setKmsEventlog.selector, "");
+        } else if (which == 13) {
+            data = abi.encodeWithSelector(UUPSUpgradeable.upgradeToAndCall.selector, addr, "");
+        } else {
+            return; // outside the enumerated KMS-own mutating surface
+        }
+
+        vm.prank(caller);
+        (bool ok,) = address(kms).call(data);
+        ok; // success/revert both allowed; only the owner-slot outcome matters
+
+        assert(kms.owner() == ownerBefore);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackKms.t.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackKms.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..899b2b7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/DstackKms.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "../contracts/IAppAuth.sol";
+
+contract DstackKmsTest is Test {
+    DstackKms public kms;
+    DstackApp public appImpl;
+    address public owner;
+    address public user;
+
+    event KmsInfoSet(bytes k256Pubkey);
+
+    event AppRegistered(address appId);
+
+    function setUp() public {
+        owner = makeAddr("owner");
+        user = makeAddr("user");
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy DstackApp implementation
+        appImpl = new DstackApp();
+
+        // Deploy DstackKms proxy using OpenZeppelin plugin
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+        kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_Initialize() public view {
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), owner);
+        assertEq(kms.appImplementation(), address(appImpl));
+    }
+
+    function test_SetKmsInfo() public {
+        bytes memory k256Pubkey = hex"123456";
+        bytes memory caPubkey = hex"789abc";
+        bytes memory quote = hex"defdef";
+        bytes memory eventlog = hex"abcabc";
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit KmsInfoSet(k256Pubkey);
+
+        kms.setKmsInfo(
+            DstackKms.KmsInfo({ k256Pubkey: k256Pubkey, caPubkey: caPubkey, quote: quote, eventlog: eventlog })
+        );
+
+        (bytes memory storedK256, bytes memory storedCa, bytes memory storedQuote, bytes memory storedEventlog) =
+            kms.kmsInfo();
+        assertEq(storedK256, k256Pubkey);
+        assertEq(storedCa, caPubkey);
+        assertEq(storedQuote, quote);
+        assertEq(storedEventlog, eventlog);
+    }
+
+    function test_SetKmsInfoOnlyOwner() public {
+        bytes memory k256Pubkey = hex"123456";
+        bytes memory caPubkey = hex"789abc";
+        bytes memory quote = hex"defdef";
+        bytes memory eventlog = hex"abcabc";
+
+        vm.prank(user);
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        kms.setKmsInfo(
+            DstackKms.KmsInfo({ k256Pubkey: k256Pubkey, caPubkey: caPubkey, quote: quote, eventlog: eventlog })
+        );
+    }
+
+    function test_AddKmsAggregatedMr() public {
+        bytes32 mr = bytes32(uint256(123));
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mr));
+    }
+
+    function test_RemoveKmsAggregatedMr() public {
+        bytes32 mr = bytes32(uint256(123));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mr));
+
+        kms.removeKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+        assertFalse(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mr));
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_RegisterApp() public {
+        // Deploy a test DstackApp using plugin
+        vm.startPrank(user);
+        address appProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", user, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit AppRegistered(appProxy);
+
+        kms.registerApp(appProxy);
+        assertTrue(kms.registeredApps(appProxy));
+    }
+
+    function test_DeployAndRegisterApp() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        address appId = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(user, false, false, deviceId, composeHash);
+
+        assertTrue(kms.registeredApps(appId));
+
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appId);
+        assertEq(app.owner(), user);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+    }
+
+    function test_SetGatewayAppId() public {
+        string memory gatewayAppId = "test-gateway-id";
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.setGatewayAppId(gatewayAppId);
+
+        assertEq(kms.gatewayAppId(), gatewayAppId);
+    }
+
+    function test_AddAndRemoveKmsDevice() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(999));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addKmsDevice(deviceId);
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+
+        kms.removeKmsDevice(deviceId);
+        assertFalse(kms.kmsAllowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_AddAndRemoveOsImageHash() public {
+        bytes32 imageHash = bytes32(uint256(888));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(imageHash);
+        assertTrue(kms.allowedOsImages(imageHash));
+
+        kms.removeOsImageHash(imageHash);
+        assertFalse(kms.allowedOsImages(imageHash));
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_SetKmsQuoteAndEventlog() public {
+        bytes memory newQuote = hex"deadbeef";
+        bytes memory newEventlog = hex"cafebabe";
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.setKmsQuote(newQuote);
+        kms.setKmsEventlog(newEventlog);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        (,, bytes memory storedQuote, bytes memory storedEventlog) = kms.kmsInfo();
+        assertEq(storedQuote, newQuote);
+        assertEq(storedEventlog, newEventlog);
+    }
+
+    function test_IsKmsAllowed() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        bytes32 osImageHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+
+        // Setup allowed values
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addKmsDevice(deviceId);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(0),
+            composeHash: bytes32(0),
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isKmsAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+    }
+
+    function test_IsKmsAllowed_RejectOutdatedTcb() public {
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        bytes32 osImageHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+
+        // Setup allowed values
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addKmsDevice(deviceId);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: address(0),
+            composeHash: bytes32(0),
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "Outdated", // This should fail
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isKmsAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertFalse(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "TCB status is not up to date");
+    }
+
+    function test_IsAppAllowed_CompleteFlow() public {
+        // Deploy a test app through the factory
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+        bytes32 osImageHash = bytes32(uint256(111));
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        address appId = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(user, false, false, deviceId, composeHash);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: appId,
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: bytes32(0),
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+    }
+
+    function test_SetAppImplementation() public {
+        DstackApp newImpl = new DstackApp();
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.setAppImplementation(address(newImpl));
+
+        assertEq(kms.appImplementation(), address(newImpl));
+    }
+
+    function test_SupportsInterface() public view {
+        // Test IAppAuth interface
+        assertTrue(kms.supportsInterface(0x1e079198));
+
+        // Test IERC165 interface
+        assertTrue(kms.supportsInterface(0x01ffc9a7));
+
+        // Test invalid interface
+        assertFalse(kms.supportsInterface(0x12345678));
+    }
+
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Two-step ownership (Ownable2StepUpgradeable)
+    //
+    // The migration switched DstackKms from single-step OwnableUpgradeable
+    // to Ownable2StepUpgradeable. These tests lock in the new behaviour so
+    // a future change back to single-step (which would re-introduce the
+    // typo-bricks-contract risk) breaks the suite.
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    function test_TransferOwnership_StagesPendingWithoutChangingOwner() public {
+        address newOwner = makeAddr("newOwner");
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.transferOwnership(newOwner);
+
+        // The key safety property: owner is NOT changed by transferOwnership.
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), owner, "owner must not change on transferOwnership");
+        assertEq(kms.pendingOwner(), newOwner, "pendingOwner must be staged");
+    }
+
+    function test_AcceptOwnership_CompletesTransfer() public {
+        address newOwner = makeAddr("newOwner");
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.transferOwnership(newOwner);
+
+        vm.prank(newOwner);
+        kms.acceptOwnership();
+
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), newOwner, "acceptOwnership must complete the transfer");
+        assertEq(kms.pendingOwner(), address(0), "pendingOwner must be cleared");
+    }
+
+    function test_TransferOwnership_OnlyOwner() public {
+        vm.prank(user);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address)", user));
+        kms.transferOwnership(user);
+    }
+
+    function test_AcceptOwnership_OnlyPendingOwner() public {
+        address newOwner = makeAddr("newOwner");
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.transferOwnership(newOwner);
+
+        // Anyone who is not the staged pending owner cannot accept.
+        vm.prank(user);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address)", user));
+        kms.acceptOwnership();
+
+        // ... and the original owner cannot accept on the pending owner's behalf.
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address)", owner));
+        kms.acceptOwnership();
+    }
+
+    function test_TransferOwnership_RetargetInvalidatesPriorPending() public {
+        address first = makeAddr("first");
+        address second = makeAddr("second");
+
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.transferOwnership(first);
+        kms.transferOwnership(second); // re-target before anyone accepts
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        assertEq(kms.pendingOwner(), second, "pendingOwner must be the latest target");
+
+        // The first (now-stale) target can no longer accept.
+        vm.prank(first);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address)", first));
+        kms.acceptOwnership();
+
+        // The current target can.
+        vm.prank(second);
+        kms.acceptOwnership();
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), second);
+    }
+
+    function test_OwnerOnlyFunctionsFollowOwnershipAfterTransfer() public {
+        address newOwner = makeAddr("newOwner");
+
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        kms.transferOwnership(newOwner);
+        vm.prank(newOwner);
+        kms.acceptOwnership();
+
+        bytes32 mr = bytes32(uint256(0xABCD));
+
+        // Old owner has lost authority.
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        vm.expectRevert(abi.encodeWithSignature("OwnableUnauthorizedAccount(address)", owner));
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+
+        // New owner has it.
+        vm.prank(newOwner);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mr));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/EventAudit.t.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/EventAudit.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9631b355a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/EventAudit.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+
+contract EventAuditTest is Test {
+    bytes32 private constant AUDIT_TOPIC = keccak256("PolicyChanged(address,bytes32,bytes32,bool)");
+
+    address private owner;
+    address private outsider;
+    DstackKms private kms;
+    DstackApp private app;
+
+    function setUp() public {
+        owner = makeAddr("audit-owner");
+        outsider = makeAddr("audit-outsider");
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        DstackApp appImplementation = new DstackApp();
+        kms = DstackKms(
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+                "DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImplementation)))
+            )
+        );
+        app = DstackApp(
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+                "DstackApp.sol",
+                abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                    "initialize(address,bool,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)",
+                    owner,
+                    false,
+                    false,
+                    false,
+                    bytes32(0),
+                    bytes32(0)
+                )
+            )
+        );
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_KmsPolicyEventsReconstructQueriedState() public {
+        bytes32 mr = keccak256("audit-mr");
+        bytes32 device = keccak256("audit-device");
+        bytes32 image = keccak256("audit-image");
+        string memory gateway = "audit-gateway";
+
+        vm.recordLogs();
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+        kms.addKmsDevice(device);
+        kms.addOsImageHash(image);
+        kms.setGatewayAppId(gateway);
+        kms.registerApp(address(app));
+        kms.removeKmsAggregatedMr(mr);
+        vm.stopPrank();
+        Vm.Log[] memory logs = vm.getRecordedLogs();
+
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "kms-aggregated-mr", mr, true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "kms-device", device, true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "os-image", image, true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "gateway-app-id", keccak256(bytes(gateway)), true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "registered-app", bytes32(uint256(uint160(address(app)))), true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "kms-aggregated-mr", mr, false);
+
+        assertFalse(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mr));
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedDeviceIds(device));
+        assertTrue(kms.allowedOsImages(image));
+        assertEq(kms.gatewayAppId(), gateway);
+        assertTrue(kms.registeredApps(address(app)));
+    }
+
+    function test_AppPolicyEventsReconstructQueriedState() public {
+        bytes32 composeHash = keccak256("audit-compose");
+        bytes32 device = keccak256("audit-app-device");
+
+        vm.recordLogs();
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        app.addComposeHash(composeHash);
+        app.addDevice(device);
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(true);
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(true);
+        app.removeDevice(device);
+        app.disableUpgrades();
+        vm.stopPrank();
+        Vm.Log[] memory logs = vm.getRecordedLogs();
+
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "compose-hash", composeHash, true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "device", device, true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "allow-any-device", bytes32(0), true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "require-tcb-up-to-date", bytes32(0), true);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "device", device, false);
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "upgrades-disabled", bytes32(0), true);
+
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+        assertFalse(app.allowedDeviceIds(device));
+        assertTrue(app.allowAnyDevice());
+        assertTrue(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+    }
+
+    function test_InvalidMutationEmitsNoAuditAndLeavesNoPartialState() public {
+        bytes32 image = keccak256("unauthorized-image");
+        vm.recordLogs();
+        vm.prank(outsider);
+        vm.expectRevert();
+        kms.addOsImageHash(image);
+        Vm.Log[] memory logs = vm.getRecordedLogs();
+        assertEq(_auditCount(logs), 0);
+        assertFalse(kms.allowedOsImages(image));
+    }
+
+    function test_ReorgDropsOrphanEventAndCanonicalEventRebuildsState() public {
+        bytes32 orphaned = keccak256("orphaned-compose");
+        bytes32 canonical = keccak256("canonical-compose");
+        uint256 snapshot = vm.snapshotState();
+
+        vm.recordLogs();
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        app.addComposeHash(orphaned);
+        Vm.Log[] memory orphanLogs = vm.getRecordedLogs();
+        _assertAudit(orphanLogs, owner, "compose-hash", orphaned, true);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(orphaned));
+
+        assertTrue(vm.revertToState(snapshot));
+        assertFalse(app.allowedComposeHashes(orphaned));
+
+        vm.recordLogs();
+        vm.prank(owner);
+        app.addComposeHash(canonical);
+        Vm.Log[] memory canonicalLogs = vm.getRecordedLogs();
+        _assertAudit(canonicalLogs, owner, "compose-hash", canonical, true);
+        assertEq(_auditCount(canonicalLogs), 1);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(canonical));
+        assertFalse(app.allowedComposeHashes(orphaned));
+    }
+
+    function test_UpgradeAuditIncludesActorAndImplementation() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+        DstackApp replacement = new DstackApp();
+        vm.recordLogs();
+        app.upgradeToAndCall(address(replacement), "");
+        Vm.Log[] memory logs = vm.getRecordedLogs();
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        _assertAudit(logs, owner, "implementation-upgrade", bytes32(uint256(uint160(address(replacement)))), true);
+        assertEq(Upgrades.getImplementationAddress(address(app)), address(replacement));
+    }
+
+    function _assertAudit(
+        Vm.Log[] memory logs,
+        address actor,
+        string memory policy,
+        bytes32 value,
+        bool enabled
+    )
+        private
+        pure
+    {
+        bytes32 actorTopic = bytes32(uint256(uint160(actor)));
+        bytes32 policyTopic = keccak256(bytes(policy));
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < logs.length; ++i) {
+            Vm.Log memory entry = logs[i];
+            if (
+                entry.topics.length == 4 && entry.topics[0] == AUDIT_TOPIC && entry.topics[1] == actorTopic
+                    && entry.topics[2] == policyTopic && entry.topics[3] == value
+                    && abi.decode(entry.data, (bool)) == enabled
+            ) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        revert("expected policy audit event not found");
+    }
+
+    function _auditCount(Vm.Log[] memory logs) private pure returns (uint256 count) {
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < logs.length; ++i) {
+            if (logs[i].topics.length == 4 && logs[i].topics[0] == AUDIT_TOPIC) ++count;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/UpgradesWithPlugin.t.sol b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/UpgradesWithPlugin.t.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0cb05013d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/test/UpgradesWithPlugin.t.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.24;
+
+import "forge-std/Test.sol";
+import "openzeppelin-foundry-upgrades/Upgrades.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackKms.sol";
+import "../contracts/DstackApp.sol";
+import "../contracts/IAppAuth.sol";
+import "../contracts/test-utils/DstackKmsV2.sol";
+import "../contracts/test-utils/DstackAppV2.sol";
+
+contract UpgradesWithPluginTest is Test {
+    address public owner;
+    address public user;
+
+    event RequireTcbUpToDateSet(bool requireUpToDate);
+
+    function attemptUpgrade(address proxy) external {
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(proxy, "contracts/test-utils/DstackAppV2.sol:DstackAppV2", "");
+    }
+
+    function attemptKmsUpgrade(address proxy) external {
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(proxy, "contracts/test-utils/DstackKmsV2.sol:DstackKmsV2", "");
+    }
+
+    function setUp() public {
+        owner = makeAddr("owner");
+        user = makeAddr("user");
+    }
+
+    function test_DeployUUPSProxy() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy DstackApp implementation first
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+
+        // Deploy KMS proxy using OpenZeppelin plugin
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+
+        DstackKms kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        // Verify initialization worked
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), owner);
+        assertEq(kms.appImplementation(), address(appImpl));
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_DeployAppUUPSProxy() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy App proxy using OpenZeppelin plugin
+        address appProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appProxy);
+
+        // Verify initialization worked
+        assertEq(app.owner(), owner);
+        assertFalse(app.allowAnyDevice());
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_UpgradeKmsProxy() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy initial proxy
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+
+        DstackKms kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        // Set some state to verify it's preserved
+        kms.setGatewayAppId("original-gateway");
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+
+        // Upgrade to new implementation using plugin
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(kmsProxy, "DstackKmsV2.sol", "");
+
+        // Verify state is preserved after upgrade
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), owner);
+        assertEq(kms.gatewayAppId(), "original-gateway");
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mrAggregated));
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_UpgradeAppProxy() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy initial proxy
+        address appProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appProxy);
+
+        // Set some state to verify it's preserved
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+        app.addDevice(deviceId);
+        app.addComposeHash(composeHash);
+        app.setAllowAnyDevice(true);
+
+        // Upgrade to new implementation using plugin
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(appProxy, "DstackAppV2.sol", "");
+
+        // Verify state is preserved after upgrade
+        assertEq(app.owner(), owner);
+        assertTrue(app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+        assertTrue(app.allowAnyDevice());
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_UpgradeWithInitialization() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy initial proxy
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+
+        DstackKms kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        // Upgrade with initialization data
+        bytes memory initData = abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.setGatewayAppId, ("upgraded-gateway-id"));
+
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(kmsProxy, "DstackKmsV2.sol", initData);
+
+        // Verify the initialization happened during upgrade
+        assertEq(kms.gatewayAppId(), "upgraded-gateway-id");
+        assertEq(kms.owner(), owner);
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_ValidationChecks() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy initial proxy
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+
+        // The OpenZeppelin plugin automatically validates:
+        // - Storage layout compatibility
+        // - Implementation contract safety
+        // - Proxy upgrade safety
+
+        // This should work fine since DstackKms is upgrade-safe
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(kmsProxy, "DstackKmsV2.sol", "");
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_CannotUpgradeWhenDisabled() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy app proxy
+        address appProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appProxy);
+
+        // Disable upgrades
+        app.disableUpgrades();
+
+        // Try to upgrade - should fail due to our custom _authorizeUpgrade logic
+        // Note: OpenZeppelin plugin may bypass UUPS authorization, so we test via try/catch
+        try this.attemptUpgrade(appProxy) {
+            assertTrue(false, "Upgrade should have failed when disabled");
+        } catch {
+            // Expected - upgrade should fail
+        }
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_OnlyOwnerCanUpgrade() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy initial proxy
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+
+        // Try to upgrade as non-owner
+        vm.startPrank(user);
+        try this.attemptKmsUpgrade(kmsProxy) {
+            assertTrue(false, "Upgrade should have failed for non-owner");
+        } catch {
+            // Expected - upgrade should fail for non-owner
+        }
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    // Simulates a proxy deployed before the TCB-toggle feature: 5-arg initializer
+    // leaves the new `requireTcbUpToDate` slot at zero. After upgrade, the flag
+    // must read false (no silent behavior change) and the owner must be able to
+    // opt in via setRequireTcbUpToDate.
+    function test_UpgradeFromOldInit_TcbDefaultsFalseAndCanBeEnabled() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        address appProxy = Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy(
+            "DstackApp.sol",
+            abi.encodeWithSignature(
+                "initialize(address,bool,bool,bytes32,bytes32)", owner, false, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0)
+            )
+        );
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appProxy);
+
+        // Pre-upgrade: slot is zero
+        assertFalse(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(appProxy, "DstackAppV2.sol", "");
+
+        // Post-upgrade: still zero — no silent behavior change for existing proxies
+        assertFalse(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+
+        // Owner can opt in
+        vm.expectEmit(true, true, true, true);
+        emit RequireTcbUpToDateSet(true);
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(true);
+        assertTrue(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+
+        // And opt back out
+        app.setRequireTcbUpToDate(false);
+        assertFalse(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    // KMS factory: 6-arg overload propagates the TCB flag through to the deployed app.
+    function test_FactoryDeploysAppWith6ArgInit_TcbEnforced() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+        DstackKms kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        bytes32 osImageHash = bytes32(uint256(0xA1));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(0xA2));
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = bytes32(uint256(0xA3));
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+
+        address appId = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(
+            owner,
+            false, // disableUpgrades
+            true, // requireTcbUpToDate
+            true, // allowAnyDevice
+            bytes32(0),
+            composeHash
+        );
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appId);
+
+        assertEq(app.version(), 2);
+        assertTrue(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+        assertTrue(app.allowAnyDevice());
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: appId,
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: bytes32(0),
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "OutOfDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertFalse(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "TCB status is not up to date");
+
+        bootInfo.tcbStatus = "UpToDate";
+        (allowed, reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    // KMS factory: legacy 5-arg overload defaults the TCB flag to false so old
+    // SDK callers (e.g. phala-cloud viem clients) keep working unchanged.
+    function test_FactoryDeploysAppWith5ArgInit_TcbDefaultsFalse() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+        DstackKms kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        bytes32 osImageHash = bytes32(uint256(0xB1));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(0xB2));
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = bytes32(uint256(0xB3));
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+
+        address appId = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(
+            owner,
+            false, // disableUpgrades
+            true, // allowAnyDevice
+            bytes32(0),
+            composeHash
+        );
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appId);
+
+        assertFalse(app.requireTcbUpToDate());
+
+        // Outdated TCB still allowed when flag is off
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: appId,
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: bytes32(0),
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "OutOfDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+
+    function test_ComplexUpgradeScenario() public {
+        vm.startPrank(owner);
+
+        // Deploy KMS with app implementation
+        DstackApp appImpl = new DstackApp();
+        address kmsProxy =
+            Upgrades.deployUUPSProxy("DstackKms.sol", abi.encodeCall(DstackKms.initialize, (owner, address(appImpl))));
+
+        DstackKms kms = DstackKms(kmsProxy);
+
+        // Deploy an app via the factory
+        bytes32 deviceId = bytes32(uint256(123));
+        bytes32 composeHash = bytes32(uint256(456));
+        address appId = kms.deployAndRegisterApp(
+            owner,
+            false, // Don't disable upgrades
+            false, // Don't allow any device
+            deviceId,
+            composeHash
+        );
+
+        DstackApp app = DstackApp(appId);
+
+        // Set up some complex state
+        bytes32 osImageHash = bytes32(uint256(789));
+        bytes32 mrAggregated = bytes32(uint256(101_112));
+
+        kms.addOsImageHash(osImageHash);
+        kms.addKmsAggregatedMr(mrAggregated);
+        kms.setGatewayAppId("complex-test-gateway");
+
+        // Upgrade both contracts
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(kmsProxy, "DstackKmsV2.sol", "");
+        Upgrades.upgradeProxy(appId, "DstackAppV2.sol", "");
+
+        // Verify everything still works after upgrades
+        assertTrue(kms.allowedOsImages(osImageHash));
+        assertTrue(kms.kmsAllowedAggregatedMrs(mrAggregated));
+        assertEq(kms.gatewayAppId(), "complex-test-gateway");
+        assertTrue(kms.registeredApps(appId));
+
+        assertTrue(app.allowedDeviceIds(deviceId));
+        assertTrue(app.allowedComposeHashes(composeHash));
+        assertEq(app.owner(), owner);
+
+        // Test the full flow still works
+        IAppAuth.AppBootInfo memory bootInfo = IAppAuth.AppBootInfo({
+            appId: appId,
+            composeHash: composeHash,
+            instanceId: address(0),
+            deviceId: deviceId,
+            mrAggregated: mrAggregated,
+            mrSystem: bytes32(0),
+            osImageHash: osImageHash,
+            tcbStatus: "UpToDate",
+            advisoryIds: new string[](0)
+        });
+
+        (bool allowed, string memory reason) = kms.isAppAllowed(bootInfo);
+        assertTrue(allowed);
+        assertEq(reason, "");
+
+        vm.stopPrank();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-eth/tsconfig.json b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc23863ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-eth/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2020",
+    "module": "commonjs",
+    "lib": [
+      "es2020"
+    ],
+    "strict": true,
+    "esModuleInterop": true,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "outDir": "./dist",
+    "rootDir": "./src",
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "types": [
+      "node",
+      "jest"
+    ],
+    "baseUrl": "."
+  },
+  "include": [
+    "src/**/*"
+  ],
+  "exclude": [
+    "node_modules"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/.oxlintrc.json b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/.oxlintrc.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7d7b8e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/.oxlintrc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oxc-project/oxc/main/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/schema.json",
+  "rules": {
+    "typescript": "warn",
+    "unicorn": "warn",
+    "react": "off",
+    "jsx-a11y": "off",
+    "nextjs": "off"
+  },
+  "env": {
+    "node": true,
+    "es2022": true
+  },
+  "globals": {
+    "globalThis": "readonly",
+    "console": "readonly"
+  },
+  "ignore_patterns": [
+    "node_modules/**",
+    "dist/**",
+    "build/**",
+    "coverage/**",
+    "*.min.js",
+    "*.d.ts",
+    "*.test.ts"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/Dockerfile b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75207418a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM oven/bun:1-alpine
+WORKDIR /app
+
+ARG DSTACK_REV
+ARG DSTACK_BRANCH=next
+
+RUN apk add --no-cache git
+RUN git clone --branch ${DSTACK_BRANCH} https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git && \
+    cd dstack && \
+    git checkout ${DSTACK_REV}
+WORKDIR /app/dstack/dstack/kms/auth-mock
+RUN bun install --frozen-lockfile
+CMD ["bun", "index.ts"]
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/README.md b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c26ed0e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# dstack KMS auth-mock
+
+a mock implementation of the dstack KMS backend using bun + hono + zod. **this backend always returns success for all authentication requests** and does not interact with any blockchain.
+
+## features
+
+- 🚀 fast and lightweight with bun runtime
+- 🔧 modern web framework with hono.js
+- ✅ type-safe validation with zod.js
+- 📦 single file implementation
+- 🎭 **mock behavior**: all authentications succeed
+- 🚫 **no blockchain interaction**: no dependencies on ethereum/contracts
+
+## use cases
+
+- 🧪 **development & testing**: test applications without blockchain setup
+- 🚀 **rapid prototyping**: quickly validate integration workflows
+- 🔍 **debugging**: isolate issues by removing blockchain dependencies
+- 📚 **demos**: showcase functionality without complex infrastructure
+
+## installation
+
+```bash
+# install dependencies
+bun install
+```
+
+## usage
+
+### development
+```bash
+# run with hot reload
+bun run dev
+```
+
+### production
+```bash
+# run directly
+bun run start
+
+# or build first
+bun run build
+```
+
+### testing
+```bash
+# run tests (watch mode)
+bun run test
+
+# run tests once
+bun run test:run
+```
+
+### code quality
+```bash
+# run linter
+bun run lint
+
+# run linter and fix issues
+bun run lint:fix
+
+# format code
+bun run format
+
+# run full check (lint + tests)
+bun run check
+```
+
+## environment variables
+
+- `PORT` - server port (default: 3000)
+- `MOCK_GATEWAY_APP_ID` - mock gateway app ID (default: 0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678)
+- `MOCK_CHAIN_ID` - mock blockchain chain ID (default: 1337)
+- `MOCK_APP_IMPLEMENTATION` - mock app implementation address (default: 0xmockapp9876543210987654321098765432109)
+
+## API endpoints
+
+### GET /
+health check and mock system information
+
+**response includes a `note` field indicating this is a mock backend**
+
+### POST /bootAuth/app
+application boot authentication - **always returns isAllowed=true**
+
+### POST /bootAuth/kms
+KMS boot authentication - **always returns isAllowed=true**
+
+## request format
+
+identical to the real backend:
+
+```json
+{
+  "mrAggregated": "string",
+  "osImageHash": "string",
+  "appId": "string",
+  "composeHash": "string",
+  "instanceId": "string",
+  "deviceId": "string",
+  "tcbStatus": "string (optional)",
+  "advisoryIds": ["string (optional)"],
+  "mrSystem": "string (optional)"
+}
+```
+
+## response format
+
+```json
+{
+  "isAllowed": true,
+  "reason": "mock app always allowed" | "mock KMS always allowed",
+  "gatewayAppId": "0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678"
+}
+```
+
+## mock behavior
+
+### ✅ always succeeds
+- all POST requests return `isAllowed: true`
+- no validation against blockchain
+- no actual security checks
+
+### 📝 logs requests
+- logs incoming requests with key identifiers
+- helps with debugging and monitoring
+
+### 🎯 consistent responses
+- predictable mock values for testing
+- same response format as real backend
+
+## API compatibility
+
+this implementation is fully API-compatible with the real backend:
+
+- **request/response schemas**: identical to production API
+- **OpenAPI specification**: available in `openapi.json`
+- **comprehensive testing**: vitest test suite validates behavior
+- **backward compatibility**: supports both minimal and full BootInfo formats
+
+### differences from real backend
+
+| aspect | real backend | mock backend |
+|--------|-------------|--------------|
+| blockchain interaction | ✅ calls smart contracts | ❌ no blockchain |
+| authentication logic | ✅ validates against chain | ❌ always allows |
+| security | ✅ enforces policies | ❌ bypasses all checks |
+| performance | 🐌 depends on network | 🚀 instant responses |
+| setup complexity | 🔧 requires ethereum setup | ✅ zero config |
+
+## warnings
+
+⚠️ **never use in production** - this backend bypasses all security checks
+
+⚠️ **development only** - intended for testing and development environments
+
+⚠️ **no security** - all requests are approved regardless of validity
+
+## transitioning to real backend
+
+to switch from mock to real backend:
+
+1. replace `kms/auth-mock` with `kms/auth-eth-bun`
+2. configure ethereum RPC endpoint
+3. deploy smart contracts
+4. update environment variables
+
+the API remains identical, so no client code changes are needed.
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/bun.lock b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/bun.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..35fa3ece6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/bun.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+{
+  "lockfileVersion": 1,
+  "configVersion": 0,
+  "workspaces": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "auth-mock",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@hono/zod-validator": "0.2.2",
+        "hono": "4.12.34",
+        "zod": "3.25.76",
+      },
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/bun": "1.2.18",
+        "@types/node": "22.10.8",
+        "@vitest/ui": "1.6.1",
+        "openapi-types": "12.1.3",
+        "oxlint": "0.9.10",
+        "typescript": "5.8.3",
+        "vitest": "4.1.0",
+      },
+    },
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+    "rolldown": ["rolldown@1.1.5", "", { "dependencies": { "@oxc-project/types": "=0.139.0", "@rolldown/pluginutils": "^1.0.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@rolldown/binding-android-arm64": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-darwin-arm64": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-darwin-x64": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-freebsd-x64": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-arm64-gnu": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-arm64-musl": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-ppc64-gnu": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-s390x-gnu": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-x64-gnu": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-linux-x64-musl": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-openharmony-arm64": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-wasm32-wasi": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-win32-arm64-msvc": "1.1.5", "@rolldown/binding-win32-x64-msvc": "1.1.5" }, "bin": { "rolldown": "./bin/cli.mjs" } }, "sha512-t9z29cJjXf/vxQ8dyhCSpt6H6aSwHTk8cT5I3iy6SMXuFpk5mB6PL6XfC8PCwrPTx93udwKUm9HRteAlTGBLiA=="],
+
+    "run-parallel": ["run-parallel@1.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "queue-microtask": "^1.2.2" } }, "sha512-5l4VyZR86LZ/lDxZTR6jqL8AFE2S0IFLMP26AbjsLVADxHdhB/c0GUsH+y39UfCi3dzz8OlQuPmnaJOMoDHQBA=="],
+
+    "siginfo": ["siginfo@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-ybx0WO1/8bSBLEWXZvEd7gMW3Sn3JFlW3TvX1nREbDLRNQNaeNN8WK0meBwPdAaOI7TtRRRJn/Es1zhrrCHu7g=="],
+
+    "sirv": ["sirv@2.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@polka/url": "^1.0.0-next.24", "mrmime": "^2.0.0", "totalist": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-94Bdh3cC2PKrbgSOUqTiGPWVZeSiXfKOVZNJniWoqrWrRkB1CJzBU3NEbiTsPcYy1lDsANA/THzS+9WBiy5nfQ=="],
+
+    "source-map-js": ["source-map-js@1.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-UXWMKhLOwVKb728IUtQPXxfYU+usdybtUrK/8uGE8CQMvrhOpwvzDBwj0QhSL7MQc7vIsISBG8VQ8+IDQxpfQA=="],
+
+    "stackback": ["stackback@0.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-1XMJE5fQo1jGH6Y/7ebnwPOBEkIEnT4QF32d5R1+VXdXveM0IBMJt8zfaxX1P3QhVwrYe+576+jkANtSS2mBbw=="],
+
+    "std-env": ["std-env@4.2.0", "", {}, "sha512-oCUKSupKTHX53EyjDtuZQ64pjLJ6yYCtpmEw0goYxtjG9KpbRe8KAsl2tBUGU9DyMcJ0RwJ8GqJAFzMXcXW1Rw=="],
+
+    "tinybench": ["tinybench@2.9.0", "", {}, "sha512-0+DUvqWMValLmha6lr4kD8iAMK1HzV0/aKnCtWb9v9641TnP/MFb7Pc2bxoxQjTXAErryXVgUOfv2YqNllqGeg=="],
+
+    "tinyexec": ["tinyexec@1.2.4", "", {}, "sha512-SHf/r48b7vOrjve9PxJo3MN5v5yuyjHvdUcrQffT3WXMUfnGmHDVbC4k3sHJaJTgZCwpUplIaAo5ANtMyp3YHg=="],
+
+    "tinyglobby": ["tinyglobby@0.2.17", "", { "dependencies": { "fdir": "^6.5.0", "picomatch": "^4.0.4" } }, "sha512-wXR/dYpcqKmfWpEdZjiKJOwCNFndD0DMnrW/cYjVGttEkBfVgcLFHoNrlj47mjOVic9yyNu65alsgF4NQyTa2g=="],
+
+    "tinyrainbow": ["tinyrainbow@3.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-Bf+ILmBgretUrdJxzXM0SgXLZ3XfiaUuOj/IKQHuTXip+05Xn+uyEYdVg0kYDipTBcLrCVyUzAPz7QmArb0mmw=="],
+
+    "to-regex-range": ["to-regex-range@5.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "is-number": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-65P7iz6X5yEr1cwcgvQxbbIw7Uk3gOy5dIdtZ4rDveLqhrdJP+Li/Hx6tyK0NEb+2GCyneCMJiGqrADCSNk8sQ=="],
+
+    "totalist": ["totalist@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-sf4i37nQ2LBx4m3wB74y+ubopq6W/dIzXg0FDGjsYnZHVa1Da8FH853wlL2gtUhg+xJXjfk3kUZS3BRoQeoQBQ=="],
+
+    "tslib": ["tslib@2.8.1", "", {}, "sha512-oJFu94HQb+KVduSUQL7wnpmqnfmLsOA/nAh6b6EH0wCEoK0/mPeXU6c3wKDV83MkOuHPRHtSXKKU99IBazS/2w=="],
+
+    "typescript": ["typescript@5.8.3", "", { "bin": { "tsc": "bin/tsc", "tsserver": "bin/tsserver" } }, "sha512-p1diW6TqL9L07nNxvRMM7hMMw4c5XOo/1ibL4aAIGmSAt9slTE1Xgw5KWuof2uTOvCg9BY7ZRi+GaF+7sfgPeQ=="],
+
+    "undici-types": ["undici-types@6.20.0", "", {}, "sha512-Ny6QZ2Nju20vw1SRHe3d9jVu6gJ+4e3+MMpqu7pqE5HT6WsTSlce++GQmK5UXS8mzV8DSYHrQH+Xrf2jVcuKNg=="],
+
+    "vite": ["vite@8.1.5", "", { "dependencies": { "lightningcss": "^1.32.0", "picomatch": "^4.0.5", "postcss": "^8.5.17", "rolldown": "~1.1.5", "tinyglobby": "^0.2.17" }, "optionalDependencies": { "fsevents": "~2.3.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "@types/node": "^20.19.0 || >=22.12.0", "@vitejs/devtools": "^0.3.0", "esbuild": "^0.27.0 || ^0.28.0", "jiti": ">=1.21.0", "less": "^4.0.0", "sass": "^1.70.0", "sass-embedded": "^1.70.0", "stylus": ">=0.54.8", "sugarss": "^5.0.0", "terser": "^5.16.0", "tsx": "^4.8.1", "yaml": "^2.4.2" }, "optionalPeers": ["@types/node", "@vitejs/devtools", "esbuild", "jiti", "less", "sass", "sass-embedded", "stylus", "sugarss", "terser", "tsx", "yaml"], "bin": { "vite": "bin/vite.js" } }, "sha512-7ULLwsCdYx/nRyrpiEwvqb5TFHrMVZyBt+rg/OAXT7rgj/z+DtTDyKFeLAdDkubDVDKD8jOsndmy7m55XcfUsw=="],
+
+    "vitest": ["vitest@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/expect": "4.1.0", "@vitest/mocker": "4.1.0", "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.0", "@vitest/runner": "4.1.0", "@vitest/snapshot": "4.1.0", "@vitest/spy": "4.1.0", "@vitest/utils": "4.1.0", "es-module-lexer": "^2.0.0", "expect-type": "^1.3.0", "magic-string": "^0.30.21", "obug": "^2.1.1", "pathe": "^2.0.3", "picomatch": "^4.0.3", "std-env": "^4.0.0-rc.1", "tinybench": "^2.9.0", "tinyexec": "^1.0.2", "tinyglobby": "^0.2.15", "tinyrainbow": "^3.0.3", "vite": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0-0", "why-is-node-running": "^2.3.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "@edge-runtime/vm": "*", "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0", "@types/node": "^20.0.0 || ^22.0.0 || >=24.0.0", "@vitest/browser-playwright": "4.1.0", "@vitest/browser-preview": "4.1.0", "@vitest/browser-webdriverio": "4.1.0", "@vitest/ui": "4.1.0", "happy-dom": "*", "jsdom": "*" }, "optionalPeers": ["@edge-runtime/vm", "@opentelemetry/api", "@types/node", "@vitest/browser-playwright", "@vitest/browser-preview", "@vitest/browser-webdriverio", "@vitest/ui", "happy-dom", "jsdom"], "bin": { "vitest": "vitest.mjs" } }, "sha512-YbDrMF9jM2Lqc++2530UourxZHmkKLxrs4+mYhEwqWS97WJ7wOYEkcr+QfRgJ3PW9wz3odRijLZjHEaRLTNbqw=="],
+
+    "why-is-node-running": ["why-is-node-running@2.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "siginfo": "^2.0.0", "stackback": "0.0.2" }, "bin": { "why-is-node-running": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-hUrmaWBdVDcxvYqnyh09zunKzROWjbZTiNy8dBEjkS7ehEDQibXJ7XvlmtbwuTclUiIyN+CyXQD4Vmko8fNm8w=="],
+
+    "zod": ["zod@3.25.76", "", {}, "sha512-gzUt/qt81nXsFGKIFcC3YnfEAx5NkunCfnDlvuBSSFS02bcXu4Lmea0AFIUwbLWxWPx3d9p8S5QoaujKcNQxcQ=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.0", "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0", "tinyrainbow": "^3.0.3" } }, "sha512-XfPXT6a8TZY3dcGY8EdwsBulFCIw+BeeX0RZn2x/BtiY/75YGh8FeWGG8QISN/WhaqSrE2OrlDgtF8q5uhOTmw=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.0", "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0", "tinyrainbow": "^3.0.3" } }, "sha512-XfPXT6a8TZY3dcGY8EdwsBulFCIw+BeeX0RZn2x/BtiY/75YGh8FeWGG8QISN/WhaqSrE2OrlDgtF8q5uhOTmw=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "@vitest/snapshot/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.0", "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0", "tinyrainbow": "^3.0.3" } }, "sha512-XfPXT6a8TZY3dcGY8EdwsBulFCIw+BeeX0RZn2x/BtiY/75YGh8FeWGG8QISN/WhaqSrE2OrlDgtF8q5uhOTmw=="],
+
+    "@vitest/snapshot/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "bun-types/@types/node": ["@types/node@24.0.14", "", { "dependencies": { "undici-types": "~7.8.0" } }, "sha512-4zXMWD91vBLGRtHK3YbIoFMia+1nqEz72coM42C5ETjnNCa/heoj7NT1G67iAfOqMmcfhuCZ4uNpyz8EjlAejw=="],
+
+    "micromatch/picomatch": ["picomatch@2.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-JU3teHTNjmE2VCGFzuY8EXzCDVwEqB2a8fsIvwaStHhAWJEeVd1o1QD80CU6+ZdEXXSLbSsuLwJjkCBWqRQUVA=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@4.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.0", "convert-source-map": "^2.0.0", "tinyrainbow": "^3.0.3" } }, "sha512-XfPXT6a8TZY3dcGY8EdwsBulFCIw+BeeX0RZn2x/BtiY/75YGh8FeWGG8QISN/WhaqSrE2OrlDgtF8q5uhOTmw=="],
+
+    "vitest/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "bun-types/@types/node/undici-types": ["undici-types@7.8.0", "", {}, "sha512-9UJ2xGDvQ43tYyVMpuHlsgApydB8ZKfVYTsLDhXkFL/6gfkp+U8xTGdh8pMJv1SpZna0zxG1DwsKZsreLbXBxw=="],
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/index.test.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98521ec61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll, beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import openApiSpec from './openapi.json';
+
+// Dynamic import
+let appFetch: any;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  // Set environment variables for testing
+  process.env.KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR = '0xmockcontract1234567890123456789012345678';
+  process.env.PORT = '3002';
+
+  // Import the app
+  const indexModule = await import('./index.ts');
+  appFetch = indexModule.default.fetch;
+});
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  // Reset console spy before each test
+  vi.clearAllMocks();
+});
+
+describe('Mock Backend Tests', () => {
+  describe('GET /', () => {
+    it('should return mock system info', async () => {
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/'));
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        status: 'ok',
+        kmsContractAddr: expect.any(String),
+        gatewayAppId: expect.any(String),
+        chainId: expect.any(Number),
+        appAuthImplementation: expect.any(String),
+        appImplementation: expect.any(String),
+        note: 'this is a mock backend - all authentications will succeed'
+      });
+
+      // Verify mock values (using same defaults as implementation)
+      expect(data.gatewayAppId).toBe(process.env.MOCK_GATEWAY_APP_ID || '0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678');
+      expect(data.chainId).toBe(parseInt(process.env.MOCK_CHAIN_ID || '1337'));
+      expect(data.appImplementation).toBe(process.env.MOCK_APP_IMPLEMENTATION || '0xmockapp9876543210987654321098765432109');
+
+      // Verify response structure matches OpenAPI spec
+      const systemInfoSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.MockSystemInfo;
+      const requiredFields = systemInfoSchema.required;
+
+      requiredFields.forEach(field => {
+        expect(data).toHaveProperty(field);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/app', () => {
+    const validBootInfo = {
+      mrAggregated: '0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234',
+      osImageHash: '0xabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd',
+      appId: '0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111',
+      composeHash: '0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222',
+      instanceId: '0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+      deviceId: '0x4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444',
+    };
+
+    it('should always return success for app auth', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        isAllowed: true,
+        reason: 'mock app always allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: process.env.MOCK_GATEWAY_APP_ID || '0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678',
+      });
+
+      // Verify console log was called
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('mock app boot auth request:', {
+        appId: validBootInfo.appId,
+        instanceId: validBootInfo.instanceId,
+        note: 'always returning success'
+      });
+
+      // Verify response matches OpenAPI spec
+      const bootResponseSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.BootResponse;
+      const requiredFields = bootResponseSchema.required;
+
+      requiredFields.forEach(field => {
+        expect(data).toHaveProperty(field);
+      });
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should handle full BootInfo with optional fields', async () => {
+      const fullBootInfo = {
+        ...validBootInfo,
+        tcbStatus: 'OK',
+        advisoryIds: ['INTEL-SA-00123'],
+        mrSystem: '0x5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555',
+      };
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(fullBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(data.reason).toBe('mock app always allowed');
+    });
+
+    it('should reject invalid request body', async () => {
+      const invalidBootInfo = {
+        mrAggregated: '0x1234', // missing required fields
+      };
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(invalidBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(400);
+    });
+
+    it('should return success even with minimal data', async () => {
+      const minimalBootInfo = {
+        mrAggregated: 'minimal',
+        osImageHash: 'minimal',
+        appId: 'minimal',
+        composeHash: 'minimal',
+        instanceId: 'minimal',
+        deviceId: 'minimal',
+      };
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(minimalBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(data.reason).toBe('mock app always allowed');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/kms', () => {
+    const validBootInfo = {
+      mrAggregated: '0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234',
+      osImageHash: '0xabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcdefabcd',
+      appId: '0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111',
+      composeHash: '0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222',
+      instanceId: '0x3333333333333333333333333333333333333333',
+      deviceId: '0x4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444',
+    };
+
+    it('should always return success for KMS auth', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'log').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data).toMatchObject({
+        isAllowed: true,
+        reason: 'mock KMS always allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: process.env.MOCK_GATEWAY_APP_ID || '0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678',
+      });
+
+      // Verify console log was called
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('mock KMS boot auth request:', {
+        appId: validBootInfo.appId,
+        instanceId: validBootInfo.instanceId,
+        note: 'always returning success'
+      });
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+
+    it('should handle different request patterns', async () => {
+      const randomBootInfo = {
+        mrAggregated: 'random-mr-value',
+        osImageHash: 'random-os-hash',
+        appId: 'random-app-id',
+        composeHash: 'random-compose-hash',
+        instanceId: 'random-instance-id',
+        deviceId: 'random-device-id',
+        tcbStatus: 'FAIL', // even with fail status
+        advisoryIds: ['CRITICAL-ADVISORY'],
+      };
+
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(randomBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(true); // Always true in mock
+      expect(data.reason).toBe('mock KMS always allowed');
+    });
+
+    it('should handle "Test backend error" appropriately', async () => {
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {});
+
+      // This shouldn't actually throw an error in mock backend, but test the error handling path
+      const response = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(validBootInfo),
+      }));
+
+      const data = await response.json();
+
+      expect(response.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(data.isAllowed).toBe(true); // Still success in mock
+
+      // Verify console.error was not called (no errors in mock)
+      expect(consoleSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore();
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('API Schema Compatibility', () => {
+  it('should match BootInfo schema requirements', () => {
+    const bootInfoSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.BootInfo;
+
+    // Required fields should match original schema
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.required).toEqual([
+      'mrAggregated',
+      'osImageHash',
+      'appId',
+      'composeHash',
+      'instanceId',
+      'deviceId'
+    ]);
+
+    // Optional fields should be present for full compatibility
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.properties).toHaveProperty('tcbStatus');
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.properties).toHaveProperty('advisoryIds');
+    expect(bootInfoSchema.properties).toHaveProperty('mrSystem');
+  });
+
+  it('should match BootResponse schema requirements', () => {
+    const bootResponseSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.BootResponse;
+
+    expect(bootResponseSchema.required).toEqual([
+      'isAllowed',
+      'reason',
+      'gatewayAppId'
+    ]);
+
+    // Verify mock-specific examples
+    expect(bootResponseSchema.properties.isAllowed.example).toBe(true);
+    expect(bootResponseSchema.properties.reason.example).toBe('mock app always allowed');
+  });
+
+  it('should match MockSystemInfo schema requirements', () => {
+    const systemInfoSchema = openApiSpec.components.schemas.MockSystemInfo;
+
+    expect(systemInfoSchema.required).toEqual([
+      'status',
+      'kmsContractAddr',
+      'gatewayAppId',
+      'chainId',
+      'appAuthImplementation',
+      'appImplementation',
+      'note'
+    ]);
+
+    // Verify the note field is required (unique to mock)
+    expect(systemInfoSchema.properties.note.example).toBe('this is a mock backend - all authentications will succeed');
+  });
+});
+
+describe('Mock Behavior Verification', () => {
+  it('should always return success regardless of input validity', async () => {
+    // Test with completely bogus data
+    const bogusBootInfo = {
+      mrAggregated: 'invalid-data',
+      osImageHash: 'also-invalid',
+      appId: 'not-a-real-address',
+      composeHash: 'fake-hash',
+      instanceId: 'fake-instance',
+      deviceId: 'fake-device',
+      tcbStatus: 'COMPROMISED', // even compromised status
+      advisoryIds: ['CRITICAL-001', 'CRITICAL-002'],
+    };
+
+    const appResponse = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/app', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(bogusBootInfo),
+    }));
+
+    const kmsResponse = await appFetch(new Request('http://localhost:3002/bootAuth/kms', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(bogusBootInfo),
+    }));
+
+    const appData = await appResponse.json();
+    const kmsData = await kmsResponse.json();
+
+    // Both should return success
+    expect(appData.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(kmsData.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    expect(appData.reason).toBe('mock app always allowed');
+    expect(kmsData.reason).toBe('mock KMS always allowed');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/index.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f53d4bbd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { Hono } from 'hono';
+import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
+  throw new Error('auth-mock must not run with NODE_ENV=production');
+}
+
+// zod schemas for validation - compatible with original fastify implementation
+const BootInfoSchema = z.object({
+  // required fields (matching original fastify schema)
+  mrAggregated: z.string().describe('aggregated MR measurement'),
+  osImageHash: z.string().describe('OS Image hash'),
+  appId: z.string().describe('application ID'),
+  composeHash: z.string().describe('compose hash'),
+  instanceId: z.string().describe('instance ID'),
+  deviceId: z.string().describe('device ID'),
+  // optional fields (for full compatibility with BootInfo interface)
+  tcbStatus: z.string().optional().default(''),
+  advisoryIds: z.array(z.string()).optional().default([]),
+  mrSystem: z.string().optional().default('')
+});
+
+const BootResponseSchema = z.object({
+  isAllowed: z.boolean(),
+  reason: z.string(),
+  gatewayAppId: z.string()
+});
+
+type BootInfo = z.infer<typeof BootInfoSchema>;
+type BootResponse = z.infer<typeof BootResponseSchema>;
+
+// authorization policy - configurable via environment variables
+// MOCK_POLICY: "allow-all" (default), "deny-kms", "deny-app", "deny-all",
+//              "allowlist-device", "allowlist-mr"
+// MOCK_ALLOWED_DEVICE_IDS: comma-separated device IDs (for allowlist-device policy)
+// MOCK_ALLOWED_MR_AGGREGATED: comma-separated MR aggregated values (for allowlist-mr policy)
+
+type MockPolicy = 'allow-all' | 'deny-kms' | 'deny-app' | 'deny-all' | 'allowlist-device' | 'allowlist-mr';
+
+function getPolicy(): MockPolicy {
+  const policy = process.env.MOCK_POLICY || 'allow-all';
+  const valid: MockPolicy[] = ['allow-all', 'deny-kms', 'deny-app', 'deny-all', 'allowlist-device', 'allowlist-mr'];
+  if (!valid.includes(policy as MockPolicy)) {
+    console.warn(`unknown MOCK_POLICY "${policy}", falling back to allow-all`);
+    return 'allow-all';
+  }
+  return policy as MockPolicy;
+}
+
+function parseList(envVar: string): Set<string> {
+  const raw = process.env[envVar] || '';
+  return new Set(raw.split(',').map(s => s.trim().toLowerCase()).filter(Boolean));
+}
+
+// mock backend class - no blockchain interaction
+class MockBackend {
+  private mockGatewayAppId: string;
+  private mockChainId: number;
+  private mockAppImplementation: string;
+
+  constructor() {
+    // mock values - configurable via environment variables
+    this.mockGatewayAppId = process.env.MOCK_GATEWAY_APP_ID || '0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678';
+    this.mockChainId = parseInt(process.env.MOCK_CHAIN_ID || '1337');
+    this.mockAppImplementation = process.env.MOCK_APP_IMPLEMENTATION || '0xmockapp9876543210987654321098765432109';
+  }
+
+  async checkBoot(bootInfo: BootInfo, isKms: boolean): Promise<BootResponse> {
+    const policy = getPolicy();
+    const deny = (reason: string): BootResponse => ({
+      isAllowed: false,
+      reason,
+      gatewayAppId: '',
+    });
+    const allow = (reason: string): BootResponse => ({
+      isAllowed: true,
+      reason,
+      gatewayAppId: this.mockGatewayAppId,
+    });
+
+    switch (policy) {
+      case 'deny-all':
+        return deny(`mock policy: deny-all`);
+      case 'deny-kms':
+        if (isKms) return deny(`mock policy: deny-kms`);
+        return allow('mock app allowed (deny-kms policy)');
+      case 'deny-app':
+        if (!isKms) return deny(`mock policy: deny-app`);
+        return allow('mock KMS allowed (deny-app policy)');
+      case 'allowlist-device': {
+        const allowed = parseList('MOCK_ALLOWED_DEVICE_IDS');
+        const deviceId = bootInfo.deviceId.toLowerCase().replace(/^0x/, '');
+        if (allowed.size === 0) return deny('mock policy: allowlist-device with empty list');
+        if (!allowed.has(deviceId)) return deny(`mock policy: device ${bootInfo.deviceId} not in allowlist`);
+        return allow(`mock policy: device ${bootInfo.deviceId} allowed`);
+      }
+      case 'allowlist-mr': {
+        const allowed = parseList('MOCK_ALLOWED_MR_AGGREGATED');
+        const mr = bootInfo.mrAggregated.toLowerCase().replace(/^0x/, '');
+        if (allowed.size === 0) return deny('mock policy: allowlist-mr with empty list');
+        if (!allowed.has(mr)) return deny(`mock policy: mrAggregated ${bootInfo.mrAggregated} not in allowlist`);
+        return allow(`mock policy: mrAggregated ${bootInfo.mrAggregated} allowed`);
+      }
+      case 'allow-all':
+      default:
+        return allow(isKms ? 'mock KMS always allowed' : 'mock app always allowed');
+    }
+  }
+
+  async getGatewayAppId(): Promise<string> {
+    return this.mockGatewayAppId;
+  }
+
+  async getChainId(): Promise<number> {
+    return this.mockChainId;
+  }
+
+  async getAppImplementation(): Promise<string> {
+    return this.mockAppImplementation;
+  }
+}
+
+// initialize app
+const app = new Hono();
+
+// initialize mock backend
+const mockBackend = new MockBackend();
+
+// health check and info endpoint
+app.get('/', async (c) => {
+  try {
+    const batch = await Promise.all([
+      mockBackend.getGatewayAppId(),
+      mockBackend.getChainId(),
+      mockBackend.getAppImplementation(),
+    ]);
+
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'ok',
+      kmsContractAddr: process.env.KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR || '0xmockcontract1234567890123456789012345678',
+      ethRpcUrl: process.env.ETH_RPC_URL || '',
+      gatewayAppId: batch[0],
+      chainId: batch[1],
+      appAuthImplementation: batch[2], // NOTE: for backward compatibility
+      appImplementation: batch[2],
+      note: 'this is a mock backend - all authentications will succeed'
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('error in health check:', error);
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'error',
+      message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    }, 500);
+  }
+});
+
+// app boot authentication
+app.post('/bootAuth/app',
+  zValidator('json', BootInfoSchema),
+  async (c) => {
+    try {
+      const bootInfo = c.req.valid('json');
+      console.log('mock app boot auth request:', {
+        appId: bootInfo.appId,
+        instanceId: bootInfo.instanceId,
+        note: 'always returning success'
+      });
+
+      const result = await mockBackend.checkBoot(bootInfo, false);
+      return c.json(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('error in app boot auth:', error);
+      return c.json({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+      });
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// KMS boot authentication
+app.post('/bootAuth/kms',
+  zValidator('json', BootInfoSchema),
+  async (c) => {
+    try {
+      const bootInfo = c.req.valid('json');
+      console.log('mock KMS boot auth request:', {
+        appId: bootInfo.appId,
+        instanceId: bootInfo.instanceId,
+        note: 'always returning success'
+      });
+
+      const result = await mockBackend.checkBoot(bootInfo, true);
+      return c.json(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      // don't log test backend errors (keeping compatibility with original)
+      if (!(error instanceof Error && "Test backend error" === error.message)) {
+        console.error('error in KMS boot auth:', error);
+      }
+      return c.json({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+      });
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// start server
+const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT || '3000');
+const policy = getPolicy();
+console.log(`starting mock auth server on port ${port} (policy: ${policy})`);
+
+export default {
+  port,
+  fetch: app.fetch,
+};
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/openapi.json b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/openapi.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1689308d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/openapi.json
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+{
+  "openapi": "3.0.0",
+  "info": {
+    "title": "dstack KMS Mock Backend API",
+    "description": "Mock API for dstack KMS backend - all authentications will succeed (no blockchain interaction)",
+    "version": "1.0.0"
+  },
+  "servers": [
+    {
+      "url": "http://localhost:3000",
+      "description": "Development server"
+    }
+  ],
+  "paths": {
+    "/": {
+      "get": {
+        "summary": "Health check and system information",
+        "description": "Returns mock system status and configuration information",
+        "operationId": "getSystemInfo",
+        "responses": {
+          "200": {
+            "description": "Mock system information",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/MockSystemInfo"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          },
+          "500": {
+            "description": "Internal server error",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/Error"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "/bootAuth/app": {
+      "post": {
+        "summary": "Application boot authentication (mock - always succeeds)",
+        "description": "Mock validation that always allows application boot",
+        "operationId": "authenticateAppBoot",
+        "requestBody": {
+          "required": true,
+          "content": {
+            "application/json": {
+              "schema": {
+                "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootInfo"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "responses": {
+          "200": {
+            "description": "Authentication result (always success in mock)",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootResponse"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "/bootAuth/kms": {
+      "post": {
+        "summary": "KMS boot authentication (mock - always succeeds)",
+        "description": "Mock validation that always allows KMS boot",
+        "operationId": "authenticateKmsBoot",
+        "requestBody": {
+          "required": true,
+          "content": {
+            "application/json": {
+              "schema": {
+                "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootInfo"
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "responses": {
+          "200": {
+            "description": "Authentication result (always success in mock)",
+            "content": {
+              "application/json": {
+                "schema": {
+                  "$ref": "#/components/schemas/BootResponse"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "components": {
+    "schemas": {
+      "BootInfo": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "mrAggregated",
+          "osImageHash",
+          "appId",
+          "composeHash",
+          "instanceId",
+          "deviceId"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "mrAggregated": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Aggregated MR measurement"
+          },
+          "osImageHash": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "OS Image hash"
+          },
+          "appId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Application ID"
+          },
+          "composeHash": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Compose hash"
+          },
+          "instanceId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Instance ID"
+          },
+          "deviceId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Device ID"
+          },
+          "tcbStatus": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "TCB status (optional for compatibility)"
+          },
+          "advisoryIds": {
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            "description": "Advisory IDs (optional for compatibility)"
+          },
+          "mrSystem": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "MR System measurement (optional for compatibility)"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "BootResponse": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "isAllowed",
+          "reason",
+          "gatewayAppId"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "isAllowed": {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "Whether the boot is allowed (always true in mock)",
+            "example": true
+          },
+          "reason": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Reason for the decision",
+            "example": "mock app always allowed"
+          },
+          "gatewayAppId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Mock gateway application ID",
+            "example": "0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "MockSystemInfo": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "status",
+          "kmsContractAddr",
+          "gatewayAppId",
+          "chainId",
+          "appAuthImplementation",
+          "appImplementation",
+          "note"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "status": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": ["ok"],
+            "description": "System status"
+          },
+          "kmsContractAddr": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Mock KMS contract address",
+            "example": "0xmockcontract1234567890123456789012345678"
+          },
+          "gatewayAppId": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Mock gateway application ID",
+            "example": "0xmockgateway1234567890123456789012345678"
+          },
+          "chainId": {
+            "type": "number",
+            "description": "Mock blockchain chain ID",
+            "example": 1337
+          },
+          "appAuthImplementation": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Mock app auth implementation address (deprecated, use appImplementation)",
+            "example": "0xmockapp9876543210987654321098765432109"
+          },
+          "appImplementation": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Mock app implementation address",
+            "example": "0xmockapp9876543210987654321098765432109"
+          },
+          "note": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Note about mock backend behavior",
+            "example": "this is a mock backend - all authentications will succeed"
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      "Error": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "required": [
+          "status",
+          "message"
+        ],
+        "properties": {
+          "status": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": ["error"]
+          },
+          "message": {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Error message"
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/package.json b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0fcbeb70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "name": "auth-mock",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "dstack KMS mock backend with bun + hono + zod",
+  "main": "index.ts",
+  "scripts": {
+    "dev": "bun run --watch index.ts",
+    "start": "bun run index.ts",
+    "build": "bun build index.ts --outdir ./dist --target bun",
+    "test": "vitest",
+    "test:run": "vitest run",
+    "lint": "oxlint .",
+    "lint:fix": "oxlint --fix .",
+    "fmt": "oxlint --fix .",
+    "check": "bun run lint && bun run test:run"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "hono": "4.12.34",
+    "@hono/zod-validator": "0.2.2",
+    "zod": "3.25.76"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/bun": "1.2.18",
+    "@types/node": "22.10.8",
+    "@vitest/ui": "1.6.1",
+    "openapi-types": "12.1.3",
+    "oxlint": "0.9.10",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "vitest": "4.1.0"
+  },
+  "type": "module"
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-mock/vitest.config.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/vitest.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17597daca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-mock/vitest.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  test: {
+    globals: true,
+    environment: 'node',
+  },
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/.oxlintrc.json b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/.oxlintrc.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7d7b8e35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/.oxlintrc.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oxc-project/oxc/main/crates/oxc_linter/src/config/schema.json",
+  "rules": {
+    "typescript": "warn",
+    "unicorn": "warn",
+    "react": "off",
+    "jsx-a11y": "off",
+    "nextjs": "off"
+  },
+  "env": {
+    "node": true,
+    "es2022": true
+  },
+  "globals": {
+    "globalThis": "readonly",
+    "console": "readonly"
+  },
+  "ignore_patterns": [
+    "node_modules/**",
+    "dist/**",
+    "build/**",
+    "coverage/**",
+    "*.min.js",
+    "*.d.ts",
+    "*.test.ts"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/README.md b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6857122d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+# dstack auth-simple
+
+A config-based auth server for dstack KMS webhook authorization. Validates boot requests against a JSON configuration file.
+
+## When to Use
+
+| Auth Server | Use Case |
+|-------------|----------|
+| **auth-simple** | Production deployments with config-file-based whitelisting |
+| auth-eth | Production deployments with on-chain governance |
+| auth-mock | Development and testing only |
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+bun install
+```
+
+## Configuration
+
+Create `auth-config.json` (see `auth-config.example.json`).
+
+For KMS deployment, you must allowlist the OS image hash and at least one KMS
+identity value via `kms.mrAggregated` (the early/boot-mr-done aggregate MR,
+same pinning model as bare TDX). App compose hashes still use
+`apps.<appId>.composeHashes`.
+
+```json
+{
+  "osImages": ["0x0b327bcd642788b0517de3ff46d31ebd3847b6c64ea40bacde268bb9f1c8ec83"],
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x<kms-early-mr-aggregated>"],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+```
+
+Add more fields as you deploy Gateway and apps:
+
+```json
+{
+  "osImages": ["0x..."],
+  "allowedTcbStatuses": ["UpToDate"],
+  "allowedAdvisoryIds": [],
+  "gatewayAppId": "0x...",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x..."],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {
+    "0xYourAppId": {
+      "composeHashes": ["0xabc...", "0xdef..."],
+      "devices": [],
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### AWS NitroTPM Example
+
+AWS NitroTPM has no TDX/SNP-style TCB advisory surface, so the KMS normalizes a
+verified NitroTPM attestation to `tcbStatus: "UpToDate"` before calling
+auth-simple. Pin KMS via early `mrAggregated` (boot-mr-done snapshot), same as
+bare TDX. Prefer a stable AMI/`os_image_hash` and empty TPM key-provider id so
+that early MR is precomputable.
+
+```json
+{
+  "osImages": ["0x<aws-os-image-hash>"],
+  "allowedAdvisoryIds": [],
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x<kms-early-mr-aggregated>"],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {
+    "0x<app-id>": {
+      "composeHashes": ["0x<app-compose-hash>"],
+      "devices": [],
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+The verifier that calls auth-simple must already have verified the NitroTPM
+Attestation Document, AWS NitroTPM PKI chain, boot PCRs, PCR14 launch-event
+replay, and OS image binding. PCR8 is an optional third-party shortcut, not a
+required dstack check; see `docs/aws-ec2-production-verifier-runbook.md`.
+auth-simple authorizes the resulting canonical `BootInfo`; it does not verify
+raw NitroTPM evidence by itself.
+
+### Configuration Fields
+
+| Field | Required | Description |
+|-------|----------|-------------|
+| `osImages` | Yes | Allowed OS image hashes (from `digest.txt`) |
+| `gatewayAppId` | No | Gateway app ID (add after Gateway deployment) |
+| `allowedTcbStatuses` | No | Allowed verifier-derived TCB status strings. Defaults to `["UpToDate"]`; non-up-to-date SNP/TDX statuses remain fail-closed unless explicitly allowlisted for testing. |
+| `allowedAdvisoryIds` | No | Advisory IDs permitted in `advisoryIds`. Defaults to `[]`, which rejects any advisory. |
+| `kms.mrAggregated` | Yes | Allowed KMS early aggregate MR values (boot-mr-done). |
+| `kms.devices` | No | Allowed KMS device IDs |
+| `kms.allowAnyDevice` | No | If true, skip device ID check for KMS |
+| `apps.<appId>.composeHashes` | No | Allowed compose hashes for this app |
+| `apps.<appId>.devices` | No | Allowed device IDs for this app |
+| `apps.<appId>.allowAnyDevice` | No | If true, skip device ID check for this app |
+
+For experimental AMD SEV-SNP dry-run authorization, keep the default fail-closed TCB policy unless you intentionally want the auth webhook to accept non-up-to-date verifier-derived SNP `BootInfo`. To exercise the dry-run path without enabling key release, allowlist the recomputed SNP `mrAggregated`, `osImageHash`, app/compose identity, device/chip identity, and any non-default `allowedTcbStatuses`/`allowedAdvisoryIds` values explicitly. KMS still rejects SNP before returning app keys, KMS keys, or app certificates.
+
+### Getting Hash Values
+
+**OS Image Hash:**
+```bash
+# From meta-dstack build output
+cat images/digest.txt
+```
+
+**Compose Hash:**
+```bash
+sha256sum .app-compose.json | awk '{print "0x"$1}'
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+### Development
+
+```bash
+# Run with hot reload
+bun run dev
+```
+
+### Production
+
+```bash
+# Run directly
+bun run start
+
+# Or build first
+bun run build
+```
+
+## Environment Variables
+
+| Variable | Default | Description |
+|----------|---------|-------------|
+| `PORT` | 3000 | Server port |
+| `AUTH_CONFIG_PATH` | ./auth-config.json | Path to config file |
+
+## API Endpoints
+
+### GET /
+
+Health check and server info.
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "status": "ok",
+  "configPath": "./auth-config.json",
+  "gatewayAppId": "0x..."
+}
+```
+
+### POST /bootAuth/app
+
+App boot authorization.
+
+**Request:**
+```json
+{
+  "teeVariant": "dstack-tdx",
+  "mrAggregated": "0x...",
+  "osImageHash": "0x...",
+  "appId": "0x...",
+  "composeHash": "0x...",
+  "instanceId": "0x...",
+  "deviceId": "0x...",
+  "tcbStatus": "UpToDate",
+  "advisoryIds": []
+}
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "isAllowed": true,
+  "reason": "",
+  "gatewayAppId": "0x..."
+}
+```
+
+### POST /bootAuth/kms
+
+KMS boot authorization.
+
+**Request:** Same as `/bootAuth/app`
+
+**Response:** Same as `/bootAuth/app`
+
+## Validation Logic
+
+### KMS Boot Validation
+
+1. `tcbStatus` must be listed in `allowedTcbStatuses` (default: only `"UpToDate"`). AWS NitroTPM is normalized to `"UpToDate"` by the KMS before it reaches auth-simple.
+2. Every `advisoryIds` entry must be listed in `allowedAdvisoryIds` (default: none allowed)
+3. `osImageHash` must be in `osImages` array
+4. `mrAggregated` must be in the `kms.mrAggregated` early/boot-mr-done allowlist
+5. `deviceId` must be in `kms.devices` unless `allowAnyDevice` is true
+
+### App Boot Validation
+
+1. `tcbStatus` must be listed in `allowedTcbStatuses` (default: only `"UpToDate"`). AWS NitroTPM is normalized to `"UpToDate"` by the KMS before it reaches auth-simple.
+2. Every `advisoryIds` entry must be listed in `allowedAdvisoryIds` (default: none allowed)
+3. `osImageHash` must be in `osImages` array
+4. `appId` must exist in `apps` object
+5. `composeHash` must be in app's `composeHashes` array
+6. `deviceId` must be in app's `devices` (unless `allowAnyDevice` is true)
+
+## Hot Reload
+
+The config file is re-read on every request. No restart required after config changes.
+
+## Integration with KMS
+
+Configure KMS to use webhook auth pointing to this server:
+
+```toml
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "webhook"
+
+[core.auth_api.webhook]
+url = "http://localhost:3000"
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+```bash
+# Run tests
+bun run test
+
+# Run once
+bun run test:run
+```
+
+## See Also
+
+- [auth-eth](../auth-eth/) - On-chain governance auth server
+- [auth-mock](../auth-mock/) - Development/testing auth server (always allows)
+- [Deployment Guide](../../../docs/deployment.md) - Full deployment instructions
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/auth-config.example.json b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/auth-config.example.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b93e4e987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/auth-config.example.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "osImages": [
+    "0x0b327bcd642788b0517de3ff46d31ebd3847b6c64ea40bacde268bb9f1c8ec83"
+  ],
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": [
+      "0x<kms-early-mr-aggregated-boot-mr-done>"
+    ],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {
+    "0xYourAppId": {
+      "composeHashes": [
+        "0xYourComposeHash"
+      ],
+      "devices": [],
+      "allowAnyDevice": true
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/bun.lock b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/bun.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42d130b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/bun.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
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+    "nanoid": ["nanoid@3.3.11", "", { "bin": { "nanoid": "bin/nanoid.cjs" } }, "sha512-N8SpfPUnUp1bK+PMYW8qSWdl9U+wwNWI4QKxOYDy9JAro3WMX7p2OeVRF9v+347pnakNevPmiHhNmZ2HbFA76w=="],
+
+    "openapi-types": ["openapi-types@12.1.3", "", {}, "sha512-N4YtSYJqghVu4iek2ZUvcN/0aqH1kRDuNqzcycDxhOUpg7GdvLa2F3DgS6yBNhInhv2r/6I0Flkn7CqL8+nIcw=="],
+
+    "oxlint": ["oxlint@0.9.10", "", { "optionalDependencies": { "@oxlint/darwin-arm64": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/darwin-x64": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/linux-arm64-gnu": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/linux-arm64-musl": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/linux-x64-gnu": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/linux-x64-musl": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/win32-arm64": "0.9.10", "@oxlint/win32-x64": "0.9.10" }, "bin": { "oxlint": "bin/oxlint", "oxc_language_server": "bin/oxc_language_server" } }, "sha512-bKiiFN7Hnoaist/rditTRBXz+GXKYuLd53/NB7Q6zHB/bifELJarSoRLkAUGElIJKl4PSr3lTh1g6zehh+rX0g=="],
+
+    "pathe": ["pathe@1.1.2", "", {}, "sha512-whLdWMYL2TwI08hn8/ZqAbrVemu0LNaNNJZX73O6qaIdCTfXutsLhMkjdENX0qhsQ9uIimo4/aQOmXkoon2nDQ=="],
+
+    "pathval": ["pathval@2.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-//nshmD55c46FuFw26xV/xFAaB5HF9Xdap7HJBBnrKdAd6/GxDBaNA1870O79+9ueg61cZLSVc+OaFlfmObYVQ=="],
+
+    "picocolors": ["picocolors@1.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-xceH2snhtb5M9liqDsmEw56le376mTZkEX/jEb/RxNFyegNul7eNslCXP9FDj/Lcu0X8KEyMceP2ntpaHrDEVA=="],
+
+    "picomatch": ["picomatch@4.0.5", "", {}, "sha512-RvwwcruNjI1ncT5xRakeyS9Lf8lcItv34KD+aif+VH9kduAyfYBipGh12274xtenIPZ119/R9BdTBa8gAwSh0A=="],
+
+    "postcss": ["postcss@8.5.6", "", { "dependencies": { "nanoid": "^3.3.11", "picocolors": "^1.1.1", "source-map-js": "^1.2.1" } }, "sha512-3Ybi1tAuwAP9s0r1UQ2J4n5Y0G05bJkpUIO0/bI9MhwmD70S5aTWbXGBwxHrelT+XM1k6dM0pk+SwNkpTRN7Pg=="],
+
+    "pretty-format": ["pretty-format@29.7.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@jest/schemas": "^29.6.3", "ansi-styles": "^5.0.0", "react-is": "^18.0.0" } }, "sha512-Pdlw/oPxN+aXdmM9R00JVC9WVFoCLTKJvDVLgmJ+qAffBMxsV85l/Lu7sNx4zSzPyoL2euImuEwHhOXdEgNFZQ=="],
+
+    "queue-microtask": ["queue-microtask@1.2.3", "", {}, "sha512-NuaNSa6flKT5JaSYQzJok04JzTL1CA6aGhv5rfLW3PgqA+M2ChpZQnAC8h8i4ZFkBS8X5RqkDBHA7r4hej3K9A=="],
+
+    "react-is": ["react-is@18.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-/LLMVyas0ljjAtoYiPqYiL8VWXzUUdThrmU5+n20DZv+a+ClRoevUzw5JxU+Ieh5/c87ytoTBV9G1FiKfNJdmg=="],
+
+    "reusify": ["reusify@1.1.0", "", {}, "sha512-g6QUff04oZpHs0eG5p83rFLhHeV00ug/Yf9nZM6fLeUrPguBTkTQOdpAWWspMh55TZfVQDPaN3NQJfbVRAxdIw=="],
+
+    "rollup": ["rollup@4.54.0", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/estree": "1.0.8" }, "optionalDependencies": { "@rollup/rollup-android-arm-eabi": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-android-arm64": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-darwin-arm64": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-darwin-x64": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-arm64": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-freebsd-x64": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-gnueabihf": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm-musleabihf": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-arm64-musl": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-loong64-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-ppc64-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-riscv64-musl": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-s390x-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-linux-x64-musl": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-openharmony-arm64": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-gnu": "4.54.0", "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc": "4.54.0", "fsevents": "~2.3.2" }, "bin": { "rollup": "dist/bin/rollup" } }, "sha512-3nk8Y3a9Ea8szgKhinMlGMhGMw89mqule3KWczxhIzqudyHdCIOHw8WJlj/r329fACjKLEh13ZSk7oE22kyeIw=="],
+
+    "run-parallel": ["run-parallel@1.2.0", "", { "dependencies": { "queue-microtask": "^1.2.2" } }, "sha512-5l4VyZR86LZ/lDxZTR6jqL8AFE2S0IFLMP26AbjsLVADxHdhB/c0GUsH+y39UfCi3dzz8OlQuPmnaJOMoDHQBA=="],
+
+    "siginfo": ["siginfo@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-ybx0WO1/8bSBLEWXZvEd7gMW3Sn3JFlW3TvX1nREbDLRNQNaeNN8WK0meBwPdAaOI7TtRRRJn/Es1zhrrCHu7g=="],
+
+    "sirv": ["sirv@2.0.4", "", { "dependencies": { "@polka/url": "^1.0.0-next.24", "mrmime": "^2.0.0", "totalist": "^3.0.0" } }, "sha512-94Bdh3cC2PKrbgSOUqTiGPWVZeSiXfKOVZNJniWoqrWrRkB1CJzBU3NEbiTsPcYy1lDsANA/THzS+9WBiy5nfQ=="],
+
+    "source-map-js": ["source-map-js@1.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-UXWMKhLOwVKb728IUtQPXxfYU+usdybtUrK/8uGE8CQMvrhOpwvzDBwj0QhSL7MQc7vIsISBG8VQ8+IDQxpfQA=="],
+
+    "stackback": ["stackback@0.0.2", "", {}, "sha512-1XMJE5fQo1jGH6Y/7ebnwPOBEkIEnT4QF32d5R1+VXdXveM0IBMJt8zfaxX1P3QhVwrYe+576+jkANtSS2mBbw=="],
+
+    "std-env": ["std-env@3.10.0", "", {}, "sha512-5GS12FdOZNliM5mAOxFRg7Ir0pWz8MdpYm6AY6VPkGpbA7ZzmbzNcBJQ0GPvvyWgcY7QAhCgf9Uy89I03faLkg=="],
+
+    "strip-literal": ["strip-literal@3.1.0", "", { "dependencies": { "js-tokens": "^9.0.1" } }, "sha512-8r3mkIM/2+PpjHoOtiAW8Rg3jJLHaV7xPwG+YRGrv6FP0wwk/toTpATxWYOW0BKdWwl82VT2tFYi5DlROa0Mxg=="],
+
+    "tinybench": ["tinybench@2.9.0", "", {}, "sha512-0+DUvqWMValLmha6lr4kD8iAMK1HzV0/aKnCtWb9v9641TnP/MFb7Pc2bxoxQjTXAErryXVgUOfv2YqNllqGeg=="],
+
+    "tinyexec": ["tinyexec@0.3.2", "", {}, "sha512-KQQR9yN7R5+OSwaK0XQoj22pwHoTlgYqmUscPYoknOoWCWfj/5/ABTMRi69FrKU5ffPVh5QcFikpWJI/P1ocHA=="],
+
+    "tinyglobby": ["tinyglobby@0.2.17", "", { "dependencies": { "fdir": "^6.5.0", "picomatch": "^4.0.4" } }, "sha512-wXR/dYpcqKmfWpEdZjiKJOwCNFndD0DMnrW/cYjVGttEkBfVgcLFHoNrlj47mjOVic9yyNu65alsgF4NQyTa2g=="],
+
+    "tinypool": ["tinypool@1.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-Zba82s87IFq9A9XmjiX5uZA/ARWDrB03OHlq+Vw1fSdt0I+4/Kutwy8BP4Y/y/aORMo61FQ0vIb5j44vSo5Pkg=="],
+
+    "tinyrainbow": ["tinyrainbow@2.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-op4nsTR47R6p0vMUUoYl/a+ljLFVtlfaXkLQmqfLR1qHma1h/ysYk4hEXZ880bf2CYgTskvTa/e196Vd5dDQXw=="],
+
+    "tinyspy": ["tinyspy@4.0.4", "", {}, "sha512-azl+t0z7pw/z958Gy9svOTuzqIk6xq+NSheJzn5MMWtWTFywIacg2wUlzKFGtt3cthx0r2SxMK0yzJOR0IES7Q=="],
+
+    "to-regex-range": ["to-regex-range@5.0.1", "", { "dependencies": { "is-number": "^7.0.0" } }, "sha512-65P7iz6X5yEr1cwcgvQxbbIw7Uk3gOy5dIdtZ4rDveLqhrdJP+Li/Hx6tyK0NEb+2GCyneCMJiGqrADCSNk8sQ=="],
+
+    "totalist": ["totalist@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-sf4i37nQ2LBx4m3wB74y+ubopq6W/dIzXg0FDGjsYnZHVa1Da8FH853wlL2gtUhg+xJXjfk3kUZS3BRoQeoQBQ=="],
+
+    "typescript": ["typescript@5.8.3", "", { "bin": { "tsc": "bin/tsc", "tsserver": "bin/tsserver" } }, "sha512-p1diW6TqL9L07nNxvRMM7hMMw4c5XOo/1ibL4aAIGmSAt9slTE1Xgw5KWuof2uTOvCg9BY7ZRi+GaF+7sfgPeQ=="],
+
+    "undici-types": ["undici-types@6.20.0", "", {}, "sha512-Ny6QZ2Nju20vw1SRHe3d9jVu6gJ+4e3+MMpqu7pqE5HT6WsTSlce++GQmK5UXS8mzV8DSYHrQH+Xrf2jVcuKNg=="],
+
+    "vite": ["vite@5.4.21", "", { "dependencies": { "esbuild": "^0.21.3", "postcss": "^8.4.43", "rollup": "^4.20.0" }, "optionalDependencies": { "fsevents": "~2.3.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "@types/node": "^18.0.0 || >=20.0.0", "less": "*", "lightningcss": "^1.21.0", "sass": "*", "sass-embedded": "*", "stylus": "*", "sugarss": "*", "terser": "^5.4.0" }, "optionalPeers": ["@types/node", "less", "lightningcss", "sass", "sass-embedded", "stylus", "sugarss", "terser"], "bin": { "vite": "bin/vite.js" } }, "sha512-o5a9xKjbtuhY6Bi5S3+HvbRERmouabWbyUcpXXUA1u+GNUKoROi9byOJ8M0nHbHYHkYICiMlqxkg1KkYmm25Sw=="],
+
+    "vite-node": ["vite-node@3.2.4", "", { "dependencies": { "cac": "^6.7.14", "debug": "^4.4.1", "es-module-lexer": "^1.7.0", "pathe": "^2.0.3", "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0" }, "bin": { "vite-node": "vite-node.mjs" } }, "sha512-EbKSKh+bh1E1IFxeO0pg1n4dvoOTt0UDiXMd/qn++r98+jPO1xtJilvXldeuQ8giIB5IkpjCgMleHMNEsGH6pg=="],
+
+    "vitest": ["vitest@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/chai": "^5.2.2", "@vitest/expect": "3.2.6", "@vitest/mocker": "3.2.6", "@vitest/pretty-format": "^3.2.6", "@vitest/runner": "3.2.6", "@vitest/snapshot": "3.2.6", "@vitest/spy": "3.2.6", "@vitest/utils": "3.2.6", "chai": "^5.2.0", "debug": "^4.4.1", "expect-type": "^1.2.1", "magic-string": "^0.30.17", "pathe": "^2.0.3", "picomatch": "^4.0.2", "std-env": "^3.9.0", "tinybench": "^2.9.0", "tinyexec": "^0.3.2", "tinyglobby": "^0.2.14", "tinypool": "^1.1.1", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0", "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0", "vite-node": "3.2.4", "why-is-node-running": "^2.3.0" }, "peerDependencies": { "@edge-runtime/vm": "*", "@types/debug": "^4.1.12", "@types/node": "^18.0.0 || ^20.0.0 || >=22.0.0", "@vitest/browser": "3.2.6", "@vitest/ui": "3.2.6", "happy-dom": "*", "jsdom": "*" }, "optionalPeers": ["@edge-runtime/vm", "@types/debug", "@types/node", "@vitest/browser", "@vitest/ui", "happy-dom", "jsdom"], "bin": { "vitest": "vitest.mjs" } }, "sha512-xejya+bT/j/+R/AGa1XOfRxLmNUlLtlwjRsFUILF+xHfzElmGcmFydy2gqqIrd62ptIEfwVMofd19uNWD9L7Nw=="],
+
+    "why-is-node-running": ["why-is-node-running@2.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "siginfo": "^2.0.0", "stackback": "0.0.2" }, "bin": { "why-is-node-running": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-hUrmaWBdVDcxvYqnyh09zunKzROWjbZTiNy8dBEjkS7ehEDQibXJ7XvlmtbwuTclUiIyN+CyXQD4Vmko8fNm8w=="],
+
+    "zod": ["zod@3.25.76", "", {}, "sha512-gzUt/qt81nXsFGKIFcC3YnfEAx5NkunCfnDlvuBSSFS02bcXu4Lmea0AFIUwbLWxWPx3d9p8S5QoaujKcNQxcQ=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "3.2.6", "loupe": "^3.1.4", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lI23nIs4bnT3T8NIoh+vFaz5s2/DdP0Jgt2jxwgWljvwn82cLJtyi/If+fjFyoLMGIOz0U/fKvWE0d4jsNQEfg=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "3.2.6", "loupe": "^3.1.4", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lI23nIs4bnT3T8NIoh+vFaz5s2/DdP0Jgt2jxwgWljvwn82cLJtyi/If+fjFyoLMGIOz0U/fKvWE0d4jsNQEfg=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "@vitest/snapshot/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "@vitest/snapshot/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "chai/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+
+    "micromatch/picomatch": ["picomatch@2.3.1", "", {}, "sha512-JU3teHTNjmE2VCGFzuY8EXzCDVwEqB2a8fsIvwaStHhAWJEeVd1o1QD80CU6+ZdEXXSLbSsuLwJjkCBWqRQUVA=="],
+
+    "vite-node/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils": ["@vitest/utils@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "@vitest/pretty-format": "3.2.6", "loupe": "^3.1.4", "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lI23nIs4bnT3T8NIoh+vFaz5s2/DdP0Jgt2jxwgWljvwn82cLJtyi/If+fjFyoLMGIOz0U/fKvWE0d4jsNQEfg=="],
+
+    "vitest/pathe": ["pathe@2.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-WUjGcAqP1gQacoQe+OBJsFA7Ld4DyXuUIjZ5cc75cLHvJ7dtNsTugphxIADwspS+AraAUePCKrSVtPLFj/F88w=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "@vitest/expect/@vitest/utils/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "@vitest/runner/@vitest/utils/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils/@vitest/pretty-format": ["@vitest/pretty-format@3.2.6", "", { "dependencies": { "tinyrainbow": "^2.0.0" } }, "sha512-lb7XXXzmm2h2ASzFnRvQpDo6onT1NmMJA3tkGTWiBFtRJ9lxGY3d3mm/Apt36gej2bkkOVLL/yTOtufDaFa/jA=="],
+
+    "vitest/@vitest/utils/loupe": ["loupe@3.2.1", "", {}, "sha512-CdzqowRJCeLU72bHvWqwRBBlLcMEtIvGrlvef74kMnV2AolS9Y8xUv1I0U/MNAWMhBlKIoyuEgoJ0t/bbwHbLQ=="],
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/index.test.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/index.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32ad06772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/index.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll, afterAll } from 'vitest';
+import { writeFileSync, unlinkSync, existsSync } from 'fs';
+import app from './index';
+
+const TEST_CONFIG_PATH = './test-auth-config.json';
+
+const baseBootInfo = {
+  teeVariant: 'dstack-tdx',
+  mrAggregated: '0xabc123',
+  osImageHash: '0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a',
+  appId: '0xapp123',
+  composeHash: '0xcompose456',
+  instanceId: '0xinstance789',
+  deviceId: '0xdevice999',
+  tcbStatus: 'UpToDate',
+  advisoryIds: [],
+  mrSystem: ''
+};
+
+function writeTestConfig(config: object) {
+  writeFileSync(TEST_CONFIG_PATH, JSON.stringify(config, null, 2));
+}
+
+describe('auth-simple', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    process.env.AUTH_CONFIG_PATH = TEST_CONFIG_PATH;
+  });
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    if (existsSync(TEST_CONFIG_PATH)) {
+      unlinkSync(TEST_CONFIG_PATH);
+    }
+  });
+
+  describe('GET /', () => {
+    it('returns health check info', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({ gatewayAppId: '0xgateway' });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/', { method: 'GET' }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(res.status).toBe(200);
+      expect(json.status).toBe('ok');
+      expect(json.gatewayAppId).toBe('0xgateway');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/kms', () => {
+    it('allows KMS boot with valid config', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          devices: ['0xdevice999'],
+          allowAnyDevice: false
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(json.reason).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects KMS boot with invalid TCB status', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ ...baseBootInfo, tcbStatus: 'OutOfDate' })
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('TCB status');
+    });
+
+    it('requires explicit opt-in for non-UpToDate SEV-SNP TCB status', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          devices: ['0xdevice999'],
+          allowAnyDevice: false
+        }
+      });
+
+      const sevSnpBootInfo = {
+        ...baseBootInfo,
+        teeVariant: 'dstack-amd-sev-snp',
+        tcbStatus: 'OutOfDate'
+      };
+      const denied = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(sevSnpBootInfo)
+      }));
+      expect((await denied.json()).isAllowed).toBe(false);
+
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        allowedTcbStatuses: ['OutOfDate'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          devices: ['0xdevice999'],
+          allowAnyDevice: false
+        }
+      });
+
+      const allowed = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(sevSnpBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const allowedJson = await allowed.json();
+
+      expect(allowedJson.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(allowedJson.reason).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects unallowlisted advisory IDs by default', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const denied = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ ...baseBootInfo, advisoryIds: ['INTEL-SA-TEST'] })
+      }));
+      const deniedJson = await denied.json();
+
+      expect(deniedJson.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(deniedJson.reason).toContain('advisory');
+
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        allowedAdvisoryIds: ['INTEL-SA-TEST'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const allowed = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ ...baseBootInfo, advisoryIds: ['INTEL-SA-TEST'] })
+      }));
+      const allowedJson = await allowed.json();
+
+      expect(allowedJson.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects KMS boot with invalid OS image', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0xdifferentimage'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('OS image');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects KMS boot with invalid mrAggregated', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xdifferentmr'],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('MR');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects KMS boot when the identity allowlist is empty', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: [],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('MR');
+    });
+    it('allows KMS boot with allowAnyDevice', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        kms: {
+          mrAggregated: ['0xabc123'],
+          devices: ['0xotherdevice'],
+          allowAnyDevice: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/kms', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('POST /bootAuth/app', () => {
+    it('allows app boot with valid config', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        apps: {
+          '0xapp123': {
+            composeHashes: ['0xcompose456'],
+            devices: ['0xdevice999'],
+            allowAnyDevice: false
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+      expect(json.reason).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects app boot with unregistered app', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        apps: {}
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('not registered');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects app boot with invalid compose hash', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        apps: {
+          '0xapp123': {
+            composeHashes: ['0xdifferenthash'],
+            allowAnyDevice: true
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('compose hash');
+    });
+
+    it('rejects app boot with invalid device', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        apps: {
+          '0xapp123': {
+            composeHashes: ['0xcompose456'],
+            devices: ['0xotherdevice'],
+            allowAnyDevice: false
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(false);
+      expect(json.reason).toContain('device');
+    });
+
+    it('allows app boot with allowAnyDevice', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        apps: {
+          '0xapp123': {
+            composeHashes: ['0xcompose456'],
+            devices: [],
+            allowAnyDevice: true
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('hex normalization', () => {
+    it('handles uppercase hex', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['0x1FBB0CF9CC6CFBF23D6B779776FABAD2C5403D643BADB9E5E238615E4960A78A'],
+        apps: {
+          '0xAPP123': {
+            composeHashes: ['0xCOMPOSE456'],
+            allowAnyDevice: true
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('handles hex without 0x prefix', async () => {
+      writeTestConfig({
+        gatewayAppId: '0xgateway',
+        osImages: ['1fbb0cf9cc6cfbf23d6b779776fabad2c5403d643badb9e5e238615e4960a78a'],
+        apps: {
+          'app123': {
+            composeHashes: ['compose456'],
+            allowAnyDevice: true
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      const res = await app.fetch(new Request('http://localhost/bootAuth/app', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+        body: JSON.stringify(baseBootInfo)
+      }));
+      const json = await res.json();
+
+      expect(json.isAllowed).toBe(true);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/index.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a833d1ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { Hono } from 'hono';
+import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import { readFileSync, existsSync } from 'fs';
+
+// zod schemas for validation - compatible with auth-eth implementation
+const BootInfoSchema = z.object({
+  teeVariant: z.string().optional().default(''),
+  mrAggregated: z.string().describe('aggregated MR measurement'),
+  osImageHash: z.string().describe('OS Image hash'),
+  appId: z.string().describe('application ID'),
+  composeHash: z.string().describe('compose hash'),
+  instanceId: z.string().describe('instance ID'),
+  deviceId: z.string().describe('device ID'),
+  tcbStatus: z.string().optional().default(''),
+  advisoryIds: z.array(z.string()).optional().default([]),
+  mrSystem: z.string().optional().default('')
+});
+
+const BootResponseSchema = z.object({
+  isAllowed: z.boolean(),
+  reason: z.string(),
+  gatewayAppId: z.string()
+});
+
+// config schema
+const AppConfigSchema = z.object({
+  composeHashes: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
+  devices: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
+  allowAnyDevice: z.boolean().default(false)
+});
+
+const KmsConfigSchema = z.object({
+  mrAggregated: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
+  devices: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
+  allowAnyDevice: z.boolean().default(false)
+});
+
+const AuthConfigSchema = z.object({
+  gatewayAppId: z.string().default(''),
+  // KMS expects these fields in the health check response
+  kmsContractAddr: z.string().default('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'),
+  chainId: z.number().default(0),
+  appImplementation: z.string().default('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'),
+  osImages: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
+  // TDX and SEV-SNP production defaults remain strict: only UpToDate is
+  // accepted unless operators explicitly allow another verifier-derived status.
+  allowedTcbStatuses: z.array(z.string()).default(['UpToDate']),
+  allowedAdvisoryIds: z.array(z.string()).default([]),
+  kms: KmsConfigSchema.default({}),
+  apps: z.record(z.string(), AppConfigSchema).default({})
+});
+
+type BootInfo = z.infer<typeof BootInfoSchema>;
+type BootResponse = z.infer<typeof BootResponseSchema>;
+type AuthConfig = z.infer<typeof AuthConfigSchema>;
+
+// normalize hex string to lowercase with 0x prefix
+function normalizeHex(hex: string): string {
+  hex = hex.toLowerCase();
+  if (!hex.startsWith('0x')) {
+    hex = '0x' + hex;
+  }
+  return hex;
+}
+
+// config-based backend
+class ConfigBackend {
+  private getConfigPath(): string {
+    return process.env.AUTH_CONFIG_PATH || './auth-config.json';
+  }
+
+  private loadConfig(): AuthConfig {
+    const configPath = this.getConfigPath();
+    if (!existsSync(configPath)) {
+      console.error(`config file not found: ${configPath}`);
+      return AuthConfigSchema.parse({});
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const content = readFileSync(configPath, 'utf-8');
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(content);
+      return AuthConfigSchema.parse(parsed);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error(`failed to load config: ${error}`);
+      return AuthConfigSchema.parse({});
+    }
+  }
+
+  async checkBoot(bootInfo: BootInfo, isKms: boolean): Promise<BootResponse> {
+    const config = this.loadConfig();
+    const osImageHash = normalizeHex(bootInfo.osImageHash);
+    const deviceId = normalizeHex(bootInfo.deviceId);
+
+    // check TCB status
+    const allowedTcbStatuses = config.allowedTcbStatuses;
+    if (!allowedTcbStatuses.includes(bootInfo.tcbStatus)) {
+      return {
+        isAllowed: false,
+        reason: 'TCB status is not allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+      };
+    }
+
+    for (const advisoryId of bootInfo.advisoryIds) {
+      if (!config.allowedAdvisoryIds.includes(advisoryId)) {
+        return {
+          isAllowed: false,
+          reason: 'advisory ID is not allowed',
+          gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    // check OS image
+    const allowedOsImages = config.osImages.map(normalizeHex);
+    if (!allowedOsImages.includes(osImageHash)) {
+      return {
+        isAllowed: false,
+        reason: 'OS image is not allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (isKms) {
+      return this.checkKmsBoot(bootInfo, config, deviceId);
+    } else {
+      return this.checkAppBoot(bootInfo, config, deviceId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private checkKmsBoot(bootInfo: BootInfo, config: AuthConfig, deviceId: string): BootResponse {
+    const mrAggregated = normalizeHex(bootInfo.mrAggregated);
+
+    // check aggregated MR
+    const allowedMrs = config.kms.mrAggregated.map(normalizeHex);
+    if (!allowedMrs.includes(mrAggregated)) {
+      return {
+        isAllowed: false,
+        reason: 'aggregated MR not allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+      };
+    }
+
+    // check device ID
+    if (!config.kms.allowAnyDevice) {
+      const allowedDevices = config.kms.devices.map(normalizeHex);
+      if (allowedDevices.length > 0 && !allowedDevices.includes(deviceId)) {
+        return {
+          isAllowed: false,
+          reason: 'KMS is not allowed to boot on this device',
+          gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      isAllowed: true,
+      reason: '',
+      gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+    };
+  }
+
+  private checkAppBoot(bootInfo: BootInfo, config: AuthConfig, deviceId: string): BootResponse {
+    const appId = normalizeHex(bootInfo.appId);
+    const composeHash = normalizeHex(bootInfo.composeHash);
+
+    // check app exists
+    const appConfig = Object.entries(config.apps).find(
+      ([id]) => normalizeHex(id) === appId
+    )?.[1];
+
+    if (!appConfig) {
+      return {
+        isAllowed: false,
+        reason: 'app not registered',
+        gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+      };
+    }
+
+    // check compose hash
+    const allowedHashes = appConfig.composeHashes.map(normalizeHex);
+    if (!allowedHashes.includes(composeHash)) {
+      return {
+        isAllowed: false,
+        reason: 'compose hash not allowed',
+        gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+      };
+    }
+
+    // check device ID
+    if (!appConfig.allowAnyDevice) {
+      const allowedDevices = appConfig.devices.map(normalizeHex);
+      if (allowedDevices.length > 0 && !allowedDevices.includes(deviceId)) {
+        return {
+          isAllowed: false,
+          reason: 'app is not allowed to boot on this device',
+          gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+        };
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      isAllowed: true,
+      reason: '',
+      gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId
+    };
+  }
+
+  async getGatewayAppId(): Promise<string> {
+    return this.loadConfig().gatewayAppId;
+  }
+
+  async getInfo(): Promise<{
+    gatewayAppId: string;
+    kmsContractAddr: string;
+    chainId: number;
+    appImplementation: string;
+  }> {
+    const config = this.loadConfig();
+    return {
+      gatewayAppId: config.gatewayAppId,
+      kmsContractAddr: config.kmsContractAddr,
+      chainId: config.chainId,
+      appImplementation: config.appImplementation,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+// initialize app
+const app = new Hono();
+
+// initialize backend
+const backend = new ConfigBackend();
+
+// health check and info endpoint
+app.get('/', async (c) => {
+  try {
+    const info = await backend.getInfo();
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'ok',
+      kmsContractAddr: info.kmsContractAddr,
+      gatewayAppId: info.gatewayAppId,
+      chainId: info.chainId,
+      appAuthImplementation: info.appImplementation, // backward compat
+      appImplementation: info.appImplementation,
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('error in health check:', error);
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'error',
+      message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+    }, 500);
+  }
+});
+
+// app boot authentication
+app.post('/bootAuth/app',
+  zValidator('json', BootInfoSchema),
+  async (c) => {
+    try {
+      const bootInfo = c.req.valid('json');
+      console.log('app boot auth request:', {
+        appId: bootInfo.appId,
+        composeHash: bootInfo.composeHash,
+        instanceId: bootInfo.instanceId,
+      });
+
+      const result = await backend.checkBoot(bootInfo, false);
+      console.log('app boot auth result:', result);
+      return c.json(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('error in app boot auth:', error);
+      return c.json({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+      });
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// KMS boot authentication
+app.post('/bootAuth/kms',
+  zValidator('json', BootInfoSchema),
+  async (c) => {
+    try {
+      const bootInfo = c.req.valid('json');
+      console.log('KMS boot auth request:', {
+        osImageHash: bootInfo.osImageHash,
+        mrAggregated: bootInfo.mrAggregated,
+        instanceId: bootInfo.instanceId,
+      });
+
+      const result = await backend.checkBoot(bootInfo, true);
+      console.log('KMS boot auth result:', result);
+      return c.json(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('error in KMS boot auth:', error);
+      return c.json({
+        isAllowed: false,
+        gatewayAppId: '',
+        reason: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)
+      });
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// start server
+const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT || '3000');
+const defaultConfigPath = process.env.AUTH_CONFIG_PATH || './auth-config.json';
+console.log(`starting auth-simple server on port ${port}`);
+console.log(`config path: ${defaultConfigPath}`);
+
+export default {
+  port,
+  fetch: app.fetch,
+};
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/package.json b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5038d24cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+  "name": "auth-simple",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "dstack KMS config-based auth server with bun + hono + zod",
+  "main": "index.ts",
+  "scripts": {
+    "dev": "bun run --watch index.ts",
+    "start": "bun run index.ts",
+    "build": "bun build index.ts --outdir ./dist --target bun",
+    "test": "vitest",
+    "test:run": "vitest run",
+    "lint": "oxlint .",
+    "lint:fix": "oxlint --fix .",
+    "fmt": "oxlint --fix .",
+    "check": "bun run lint && bun run test:run"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "hono": "4.12.34",
+    "@hono/zod-validator": "0.2.2",
+    "zod": "3.25.76"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/bun": "1.2.18",
+    "@types/node": "22.10.8",
+    "@vitest/ui": "1.6.1",
+    "openapi-types": "12.1.3",
+    "oxlint": "0.9.10",
+    "typescript": "5.8.3",
+    "vitest": "3.2.6"
+  },
+  "type": "module"
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/auth-simple/vitest.config.ts b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/vitest.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17597daca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/auth-simple/vitest.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  test: {
+    globals: true,
+    environment: 'node',
+  },
+});
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/.gitignore b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09a73e562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.app-compose.json
+.env
+.GIT_REV
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/Dockerfile b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c6cdc046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM rust:1.92.0@sha256:48851a839d6a67370c9dbe0e709bedc138e3e404b161c5233aedcf2b717366e4 AS kms-builder
+COPY --from=build-shared /pin-packages.sh /build/
+COPY ./shared/*-pinned-packages.txt /build/
+ARG DSTACK_REV
+ARG DSTACK_SRC_URL=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+WORKDIR /build
+RUN ./pin-packages.sh ./builder-pinned-packages.txt
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    git \
+    build-essential \
+    musl-tools \
+    libssl-dev \
+    protobuf-compiler \
+    libprotobuf-dev \
+    clang \
+    libclang-dev
+RUN git clone ${DSTACK_SRC_URL} repo && \
+    cd repo && \
+    git checkout ${DSTACK_REV}
+RUN rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+RUN cd repo/dstack && cargo build --release -p dstack-kms --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+RUN echo "${DSTACK_REV}" > /build/.GIT_REV
+
+FROM debian:bookworm@sha256:0d8498a0e9e6a60011df39aab78534cfe940785e7c59d19dfae1eb53ea59babe
+COPY --from=kms-builder /build/repo/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-kms /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+COPY --from=kms-builder /build/.GIT_REV /etc/
+CMD ["dstack-kms"]
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/README.md b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..093b8b21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# dstack KMS Builder
+
+This directory contains the necessary files to build and run the dstack-kms Docker image for development.
+
+## Overview
+
+The builder creates a Docker image that includes:
+- The dstack-kms service compiled from Rust source code
+- Pure-Rust ACPI measurement support built into the dstack-kms binary
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Docker with BuildKit support (v20.10.0+)
+- Git
+
+## Building the Image
+
+To build the KMS Docker image, use the provided `build-image.sh` script:
+
+```bash
+./build-image.sh <image-name>[:<tag>]
+```
+
+For example:
+```bash
+./build-image.sh kvin/kms
+```
+
+## Running the Built Image
+
+### Using Docker Compose
+
+The easiest way to run the KMS service is using the provided `docker-compose.yaml`:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  kms:
+    image: kvin/kms
+    ports:
+      - "8003:8000"
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
+      - ./kms:/kms
+    environment:
+      - IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL=${IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL:-http://localhost:8001/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz}
+      - AUTH_TYPE=dev
+      - DEV_DOMAIN=kms.1022.dstack.org
+      - QUOTE_ENABLED=false
+```
+
+To start the service:
+
+```bash
+docker-compose up
+```
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/build-image.sh b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/build-image.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9fab2f566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/build-image.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=$(git -C "$SCRIPT_DIR" rev-parse --show-toplevel)
+CONTEXT_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR"
+SHARED_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/shared"
+DOCKERFILE="$SCRIPT_DIR/Dockerfile"
+export CONTEXT_DIR DOCKERFILE
+
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/build/shared/build-lib.sh"
+
+NAME=${1:-}
+if [ -z "$NAME" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <image-name>[:<tag>]" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+NO_CACHE=${NO_CACHE:-}
+GIT_REV=${GIT_REV:-HEAD}
+GIT_REV=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse "$GIT_REV")
+DSTACK_SRC_URL=${DSTACK_SRC_URL:-https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git}
+
+ensure_buildkit
+
+touch "$SHARED_DIR/builder-pinned-packages.txt"
+
+docker_build "$NAME" ""
+docker_build "kms-builder-temp" "kms-builder" "$SHARED_DIR/builder-pinned-packages.txt"
+
+check_clean_tree "$SHARED_DIR"
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e390e80bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,477 @@
+adduser=3.152
+apt=3.0.3
+autoconf=2.72-3.1
+automake=1:1.17-4
+autotools-dev=20240727.1
+base-files=13.8+deb13u2
+base-passwd=3.6.7
+bash=5.2.37-2+b5
+binutils-common:amd64=2.44-3
+binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu=2.44-3
+binutils=2.44-3
+bsdutils=1:2.41-5
+build-essential=12.12
+bzip2=1.0.8-6
+ca-certificates=20250419
+clang-19=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+clang=1:19.0-63
+comerr-dev:amd64=2.1-1.47.2-3+b3
+coreutils=9.7-3
+cpp-14-x86-64-linux-gnu=14.2.0-19
+cpp-14=14.2.0-19
+cpp-x86-64-linux-gnu=4:14.2.0-1
+cpp=4:14.2.0-1
+curl=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+dash=0.5.12-12
+debconf=1.5.91
+debian-archive-keyring=2025.1
+debianutils=5.23.2
+default-libmysqlclient-dev:amd64=1.1.1
+diffutils=1:3.10-4
+dirmngr=2.4.7-21+b3
+dpkg-dev=1.22.21
+dpkg=1.22.21
+file=1:5.46-5
+findutils=4.10.0-3
+fontconfig-config=2.15.0-2.3
+fontconfig=2.15.0-2.3
+fonts-dejavu-core=2.37-8
+fonts-dejavu-mono=2.37-8
+g++-14-x86-64-linux-gnu=14.2.0-19
+g++-14=14.2.0-19
+g++-x86-64-linux-gnu=4:14.2.0-1
+g++=4:14.2.0-1
+gcc-14-base:amd64=14.2.0-19
+gcc-14-x86-64-linux-gnu=14.2.0-19
+gcc-14=14.2.0-19
+gcc-x86-64-linux-gnu=4:14.2.0-1
+gcc=4:14.2.0-1
+gir1.2-freedesktop-dev:amd64=1.84.0-1
+gir1.2-freedesktop:amd64=1.84.0-1
+gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0:amd64=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+gir1.2-glib-2.0-dev:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+gir1.2-glib-2.0:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+gir1.2-harfbuzz-0.0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+gir1.2-pango-1.0:amd64=1.56.3-1
+gir1.2-rsvg-2.0:amd64=2.60.0+dfsg-1
+girepository-tools:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+git-man=1:2.47.3-0+deb13u1
+git=1:2.47.3-0+deb13u1
+gnupg-l10n=2.4.7-21
+gnupg=2.4.7-21
+gpg-agent=2.4.7-21+b3
+gpg=2.4.7-21+b3
+gpgconf=2.4.7-21+b3
+gpgsm=2.4.7-21+b3
+grep=3.11-4
+gzip=1.13-1
+hicolor-icon-theme=0.18-2
+hostname=3.25
+icu-devtools=76.1-4
+imagemagick-7-common=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+imagemagick-7.q16=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+imagemagick=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+init-system-helpers=1.69~deb13u1
+krb5-multidev:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libacl1:amd64=2.3.2-2+b1
+libapr1t64:amd64=1.7.5-1
+libaprutil1t64:amd64=1.6.3-3+b1
+libapt-pkg7.0:amd64=3.0.3
+libasan8:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libassuan9:amd64=3.0.2-2
+libatomic1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libattr1:amd64=1:2.5.2-3
+libaudit-common=1:4.0.2-2
+libaudit1:amd64=1:4.0.2-2+b2
+libbinutils:amd64=2.44-3
+libblkid-dev:amd64=2.41-5
+libblkid1:amd64=2.41-5
+libbrotli-dev:amd64=1.1.0-2+b7
+libbrotli1:amd64=1.1.0-2+b7
+libbsd0:amd64=0.12.2-2
+libbz2-1.0:amd64=1.0.8-6
+libbz2-dev:amd64=1.0.8-6
+libc-bin=2.41-12
+libc-dev-bin=2.41-12
+libc6-dev:amd64=2.41-12
+libc6:amd64=2.41-12
+libcairo-gobject2:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcairo-script-interpreter2:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcairo2-dev:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcairo2:amd64=1.18.4-1+b1
+libcap-ng0:amd64=0.8.5-4+b1
+libcap2:amd64=1:2.75-10+b1
+libcbor0.10:amd64=0.10.2-2
+libcc1-0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libclang-19-dev=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libclang-common-19-dev:amd64=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libclang-cpp19=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libclang-dev=1:19.0-63
+libclang1-19=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+libcom-err2:amd64=1.47.2-3+b3
+libcrypt-dev:amd64=1:4.4.38-1
+libcrypt1:amd64=1:4.4.38-1
+libctf-nobfd0:amd64=2.44-3
+libctf0:amd64=2.44-3
+libcurl3t64-gnutls:amd64=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+libcurl4-openssl-dev:amd64=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+libcurl4t64:amd64=8.14.1-2+deb13u2
+libdatrie-dev:amd64=0.2.13-3+b1
+libdatrie1:amd64=0.2.13-3+b1
+libdav1d-dev:amd64=1.5.1-1
+libdav1d7:amd64=1.5.1-1
+libdb-dev:amd64=5.3.4
+libdb5.3-dev=5.3.28+dfsg2-9
+libdb5.3t64:amd64=5.3.28+dfsg2-9
+libde265-0:amd64=1.0.15-1+b3
+libdebconfclient0:amd64=0.280
+libdeflate-dev:amd64=1.23-2
+libdeflate0:amd64=1.23-2
+libdjvulibre-dev:amd64=3.5.28-2.2
+libdjvulibre-text=3.5.28-2.2
+libdjvulibre21:amd64=3.5.28-2.2
+libdpkg-perl=1.22.21
+libedit2:amd64=3.1-20250104-1
+libelf1t64:amd64=0.192-4
+liberror-perl=0.17030-1
+libevent-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-core-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-dev=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-extra-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-openssl-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libevent-pthreads-2.1-7t64:amd64=2.1.12-stable-10+b1
+libexif-dev:amd64=0.6.25-1
+libexif12:amd64=0.6.25-1
+libexpat1-dev:amd64=2.7.1-2
+libexpat1:amd64=2.7.1-2
+libffi-dev:amd64=3.4.8-2
+libffi8:amd64=3.4.8-2
+libfftw3-bin=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-dev:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-double3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-long3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-quad3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfftw3-single3:amd64=3.3.10-2+b1
+libfido2-1:amd64=1.15.0-1+b1
+libfontconfig-dev:amd64=2.15.0-2.3
+libfontconfig1:amd64=2.15.0-2.3
+libfreetype-dev:amd64=2.13.3+dfsg-1
+libfreetype6:amd64=2.13.3+dfsg-1
+libfribidi-dev:amd64=1.0.16-1
+libfribidi0:amd64=1.0.16-1
+libgc1:amd64=1:8.2.8-1
+libgcc-14-dev:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libgcc-s1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libgcrypt20:amd64=1.11.0-7
+libgdbm-compat4t64:amd64=1.24-2
+libgdbm-dev:amd64=1.24-2
+libgdbm6t64:amd64=1.24-2
+libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-0:amd64=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-dev:amd64=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common=2.42.12+dfsg-4
+libgio-2.0-dev-bin=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libgio-2.0-dev:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libgirepository-2.0-0:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
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+libglib2.0-bin=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-data=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-dev-bin=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libglib2.0-dev:amd64=2.84.4-3~deb13u1
+libgmp-dev:amd64=2:6.3.0+dfsg-3
+libgmp10:amd64=2:6.3.0+dfsg-3
+libgmpxx4ldbl:amd64=2:6.3.0+dfsg-3
+libgnutls-dane0t64:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgnutls-openssl27t64:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgnutls28-dev:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgnutls30t64:amd64=3.8.9-3
+libgomp1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libgpg-error0:amd64=1.51-4
+libgprofng0:amd64=2.44-3
+libgraphite2-3:amd64=1.3.14-2+b1
+libgraphite2-dev:amd64=1.3.14-2+b1
+libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libgssrpc4t64:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libharfbuzz-cairo0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-dev:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-gobject0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-icu0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz-subset0:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libharfbuzz0b:amd64=10.2.0-1+b1
+libheif-plugin-dav1d:amd64=1.19.8-1
+libheif-plugin-libde265:amd64=1.19.8-1
+libheif1:amd64=1.19.8-1
+libhogweed6t64:amd64=3.10.1-1
+libhwasan0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libice-dev:amd64=2:1.1.1-1
+libice6:amd64=2:1.1.1-1
+libicu-dev:amd64=76.1-4
+libicu76:amd64=76.1-4
+libidn2-0:amd64=2.3.8-2
+libidn2-dev:amd64=2.3.8-2
+libimath-3-1-29t64:amd64=3.1.12-1+b3
+libimath-dev:amd64=3.1.12-1+b3
+libisl23:amd64=0.27-1
+libitm1:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libjansson4:amd64=2.14-2+b3
+libjbig-dev:amd64=2.1-6.1+b2
+libjbig0:amd64=2.1-6.1+b2
+libjpeg-dev:amd64=1:2.1.5-4
+libjpeg62-turbo-dev:amd64=1:2.1.5-4
+libjpeg62-turbo:amd64=1:2.1.5-4
+libk5crypto3:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkadm5clnt-mit12:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkadm5srv-mit12:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkdb5-10t64:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkeyutils1:amd64=1.6.3-6
+libkrb5-3:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkrb5-dev:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libkrb5support0:amd64=1.21.3-5
+libksba8:amd64=1.6.7-2+b1
+liblastlog2-2:amd64=2.41-5
+liblcms2-2:amd64=2.16-2
+liblcms2-dev:amd64=2.16-2
+libldap-dev:amd64=2.6.10+dfsg-1
+libldap2:amd64=2.6.10+dfsg-1
+liblerc-dev:amd64=4.0.0+ds-5
+liblerc4:amd64=4.0.0+ds-5
+libllvm19:amd64=1:19.1.7-3+b1
+liblqr-1-0-dev:amd64=0.4.2-2.1+b2
+liblqr-1-0:amd64=0.4.2-2.1+b2
+liblsan0:amd64=14.2.0-19
+libltdl-dev:amd64=2.5.4-4
+libltdl7:amd64=2.5.4-4
+liblz4-1:amd64=1.10.0-4
+liblzma-dev:amd64=5.8.1-1
+liblzma5:amd64=5.8.1-1
+liblzo2-2:amd64=2.10-3+b1
+libmagic-mgc=1:5.46-5
+libmagic1t64:amd64=1:5.46-5
+libmagickcore-7-arch-config:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7-headers=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7.q16-10-extra:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7.q16-10:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-7.q16-dev:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickcore-dev=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-7-headers=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-7.q16-10:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-7.q16-dev:amd64=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmagickwand-dev=8:7.1.1.43+dfsg1-1+deb13u3
+libmariadb-dev-compat=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+libmariadb-dev=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+libmariadb3:amd64=1:11.8.3-0+deb13u1
+libmaxminddb-dev:amd64=1.12.2-1
+libmaxminddb0:amd64=1.12.2-1
+libmd0:amd64=1.1.0-2+b1
+libmount-dev:amd64=2.41-5
+libmount1:amd64=2.41-5
+libmpc3:amd64=1.3.1-1+b3
+libmpfr6:amd64=4.2.2-1
+libncurses-dev:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
+libncurses6:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
+libncursesw6:amd64=6.5+20250216-2
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+libselinux1:amd64=3.8.1-1
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+libsystemd0:amd64=257.9-1~deb13u1
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diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/compose-dev.yaml b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/compose-dev.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..718e95f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/compose-dev.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Test in Prod <contact@testinprod.io>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+services:
+  auth-api:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile_inline: |
+        FROM node:20-bookworm-slim@sha256:2cf067cfed83d5ea958367df9f966191a942351a2df77d6f0193e162b5febfc0
+        WORKDIR /app
+
+        RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+        RUN git clone ${GIT_REPOSITORY} && \
+            cd dstack && \
+            git checkout ${GIT_REV}
+        WORKDIR /app/dstack/dstack/kms/auth-eth
+        RUN npm ci
+        RUN npm run build
+        CMD node dist/main.js
+    environment:
+      - HOST=0.0.0.0
+      - PORT=8000
+      - ETH_RPC_URL=${ETH_RPC_URL}
+      - KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=${KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR}
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    ports:
+      - 8001:8000
+
+  kms:
+    image: ${KMS_IMAGE}
+    volumes:
+      - kms-volume:/kms
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    ports:
+      - 8000:8000
+    depends_on:
+      - auth-api
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    configs:
+      - source: kms_config
+        target: /kms/kms.toml
+    command: sh -c 'mkdir -p /kms/certs /kms/images && exec dstack-kms -c /kms/kms.toml'
+
+volumes:
+  kms-volume:
+
+configs:
+  kms_config:
+    content: |
+      [rpc]
+      address = "0.0.0.0"
+      port = 8000
+
+      [rpc.tls]
+      key = "/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+      certs = "/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+      [rpc.tls.mutual]
+      ca_certs = "/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+      mandatory = false
+
+      [core]
+      cert_dir = "/kms/certs"
+
+      [core.image]
+      verify = true
+      cache_dir = "/kms/images"
+      download_url = "${IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL}"
+      download_timeout = "2m"
+
+      [core.auth_api]
+      type = "webhook"
+
+      [core.auth_api.webhook]
+      url = "http://auth-api:8000"
+
+      [core.onboard]
+      enabled = true
+      auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+      address = "0.0.0.0"
+      port = 8000
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/compose-simple.yaml b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/compose-simple.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d268c38f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/compose-simple.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# KMS deployment with external auth-simple webhook
+# auth-simple runs outside the CVM (operator infrastructure)
+
+services:
+  kms:
+    image: ${KMS_IMAGE}
+    volumes:
+      - kms-volume:/kms
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    ports:
+      - 8000:8000
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    configs:
+      - source: kms_config
+        target: /kms/kms.toml
+    command: sh -c 'mkdir -p /kms/certs /kms/images && exec dstack-kms -c /kms/kms.toml'
+
+volumes:
+  kms-volume:
+
+configs:
+  kms_config:
+    content: |
+      [rpc]
+      address = "0.0.0.0"
+      port = 8000
+
+      [rpc.tls]
+      key = "/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+      certs = "/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+      [rpc.tls.mutual]
+      ca_certs = "/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+      mandatory = false
+
+      [core]
+      cert_dir = "/kms/certs"
+
+      [core.image]
+      verify = true
+      cache_dir = "/kms/images"
+      download_url = "${IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL}"
+      download_timeout = "2m"
+
+      [core.auth_api]
+      type = "webhook"
+
+      [core.auth_api.webhook]
+      url = "${AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL}"
+
+      [core.onboard]
+      enabled = true
+      auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+      address = "0.0.0.0"
+      port = 8000
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/deploy-simple.sh b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/deploy-simple.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c24b37715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/deploy-simple.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Deploy KMS with external auth-simple webhook
+# auth-simple runs outside the CVM (operator infrastructure)
+
+set -e
+
+# Check if .env.simple exists
+if [ -f ".env.simple" ]; then
+  echo "Loading environment variables from .env.simple file..."
+  set -a
+  # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+  source .env.simple
+  set +a
+else
+  # Create a template .env.simple file
+  echo "Creating template .env.simple file..."
+  cat >.env.simple <<EOF
+# Environment variables for KMS deployment with auth-simple
+# auth-simple runs OUTSIDE the CVM on operator infrastructure
+
+# Required: The URL of the dstack-vmm RPC service
+# VMM_RPC=unix:../../../build/vmm.sock
+
+# Required: External auth-simple webhook URL (running on operator infrastructure)
+# AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL=http://your-auth-server:3001
+
+# Required: The address of the KMS service listening on Host machine
+# KMS_RPC_ADDR=0.0.0.0:9201
+
+# Required: The address of the guest agent service listening on Host machine
+# GUEST_AGENT_ADDR=127.0.0.1:9205
+
+# Required: The URL of the dstack app image download URL
+# IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v0.5.5/dstack-0.5.5.tar.gz
+
+# Image hash verification feature flag
+VERIFY_IMAGE=true
+
+# The dstack OS image name to use for the KMS app
+OS_IMAGE=dstack-0.5.5
+
+# The dstack KMS image name to use for the KMS app
+KMS_IMAGE=dstacktee/dstack-kms@sha256:11ac59f524a22462ccd2152219b0bec48a28ceb734e32500152d4abefab7a62a
+
+# The admin token for the KMS app (auto-generated)
+ADMIN_TOKEN=\$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 1)
+EOF
+  echo "Please edit .env.simple and set the required variables, then run this script again."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+required_env_vars=(
+  "VMM_RPC"
+  "AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL"
+  "KMS_RPC_ADDR"
+  "GUEST_AGENT_ADDR"
+  "IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL"
+  "VERIFY_IMAGE"
+)
+
+for var in "${required_env_vars[@]}"; do
+  if [ -z "${!var}" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Required environment variable $var is not set."
+    echo "Please edit .env.simple and set a value for $var, then run this script again."
+    exit 1
+  fi
+done
+
+CLI=(../../vmm/src/vmm-cli.py --url "$VMM_RPC")
+
+COMPOSE_TMP=$(mktemp)
+
+# Used indirectly by subvar.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2034
+ADMIN_TOKEN_HASH=$(printf '%s' "$ADMIN_TOKEN" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+
+cp compose-simple.yaml "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+subvar() {
+  sed -i "s|\${$1}|${!1}|g" "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+}
+
+subvar AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL
+subvar IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL
+subvar ADMIN_TOKEN_HASH
+subvar VERIFY_IMAGE
+subvar KMS_IMAGE
+
+echo "Docker compose file:"
+cat "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+echo ""
+echo "Configuration:"
+echo "  AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL: $AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL"
+echo "  KMS_RPC_ADDR: $KMS_RPC_ADDR"
+echo "  OS_IMAGE: $OS_IMAGE"
+echo ""
+
+if [ -t 0 ]; then
+  read -r -p "Continue? [y/N] " -n 1
+  echo
+
+  if [[ ! $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
+    echo "Deployment cancelled"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+fi
+
+"${CLI[@]}" compose \
+  --docker-compose "$COMPOSE_TMP" \
+  --name kms \
+  --local-key-provider \
+  --public-logs \
+  --public-sysinfo \
+  --secure-time \
+  --no-instance-id \
+  --output .app-compose.json
+
+rm "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+echo "Deploying KMS to dstack-vmm..."
+
+"${CLI[@]}" deploy \
+  --name kms \
+  --compose .app-compose.json \
+  --image "$OS_IMAGE" \
+  --port "tcp:$KMS_RPC_ADDR:8000" \
+  --port "tcp:$GUEST_AGENT_ADDR:8090" \
+  --vcpu 8 \
+  --memory 8G \
+  --disk 50G
+
+echo ""
+echo "KMS deployed successfully!"
+echo ""
+echo "Next steps:"
+echo "1. Open http://127.0.0.1:${KMS_RPC_ADDR##*:}/ in your browser"
+echo "2. Bootstrap the KMS with your domain"
+echo "3. Add the KMS mrAggregated to your auth-simple config"
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..23f8c2917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/deploy-to-vmm.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Test in Prod <contact@testinprod.io>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Check if .env exists
+if [ -f ".env" ]; then
+  # Load variables from .env
+  echo "Loading environment variables from .env file..."
+  set -a
+  # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+  source .env
+  set +a
+else
+  # Create a template .env file
+  echo "Creating template .env file..."
+  cat >.env <<EOF
+# Required environment variables for KMS deployment
+# Please uncomment and set values for the following variables:
+
+# The URL of the dstack-vmm RPC service used to deploy the KMS app
+# VMM_RPC=unix:../../../build/vmm.sock
+
+# The address of the KMS contract
+# KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x59E4a36B01a87fD9D1A4C12377253FE9a7b018Ba
+
+# The address of the auth-api service listening on Host machine
+# AUTH_API_RPC_ADDR=0.0.0.0:8001
+
+# The address of the KMS service listening on Host machine
+# KMS_RPC_ADDR=0.0.0.0:9201
+
+# The address of the guest agent service listening on Host machine
+# GUEST_AGENT_ADDR=127.0.0.1:9205
+
+# The URL of the dstack app image download URL
+# IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL=https://download.dstack.org/os-images/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz
+
+# Image hash verification feature flag
+VERIFY_IMAGE=true
+
+# The URL of the Ethereum RPC service
+ETH_RPC_URL=https://rpc.phala.network
+
+# The Git repository to deploy
+GIT_REPOSITORY=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+
+# The Git revision to deploy
+GIT_REV=HEAD
+
+# The dstack OS image name to use for the KMS app
+OS_IMAGE=dstack-0.5.5
+
+# The dstack KMS image name to use for the KMS app
+KMS_IMAGE=dstacktee/dstack-kms@sha256:11ac59f524a22462ccd2152219b0bec48a28ceb734e32500152d4abefab7a62a
+
+# The admin token for the KMS app
+ADMIN_TOKEN=$(tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' < /dev/urandom | fold -w 32 | head -n 1)
+EOF
+  echo "Please edit the .env file and set the required variables, then run this script again."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+required_env_vars=(
+  "VMM_RPC"
+  "KMS_RPC_ADDR"
+  "AUTH_API_RPC_ADDR"
+  "GUEST_AGENT_ADDR"
+  "KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR"
+  "ETH_RPC_URL"
+  "IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL"
+  "VERIFY_IMAGE"
+  "GIT_REPOSITORY"
+)
+
+for var in "${required_env_vars[@]}"; do
+  if [ -z "${!var}" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Required environment variable $var is not set."
+    echo "Please edit the .env file and set a value for $var, then run this script again."
+    exit 1
+  fi
+done
+
+CLI="../../vmm/src/vmm-cli.py --url $VMM_RPC"
+
+COMPOSE_TMP=$(mktemp)
+
+GIT_REV=$(git rev-parse "$GIT_REV")
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2034  # consumed via `subvar` into compose-*.yaml
+ADMIN_TOKEN_HASH=$(echo -n "$ADMIN_TOKEN" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+
+cp compose-dev.yaml "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+subvar() {
+  sed -i "s|\${$1}|${!1}|g" "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+}
+
+subvar ETH_RPC_URL
+subvar KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR
+subvar GIT_REV
+subvar IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL
+subvar ADMIN_TOKEN_HASH
+subvar VERIFY_IMAGE
+subvar GIT_REPOSITORY
+subvar KMS_IMAGE
+
+echo "Docker compose file:"
+cat "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+if [ -t 0 ]; then
+  # Only ask for confirmation if running in an interactive terminal
+  read -p "Continue? [y/N] " -n 1 -r
+  echo
+
+  if [[ ! $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
+    echo "Deployment cancelled"
+    exit 1
+  fi
+fi
+
+$CLI compose \
+  --docker-compose "$COMPOSE_TMP" \
+  --name kms \
+  --local-key-provider \
+  --public-logs \
+  --public-sysinfo \
+  --secure-time \
+  --no-instance-id \
+  --output .app-compose.json
+
+# Remove the temporary file as it is no longer needed
+rm "$COMPOSE_TMP"
+
+echo "Deploying KMS to dstack-vmm..."
+
+$CLI deploy \
+  --name kms \
+  --compose .app-compose.json \
+  --image "$OS_IMAGE" \
+  --port tcp:"$KMS_RPC_ADDR":8000 \
+  --port tcp:"$AUTH_API_RPC_ADDR":8001 \
+  --port tcp:"$GUEST_AGENT_ADDR":8090 \
+  --vcpu 8 \
+  --memory 8G \
+  --disk 50G
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45dfe7fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/docker-compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+services:
+  # Helios is a Ethereum light client
+  helios:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile_inline: |
+        FROM rust:1.92.0@sha256:48851a839d6a67370c9dbe0e709bedc138e3e404b161c5233aedcf2b717366e4
+        WORKDIR /app
+        RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* build-base openssl-dev protobuf protobuf-dev perl
+        RUN git clone https://github.com/a16z/helios && \
+            cd helios && \
+            git checkout 5c61864a167c16141a9a12b976c0e9398b332f07
+        WORKDIR /app/helios
+        RUN cargo build --release
+    command: [
+      "./target/release/helios",
+      "ethereum",
+      "--network", "mainnet",
+      "--checkpoint", "0xbee4f32f91e62060d2aa41c652f6c69431829cfb09b02ea3cad92f65bd15dcce",
+      "--rpc-bind-ip", "0.0.0.0",
+      "--rpc-port", "8545",
+      "--consensus-rpc", "https://ethereum.operationsolarstorm.org",
+      "--execution-rpc", "https://ethereum-rpc.publicnode.com"
+    ]
+
+  # Auth API is a webhook server that authenticates KMS instances and Apps launches
+  auth-api:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile_inline: |
+        FROM node:20-bookworm-slim@sha256:2cf067cfed83d5ea958367df9f966191a942351a2df77d6f0193e162b5febfc0
+        WORKDIR /app
+
+        RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends git ca-certificates && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+        RUN git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git && \
+            cd dstack && \
+            git checkout 78057c975fe4b9e21f557fb888d72eeecfb21178
+        WORKDIR /app/dstack/kms/auth-eth
+        RUN npm ci && npm run build
+        CMD node dist/main.js
+    environment:
+      - HOST=0.0.0.0
+      - PORT=8000
+      - ETH_RPC_URL=http://helios:8545
+      - KMS_CONTRACT_ADDR=0x515cd0dd984Adc75EE8625131FcC3d2D91f7F140
+    depends_on:
+      - helios
+
+  # KMS handles the TEE Remote Attestation
+  kms:
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile_inline: |
+        FROM rust:1.92.0@sha256:48851a839d6a67370c9dbe0e709bedc138e3e404b161c5233aedcf2b717366e4
+        WORKDIR /app
+        RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+            git \
+            build-essential \
+            libssl-dev \
+            protobuf-compiler \
+            libprotobuf-dev \
+            clang \
+            libclang-dev \
+            --no-install-recommends \
+            && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+        RUN git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git && \
+            cd dstack && \
+            git checkout 78057c975fe4b9e21f557fb888d72eeecfb21178
+        WORKDIR /app/dstack
+        RUN cargo build --release -p dstack-kms
+        CMD ["./target/release/dstack-kms"]
+    volumes:
+      - kms-volume:/etc/kms
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    ports:
+      - 8000:8000
+    depends_on:
+      - auth-api
+
+volumes:
+  kms-volume:
diff --git a/dstack/kms/dstack-app/entrypoint.sh b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..52d14b8c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/dstack-app/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Test in Prod <contact@testinprod.io>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -e
+
+cat <<EOF > ./kms.toml
+[core.image]
+verify = ${VERIFY_IMAGE}
+cache_dir = "./images"
+download_url = "${IMAGE_DOWNLOAD_URL}"
+download_timeout = "2m"
+EOF
+
+exec dstack-kms -c ./kms.toml
diff --git a/dstack/kms/kms.toml b/dstack/kms/kms.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..935fdbd7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/kms.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "DStack KMS"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+
+[rpc]
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8000
+
+[rpc.tls]
+key = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+certs = "/etc/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+[rpc.tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/etc/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+cert_dir = "/etc/kms/certs"
+subject_postfix = ".dstack"
+site_name = ""
+# Whether trusted RPCs require the KMS to first attest itself to its own
+# auth API. Defaults to true (strict). Set to false ONLY when running KMS
+# outside a TEE (e.g. local dev/testing) where the local guest agent socket
+# is unavailable.
+enforce_self_authorization = true
+# Whether the KMS embeds an attestation in its own RPC certificate. Set false
+# only for local dev/testing where the KMS runs outside a TEE. This narrows what
+# the KMS asserts about itself and relaxes no verification: quotes presented to
+# the KMS are still fully checked, and another KMS refuses to onboard from an
+# unattested one.
+attest_rpc_cert = true
+# AMD SEV-SNP key/cert release remains disabled unless this local KMS gate is
+# explicitly enabled. External auth policy must still allow the verified
+# BootInfo before any sensitive material is returned.
+sev_snp_key_release = false
+
+# AWS EC2 NitroTPM key/cert release remains disabled unless this local KMS gate
+# is explicitly enabled. NitroTPM is a new, non-confidential-compute attestation
+# mode (the AWS hypervisor is in the TCB), so it is opt-in like SEV-SNP. External
+# auth policy must still allow the verified BootInfo.
+aws_nitro_tpm_key_release = false
+
+# Optional attestation trust-anchor files. Omitted entries use vendor roots.
+[core.attestation]
+insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors = false
+
+[core.attestation.urls]
+# pccs = "https://pccs.phala.network"
+# amd_kds = "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1"
+
+[core.attestation.root_ca]
+# tdx = "/etc/dstack/roots/intel-sgx-root-ca.der"
+# gcp_tpm = "/etc/dstack/roots/gcp-tpm-root-ca.pem"
+# aws_nitro_enclave = "/etc/dstack/roots/aws-nitro-enclave-root-ca.pem"
+# aws_nitro_tpm = "/etc/dstack/roots/aws-nitro-tpm-root-ca.pem"
+# sev_snp_milan = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-milan-ark.pem"
+# sev_snp_genoa = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-genoa-ark.pem"
+# sev_snp_turin = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-turin-ark.pem"
+
+[core.image]
+verify = true
+cache_dir = "/usr/share/dstack/images"
+download_url = "http://localhost:8000/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+download_timeout = "2m"
+
+# Admin API: serves operator RPCs (e.g. ClearImageCache) on a dedicated
+# listener behind the shared HTTP authenticator. Disabled by default; when
+# enabled it fails closed unless auth_token or htpasswd_file is set.
+[core.admin]
+enabled = false
+# Bind address/port for the admin listener (keep it off the public network).
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 8001
+# Shared admin token required by every admin RPC. Can also be supplied via the
+# `DSTACK_KMS_ADMIN_TOKEN` or `ADMIN_API_TOKEN` env vars. Clients send it as
+# `Authorization: Bearer <token>` or the `X-Admin-Token: <token>` header.
+# Required unless insecure_no_auth = true. Generate with: openssl rand -hex 32
+auth_token = ""
+# Optional Apache bcrypt htpasswd file (create with `htpasswd -B -c file admin`).
+htpasswd_file = ""
+# Development/testing escape hatch only. Never enable this on an admin
+# interface that is reachable from the network.
+insecure_no_auth = false
+
+[core.metrics]
+# Expose unauthenticated Prometheus metrics on /metrics.
+# Disable this if the KMS RPC listener is not protected by network policy
+# or another access-control layer.
+enabled = true
+
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "webhook"
+
+[core.auth_api.webhook]
+url = "http://auth-api:8000"
+
+[core.auth_api.dev]
+gateway_app_id = "any"
+
+[core.onboard]
+enabled = true
+auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8000
diff --git a/dstack/kms/rpc/Cargo.toml b/dstack/kms/rpc/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79a9b3478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/rpc/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-kms-rpc"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+prpc.workspace = true
+prost.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+
+[build-dependencies]
+prpc-build.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/kms/rpc/build.rs b/dstack/kms/rpc/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe19530a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/rpc/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+
+fn main() {
+    prpc_build::configure()
+        .out_dir(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("OUT_DIR not set"))
+        .mod_prefix("super::")
+        .build_scale_ext(false)
+        .disable_package_emission()
+        .enable_serde_extension()
+        .disable_service_name_emission()
+        .compile_dir("./proto")
+        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto b/dstack/kms/rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de44e28a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+package kms;
+
+message GetAppKeyRequest {
+  uint32 api_version = 1;
+  string vm_config = 2;
+}
+
+message AppId {
+  bytes app_id = 1;
+}
+
+message PublicKeyResponse {
+  bytes public_key = 1;
+  // Legacy signature without timestamp (for backward compatibility).
+  // Signs: Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + public_key)
+  bytes signature = 2;
+  // Unix timestamp in seconds when the response was generated.
+  uint64 timestamp = 3;
+  // New signature with timestamp to prevent replay attacks.
+  // Signs: Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + timestamp_be_bytes + public_key)
+  bytes signature_v1 = 4;
+}
+
+message AppKeyResponse {
+  // TLS CA certificate which is used as the trust anchor for all HTTPS RPCs in the system.
+  string ca_cert = 1;
+  // Disk encryption key used as the key phrase for the App's full disk encryption.
+  bytes disk_crypt_key = 2;
+  // X25519 key for decrypting secret environment variables.
+  bytes env_crypt_key = 3;
+  // ECDSA key for app's Ethereum-compatible signing operations.
+  bytes k256_key = 4;
+  // Signature of the k256 key signed by the root k256 key.
+  bytes k256_signature = 5;
+  // Reverse proxy app ID from DstackKms contract. (Deprecated. For backward compatibility)
+  string tproxy_app_id = 6;
+  // Reverse proxy app ID from DstackKms contract.
+  string gateway_app_id = 7;
+  // OS Image hash
+  bytes os_image_hash = 8;
+}
+
+message GetMetaResponse {
+  string ca_cert = 1;
+  bool allow_any_upgrade = 2;
+  bytes k256_pubkey = 3;
+  BootstrapResponse bootstrap_info = 4;
+  bool is_dev = 5;
+  optional string gateway_app_id = 6;
+  optional string kms_contract_address = 7;
+  optional uint64 chain_id = 8;
+  optional string app_auth_implementation = 9;
+}
+
+message GetKmsKeyRequest {
+  string vm_config = 1;
+}
+
+message KmsKeys {
+  string ca_key = 1;
+  bytes k256_key = 2;
+}
+
+message KmsKeyResponse {
+  string temp_ca_key = 1;
+  repeated KmsKeys keys = 2;
+}
+
+message GetTempCaCertResponse {
+  string temp_ca_cert = 1;
+  string temp_ca_key = 2;
+  string ca_cert = 3;
+}
+
+message SignCertRequest {
+  uint32 api_version = 1;
+  bytes csr = 2;
+  bytes signature = 3;
+  string vm_config = 4;
+}
+
+message SignCertResponse {
+  repeated string certificate_chain = 1;
+}
+
+// The kms public RPC service.
+service KMS {
+  // Request the app key given the app id and tdx quote
+  rpc GetAppKey(GetAppKeyRequest) returns (AppKeyResponse);
+  // KMS key handover
+  rpc GetKmsKey(GetKmsKeyRequest) returns (KmsKeyResponse);
+  // Request the app environment encryption public key given the app id
+  rpc GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey(AppId) returns (PublicKeyResponse);
+  // Request the KMS instance metadata for use as a probe and health check.
+  rpc GetMeta(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetMetaResponse);
+  // Request the temporary CA certificate and key
+  rpc GetTempCaCert(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetTempCaCertResponse);
+  // Sign a certificate
+  rpc SignCert(SignCertRequest) returns (SignCertResponse);
+}
+
+// The KMS admin RPC service. Served on a separate admin listener
+// (`[core.admin]`) behind the shared HTTP authenticator, so the credential
+// travels in the `Authorization`/`X-Admin-Token` header rather than the
+// request body.
+service Admin {
+  // Clear the image cache
+  rpc ClearImageCache(ClearImageCacheRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+}
+
+message ClearImageCacheRequest {
+  string image_hash = 1;
+  string config_hash = 2;
+}
+
+message BootstrapRequest {
+  string domain = 1;
+}
+
+message BootstrapResponse {
+  bytes ca_pubkey = 1;
+  bytes k256_pubkey = 2;
+  bytes attestation = 3;
+}
+
+message OnboardRequest {
+  string source_url = 1;
+  string domain = 2;
+}
+
+message OnboardResponse {
+  // k256 public key (secp256k1) inherited from source KMS
+  bytes k256_pubkey = 1;
+}
+
+// Attestation info needed for on-chain KMS authorization.
+message AttestationInfoResponse {
+  // Device ID (SHA256 of platform device identifier)
+  bytes device_id = 1;
+  // Aggregated measurement of the VM execution environment
+  bytes mr_aggregated = 2;
+  // OS image hash
+  bytes os_image_hash = 3;
+  // TEE variant (e.g. "dstack-tdx", "dstack-gcp-tdx")
+  string tee_variant = 4;
+  // Custom site name for display
+  string site_name = 5;
+  // Ethereum RPC URL from auth API
+  string eth_rpc_url = 6;
+  // KMS contract address from auth API
+  string kms_contract_address = 7;
+  // Raw platform provisioning ID
+  bytes ppid = 8;
+}
+
+// The Onboard RPC service.
+service Onboard {
+  // Bootstrap a new KMS
+  rpc Bootstrap(BootstrapRequest) returns (BootstrapResponse);
+  // Onboard from existing KMS
+  rpc Onboard(OnboardRequest) returns (OnboardResponse);
+  // Get attestation info for on-chain KMS authorization
+  rpc GetAttestationInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (AttestationInfoResponse);
+  // Finish onboarding
+  rpc Finish(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+}
diff --git a/kms/rpc/src/.gitignore b/dstack/kms/rpc/src/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from kms/rpc/src/.gitignore
rename to dstack/kms/rpc/src/.gitignore
diff --git a/dstack/kms/rpc/src/generated.rs b/dstack/kms/rpc/src/generated.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e9901364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/rpc/src/generated.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/kms.rs"));
diff --git a/dstack/kms/rpc/src/lib.rs b/dstack/kms/rpc/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..089da7c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/rpc/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub use generated::*;
+
+mod generated;
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/admin_auth.rs b/dstack/kms/src/admin_auth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..22fe33bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/admin_auth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! KMS adapter for the shared API authenticator, guarding the admin listener.
+//!
+//! Unlike the KMS public RPC surface (which authenticates callers by RA-TLS
+//! attestation), the admin API is reached by operators/tooling, so it uses the
+//! same shared-token/htpasswd HTTP mechanism as the VMM and gateway. The token
+//! is configured via `core.admin.auth_token`, or the `DSTACK_KMS_ADMIN_TOKEN` /
+//! `ADMIN_API_TOKEN` environment variables.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use dstack_api_auth::{Authenticator, HttpAuthConfig, HttpAuthFairing};
+use rocket::Route;
+
+use crate::config::AdminConfig;
+
+const ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN: &str = "DSTACK_KMS_ADMIN_TOKEN";
+const ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT: &str = "ADMIN_API_TOKEN";
+
+pub struct AdminAuthFairing(HttpAuthFairing);
+
+impl AdminAuthFairing {
+    pub fn from_config(config: &AdminConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        if config.insecure_no_auth {
+            return Ok(Self(HttpAuthFairing::new(
+                Authenticator::disabled(),
+                http_config(),
+            )));
+        }
+        let token = if !config.auth_token.is_empty() {
+            config.auth_token.trim().to_owned()
+        } else {
+            std::env::var(ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN)
+                .or_else(|_| std::env::var(ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT))
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .trim()
+                .to_owned()
+        };
+        if token.is_empty() && config.htpasswd_file.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+            bail!(
+                "admin API is enabled but neither auth_token nor htpasswd_file is configured; \
+                 set core.admin.auth_token, {ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN}, {ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT}, \
+                 core.admin.htpasswd_file, or insecure_no_auth = true (testing only)"
+            );
+        }
+        let mut auth = Authenticator::from_tokens([token]);
+        if !config.htpasswd_file.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+            auth = auth.with_htpasswd_file(&config.htpasswd_file)?;
+        }
+        Ok(Self(HttpAuthFairing::new(auth, http_config())))
+    }
+}
+
+fn http_config() -> HttpAuthConfig {
+    HttpAuthConfig {
+        realm: "dstack-kms admin".into(),
+        token_header: Some("X-Admin-Token".into()),
+        allow_get_query_token: false,
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl rocket::fairing::Fairing for AdminAuthFairing {
+    fn info(&self) -> rocket::fairing::Info {
+        self.0.info()
+    }
+    async fn on_request(&self, req: &mut rocket::Request<'_>, data: &mut rocket::Data<'_>) {
+        self.0.on_request(req, data).await
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    dstack_api_auth::routes()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn enabled_without_credentials_fails_closed() {
+        // the token can also come from the environment; make sure neither var is
+        // set so this exercises the missing-credential path.
+        std::env::remove_var(ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN);
+        std::env::remove_var(ENV_ADMIN_TOKEN_COMPAT);
+        let cfg = AdminConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(AdminAuthFairing::from_config(&cfg).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insecure_no_auth_is_allowed() {
+        let cfg = AdminConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            insecure_no_auth: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(AdminAuthFairing::from_config(&cfg).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn configured_token_builds() {
+        let cfg = AdminConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            auth_token: "secret".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(AdminAuthFairing::from_config(&cfg).is_ok());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/admin_service.rs b/dstack/kms/src/admin_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b8bec309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/admin_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! KMS admin RPC service, served on the `[core.admin]` listener behind the
+//! shared HTTP authenticator. Callers are authenticated by the admin token /
+//! htpasswd via `Authorization`/`X-Admin-Token`, so the handlers do no token
+//! checks of their own.
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use dstack_kms_rpc::{
+    admin_server::{AdminRpc, AdminServer},
+    ClearImageCacheRequest,
+};
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+
+use crate::main_service::KmsState;
+
+pub struct AdminRpcHandler {
+    state: KmsState,
+}
+
+impl AdminRpc for AdminRpcHandler {
+    async fn clear_image_cache(self, request: ClearImageCacheRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        self.state
+            .clear_image_cache(&request.image_hash, &request.config_hash)
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<KmsState> for AdminRpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = AdminServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, KmsState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(AdminRpcHandler {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/config.rs b/dstack/kms/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba3f9f93e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_attest::attestation::AttestationVerifierConfig;
+use load_config::load_config;
+use rocket::figment::Figment;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::{path::PathBuf, time::Duration};
+pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../kms.toml");
+
+pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
+    load_config("kms", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, false)
+}
+
+const TEMP_CA_CERT: &str = "tmp-ca.crt";
+const TEMP_CA_KEY: &str = "tmp-ca.key";
+const ROOT_CA_CERT: &str = "root-ca.crt";
+const ROOT_CA_KEY: &str = "root-ca.key";
+const RPC_CERT: &str = "rpc.crt";
+const RPC_KEY: &str = "rpc.key";
+const RPC_DOMAIN: &str = "rpc-domain";
+const K256_KEY: &str = "root-k256.key";
+const BOOTSTRAP_INFO: &str = "bootstrap-info.json";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct ImageConfig {
+    pub verify: bool,
+    pub cache_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub download_url: String,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
+    pub download_timeout: Duration,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct KmsConfig {
+    pub cert_dir: PathBuf,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub attestation: AttestationVerifierConfig,
+    pub auth_api: AuthApi,
+    pub onboard: OnboardConfig,
+    pub image: ImageConfig,
+    /// Whether to enable the additional local release gate for AMD SEV-SNP
+    /// key/cert material. This is separate from the auth API so production
+    /// deployments need an explicit KMS opt-in as well as a successful external
+    /// policy decision.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub sev_snp_key_release: bool,
+    /// Whether to enable the additional local release gate for AWS EC2 NitroTPM
+    /// key/cert material. NitroTPM is a new, non-confidential-compute attestation
+    /// mode (the AWS hypervisor is in the TCB), so production deployments need an
+    /// explicit KMS opt-in as well as a successful external policy decision —
+    /// mirroring `sev_snp_key_release`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub aws_nitro_tpm_key_release: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub site_name: String,
+    /// Whether the KMS embeds an attestation in its own RPC certificate.
+    /// Defaults to `true`. Set `false` only for local dev/testing where the KMS
+    /// runs outside a TEE and cannot reach a guest agent socket.
+    ///
+    /// This narrows what the KMS asserts about itself; it relaxes no
+    /// verification anywhere. Quotes presented *to* the KMS are still fully
+    /// checked, so key release stays gated, and another KMS refuses to onboard
+    /// from an unattested one.
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub attest_rpc_cert: bool,
+    /// Whether trusted RPCs require the KMS to first attest itself to its
+    /// own auth API. Defaults to `true` (strict). Set `false` only for local
+    /// dev/testing where the KMS runs outside a TEE and cannot reach a guest
+    /// agent socket.
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub enforce_self_authorization: bool,
+    pub metrics: MetricsConfig,
+    /// Admin API listener + authentication. The admin RPCs (e.g.
+    /// `ClearImageCache`) are served here, behind the shared HTTP authenticator.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub admin: AdminConfig,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct MetricsConfig {
+    /// Whether to expose the unauthenticated Prometheus `/metrics` endpoint.
+    pub enabled: bool,
+}
+
+/// Admin API listener + authentication, mirroring the gateway `[core.admin]`
+/// section. The listen `address`/`port` are read from the same `[core.admin]`
+/// section by Rocket. The token travels in the `Authorization`/`X-Admin-Token`
+/// header.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct AdminConfig {
+    /// Whether to serve the admin API at all.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// Shared admin token required to call any admin RPC. Can also be supplied
+    /// via `DSTACK_KMS_ADMIN_TOKEN` / `ADMIN_API_TOKEN`. Required unless
+    /// `insecure_no_auth = true`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub auth_token: String,
+    /// Optional Apache bcrypt htpasswd file, accepted in addition to the token.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub htpasswd_file: PathBuf,
+    /// Development-only escape hatch: serve the admin API with no auth. Never
+    /// enable on a network-reachable listener.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub insecure_no_auth: bool,
+}
+
+fn default_true() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+impl KmsConfig {
+    pub fn keys_exists(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tmp_ca_cert().exists()
+            && self.tmp_ca_key().exists()
+            && self.root_ca_cert().exists()
+            && self.root_ca_key().exists()
+            && self.rpc_cert().exists()
+            && self.rpc_key().exists()
+            && self.k256_key().exists()
+    }
+
+    pub fn tmp_ca_cert(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(TEMP_CA_CERT)
+    }
+
+    pub fn tmp_ca_key(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(TEMP_CA_KEY)
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_cert(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(ROOT_CA_CERT)
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_key(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(ROOT_CA_KEY)
+    }
+
+    pub fn rpc_cert(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(RPC_CERT)
+    }
+
+    pub fn rpc_key(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(RPC_KEY)
+    }
+
+    pub fn rpc_domain(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(RPC_DOMAIN)
+    }
+
+    pub fn k256_key(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(K256_KEY)
+    }
+
+    pub fn bootstrap_info(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.cert_dir.join(BOOTSTRAP_INFO)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type")]
+pub(crate) enum AuthApi {
+    #[serde(rename = "dev")]
+    Dev { dev: Dev },
+    #[serde(rename = "webhook")]
+    Webhook { webhook: Webhook },
+}
+
+impl AuthApi {
+    pub fn is_dev(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, AuthApi::Dev { .. })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Webhook {
+    pub url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Dev {
+    pub gateway_app_id: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct OnboardConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub auto_bootstrap_domain: String,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rocket::figment::providers::{Format, Toml};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_config_parses_with_admin_disabled_and_no_hash() {
+        let figment = load_config_figment(None);
+        let config: KmsConfig = figment
+            .focus("core")
+            .extract()
+            .expect("kms.toml must parse into KmsConfig");
+        assert!(!config.admin.enabled, "admin must be off by default");
+        assert!(
+            config.admin.auth_token.is_empty(),
+            "default admin token must be empty (fail-closed)"
+        );
+        assert!(!config.admin.insecure_no_auth);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rpc_cert_is_attested_by_default() {
+        let figment = load_config_figment(None);
+        let config: KmsConfig = figment
+            .focus("core")
+            .extract()
+            .expect("kms.toml must parse into KmsConfig");
+        assert!(
+            config.attest_rpc_cert,
+            "the KMS must attest its own RPC certificate unless explicitly told not to"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn omitting_the_key_keeps_the_attested_default() {
+        // Configs written before this key existed must keep working, and must
+        // land on the attested side.
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct Probe {
+            #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+            attest_rpc_cert: bool,
+        }
+        let probe: Probe = Figment::from(Toml::string(""))
+            .extract()
+            .expect("an absent attest_rpc_cert must parse");
+        assert!(probe.attest_rpc_cert);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/crypto.rs b/dstack/kms/src/crypto.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1037e8066
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/crypto.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey;
+use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+
+use ra_tls::kdf;
+
+pub(crate) fn derive_k256_key(
+    parent_key: &SigningKey,
+    app_id: &[u8],
+) -> Result<(SigningKey, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let context_data = [app_id, b"app-key"];
+    let derived_key_bytes: [u8; 32] = kdf::derive_key(&parent_key.to_bytes(), &context_data, 32)?
+        .try_into()
+        .ok()
+        .context("Invalid derived key len")?;
+    let derived_signing_key = SigningKey::from_bytes(&derived_key_bytes.into())?;
+    let pubkey = derived_signing_key.verifying_key();
+
+    let signature = sign_message(
+        parent_key,
+        b"dstack-kms-issued",
+        app_id,
+        &pubkey.to_sec1_bytes(),
+    )?;
+    Ok((derived_signing_key, signature))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn sign_message(
+    key: &SigningKey,
+    prefix: &[u8],
+    appid: &[u8],
+    message: &[u8],
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let digest = Keccak256::new_with_prefix([prefix, b":", appid, message].concat());
+    let (signature, recid) = key.sign_digest_recoverable(digest)?;
+    let mut signature_bytes = signature.to_vec();
+    signature_bytes.push(recid.to_byte());
+    Ok(signature_bytes)
+}
+
+/// Sign a message with a timestamp to prevent replay attacks.
+/// The signature covers: prefix + ":" + appid + timestamp_be_bytes + message
+pub(crate) fn sign_message_with_timestamp(
+    key: &SigningKey,
+    prefix: &[u8],
+    appid: &[u8],
+    timestamp: u64,
+    message: &[u8],
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let timestamp_bytes = timestamp.to_be_bytes();
+    let digest =
+        Keccak256::new_with_prefix([prefix, b":", appid, &timestamp_bytes[..], message].concat());
+    let (signature, recid) = key.sign_digest_recoverable(digest)?;
+    let mut signature_bytes = signature.to_vec();
+    signature_bytes.push(recid.to_byte());
+    Ok(signature_bytes)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/main.rs b/dstack/kms/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd52622cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use config::KmsConfig;
+use main_service::{KmsState, RpcHandler};
+use ra_rpc::rocket_helper::QuoteVerifier;
+use ra_tls::attestation::AttestationVerifier;
+use rocket::{
+    fairing::AdHoc,
+    figment::{providers::Serialized, Figment},
+    response::content::{RawHtml, RawText},
+    Shutdown, State,
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+mod admin_auth;
+mod admin_service;
+mod config;
+mod crypto;
+mod main_service;
+mod onboard_service;
+
+fn app_version() -> String {
+    dstack_build_info::app_version!()
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
+struct Args {
+    /// Path to the configuration file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+}
+
+async fn run_onboard_service(kms_config: KmsConfig, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
+    use onboard_service::{OnboardHandler, OnboardState};
+
+    #[rocket::get("/")]
+    async fn index() -> RawHtml<&'static str> {
+        RawHtml(include_str!("www/onboard.html"))
+    }
+    #[rocket::get("/finish")]
+    fn finish(shutdown: Shutdown) -> &'static str {
+        shutdown.notify();
+        "OK"
+    }
+
+    if !kms_config.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain.is_empty() {
+        let verifier = AttestationVerifier::load(&kms_config.attestation)
+            .context("failed to load attestation verifier")?;
+        onboard_service::bootstrap_keys(&kms_config, &verifier).await?;
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let state = OnboardState::new(kms_config)?;
+    let figment = figment
+        .clone()
+        .merge(Serialized::defaults(figment.find_value("core.onboard")?));
+
+    // Remove section tls
+
+    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/", rocket::routes![index, finish, health])
+        .mount(
+            "/prpc",
+            ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(OnboardState, OnboardHandler, trim: "Onboard."),
+        )
+        .manage(state.clone())
+        .ignite()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    state.set_shutdown(rocket.shutdown())?;
+    let _ = rocket
+        .launch()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[rocket::get("/health")]
+fn health() -> RawText<&'static str> {
+    RawText("OK")
+}
+
+#[rocket::get("/metrics")]
+fn metrics(state: &State<KmsState>) -> RawText<String> {
+    RawText(state.metrics().render_prometheus())
+}
+
+// Count only RPCs whose primary job is to verify caller/app attestation.
+// Recording in a response fairing also catches failures that happen before
+// RpcHandler is constructed, such as malformed RA-TLS attestation.
+fn is_attestation_rpc_path(path: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(method) = path.strip_prefix("/prpc/") else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let method = method.trim_start_matches("KMS.");
+    matches!(method, "GetAppKey" | "GetKmsKey" | "SignCert")
+}
+
+fn record_attestation_metrics(req: &rocket::Request<'_>, res: &rocket::Response<'_>) {
+    if !is_attestation_rpc_path(req.uri().path().as_str()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(state) = req.rocket().state::<KmsState>() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    state
+        .metrics()
+        .record_attestation_request(res.status().code >= 400);
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+    let args = Args::parse();
+
+    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
+    let config: KmsConfig = figment.focus("core").extract()?;
+
+    if !config.attest_rpc_cert {
+        warn!(
+            "attest_rpc_cert = false; the KMS RPC certificate carries no attestation, so \
+             guests cannot verify which KMS they are talking to. Intended for local \
+             development only"
+        );
+    }
+
+    if config.onboard.enabled && !config.keys_exists() {
+        info!("Onboarding");
+        run_onboard_service(config.clone(), figment.clone()).await?;
+        if !config.keys_exists() {
+            bail!("Failed to onboard");
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!("Updating certs");
+    if let Err(err) = onboard_service::update_certs(&config).await {
+        if config.attest_rpc_cert {
+            return Err(err).context(
+                "Failed to reissue the attested KMS RPC certificate; refusing to start with a \
+                 potentially unattested certificate",
+            );
+        }
+        warn!("Failed to update certs: {err}");
+    };
+
+    info!("Starting KMS");
+    info!("Supported methods:");
+    for method in main_service::rpc_methods() {
+        info!("  /prpc/{method}");
+    }
+
+    let metrics_enabled = config.metrics.enabled;
+    let admin_config = config.admin.clone();
+    // build the admin listener figment from `[core.admin]` before `config` is
+    // moved into the state; the fairing is built now so a misconfigured admin
+    // (enabled but no credential) fails fast before we start serving.
+    let admin_setup = if admin_config.enabled {
+        let admin_value = figment
+            .find_value("core.admin")
+            .context("core.admin section not found")?;
+        let admin_figment =
+            Figment::from(rocket::Config::default()).merge(Serialized::defaults(admin_value));
+        let admin_fairing = admin_auth::AdminAuthFairing::from_config(&admin_config)?;
+        Some((admin_figment, admin_fairing))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let state = main_service::KmsState::new(config).context("Failed to initialize KMS state")?;
+    let quote_verifier = QuoteVerifier::new(state.attestation_verifier());
+    let figment = figment
+        .clone()
+        .merge(Serialized::defaults(figment.find_value("rpc")?));
+    let mut rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
+            })
+        }))
+        .mount(
+            "/prpc",
+            ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(KmsState, RpcHandler, trim: "KMS."),
+        )
+        .mount("/", rocket::routes![health])
+        .manage(state.clone());
+
+    if metrics_enabled {
+        info!("Prometheus metrics endpoint enabled at /metrics");
+        rocket = rocket
+            .attach(AdHoc::on_response(
+                "Record KMS attestation metrics",
+                |req, res| Box::pin(async move { record_attestation_metrics(req, res) }),
+            ))
+            .mount("/", rocket::routes![metrics]);
+    }
+
+    rocket = rocket.manage(quote_verifier);
+
+    let main_srv = rocket.launch();
+    match admin_setup {
+        Some((admin_figment, admin_fairing)) => {
+            if admin_config.insecure_no_auth {
+                warn!(
+                    "admin API is served with insecure_no_auth = true; the admin RPCs are exposed without authentication"
+                );
+            } else {
+                info!("admin API authentication enabled");
+            }
+            let admin_srv = rocket::custom(admin_figment)
+                .attach(admin_fairing)
+                .mount("/", admin_auth::routes())
+                .mount(
+                    "/prpc",
+                    ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(KmsState, admin_service::AdminRpcHandler, trim: "Admin."),
+                )
+                .manage(state)
+                .launch();
+            tokio::try_join!(
+                async { main_srv.await.map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string())) },
+                async { admin_srv.await.map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string())) },
+            )?;
+        }
+        None => {
+            main_srv.await.map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/main_service.rs b/dstack/kms/src/main_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..339fbd3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/main_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1121 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    path::Path,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+        Arc,
+    },
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_kms_rpc::{
+    kms_server::{KmsRpc, KmsServer},
+    AppId, AppKeyResponse, GetAppKeyRequest, GetKmsKeyRequest, GetMetaResponse,
+    GetTempCaCertResponse, KmsKeyResponse, KmsKeys, PublicKeyResponse, SignCertRequest,
+    SignCertResponse,
+};
+use dstack_verifier::{CvmVerifier, VerificationDetails};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey;
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::{AttestationVerifier, TeeVariant, VerifiedAttestation},
+    cert::{CaCert, CertRequest, CertSigningRequestV1, CertSigningRequestV2, Csr},
+    kdf,
+};
+use scale::Decode;
+use tokio::sync::OnceCell;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use upgrade_authority::{build_boot_info, ensure_app_id_len, local_kms_boot_info, BootInfo};
+
+use crate::{
+    config::KmsConfig,
+    crypto::{derive_k256_key, sign_message, sign_message_with_timestamp},
+};
+
+pub(crate) mod amd_attest;
+pub(crate) mod upgrade_authority;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct KmsState {
+    inner: Arc<KmsStateInner>,
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Deref for KmsState {
+    type Target = KmsStateInner;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct KmsStateInner {
+    config: KmsConfig,
+    root_ca: CaCert,
+    k256_key: SigningKey,
+    temp_ca_cert: String,
+    temp_ca_key: String,
+    verifier: CvmVerifier,
+    attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+    self_boot_info: OnceCell<BootInfo>,
+    metrics: KmsMetrics,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct KmsMetrics {
+    attestation_requests_total: AtomicU64,
+    attestation_failures_total: AtomicU64,
+}
+
+impl KmsMetrics {
+    pub(crate) fn record_attestation_request(&self, failed: bool) {
+        self.attestation_requests_total
+            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        if failed {
+            self.attestation_failures_total
+                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn render_prometheus(&self) -> String {
+        let attestation_requests_total = self.attestation_requests_total.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let attestation_failures_total = self.attestation_failures_total.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+        format!(
+            "# HELP dstack_kms_attestation_requests_total Total number of KMS attestation requests.\n\
+             # TYPE dstack_kms_attestation_requests_total counter\n\
+             dstack_kms_attestation_requests_total {attestation_requests_total}\n\
+             # HELP dstack_kms_attestation_failures_total Total number of failed KMS attestation requests.\n\
+             # TYPE dstack_kms_attestation_failures_total counter\n\
+             dstack_kms_attestation_failures_total {attestation_failures_total}\n"
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// remove a single cache entry (a hex-named subdir/file) under `parent_dir`, or
+/// everything when `sub_dir == "all"`. A non-hex key is rejected to keep the
+/// deletion confined to the cache.
+fn remove_cache(parent_dir: &Path, sub_dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if sub_dir.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if sub_dir == "all" {
+        if parent_dir.exists() {
+            fs::remove_dir_all(parent_dir)?;
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if !sub_dir.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        bail!("invalid cache key");
+    }
+    let path = parent_dir.join(sub_dir);
+    if path.is_dir() {
+        fs::remove_dir_all(path)?;
+    } else if path.is_file() {
+        fs::remove_file(path)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl KmsState {
+    /// clear cached image and measurement material for the given hashes. Used by
+    /// the admin `ClearImageCache` RPC; authorization is enforced by the admin
+    /// listener's HTTP authenticator, not here.
+    pub(crate) fn clear_image_cache(&self, image_hash: &str, config_hash: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let images_dir = self.config.image.cache_dir.join("images");
+        remove_cache(&images_dir, image_hash).context("failed to clear image cache")?;
+        // measurement cache is kept by the verifier under measurements/.
+        let mr_cache_dir = self.config.image.cache_dir.join("measurements");
+        remove_cache(&mr_cache_dir, config_hash).context("failed to clear measurement cache")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(config: KmsConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        let root_ca = CaCert::load(config.root_ca_cert(), config.root_ca_key())
+            .context("Failed to load root CA certificate")?;
+        let key_bytes = fs::read(config.k256_key()).context("Failed to read ECDSA root key")?;
+        let k256_key =
+            SigningKey::from_slice(&key_bytes).context("Failed to load ECDSA root key")?;
+        let temp_ca_key =
+            fs::read_to_string(config.tmp_ca_key()).context("Faeild to read temp ca key")?;
+        let temp_ca_cert =
+            fs::read_to_string(config.tmp_ca_cert()).context("Faeild to read temp ca cert")?;
+        let attestation_verifier = Arc::new(
+            AttestationVerifier::load(&config.attestation)
+                .context("failed to load attestation verifier")?,
+        );
+        let verifier = CvmVerifier::new(
+            config.image.cache_dir.display().to_string(),
+            config.image.download_url.clone(),
+            config.image.download_timeout,
+            attestation_verifier.clone(),
+        );
+        if !config.enforce_self_authorization {
+            warn!(
+                "self-authorization is disabled; trusted RPCs will not be gated by KMS self-attestation - do not use in production TEE deployments"
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(KmsStateInner {
+                config,
+                root_ca,
+                k256_key,
+                temp_ca_cert,
+                temp_ca_key,
+                verifier,
+                attestation_verifier,
+                self_boot_info: OnceCell::new(),
+                metrics: KmsMetrics::default(),
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn metrics(&self) -> &KmsMetrics {
+        &self.inner.metrics
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn attestation_verifier(&self) -> Arc<AttestationVerifier> {
+        self.inner.attestation_verifier.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RpcHandler {
+    state: KmsState,
+    attestation: Option<VerifiedAttestation>,
+}
+
+struct BootConfig {
+    boot_info: BootInfo,
+    gateway_app_id: String,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn build_boot_info_for_attestation(
+    att: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    use_boottime_mr: bool,
+    vm_config_str: &str,
+) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    if att.report.amd_snp_report().is_some() {
+        let vm_config_str = if vm_config_str.is_empty() {
+            att.config.as_str()
+        } else {
+            vm_config_str
+        };
+        return amd_attest::build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation_and_vm_config(
+            att,
+            vm_config_str,
+        );
+    }
+    build_boot_info(att, use_boottime_mr, vm_config_str)
+}
+
+fn ensure_key_release_allowed(
+    boot_info: &BootInfo,
+    snp_enabled: bool,
+    aws_nitro_tpm_enabled: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    match boot_info.tee_variant {
+        TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp if !snp_enabled => {
+            bail!("amd sev-snp key release is not enabled")
+        }
+        TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm if !aws_nitro_tpm_enabled => {
+            bail!("aws nitro-tpm key release is not enabled")
+        }
+        _ => Ok(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn ensure_self_key_release_allowed(
+    self_boot_info: Option<&BootInfo>,
+    snp_enabled: bool,
+    aws_nitro_tpm_enabled: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some(boot_info) = self_boot_info {
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(boot_info, snp_enabled, aws_nitro_tpm_enabled)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl RpcHandler {
+    async fn ensure_self_allowed(&self) -> Result<Option<&BootInfo>> {
+        if !self.state.config.enforce_self_authorization {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let boot_info = self
+            .state
+            .self_boot_info
+            .get_or_try_init(|| local_kms_boot_info(&self.state.attestation_verifier))
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to load cached self boot info")?;
+        let response = self
+            .state
+            .config
+            .auth_api
+            .is_app_allowed(boot_info, true)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to call self KMS auth check")?;
+        if !response.is_allowed {
+            bail!("KMS is not allowed: {}", response.reason);
+        }
+        Ok(Some(boot_info))
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_attested(&self) -> Result<&VerifiedAttestation> {
+        let Some(attestation) = &self.attestation else {
+            bail!("No attestation provided");
+        };
+        Ok(attestation)
+    }
+
+    async fn ensure_kms_allowed(&self, vm_config: &str) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+        let att = self.ensure_attested()?;
+        self.ensure_app_attestation_allowed(att, true, false, vm_config)
+            .await
+            .map(|c| c.boot_info)
+    }
+
+    async fn ensure_app_boot_allowed(&self, vm_config: &str) -> Result<BootConfig> {
+        let att = self.ensure_attested()?;
+        self.ensure_app_attestation_allowed(att, false, false, vm_config)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_os_image_hash(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: String,
+        report: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if !self.state.config.image.verify {
+            info!("Image verification is disabled");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let mut detail = VerificationDetails::default();
+        self.state
+            .verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash(vm_config, report, false, &mut detail)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to verify os image hash")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn ensure_app_attestation_allowed(
+        &self,
+        att: &VerifiedAttestation,
+        is_kms: bool,
+        use_boottime_mr: bool,
+        vm_config_str: &str,
+    ) -> Result<BootConfig> {
+        let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(att, use_boottime_mr, vm_config_str)?;
+        let response = self
+            .state
+            .config
+            .auth_api
+            .is_app_allowed(&boot_info, is_kms)
+            .await?;
+        if !response.is_allowed {
+            bail!("Boot denied: {}", response.reason);
+        }
+        // SNP rootfs/app/config binding is handled by the SNP launch-measurement
+        // helper above. The legacy OS-image verifier is TDX-oriented and still
+        // rejects SNP quotes; keep SNP on the explicit fail-closed helper path.
+        if boot_info.tee_variant != TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp {
+            self.verify_os_image_hash(vm_config_str.into(), att)
+                .await
+                .context("Failed to verify os image hash")?;
+        }
+        Ok(BootConfig {
+            boot_info,
+            gateway_app_id: response.gateway_app_id,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn derive_app_ca(&self, app_id: &[u8]) -> Result<CaCert> {
+        let context_data = vec![app_id, b"app-ca"];
+        let app_key = kdf::derive_p256_key_pair(&self.state.root_ca.key, &context_data)
+            .context("Failed to derive app disk key")?;
+        let req = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&app_key)
+            .org_name("Dstack")
+            .subject("Dstack App CA")
+            .ca_level(0)
+            .app_id(app_id)
+            .special_usage("app:ca")
+            .build();
+        let app_ca = self
+            .state
+            .root_ca
+            .sign(req)
+            .context("Failed to sign App CA")?;
+        Ok(CaCert::from_parts(app_key, app_ca))
+    }
+}
+
+impl KmsRpc for RpcHandler {
+    async fn get_app_key(self, request: GetAppKeyRequest) -> Result<AppKeyResponse> {
+        if request.api_version > 1 {
+            bail!("Unsupported API version: {}", request.api_version);
+        }
+        self.ensure_self_allowed()
+            .await
+            .context("KMS self authorization failed")?;
+        let BootConfig {
+            boot_info,
+            gateway_app_id,
+        } = self
+            .ensure_app_boot_allowed(&request.vm_config)
+            .await
+            .context("App not allowed")?;
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(
+            &boot_info,
+            self.state.config.sev_snp_key_release,
+            self.state.config.aws_nitro_tpm_key_release,
+        )?;
+        let app_id = boot_info.app_id;
+        let instance_id = boot_info.instance_id;
+        let os_image_hash = boot_info.os_image_hash;
+
+        let context_data = vec![&app_id[..], &instance_id[..], b"app-disk-crypt-key"];
+        let app_disk_key = kdf::derive_dh_secret(&self.state.root_ca.key, &context_data)
+            .context("Failed to derive app disk key")?;
+        let env_crypt_key = {
+            let secret =
+                kdf::derive_dh_secret(&self.state.root_ca.key, &[&app_id[..], b"env-encrypt-key"])
+                    .context("Failed to derive env encrypt key")?;
+            let secret = x25519_dalek::StaticSecret::from(secret);
+            secret.to_bytes()
+        };
+
+        let (k256_key, k256_signature) = {
+            let (k256_app_key, signature) = derive_k256_key(&self.state.k256_key, &app_id)
+                .context("Failed to derive app ecdsa key")?;
+            (k256_app_key.to_bytes().to_vec(), signature)
+        };
+
+        Ok(AppKeyResponse {
+            ca_cert: self.state.root_ca.pem_cert.clone(),
+            disk_crypt_key: app_disk_key.to_vec(),
+            env_crypt_key: env_crypt_key.to_vec(),
+            k256_key,
+            k256_signature,
+            tproxy_app_id: gateway_app_id.clone(),
+            gateway_app_id,
+            os_image_hash,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(self, request: AppId) -> Result<PublicKeyResponse> {
+        self.ensure_self_allowed()
+            .await
+            .context("KMS self authorization failed")?;
+        ensure_app_id_len(&request.app_id)?;
+        let secret = kdf::derive_dh_secret(
+            &self.state.root_ca.key,
+            &[&request.app_id[..], "env-encrypt-key".as_bytes()],
+        )
+        .context("Failed to derive env encrypt key")?;
+        let secret = x25519_dalek::StaticSecret::from(secret);
+        let pubkey = x25519_dalek::PublicKey::from(&secret);
+
+        let public_key = pubkey.to_bytes().to_vec();
+        let timestamp = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .context("System time before UNIX epoch")?
+            .as_secs();
+
+        // Legacy signature (without timestamp) for backward compatibility
+        let signature = sign_message(
+            &self.state.k256_key,
+            b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey",
+            &request.app_id,
+            &public_key,
+        )
+        .context("Failed to sign the public key")?;
+
+        // New signature with timestamp to prevent replay attacks
+        let signature_v1 = sign_message_with_timestamp(
+            &self.state.k256_key,
+            b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey",
+            &request.app_id,
+            timestamp,
+            &public_key,
+        )
+        .context("Failed to sign the public key with timestamp")?;
+
+        Ok(PublicKeyResponse {
+            public_key,
+            signature,
+            timestamp,
+            signature_v1,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_meta(self) -> Result<GetMetaResponse> {
+        let bootstrap_info = fs::read_to_string(self.state.config.bootstrap_info())
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|s| serde_json::from_str(&s).ok());
+        let info = self.state.config.auth_api.get_info().await?;
+        Ok(GetMetaResponse {
+            ca_cert: self.state.inner.root_ca.pem_cert.clone(),
+            allow_any_upgrade: self.state.inner.config.auth_api.is_dev(),
+            k256_pubkey: self
+                .state
+                .inner
+                .k256_key
+                .verifying_key()
+                .to_sec1_bytes()
+                .to_vec(),
+            bootstrap_info,
+            is_dev: self.state.config.auth_api.is_dev(),
+            kms_contract_address: info.kms_contract_address,
+            chain_id: info.chain_id,
+            gateway_app_id: info.gateway_app_id,
+            app_auth_implementation: info.app_implementation,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_kms_key(self, request: GetKmsKeyRequest) -> Result<KmsKeyResponse> {
+        self.ensure_self_allowed()
+            .await
+            .context("KMS self authorization failed")?;
+        let info = self.ensure_kms_allowed(&request.vm_config).await?;
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(
+            &info,
+            self.state.config.sev_snp_key_release,
+            self.state.config.aws_nitro_tpm_key_release,
+        )?;
+        Ok(KmsKeyResponse {
+            temp_ca_key: self.state.inner.temp_ca_key.clone(),
+            keys: vec![KmsKeys {
+                ca_key: self.state.inner.root_ca.key.serialize_pem(),
+                k256_key: self.state.inner.k256_key.to_bytes().to_vec(),
+            }],
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_temp_ca_cert(self) -> Result<GetTempCaCertResponse> {
+        let self_boot_info = self
+            .ensure_self_allowed()
+            .await
+            .context("KMS self authorization failed")?;
+        ensure_self_key_release_allowed(
+            self_boot_info,
+            self.state.config.sev_snp_key_release,
+            self.state.config.aws_nitro_tpm_key_release,
+        )?;
+        Ok(GetTempCaCertResponse {
+            temp_ca_cert: self.state.inner.temp_ca_cert.clone(),
+            temp_ca_key: self.state.inner.temp_ca_key.clone(),
+            ca_cert: self.state.inner.root_ca.pem_cert.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn sign_cert(self, request: SignCertRequest) -> Result<SignCertResponse> {
+        self.ensure_self_allowed()
+            .await
+            .context("KMS self authorization failed")?;
+        let csr = match request.api_version {
+            1 => {
+                let csr = CertSigningRequestV1::decode(&mut &request.csr[..])
+                    .context("Failed to parse csr")?;
+                csr.verify(&request.signature)
+                    .context("Failed to verify csr signature")?;
+                csr.try_into().context("Failed to upgrade csr v1 to v2")?
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let csr = CertSigningRequestV2::decode(&mut &request.csr[..])
+                    .context("Failed to parse csr")?;
+                csr.verify(&request.signature)
+                    .context("Failed to verify csr signature")?;
+                csr
+            }
+            _ => bail!("Unsupported API version: {}", request.api_version),
+        };
+        let attestation = csr
+            .attestation
+            .clone()
+            .into_v1()
+            .verify_with_ra_pubkey(&csr.pubkey, &self.state.attestation_verifier)
+            .await
+            .context("Quote verification failed")?;
+        let app_info = self
+            .ensure_app_attestation_allowed(&attestation, false, true, &request.vm_config)
+            .await?;
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(
+            &app_info.boot_info,
+            self.state.config.sev_snp_key_release,
+            self.state.config.aws_nitro_tpm_key_release,
+        )?;
+        let app_ca = self.derive_app_ca(&app_info.boot_info.app_id)?;
+        let cert = app_ca
+            .sign_csr(&csr, Some(&app_info.boot_info.app_id), "app:custom")
+            .context("Failed to sign certificate")?;
+        Ok(SignCertResponse {
+            certificate_chain: vec![
+                cert.pem(),
+                app_ca.pem_cert.clone(),
+                self.state.root_ca.pem_cert.clone(),
+            ],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<KmsState> for RpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = KmsServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, KmsState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(RpcHandler {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+            attestation: context.attestation,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn rpc_methods() -> &'static [&'static str] {
+    <KmsServer<RpcHandler>>::supported_methods()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::main_service::amd_attest::{
+        compute_expected_measurement, MeasurementInput, OvmfSectionParam,
+    };
+    use cc_eventlog::RuntimeEvent;
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha384};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_cache_only_deletes_the_named_hex_entry() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let root = dir.path();
+        let keep = root.join("cafe");
+        let drop = root.join("beef");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&keep).unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(&drop).unwrap();
+
+        remove_cache(root, "beef").unwrap();
+        assert!(!drop.exists(), "named entry must be removed");
+        assert!(keep.exists(), "other entries must be kept");
+
+        // empty key is a no-op; a non-hex key is rejected before touching disk.
+        remove_cache(root, "").unwrap();
+        assert!(remove_cache(root, "../escape").is_err());
+        assert!(keep.exists());
+
+        // "all" clears the whole cache dir.
+        remove_cache(root, "all").unwrap();
+        assert!(!root.exists());
+    }
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    fn hex_of(byte: u8, len: usize) -> String {
+        hex::encode(vec![byte; len])
+    }
+
+    fn valid_snp_measurement_input() -> MeasurementInput {
+        let rootfs_hash = hex_of(0x33, 32);
+        MeasurementInput {
+            base_cmdline: format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={rootfs_hash}"),
+            ovmf_hash: hex_of(0x44, 48),
+            kernel_hash: hex_of(0x55, 32),
+            initrd_hash: hex_of(0x66, 32),
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa: 0x80_1000,
+            sev_es_reset_eip: 0xffff_fff0,
+            vcpus: 2,
+            vcpu_type: Some("epyc-v4".to_string()),
+            guest_features: 1,
+            ovmf_sections: vec![
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x100000,
+                    size: 0x2000,
+                    section_type: 1,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x80_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 0x10,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x81_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 2,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x82_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 3,
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn valid_snp_mr_config() -> dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3 {
+        dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x99; 20],
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn verified_snp_attestation(measurement: [u8; 48], chip_id: [u8; 64]) -> VerifiedAttestation {
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        verified_snp_attestation_with_config(measurement, chip_id, String::new(), &mr_config)
+    }
+
+    fn verified_snp_attestation_with_config(
+        measurement: [u8; 48],
+        chip_id: [u8; 64],
+        config: String,
+        mr_config: &dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3,
+    ) -> VerifiedAttestation {
+        VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                ra_tls::attestation::SnpQuote {
+                    report: Vec::new(),
+                    cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+                    mr_config: mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+                },
+            ),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data: [0x42; 64],
+            config,
+            report: ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+                    measurement,
+                    report_data: [0x42; 64],
+                    host_data: mr_config.to_snp_host_data(),
+                    chip_id,
+                    tcb_info: dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::AmdSnpTcbInfo::default(),
+                    advisory_ids: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn snp_measurement_document(
+        input: &MeasurementInput,
+    ) -> dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+        let measurement = dstack_mr::sev::sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(input)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_cbor_vec();
+        let sha256sum = format!(
+            "{}  {}\n",
+            hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&measurement)),
+            dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+            checksum_file: sha256sum,
+            measurement,
+            vcpus: input.vcpus,
+            vcpu_type: input.vcpu_type.clone(),
+            guest_features: input.guest_features,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn snp_vm_config(
+        input: &MeasurementInput,
+        mr_config: &dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3,
+    ) -> String {
+        let document = snp_measurement_document(input);
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&document.checksum_file)),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": serde_json::to_string(&document).unwrap(),
+            "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+        })
+        .to_string()
+    }
+
+    fn sha256_chunks(chunks: &[&[u8]]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+        for chunk in chunks {
+            hasher.update(chunk);
+        }
+        hasher.finalize().to_vec()
+    }
+
+    fn replay_runtime_events_sha384(events: &[RuntimeEvent]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut pcr = [0u8; 48];
+        for event in events {
+            let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+            hasher.update(pcr);
+            hasher.update(event.sha384_digest());
+            pcr = hasher.finalize().into();
+            if event.event == "system-ready" {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        pcr.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcrs(pcr4_byte: u8) -> BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>> {
+        BTreeMap::from([
+            (4, vec![pcr4_byte; 48]),
+            (7, vec![0x77; 48]),
+            (12, vec![0x12; 48]),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_os_image_hash(pcrs: &BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        sha256_chunks(&[&pcrs[&4], &pcrs[&7], &pcrs[&12]])
+    }
+
+    fn expected_aws_nitro_tpm_mr_system(
+        pcrs: &BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+        key_provider_info: &[u8],
+    ) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mr_key_provider = sha256_chunks(&[key_provider_info]);
+        sha256_chunks(&[&pcrs[&4], &pcrs[&7], &pcrs[&12], &mr_key_provider])
+    }
+
+    fn expected_aws_nitro_tpm_mr_aggregated(
+        pcrs: &BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+        runtime_events: &[RuntimeEvent],
+    ) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let launch_pcr = replay_runtime_events_sha384(runtime_events);
+        sha256_chunks(&[&pcrs[&4], &pcrs[&7], &pcrs[&12], &launch_pcr])
+    }
+
+    fn runtime_event(event: &str, payload: Vec<u8>) -> RuntimeEvent {
+        RuntimeEvent::new(event.to_string(), payload, Default::default())
+    }
+
+    fn verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(
+        compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+        pcr4_byte: u8,
+    ) -> (VerifiedAttestation, String, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        let key_provider_info = aws_nitro_tpm_key_provider_info();
+        let runtime_events = aws_nitro_tpm_runtime_events(compose_hash, &key_provider_info);
+        verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation_with_events(runtime_events, pcr4_byte, key_provider_info)
+    }
+
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_key_provider_info() -> Vec<u8> {
+        br#"{"name":"tpm","id":"aws-test"}"#.to_vec()
+    }
+
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_runtime_events(
+        compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+        key_provider_info: &[u8],
+    ) -> Vec<RuntimeEvent> {
+        vec![
+            runtime_event("system-preparing", Vec::new()),
+            runtime_event("app-id", vec![0x11; 20]),
+            runtime_event("compose-hash", compose_hash),
+            runtime_event("instance-id", vec![0x33; 20]),
+            runtime_event("boot-mr-done", Vec::new()),
+            runtime_event("key-provider", key_provider_info.to_vec()),
+            runtime_event("storage-fs", vec![0x44; 32]),
+            runtime_event("system-ready", Vec::new()),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation_with_events(
+        runtime_events: Vec<RuntimeEvent>,
+        pcr4_byte: u8,
+        key_provider_info: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> (VerifiedAttestation, String, Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) {
+        let mut pcrs = aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcrs(pcr4_byte);
+        pcrs.insert(14, replay_runtime_events_sha384(&runtime_events));
+        let os_image_hash = aws_nitro_tpm_os_image_hash(&pcrs);
+        let vm_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(&os_image_hash),
+        })
+        .to_string();
+
+        let attestation = VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(
+                ra_tls::attestation::DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote {
+                    attestation_doc: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            ),
+            runtime_events,
+            report_data: [0x42; 64],
+            config: String::new(),
+            report: ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(
+                ra_tls::attestation::AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport {
+                    module_id: "i-aws-nitrotpm-test".to_string(),
+                    pcrs,
+                    public_key: Some(vec![0x55; 32]),
+                    user_data: vec![0x42; 64],
+                    nonce: Some(vec![0x66; 32]),
+                    timestamp: 1,
+                },
+            ),
+        };
+        (attestation, vm_config, os_image_hash, key_provider_info)
+    }
+
+    fn verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs(att: &VerifiedAttestation) -> &BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>> {
+        match &att.report {
+            ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(report) => &report.pcrs,
+            _ => panic!("expected AWS NitroTPM report"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs_mut(
+        att: &mut VerifiedAttestation,
+    ) -> &mut BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>> {
+        match &mut att.report {
+            ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(report) => {
+                &mut report.pcrs
+            }
+            _ => panic!("expected AWS NitroTPM report"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_binds_aws_nitro_tpm_app_measurement() {
+        let (attestation, vm_config, os_image_hash, key_provider_info) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x22; 32], 0x04);
+        let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect("aws nitrotpm attestation should produce KMS boot info");
+        let pcrs = verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs(&attestation);
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tee_variant, TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tcb_status, "UpToDate");
+        assert!(boot_info.advisory_ids.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.app_id, vec![0x11; 20]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.compose_hash, vec![0x22; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.instance_id, vec![0x33; 20]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.key_provider_info, key_provider_info);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.os_image_hash, os_image_hash);
+        assert_eq!(
+            boot_info.mr_system,
+            expected_aws_nitro_tpm_mr_system(pcrs, &boot_info.key_provider_info)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            boot_info.mr_aggregated,
+            expected_aws_nitro_tpm_mr_aggregated(pcrs, &attestation.runtime_events)
+        );
+
+        let (changed_app_attestation, changed_app_vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x23; 32], 0x04);
+        let changed_app_boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(
+            &changed_app_attestation,
+            false,
+            &changed_app_vm_config,
+        )
+        .expect("changed app identity should still decode");
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_system, changed_app_boot_info.mr_system);
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.compose_hash, changed_app_boot_info.compose_hash);
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_aggregated, changed_app_boot_info.mr_aggregated);
+
+        let (changed_boot_attestation, changed_boot_vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x22; 32], 0x05);
+        let changed_boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(
+            &changed_boot_attestation,
+            false,
+            &changed_boot_vm_config,
+        )
+        .expect("changed verified boot PCRs should still decode");
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_system, changed_boot_info.mr_system);
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_aggregated, changed_boot_info.mr_aggregated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_nitro_tpm_key_release_requires_explicit_enablement() {
+        let (attestation, vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x22; 32], 0x04);
+        let mut boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect("aws nitrotpm attestation should produce KMS boot info");
+
+        // disabled (the default) fails closed for the new AWS NitroTPM mode
+        let err = ensure_key_release_allowed(&boot_info, false, false).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not enabled"));
+        // explicitly enabled permits it
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(&boot_info, false, true).unwrap();
+
+        // A TDX boot info is unaffected by the AWS gate even when it is disabled.
+        boot_info.tee_variant = TeeVariant::DstackTdx;
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(&boot_info, false, false).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_binds_aws_nitro_tpm_pcr12() {
+        let (mut attestation, vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x22; 32], 0x04);
+        let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect("base aws nitrotpm boot info should decode");
+
+        verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs_mut(&mut attestation).insert(12, vec![0x99; 48]);
+        let changed_pcr12_boot_info =
+            build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+                .expect("changed PCR12 should still decode into a different boot identity");
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_system, changed_pcr12_boot_info.mr_system);
+        assert_ne!(
+            boot_info.mr_aggregated,
+            changed_pcr12_boot_info.mr_aggregated
+        );
+
+        verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs_mut(&mut attestation).remove(&12);
+        let err = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("missing PCR12 must be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:#}").contains("PCR 12 not found"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_rejects_reordered_aws_nitro_tpm_events() {
+        let key_provider_info = aws_nitro_tpm_key_provider_info();
+        let events = aws_nitro_tpm_runtime_events(vec![0x22; 32], &key_provider_info);
+        let (mut attestation, vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation_with_events(events.clone(), 0x04, key_provider_info);
+
+        attestation.runtime_events = events.clone();
+        attestation.runtime_events.swap(2, 3);
+        let err = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("runtime event reordering must be rejected");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:#}").contains("PCR14 mismatch"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_rejects_aws_nitro_tpm_missing_pcr14() {
+        let (mut attestation, vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x22; 32], 0x04);
+        verified_aws_nitro_tpm_pcrs_mut(&mut attestation).remove(&14);
+
+        let err = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect_err("missing PCR14 must be rejected");
+
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("PCR 14 not found"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_accepts_aws_nitro_tpm_boottime_mr_for_runtime_quote() {
+        // Regression: SignCert authorizes with use_boottime_mr=true, but the app
+        // submits a full runtime quote whose PCR14 covers the whole event log.
+        // Decode must bind the full replay to the quoted register and then take
+        // the boot-mr-done snapshot for the MR, instead of rejecting the runtime
+        // quote with "PCR14 mismatch".
+        let (attestation, vm_config, _, _) =
+            verified_aws_nitro_tpm_attestation(vec![0x22; 32], 0x04);
+
+        let runtime = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect("runtime-mr decode should succeed");
+        let boottime = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, true, &vm_config)
+            .expect("boottime-mr decode of a full runtime quote must not fail");
+
+        // App identity is snapshot-independent.
+        assert_eq!(runtime.app_id, boottime.app_id);
+        assert_eq!(runtime.compose_hash, boottime.compose_hash);
+        // The boot-time snapshot truncates the launch log at boot-mr-done, so
+        // its aggregated MR differs from the full runtime MR.
+        assert_ne!(runtime.mr_aggregated, boottime.mr_aggregated);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_accepts_snp_vm_config_path() {
+        let input = valid_snp_measurement_input();
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(measurement, [0xab; 64]);
+        let vm_config = snp_vm_config(&input, &mr_config);
+
+        let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect("snp attestation should build boot info through vm_config path");
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tee_variant, TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_aggregated.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.device_id, vec![0xab; 64]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.app_id, vec![0x11; 20]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_uses_embedded_snp_vm_config_when_external_is_empty() {
+        let input = valid_snp_measurement_input();
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        let embedded_config = snp_vm_config(&input, &mr_config);
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation_with_config(
+            measurement,
+            [0xab; 64],
+            embedded_config,
+            &mr_config,
+        );
+
+        let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, "")
+            .expect("snp local KMS attestation should use embedded vm_config");
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tee_variant, TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_aggregated.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.app_id, vec![0x11; 20]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn build_boot_info_for_attestation_accepts_self_contained_snp_input_without_config() {
+        let input = valid_snp_measurement_input();
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(measurement, [0xab; 64]);
+        let vm_config = snp_vm_config(&input, &mr_config);
+
+        let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config)
+            .expect("self-contained SNP vm_config should not require KMS-local sev_snp config");
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tee_variant, TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.device_id, vec![0xab; 64]);
+    }
+
+    fn snp_boot_info() -> BootInfo {
+        let input = valid_snp_measurement_input();
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(measurement, [0xab; 64]);
+        let vm_config = snp_vm_config(&input, &mr_config);
+        build_boot_info_for_attestation(&attestation, false, &vm_config).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snp_key_release_requires_explicit_enablement() {
+        let boot_info = snp_boot_info();
+        let enabled = false;
+
+        let err = ensure_key_release_allowed(&boot_info, enabled, false)
+            .expect_err("snp boot info must not be key-release enabled by default");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("amd sev-snp key release is not enabled"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snp_key_release_accepts_auth_approved_boot_info_when_enabled() {
+        let boot_info = snp_boot_info();
+        let enabled = true;
+
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(&boot_info, enabled, false)
+            .expect("explicitly enabled SNP key release should allow auth-approved boot info");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snp_key_release_leaves_tcb_and_advisory_policy_to_auth_api() {
+        let mut boot_info = snp_boot_info();
+        let enabled = true;
+
+        boot_info.tcb_status = "OutOfDate".to_string();
+        boot_info.advisory_ids.push("SNP-TEST-ADVISORY".to_string());
+        ensure_key_release_allowed(&boot_info, enabled, false)
+            .expect("TCB/advisory policy should be decided by the auth API, not this local gate");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn snp_self_boot_info_uses_same_release_policy_for_temp_ca() {
+        let boot_info = snp_boot_info();
+        let disabled = false;
+        let enabled = true;
+
+        ensure_self_key_release_allowed(Some(&boot_info), disabled, false)
+            .expect_err("disabled SNP self boot info must not receive temp CA key material");
+        ensure_self_key_release_allowed(Some(&boot_info), enabled, false)
+            .expect("enabled clean SNP self boot info should pass the temp CA release gate");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/main_service/amd_attest.rs b/dstack/kms/src/main_service/amd_attest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a9a943131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/main_service/amd_attest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,829 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Fail-closed AMD SEV-SNP measurement/app binding validation.
+//!
+//! This module does not release keys by itself. It recomputes the expected SNP
+//! MEASUREMENT from the self-contained launch inputs, then compares the
+//! recomputed value to the hardware-verified report measurement. KMS release
+//! paths must apply their own explicit local release gate after auth succeeds.
+//!
+//! Important: this is launch measurement binding plus HOST_DATA app binding,
+//! not a complete authorization decision. Launch `MEASUREMENT` covers the SNP
+//! boot inputs; app identity is bound by checking that the verified report
+//! `HOST_DATA` equals the attached MrConfigV3 document hash. Do not use this
+//! helper by itself to release app keys.
+//!
+//! The launch-measurement recomputation and `os_image_hash` derivation live in
+//! `dstack_mr::sev` so the KMS (key release) and the verifier (attestation
+//! verification) compute identical values from a single source of truth. The
+//! pieces below materialize the KMS-specific `BootInfo` passed to the external
+//! auth API.
+
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::{mr_config::MrConfigV3, KeyProviderInfo};
+use ra_tls::attestation::{TeeVariant, VerifiedAttestation};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+use super::upgrade_authority::BootInfo;
+
+// Shared SEV-SNP launch-measurement primitives now live in `dstack-mr::sev`
+// (single source of truth shared with `dstack-verifier`). Re-export the symbols
+// the rest of the KMS and its tests reference so existing call sites keep
+// working. `allow(unused_imports)` because some are consumed only by tests.
+#[allow(unused_imports)]
+pub(crate) use dstack_mr::sev::{
+    compute_expected_measurement, parse_snp_inputs_from_vm_config, snp_mr_aggregated_digest,
+    validate_measurement_input, validate_snp_mr_config_binding, MeasurementInput, OvmfSectionParam,
+    SnpLaunchInputs, MAX_OVMF_METADATA_PAGES, MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS, MAX_VCPUS,
+};
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(
+    verified_measurement: &[u8; 48],
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_measurement_input(input)?;
+
+    let expected_measurement = compute_expected_measurement(input)?;
+    if expected_measurement.as_slice() != verified_measurement {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Builds a deterministic authorization `BootInfo` for an already-verified AMD
+/// SEV-SNP report without releasing KMS key material by itself.
+///
+/// This helper first recomputes and validates the QEMU SNP launch measurement.
+/// `mr_system` is `sha256(MEASUREMENT)`, `mr_aggregated` is
+/// `sha256(MEASUREMENT || HOST_DATA)`, and `device_id` is the
+/// hardware-verified 64-byte SNP `chip_id`. `app_id`, `compose_hash`,
+/// `instance_id`, and key provider identity come from the MrConfigV3 document
+/// bound by HOST_DATA.
+///
+/// Keeping these values explicit lets authorization/release policy inspect
+/// exactly which SNP-specific inputs were bound before any sensitive output path
+/// returns key material.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn build_amd_snp_boot_info(
+    verified_measurement: &[u8; 48],
+    verified_chip_id: &[u8; 64],
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    let mr_config = test_mr_config(vec![0x11; 20], vec![0x22; 32]);
+    let mr_config_document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+    let os_image_hash = test_os_image_hash(input)?;
+    let host_data = MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&mr_config_document);
+    build_amd_snp_boot_info_with_tcb_status(
+        verified_measurement,
+        &host_data,
+        verified_chip_id,
+        "UpToDate",
+        &[],
+        input,
+        &os_image_hash,
+        &mr_config_document,
+    )
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn build_amd_snp_boot_info_with_tcb_status(
+    verified_measurement: &[u8; 48],
+    verified_host_data: &[u8; 32],
+    verified_chip_id: &[u8; 64],
+    tcb_status: &str,
+    advisory_ids: &[String],
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+    os_image_hash: &[u8],
+    mr_config_document: &str,
+) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(verified_measurement, input)?;
+    let mr_config = validate_snp_mr_config_binding(verified_host_data, mr_config_document)?;
+
+    let mr_system = Sha256::digest(verified_measurement).to_vec();
+    let mr_aggregated = snp_mr_aggregated_digest(verified_measurement, verified_host_data);
+    let key_provider_info = mr_config_key_provider_info(&mr_config)?;
+
+    Ok(BootInfo {
+        tee_variant: TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp,
+        mr_aggregated,
+        os_image_hash: os_image_hash.to_vec(),
+        mr_system,
+        app_id: mr_config.app_id.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        compose_hash: mr_config.compose_hash.clone(),
+        instance_id: mr_config.instance_id.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+        device_id: verified_chip_id.to_vec(),
+        key_provider_info,
+        tcb_status: tcb_status.to_string(),
+        advisory_ids: advisory_ids.to_vec(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Extracts the verified AMD SEV-SNP report from a verified attestation and
+/// materializes the helper-only SNP `BootInfo` used by future authorization.
+///
+/// This is the safe integration seam: the attestation verifier has already
+/// checked the report signature/collateral/report_data, while this KMS helper
+/// recomputes the launch measurement from trusted config and request inputs.
+/// It still does not release keys by itself.
+pub(crate) fn build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation(
+    attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+    mr_config_document: &str,
+    os_image_hash: &[u8],
+) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    let verified = attestation
+        .report
+        .amd_snp_report()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("verified attestation is not amd sev-snp"))?;
+    build_amd_snp_boot_info_with_tcb_status(
+        &verified.measurement,
+        &verified.host_data,
+        &verified.chip_id,
+        verified.tcb_info.tcb_status(),
+        &verified.advisory_ids,
+        input,
+        os_image_hash,
+        mr_config_document,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Parses SNP launch-measurement inputs from the KMS request `vm_config` and
+/// builds helper-only SNP `BootInfo` from an already verified attestation.
+///
+/// The field is intentionally explicit (`sev_snp_measurement`) so missing SNP
+/// launch inputs fail closed instead of falling back to TDX event-log decoding.
+pub(crate) fn build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation_and_vm_config(
+    attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    vm_config: &str,
+) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    let SnpLaunchInputs {
+        input,
+        os_image_hash,
+        mr_config_document,
+        ..
+    } = parse_snp_inputs_from_vm_config(vm_config)?;
+    build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation(
+        attestation,
+        &input,
+        &mr_config_document,
+        &os_image_hash,
+    )
+}
+
+fn parse_measurement_input_from_vm_config(vm_config: &str) -> Result<MeasurementInput> {
+    Ok(parse_snp_inputs_from_vm_config(vm_config)?.input)
+}
+
+fn mr_config_key_provider_info(mr_config: &MrConfigV3) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    serde_json::to_vec(&KeyProviderInfo::new(
+        mr_config.key_provider_name().to_string(),
+        hex::encode(mr_config.key_provider_id.as_deref().unwrap_or_default()),
+    ))
+    .context("failed to serialize key provider info")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn test_mr_config(app_id: Vec<u8>, compose_hash: Vec<u8>) -> MrConfigV3 {
+    let instance_id = Sha256::digest(&app_id)[..20].to_vec();
+    MrConfigV3::new(
+        app_id,
+        compose_hash,
+        None,
+        dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+        Vec::new(),
+        instance_id,
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn test_snp_measurement_document(
+    input: &MeasurementInput,
+) -> Result<dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument> {
+    let measurement = dstack_mr::sev::sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(input)?.to_cbor_vec();
+    let measurement_hash = Sha256::digest(&measurement);
+    let sha256sum = format!(
+        "{}  {}\n",
+        hex::encode(measurement_hash),
+        dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+    )
+    .into_bytes();
+    Ok(dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+        checksum_file: sha256sum,
+        measurement,
+        vcpus: input.vcpus,
+        vcpu_type: input.vcpu_type.clone(),
+        guest_features: input.guest_features,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn test_os_image_hash(input: &MeasurementInput) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    Ok(dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(
+        &test_snp_measurement_document(input)?.checksum_file,
+    )
+    .to_vec())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn test_snp_measurement_document_json(input: &MeasurementInput) -> Result<String> {
+    serde_json::to_string(&test_snp_measurement_document(input)?)
+        .context("failed to serialize test SNP measurement document")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn test_vm_config(input: &MeasurementInput, mr_config: &MrConfigV3) -> Result<String> {
+    Ok(serde_json::json!({
+        "os_image_hash": hex::encode(test_os_image_hash(input)?),
+        "sev_snp_measurement": test_snp_measurement_document_json(input)?,
+        "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+    })
+    .to_string())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn hex_of(byte: u8, len: usize) -> String {
+        hex::encode(vec![byte; len])
+    }
+
+    fn valid_input() -> MeasurementInput {
+        let rootfs_hash = hex_of(0x33, 32);
+        MeasurementInput {
+            base_cmdline: format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={rootfs_hash}"),
+            ovmf_hash: hex_of(0x44, 48),
+            kernel_hash: hex_of(0x55, 32),
+            initrd_hash: hex_of(0x66, 32),
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa: 0x80_1000,
+            sev_es_reset_eip: 0xffff_fff0,
+            vcpus: 2,
+            vcpu_type: Some("epyc-v4".to_string()),
+            guest_features: 1,
+            ovmf_sections: vec![
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x100000,
+                    size: 0x2000,
+                    section_type: 1,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x80_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 0x10,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x81_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 2,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x82_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 3,
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn valid_mr_config(_input: &MeasurementInput) -> Result<MrConfigV3> {
+        Ok(test_mr_config(vec![0x11; 20], vec![0x22; 32]))
+    }
+
+    fn measurement_document(input: &MeasurementInput) -> String {
+        test_snp_measurement_document_json(input).expect("measurement input should serialize")
+    }
+
+    fn verified_snp_attestation(
+        measurement: [u8; 48],
+        chip_id: [u8; 64],
+        mr_config: &MrConfigV3,
+    ) -> ra_tls::attestation::VerifiedAttestation {
+        ra_tls::attestation::VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                ra_tls::attestation::SnpQuote {
+                    report: Vec::new(),
+                    cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+                    mr_config: mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+                },
+            ),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data: [0x42; 64],
+            config: String::new(),
+            report: ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+                    measurement,
+                    report_data: [0x42; 64],
+                    host_data: MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(
+                        &mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+                    ),
+                    chip_id,
+                    tcb_info: dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::AmdSnpTcbInfo::default(),
+                    advisory_ids: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn assert_rejects(input: MeasurementInput, msg: &str) {
+        let verified = [0xaa; 48];
+        let err = validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(&verified, &input)
+            .expect_err("binding should reject invalid input");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains(msg),
+            "expected error containing {msg:?}, got {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_recomputed_matching_measurement_and_rejects_mismatch() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let expected = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(expected),
+            "88b48404819692fd2a5068f1a07bf1973bbcaa1314adc670705f9388762a759faf889f8e2c71fe1ec892554415257960",
+            "synthetic measurement vector should not drift silently"
+        );
+        validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(&expected, &input)
+            .expect("matching recomputed binding should be accepted");
+
+        let mut mismatched = expected;
+        mismatched[0] ^= 0xff;
+        let err = validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(&mismatched, &input)
+            .expect_err("mismatched measurement must reject");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn builds_snp_boot_info_for_matching_measurement_only() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let chip_id = [0xab; 64];
+
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&verified, &chip_id, &input)
+            .expect("matching measurement should build snp boot info");
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tee_variant, TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_aggregated.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.device_id, chip_id.to_vec());
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.app_id, vec![0x11; 20]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.compose_hash, vec![0x22; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.os_image_hash, test_os_image_hash(&input).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_system.len(), 32);
+        assert!(!boot_info.key_provider_info.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.instance_id.len(), 20);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tcb_status, "UpToDate");
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.tcb_status, "snp-verified-basic-policy");
+        assert!(boot_info.advisory_ids.is_empty());
+
+        let mut mismatched = verified;
+        mismatched[0] ^= 0xff;
+        let err = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&mismatched, &chip_id, &input)
+            .expect_err("mismatched measurement must not build boot info");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn builds_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation_report() -> Result<()> {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let chip_id = [0xab; 64];
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input)?;
+        let mr_config_document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(verified, chip_id, &mr_config);
+
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation(
+            &attestation,
+            &input,
+            &mr_config_document,
+            &test_os_image_hash(&input)?,
+        )
+        .expect("verified snp attestation should feed boot info helper");
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_aggregated.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.device_id, chip_id.to_vec());
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.app_id, vec![0x11; 20]);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tcb_status, "UpToDate");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verified_attestation_tcb_status_replaces_snp_placeholder() -> Result<()> {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let chip_id = [0xbc; 64];
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input)?;
+        let mr_config_document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let tcb = dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+            fmc: None,
+            bootloader: 1,
+            tee: 2,
+            snp: 3,
+            microcode: 4,
+        };
+        let stale_tcb = dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+            microcode: 3,
+            ..tcb
+        };
+        let attestation = ra_tls::attestation::VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                ra_tls::attestation::SnpQuote {
+                    report: Vec::new(),
+                    cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+                    mr_config: mr_config_document.clone(),
+                },
+            ),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data: [0x42; 64],
+            config: String::new(),
+            report: ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+                    measurement: verified,
+                    report_data: [0x42; 64],
+                    host_data: MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&mr_config_document),
+                    chip_id,
+                    tcb_info: dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::AmdSnpTcbInfo {
+                        current: tcb,
+                        reported: tcb,
+                        committed: tcb,
+                        launch: stale_tcb,
+                    },
+                    advisory_ids: vec!["SNP-TEST-ADVISORY".to_string()],
+                },
+            ),
+        };
+
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation(
+            &attestation,
+            &input,
+            &mr_config_document,
+            &test_os_image_hash(&input)?,
+        )
+        .expect("verified snp attestation should feed boot info helper");
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.tcb_status, "OutOfDate");
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.advisory_ids, vec!["SNP-TEST-ADVISORY"]);
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.tcb_status, "snp-verified-basic-policy");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn builds_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation_and_vm_config_json() -> Result<()> {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let chip_id = [0xab; 64];
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input)?;
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(verified, chip_id, &mr_config);
+        let vm_config = test_vm_config(&input, &mr_config)?;
+
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation_and_vm_config(
+            &attestation,
+            &vm_config,
+        )
+        .expect("vm_config-carried snp measurement inputs should build boot info");
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_aggregated.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.device_id, chip_id.to_vec());
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.app_id, vec![0x11; 20]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verified_attestation_vm_config_helper_requires_snp_measurement_input() -> Result<()> {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input)?;
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(verified, [0xab; 64], &mr_config);
+
+        let err = build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation_and_vm_config(
+            &attestation,
+            &serde_json::json!({ "os_image_hash": hex::encode([0u8; 32]) }).to_string(),
+        )
+        .expect_err("missing sev_snp_measurement must fail closed");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("sev_snp_measurement is required"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vm_config_measurement_parser_rejects_unknown_measurement_fields() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input).unwrap();
+        let mut measurement =
+            serde_json::to_value(test_snp_measurement_document(&input).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        measurement["unexpected"] = serde_json::json!(true);
+        let vm_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(test_os_image_hash(&input).unwrap()),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": measurement.to_string(),
+            "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+        })
+        .to_string();
+
+        let err = parse_measurement_input_from_vm_config(&vm_config)
+            .expect_err("unknown measurement fields must reject");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:?}").contains("unknown field"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vm_config_measurement_parser_bounds_ovmf_sections_during_deserialization() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input).unwrap();
+        let mut image = dstack_mr::sev::sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(&input).unwrap();
+        image.ovmf_sections = (0..=MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS)
+            .map(|_| dstack_types::OvmfSection {
+                gpa: 0x100000,
+                size: 0x1000,
+                section_type: 1,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let measurement_cbor = image.to_cbor_vec();
+        let sha256sum = format!(
+            "{}  {}\n",
+            hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&measurement_cbor)),
+            dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        let document = dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+            checksum_file: sha256sum,
+            measurement: measurement_cbor,
+            vcpus: input.vcpus,
+            vcpu_type: input.vcpu_type.clone(),
+            guest_features: input.guest_features,
+        };
+        let vm_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&document.checksum_file)),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": serde_json::to_string(&document).unwrap(),
+            "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+        })
+        .to_string();
+
+        let err = parse_measurement_input_from_vm_config(&vm_config)
+            .expect_err("oversized ovmf_sections must reject during parse");
+        assert!(
+            format!("{err:?}").contains("ovmf section count must not exceed"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verified_attestation_helper_rejects_non_snp_reports() -> Result<()> {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let attestation = ra_tls::attestation::VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(
+                ra_tls::attestation::DstackNitroQuote {
+                    nsm_quote: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            ),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data: [0x42; 64],
+            config: String::new(),
+            report: ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(
+                ra_tls::attestation::NitroVerifiedReport {
+                    module_id: String::new(),
+                    pcrs: ra_tls::attestation::NitroPcrs {
+                        pcr0: Vec::new(),
+                        pcr1: Vec::new(),
+                        pcr2: Vec::new(),
+                    },
+                    user_data: Vec::new(),
+                    timestamp: 0,
+                },
+            ),
+        };
+
+        let mr_config = valid_mr_config(&input)?;
+        let mr_config_document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let err = build_amd_snp_boot_info_from_verified_attestation(
+            &attestation,
+            &input,
+            &mr_config_document,
+            &test_os_image_hash(&input)?,
+        )
+        .expect_err("non-snp verified attestation must reject");
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("verified attestation is not amd sev-snp"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:?}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_id_changes_host_data_and_authorization_binding() -> Result<()> {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input)?;
+        let chip_id = [0xcd; 64];
+        let mr_config = test_mr_config(vec![0x11; 20], vec![0x22; 32]);
+        let mr_config_document = mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let os_image_hash = test_os_image_hash(&input)?;
+        let host_data = MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&mr_config_document);
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info_with_tcb_status(
+            &verified,
+            &host_data,
+            &chip_id,
+            "UpToDate",
+            &[],
+            &input,
+            &os_image_hash,
+            &mr_config_document,
+        )?;
+
+        let changed_mr_config = test_mr_config(vec![0x12; 20], vec![0x22; 32]);
+        let changed_mr_config_document = changed_mr_config.to_canonical_json();
+        let changed_host_data =
+            MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&changed_mr_config_document);
+        let changed_measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input)?;
+        assert_eq!(
+            changed_measurement, verified,
+            "app_id must not be added to the SNP measured cmdline"
+        );
+        let changed_boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info_with_tcb_status(
+            &verified,
+            &changed_host_data,
+            &chip_id,
+            "UpToDate",
+            &[],
+            &input,
+            &os_image_hash,
+            &changed_mr_config_document,
+        )?;
+
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.app_id, changed_boot_info.app_id);
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.instance_id, changed_boot_info.instance_id);
+        // app_id is an authorization input, not part of the OS image identity.
+        assert_eq!(
+            boot_info.os_image_hash, changed_boot_info.os_image_hash,
+            "app_id must not change the os_image_hash"
+        );
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_aggregated, changed_boot_info.mr_aggregated);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_system, changed_boot_info.mr_system);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measured_input_changes_reject_until_measurement_is_recomputed() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let chip_id = [0xef; 64];
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&verified, &chip_id, &input).unwrap();
+
+        // (mutation, is_image_field): both change the SNP measurement (so a stale
+        // verified measurement rejects), but only image fields change os_image_hash.
+        let cases: [(fn(&mut MeasurementInput), bool); 2] = [
+            (|i| i.kernel_hash = hex_of(0x56, 32), true),
+            (|i| i.vcpus = 3, false),
+        ];
+        for (mutate, is_image_field) in cases {
+            let mut changed = input.clone();
+            mutate(&mut changed);
+            let err = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&verified, &chip_id, &changed)
+                .expect_err("stale verified measurement must reject changed measured input");
+            assert!(err.to_string().contains("amd sev-snp measurement mismatch"));
+
+            let changed_verified = compute_expected_measurement(&changed).unwrap();
+            let changed_boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&changed_verified, &chip_id, &changed)
+                .expect("recomputed measurement should build boot info");
+            assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_aggregated, changed_boot_info.mr_aggregated);
+            assert_ne!(boot_info.mr_system, changed_boot_info.mr_system);
+            if is_image_field {
+                assert_ne!(
+                    boot_info.os_image_hash, changed_boot_info.os_image_hash,
+                    "image fields must change os_image_hash"
+                );
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    boot_info.os_image_hash, changed_boot_info.os_image_hash,
+                    "per-deployment fields (vcpus) must not change os_image_hash"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn chip_id_maps_to_device_id_and_changes_chip_bound_digests() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let verified = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&verified, &[0x01; 64], &input).unwrap();
+        let changed_boot_info = build_amd_snp_boot_info(&verified, &[0x02; 64], &input).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.device_id, vec![0x01; 64]);
+        assert_eq!(changed_boot_info.device_id, vec![0x02; 64]);
+        assert_ne!(boot_info.device_id, changed_boot_info.device_id);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.instance_id, changed_boot_info.instance_id);
+        assert_eq!(
+            boot_info.key_provider_info,
+            changed_boot_info.key_provider_info
+        );
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_aggregated, changed_boot_info.mr_aggregated);
+        assert_eq!(boot_info.mr_system, changed_boot_info.mr_system);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_self_contained_measurement_input() {
+        let input = valid_input();
+        let expected = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(&expected, &input)
+            .expect("self-contained SNP launch input should validate");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_empty_or_malformed_binding_hashes() {
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.base_cmdline = format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={}", hex_of(0x33, 31));
+        assert_rejects(input, "dstack.rootfs_hash must be 32 bytes");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_hash = hex_of(0x44, 47);
+        assert_rejects(input, "ovmf_hash must be 48 bytes");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.kernel_hash = hex_of(0x55, 31);
+        assert_rejects(input, "kernel_hash must be 32 bytes");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.initrd_hash = hex_of(0x66, 31);
+        assert_rejects(input, "initrd_hash must be 32 bytes");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.initrd_hash.clear();
+        let expected = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        validate_amd_snp_measurement_binding(&expected, &input)
+            .expect("empty initrd hash should mean empty initrd");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_missing_machine_binding_inputs() {
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.vcpus = 0;
+        assert_rejects(input, "vcpus must be greater than zero");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.vcpus = MAX_VCPUS + 1;
+        assert_rejects(input, "vcpus must not exceed");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.vcpu_type = None;
+        assert_rejects(input, "vcpu_type is required");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.vcpu_type = Some("mystery".to_string());
+        assert_rejects(input, "unknown vcpu_type");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_sections.clear();
+        assert_rejects(input, "ovmf_sections are required for amd sev-snp");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_unsafe_machine_config() {
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.guest_features = 0;
+        assert_rejects(input, "guest_features must be non-zero");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_sections[0].size = 0;
+        assert_rejects(input, "ovmf section size must be greater than zero");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_sections = vec![
+            OvmfSectionParam {
+                gpa: 0x1000,
+                size: 0x1000,
+                section_type: 1,
+            };
+            MAX_OVMF_SECTIONS + 1
+        ];
+        assert_rejects(input, "ovmf section count must not exceed");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_sections[0].size = (MAX_OVMF_METADATA_PAGES + 1) * 4096;
+        assert_rejects(input, "ovmf metadata page count must not exceed");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_sections[0].section_type = 0xff;
+        assert_rejects(input, "unknown ovmf section_type 0xff");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.ovmf_sections.retain(|s| s.section_type != 0x10);
+        assert_rejects(
+            input,
+            "ovmf metadata does not include a snp_kernel_hashes section",
+        );
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.sev_hashes_table_gpa = 0;
+        assert_rejects(input, "sev_hashes_table_gpa must be non-zero");
+
+        let mut input = valid_input();
+        input.sev_es_reset_eip = 0;
+        assert_rejects(input, "sev_es_reset_eip must be non-zero");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/main_service/upgrade_authority.rs b/dstack/kms/src/main_service/upgrade_authority.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9340dd650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/main_service/upgrade_authority.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use super::build_boot_info_for_attestation;
+use crate::config::{AuthApi, KmsConfig};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_guest_agent_rpc::{
+    dstack_guest_client::DstackGuestClient, AttestResponse, RawQuoteArgs,
+};
+use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
+use ra_tls::attestation::{AttestationVerifier, VerifiedAttestation, VersionedAttestation};
+use serde::de::DeserializeOwned;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// The KMS `bootAuth` payload. This is the verifier's `PolicyBootInfo` — the one
+/// canonical struct shared by the producer (KMS) and the policy input the
+/// verifier advertises — so the two cannot drift a field or an encoding apart.
+pub(crate) use dstack_verifier::PolicyBootInfo as BootInfo;
+
+pub(crate) fn build_boot_info(
+    att: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    use_boottime_mr: bool,
+    vm_config_str: &str,
+) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    let variant = att.quote.variant();
+    let (tcb_status, advisory_ids) = dstack_verifier::policy_tcb_fields(att);
+    let app_info = att.decode_app_info_ex(use_boottime_mr, vm_config_str)?;
+    ensure_app_id_len(&app_info.app_id)?;
+    Ok(BootInfo {
+        tee_variant: variant,
+        mr_aggregated: app_info.mr_aggregated.to_vec(),
+        os_image_hash: app_info.os_image_hash,
+        mr_system: app_info.mr_system.to_vec(),
+        app_id: app_info.app_id,
+        compose_hash: app_info.compose_hash,
+        instance_id: app_info.instance_id,
+        device_id: app_info.device_id,
+        key_provider_info: app_info.key_provider_info,
+        tcb_status,
+        advisory_ids,
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn ensure_app_id_len(app_id: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    if app_id.len() != 20 {
+        bail!("app_id must be 20 bytes");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn local_kms_boot_info(verifier: &AttestationVerifier) -> Result<BootInfo> {
+    let response = app_attest(pad64([0u8; 32]))
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to get local KMS attestation")?;
+    let attestation = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&response.attestation)
+        .context("Failed to decode local KMS attestation")?;
+    let verified = attestation
+        .into_v1()
+        .verify(verifier)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to verify local KMS attestation")?;
+    build_boot_info_for_attestation(&verified, false, "")
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct BootResponse {
+    pub is_allowed: bool,
+    pub gateway_app_id: String,
+    pub reason: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct AuthApiInfoResponse {
+    pub status: String,
+    pub kms_contract_addr: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub eth_rpc_url: String,
+    pub gateway_app_id: String,
+    pub chain_id: u64,
+    pub app_implementation: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct GetInfoResponse {
+    pub is_dev: bool,
+    pub gateway_app_id: Option<String>,
+    pub kms_contract_address: Option<String>,
+    pub eth_rpc_url: Option<String>,
+    pub chain_id: Option<u64>,
+    pub app_implementation: Option<String>,
+}
+
+async fn http_get<R: DeserializeOwned>(url: &str) -> Result<R> {
+    send_request(reqwest::Client::new().get(url), url).await
+}
+
+async fn http_post<R: DeserializeOwned>(url: &str, body: &impl Serialize) -> Result<R> {
+    send_request(reqwest::Client::new().post(url).json(body), url).await
+}
+
+async fn send_request<R: DeserializeOwned>(req: reqwest::RequestBuilder, url: &str) -> Result<R> {
+    static USER_AGENT: &str = concat!("dstack-kms/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
+    let response = req.header("User-Agent", USER_AGENT).send().await?;
+    let status = response.status();
+    let body = response.text().await?;
+    let short_body = &body[..body.len().min(512)];
+    if !status.is_success() {
+        bail!("auth api {url} returned {status}: {short_body}");
+    }
+    serde_json::from_str(&body).with_context(|| {
+        format!("failed to decode response from {url}, status={status}, body={short_body}")
+    })
+}
+
+impl AuthApi {
+    pub async fn is_app_allowed(&self, boot_info: &BootInfo, is_kms: bool) -> Result<BootResponse> {
+        match self {
+            AuthApi::Dev { dev } => Ok(BootResponse {
+                is_allowed: true,
+                reason: "".to_string(),
+                gateway_app_id: dev.gateway_app_id.clone(),
+            }),
+            AuthApi::Webhook { webhook } => {
+                let path = if is_kms {
+                    "bootAuth/kms"
+                } else {
+                    "bootAuth/app"
+                };
+                let url = url_join(&webhook.url, path);
+                http_post(&url, &boot_info).await
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_info(&self) -> Result<GetInfoResponse> {
+        match self {
+            AuthApi::Dev { dev } => Ok(GetInfoResponse {
+                is_dev: true,
+                kms_contract_address: None,
+                eth_rpc_url: None,
+                gateway_app_id: Some(dev.gateway_app_id.clone()),
+                chain_id: None,
+                app_implementation: None,
+            }),
+            AuthApi::Webhook { webhook } => {
+                let info: AuthApiInfoResponse = http_get(&webhook.url).await?;
+                let eth_rpc_url = if info.eth_rpc_url.is_empty() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some(info.eth_rpc_url.clone())
+                };
+                Ok(GetInfoResponse {
+                    is_dev: false,
+                    kms_contract_address: Some(info.kms_contract_addr.clone()),
+                    eth_rpc_url,
+                    chain_id: Some(info.chain_id),
+                    gateway_app_id: Some(info.gateway_app_id.clone()),
+                    app_implementation: Some(info.app_implementation.clone()),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn url_join(url: &str, path: &str) -> String {
+    let mut url = url.to_string();
+    if !url.ends_with('/') {
+        url.push('/');
+    }
+    url.push_str(path);
+    url
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn dstack_client() -> DstackGuestClient<PrpcClient> {
+    let address = dstack_types::dstack_agent_address();
+    let http_client = PrpcClient::new(address);
+    DstackGuestClient::new(http_client)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn app_attest(report_data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+    dstack_client().attest(RawQuoteArgs { report_data }).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn pad64(hash: [u8; 32]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut padded = Vec::with_capacity(64);
+    padded.extend_from_slice(&hash);
+    padded.resize(64, 0);
+    padded
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn ensure_self_kms_allowed(
+    cfg: &KmsConfig,
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if !cfg.enforce_self_authorization {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let boot_info = local_kms_boot_info(verifier)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to build local KMS boot info")?;
+    let response = cfg
+        .auth_api
+        .is_app_allowed(&boot_info, true)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to call KMS auth check")?;
+    if !response.is_allowed {
+        bail!("boot denied: {}", response.reason);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn ensure_kms_allowed(
+    cfg: &KmsConfig,
+    attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(attestation, false, "")
+        .context("failed to build KMS boot info from attestation")?;
+    // Workaround: old source KMS instances use the legacy cert format (separate TDX_QUOTE +
+    // EVENT_LOG OIDs) which lacks vm_config, resulting in an empty os_image_hash.
+    // Fill it from the local KMS's own value. This is safe because mrAggregated already
+    // validates OS image integrity transitively through the RTMR measurement chain.
+    // TODO: remove once all source KMS instances use the unified PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION format.
+    if boot_info.os_image_hash.is_empty() {
+        let local_info = local_kms_boot_info(verifier)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to get local KMS boot info for os_image_hash fallback")?;
+        boot_info.os_image_hash = local_info.os_image_hash;
+    }
+    let response = cfg
+        .auth_api
+        .is_app_allowed(&boot_info, true)
+        .await
+        .context("failed to call KMS auth check")?;
+    if !response.is_allowed {
+        bail!("boot denied: {}", response.reason);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::config::Webhook;
+    use ra_tls::attestation::TeeVariant;
+    use serde_json::Value;
+    use std::io::{Read, Write};
+    use std::net::TcpListener;
+    use std::thread;
+
+    fn boot_info(identity: u8) -> BootInfo {
+        BootInfo {
+            tee_variant: TeeVariant::DstackTdx,
+            mr_aggregated: vec![identity; 32],
+            os_image_hash: vec![identity.wrapping_add(1); 32],
+            mr_system: vec![identity.wrapping_add(2); 32],
+            app_id: vec![identity.wrapping_add(3); 20],
+            compose_hash: vec![identity.wrapping_add(4); 32],
+            instance_id: vec![identity.wrapping_add(5); 20],
+            device_id: vec![identity.wrapping_add(6); 32],
+            key_provider_info: vec![identity.wrapping_add(7); 32],
+            tcb_status: "UpToDate".into(),
+            advisory_ids: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn serve(responses: Vec<&'static str>) -> (String, thread::JoinHandle<Vec<(String, Value)>>) {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
+        let address = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let mut requests = Vec::new();
+            for response in responses {
+                let (mut stream, _) = listener.accept().unwrap();
+                let mut request = Vec::new();
+                let mut chunk = [0u8; 4096];
+                let header_end = loop {
+                    let read = stream.read(&mut chunk).unwrap();
+                    assert_ne!(read, 0, "request ended before headers");
+                    request.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..read]);
+                    if let Some(position) = request.windows(4).position(|part| part == b"\r\n\r\n")
+                    {
+                        break position + 4;
+                    }
+                };
+                let headers = String::from_utf8_lossy(&request[..header_end]).into_owned();
+                let content_length = headers
+                    .lines()
+                    .find_map(|line| {
+                        line.split_once(':').and_then(|(name, value)| {
+                            name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("content-length")
+                                .then(|| value.trim().parse::<usize>().unwrap())
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or(0);
+                while request.len() < header_end + content_length {
+                    let read = stream.read(&mut chunk).unwrap();
+                    assert_ne!(read, 0, "request ended before body");
+                    request.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..read]);
+                }
+                let path = headers
+                    .lines()
+                    .next()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .split_whitespace()
+                    .nth(1)
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .to_string();
+                let body =
+                    serde_json::from_slice(&request[header_end..header_end + content_length])
+                        .unwrap();
+                requests.push((path, body));
+                write!(
+                    stream,
+                    "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\nContent-Length: {}\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n{}",
+                    response.len(),
+                    response
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+            }
+            requests
+        });
+        (format!("http://{address}"), handle)
+    }
+
+    fn webhook(url: String) -> AuthApi {
+        AuthApi::Webhook {
+            webhook: Webhook { url },
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn app_id_len_must_be_20_bytes() {
+        assert!(ensure_app_id_len(&[0u8; 20]).is_ok());
+
+        match ensure_app_id_len(&[0u8; 19]) {
+            Ok(()) => panic!("19-byte app_id must reject"),
+            Err(err) => assert!(err.to_string().contains("app_id must be 20 bytes")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::async_test]
+    async fn repeated_authorization_is_never_served_from_a_decision_cache() {
+        let (url, server) = serve(vec![
+            r#"{"isAllowed":true,"gatewayAppId":"gateway","reason":"initial allow"}"#,
+            r#"{"isAllowed":false,"gatewayAppId":"gateway","reason":"revoked"}"#,
+        ]);
+        let auth = webhook(url);
+        let info = boot_info(1);
+
+        let first = auth.is_app_allowed(&info, false).await.unwrap();
+        let repeated = auth.is_app_allowed(&info, false).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(first.is_allowed);
+        assert!(!repeated.is_allowed);
+        assert_eq!(repeated.reason, "revoked");
+
+        let requests = server.join().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(requests.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(requests[0].0, "/bootAuth/app");
+        assert_eq!(requests[1].0, "/bootAuth/app");
+        assert_eq!(requests[0].1, requests[1].1);
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::async_test]
+    async fn authorization_scope_preserves_route_and_every_identity_field() {
+        let (url, server) = serve(vec![
+            r#"{"isAllowed":true,"gatewayAppId":"gateway","reason":"app"}"#,
+            r#"{"isAllowed":true,"gatewayAppId":"gateway","reason":"kms"}"#,
+        ]);
+        let auth = webhook(url);
+        let app = boot_info(10);
+        let kms = boot_info(20);
+
+        assert!(auth.is_app_allowed(&app, false).await.unwrap().is_allowed);
+        assert!(auth.is_app_allowed(&kms, true).await.unwrap().is_allowed);
+
+        let requests = server.join().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(requests[0].0, "/bootAuth/app");
+        assert_eq!(requests[1].0, "/bootAuth/kms");
+        assert_ne!(requests[0].1["appId"], requests[1].1["appId"]);
+        assert_ne!(requests[0].1["deviceId"], requests[1].1["deviceId"]);
+        assert_ne!(requests[0].1["osImageHash"], requests[1].1["osImageHash"]);
+        assert_ne!(requests[0].1["composeHash"], requests[1].1["composeHash"]);
+        assert_ne!(requests[0].1["instanceId"], requests[1].1["instanceId"]);
+        assert_ne!(requests[0].1["mrAggregated"], requests[1].1["mrAggregated"]);
+    }
+
+    #[rocket::async_test]
+    async fn malformed_backend_response_fails_closed_and_next_request_recovers() {
+        let (url, server) = serve(vec![
+            "not-json",
+            r#"{"isAllowed":true,"gatewayAppId":"gateway","reason":"recovered"}"#,
+        ]);
+        let auth = webhook(url);
+        let info = boot_info(30);
+
+        let error = auth.is_app_allowed(&info, false).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("failed to decode response"));
+        let recovered = auth.is_app_allowed(&info, false).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(recovered.is_allowed);
+        assert_eq!(recovered.reason, "recovered");
+        assert_eq!(server.join().unwrap().len(), 2);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/onboard_service.rs b/dstack/kms/src/onboard_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d2d8d0af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/onboard_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,767 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock},
+    time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_kms_rpc::{
+    kms_client::KmsClient,
+    onboard_server::{OnboardRpc, OnboardServer},
+    AttestationInfoResponse, BootstrapRequest, BootstrapResponse, GetKmsKeyRequest, OnboardRequest,
+    OnboardResponse,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use k256::ecdsa::SigningKey;
+use ra_rpc::{
+    client::{CertInfo, RaClient, RaClientConfig},
+    CallContext, RpcCall,
+};
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::{
+        AttestationVerifier, GetDeviceId, PlatformEvidence, QuoteContentType, VerifiedAttestation,
+        VersionedAttestation,
+    },
+    cert::{CaCert, CertRequest},
+    rcgen::{Certificate, KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256},
+};
+use safe_write::{safe_write, safe_write_with_mode};
+use sha2::Digest;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex as AsyncMutex;
+use tracing::info;
+
+use crate::{
+    config::KmsConfig,
+    main_service::{
+        build_boot_info_for_attestation,
+        upgrade_authority::{
+            app_attest, dstack_client, ensure_kms_allowed, ensure_self_kms_allowed, pad64,
+        },
+    },
+};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct OnboardState {
+    config: KmsConfig,
+    attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+    bootstrap_lock: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>,
+    shutdown: Arc<OnceLock<rocket::Shutdown>>,
+}
+
+impl OnboardState {
+    pub fn new(config: KmsConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        let attestation_verifier = Arc::new(
+            AttestationVerifier::load(&config.attestation)
+                .context("failed to load attestation verifier")?,
+        );
+        Ok(Self {
+            config,
+            attestation_verifier,
+            bootstrap_lock: Arc::new(AsyncMutex::new(())),
+            shutdown: Arc::new(OnceLock::new()),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Hand the Rocket shutdown handle to the service so `finish` can stop the
+    /// server after its response has been sent.
+    pub fn set_shutdown(&self, shutdown: rocket::Shutdown) -> Result<()> {
+        self.shutdown
+            .set(shutdown)
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("onboard shutdown handle is already set"))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct OnboardHandler {
+    state: OnboardState,
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<OnboardState> for OnboardHandler {
+    type PrpcService = OnboardServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, OnboardState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(OnboardHandler {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_onboarding_domain(domain: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if domain.is_empty() || domain.len() > 253 || !domain.is_ascii() {
+        bail!("domain must be a non-empty ASCII DNS name of at most 253 bytes");
+    }
+    for label in domain.split('.') {
+        if label.is_empty()
+            || label.len() > 63
+            || label.starts_with('-')
+            || label.ends_with('-')
+            || !label
+                .bytes()
+                .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || byte == b'-')
+        {
+            bail!("domain contains an invalid DNS label");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl OnboardRpc for OnboardHandler {
+    async fn bootstrap(self, request: BootstrapRequest) -> Result<BootstrapResponse> {
+        validate_onboarding_domain(&request.domain)?;
+        let _bootstrap_guard = self.state.bootstrap_lock.lock().await;
+        let cfg = &self.state.config;
+        if cfg.bootstrap_info().exists() || cfg.root_ca_key().exists() || cfg.k256_key().exists() {
+            bail!("KMS has already been bootstrapped");
+        }
+        ensure_self_kms_allowed(cfg, &self.state.attestation_verifier)
+            .await
+            .context("KMS is not allowed to bootstrap")?;
+        let keys = Keys::generate(&request.domain, self.state.config.attest_rpc_cert)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to generate keys")?;
+
+        let k256_pubkey = keys.k256_key.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes().to_vec();
+        let ca_pubkey = keys.ca_key.public_key_der();
+        let attestation = attest_keys(&ca_pubkey, &k256_pubkey).await?;
+
+        let response = BootstrapResponse {
+            ca_pubkey,
+            k256_pubkey,
+            attestation,
+        };
+        // Store the bootstrap info
+        safe_write(cfg.bootstrap_info(), serde_json::to_vec(&response)?)?;
+        keys.store(cfg)?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    async fn onboard(self, request: OnboardRequest) -> Result<OnboardResponse> {
+        validate_onboarding_domain(&request.domain)?;
+        let _bootstrap_guard = self.state.bootstrap_lock.lock().await;
+        let cfg = &self.state.config;
+        if cfg.root_ca_key().exists() || cfg.k256_key().exists() {
+            bail!("KMS has already been onboarded");
+        }
+        let source_url = request.source_url.trim_end_matches('/').to_string();
+        let source_url = if source_url.ends_with("/prpc") {
+            source_url
+        } else {
+            format!("{source_url}/prpc")
+        };
+        let keys = Keys::onboard(
+            cfg,
+            &source_url,
+            &request.domain,
+            self.state.attestation_verifier.clone(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to onboard")?;
+        let k256_pubkey = keys.k256_key.verifying_key().to_sec1_bytes().to_vec();
+        keys.store(cfg).context("Failed to store keys")?;
+        Ok(OnboardResponse { k256_pubkey })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_attestation_info(self) -> Result<AttestationInfoResponse> {
+        // Get attestation from guest agent
+        let report_data = pad64([0u8; 32]);
+        let response = app_attest(report_data)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get attestation")?;
+
+        // Decode and verify the attestation to get real device ID
+        let attestation = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&response.attestation)
+            .context("Failed to decode attestation")?;
+        let tee_variant = match &attestation.clone().into_v1().platform {
+            PlatformEvidence::Tdx { .. } => "dstack-tdx",
+            PlatformEvidence::SevSnp { .. } => "dstack-amd-sev-snp",
+            PlatformEvidence::GcpTdx { .. } => "dstack-gcp-tdx",
+            PlatformEvidence::NitroEnclave { .. } => "dstack-nitro-enclave",
+            PlatformEvidence::AwsNitroTpm { .. } => "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm",
+        }
+        .to_string();
+        let verified = attestation
+            .into_v1()
+            .verify(&self.state.attestation_verifier)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to verify attestation")?;
+
+        // Get vm_config from guest agent
+        let info = dstack_client()
+            .info()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get VM info")?;
+
+        let (eth_rpc_url, kms_contract_address) = match self.state.config.auth_api.get_info().await
+        {
+            Ok(info) => (
+                info.eth_rpc_url.unwrap_or_default(),
+                info.kms_contract_address.unwrap_or_default(),
+            ),
+            Err(err) => {
+                tracing::warn!("failed to get auth api info: {err}");
+                (String::new(), String::new())
+            }
+        };
+
+        build_attestation_info_response(
+            &verified,
+            tee_variant,
+            &info.vm_config,
+            self.state.config.site_name.clone(),
+            eth_rpc_url,
+            kms_contract_address,
+        )
+    }
+
+    async fn finish(self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let shutdown = self
+            .state
+            .shutdown
+            .get()
+            .context("onboard shutdown handle is unavailable")?;
+        // Graceful shutdown lets Rocket finish sending this response before the
+        // server stops, so the client learns that onboarding succeeded.
+        shutdown.clone().notify();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_attestation_info_response(
+    verified: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    tee_variant: String,
+    vm_config: &str,
+    site_name: String,
+    eth_rpc_url: String,
+    kms_contract_address: String,
+) -> Result<AttestationInfoResponse> {
+    let boot_info = build_boot_info_for_attestation(verified, false, vm_config)
+        .context("Failed to decode app info")?;
+    let raw_device_id = verified.report.get_devide_id();
+    Ok(AttestationInfoResponse {
+        device_id: sha2::Sha256::digest(&raw_device_id).to_vec(),
+        mr_aggregated: boot_info.mr_aggregated,
+        os_image_hash: boot_info.os_image_hash,
+        tee_variant,
+        site_name,
+        eth_rpc_url,
+        kms_contract_address,
+        ppid: raw_device_id,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::main_service::amd_attest::{
+        compute_expected_measurement, MeasurementInput, OvmfSectionParam,
+    };
+    use sha2::Digest;
+
+    fn hex_of(byte: u8, len: usize) -> String {
+        hex::encode(vec![byte; len])
+    }
+
+    fn valid_snp_measurement_input() -> MeasurementInput {
+        let rootfs_hash = hex_of(0x33, 32);
+        MeasurementInput {
+            base_cmdline: format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={rootfs_hash}"),
+            ovmf_hash: hex_of(0x44, 48),
+            kernel_hash: hex_of(0x55, 32),
+            initrd_hash: hex_of(0x66, 32),
+            sev_hashes_table_gpa: 0x80_1000,
+            sev_es_reset_eip: 0xffff_fff0,
+            vcpus: 2,
+            vcpu_type: Some("epyc-v4".to_string()),
+            guest_features: 1,
+            ovmf_sections: vec![
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x100000,
+                    size: 0x2000,
+                    section_type: 1,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x80_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 0x10,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x81_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 2,
+                },
+                OvmfSectionParam {
+                    gpa: 0x82_0000,
+                    size: 0x1000,
+                    section_type: 3,
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn valid_snp_mr_config() -> dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3 {
+        dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x99; 20],
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn verified_snp_attestation(measurement: [u8; 48], chip_id: [u8; 64]) -> VerifiedAttestation {
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        VerifiedAttestation {
+            quote: ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                ra_tls::attestation::SnpQuote {
+                    report: Vec::new(),
+                    cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+                    mr_config: mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+                },
+            ),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data: [0x42; 64],
+            config: String::new(),
+            report: ra_tls::attestation::DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(
+                dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+                    measurement,
+                    report_data: [0x42; 64],
+                    host_data: mr_config.to_snp_host_data(),
+                    chip_id,
+                    tcb_info: dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::AmdSnpTcbInfo::default(),
+                    advisory_ids: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn snp_measurement_document(
+        input: &MeasurementInput,
+    ) -> dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+        let measurement = dstack_mr::sev::sev_os_image_measurement_from_input(input)
+            .unwrap()
+            .to_cbor_vec();
+        let sha256sum = format!(
+            "{}  {}\n",
+            hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&measurement)),
+            dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+            checksum_file: sha256sum,
+            measurement,
+            vcpus: input.vcpus,
+            vcpu_type: input.vcpu_type.clone(),
+            guest_features: input.guest_features,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attestation_info_response_uses_snp_boot_info_and_chip_id() {
+        let input = valid_snp_measurement_input();
+        let measurement = compute_expected_measurement(&input).unwrap();
+        let mr_config = valid_snp_mr_config();
+        let attestation = verified_snp_attestation(measurement, [0xab; 64]);
+        let snp_document = snp_measurement_document(&input);
+        let os_image_hash = dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&snp_document.checksum_file);
+        let vm_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(os_image_hash),
+            "sev_snp_measurement": serde_json::to_string(&snp_document).unwrap(),
+            "mr_config": mr_config.to_canonical_json(),
+        })
+        .to_string();
+
+        let response = build_attestation_info_response(
+            &attestation,
+            "dstack-amd-sev-snp".to_string(),
+            &vm_config,
+            "test-site".to_string(),
+            "https://rpc.example".to_string(),
+            "0x1234".to_string(),
+        )
+        .expect("snp attestation info should be derived from snp boot info");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.device_id,
+            sha2::Sha256::digest([0xab; 64]).to_vec()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(response.ppid, vec![0xab; 64]);
+        assert_eq!(response.mr_aggregated.len(), 32);
+        assert_eq!(response.os_image_hash, os_image_hash.to_vec());
+        assert_eq!(response.tee_variant, "dstack-amd-sev-snp");
+        assert_eq!(response.site_name, "test-site");
+        assert_eq!(response.eth_rpc_url, "https://rpc.example");
+        assert_eq!(response.kms_contract_address, "0x1234");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn onboarding_domain_accepts_dns_name() {
+        validate_onboarding_domain("kms.example.com").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn onboarding_domain_rejects_empty_overlong_and_invalid_labels() {
+        let overlong = "a".repeat(254);
+        for domain in [
+            "",
+            overlong.as_str(),
+            "-kms.example.com",
+            "kms-.example.com",
+            "kms..example.com",
+            "kms_example.com",
+        ] {
+            assert!(validate_onboarding_domain(domain).is_err(), "{domain:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ca_cert_expiring_at(not_after: SystemTime) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        CertRequest::builder()
+            .subject("Test CA")
+            .ca_level(0)
+            .not_after(not_after)
+            .key(&key)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .unwrap()
+            .pem()
+            .into_bytes()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ca_certificate_is_renewed_only_within_the_renewal_window() {
+        let now = UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(2_000_000_000);
+        let inside_window = ca_cert_expiring_at(now + CA_RENEWAL_WINDOW - Duration::from_secs(1));
+        let outside_window = ca_cert_expiring_at(now + CA_RENEWAL_WINDOW + Duration::from_secs(1));
+
+        assert!(ca_cert_expires_within(&inside_window, now, CA_RENEWAL_WINDOW).unwrap());
+        assert!(!ca_cert_expires_within(&outside_window, now, CA_RENEWAL_WINDOW).unwrap());
+    }
+}
+
+struct Keys {
+    k256_key: SigningKey,
+    tmp_ca_key: KeyPair,
+    tmp_ca_cert: Certificate,
+    ca_key: KeyPair,
+    ca_cert: Certificate,
+    rpc_key: KeyPair,
+    rpc_cert: Certificate,
+    rpc_domain: String,
+}
+
+impl Keys {
+    async fn generate(domain: &str, attest_rpc_cert: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+        let tmp_ca_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+        let ca_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+        let rpc_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+        let k256_key = SigningKey::random(&mut rand::rngs::OsRng);
+        Self::from_keys(
+            tmp_ca_key,
+            ca_key,
+            rpc_key,
+            k256_key,
+            domain,
+            attest_rpc_cert,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn from_keys(
+        tmp_ca_key: KeyPair,
+        ca_key: KeyPair,
+        rpc_key: KeyPair,
+        k256_key: SigningKey,
+        domain: &str,
+        attest_rpc_cert: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let tmp_ca_cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .org_name("Dstack")
+            .subject("Dstack Client Temp CA")
+            .ca_level(0)
+            .key(&tmp_ca_key)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()?;
+
+        // Create self-signed KMS cert
+        let ca_cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .org_name("Dstack")
+            .subject("Dstack KMS CA")
+            .ca_level(1)
+            .key(&ca_key)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()?;
+        // The only place the KMS embeds its own attestation. Skipping it lets
+        // the KMS run outside a TEE for development; it does not affect the
+        // verification of quotes presented *to* the KMS, which is a separate
+        // path (main_service::ensure_app_attestation_allowed) and stays on.
+        let attestation = if attest_rpc_cert {
+            let pubkey = rpc_key.public_key_der();
+            let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
+            let response = app_attest(report_data.to_vec()).await.context(
+                "failed to get a quote for the KMS RPC certificate. The KMS attests \
+                     itself through the dstack guest agent, so it must run inside a dstack \
+                     CVM. For local development set attest_rpc_cert = false",
+            )?;
+            Some(
+                VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&response.attestation)
+                    .context("Invalid attestation")?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        // Sign WWW server cert with KMS cert
+        let rpc_cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .subject(domain)
+            .alt_names(&[domain.to_string()])
+            .special_usage("kms:rpc")
+            .maybe_attestation(attestation.as_ref())
+            .key(&rpc_key)
+            .build()
+            .signed_by(&ca_cert, &ca_key)?;
+        Ok(Keys {
+            k256_key,
+            tmp_ca_key,
+            tmp_ca_cert,
+            ca_key,
+            ca_cert,
+            rpc_key,
+            rpc_cert,
+            rpc_domain: domain.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn onboard(
+        cfg: &KmsConfig,
+        other_kms_url: &str,
+        domain: &str,
+        attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let attestation_slot = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None::<VerifiedAttestation>));
+        let attestation_slot_out = attestation_slot.clone();
+        let client = RaClientConfig::builder()
+            .tls_no_check(true)
+            .remote_uri(other_kms_url.to_string())
+            .cert_validator(Box::new(move |info: Option<CertInfo>| {
+                let Some(info) = info else {
+                    bail!("Source KMS did not present a TLS certificate");
+                };
+                let Some(attestation) = info.attestation else {
+                    bail!("Source KMS certificate does not contain attestation");
+                };
+                let mut slot = attestation_slot_out
+                    .lock()
+                    .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("source attestation mutex poisoned"))?;
+                *slot = Some(attestation);
+                Ok(())
+            }))
+            .attestation_verifier(attestation_verifier.clone())
+            .build()
+            .into_client()?;
+        let mut kms_client = KmsClient::new(client);
+
+        let tmp_ca = kms_client.get_temp_ca_cert().await?;
+        let (ra_cert, ra_key) = gen_ra_cert(tmp_ca.temp_ca_cert, tmp_ca.temp_ca_key).await?;
+        let ra_client = RaClient::new_mtls(
+            other_kms_url.into(),
+            ra_cert,
+            ra_key,
+            attestation_verifier.clone(),
+        )
+        .context("Failed to create client")?;
+        kms_client = KmsClient::new(ra_client);
+        let source_attestation = attestation_slot
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("source attestation mutex poisoned"))?
+            .clone()
+            .context("Missing source KMS attestation")?;
+        ensure_kms_allowed(cfg, &source_attestation, &attestation_verifier)
+            .await
+            .context("Source KMS is not allowed for onboarding")?;
+
+        let info = dstack_client().info().await.context("Failed to get info")?;
+        let keys_res = kms_client
+            .get_kms_key(GetKmsKeyRequest {
+                vm_config: info.vm_config,
+            })
+            .await?;
+        if keys_res.keys.len() != 1 {
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Invalid keys"));
+        }
+        let keys = keys_res.keys[0].clone();
+        let tmp_ca_key_pem = keys_res.temp_ca_key;
+        let root_ca_key_pem = keys.ca_key;
+        let root_k256_key = keys.k256_key;
+
+        let rpc_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+        let ca_key = KeyPair::from_pem(&root_ca_key_pem).context("Failed to parse CA key")?;
+        let tmp_ca_key =
+            KeyPair::from_pem(&tmp_ca_key_pem).context("Failed to parse tmp CA key")?;
+        let ecdsa_key =
+            SigningKey::from_slice(&root_k256_key).context("Failed to parse ECDSA key")?;
+        Self::from_keys(
+            tmp_ca_key,
+            ca_key,
+            rpc_key,
+            ecdsa_key,
+            domain,
+            cfg.attest_rpc_cert,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    fn store(&self, cfg: &KmsConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        self.store_keys(cfg)?;
+        self.store_certs(cfg)?;
+        safe_write(cfg.rpc_domain(), self.rpc_domain.as_bytes())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn store_keys(&self, cfg: &KmsConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        safe_write_with_mode(cfg.tmp_ca_key(), self.tmp_ca_key.serialize_pem(), 0o600)?;
+        safe_write_with_mode(cfg.root_ca_key(), self.ca_key.serialize_pem(), 0o600)?;
+        safe_write_with_mode(cfg.rpc_key(), self.rpc_key.serialize_pem(), 0o600)?;
+        safe_write_with_mode(cfg.k256_key(), self.k256_key.to_bytes(), 0o600)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn store_certs(&self, cfg: &KmsConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        safe_write(cfg.tmp_ca_cert(), self.tmp_ca_cert.pem())?;
+        safe_write(cfg.root_ca_cert(), self.ca_cert.pem())?;
+        safe_write(cfg.rpc_cert(), self.rpc_cert.pem())?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn update_certs(cfg: &KmsConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    // Read existing keys
+    let tmp_ca_key = KeyPair::from_pem(&fs::read_to_string(cfg.tmp_ca_key())?)?;
+    let ca_key = KeyPair::from_pem(&fs::read_to_string(cfg.root_ca_key())?)?;
+    let rpc_key = KeyPair::from_pem(&fs::read_to_string(cfg.rpc_key())?)?;
+
+    // Read k256 key
+    let k256_key_bytes = fs::read(cfg.k256_key())?;
+    let k256_key = SigningKey::from_slice(&k256_key_bytes)?;
+
+    let domain = if cfg.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain.is_empty() {
+        fs::read_to_string(cfg.rpc_domain())?
+    } else {
+        cfg.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain.clone()
+    };
+    let domain = domain.trim();
+
+    // Regenerate certificates using existing keys
+    let keys = Keys::from_keys(
+        tmp_ca_key,
+        ca_key,
+        rpc_key,
+        k256_key,
+        domain,
+        cfg.attest_rpc_cert,
+    )
+    .await
+    .context("Failed to regenerate certificates")?;
+
+    renew_ca_cert_if_expiring(
+        cfg.root_ca_cert(),
+        keys.ca_cert.pem(),
+        "KMS root CA certificate",
+    )?;
+    renew_ca_cert_if_expiring(
+        cfg.tmp_ca_cert(),
+        keys.tmp_ca_cert.pem(),
+        "temporary client CA certificate",
+    )?;
+
+    // The RPC leaf depends on the refreshed domain and platform attestation, so
+    // it is reissued on every startup.
+    safe_write(cfg.rpc_cert(), keys.rpc_cert.pem())?;
+    info!("Reissued the KMS RPC certificate for {domain}");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+const CA_RENEWAL_WINDOW: Duration = Duration::from_secs(365 * 24 * 60 * 60);
+
+fn renew_ca_cert_if_expiring(
+    path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>,
+    renewed_pem: String,
+    description: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+    let current_pem = fs::read(path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read {description} from {}", path.display()))?;
+    if !ca_cert_expires_within(&current_pem, SystemTime::now(), CA_RENEWAL_WINDOW)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    safe_write(path, renewed_pem)?;
+    info!("Renewed {description}");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ca_cert_expires_within(cert_pem: &[u8], now: SystemTime, window: Duration) -> Result<bool> {
+    let (_, pem) =
+        x509_parser::pem::parse_x509_pem(cert_pem).context("Failed to parse CA certificate PEM")?;
+    let cert = pem.parse_x509().context("Failed to parse CA certificate")?;
+    let now = now
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .context("System time is before the Unix epoch")?
+        .as_secs();
+    let renewal_deadline = now.saturating_add(window.as_secs());
+    let not_after = u64::try_from(cert.validity().not_after.timestamp()).unwrap_or(0);
+    Ok(not_after <= renewal_deadline)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn bootstrap_keys(cfg: &KmsConfig, verifier: &AttestationVerifier) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_onboarding_domain(&cfg.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain)?;
+    ensure_self_kms_allowed(cfg, verifier)
+        .await
+        .context("KMS is not allowed to auto-bootstrap")?;
+    let keys = Keys::generate(&cfg.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain, cfg.attest_rpc_cert)
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to generate keys")?;
+    keys.store(cfg)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn attest_keys(p256_pubkey: &[u8], k256_pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let p256_hex = hex::encode(p256_pubkey);
+    let k256_hex = hex::encode(k256_pubkey);
+    let content_to_quote = format!("dstack-kms-genereted-keys-v1:{p256_hex};{k256_hex};");
+    let hash = keccak256(content_to_quote.as_bytes());
+    let report_data = pad64(hash);
+    let res = app_attest(report_data).await?;
+    Ok(res.attestation)
+}
+
+fn keccak256(msg: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    use sha3::{Digest, Keccak256};
+    let mut hasher = Keccak256::new();
+    hasher.update(msg);
+    hasher.finalize().into()
+}
+
+async fn gen_ra_cert(ca_cert_pem: String, ca_key_pem: String) -> Result<(String, String)> {
+    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
+    use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+
+    let ca = CaCert::new(ca_cert_pem, ca_key_pem)?;
+    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
+    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
+    let response = app_attest(report_data.to_vec())
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to get quote")?;
+    let attestation =
+        VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&response.attestation).context("Invalid attestation")?;
+    let req = CertRequest::builder()
+        .subject("RA-TLS TEMP Cert")
+        .attestation(&attestation)
+        .key(&key)
+        .build();
+    let cert = ca.sign(req).context("Failed to sign certificate")?;
+    Ok((cert.pem(), key.serialize_pem()))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/kms/src/www/onboard.html b/dstack/kms/src/www/onboard.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2bc75552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/kms/src/www/onboard.html
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <title>dstack KMS Setup</title>
+    <script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3/dist/vue.global.js"></script>
+    <style>
+        body {
+            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
+            max-width: 800px;
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            padding: 20px;
+            background-color: #f5f5f5;
+        }
+
+        .container {
+            background-color: white;
+            padding: 20px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+        }
+
+        h1 {
+            color: #333;
+            margin-bottom: 30px;
+        }
+
+        .setup-options {
+            display: flex;
+            gap: 20px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+        }
+
+        .option {
+            flex: 1;
+            padding: 20px;
+            border: 1px solid #ddd;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            background-color: #f9f9f9;
+        }
+
+        .option h2 {
+            margin-top: 0;
+            color: #444;
+        }
+
+        .form-group {
+            margin-bottom: 15px;
+        }
+
+        label {
+            display: block;
+            margin-bottom: 5px;
+            color: #666;
+        }
+
+        input[type="text"],
+        input[type="url"] {
+            width: 100%;
+            padding: 8px;
+            border: 1px solid #ddd;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            box-sizing: border-box;
+        }
+
+        button {
+            background-color: #007bff;
+            color: white;
+            border: none;
+            padding: 10px 20px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+        }
+
+        button:hover {
+            background-color: #0056b3;
+        }
+
+        .error {
+            color: #dc3545;
+            margin-top: 10px;
+        }
+
+        .success {
+            color: #28a745;
+            margin-top: 10px;
+        }
+
+        .initial-buttons {
+            display: flex;
+            gap: 20px;
+            justify-content: center;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+        }
+
+        .initial-buttons button {
+            padding: 20px 40px;
+            font-size: 1.1em;
+        }
+
+        .fade-enter-active,
+        .fade-leave-active {
+            transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
+        }
+
+        .fade-enter-from,
+        .fade-leave-to {
+            opacity: 0;
+        }
+
+        .attestation-info {
+            background-color: #f0f4f8;
+            border: 1px solid #ccd;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            padding: 15px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+        }
+
+        .attestation-info h3 {
+            margin-top: 0;
+            color: #444;
+        }
+
+        .info-row {
+            display: flex;
+            margin-bottom: 8px;
+            font-size: 0.9em;
+        }
+
+        .info-label {
+            font-weight: bold;
+            min-width: 160px;
+            color: #555;
+        }
+
+        .info-value {
+            font-family: monospace;
+            word-break: break-all;
+            color: #333;
+        }
+
+        .chain-info {
+            background-color: #f8f4e8;
+            border: 1px solid #ddc;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            padding: 15px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+        }
+
+        .chain-info h3 {
+            margin-top: 0;
+            color: #444;
+        }
+
+        .loading {
+            color: #888;
+            font-style: italic;
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+    <div id="app" class="container">
+        <h1>{{ siteName || 'dstack KMS Setup' }}</h1>
+
+        <div v-if="attestationLoading" class="loading">Loading attestation info...</div>
+        <div v-else-if="attestationError" class="error">Attestation info: {{ attestationError }}</div>
+        <div v-else-if="attestationInfo" class="attestation-info">
+            <h3>Attestation Info (for on-chain registration)</h3>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <span class="info-label">TEE Variant:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">{{ attestationInfo.tee_variant }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row" v-if="attestationInfo.ppid">
+                <span class="info-label">PPID:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">{{ attestationInfo.ppid }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <span class="info-label">Device ID:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">0x{{ attestationInfo.device_id }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <span class="info-label">MR Aggregated:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">0x{{ attestationInfo.mr_aggregated }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div class="info-row">
+                <span class="info-label">OS Image Hash:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">0x{{ attestationInfo.os_image_hash }}</span>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="attestationInfo && (attestationInfo.eth_rpc_url || attestationInfo.kms_contract_address)" class="chain-info">
+            <h3>Chain Info</h3>
+            <div v-if="attestationInfo.eth_rpc_url" class="info-row">
+                <span class="info-label">ETH RPC URL:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">{{ attestationInfo.eth_rpc_url }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div v-if="attestationInfo.kms_contract_address" class="info-row">
+                <span class="info-label">KMS Contract:</span>
+                <span class="info-value">{{ attestationInfo.kms_contract_address }}</span>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="!setupFinished">
+            <div v-if="!selectedOption" class="initial-buttons">
+                <button @click="selectedOption = 'bootstrap'">Bootstrap</button>
+                <button @click="selectedOption = 'onboard'">Onboard</button>
+            </div>
+
+            <Transition name="fade">
+                <div v-if="selectedOption" class="setup-options">
+                    <div v-if="selectedOption === 'bootstrap'" class="option">
+                        <h2>Bootstrap A New KMS Instance</h2>
+                        <form @submit.prevent="handleBootstrap">
+                            <div class="form-group">
+                                <label for="domain">Domain Name:</label>
+                                <input type="text" id="domain" v-model="bootstrapDomain" required
+                                    placeholder="The domain name serving this KMS RPC">
+                            </div>
+                            <button type="submit">Bootstrap</button>
+                        </form>
+                        <button @click="selectedOption = null; error = ''; success = ''"
+                            style="margin-top: 10px; background-color: #6c757d;">Back</button>
+                    </div>
+
+                    <div v-if="selectedOption === 'onboard'" class="option">
+                        <h2>Onboard from an Existing KMS Instance</h2>
+                        <form @submit.prevent="handleOnboard">
+                            <div class="form-group">
+                                <label for="source_url">Source KMS URL:</label>
+                                <input type="url" id="source_url" v-model="sourceUrl" required
+                                    placeholder="RPC URL of the existing KMS">
+                            </div>
+                            <div class="form-group">
+                                <label for="domain">Domain Name:</label>
+                                <input type="text" id="domain" v-model="onboardDomain" required
+                                    placeholder="The domain name serving this KMS RPC">
+                            </div>
+                            <button type="submit">Onboard</button>
+                        </form>
+                        <button @click="selectedOption = null; error = ''; success = ''"
+                            style="margin-top: 10px; background-color: #6c757d;">Back</button>
+                    </div>
+                </div>
+            </Transition>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="error" class="error">{{ error }}</div>
+        <div v-if="success" class="success">
+            {{ success }}
+            <textarea v-if="result" readonly
+                style="width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; height: 100px;">{{ result }}</textarea>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="success && !setupFinished" style="margin-top: 20px; text-align: center;">
+            <button @click="handleFinish">Finish Setup</button>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <script>
+        const { createApp } = Vue
+
+        async function rpcCall(method, params) {
+            const response = await fetch(`/prpc/Onboard.${method}?json`, {
+                method: 'POST',
+                headers: {
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+                },
+                body: JSON.stringify(params),
+            });
+            return await response.json();
+        }
+
+        createApp({
+            data() {
+                return {
+                    selectedOption: null,
+                    bootstrapDomain: '',
+                    sourceUrl: '',
+                    onboardDomain: '',
+                    error: '',
+                    success: '',
+                    result: '',
+                    setupFinished: false,
+                    attestationInfo: null,
+                    attestationLoading: true,
+                    attestationError: '',
+                    siteName: ''
+                }
+            },
+            async mounted() {
+                try {
+                    const data = await rpcCall('GetAttestationInfo', {});
+                    if (data.error) {
+                        this.attestationError = data.error;
+                    } else {
+                        this.attestationInfo = data;
+                        if (data.site_name) {
+                            this.siteName = data.site_name;
+                            document.title = data.site_name;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (err) {
+                    this.attestationError = err.message;
+                } finally {
+                    this.attestationLoading = false;
+                }
+            },
+            methods: {
+                async handleBootstrap() {
+                    try {
+                        const { ca_pubkey, k256_pubkey, attestation, error } = await rpcCall('Bootstrap', {
+                            domain: this.bootstrapDomain
+                        });
+
+                        if (error) throw new Error(error);
+
+                        this.success = 'Bootstrap successful!';
+                        this.result = JSON.stringify({
+                            caPubkey: '0x' + ca_pubkey,
+                            k256Pubkey: '0x' + k256_pubkey,
+                            attestation: '0x' + attestation
+                        }, null, 2);
+                        this.error = '';
+                    } catch (err) {
+                        this.error = err.message;
+                        this.success = '';
+                    }
+                },
+                async handleOnboard() {
+                    try {
+                        const data = await rpcCall('Onboard', {
+                            source_url: this.sourceUrl + "/prpc",
+                            domain: this.onboardDomain
+                        });
+
+                        if (data.error) throw new Error(data.error);
+
+                        this.success = 'Onboarding successful!';
+                        this.result = JSON.stringify({
+                            k256Pubkey: '0x' + data.k256_pubkey,
+                        }, null, 2);
+                        this.error = '';
+                    } catch (err) {
+                        this.error = err.message;
+                        this.success = '';
+                    }
+                },
+                async handleFinish() {
+                    try {
+                        const response = await fetch("/finish");
+                        if (!response.ok) throw new Error(response.statusText);
+
+                        this.success = 'Setup completed. You can close this window.';
+                        this.error = '';
+                        this.setupFinished = true;
+                    } catch (err) {
+                        this.error = err.message;
+                        this.success = '';
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }).mount('#app')
+    </script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/dstack/load_config/Cargo.toml b/dstack/load_config/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ff4b140b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/load_config/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "load_config"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+figment = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "toml"] }
+rocket.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/load_config/src/lib.rs b/dstack/load_config/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd99b6cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/load_config/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use figment::{
+    providers::{Data, Format, Json, Toml},
+    Figment,
+};
+use tracing::info;
+
+trait MaybeNested {
+    fn maybe_nested(self, nested: bool) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl<T: Format> MaybeNested for Data<T> {
+    fn maybe_nested(self, nested: bool) -> Self {
+        if nested {
+            self.nested()
+        } else {
+            self
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn load_config_file(path: &str, nested: bool, figment: Figment) -> Figment {
+    if path.ends_with(".json") {
+        return figment.merge(Json::file(path).maybe_nested(nested));
+    }
+    if path.ends_with(".toml") {
+        return figment.merge(Toml::file(path).maybe_nested(nested));
+    }
+    figment.merge(Json::file(path).maybe_nested(nested))
+}
+
+fn load_config_in_dir(name: &str, path: &str, nested: bool, mut figment: Figment) -> Figment {
+    for ext in ["toml", "json"] {
+        let filename = format!("{}/{}.{}", path, name, ext);
+        if std::path::Path::new(&filename).exists() {
+            info!("Loading config file: {}", filename);
+            figment = load_config_file(&filename, nested, figment);
+        }
+    }
+    figment
+}
+
+fn search_load_config(
+    name: &str,
+    search_paths: &[&str],
+    default_toml: &str,
+    leaf_config: Option<&str>,
+    nested: bool,
+) -> Figment {
+    let mut figment = Figment::from(rocket::Config::default())
+        .merge(Toml::string(default_toml).maybe_nested(nested));
+    for path in search_paths {
+        figment = load_config_in_dir(name, path, nested, figment);
+    }
+    match leaf_config {
+        Some(path) => load_config_file(path, nested, figment),
+        None => figment,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn load_config(
+    name: &str,
+    default_toml: &str,
+    leaf_config: Option<&str>,
+    nested: bool,
+) -> Figment {
+    let etc_path = format!("/etc/{name}");
+    search_load_config(name, &[&etc_path, "."], default_toml, leaf_config, nested)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::fs;
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+    fn setup_test_files(dir: &TempDir) -> (String, String) {
+        let json_path = dir.path().join("config.json");
+        let toml_path = dir.path().join("config.toml");
+
+        fs::write(&json_path, r#"{"test": "json_value"}"#).unwrap();
+        fs::write(&toml_path, r#"test = "toml_value""#).unwrap();
+
+        (
+            json_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string(),
+            toml_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_config_file_json() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let (json_path, _) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
+
+        let figment = Figment::new();
+        let result = load_config_file(&json_path, false, figment);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
+            "json_value"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_config_file_toml() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let (_, toml_path) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
+
+        let figment = Figment::new();
+        let result = load_config_file(&toml_path, false, figment);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
+            "toml_value"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_config_in_dir() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+        fs::write(
+            temp_dir.path().join("test.json"),
+            r#"{"key": "json_value"}"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let figment = Figment::new();
+        let result = load_config_in_dir("test", dir_path, false, figment);
+
+        assert_eq!(result.extract_inner::<String>("key").unwrap(), "json_value");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_search_load_config() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+        fs::write(
+            temp_dir.path().join("app.toml"),
+            r#"override = "from_toml""#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let default_toml = r#"
+foo = "value"
+override = "default"
+"#;
+
+        let result = search_load_config("app", &[dir_path], default_toml, None, false);
+
+        assert_eq!(result.extract_inner::<String>("foo").unwrap(), "value");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("override").unwrap(),
+            "from_toml"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_search_load_config2() {
+        let temp_dir1 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_dir2 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let dir1_path = temp_dir1.path().to_str().unwrap();
+        let dir2_path = temp_dir2.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+        // Set up config in first directory
+        fs::write(
+            temp_dir1.path().join("app.toml"),
+            r#"
+base = "from_dir1"
+override1 = "dir1_value"
+common = "dir1_value"
+"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // Set up config in second directory
+        fs::write(
+            temp_dir2.path().join("app.json"),
+            r#"{
+                "override1": "dir2_value",
+                "override2": "dir2_value",
+                "common": "dir2_value"
+            }"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        // Create leaf config file
+        let leaf_config = temp_dir1.path().join("leaf.json");
+        fs::write(
+            &leaf_config,
+            r#"{
+                "override2": "leaf_value",
+                "leaf_only": "leaf_value"
+            }"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let default_toml = r#"
+base = "default"
+override1 = "default"
+override2 = "default"
+common = "default"
+"#;
+
+        let result = search_load_config(
+            "app",
+            &[dir1_path, dir2_path],
+            default_toml,
+            Some(leaf_config.to_str().unwrap()),
+            false,
+        );
+
+        // Test layered configuration
+        assert_eq!(result.extract_inner::<String>("base").unwrap(), "from_dir1");
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("override1").unwrap(),
+            "dir2_value"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("override2").unwrap(),
+            "leaf_value"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("common").unwrap(),
+            "dir2_value"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("leaf_only").unwrap(),
+            "leaf_value"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_config_file_json_nested() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let (json_path, _) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
+
+        // Write nested JSON configuration
+        fs::write(&json_path, r#"{"config": {"test": "nested_json_value"}}"#).unwrap();
+
+        let figment = Figment::new();
+        let result = load_config_file(&json_path, true, figment).select("config");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
+            "nested_json_value"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_load_config_file_toml_nested() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let (_, toml_path) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
+
+        // Write nested TOML configuration
+        fs::write(
+            &toml_path,
+            r#"
+[config]
+test = "nested_toml_value"
+"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let figment = Figment::new();
+        let result = load_config_file(&toml_path, true, figment).select("config");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
+            "nested_toml_value"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_search_load_config_nested() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
+
+        // Write nested configuration
+        fs::write(
+            temp_dir.path().join("app.toml"),
+            r#"
+[config]
+override = "nested_from_toml"
+"#,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let default_toml = r#"
+[config]
+foo = "nested_value"
+override = "default"
+"#;
+
+        let result =
+            search_load_config("app", &[dir_path], default_toml, None, true).select("config");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("foo").unwrap(),
+            "nested_value"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            result.extract_inner::<String>("override").unwrap(),
+            "nested_from_toml"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/Cargo.toml b/dstack/local-key-provider/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b172cf89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "local-key-provider"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+description = "SGX-backed local sealing-key provider for dstack TDX guests"
+
+[dependencies]
+blake2.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+rand_core.workspace = true
+salsa20.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = [
+    "io-util",
+    "macros",
+    "net",
+    "rt",
+    "sync",
+    "time",
+] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+x25519-dalek.workspace = true
+xsalsa20poly1305.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/README.md b/dstack/local-key-provider/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf3cc09ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# local-key-provider
+
+`local-key-provider` is dstack's SGX-backed bootstrap key provider for TDX
+guests. It is protocol- and cryptography-compatible with the former external
+`gramine-sealing-key-provider`, but its source and build are maintained in the
+dstack repository.
+
+For each request it:
+
+1. verifies the guest's TDX quote with DCAP;
+2. checks that the SGX and TDX quotes carry the same quoting-enclave ID;
+3. derives a 32-byte key as `SHA-256(SGX sealing key || MRTD || RTMR0..3)`;
+4. encrypts the key using the libsodium sealed-box format and the X25519 public
+   key in the TDX report data; and
+5. returns the ciphertext with an SGX quote binding its SHA-256 digest.
+
+The wire protocol remains a four-byte big-endian JSON length followed by a
+`{"quote":[...]}` request. The response contains `encrypted_key` and
+`provider_quote` byte arrays.
+
+Use the `build/` directory's Docker Compose configuration to build and run the
+provider under Gramine. The container build uses the repository workspace's
+`Cargo.toml` and `Cargo.lock` instead of a second build-only manifest or
+lockfile.
+
+Tagged releases (`local-key-provider-v*`) publish the image as
+`docker.io/dstacktee/local-key-provider:<version>`. The corresponding GitHub
+release records the image digest and enclave measurements, attaches the full
+SIGSTRUCT metadata, and links to its Sigstore build-provenance attestation.
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.aesmd b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.aesmd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ee984b45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.aesmd
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+FROM ubuntu:20.04
+
+# Prevent timezone prompt
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
+    TZ=Etc/UTC \
+    TZDATA=Etc/UTC \
+    LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 \
+    LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+
+# Set timezone
+RUN ln -snf /usr/share/zoneinfo/$TZ /etc/localtime && echo $TZ > /etc/timezone
+
+# Install AESM service and dependencies
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    wget curl gnupg2 \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Add Intel SGX repository
+RUN echo 'deb [arch=amd64] https://download.01.org/intel-sgx/sgx_repo/ubuntu focal main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/intel-sgx.list \
+    && wget -qO - https://download.01.org/intel-sgx/sgx_repo/ubuntu/intel-sgx-deb.key | apt-key add -
+
+# Install SGX AESM service and plugins
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    sgx-aesm-service \
+    libsgx-aesm-launch-plugin \
+    libsgx-aesm-quote-ex-plugin \
+    libsgx-aesm-ecdsa-plugin \
+    libsgx-dcap-quote-verify \
+    libsgx-dcap-default-qpl \
+    psmisc \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Create an entrypoint script for AESM
+COPY build/entrypoint-aesmd.sh /entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod +x /entrypoint.sh
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/entrypoint.sh"]
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.key-provider b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.key-provider
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cfca8424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.key-provider
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ARG SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=1776902400
+FROM gramineproject/gramine:1.9-noble@sha256:bdf2d0ef9bd09fa10684e14fbe822236df35708d58a852209c5f235842ecb6d7
+ARG SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
+
+ENV LANG=C.UTF-8 \
+    LC_ALL=C.UTF-8 \
+    PYTHONHASHSEED=0 \
+    SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH} \
+    TZ=UTC
+
+# Pin Ubuntu apt sources to a fixed snapshot date so transitive dependencies
+# (e.g. libc6) don't drift between builds. Without this,
+# Ubuntu point updates to packages pulled in by `build-essential` change the
+# bytes of files referenced by the Gramine manifest's trusted_files list,
+# which changes mr_enclave — breaking any attestation flow that pins to a
+# specific expected value.
+#
+# Each consumer should override APT_SNAPSHOT to the date that matches their
+# expected mr_enclave:
+#
+#   docker build --build-arg APT_SNAPSHOT=YYYYMMDDT000000Z ...
+ARG APT_SNAPSHOT=20260423T000000Z
+RUN { \
+      echo "deb https://snapshot.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/${APT_SNAPSHOT} noble main universe restricted multiverse"; \
+      echo "deb https://snapshot.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/${APT_SNAPSHOT} noble-updates main universe restricted multiverse"; \
+      echo "deb https://snapshot.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/${APT_SNAPSHOT} noble-security main universe restricted multiverse"; \
+    } > /etc/apt/sources.list \
+ && rm -rf /etc/apt/sources.list.d/* \
+ && apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+      build-essential \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Pin rustup-init by sha256 instead of `curl https://sh.rustup.rs | sh` so the
+# installer bytes are deterministic. Pin --default-toolchain to the exact patch
+# version (for example, 1.92 alone may resolve to a newer 1.92.x).
+#
+# To bump RUSTUP_VERSION, fetch the matching sha256 with:
+#   curl -sf https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/archive/<VERSION>/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init.sha256
+ARG RUSTUP_VERSION=1.28.2
+ARG RUSTUP_INIT_SHA256=20a06e644b0d9bd2fbdbfd52d42540bdde820ea7df86e92e533c073da0cdd43c
+ARG RUST_TOOLCHAIN=1.92.0
+RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -fsSL \
+      "https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup/archive/${RUSTUP_VERSION}/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/rustup-init" \
+      -o /tmp/rustup-init \
+ && echo "${RUSTUP_INIT_SHA256}  /tmp/rustup-init" | sha256sum -c - \
+ && chmod +x /tmp/rustup-init \
+ && /tmp/rustup-init -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain "${RUST_TOOLCHAIN}" \
+ && rm /tmp/rustup-init
+ENV PATH="/root/.cargo/bin:${PATH}"
+ENV CARGO_INCREMENTAL=0
+
+# Build from dstack's workspace manifest and lockfile rather than maintaining
+# provider-specific Cargo metadata or cloning another source repository.
+WORKDIR /dstack/local-key-provider/build
+COPY . /dstack
+RUN make target/release/local-key-provider \
+ && find target/release -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \
+      ! -name local-key-provider -exec rm -rf {} + \
+ && rm -rf /root/.cargo/registry /root/.cargo/git
+
+RUN gramine-sgx-gen-private-key \
+ && make \
+ && rm -f /root/.config/gramine/enclave-key.pem
+RUN gramine-sgx-sigstruct-view --output-format json local-key-provider.sig
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-local-key-provider.sh"]
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Makefile b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec049b9c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+ARCH_LIBDIR ?= /lib/$(shell $(CC) -dumpmachine)
+CARGO_TARGET_DIR ?= target
+SELF_EXE := $(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/local-key-provider
+MANIFEST := local-key-provider.manifest
+PROVIDER_DIR ?= ..
+WORKSPACE_DIR ?= $(abspath $(PROVIDER_DIR)/..)
+
+SGX ?= 1
+DEBUG ?= 0
+
+ifeq ($(DEBUG),1)
+GRAMINE_LOG_LEVEL := debug
+RUST_LOG := debug
+else
+GRAMINE_LOG_LEVEL := error
+RUST_LOG ?= info
+endif
+
+.PHONY: all
+all: $(SELF_EXE) $(MANIFEST)
+ifeq ($(SGX),1)
+all: $(MANIFEST).sgx local-key-provider.sig
+endif
+
+PROVIDER_SOURCES := $(shell find $(PROVIDER_DIR)/src -type f -name '*.rs')
+
+$(SELF_EXE): $(WORKSPACE_DIR)/Cargo.toml $(WORKSPACE_DIR)/Cargo.lock \
+	$(PROVIDER_DIR)/Cargo.toml $(PROVIDER_SOURCES)
+	CARGO_TARGET_DIR=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR) \
+	CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_CODEGEN_UNITS=1 \
+	CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO=true \
+	CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_PANIC=abort \
+	CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_STRIP=true \
+	cargo build --locked --release --manifest-path $(WORKSPACE_DIR)/Cargo.toml \
+		-p local-key-provider
+
+$(MANIFEST): local-key-provider.manifest.template $(SELF_EXE)
+	gramine-manifest \
+		-Dlog_level=$(GRAMINE_LOG_LEVEL) \
+		-Darch_libdir=$(ARCH_LIBDIR) \
+		-Dself_exe=$(SELF_EXE) \
+		-Drust_log=$(RUST_LOG) \
+		$< $@
+
+$(MANIFEST).sgx local-key-provider.sig: sgx-sign
+	@:
+
+.INTERMEDIATE: sgx-sign
+sgx-sign: $(MANIFEST) $(SELF_EXE)
+	gramine-sgx-sign --manifest $(MANIFEST) --output $(MANIFEST).sgx
+
+ifeq ($(SGX),1)
+GRAMINE ?= gramine-sgx
+else
+GRAMINE ?= gramine-direct
+endif
+
+.PHONY: run-provider
+run-provider: all
+	$(GRAMINE) local-key-provider
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	$(RM) local-key-provider.sig $(MANIFEST) $(MANIFEST).sgx
+
+.PHONY: distclean
+distclean: clean
+	$(RM) -r $(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/docker-compose.yaml b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/docker-compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e5c37690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/docker-compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+x-common: &common-config
+  restart: always
+  logging:
+    driver: "json-file"
+    options:
+      max-size: "100m"
+      max-file: "5"
+
+services:
+  aesmd:
+    <<: *common-config
+    container_name: aesmd
+    build:
+      context: ..
+      dockerfile: build/Dockerfile.aesmd
+    privileged: true
+    devices:
+      - "/dev/sgx_enclave:/dev/sgx_enclave"
+      - "/dev/sgx_provision:/dev/sgx_provision"
+    volumes:
+      - "/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf:/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf:ro"
+      - "aesmd:/var/run/aesmd/"
+    network_mode: "host"
+
+  local-key-provider:
+    <<: *common-config
+    container_name: local-key-provider
+    platform: linux/amd64
+    build:
+      context: ../..
+      dockerfile: local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.key-provider
+      # These defaults select the base snapshot and toolchain. Always record
+      # the mr_enclave printed by the completed build before pinning it.
+      args:
+        APT_SNAPSHOT: ${APT_SNAPSHOT:-20260423T000000Z}
+        SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: ${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:-1776902400}
+        RUSTUP_VERSION: ${RUSTUP_VERSION:-1.28.2}
+        RUSTUP_INIT_SHA256: ${RUSTUP_INIT_SHA256:-20a06e644b0d9bd2fbdbfd52d42540bdde820ea7df86e92e533c073da0cdd43c}
+        RUST_TOOLCHAIN: ${RUST_TOOLCHAIN:-1.92.0}
+    privileged: true
+    devices:
+      - "/dev/sgx_enclave:/dev/sgx_enclave"
+      - "/dev/sgx_provision:/dev/sgx_provision"
+    depends_on:
+      - aesmd
+    environment:
+      PCCS_URL: ${PCCS_URL:-https://pccs.phala.network}
+      LISTEN_ADDR: 0.0.0.0:3443
+    volumes:
+      - "aesmd:/var/run/aesmd/"
+    ports:
+      - "127.0.0.1:${KEY_PROVIDER_PORT:-3443}:3443"
+
+volumes:
+  aesmd:
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-aesmd.sh b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-aesmd.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f08799f07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-aesmd.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -eu
+
+echo "Starting AESM service..."
+# Make sure the AESM directory exists with proper permissions
+mkdir -p /var/run/aesmd
+chmod 755 /var/run/aesmd
+
+# Start the AESM service
+export AESM_PATH=/opt/intel/sgx-aesm-service/aesm
+export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/intel/sgx-aesm-service/aesm
+exec /opt/intel/sgx-aesm-service/aesm/aesm_service --no-daemon
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-local-key-provider.sh b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-local-key-provider.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..708c7c2cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/entrypoint-local-key-provider.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -eu
+
+echo "Waiting for AESM socket to be available..."
+AESM_SOCKET="/var/run/aesmd/aesm.socket"
+for i in $(seq 1 30); do
+    if [ -S "$AESM_SOCKET" ]; then
+        echo "AESM socket is available."
+        break
+    fi
+    echo "Waiting for AESM socket ($i/30)..."
+    sleep 1
+done
+
+if [ ! -S "$AESM_SOCKET" ]; then
+    echo "Error: AESM socket is not available after 30 seconds."
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "Enclave info:"
+gramine-sgx-sigstruct-view --output-format json local-key-provider.sig
+
+echo "Starting dstack Local Key Provider"
+exec gramine-sgx local-key-provider
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/local-key-provider.manifest.template b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/local-key-provider.manifest.template
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3314ed2ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/local-key-provider.manifest.template
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+libos.entrypoint = "{{ self_exe }}"
+
+loader.log_level = "{{ log_level }}"
+loader.env.LD_LIBRARY_PATH = "/lib:{{ arch_libdir }}"
+loader.env.MALLOC_ARENA_MAX = "1"
+loader.env.RUST_LOG = "{{ rust_log }}"
+loader.env.SSL_CERT_FILE = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
+loader.env.PCCS_URL = { passthrough = true }
+loader.env.LISTEN_ADDR = { passthrough = true }
+
+fs.mounts = [
+  { path = "/lib", uri = "file:{{ gramine.runtimedir() }}" },
+  { path = "{{ arch_libdir }}/libgcc_s.so.1", uri = "file:{{ arch_libdir }}/libgcc_s.so.1" },
+  { path = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", uri = "file:/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt" },
+]
+
+sys.enable_extra_runtime_domain_names_conf = true
+
+sgx.debug = false
+sgx.edmm_enable = false
+sgx.file_check_policy = "strict"
+sgx.remote_attestation = "dcap"
+sgx.trusted_files = [
+  "file:{{ self_exe }}",
+  "file:{{ gramine.runtimedir() }}/",
+  "file:{{ arch_libdir }}/libgcc_s.so.1",
+  "file:/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt",
+]
+sgx.max_threads = 32
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/build/run.sh b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/run.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e05933e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/build/run.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+echo "Starting all SGX services using docker-compose..."
+docker compose up --build -d
+
+echo "=========================="
+echo "Services started!"
+echo "=========================="
+echo "Key provider endpoint: tcp://127.0.0.1:3443"
+echo "  - Using shared socket with AESM service"
+echo "  - Socket location: /var/run/aesmd/aesm.socket"
+echo
+echo "Check logs with:"
+echo "  docker compose logs -f aesmd"
+echo "  docker compose logs -f local-key-provider"
+echo "=========================="
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/crypto.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/crypto.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d13909ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/crypto.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use blake2::{
+    digest::{Update, VariableOutput},
+    Blake2bVar,
+};
+use rand_core::OsRng;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use x25519_dalek::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
+use xsalsa20poly1305::{aead::Aead, consts::U10, KeyInit, XSalsa20Poly1305};
+
+use crate::error::ProviderError;
+
+pub const PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE: usize = 32;
+
+pub fn derive_key(sealing_key: &[u8], measurements: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    Digest::update(&mut hasher, sealing_key);
+    Digest::update(&mut hasher, measurements);
+    hasher.finalize().into()
+}
+
+pub fn public_key(report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<PublicKey, ProviderError> {
+    let bytes: [u8; PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE] = report_data
+        .get(..PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE)
+        .and_then(|bytes| bytes.try_into().ok())
+        .ok_or(ProviderError::InvalidPublicKey)?;
+    Ok(PublicKey::from(bytes))
+}
+
+/// Encrypt using the libsodium sealed-box wire format so existing dstack
+/// guests can continue to use `sodiumbox::open_sealed_box` unchanged.
+pub fn seal(message: &[u8], recipient: &PublicKey) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ProviderError> {
+    let ephemeral_secret = StaticSecret::random_from_rng(OsRng);
+    let ephemeral_public = PublicKey::from(&ephemeral_secret);
+    let shared_secret = ephemeral_secret.diffie_hellman(recipient);
+    if !shared_secret.was_contributory() {
+        return Err(ProviderError::InvalidPublicKey);
+    }
+    let key = salsa20::hsalsa::<U10>(shared_secret.as_bytes().into(), &[0_u8; 16].into());
+    let nonce = nonce(ephemeral_public.as_bytes(), recipient.as_bytes())?;
+    let cipher = XSalsa20Poly1305::new_from_slice(&key)
+        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Crypto("invalid sealed-box key".into()))?;
+    let ciphertext = cipher
+        .encrypt(&nonce, message)
+        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Crypto("sealed-box encryption failed".into()))?;
+
+    let mut sealed = Vec::with_capacity(PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + ciphertext.len());
+    sealed.extend_from_slice(ephemeral_public.as_bytes());
+    sealed.extend_from_slice(&ciphertext);
+    Ok(sealed)
+}
+
+fn nonce(
+    ephemeral_public: &[u8; PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
+    recipient: &[u8; PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE],
+) -> Result<xsalsa20poly1305::Nonce, ProviderError> {
+    let mut hasher = Blake2bVar::new(24)
+        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Crypto("invalid sealed-box nonce size".into()))?;
+    hasher.update(ephemeral_public);
+    hasher.update(recipient);
+    let mut bytes = [0_u8; 24];
+    hasher
+        .finalize_variable(&mut bytes)
+        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Crypto("sealed-box nonce derivation failed".into()))?;
+    Ok(bytes.into())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn derivation_is_sha256_of_key_and_measurements() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            derive_key(b"sealing key", b"measurements"),
+            [
+                0xdc, 0x3b, 0x72, 0x62, 0x58, 0x8a, 0x75, 0x6a, 0xa3, 0xc8, 0x09, 0xce, 0xcb, 0xc1,
+                0xe4, 0xa0, 0x4e, 0x1c, 0xeb, 0x47, 0x13, 0x73, 0x1e, 0xf4, 0x9c, 0xb3, 0x35, 0xfd,
+                0x68, 0xd0, 0x77, 0x81,
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sealed_box_round_trip_matches_libsodium_format() {
+        let recipient_secret = StaticSecret::from([
+            0x25, 0xf4, 0x43, 0x72, 0x82, 0x0a, 0xd7, 0x3c, 0xa7, 0x9d, 0x1e, 0x33, 0xd0, 0x2c,
+            0x04, 0x4c, 0x86, 0xe3, 0xe0, 0xa8, 0x79, 0xa8, 0xee, 0x9b, 0x96, 0x40, 0x45, 0x9f,
+            0x9c, 0x95, 0xa8, 0xc4,
+        ]);
+        let recipient_public = PublicKey::from(&recipient_secret);
+        let message = b"dstack local key";
+        let sealed = seal(message, &recipient_public).unwrap();
+
+        let ephemeral_public =
+            PublicKey::from(<[u8; PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]>::try_from(&sealed[..PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]).unwrap());
+        let key = salsa20::hsalsa::<U10>(
+            recipient_secret
+                .diffie_hellman(&ephemeral_public)
+                .as_bytes()
+                .into(),
+            &[0_u8; 16].into(),
+        );
+        let nonce = nonce(ephemeral_public.as_bytes(), recipient_public.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        let cipher = XSalsa20Poly1305::new_from_slice(&key).unwrap();
+        let plaintext = cipher.decrypt(&nonce, &sealed[PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE..]).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(plaintext, message);
+        assert_eq!(sealed.len(), PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE + message.len() + 16);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_contributory_public_keys() {
+        let public_key = PublicKey::from([0_u8; PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            seal(b"secret", &public_key),
+            Err(ProviderError::InvalidPublicKey)
+        ));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/error.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c3492300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::io;
+
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ProviderError {
+    #[error("invalid request: {0}")]
+    InvalidRequest(String),
+
+    #[error("invalid JSON protocol message: {0}")]
+    Json(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+
+    #[error("network I/O failed: {0}")]
+    Network(#[from] io::Error),
+
+    #[error("failed to parse {kind} quote: {reason}")]
+    QuoteParse { kind: &'static str, reason: String },
+
+    #[error("TDX quote verification failed: {0}")]
+    QuoteVerification(String),
+
+    #[error("SGX and TDX quoting-enclave identifiers do not match")]
+    QeIdMismatch,
+
+    #[error("invalid public key in TDX report data")]
+    InvalidPublicKey,
+
+    #[error("cryptographic operation failed: {0}")]
+    Crypto(String),
+
+    #[error("attestation I/O failed while {operation}: {source}")]
+    AttestationIo {
+        operation: &'static str,
+        #[source]
+        source: io::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[error("permission denied while {operation}; process restart required: {source}")]
+    RestartRequired {
+        operation: &'static str,
+        #[source]
+        source: io::Error,
+    },
+
+    #[error("internal synchronization failed: {0}")]
+    Synchronization(&'static str),
+}
+
+impl ProviderError {
+    pub fn requires_restart(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::RestartRequired { .. })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/gramine.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/gramine.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3d78ff6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/gramine.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{fs, io, sync::Mutex};
+
+use crate::error::ProviderError;
+
+const SEALING_KEY_PATH: &str = "/dev/attestation/keys/_sgx_mrenclave";
+const USER_REPORT_DATA_PATH: &str = "/dev/attestation/user_report_data";
+const QUOTE_PATH: &str = "/dev/attestation/quote";
+const REPORT_DATA_SIZE: usize = 64;
+
+// Gramine's attestation pseudo-files share mutable state. A quote must be read
+// while holding the same lock used to write its report data.
+static ATTESTATION_LOCK: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
+
+pub fn sealing_key() -> Result<Vec<u8>, ProviderError> {
+    fs::read(SEALING_KEY_PATH).map_err(|error| map_io_error("reading the SGX sealing key", error))
+}
+
+pub fn quote(report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ProviderError> {
+    if report_data.len() > REPORT_DATA_SIZE {
+        return Err(ProviderError::InvalidRequest(format!(
+            "SGX report data is {} bytes; maximum is {REPORT_DATA_SIZE}",
+            report_data.len()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let _guard = ATTESTATION_LOCK
+        .lock()
+        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Synchronization("attestation lock is poisoned"))?;
+
+    let mut padded = [0_u8; REPORT_DATA_SIZE];
+    padded[..report_data.len()].copy_from_slice(report_data);
+    fs::write(USER_REPORT_DATA_PATH, padded)
+        .map_err(|error| map_io_error("setting SGX report data", error))?;
+    fs::read(QUOTE_PATH).map_err(|error| map_io_error("reading the SGX quote", error))
+}
+
+fn map_io_error(operation: &'static str, source: io::Error) -> ProviderError {
+    if source.kind() == io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied {
+        ProviderError::RestartRequired { operation, source }
+    } else {
+        ProviderError::AttestationIo { operation, source }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn permission_denied_requires_restart() {
+        let error = map_io_error(
+            "testing attestation",
+            io::Error::from_raw_os_error(libc_eacces()),
+        );
+        assert!(error.requires_restart());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn other_io_errors_do_not_require_restart() {
+        let error = map_io_error(
+            "testing attestation",
+            io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "missing"),
+        );
+        assert!(!error.requires_restart());
+    }
+
+    // Avoid adding libc solely for one test.
+    const fn libc_eacces() -> i32 {
+        13
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/main.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45ab99be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+mod crypto;
+mod error;
+mod gramine;
+mod protocol;
+mod provider;
+mod server;
+
+use std::{env, net::SocketAddr};
+
+use error::ProviderError;
+use provider::KeyProvider;
+use server::Server;
+use tracing::info;
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+
+const DEFAULT_ADDRESS: &str = "127.0.0.1:3443";
+
+#[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), ProviderError> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(
+            EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("local_key_provider=info")),
+        )
+        .init();
+
+    let address = env::var("LISTEN_ADDR").unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_ADDRESS.into());
+    let address: SocketAddr = address.parse().map_err(|error| {
+        ProviderError::InvalidRequest(format!("invalid listen address: {error}"))
+    })?;
+    let provider = KeyProvider::from_env()?;
+
+    info!("starting dstack local key provider");
+    Server::new(address, provider).run().await
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/protocol.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/protocol.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d053b3ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/protocol.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
+
+use crate::error::ProviderError;
+
+// The existing client caps the binary quote at 1 MiB. JSON represents every
+// byte as a decimal number, so its framed representation can approach 4 MiB.
+const MAX_QUOTE_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_FRAME_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct QuoteRequest {
+    pub quote: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct QuoteResponse {
+    pub encrypted_key: Vec<u8>,
+    pub provider_quote: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+pub async fn read_request<R>(reader: &mut R) -> Result<QuoteRequest, ProviderError>
+where
+    R: AsyncRead + Unpin,
+{
+    let mut length = [0_u8; 4];
+    reader.read_exact(&mut length).await?;
+    let length = u32::from_be_bytes(length) as usize;
+    if length == 0 || length > MAX_FRAME_SIZE {
+        return Err(ProviderError::InvalidRequest(format!(
+            "frame length {length} is outside 1..={MAX_FRAME_SIZE}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let mut frame = vec![0_u8; length];
+    reader.read_exact(&mut frame).await?;
+    let request: QuoteRequest = serde_json::from_slice(&frame)?;
+    if request.quote.len() > MAX_QUOTE_SIZE {
+        return Err(ProviderError::InvalidRequest(format!(
+            "quote is {} bytes; maximum is {MAX_QUOTE_SIZE}",
+            request.quote.len()
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(request)
+}
+
+pub async fn write_response<W>(
+    writer: &mut W,
+    response: &QuoteResponse,
+) -> Result<(), ProviderError>
+where
+    W: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    let frame = serde_json::to_vec(response)?;
+    let length = u32::try_from(frame.len())
+        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::InvalidRequest("response frame is too large".into()))?;
+    writer.write_all(&length.to_be_bytes()).await?;
+    writer.write_all(&frame).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn accepts_the_existing_length_prefixed_json_protocol() {
+        let payload = br#"{"quote":[1,2,3,255]}"#;
+        let mut wire = Vec::from((payload.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        wire.extend_from_slice(payload);
+
+        let request = read_request(&mut wire.as_slice()).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(request.quote, [1, 2, 3, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rejects_oversized_frames_before_allocating_them() {
+        let bytes = ((MAX_FRAME_SIZE + 1) as u32).to_be_bytes();
+        let mut wire = bytes.as_slice();
+        let error = read_request(&mut wire).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(error, ProviderError::InvalidRequest(_)));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn writes_a_compatible_response() {
+        let response = QuoteResponse {
+            encrypted_key: vec![1, 2],
+            provider_quote: vec![3, 4],
+        };
+        let mut wire = Vec::new();
+        write_response(&mut wire, &response).await.unwrap();
+
+        let length = u32::from_be_bytes(wire[..4].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        assert_eq!(length, wire.len() - 4);
+        assert_eq!(
+            &wire[4..],
+            br#"{"encrypted_key":[1,2],"provider_quote":[3,4]}"#
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/provider.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/provider.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..154200aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dcap_qvl::{
+    collateral::CollateralClient,
+    quote::{Quote, TDReport10},
+};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tracing::{debug, info};
+
+use crate::{
+    crypto::{derive_key, public_key, seal},
+    error::ProviderError,
+    gramine,
+    protocol::QuoteResponse,
+};
+
+pub struct KeyProvider {
+    collateral: CollateralClient,
+}
+
+impl KeyProvider {
+    pub fn from_env() -> Result<Self, ProviderError> {
+        let collateral = CollateralClient::from_env()
+            .map_err(|error| ProviderError::QuoteVerification(error.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Self { collateral })
+    }
+
+    pub async fn provision(&self, raw_tdx_quote: &[u8]) -> Result<QuoteResponse, ProviderError> {
+        info!(quote_len = raw_tdx_quote.len(), "processing TDX quote");
+        let tdx_report = self.verify_tdx_quote(raw_tdx_quote).await?;
+        let tdx_quote = parse_quote("TDX", raw_tdx_quote)?;
+
+        // Obtain an initial quote before reading the sealing key. Its QE ID
+        // must match the TDX quote's QE ID.
+        let initial_sgx_quote = gramine::quote(&[])?;
+        let sgx_quote = parse_quote("SGX", &initial_sgx_quote)?;
+        require_sgx_report(&sgx_quote)?;
+        verify_same_qe_id(&sgx_quote, &tdx_quote)?;
+
+        let sealing_key = gramine::sealing_key()?;
+        let measurements = measurements(&tdx_report);
+        let derived_key = derive_key(&sealing_key, &measurements);
+        let recipient = public_key(&tdx_report.report_data)?;
+        let encrypted_key = seal(&derived_key, &recipient)?;
+
+        let mut report_data = [0_u8; 64];
+        report_data[..32].copy_from_slice(&Sha256::digest(&encrypted_key));
+        let provider_quote = gramine::quote(&report_data)?;
+
+        info!("sealing key provisioned successfully");
+        Ok(QuoteResponse {
+            encrypted_key,
+            provider_quote,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_tdx_quote(&self, raw_quote: &[u8]) -> Result<TDReport10, ProviderError> {
+        let report = self
+            .collateral
+            .fetch_and_verify(raw_quote)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|error| ProviderError::QuoteVerification(error.to_string()))?;
+        let tdx_report = report.report.as_td10().copied().ok_or_else(|| {
+            ProviderError::QuoteVerification("verified quote is not a TDX quote".into())
+        })?;
+        debug!(
+            tcb_status = %report.status,
+            advisories = ?report.advisory_ids,
+            "TDX quote verified"
+        );
+        Ok(tdx_report)
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_quote(kind: &'static str, raw_quote: &[u8]) -> Result<Quote, ProviderError> {
+    Quote::parse(raw_quote).map_err(|error| ProviderError::QuoteParse {
+        kind,
+        reason: error.to_string(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn require_sgx_report(quote: &Quote) -> Result<(), ProviderError> {
+    if quote.report.as_sgx().is_none() {
+        return Err(ProviderError::QuoteParse {
+            kind: "SGX",
+            reason: "quote contains a non-SGX report".into(),
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_same_qe_id(sgx_quote: &Quote, tdx_quote: &Quote) -> Result<(), ProviderError> {
+    if sgx_quote.qeid() != tdx_quote.qeid() {
+        return Err(ProviderError::QeIdMismatch);
+    }
+    debug!("SGX and TDX quotes carry the same QE ID");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn measurements(report: &TDReport10) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(48 * 5);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&report.mr_td);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&report.rt_mr0);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&report.rt_mr1);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&report.rt_mr2);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&report.rt_mr3);
+    output
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extracts_all_key_derivation_measurements_in_wire_order() {
+        let quote = Quote::parse(include_bytes!("../../ra-tls/assets/tdx_quote")).unwrap();
+        let report = quote.report.as_td10().unwrap();
+        let output = measurements(report);
+
+        assert_eq!(output.len(), 48 * 5);
+        assert_eq!(&output[..48], &report.mr_td);
+        assert_eq!(&output[48..96], &report.rt_mr0);
+        assert_eq!(&output[192..240], &report.rt_mr3);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/local-key-provider/src/server.rs b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/server.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e29add4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/local-key-provider/src/server.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{net::SocketAddr, process, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use tokio::{net::TcpListener, sync::Semaphore, time::timeout};
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+use crate::{
+    error::ProviderError,
+    protocol::{read_request, write_response},
+    provider::KeyProvider,
+};
+
+const CONNECTION_LIMIT: usize = 32;
+const IO_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+
+pub struct Server {
+    address: SocketAddr,
+    provider: Arc<KeyProvider>,
+}
+
+impl Server {
+    pub fn new(address: SocketAddr, provider: KeyProvider) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            address,
+            provider: Arc::new(provider),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn run(self) -> Result<(), ProviderError> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind(self.address).await?;
+        let connections = Arc::new(Semaphore::new(CONNECTION_LIMIT));
+        info!(address = %self.address, "local key provider listening");
+
+        loop {
+            let (mut socket, peer) = listener.accept().await?;
+            let Ok(permit) = connections.clone().try_acquire_owned() else {
+                warn!(%peer, "connection limit reached; rejecting client");
+                continue;
+            };
+            let provider = self.provider.clone();
+
+            tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let _permit = permit;
+                let result = async {
+                    let request = timeout(IO_TIMEOUT, read_request(&mut socket))
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            ProviderError::InvalidRequest("request read timed out".into())
+                        })??;
+                    let response = provider.provision(&request.quote).await?;
+                    timeout(IO_TIMEOUT, write_response(&mut socket, &response))
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(|_| {
+                            ProviderError::InvalidRequest("response write timed out".into())
+                        })??;
+                    Ok::<(), ProviderError>(())
+                }
+                .await;
+
+                if let Err(error) = result {
+                    if error.requires_restart() {
+                        error!(%peer, %error, "fatal Gramine attestation error");
+                        process::exit(1);
+                    }
+                    warn!(%peer, %error, "key provisioning request failed");
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/lspci/Cargo.toml b/dstack/lspci/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbb6f35cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/lspci/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "lspci"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/lspci/src/lib.rs b/dstack/lspci/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef3565ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/lspci/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::process::Command;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+
+/// Represents a PCI device with the specified fields.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Device {
+    pub slot: String,
+    pub class: String,
+    pub class_id: String,
+    pub description: String,
+    pub vendor_id: String,
+    pub product_id: String,
+    pub control: Control,
+    pub numa_node: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/// Represents the control settings of a PCI device.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Control {
+    pub io: bool,
+    pub mem: bool,
+    pub bus_master: bool,
+}
+
+impl Device {
+    pub fn full_product_id(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{}:{}", self.vendor_id, self.product_id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn in_use(&self) -> bool {
+        self.control.bus_master
+    }
+}
+
+/// Runs `lspci` and parses the output into a vector of `Device` structs.
+pub fn lspci_filtered(filter: impl Fn(&Device) -> bool) -> Result<Vec<Device>> {
+    let output = Command::new("lspci")
+        .args(["-nn", "-vv"])
+        .output()
+        .context("Failed to run lspci")?;
+    Ok(parse_lspci(
+        &String::from_utf8(output.stdout).context("Failed to parse lspci output")?,
+        filter,
+    ))
+}
+
+/// Parses the `lspci` output into a vector of `Device` structs.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `output` - A string slice containing the `lspci` output.
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// A vector of `Device` structs, each representing a parsed PCI device.
+pub fn parse_lspci(output: &str, filter: impl Fn(&Device) -> bool) -> Vec<Device> {
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = output.lines().collect();
+    let mut devices = Vec::new();
+    let mut current_device = Vec::new();
+
+    // Group lines into device sections
+    for line in lines {
+        let line = line.trim_end();
+        if !line.is_empty() {
+            if !line.starts_with("\t") {
+                if !current_device.is_empty() {
+                    let device = parse_device(&current_device);
+                    if filter(&device) {
+                        devices.push(device);
+                    }
+                    current_device = Vec::new();
+                }
+                current_device.push(line);
+            } else {
+                current_device.push(line.trim_start()); // Remove leading tab
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if !current_device.is_empty() {
+        let device = parse_device(&current_device);
+        if filter(&device) {
+            devices.push(device);
+        }
+    }
+    devices
+}
+
+/// Parses a single device section into a `Device` struct.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `device_lines` - A slice of strings representing the lines for one device.
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// A `Device` struct with the parsed fields.
+fn parse_device(device_lines: &[&str]) -> Device {
+    let device_line = device_lines[0];
+    let (slot, class, class_id, description, vendor_id, product_id) =
+        parse_device_line(device_line);
+
+    let mut control = Control {
+        io: false,
+        mem: false,
+        bus_master: false,
+    };
+    let mut numa_node = None;
+
+    // Parse detail lines
+    for line in device_lines.iter().skip(1) {
+        if line.starts_with("Control: ") {
+            control = parse_control_line(line);
+        } else if line.starts_with("NUMA node: ") {
+            numa_node = parse_numa_node_line(line);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Device {
+        slot,
+        class,
+        class_id,
+        description,
+        vendor_id,
+        product_id,
+        control,
+        numa_node,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parses the main device line to extract slot, class, class_id, description, vendor_id, and product_id.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `line` - The main line of a device entry (e.g., "ff:1e.5 System peripheral [0880]: ...").
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// A tuple of strings containing the parsed fields.
+fn parse_device_line(line: &str) -> (String, String, String, String, String, String) {
+    let words: Vec<&str> = line.split_whitespace().collect();
+    if let Some(i) = words.iter().position(|w| w.ends_with("]:")) {
+        let slot = words[0].to_string();
+        let class = words[1..i].join(" ");
+        let class_id = &words[i][1..words[i].len() - 2]; // Remove [ and ]:
+
+        // Look for the vendor ID and product ID pattern [vendor_id:product_id]
+        if let Some(j) = words[i + 1..]
+            .iter()
+            .position(|w| w.starts_with("[") && w.contains(":") && w.ends_with("]"))
+        {
+            // Extract vendor name without including the "Device" keyword
+            let vendor_end = i + 1 + j;
+            let mut vendor_words = Vec::new();
+
+            #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+            for k in i + 1..vendor_end {
+                // Skip the word "Device" if it's standalone
+                if words[k] != "Device" {
+                    vendor_words.push(words[k]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let description = vendor_words.join(" ");
+            let id_part = &words[vendor_end][1..words[vendor_end].len() - 1]; // Remove [ and ]
+
+            if let Some((vendor_id, product_id)) = id_part.split_once(':') {
+                return (
+                    slot,
+                    class,
+                    class_id.to_string(),
+                    description,
+                    vendor_id.to_string(),
+                    product_id.to_string(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Return defaults if parsing fails
+    (
+        String::new(),
+        String::new(),
+        String::new(),
+        String::new(),
+        String::new(),
+        String::new(),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Parses the control line to extract io, mem, and bus_master settings.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `line` - The control line (e.g., "Control: I/O- Mem- BusMaster- ...").
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// A `Control` struct with the parsed settings.
+fn parse_control_line(line: &str) -> Control {
+    let mut control = Control {
+        io: false,
+        mem: false,
+        bus_master: false,
+    };
+    if let Some(items) = line.strip_prefix("Control: ") {
+        for item in items.split_whitespace() {
+            match item {
+                "I/O+" => control.io = true,
+                "I/O-" => control.io = false,
+                "Mem+" => control.mem = true,
+                "Mem-" => control.mem = false,
+                "BusMaster+" => control.bus_master = true,
+                "BusMaster-" => control.bus_master = false,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    control
+}
+
+/// Parses the NUMA node line to extract the node number.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+/// * `line` - The NUMA node line (e.g., "NUMA node: 1").
+///
+/// # Returns
+/// An `Option<u32>` with the parsed NUMA node number, or `None` if not applicable.
+fn parse_numa_node_line(line: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    if let Some(numa_str) = line.strip_prefix("NUMA node: ") {
+        numa_str.parse::<u32>().ok()
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_lspci() {
+    let lspci_output = r#"
+bc:02.0 PCI bridge [0604]: PMC-Sierra Inc. Device [11f8:4128] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
+	Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Device [10de:1643]
+	Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr+ Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx+
+	Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
+	Latency: 0, Cache Line Size: 32 bytes
+	Interrupt: pin ? routed to IRQ 92
+	NUMA node: 1
+	IOMMU group: 82
+	Bus: primary=bc, secondary=bf, subordinate=bf, sec-latency=0
+	I/O behind bridge: 0000f000-00000fff [disabled] [32-bit]
+	Memory behind bridge: de000000-dfffffff [size=32M] [32-bit]
+	Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000fff00000-00000000000fffff [disabled] [64-bit]
+	Secondary status: 66MHz- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- <SERR- <PERR-
+	BridgeCtl: Parity+ SERR+ NoISA- VGA- VGA16- MAbort- >Reset- FastB2B-
+		PriDiscTmr- SecDiscTmr- DiscTmrStat- DiscTmrSERREn-
+	Capabilities: <access denied>
+	Kernel driver in use: pcieport
+
+bc:03.0 PCI bridge [0604]: PMC-Sierra Inc. Device [11f8:4128] (prog-if 00 [Normal decode])
+	Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Device [10de:1643]
+	Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr+ Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx+
+	Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
+	Latency: 0, Cache Line Size: 32 bytes
+	Interrupt: pin ? routed to IRQ 93
+	NUMA node: 1
+	IOMMU group: 82
+	Bus: primary=bc, secondary=c0, subordinate=c0, sec-latency=0
+	I/O behind bridge: 0000f000-00000fff [disabled] [32-bit]
+	Memory behind bridge: dc000000-ddffffff [size=32M] [32-bit]
+	Prefetchable memory behind bridge: 00000000fff00000-00000000000fffff [disabled] [64-bit]
+	Secondary status: 66MHz- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- <SERR- <PERR-
+	BridgeCtl: Parity+ SERR+ NoISA- VGA- VGA16- MAbort- >Reset- FastB2B-
+		PriDiscTmr- SecDiscTmr- DiscTmrStat- DiscTmrSERREn-
+	Capabilities: <access denied>
+	Kernel driver in use: pcieport
+
+bd:00.0 Bridge [0680]: NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch] [10de:22a3] (rev a1)
+	Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch] [10de:1796]
+	Physical Slot: 1-1
+	Control: I/O- Mem- BusMaster- SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr+ Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
+	Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
+	Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 10
+	NUMA node: 1
+	IOMMU group: 82
+	Region 0: Memory at e2000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [disabled] [size=32M]
+	Capabilities: <access denied>
+
+be:00.0 Bridge [0680]: NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch] [10de:22a3] (rev a1)
+	Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch] [10de:1796]
+	Physical Slot: 2-1
+	Control: I/O- Mem- BusMaster- SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr+ Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
+	Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
+	Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 5
+	NUMA node: 1
+	IOMMU group: 82
+	Region 0: Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [disabled] [size=32M]
+	Capabilities: <access denied>
+
+bf:00.0 Bridge [0680]: NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch] [10de:22a3] (rev a1)
+	Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch] [10de:1796]
+	Physical Slot: 3-1
+	Control: I/O- Mem- BusMaster- SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr+ Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
+	Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
+	Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 11
+	NUMA node: 1
+	IOMMU group: 82
+	Region 0: Memory at de000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [disabled] [size=32M]
+	Capabilities: <access denied>
+	IOMMU group: 468
+"#;
+
+    let devices = parse_lspci(lspci_output, |_| true);
+    insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(devices);
+    assert_eq!(devices[0].full_product_id(), "11f8:4128");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/lspci/src/snapshots/lspci__lspci.snap b/dstack/lspci/src/snapshots/lspci__lspci.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74cc3eac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/lspci/src/snapshots/lspci__lspci.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+---
+source: lspci/src/lib.rs
+assertion_line: 303
+expression: devices
+---
+[
+    Device {
+        slot: "bc:02.0",
+        class: "PCI bridge",
+        class_id: "0604",
+        description: "PMC-Sierra Inc.",
+        vendor_id: "11f8",
+        product_id: "4128",
+        control: Control {
+            io: true,
+            mem: true,
+            bus_master: true,
+        },
+        numa_node: Some(
+            1,
+        ),
+    },
+    Device {
+        slot: "bc:03.0",
+        class: "PCI bridge",
+        class_id: "0604",
+        description: "PMC-Sierra Inc.",
+        vendor_id: "11f8",
+        product_id: "4128",
+        control: Control {
+            io: true,
+            mem: true,
+            bus_master: true,
+        },
+        numa_node: Some(
+            1,
+        ),
+    },
+    Device {
+        slot: "bd:00.0",
+        class: "Bridge",
+        class_id: "0680",
+        description: "NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch]",
+        vendor_id: "10de",
+        product_id: "22a3",
+        control: Control {
+            io: false,
+            mem: false,
+            bus_master: false,
+        },
+        numa_node: Some(
+            1,
+        ),
+    },
+    Device {
+        slot: "be:00.0",
+        class: "Bridge",
+        class_id: "0680",
+        description: "NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch]",
+        vendor_id: "10de",
+        product_id: "22a3",
+        control: Control {
+            io: false,
+            mem: false,
+            bus_master: false,
+        },
+        numa_node: Some(
+            1,
+        ),
+    },
+    Device {
+        slot: "bf:00.0",
+        class: "Bridge",
+        class_id: "0680",
+        description: "NVIDIA Corporation GH100 [H100 NVSwitch]",
+        vendor_id: "10de",
+        product_id: "22a3",
+        control: Control {
+            io: false,
+            mem: false,
+            bus_master: false,
+        },
+        numa_node: Some(
+            1,
+        ),
+    },
+]
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-attest/Cargo.toml b/dstack/nsm-attest/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09d3b3e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-attest/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "nsm-attest"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "AWS Nitro Enclave NSM attestation library"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+aws-nitro-enclaves-nsm-api = "0.4"
+ciborium.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+hex.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-attest/src/lib.rs b/dstack/nsm-attest/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..faf176459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-attest/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AWS Nitro Enclave NSM (Nitro Security Module) Attestation Library
+//!
+//! This crate wraps the official `aws-nitro-enclaves-nsm-api` crate and provides
+//! additional utilities for attestation document parsing.
+//!
+//! The NSM device is available at `/dev/nsm` inside a Nitro Enclave and
+//! provides attestation, PCR operations, and entropy generation.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use aws_nitro_enclaves_nsm_api::api::{Request, Response};
+use aws_nitro_enclaves_nsm_api::driver;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+mod types;
+
+pub use types::*;
+
+/// NSM device path
+pub const NSM_DEVICE_PATH: &str = "/dev/nsm";
+
+/// Check if running inside a Nitro Enclave
+pub fn is_nitro_enclave() -> bool {
+    Path::new(NSM_DEVICE_PATH).exists()
+}
+
+/// NSM Context for interacting with the Nitro Security Module
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct NsmContext {
+    fd: i32,
+}
+
+impl NsmContext {
+    /// Open the NSM device
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        let fd = driver::nsm_init();
+        if fd < 0 {
+            bail!("Failed to open NSM device");
+        }
+        Ok(Self { fd })
+    }
+
+    /// Get attestation document from NSM
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `user_data` - Optional user data to include in attestation (max 512 bytes)
+    /// * `nonce` - Optional nonce for freshness (max 512 bytes)
+    /// * `public_key` - Optional public key to include (max 1024 bytes)
+    pub fn get_attestation_doc(
+        &self,
+        user_data: Option<&[u8]>,
+        nonce: Option<&[u8]>,
+        public_key: Option<&[u8]>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let request = Request::Attestation {
+            user_data: user_data.map(|d| d.to_vec().into()),
+            nonce: nonce.map(|d| d.to_vec().into()),
+            public_key: public_key.map(|d| d.to_vec().into()),
+        };
+
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::Attestation { document } => Ok(document),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM attestation failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Describe the NSM module
+    pub fn describe(&self) -> Result<NsmDescription> {
+        let request = Request::DescribeNSM;
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::DescribeNSM {
+                version_major,
+                version_minor,
+                version_patch,
+                module_id,
+                max_pcrs,
+                locked_pcrs,
+                digest,
+            } => Ok(NsmDescription {
+                version_major,
+                version_minor,
+                version_patch,
+                module_id,
+                max_pcrs,
+                locked_pcrs: locked_pcrs.into_iter().collect(),
+                digest: format!("{:?}", digest),
+            }),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM describe failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get random bytes from NSM
+    pub fn get_random(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let request = Request::GetRandom;
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::GetRandom { random } => Ok(random),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM get_random failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extend a PCR with data
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `index` - PCR index (0-15 for user PCRs)
+    /// * `data` - Data to extend into PCR (will be hashed)
+    pub fn pcr_extend(&self, index: u16, data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let request = Request::ExtendPCR {
+            index,
+            data: data.to_vec(),
+        };
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::ExtendPCR { data } => Ok(data),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM PCR extend failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lock a PCR (prevent further extensions)
+    pub fn pcr_lock(&self, index: u16) -> Result<()> {
+        let request = Request::LockPCR { index };
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::LockPCR => Ok(()),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM PCR lock failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lock multiple PCRs
+    pub fn pcr_lock_range(&self, range: u16) -> Result<()> {
+        let request = Request::LockPCRs { range };
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::LockPCRs => Ok(()),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM PCR lock range failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Describe a specific PCR
+    pub fn describe_pcr(&self, index: u16) -> Result<PcrInfo> {
+        let request = Request::DescribePCR { index };
+        let response = driver::nsm_process_request(self.fd, request);
+
+        match response {
+            Response::DescribePCR { lock, data } => Ok(PcrInfo { lock, data }),
+            Response::Error(err) => bail!("NSM describe PCR failed: {:?}", err),
+            _ => bail!("Unexpected NSM response"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for NsmContext {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        driver::nsm_exit(self.fd);
+    }
+}
+
+/// PCR information
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PcrInfo {
+    /// Whether the PCR is locked
+    pub lock: bool,
+    /// Current PCR value
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Create an attestation document with report data
+///
+/// This is a convenience function that creates an attestation document
+/// with the given report data as user_data.
+pub fn get_attestation(report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let ctx = NsmContext::new()?;
+    ctx.get_attestation_doc(Some(report_data), None, None)
+}
+
+/// Get random bytes from NSM
+pub fn get_random() -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let ctx = NsmContext::new()?;
+    ctx.get_random()
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-attest/src/types.rs b/dstack/nsm-attest/src/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e33ab9be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-attest/src/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! NSM types for attestation document parsing
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+
+/// NSM Description
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NsmDescription {
+    /// Version major
+    pub version_major: u16,
+    /// Version minor
+    pub version_minor: u16,
+    /// Version patch
+    pub version_patch: u16,
+    /// Module ID
+    pub module_id: String,
+    /// Maximum number of PCRs
+    pub max_pcrs: u16,
+    /// Locked PCRs bitmap
+    pub locked_pcrs: Vec<u16>,
+    /// Digest algorithm
+    pub digest: String,
+}
+
+/// Attestation document structure (COSE Sign1)
+///
+/// The attestation document is a COSE Sign1 structure containing:
+/// - Protected header with algorithm
+/// - Unprotected header (empty)
+/// - Payload (CBOR-encoded attestation claims)
+/// - Signature
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AttestationDocument {
+    /// Module ID
+    pub module_id: String,
+    /// Digest algorithm used
+    pub digest: String,
+    /// Timestamp (milliseconds since epoch)
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+    /// PCR values
+    pub pcrs: std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Certificate (DER-encoded)
+    pub certificate: Vec<u8>,
+    /// CA bundle (list of DER-encoded certificates)
+    pub cabundle: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional public key
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub public_key: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional user data
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub user_data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional nonce
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub nonce: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+impl AttestationDocument {
+    /// Parse attestation document from COSE Sign1 bytes
+    pub fn from_cose(data: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        // COSE Sign1 structure is a CBOR array: [protected, unprotected, payload, signature]
+        let (_protected, _unprotected, payload, _signature): (
+            Vec<u8>,
+            std::collections::BTreeMap<i32, ciborium::Value>,
+            Vec<u8>,
+            Vec<u8>,
+        ) = ciborium::from_reader(data).context("Failed to parse COSE Sign1")?;
+
+        // Parse the payload
+        let doc: AttestationDocument = ciborium::from_reader(&payload[..])
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse attestation payload: {}", e))?;
+
+        Ok(doc)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-attest/tests/attestation_test.rs b/dstack/nsm-attest/tests/attestation_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee0fe7d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-attest/tests/attestation_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Test for NSM attestation document parsing
+use nsm_attest::AttestationDocument;
+
+// Real attestation captured from Nitro Enclave
+const ATTESTATION_BIN: &[u8] = include_bytes!("nitro_attestation.bin");
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_versioned_attestation_and_extract_nsm_quote() {
+    // The attestation.bin is a VersionedAttestation (SCALE encoded)
+    // Format: version (1 byte) + SCALE-encoded Attestation
+    // Attestation contains: quote (AttestationQuote), runtime_events, report_data, config
+
+    // For DstackNitroEnclave, the quote contains nsm_quote which is the COSE Sign1 document
+    // Let's find the COSE Sign1 marker (0x8444 = CBOR array tag for COSE_Sign1)
+
+    let data = ATTESTATION_BIN;
+    println!("Total attestation length: {} bytes", data.len());
+
+    // Find COSE Sign1 structure (starts with 0x84 0x44 for protected header)
+    let mut cose_start = None;
+    for i in 0..data.len().saturating_sub(2) {
+        if data[i] == 0x84 && data[i + 1] == 0x44 {
+            cose_start = Some(i);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let cose_start = cose_start.expect("Should find COSE Sign1 marker");
+    println!("COSE Sign1 starts at offset: {}", cose_start);
+
+    // The COSE Sign1 structure length is encoded before it in SCALE
+    // For now, let's try parsing from the marker to the end
+    let cose_data = &data[cose_start..];
+
+    // Try to parse the attestation document
+    let result = AttestationDocument::from_cose(cose_data);
+    match result {
+        Ok(doc) => {
+            println!("Successfully parsed attestation document!");
+            println!("Module ID: {}", doc.module_id);
+            println!("Digest: {}", doc.digest);
+            println!("Timestamp: {}", doc.timestamp);
+            println!("PCR count: {}", doc.pcrs.len());
+
+            // Verify expected values
+            assert!(!doc.module_id.is_empty(), "Module ID should not be empty");
+            assert_eq!(doc.digest, "SHA384", "Digest should be SHA384");
+            assert!(doc.pcrs.contains_key(&0), "Should have PCR0");
+            assert!(doc.pcrs.contains_key(&1), "Should have PCR1");
+            assert!(doc.pcrs.contains_key(&2), "Should have PCR2");
+
+            // Print all PCR values
+            for idx in 0..16u16 {
+                if let Some(value) = doc.pcrs.get(&idx) {
+                    let is_zero = value.iter().all(|&b| b == 0);
+                    if is_zero {
+                        println!("PCR{}: ALL ZEROS (len={})", idx, value.len());
+                    } else {
+                        println!("PCR{}: {:02x?} (len={})", idx, value, value.len());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            panic!("Failed to parse attestation document: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_attestation_document_structure() {
+    // Verify the COSE Sign1 structure is present
+    let data = ATTESTATION_BIN;
+
+    // COSE Sign1 is a CBOR array with 4 elements
+    // The marker 0x84 indicates a 4-element array
+    let has_cose_marker = data.windows(2).any(|w| w[0] == 0x84 && w[1] == 0x44);
+    assert!(
+        has_cose_marker,
+        "Should contain COSE Sign1 marker (0x84 0x44)"
+    );
+
+    // Verify module_id string is present
+    let module_id_marker = b"module_id";
+    let has_module_id = data
+        .windows(module_id_marker.len())
+        .any(|w| w == module_id_marker);
+    assert!(has_module_id, "Should contain module_id field");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin b/dstack/nsm-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..676305f1b
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/nsm-attest/tests/nitro_attestation.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/Cargo.toml b/dstack/nsm-qvl/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ef014221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "nsm-qvl"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "AWS Nitro Enclave NSM Quote Verification Library"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+
+# CBOR/COSE parsing
+ciborium.workspace = true
+
+# Cryptographic verification
+p384 = { workspace = true, features = ["ecdsa"] }
+sha2 = { workspace = true, features = ["oid"] }
+pem.workspace = true
+
+# Certificate chain verification
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+rustls-pki-types.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl-webpki = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc", "rustcrypto"] }
+
+# CRL download
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["rustls"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+nsm-attest.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem b/dstack/nsm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..221cc0b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/collateral.rs b/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/collateral.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a12d73563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/collateral.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Collateral retrieval module
+//!
+//! Extracts CRL distribution points from the device-provided cert chain and
+//! downloads CRLs for revocation checking, similar to dcap-qvl/tpm-qvl.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+use x509_parser::{extensions::DistributionPointName, prelude::*};
+
+use crate::{
+    verify::verify_attestation_with_collateral, AttestationDocument, CoseSign1, NsmCollateral,
+};
+
+pub async fn get_collateral_and_verify(
+    cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+    now: Option<std::time::SystemTime>,
+) -> Result<crate::NsmVerifiedReport> {
+    let collateral = get_collateral(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem).await?;
+    verify_attestation_with_collateral(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem, &collateral, now)
+}
+
+pub async fn get_collateral(cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8], root_ca_pem: &str) -> Result<NsmCollateral> {
+    debug!("fetching NSM collateral (intermediate CRLs + root CA CRL)");
+
+    let cose = CoseSign1::from_bytes(cose_sign1_bytes).context("failed to parse COSE Sign1")?;
+    let doc =
+        AttestationDocument::from_cbor(&cose.payload).context("failed to parse attestation doc")?;
+
+    let certs = build_chain_from_doc(&doc);
+    let crls = download_crls_for_certs(&certs).await?;
+
+    let root_ca_crl = {
+        let root_ca_der =
+            extract_certs_webpki(root_ca_pem.as_bytes()).context("failed to parse root CA PEM")?;
+        if root_ca_der.len() != 1 {
+            bail!("expected 1 root CA, found {}", root_ca_der.len());
+        }
+        download_crl_for_cert(&root_ca_der[0]).await?
+    };
+
+    debug!(
+        "✓ collateral fetched: {} CRL(s), root CA CRL: {}",
+        crls.len(),
+        if root_ca_crl.is_some() { "yes" } else { "no" }
+    );
+
+    Ok(NsmCollateral { crls, root_ca_crl })
+}
+
+fn build_chain_from_doc(doc: &AttestationDocument) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut chain = Vec::new();
+    chain.push(doc.certificate.clone());
+    chain.extend(doc.cabundle.iter().skip(1).cloned());
+    chain
+}
+
+async fn download_crls_for_certs(certs: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    debug!("downloading CRLs from device-provided cert chain...");
+
+    let mut crls = Vec::new();
+
+    for cert_der in certs {
+        let Some(crl) = download_crl_for_cert(cert_der)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to download CRL")?
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        crls.push(crl);
+    }
+    Ok(crls)
+}
+
+async fn download_crl_for_cert(cert: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let crl_urls = extract_crl_urls(cert)?;
+    if crl_urls.is_empty() {
+        debug!("no CRL Distribution Points found in certificate");
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    download_first_available_crl(&crl_urls).await.map(Some)
+}
+
+async fn download_first_available_crl(urls: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    for url in urls {
+        debug!("downloading CRL from {url}");
+        match download_crl(url).await {
+            Ok(crl) => return Ok(crl),
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!("✗ failed to download CRL from {url}: {e:?}");
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    bail!("failed to download CRL")
+}
+
+fn extract_certs_webpki(cert_pem: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<rustls_pki_types::CertificateDer<'static>>> {
+    let pem_items = ::pem::parse_many(cert_pem).context("failed to parse PEM")?;
+    let certs = pem_items
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|pem| rustls_pki_types::CertificateDer::from(pem.into_contents()))
+        .collect();
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+async fn download_crl(url: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    debug!("downloading CRL from {url}");
+
+    let response = reqwest::get(url)
+        .await
+        .context(format!("failed to download CRL from {url}"))?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        bail!("CRL download failed with status: {}", response.status());
+    }
+
+    let crl_bytes = response
+        .bytes()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to read CRL response body")?
+        .to_vec();
+
+    debug!("downloaded {} bytes CRL from {}", crl_bytes.len(), url);
+
+    Ok(crl_bytes)
+}
+
+fn extract_crl_urls(cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    let (_, cert) = X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der).context("failed to parse certificate")?;
+    let mut crl_urls = Vec::new();
+
+    for ext in cert.extensions() {
+        let ParsedExtension::CRLDistributionPoints(crl_dist_points) = ext.parsed_extension() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        for dist_point in crl_dist_points.points.iter() {
+            let Some(dist_point_name) = &dist_point.distribution_point else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            let DistributionPointName::FullName(names) = dist_point_name else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            for name in names.iter() {
+                let x509_parser::extensions::GeneralName::URI(uri) = name else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                crl_urls.push(uri.to_string());
+                debug!("found CRL URL: {uri}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(crl_urls)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/lib.rs b/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1afd8df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AWS Nitro Enclave NSM Quote Verification Library (QVL)
+//!
+//! This module provides quote verification for AWS Nitro Enclave attestation documents.
+//! It verifies:
+//! - COSE Sign1 signature using ECDSA P-384 with SHA-384
+//! - Certificate chain from the attestation document to the AWS Nitro root CA
+//!
+//! # Architecture
+//! The verification follows AWS Nitro Enclave attestation document specification:
+//! 1. Decode CBOR/COSE Sign1 structure
+//! 2. Extract attestation document payload
+//! 3. Verify certificate chain (cabundle + certificate against root CA)
+//! 4. Verify COSE signature using the certificate's public key
+//!
+//! # References
+//! - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/enclaves/latest/user/verify-root.html
+//! - https://github.com/aws/aws-nitro-enclaves-nsm-api/blob/main/docs/attestation_process.md
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, io::Cursor};
+
+pub use collateral::{get_collateral, get_collateral_and_verify};
+
+mod verify;
+
+pub use verify::{
+    verify_attestation, verify_attestation_with_ca, verify_attestation_with_collateral,
+    verify_attestation_with_crl, NsmVerifiedReport,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NsmCollateral {
+    /// All CRLs extracted from device-provided cert chain
+    pub crls: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Root CA CRL extracted from verifier-provided root CA
+    pub root_ca_crl: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+/// AWS Nitro Enclaves Root CA certificate (G1)
+///
+/// Subject: CN=aws.nitro-enclaves, C=US, O=Amazon, OU=AWS
+/// Valid: 2019-10-28 to 2049-10-28 (30 years)
+/// Fingerprint: 64:1A:03:21:A3:E2:44:EF:E4:56:46:31:95:D6:06:31:7E:D7:CD:CC:3C:17:56:E0:98:93:F3:C6:8F:79:BB:5B
+pub const AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1: &str = include_str!("../certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem");
+
+/// Verifies NSM attestation documents against a caller-selected trust anchor.
+///
+/// This mirrors `dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier`: use [`Self::new_prod`] for
+/// AWS production or [`Self::new`] to inject a PEM encoded root certificate.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct QuoteVerifier {
+    root_ca_pem: String,
+}
+
+impl QuoteVerifier {
+    pub fn new(root_ca_pem: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            root_ca_pem: root_ca_pem.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_prod() -> Self {
+        Self::new(AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1)
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_pem(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.root_ca_pem
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(
+        &self,
+        cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+        collateral: Option<&NsmCollateral>,
+        now: Option<std::time::SystemTime>,
+    ) -> Result<NsmVerifiedReport> {
+        verify_attestation(cose_sign1_bytes, &self.root_ca_pem, collateral, now)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn fetch_and_verify(
+        &self,
+        cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+        now: Option<std::time::SystemTime>,
+    ) -> Result<NsmVerifiedReport> {
+        collateral::get_collateral_and_verify(cose_sign1_bytes, &self.root_ca_pem, now).await
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parsed COSE Sign1 structure for NSM attestation
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CoseSign1 {
+    /// Protected header (contains algorithm)
+    pub protected: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Unprotected header (usually empty for NSM)
+    pub unprotected: BTreeMap<i64, ciborium::Value>,
+    /// Payload (CBOR-encoded attestation document)
+    pub payload: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Signature (ECDSA P-384)
+    pub signature: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl CoseSign1 {
+    /// Parse COSE Sign1 from raw bytes
+    pub fn from_bytes(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        // COSE Sign1 structure is a CBOR array: [protected, unprotected, payload, signature]
+        let mut reader = Cursor::new(data);
+        let value: ciborium::Value =
+            ciborium::from_reader(&mut reader).context("Failed to parse COSE Sign1 CBOR")?;
+        if reader.position() != data.len() as u64 {
+            bail!("Trailing bytes after COSE Sign1");
+        }
+
+        let array = match value {
+            ciborium::Value::Array(arr) => arr,
+            ciborium::Value::Tag(18, inner) => {
+                // COSE_Sign1 tag is 18
+                match *inner {
+                    ciborium::Value::Array(arr) => arr,
+                    _ => bail!("COSE Sign1 tag content is not an array"),
+                }
+            }
+            _ => bail!("COSE Sign1 is not an array"),
+        };
+
+        if array.len() != 4 {
+            bail!("COSE Sign1 array must have 4 elements, got {}", array.len());
+        }
+
+        let protected = match &array[0] {
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(b) => b.clone(),
+            _ => bail!("COSE Sign1 protected header is not bytes"),
+        };
+
+        let unprotected = match &array[1] {
+            ciborium::Value::Map(m) => {
+                let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
+                for (k, v) in m {
+                    if let ciborium::Value::Integer(i) = k {
+                        let key: i128 = (*i).into();
+                        map.insert(key as i64, v.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                map
+            }
+            _ => BTreeMap::new(),
+        };
+
+        let payload = match &array[2] {
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(b) => b.clone(),
+            _ => bail!("COSE Sign1 payload is not bytes"),
+        };
+
+        let signature = match &array[3] {
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(b) => b.clone(),
+            _ => bail!("COSE Sign1 signature is not bytes"),
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            protected,
+            unprotected,
+            payload,
+            signature,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the algorithm from protected header
+    pub fn algorithm(&self) -> Result<i64> {
+        let protected_map = self.protected_map()?;
+
+        // Algorithm is key 1 in COSE
+        let alg = protected_map
+            .get(&1)
+            .context("No algorithm in protected header")?;
+
+        match alg {
+            ciborium::Value::Integer(i) => {
+                let val: i128 = (*i).into();
+                Ok(val as i64)
+            }
+            _ => bail!("Algorithm is not an integer"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Validate critical headers (crit) per COSE rules.
+    pub fn validate_critical_headers(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let protected_map = self.protected_map()?;
+        let Some(crit) = protected_map.get(&2) else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        let crit_list = match crit {
+            ciborium::Value::Array(arr) => arr,
+            _ => bail!("COSE crit header is not an array"),
+        };
+
+        for item in crit_list {
+            match item {
+                ciborium::Value::Integer(i) => {
+                    let val: i128 = (*i).into();
+                    if val as i64 != 1 {
+                        bail!("Unsupported critical header parameter: {val}");
+                    }
+                }
+                ciborium::Value::Text(name) => {
+                    if name != "alg" {
+                        bail!("Unsupported critical header parameter: {name}");
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => bail!("Invalid critical header parameter type"),
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Build the Sig_structure for verification
+    /// Sig_structure = ["Signature1", protected, external_aad, payload]
+    pub fn sig_structure(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let sig_structure = ciborium::Value::Array(vec![
+            ciborium::Value::Text("Signature1".to_string()),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(self.protected.clone()),
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(vec![]), // external_aad is empty
+            ciborium::Value::Bytes(self.payload.clone()),
+        ]);
+
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        ciborium::into_writer(&sig_structure, &mut buf)
+            .context("Failed to encode Sig_structure")?;
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+
+    fn protected_map(&self) -> Result<BTreeMap<i64, ciborium::Value>> {
+        let mut reader = Cursor::new(&self.protected);
+        let map = ciborium::from_reader(&mut reader).context("Failed to parse protected header")?;
+        if reader.position() != self.protected.len() as u64 {
+            bail!("Trailing bytes after protected header");
+        }
+        Ok(map)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Attestation document structure (parsed from COSE payload)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AttestationDocument {
+    /// Module ID
+    pub module_id: String,
+    /// Digest algorithm used
+    pub digest: String,
+    /// Timestamp (milliseconds since epoch)
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+    /// PCR values
+    #[serde(alias = "nitrotpm_pcrs")]
+    pub pcrs: BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Certificate (DER-encoded) - the signing certificate
+    pub certificate: Vec<u8>,
+    /// CA bundle (list of DER-encoded certificates)
+    /// Order: [ROOT_CERT, INTERM_1, INTERM_2, ..., INTERM_N]
+    pub cabundle: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional public key
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub public_key: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional user data
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub user_data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Optional nonce
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub nonce: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+impl AttestationDocument {
+    /// Parse attestation document from CBOR payload
+    pub fn from_cbor(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut reader = Cursor::new(data);
+        let doc = ciborium::from_reader(&mut reader)
+            .context("Failed to parse attestation document CBOR")?;
+        if reader.position() != data.len() as u64 {
+            bail!("Trailing bytes after attestation document CBOR");
+        }
+        Ok(doc)
+    }
+}
+
+pub mod collateral;
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/verify.rs b/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/verify.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03c2198bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/src/verify.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! NSM Attestation Verification Module
+
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+/// Maximum age of an attestation document relative to `now`. NSM certificates
+/// are short-lived, but this additionally bounds replay of an old-but-still-in-
+/// cert-validity document.
+const MAX_ATTESTATION_AGE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(3600);
+/// Tolerated clock skew when rejecting future-dated documents.
+const CLOCK_SKEW: Duration = Duration::from_secs(300);
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use p384::ecdsa::{signature::hazmat::PrehashVerifier, Signature, VerifyingKey};
+use rustls_pki_types::{CertificateDer, UnixTime};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+use tracing::debug;
+use webpki::{BorrowedCertRevocationList, CertRevocationList, EndEntityCert};
+use x509_parser::prelude::*;
+
+use crate::{AttestationDocument, CoseSign1, NsmCollateral};
+
+const DIGEST_SHA384: &str = "SHA384";
+const PCR_SHA384_LEN: usize = 48;
+
+/// Verified NSM attestation report
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct NsmVerifiedReport {
+    /// Module ID
+    pub module_id: String,
+    /// Digest algorithm
+    pub digest: String,
+    /// Timestamp (milliseconds since epoch)
+    pub timestamp: u64,
+    /// PCR values
+    pub pcrs: std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    /// User data from attestation
+    pub user_data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Nonce from attestation
+    pub nonce: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Public key from attestation
+    pub public_key: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+/// Verify Nitro attestation with custom root CA (for testing)
+pub fn verify_attestation_with_ca(
+    cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+    collateral: Option<&NsmCollateral>,
+) -> Result<NsmVerifiedReport> {
+    verify_attestation(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem, collateral, None)
+}
+
+/// Verify Nitro attestation with custom root CA and custom time (for testing)
+///
+/// This enforces digest/PCR consistency, certificate-chain validity at `now`,
+/// and a freshness window (`MAX_ATTESTATION_AGE`) on the document timestamp.
+/// Callers must still bind the attestation to a challenge via `nonce`/`user_data`
+/// for full replay protection.
+pub fn verify_attestation(
+    cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+    collateral: Option<&NsmCollateral>,
+    now: Option<SystemTime>,
+) -> Result<NsmVerifiedReport> {
+    let now = now.unwrap_or_else(SystemTime::now);
+    let cose = CoseSign1::from_bytes(cose_sign1_bytes).context("Failed to parse COSE Sign1")?;
+    cose.validate_critical_headers()
+        .context("Unsupported COSE critical headers")?;
+    let alg = cose.algorithm().context("Failed to get algorithm")?;
+    if alg != -35 {
+        bail!("Unsupported COSE algorithm: {alg}. Expected -35 (ES384)");
+    }
+    let doc = AttestationDocument::from_cbor(&cose.payload)
+        .context("Failed to parse attestation document")?;
+    validate_attestation_document(&doc).context("Attestation document validation failed")?;
+
+    // Freshness: NSM stamps the document (ms since epoch) at generation time.
+    let doc_time = UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_millis(doc.timestamp);
+    match now.duration_since(doc_time) {
+        Ok(age) if age > MAX_ATTESTATION_AGE => {
+            bail!("attestation document is stale: {age:?} old (max {MAX_ATTESTATION_AGE:?})");
+        }
+        Err(future) if future.duration() > CLOCK_SKEW => {
+            bail!(
+                "attestation document timestamp is in the future by {:?}",
+                future.duration()
+            );
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    verify_certificate_chain(&doc, root_ca_pem, collateral, Some(now))
+        .context("Certificate chain verification failed")?;
+    verify_cose_signature(&cose, &doc.certificate).context("COSE signature verification failed")?;
+
+    Ok(NsmVerifiedReport {
+        module_id: doc.module_id,
+        digest: doc.digest,
+        timestamp: doc.timestamp,
+        pcrs: doc.pcrs,
+        user_data: doc.user_data,
+        nonce: doc.nonce,
+        public_key: doc.public_key,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn verify_attestation_with_collateral(
+    cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+    collateral: &NsmCollateral,
+    now: Option<SystemTime>,
+) -> Result<NsmVerifiedReport> {
+    verify_attestation(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem, Some(collateral), now)
+}
+
+pub async fn verify_attestation_with_crl(
+    cose_sign1_bytes: &[u8],
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+    enable_crl: bool,
+    now: Option<SystemTime>,
+) -> Result<NsmVerifiedReport> {
+    if enable_crl {
+        let collateral = crate::get_collateral(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem).await?;
+        verify_attestation(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem, Some(&collateral), now)
+    } else {
+        verify_attestation(cose_sign1_bytes, root_ca_pem, None, now)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Verify the certificate chain from attestation document
+fn verify_certificate_chain(
+    doc: &AttestationDocument,
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+    collateral: Option<&NsmCollateral>,
+    now_override: Option<SystemTime>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    // Parse root CA from PEM
+    let root_ca_der = parse_pem_cert(root_ca_pem).context("Failed to parse root CA PEM")?;
+
+    // The cabundle order is: [ROOT_CERT, INTERM_1, INTERM_2, ..., INTERM_N]
+    // We need to verify: TARGET_CERT <- INTERM_N <- ... <- INTERM_1 <- ROOT_CERT
+    // But we use the verifier-provided root CA, not the one from cabundle
+
+    // Build intermediate chain from cabundle (excluding root at index 0)
+    let intermediates: Vec<CertificateDer<'static>> = doc
+        .cabundle
+        .iter()
+        .skip(1) // Skip the root cert from cabundle, use verifier-provided root
+        .map(|der| CertificateDer::from(der.clone()))
+        .collect();
+
+    debug!(
+        "Certificate chain: 1 leaf + {} intermediates + 1 root",
+        intermediates.len()
+    );
+
+    // Parse the leaf certificate (signing certificate)
+    let leaf_cert_der = CertificateDer::from(doc.certificate.clone());
+    let leaf_cert =
+        EndEntityCert::try_from(&leaf_cert_der).context("Failed to parse leaf certificate")?;
+
+    // Create trust anchor from root CA
+    let root_cert_der = CertificateDer::from(root_ca_der);
+    let trust_anchor = webpki::anchor_from_trusted_cert(&root_cert_der)
+        .context("Failed to create trust anchor from root CA")?;
+
+    // Get current time
+    let now = now_override.unwrap_or(SystemTime::now());
+    let now = now
+        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .context("Failed to get current time")?;
+    let time = UnixTime::since_unix_epoch(now);
+
+    let chain_has_crl_dp = has_crl_distribution_points(&doc.certificate)?
+        || doc
+            .cabundle
+            .iter()
+            .skip(1) // Skip the root cert from cabundle
+            .any(|cert| has_crl_distribution_points(cert).unwrap_or(false));
+
+    let root_has_crl_dp = has_crl_distribution_points(root_cert_der.as_ref()).unwrap_or(false);
+
+    let trust_anchors = [trust_anchor];
+
+    let Some(collateral) = collateral else {
+        leaf_cert
+            .verify_for_usage(
+                webpki::ALL_VERIFICATION_ALGS,
+                &trust_anchors,
+                &intermediates,
+                time,
+                webpki::KeyUsage::client_auth(),
+                None,
+                None,
+            )
+            .context("Certificate chain verification failed")?;
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    if root_has_crl_dp && collateral.root_ca_crl.is_none() {
+        bail!("Root CA has CRL distribution points but no root CA CRL provided");
+    }
+    if chain_has_crl_dp && collateral.crls.is_empty() {
+        bail!("CRL distribution points present but no CRLs downloaded");
+    }
+
+    if let Some(root_ca_crl) = &collateral.root_ca_crl {
+        let crl_refs = vec![root_ca_crl.as_slice()];
+        webpki::check_single_cert_crl(root_cert_der.as_ref(), &crl_refs, time)
+            .context("root CA revoked or invalid CRL")?;
+    }
+
+    let crls: Vec<CertRevocationList> = collateral
+        .crls
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, der)| {
+            BorrowedCertRevocationList::from_der(der)
+                .map(|crl| crl.into())
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse intermediate CRL #{i}"))
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let crl_refs: Vec<&CertRevocationList> = crls.iter().collect();
+
+    let revocation_builder = webpki::RevocationOptionsBuilder::new(&crl_refs)
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to create RevocationOptionsBuilder"))?;
+
+    let revocation = revocation_builder
+        .with_depth(webpki::RevocationCheckDepth::Chain)
+        .with_status_policy(webpki::UnknownStatusPolicy::Allow)
+        .with_expiration_policy(webpki::ExpirationPolicy::Enforce)
+        .build();
+
+    leaf_cert
+        .verify_for_usage(
+            webpki::ALL_VERIFICATION_ALGS,
+            &trust_anchors,
+            &intermediates,
+            time,
+            webpki::KeyUsage::client_auth(),
+            Some(revocation),
+            None,
+        )
+        .context("Certificate chain verification failed")?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_attestation_document(doc: &AttestationDocument) -> Result<()> {
+    if doc.digest != DIGEST_SHA384 {
+        bail!("Unsupported digest algorithm: {}", doc.digest);
+    }
+
+    if doc.pcrs.is_empty() {
+        bail!("No PCRs in attestation document");
+    }
+
+    for (idx, value) in &doc.pcrs {
+        if value.len() != PCR_SHA384_LEN {
+            bail!(
+                "PCR{idx} length mismatch: {} (expected {PCR_SHA384_LEN})",
+                value.len()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Verify COSE signature using the certificate's public key
+fn verify_cose_signature(cose: &CoseSign1, cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    // Extract public key from certificate
+    let (_, cert) =
+        X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der).context("Failed to parse signing certificate")?;
+
+    let spki = cert.public_key();
+    let public_key_bytes = spki.subject_public_key.data.as_ref();
+
+    // Parse as P-384 public key
+    let verifying_key = VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(public_key_bytes)
+        .context("Failed to parse P-384 public key from certificate")?;
+
+    // Build Sig_structure for verification
+    let sig_structure = cose
+        .sig_structure()
+        .context("Failed to build Sig_structure")?;
+
+    // Hash the Sig_structure with SHA-384
+    let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+    hasher.update(&sig_structure);
+    let message_hash = hasher.finalize();
+
+    // Parse signature (P-384 signature is 96 bytes: 48 bytes r + 48 bytes s)
+    if cose.signature.len() != 96 {
+        bail!(
+            "Invalid P-384 signature length: {} (expected 96)",
+            cose.signature.len()
+        );
+    }
+
+    let signature =
+        Signature::from_slice(&cose.signature).context("Failed to parse ECDSA signature")?;
+
+    // Verify signature
+    verifying_key
+        .verify_prehash(&message_hash, &signature)
+        .context("ECDSA signature verification failed")?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Parse a PEM certificate to DER
+fn parse_pem_cert(pem_str: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let pem_block = ::pem::parse(pem_str).context("Failed to parse PEM")?;
+    if pem_block.tag() != "CERTIFICATE" {
+        bail!("PEM is not a certificate: {}", pem_block.tag());
+    }
+    Ok(pem_block.into_contents())
+}
+
+fn has_crl_distribution_points(cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+    let (_, cert) = X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der).context("failed to parse certificate")?;
+    for ext in cert.extensions() {
+        if let ParsedExtension::CRLDistributionPoints(_) = ext.parsed_extension() {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_root_ca_parsing() {
+        let der = parse_pem_cert(AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1).expect("Failed to parse root CA");
+        let (_, cert) = X509Certificate::from_der(&der).expect("Failed to parse X509");
+
+        // Verify it's the AWS Nitro Enclaves root CA
+        let subject = cert.subject().to_string();
+        assert!(
+            subject.contains("aws.nitro-enclaves"),
+            "Subject should contain aws.nitro-enclaves: {}",
+            subject
+        );
+        assert!(
+            subject.contains("Amazon"),
+            "Subject should contain Amazon: {}",
+            subject
+        );
+        assert!(cert.is_ca());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.README.md b/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..435009fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# AWS Nitro Enclave NSM attestation test fixture
+
+A real AWS Nitro Enclave NSM attestation document, used by
+`tests/verify_test.rs` for offline parsing and an end-to-end verification of the
+COSE Sign1 signature and certificate chain (`src/verify.rs`).
+
+## Files
+
+| File | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `nitro_attestation.bin` | Raw NSM attestation response (4682 bytes). Its COSE_Sign1 payload is the CBOR-encoded `AttestationDocument` — module id, digest, timestamp, PCRs, the signing certificate, and the cabundle. |
+
+The document is signed with ECDSA P-384 / SHA-384 (COSE alg `-35`, ES384; a
+fixed 96-byte signature). `tests/verify_test.rs` locates the `COSE_Sign1` array
+by scanning for its CBOR marker (`0x84 0x44`), so the short framing prefix ahead
+of it in the `.bin` is tolerated and no exact offset is assumed.
+
+The AWS Nitro Enclaves G1 root CA is **not** bundled here — the verifier uses the
+root embedded in the crate (`certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem`, exposed as
+`AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1`), and the cabundle's own root (index 0) is dropped so
+trust is anchored only on the verifier-provided root. The full chain therefore
+verifies offline. CRL revocation checking is exercised only when the test runs
+with `TEST_FETCH_CRL` set (that path reaches AWS CRL endpoints over the network).
+
+## Provenance
+
+- Captured from a live AWS Nitro Enclave on EC2 instance `i-0827e799ec9232d44`
+  in `us-east-1` — values read directly out of the document's `module_id` and the
+  signing certificate subject, not asserted externally.
+- The signing certificate is valid `2025-12-25 13:15:34Z` – `2025-12-25 16:15:37Z`
+  (NSM leaf certs are short-lived, ~3h), which dates the capture to
+  **2025-12-25**; the document `timestamp` falls inside that window.
+- Added to the repo alongside the `nsm-attest` crate.
+- The exact capture command, host operator, and the enclave workload were **not
+  recorded** in-repo — treat those as unknown.
+
+## Refreshing
+
+NSM leaf certificates expire a few hours after issuance, so this fixture's
+certificate chain is **already past its wall-clock validity window**. The verify
+test compensates by pinning `now` to the document's own `timestamp`
+(`Some(attestation_time)`) instead of the system clock, so the fixture stays
+deterministic and never "expires" for the offline test.
+
+To refresh, capture a new NSM attestation document from a Nitro Enclave, drop it
+in as `nitro_attestation.bin`, and confirm `cargo test -p nsm-qvl` passes — the
+tests re-derive the pinned time from the new document, so no other edits are
+needed. Only the `TEST_FETCH_CRL` path additionally depends on AWS CRL endpoints
+being reachable.
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.bin b/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..676305f1b
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/nitro_attestation.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/verify_test.rs b/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/verify_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd9e766f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nsm-qvl/tests/verify_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2024-2025 The Project Contributors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+// Test for NSM attestation verification
+use nsm_qvl::{AttestationDocument, CoseSign1};
+use std::io::Cursor;
+
+// Real attestation captured from Nitro Enclave
+const ATTESTATION_BIN: &[u8] = include_bytes!("nitro_attestation.bin");
+
+fn extract_cose_sign1(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // Find COSE Sign1 structure (starts with 0x84 for 4-element array)
+    for i in 0..data.len().saturating_sub(2) {
+        if data[i] == 0x84 && data[i + 1] == 0x44 {
+            let mut reader = Cursor::new(&data[i..]);
+            let _: ciborium::Value =
+                ciborium::from_reader(&mut reader).expect("Failed to parse COSE Sign1 CBOR");
+            let len = reader.position() as usize;
+            return data[i..i + len].to_vec();
+        }
+    }
+    panic!("Could not find COSE Sign1 marker in attestation data");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_cose_sign1() {
+    let cose_data = extract_cose_sign1(ATTESTATION_BIN);
+
+    let cose = CoseSign1::from_bytes(&cose_data).expect("Failed to parse COSE Sign1");
+
+    // Verify algorithm is ES384 (-35)
+    let alg = cose.algorithm().expect("Failed to get algorithm");
+    assert_eq!(alg, -35, "Algorithm should be ES384 (-35)");
+
+    // Verify signature is 96 bytes (P-384)
+    assert_eq!(
+        cose.signature.len(),
+        96,
+        "P-384 signature should be 96 bytes"
+    );
+
+    println!("COSE Sign1 parsed successfully");
+    println!("  Protected header: {} bytes", cose.protected.len());
+    println!("  Payload: {} bytes", cose.payload.len());
+    println!("  Signature: {} bytes", cose.signature.len());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_attestation_document() {
+    let cose_data = extract_cose_sign1(ATTESTATION_BIN);
+    let cose = CoseSign1::from_bytes(&cose_data).expect("Failed to parse COSE Sign1");
+
+    let doc = AttestationDocument::from_cbor(&cose.payload)
+        .expect("Failed to parse attestation document");
+
+    println!("Attestation document parsed:");
+    println!("  Module ID: {}", doc.module_id);
+    println!("  Digest: {}", doc.digest);
+    println!("  Timestamp: {}", doc.timestamp);
+    println!("  Certificate: {} bytes", doc.certificate.len());
+    println!("  CA bundle: {} certificates", doc.cabundle.len());
+    println!("  PCRs: {} entries", doc.pcrs.len());
+
+    assert!(!doc.module_id.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(doc.digest, "SHA384");
+    assert!(!doc.certificate.is_empty());
+    assert!(!doc.cabundle.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_verify_attestation_full() {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::try_init().ok();
+
+    let cose_data = extract_cose_sign1(ATTESTATION_BIN);
+    let cose = CoseSign1::from_bytes(&cose_data).expect("Failed to parse COSE Sign1");
+    let doc = AttestationDocument::from_cbor(&cose.payload)
+        .expect("Failed to parse attestation document");
+    let attestation_time = std::time::UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_millis(doc.timestamp);
+
+    let report = nsm_qvl::verify_attestation_with_crl(
+        &cose_data,
+        nsm_qvl::AWS_NITRO_ENCLAVES_ROOT_G1,
+        std::env::var("TEST_FETCH_CRL").is_ok(),
+        Some(attestation_time),
+    )
+    .await
+    .unwrap();
+    println!("✓ Attestation verified successfully!");
+    println!("  Module ID: {}", report.module_id);
+    println!("  Digest: {}", report.digest);
+    println!("  Timestamp: {}", report.timestamp);
+    println!("  PCRs: {} entries", report.pcrs.len());
+
+    // Print non-zero PCR values
+    for (idx, value) in &report.pcrs {
+        if !value.iter().all(|&b| b == 0) {
+            println!("  PCR{idx}: {value:02x?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/Cargo.toml b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbde446a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+bytes.workspace = true
+futures.workspace = true
+chrono.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["env"] }
+dashmap.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+http.workspace = true
+http-body-util.workspace = true
+humantime.workspace = true
+hyper = { workspace = true, features = ["server"] }
+hyper-util = { workspace = true, features = ["tokio"] }
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/README.md b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae0caf6d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# NVIDIA GPU Attestation Proxy
+
+`dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy` is a persistent, PCCS-like cache for the two NVIDIA
+services used by local GPU attestation:
+
+- `POST /ocsp` caches DER OCSP responses by the request's certificate IDs. The
+  per-request OCSP nonce is deliberately excluded from the key.
+- `GET /v1/rim/<id>` caches version-addressed NVIDIA RIM documents.
+- `GET /healthz` reports process health.
+- `GET /info` reports fresh/stale entry counts per cache kind.
+
+The proxy never signs or rewrites collateral. `nvattest` in the CVM still
+verifies NVIDIA's certificate chains, OCSP signatures, response validity
+window, RIM signatures, measurements, and the fresh GPU evidence nonce. Cache
+entries are persisted so a warm cache survives both proxy and VM restarts.
+
+## Run
+
+```bash
+cargo build --release -p dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy
+sudo install -m 0755 target/release/dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy /usr/local/bin/
+sudo install -d -m 0750 /var/cache/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy
+
+sudo /usr/local/bin/dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy \
+  --listen 0.0.0.0:8090 \
+  --cache-dir /var/cache/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy
+```
+
+All options have environment-variable equivalents; see `--help`. In
+particular, `NV_ATTESTATION_SERVICE_KEY` supplies an optional NVIDIA bearer
+token without placing it on the command line.
+
+Configure the VMM with a URL reachable during early guest boot:
+
+```toml
+[cvm]
+nvidia_attestation_proxy_url = "http://10.0.2.2:8090"
+```
+
+For QEMU user-mode networking, `10.0.2.2` is normally the host address. Other
+networking modes should use the corresponding host or fleet service address.
+
+## Cache behavior
+
+On a cold miss the original request is forwarded to NVIDIA. A successful OCSP
+response is cached no later than its signed `nextUpdate` and no longer than
+`--ocsp-max-ttl` (24 hours by default). Responses without `nextUpdate` use one
+hour from `thisUpdate`, matching the pinned NVIDIA SDK. RIM documents default
+to a 30-day TTL.
+
+Two mechanisms keep entries warm, and they compose: a background sweep (every
+`--refresh-interval`, 10 minutes by default) renews entries that have
+consumed half their lifetime, so a warm cache rides through an NVIDIA outage
+with close to a full validity window instead of only the remainder; entries
+past their usefulness are dropped, not retried. As a synchronous fallback, an
+OCSP response with less than `--ocsp-refresh-before` validity remaining
+(five minutes by default) is refreshed in-line on the next request before it
+is served — concurrent refreshes for the same entry are coalesced. If an
+in-line refresh fails, the proxy keeps serving the old response only until
+its existing signed expiry; it never extends or serves an expired one.
+
+Expired OCSP entries are never served. Therefore a warm cache removes the
+NVIDIA service from the boot path only for the signed validity period; it does
+not turn revocation checking into an indefinite fail-open. RIM documents are
+signed and version-addressed, so an expired RIM entry — unlike OCSP — may
+still be served for up to `--rim-max-stale` (7 days by default) when the
+upstream is unreachable or failing; the guest verifies its signature either
+way. Response headers expose `X-Dstack-Cache: HIT|MISS|REFRESH|STALE`, `Age`,
+and `X-Dstack-Cache-Expires` for operations.
+Each cache kind is capped at 10,000 entries by default; the oldest entry is
+evicted when the limit is reached. Use `--max-cache-entries-per-kind` to tune
+the bound for a deployment.
+
+Because a cached response contains the nonce from the request that populated
+the cache, `nvattest` reports `x-nvidia-cert-ocsp-nonce-matches = false` on a
+hit. When the proxy URL is configured, dstack selects NVIDIA's packaged
+`allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego` policy. This relaxes only the OCSP nonce check;
+the GPU attestation report's independent nonce remains required by dstack.
diff --git a/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/cache.rs b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/cache.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f03212e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/cache.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tokio::fs;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct CacheEntry {
+    pub(crate) body: Bytes,
+    pub(crate) content_type: String,
+    pub(crate) fetched_at: i64,
+    pub(crate) expires_at: i64,
+}
+
+impl CacheEntry {
+    pub(crate) fn is_fresh(&self, now: i64) -> bool {
+        self.expires_at > now
+    }
+}
+
+/// What populated a cache entry. Lets the background refresher re-run the
+/// exact upstream query and lets operators identify entries on disk (the
+/// filenames themselves are hashes).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub(crate) enum EntrySource {
+    RimId(String),
+    OcspRequestB64(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct CacheMetadata {
+    pub(crate) content_type: String,
+    pub(crate) fetched_at: i64,
+    pub(crate) expires_at: i64,
+    pub(crate) body_sha256: String,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub(crate) source: Option<EntrySource>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct CacheStore {
+    root: PathBuf,
+    max_entries_per_namespace: usize,
+    maintenance: std::sync::Arc<Mutex<()>>,
+}
+
+impl CacheStore {
+    pub(crate) async fn new(
+        root: impl Into<PathBuf>,
+        max_entries_per_namespace: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let root = root.into();
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("ocsp"))
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", root.join("ocsp").display()))?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(root.join("rim"))
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", root.join("rim").display()))?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            root,
+            max_entries_per_namespace,
+            maintenance: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Read an entry. Entries expired for longer than `max_stale_secs` are
+    /// removed and reported as absent; entries expired within that window are
+    /// returned so callers can decide whether stale data is acceptable
+    /// (check with [`CacheEntry::is_fresh`]).
+    pub(crate) async fn get(
+        &self,
+        namespace: &str,
+        key: &str,
+        now: i64,
+        max_stale_secs: i64,
+    ) -> Result<Option<CacheEntry>> {
+        let (body_path, metadata_path) = self.paths(namespace, key);
+        let metadata = match fs::read(&metadata_path).await {
+            Ok(metadata) => metadata,
+            Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(None),
+            Err(error) => {
+                return Err(error)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", metadata_path.display()))
+            }
+        };
+        let metadata: CacheMetadata = match serde_json::from_slice(&metadata) {
+            Ok(metadata) => metadata,
+            Err(error) => {
+                tracing::warn!(path = %metadata_path.display(), %error, "discarding invalid cache metadata");
+                self.remove_if(namespace, key, |current| {
+                    !matches!(current, ReadState::Valid(_))
+                })
+                .await;
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+        if metadata.expires_at.saturating_add(max_stale_secs) <= now {
+            self.remove_if(namespace, key, move |current| match current {
+                ReadState::Valid(metadata) => {
+                    metadata.expires_at.saturating_add(max_stale_secs) <= now
+                }
+                _ => true,
+            })
+            .await;
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let body = match fs::read(&body_path).await {
+            Ok(body) => body,
+            Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+                self.remove_if(namespace, key, |current| {
+                    !matches!(current, ReadState::Valid(_))
+                })
+                .await;
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                return Err(error)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", body_path.display()))
+            }
+        };
+        if hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&body)) != metadata.body_sha256 {
+            tracing::warn!(path = %body_path.display(), "discarding cache entry with an invalid digest");
+            self.remove_if(namespace, key, |current| {
+                !matches!(current, ReadState::Valid(_))
+            })
+            .await;
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        Ok(Some(CacheEntry {
+            body: Bytes::from(body),
+            content_type: metadata.content_type,
+            fetched_at: metadata.fetched_at,
+            expires_at: metadata.expires_at,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub(crate) async fn put(
+        &self,
+        namespace: &str,
+        key: &str,
+        body: &[u8],
+        content_type: &str,
+        fetched_at: i64,
+        expires_at: i64,
+        source: Option<EntrySource>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let (body_path, metadata_path) = self.paths(namespace, key);
+        let metadata = CacheMetadata {
+            content_type: content_type.to_string(),
+            fetched_at,
+            expires_at,
+            body_sha256: hex::encode(Sha256::digest(body)),
+            source,
+        };
+        let metadata =
+            serde_json::to_vec(&metadata).context("failed to serialize cache metadata")?;
+
+        let _maintenance = self.maintenance.lock().await;
+        self.evict_for_insert(namespace, key).await?;
+        // Metadata is the commit marker: readers ignore an entry until both
+        // the body and its matching metadata have been atomically renamed.
+        atomic_write(&body_path, body).await?;
+        atomic_write(&metadata_path, &metadata).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// List the metadata of every entry in a namespace, for the background
+    /// refresher and the `/info` endpoint. Unreadable metadata is skipped.
+    pub(crate) async fn list(&self, namespace: &str) -> Result<Vec<(String, CacheMetadata)>> {
+        let directory = self.root.join(namespace);
+        let mut entries = fs::read_dir(&directory)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to scan {}", directory.display()))?;
+        let mut listed = Vec::new();
+        while let Some(entry) = entries.next_entry().await? {
+            let path = entry.path();
+            if path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()) != Some("json") {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(key) = path.file_stem().and_then(|stem| stem.to_str()) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let Some(metadata) = fs::read(&path)
+                .await
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|data| serde_json::from_slice::<CacheMetadata>(&data).ok())
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            listed.push((key.to_string(), metadata));
+        }
+        Ok(listed)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove an entry, but only when a re-read under the maintenance lock
+    /// still satisfies `should_remove`. This prevents a stale read from
+    /// deleting an entry that a concurrent `put` just refreshed.
+    async fn remove_if<F>(&self, namespace: &str, key: &str, should_remove: F)
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(ReadState) -> bool,
+    {
+        let _maintenance = self.maintenance.lock().await;
+        let (body_path, metadata_path) = self.paths(namespace, key);
+        let state = match fs::read(&metadata_path).await {
+            Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return,
+            Err(_) => ReadState::Corrupt,
+            Ok(data) => match serde_json::from_slice::<CacheMetadata>(&data) {
+                Err(_) => ReadState::Corrupt,
+                Ok(metadata) => match fs::read(&body_path).await {
+                    Err(_) => ReadState::Corrupt,
+                    Ok(body) if hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&body)) != metadata.body_sha256 => {
+                        ReadState::Corrupt
+                    }
+                    Ok(_) => ReadState::Valid(metadata),
+                },
+            },
+        };
+        if should_remove(state) {
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(body_path).await;
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(metadata_path).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn evict_for_insert(&self, namespace: &str, new_key: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let directory = self.root.join(namespace);
+        let mut entries = fs::read_dir(&directory)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to scan {}", directory.display()))?;
+        let mut metadata = Vec::new();
+        let mut replacing = false;
+        while let Some(entry) = entries.next_entry().await? {
+            let path = entry.path();
+            if path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()) != Some("json") {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(key) = path.file_stem().and_then(|stem| stem.to_str()) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            replacing |= key == new_key;
+            let fetched_at = fs::read(&path)
+                .await
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|data| serde_json::from_slice::<CacheMetadata>(&data).ok())
+                .map(|metadata| metadata.fetched_at)
+                .unwrap_or(i64::MIN);
+            metadata.push((fetched_at, key.to_string()));
+        }
+        if replacing {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        metadata.sort_unstable();
+        let remove_count = metadata
+            .len()
+            .saturating_add(1)
+            .saturating_sub(self.max_entries_per_namespace);
+        for (_, key) in metadata.into_iter().take(remove_count) {
+            let (body_path, metadata_path) = self.paths(namespace, &key);
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(body_path).await;
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(metadata_path).await;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn paths(&self, namespace: &str, key: &str) -> (PathBuf, PathBuf) {
+        // Callers pass SHA-256 hex keys, so filenames never contain input from
+        // a URL or certificate ID directly.
+        let base = self.root.join(namespace).join(key);
+        (base.with_extension("body"), base.with_extension("json"))
+    }
+}
+
+enum ReadState {
+    Valid(CacheMetadata),
+    Corrupt,
+}
+
+async fn atomic_write(path: &Path, value: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    let nonce = rand_suffix();
+    let temporary = path.with_extension(format!("tmp-{nonce}"));
+    fs::write(&temporary, value)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {}", temporary.display()))?;
+    fs::rename(&temporary, path).await.with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to rename {} to {}",
+            temporary.display(),
+            path.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn rand_suffix() -> String {
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+    static SEQUENCE: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+    format!(
+        "{}-{}",
+        std::process::id(),
+        SEQUENCE.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn persists_and_expires_entries() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = CacheStore::new(dir.path(), 10).await.unwrap();
+        cache
+            .put(
+                "ocsp",
+                "abcd",
+                b"response",
+                "application/ocsp-response",
+                100,
+                200,
+                None,
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let reopened = CacheStore::new(dir.path(), 10).await.unwrap();
+        let entry = reopened.get("ocsp", "abcd", 150, 0).await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entry.body, &b"response"[..]);
+        assert_eq!(entry.fetched_at, 100);
+        assert_eq!(entry.expires_at, 200);
+        assert!(reopened
+            .get("ocsp", "abcd", 200, 0)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn stale_entries_survive_within_the_stale_window() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = CacheStore::new(dir.path(), 10).await.unwrap();
+        cache
+            .put("rim", "abcd", b"doc", "application/json", 100, 200, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Within the stale window the entry is returned but not fresh.
+        let entry = cache.get("rim", "abcd", 250, 100).await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(!entry.is_fresh(250));
+        // Beyond the stale window it is removed.
+        assert!(cache.get("rim", "abcd", 301, 100).await.unwrap().is_none());
+        assert!(cache.get("rim", "abcd", 150, 100).await.unwrap().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rejects_modified_cache_bodies() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = CacheStore::new(dir.path(), 10).await.unwrap();
+        cache
+            .put("rim", "abcd", b"one", "application/json", 100, 200, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        fs::write(dir.path().join("rim/abcd.body"), b"two")
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(cache.get("rim", "abcd", 150, 0).await.unwrap().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn evicts_oldest_entry_at_capacity() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = CacheStore::new(dir.path(), 1).await.unwrap();
+        cache
+            .put("rim", "old", b"old", "application/json", 100, 1000, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        cache
+            .put("rim", "new", b"new", "application/json", 200, 1000, None)
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(cache.get("rim", "old", 300, 0).await.unwrap().is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            cache.get("rim", "new", 300, 0).await.unwrap().unwrap().body,
+            &b"new"[..]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn lists_entries_with_sources() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let cache = CacheStore::new(dir.path(), 10).await.unwrap();
+        cache
+            .put(
+                "rim",
+                "abcd",
+                b"doc",
+                "application/json",
+                100,
+                200,
+                Some(EntrySource::RimId("NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1".into())),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let listed = cache.list("rim").await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(listed.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(listed[0].0, "abcd");
+        assert_eq!(
+            listed[0].1.source,
+            Some(EntrySource::RimId("NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1".into()))
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/lib.rs b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f91ff9bfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1214 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+mod cache;
+mod ocsp;
+
+use std::{
+    convert::Infallible,
+    net::SocketAddr,
+    path::PathBuf,
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use base64::{engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as BASE64, Engine as _};
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use cache::{CacheEntry, CacheStore, EntrySource};
+use dashmap::DashMap;
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use http::{
+    header::{ACCEPT, CACHE_CONTROL, CONTENT_TYPE},
+    HeaderValue, Method, Request, Response, StatusCode,
+};
+use http_body_util::{BodyExt, Full, Limited};
+use hyper::{body::Incoming, server::conn::http1, service::service_fn};
+use hyper_util::rt::{TokioIo, TokioTimer};
+use reqwest::Client;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tokio::{net::TcpListener, sync::Mutex, time::MissedTickBehavior};
+use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+use url::Url;
+
+const MAX_OCSP_REQUEST_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+const MAX_OCSP_RESPONSE_BYTES: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_RIM_RESPONSE_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+const OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE: &str = "application/ocsp-response";
+const JSON_CONTENT_TYPE: &str = "application/json";
+const HEADER_READ_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+/// Concurrent upstream requests per background refresh sweep.
+const REFRESH_CONCURRENCY: usize = 4;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ProxyConfig {
+    pub listen_addr: SocketAddr,
+    pub cache_dir: PathBuf,
+    pub ocsp_url: Url,
+    pub rim_url: Url,
+    pub service_key: Option<String>,
+    pub request_timeout: Duration,
+    pub connect_timeout: Duration,
+    pub ocsp_max_ttl: Duration,
+    pub ocsp_default_ttl: Duration,
+    pub ocsp_refresh_before: Duration,
+    pub rim_ttl: Duration,
+    /// How long an expired RIM document may still be served when the upstream
+    /// cannot provide a fresh copy. RIM documents are signed and
+    /// version-addressed, so staleness is an availability trade-off, not a
+    /// security one. Zero disables stale serving.
+    pub rim_max_stale: Duration,
+    /// Interval between background refresh sweeps. Entries past half their
+    /// lifetime are renewed so a warm cache rides through upstream outages
+    /// with close to a full validity window. Zero disables the refresher.
+    pub refresh_interval: Duration,
+    pub max_cache_entries_per_kind: usize,
+}
+
+impl ProxyConfig {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        validate_upstream_url("OCSP", &self.ocsp_url)?;
+        validate_upstream_url("RIM", &self.rim_url)?;
+        for (name, value) in [
+            ("request timeout", self.request_timeout),
+            ("connect timeout", self.connect_timeout),
+            ("OCSP maximum TTL", self.ocsp_max_ttl),
+            ("OCSP default TTL", self.ocsp_default_ttl),
+            ("OCSP refresh window", self.ocsp_refresh_before),
+            ("RIM TTL", self.rim_ttl),
+        ] {
+            if value.is_zero() {
+                bail!("{name} must be greater than zero");
+            }
+            if value.as_secs() > i64::MAX as u64 {
+                bail!("{name} is too large");
+            }
+        }
+        // These two may be zero, meaning the feature is disabled.
+        for (name, value) in [
+            ("RIM maximum staleness", self.rim_max_stale),
+            ("refresh interval", self.refresh_interval),
+        ] {
+            if value.as_secs() > i64::MAX as u64 {
+                bail!("{name} is too large");
+            }
+        }
+        if self.max_cache_entries_per_kind == 0 {
+            bail!("maximum cache entries per kind must be greater than zero");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct Proxy {
+    client: Client,
+    cache: CacheStore,
+    config: Arc<ProxyConfig>,
+    fills: Arc<DashMap<String, Arc<Mutex<()>>>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct UpstreamResponse {
+    status: StatusCode,
+    content_type: String,
+    body: Bytes,
+}
+
+pub async fn run(config: ProxyConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    config.validate()?;
+    let listen_addr = config.listen_addr;
+    let proxy = Proxy::new(config).await?;
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind(listen_addr)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind {listen_addr}"))?;
+    info!(%listen_addr, "GPU attestation collateral proxy listening");
+    tokio::spawn(proxy.clone().refresh_loop());
+
+    loop {
+        let (stream, peer_addr) = listener
+            .accept()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to accept connection")?;
+        let proxy = proxy.clone();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let io = TokioIo::new(stream);
+            if let Err(error) = http1::Builder::new()
+                .timer(TokioTimer::new())
+                .header_read_timeout(HEADER_READ_TIMEOUT)
+                .serve_connection(
+                    io,
+                    service_fn(move |request| {
+                        let proxy = proxy.clone();
+                        async move { Ok::<_, Infallible>(proxy.handle(request).await) }
+                    }),
+                )
+                .await
+            {
+                tracing::debug!(%peer_addr, %error, "HTTP connection failed");
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+impl Proxy {
+    async fn new(config: ProxyConfig) -> Result<Self> {
+        config.validate()?;
+        let cache = CacheStore::new(&config.cache_dir, config.max_cache_entries_per_kind).await?;
+        let client = Client::builder()
+            .connect_timeout(config.connect_timeout)
+            .timeout(config.request_timeout)
+            .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::none())
+            .user_agent(concat!(
+                "dstack-nvidia-attest-proxy/",
+                env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+            ))
+            .build()
+            .context("failed to create upstream HTTP client")?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            client,
+            cache,
+            config: Arc::new(config),
+            fills: Arc::new(DashMap::new()),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn rim_max_stale_secs(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.config.rim_max_stale.as_secs().min(i64::MAX as u64) as i64
+    }
+
+    async fn handle(&self, request: Request<Incoming>) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+        match (request.method(), request.uri().path()) {
+            (&Method::GET, "/healthz") => text_response(StatusCode::OK, "ok\n"),
+            (&Method::GET, "/info") => self.handle_info().await,
+            (&Method::POST, "/ocsp") => {
+                if !request
+                    .headers()
+                    .get(CONTENT_TYPE)
+                    .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+                    .is_some_and(|value| {
+                        value.split(';').next().is_some_and(|value| {
+                            value
+                                .trim()
+                                .eq_ignore_ascii_case("application/ocsp-request")
+                        })
+                    })
+                {
+                    return text_response(
+                        StatusCode::UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE,
+                        "expected application/ocsp-request\n",
+                    );
+                }
+                let body = match Limited::new(request.into_body(), MAX_OCSP_REQUEST_BYTES)
+                    .collect()
+                    .await
+                {
+                    Ok(body) => body.to_bytes(),
+                    Err(error) => {
+                        tracing::debug!(%error, "failed to read OCSP request");
+                        return text_response(
+                            StatusCode::PAYLOAD_TOO_LARGE,
+                            "invalid or oversized OCSP request\n",
+                        );
+                    }
+                };
+                self.handle_ocsp(body).await
+            }
+            (&Method::GET, path) if path.starts_with("/v1/rim/") => {
+                let rim_id = &path["/v1/rim/".len()..];
+                if !valid_rim_id(rim_id) || request.uri().query().is_some() {
+                    return text_response(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, "invalid RIM ID\n");
+                }
+                self.handle_rim(rim_id).await
+            }
+            (&Method::GET, "/ocsp") | (&Method::POST, "/healthz") | (&Method::POST, "/info") => {
+                text_response(StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "method not allowed\n")
+            }
+            _ => text_response(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, "not found\n"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn handle_ocsp(&self, body: Bytes) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+        let key = match ocsp::request_cache_key(&body) {
+            Ok(key) => key,
+            Err(error) => {
+                tracing::debug!(%error, "rejected malformed OCSP request");
+                return text_response(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, "invalid OCSP request\n");
+            }
+        };
+        // `cache_get(.., 0)` only ever returns entries that have not yet hit
+        // their hard expiry (max_stale_secs=0 for OCSP). An entry can still
+        // be fresh but close enough to expiry to need a synchronous renewal
+        // (`ocsp_needs_refresh`) before it is served again.
+        if let Some(entry) = self.cache_get("ocsp", &key, 0).await {
+            if !self.ocsp_needs_refresh(&entry) {
+                return cached_response(entry, "HIT");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (fill_key, fill) = self.fill_lock("ocsp", &key);
+        let response = {
+            let _guard = fill.lock().await;
+            self.fill_ocsp(&key, body).await
+        };
+        drop(fill);
+        self.release_fill(&fill_key);
+        response
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve an OCSP request, synchronously renewing a cached entry once it
+    /// enters its refresh window. A failed renewal falls back to the still-
+    /// valid cached response instead of failing the request — the goal is to
+    /// avoid the *next* request finding a hard-expired cache, not to punish
+    /// this one for a transient upstream hiccup.
+    async fn fill_ocsp(&self, key: &str, body: Bytes) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+        let cached = self.cache_get("ocsp", key, 0).await;
+        if let Some(entry) = &cached {
+            if !self.ocsp_needs_refresh(entry) {
+                // A concurrent request already renewed this entry while we
+                // were waiting for the fill lock.
+                return cached_response(entry.clone(), "HIT");
+            }
+        }
+        let upstream = match self.fetch_ocsp(body.clone()).await {
+            Ok(response) => response,
+            Err(error) => {
+                warn!(%error, "OCSP upstream request failed");
+                if let Some(entry) = cached {
+                    return cached_response(entry, "HIT");
+                }
+                return text_response(StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY, "OCSP upstream unavailable\n");
+            }
+        };
+        if upstream.status != StatusCode::OK {
+            if let Some(entry) = &cached {
+                warn!(status = %upstream.status, "OCSP refresh returned an error; using valid cached response");
+                return cached_response(entry.clone(), "HIT");
+            }
+        }
+        let cache_state = if cached.is_some() { "REFRESH" } else { "MISS" };
+        if upstream.status == StatusCode::OK {
+            let now = now_epoch();
+            match ocsp::response_cache_expiry(
+                &upstream.body,
+                now,
+                self.config.ocsp_max_ttl.as_secs(),
+                self.config.ocsp_default_ttl.as_secs(),
+            ) {
+                Ok(expires_at) => {
+                    let source = EntrySource::OcspRequestB64(BASE64.encode(&body));
+                    if let Err(error) = self
+                        .cache
+                        .put(
+                            "ocsp",
+                            key,
+                            &upstream.body,
+                            &upstream.content_type,
+                            now,
+                            expires_at,
+                            Some(source),
+                        )
+                        .await
+                    {
+                        warn!(%error, "failed to persist OCSP cache entry");
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(error) => {
+                    warn!(%error, "OCSP response is not cacheable; returning it without caching");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        upstream_response(upstream, cache_state)
+    }
+
+    async fn handle_rim(&self, rim_id: &str) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+        let key = hex::encode(Sha256::digest(rim_id.as_bytes()));
+        let max_stale = self.rim_max_stale_secs();
+        if let Some(entry) = self.cache_get("rim", &key, max_stale).await {
+            if entry.is_fresh(now_epoch()) {
+                return cached_response(entry, "HIT");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (fill_key, fill) = self.fill_lock("rim", &key);
+        let response = {
+            let _guard = fill.lock().await;
+            self.fill_rim(&key, rim_id).await
+        };
+        drop(fill);
+        self.release_fill(&fill_key);
+        response
+    }
+
+    /// Fetch a RIM document, falling back to a stale cache entry (bounded by
+    /// `rim_max_stale`) when the upstream is unreachable or failing. RIM
+    /// documents are signed and version-addressed, so a stale copy is
+    /// verifiable and identical to a fresh one; expired OCSP entries are
+    /// deliberately never served this way.
+    async fn fill_rim(&self, key: &str, rim_id: &str) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+        let cached = self.cache_get("rim", key, self.rim_max_stale_secs()).await;
+        if let Some(entry) = &cached {
+            if entry.is_fresh(now_epoch()) {
+                return cached_response(entry.clone(), "HIT");
+            }
+        }
+        let upstream = match self.fetch_rim(rim_id).await {
+            Ok(upstream) => {
+                if upstream.status.is_server_error() {
+                    if let Some(entry) = cached {
+                        warn!(%rim_id, status = %upstream.status, "RIM upstream failing; serving stale document");
+                        return cached_response(entry, "STALE");
+                    }
+                }
+                upstream
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                warn!(%error, %rim_id, "RIM upstream request failed");
+                if let Some(entry) = cached {
+                    warn!(%rim_id, "serving stale RIM document while the upstream is unreachable");
+                    return cached_response(entry, "STALE");
+                }
+                return text_response(StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY, "RIM upstream unavailable\n");
+            }
+        };
+        if upstream.status == StatusCode::OK {
+            let now = now_epoch();
+            let expires_at = now.saturating_add(self.config.rim_ttl.as_secs() as i64);
+            if let Err(error) = self
+                .cache
+                .put(
+                    "rim",
+                    key,
+                    &upstream.body,
+                    &upstream.content_type,
+                    now,
+                    expires_at,
+                    Some(EntrySource::RimId(rim_id.to_string())),
+                )
+                .await
+            {
+                warn!(%error, "failed to persist RIM cache entry");
+            }
+        }
+        upstream_response(upstream, "MISS")
+    }
+
+    async fn handle_info(&self) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        let mut report = String::new();
+        for namespace in ["ocsp", "rim"] {
+            match self.cache.list(namespace).await {
+                Ok(entries) => {
+                    let fresh = entries
+                        .iter()
+                        .filter(|(_, metadata)| metadata.expires_at > now)
+                        .count();
+                    let stale = entries.len() - fresh;
+                    report.push_str(&format!("{namespace}: {fresh} fresh, {stale} stale\n"));
+                }
+                Err(error) => {
+                    report.push_str(&format!("{namespace}: unavailable ({error:#})\n"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        binary_response(
+            StatusCode::OK,
+            "text/plain; charset=utf-8",
+            Bytes::from(report),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Renew entries past half their lifetime so a warm cache approaches a
+    /// full validity window of outage tolerance. The half-life trigger keeps
+    /// short-lived entries from being polled on every sweep, and entries past
+    /// their usefulness (OCSP: expiry; RIM: expiry plus the stale window) are
+    /// dropped instead of being retried forever.
+    async fn refresh_loop(self) {
+        let interval = self.config.refresh_interval;
+        if interval.is_zero() {
+            info!("background refresh is disabled");
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(interval);
+        ticker.set_missed_tick_behavior(MissedTickBehavior::Delay);
+        loop {
+            ticker.tick().await;
+            self.refresh_once().await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn refresh_once(&self) {
+        for namespace in ["ocsp", "rim"] {
+            let entries = match self.cache.list(namespace).await {
+                Ok(entries) => entries,
+                Err(error) => {
+                    warn!(%error, %namespace, "failed to list cache entries for refresh");
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            let now = now_epoch();
+            let due = entries
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|(_, metadata)| {
+                    should_refresh(metadata.fetched_at, metadata.expires_at, now)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            futures::stream::iter(due)
+                .for_each_concurrent(REFRESH_CONCURRENCY, |(key, metadata)| async move {
+                    self.refresh_entry(namespace, key, metadata.source).await;
+                })
+                .await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn refresh_entry(
+        &self,
+        namespace: &'static str,
+        key: String,
+        source: Option<EntrySource>,
+    ) {
+        let (fill_key, fill) = self.fill_lock(namespace, &key);
+        {
+            let _guard = fill.lock().await;
+            self.refresh_locked(namespace, &key, source).await;
+        }
+        drop(fill);
+        self.release_fill(&fill_key);
+    }
+
+    async fn refresh_locked(&self, namespace: &str, key: &str, source: Option<EntrySource>) {
+        let max_stale = match namespace {
+            "rim" => self.rim_max_stale_secs(),
+            _ => 0,
+        };
+        // This get drops entries past their usefulness as a side effect, so
+        // dead entries are cleaned up instead of being retried forever.
+        let Some(entry) = self.cache_get(namespace, key, max_stale).await else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if !should_refresh(entry.fetched_at, entry.expires_at, now_epoch()) {
+            // A concurrent miss already renewed this entry.
+            return;
+        }
+        // Entries from a pre-source cache format cannot be refreshed; they
+        // serve until they expire naturally.
+        match &source {
+            None => {}
+            Some(EntrySource::RimId(rim_id)) => match self.fetch_rim(rim_id).await {
+                Ok(upstream) if upstream.status == StatusCode::OK => {
+                    let now = now_epoch();
+                    let expires_at = now.saturating_add(self.config.rim_ttl.as_secs() as i64);
+                    match self
+                        .cache
+                        .put(
+                            namespace,
+                            key,
+                            &upstream.body,
+                            &upstream.content_type,
+                            now,
+                            expires_at,
+                            source.clone(),
+                        )
+                        .await
+                    {
+                        Ok(()) => debug!(%rim_id, "refreshed RIM document"),
+                        Err(error) => warn!(%error, "failed to persist refreshed RIM entry"),
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(upstream) => {
+                    debug!(%rim_id, status = %upstream.status, "RIM refresh got an error status")
+                }
+                Err(error) => debug!(%rim_id, %error, "RIM refresh failed"),
+            },
+            Some(EntrySource::OcspRequestB64(encoded)) => {
+                let Ok(request) = BASE64.decode(encoded) else {
+                    debug!(%key, "cache entry has an undecodable OCSP refresh request");
+                    return;
+                };
+                match self.fetch_ocsp(Bytes::from(request)).await {
+                    Ok(upstream) if upstream.status == StatusCode::OK => {
+                        let now = now_epoch();
+                        match ocsp::response_cache_expiry(
+                            &upstream.body,
+                            now,
+                            self.config.ocsp_max_ttl.as_secs(),
+                            self.config.ocsp_default_ttl.as_secs(),
+                        ) {
+                            Ok(expires_at) => {
+                                match self
+                                    .cache
+                                    .put(
+                                        namespace,
+                                        key,
+                                        &upstream.body,
+                                        &upstream.content_type,
+                                        now,
+                                        expires_at,
+                                        source.clone(),
+                                    )
+                                    .await
+                                {
+                                    Ok(()) => debug!(%key, "refreshed OCSP response"),
+                                    Err(error) => {
+                                        warn!(%error, "failed to persist refreshed OCSP entry")
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            Err(error) => {
+                                debug!(%error, "refreshed OCSP response is not cacheable")
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Ok(upstream) => {
+                        debug!(%key, status = %upstream.status, "OCSP refresh got an error status")
+                    }
+                    Err(error) => debug!(%key, %error, "OCSP refresh failed"),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_ocsp(&self, body: Bytes) -> Result<UpstreamResponse> {
+        let mut request = self
+            .client
+            .post(self.config.ocsp_url.clone())
+            .header(CONTENT_TYPE, "application/ocsp-request")
+            .header(ACCEPT, OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE)
+            .body(body);
+        if let Some(service_key) = self.config.service_key.as_deref() {
+            request = request.bearer_auth(service_key);
+        }
+        collect_upstream(
+            request
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .context("failed to query OCSP upstream")?,
+            MAX_OCSP_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_rim(&self, rim_id: &str) -> Result<UpstreamResponse> {
+        let mut url = self.config.rim_url.clone();
+        {
+            let mut segments = url
+                .path_segments_mut()
+                .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("RIM upstream URL cannot be a base URL"))?;
+            segments.pop_if_empty().extend(["v1", "rim", rim_id]);
+        }
+        let mut request = self.client.get(url).header(ACCEPT, JSON_CONTENT_TYPE);
+        if let Some(service_key) = self.config.service_key.as_deref() {
+            request = request.bearer_auth(service_key);
+        }
+        collect_upstream(
+            request
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .context("failed to query RIM upstream")?,
+            MAX_RIM_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    async fn cache_get(
+        &self,
+        namespace: &str,
+        key: &str,
+        max_stale_secs: i64,
+    ) -> Option<CacheEntry> {
+        match self
+            .cache
+            .get(namespace, key, now_epoch(), max_stale_secs)
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(entry) => entry,
+            Err(error) => {
+                warn!(%error, %namespace, "failed to read cache entry");
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether an OCSP entry has entered its synchronous refresh window
+    /// (`ocsp_refresh_before` of its signed expiry). This is a softer signal
+    /// than hard freshness: an entry that fails this check is still valid
+    /// and safe to serve as a fallback if renewal fails.
+    fn ocsp_needs_refresh(&self, entry: &CacheEntry) -> bool {
+        entry.expires_at.saturating_sub(now_epoch())
+            <= self.config.ocsp_refresh_before.as_secs() as i64
+    }
+
+    fn fill_lock(&self, namespace: &str, key: &str) -> (String, Arc<Mutex<()>>) {
+        let fill_key = format!("{namespace}:{key}");
+        let lock = self
+            .fills
+            .entry(fill_key.clone())
+            .or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(Mutex::new(())))
+            .clone();
+        (fill_key, lock)
+    }
+
+    /// Drop a fill lock nobody is holding, so `fills` does not grow with every
+    /// distinct key ever requested. Waiters hold their own `Arc` clone, which
+    /// keeps the strong count above one until they are done.
+    fn release_fill(&self, fill_key: &str) {
+        self.fills
+            .remove_if(fill_key, |_, lock| Arc::strong_count(lock) == 1);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Refresh once an entry has consumed half its lifetime. This both renews
+/// long-lived entries well before expiry and avoids polling upstream on every
+/// sweep for entries with short validity windows.
+fn should_refresh(fetched_at: i64, expires_at: i64, now: i64) -> bool {
+    let lifetime = expires_at.saturating_sub(fetched_at);
+    lifetime > 0 && now.saturating_sub(fetched_at) >= lifetime / 2
+}
+
+async fn collect_upstream(response: reqwest::Response, limit: usize) -> Result<UpstreamResponse> {
+    if response
+        .content_length()
+        .is_some_and(|length| length > limit as u64)
+    {
+        bail!("upstream response exceeds {limit} bytes");
+    }
+    let status = response.status();
+    let content_type = response
+        .headers()
+        .get(CONTENT_TYPE)
+        .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok())
+        .unwrap_or("application/octet-stream")
+        .to_string();
+    let body = response
+        .bytes()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to read upstream response")?;
+    if body.len() > limit {
+        bail!("upstream response exceeds {limit} bytes");
+    }
+    Ok(UpstreamResponse {
+        status,
+        content_type,
+        body,
+    })
+}
+
+fn validate_upstream_url(name: &str, url: &Url) -> Result<()> {
+    if !matches!(url.scheme(), "http" | "https") || url.host_str().is_none() {
+        bail!("{name} upstream URL must be an absolute HTTP(S) URL");
+    }
+    if url.query().is_some()
+        || url.fragment().is_some()
+        || !url.username().is_empty()
+        || url.password().is_some()
+    {
+        bail!("{name} upstream URL must not contain credentials, query, or fragment");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn valid_rim_id(rim_id: &str) -> bool {
+    !rim_id.is_empty()
+        && rim_id.len() <= 256
+        && rim_id
+            .bytes()
+            .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(byte, b'_' | b'-' | b'.'))
+}
+
+fn cached_response(entry: CacheEntry, state: &'static str) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+    let age = now_epoch().saturating_sub(entry.fetched_at);
+    let mut response = binary_response(StatusCode::OK, &entry.content_type, entry.body);
+    response
+        .headers_mut()
+        .insert("x-dstack-cache", HeaderValue::from_static(state));
+    if let Ok(age) = HeaderValue::from_str(&age.to_string()) {
+        response.headers_mut().insert("age", age);
+    }
+    if let Ok(expires_at) = HeaderValue::from_str(&entry.expires_at.to_string()) {
+        response
+            .headers_mut()
+            .insert("x-dstack-cache-expires", expires_at);
+    }
+    response
+}
+
+fn upstream_response(
+    upstream: UpstreamResponse,
+    cache_state: &'static str,
+) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+    let mut response = binary_response(upstream.status, &upstream.content_type, upstream.body);
+    response
+        .headers_mut()
+        .insert("x-dstack-cache", HeaderValue::from_static(cache_state));
+    response
+}
+
+fn binary_response(status: StatusCode, content_type: &str, body: Bytes) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+    let mut response = Response::new(Full::new(body));
+    *response.status_mut() = status;
+    response
+        .headers_mut()
+        .insert(CACHE_CONTROL, HeaderValue::from_static("no-store"));
+    if let Ok(content_type) = HeaderValue::from_str(content_type) {
+        response.headers_mut().insert(CONTENT_TYPE, content_type);
+    }
+    response
+}
+
+fn text_response(status: StatusCode, body: &'static str) -> Response<Full<Bytes>> {
+    binary_response(
+        status,
+        "text/plain; charset=utf-8",
+        Bytes::from_static(body.as_bytes()),
+    )
+}
+
+fn now_epoch() -> i64 {
+    SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .as_secs() as i64
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+
+    use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn der(tag: u8, value: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut result = vec![tag];
+        if value.len() < 128 {
+            result.push(value.len() as u8);
+        } else {
+            let bytes = value.len().to_be_bytes();
+            let first = bytes.iter().position(|byte| *byte != 0).unwrap();
+            result.push(0x80 | (bytes.len() - first) as u8);
+            result.extend_from_slice(&bytes[first..]);
+        }
+        result.extend_from_slice(value);
+        result
+    }
+
+    fn sequence(parts: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        der(0x30, &parts.concat())
+    }
+
+    fn ocsp_request(nonce: u8) -> Bytes {
+        let algorithm = sequence(&[der(0x06, &[0x2b, 0x0e, 0x03, 0x02, 0x1a])]);
+        let cert_id = sequence(&[
+            algorithm,
+            der(0x04, &[1; 20]),
+            der(0x04, &[2; 20]),
+            der(0x02, &[3]),
+        ]);
+        let request_list = sequence(&[sequence(&[cert_id])]);
+        let extensions = der(0xa2, &sequence(&[der(0x04, &[nonce; 16])]));
+        Bytes::from(sequence(&[sequence(&[request_list, extensions])]))
+    }
+
+    fn ocsp_response(now: i64) -> Bytes {
+        ocsp_response_with_ttl(now, 3600)
+    }
+
+    fn ocsp_response_with_ttl(now: i64, ttl: i64) -> Bytes {
+        let format = |timestamp| {
+            Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp, 0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .format("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ")
+                .to_string()
+        };
+        let cert_id = sequence(&[der(0x02, &[1])]);
+        let single = sequence(&[
+            cert_id,
+            der(0x80, &[]),
+            der(0x18, format(now - 60).as_bytes()),
+            der(0xa0, &der(0x18, format(now + ttl).as_bytes())),
+        ]);
+        let response_data = sequence(&[
+            der(0x82, &[7; 20]),
+            der(0x18, format(now).as_bytes()),
+            sequence(&[single]),
+        ]);
+        let basic = sequence(&[
+            response_data,
+            sequence(&[der(0x06, &[0x2a, 0x03])]),
+            der(0x03, &[0]),
+        ]);
+        let response_bytes = sequence(&[
+            der(
+                0x06,
+                &[0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x07, 0x30, 0x01, 0x01],
+            ),
+            der(0x04, &basic),
+        ]);
+        Bytes::from(sequence(&[der(0x0a, &[0]), der(0xa0, &response_bytes)]))
+    }
+
+    async fn mock_upstream(
+        response: Bytes,
+        content_type: &'static str,
+    ) -> (Url, Arc<AtomicUsize>, tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>) {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let address = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        let requests = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+        let request_counter = requests.clone();
+        let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            loop {
+                let (stream, _) = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+                let response = response.clone();
+                let request_counter = request_counter.clone();
+                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    http1::Builder::new()
+                        .serve_connection(
+                            TokioIo::new(stream),
+                            service_fn(move |_request| {
+                                let response = response.clone();
+                                let request_counter = request_counter.clone();
+                                async move {
+                                    request_counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                                    Ok::<_, Infallible>(binary_response(
+                                        StatusCode::OK,
+                                        content_type,
+                                        response,
+                                    ))
+                                }
+                            }),
+                        )
+                        .await
+                        .unwrap();
+                });
+            }
+        });
+        (
+            Url::parse(&format!("http://{address}/ocsp")).unwrap(),
+            requests,
+            task,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// A URL that refuses connections: bind an ephemeral port, then drop it.
+    async fn dead_upstream() -> Url {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.unwrap();
+        let address = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        drop(listener);
+        Url::parse(&format!("http://{address}/")).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn test_config(cache_dir: PathBuf, ocsp_url: Url, rim_url: Url) -> ProxyConfig {
+        ProxyConfig {
+            listen_addr: "127.0.0.1:0".parse().unwrap(),
+            cache_dir,
+            ocsp_url,
+            rim_url,
+            service_key: None,
+            request_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5),
+            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(1),
+            ocsp_max_ttl: Duration::from_secs(86_400),
+            ocsp_default_ttl: Duration::from_secs(3600),
+            ocsp_refresh_before: Duration::from_secs(300),
+            rim_ttl: Duration::from_secs(86_400),
+            rim_max_stale: Duration::from_secs(7 * 86_400),
+            refresh_interval: Duration::from_secs(600),
+            max_cache_entries_per_kind: 10,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn ocsp_cache_reuses_response_across_nonces_and_restarts() {
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        let response = ocsp_response(now);
+        let (upstream_url, requests, upstream) =
+            mock_upstream(response.clone(), OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE).await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let config = test_config(
+            cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            upstream_url.clone(),
+            Url::parse("https://rim.attestation.nvidia.com").unwrap(),
+        );
+
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(config.clone()).await.unwrap();
+        let nonce = std::process::id() as u8;
+        let miss = proxy.handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(nonce)).await;
+        assert_eq!(miss.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "MISS");
+        assert_eq!(
+            miss.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes(),
+            response
+        );
+        let hit = proxy.handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(nonce.wrapping_add(1))).await;
+        assert_eq!(hit.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "HIT");
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+
+        drop(proxy);
+        let reopened = Proxy::new(config).await.unwrap();
+        let hit = reopened
+            .handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(nonce.wrapping_add(2)))
+            .await;
+        assert_eq!(hit.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "HIT");
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+        upstream.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn ocsp_cache_refreshes_before_expiry() {
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        let response = ocsp_response_with_ttl(now, 60);
+        let (upstream_url, requests, upstream) = mock_upstream(response, OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE).await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(ProxyConfig {
+            listen_addr: "127.0.0.1:0".parse().unwrap(),
+            cache_dir: cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            ocsp_url: upstream_url,
+            rim_url: Url::parse("https://rim.attestation.nvidia.com").unwrap(),
+            service_key: None,
+            request_timeout: Duration::from_secs(5),
+            connect_timeout: Duration::from_secs(1),
+            ocsp_max_ttl: Duration::from_secs(86_400),
+            ocsp_default_ttl: Duration::from_secs(3600),
+            ocsp_refresh_before: Duration::from_secs(300),
+            rim_ttl: Duration::from_secs(86_400),
+            rim_max_stale: Duration::from_secs(7 * 86_400),
+            refresh_interval: Duration::from_secs(600),
+            max_cache_entries_per_kind: 10,
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let nonce = std::process::id() as u8;
+        assert_eq!(
+            proxy.handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(nonce)).await.headers()["x-dstack-cache"],
+            "MISS"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            proxy
+                .handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(nonce.wrapping_add(1)))
+                .await
+                .headers()["x-dstack-cache"],
+            "REFRESH"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
+        upstream.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn rim_cache_uses_versioned_id() {
+        let response = Bytes::from_static(br#"{"id":"NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1","rim":"test"}"#);
+        let (upstream_url, requests, upstream) =
+            mock_upstream(response.clone(), JSON_CONTENT_TYPE).await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(test_config(
+            cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            upstream_url.clone(),
+            upstream_url,
+        ))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let miss = proxy.handle_rim("NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1").await;
+        assert_eq!(miss.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "MISS");
+        assert_eq!(
+            miss.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes(),
+            response
+        );
+        let hit = proxy.handle_rim("NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1").await;
+        assert_eq!(hit.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "HIT");
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+        upstream.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn stale_rim_is_served_when_upstream_is_unreachable() {
+        let dead = dead_upstream().await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(test_config(
+            cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            dead.clone(),
+            dead,
+        ))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let rim_id = "NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1";
+        let key = hex::encode(Sha256::digest(rim_id.as_bytes()));
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        proxy
+            .cache
+            .put(
+                "rim",
+                &key,
+                b"stale-but-signed",
+                JSON_CONTENT_TYPE,
+                now - 1000,
+                now - 10,
+                Some(EntrySource::RimId(rim_id.to_string())),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let response = proxy.handle_rim(rim_id).await;
+        assert_eq!(response.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "STALE");
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes(),
+            &b"stale-but-signed"[..]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn expired_ocsp_is_never_served() {
+        let dead = dead_upstream().await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(test_config(
+            cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            dead.clone(),
+            dead,
+        ))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let request = ocsp_request(1);
+        let key = ocsp::request_cache_key(&request).unwrap();
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        proxy
+            .cache
+            .put(
+                "ocsp",
+                &key,
+                b"expired-response",
+                OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE,
+                now - 1000,
+                now - 10,
+                Some(EntrySource::OcspRequestB64(BASE64.encode(&request))),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let response = proxy.handle_ocsp(request).await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_GATEWAY);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn refresher_renews_entries_past_half_life() {
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        let response = ocsp_response(now);
+        let (upstream_url, requests, upstream) =
+            mock_upstream(response.clone(), OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE).await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(test_config(
+            cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            upstream_url,
+            Url::parse("https://rim.attestation.nvidia.com").unwrap(),
+        ))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let request = ocsp_request(1);
+        let key = ocsp::request_cache_key(&request).unwrap();
+        // Past half-life (age 1000 of a 1010-second lifetime), close to expiry.
+        proxy
+            .cache
+            .put(
+                "ocsp",
+                &key,
+                b"old-response",
+                OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE,
+                now - 1000,
+                now + 10,
+                Some(EntrySource::OcspRequestB64(BASE64.encode(&request))),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        proxy.refresh_once().await;
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+        let entry = proxy.cache_get("ocsp", &key, 0).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(entry.expires_at > now + 10);
+        assert_eq!(entry.body, response);
+
+        // A freshly renewed entry is not refreshed again on the next sweep.
+        proxy.refresh_once().await;
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+        // Clients now hit the refreshed entry without touching upstream.
+        let hit = proxy.handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(2)).await;
+        assert_eq!(hit.headers()["x-dstack-cache"], "HIT");
+        assert_eq!(requests.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+        upstream.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn refresher_drops_entries_past_usefulness() {
+        let dead = dead_upstream().await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let config = test_config(cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(), dead.clone(), dead);
+        let max_stale = config.rim_max_stale.as_secs() as i64;
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(config).await.unwrap();
+
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        proxy
+            .cache
+            .put(
+                "rim",
+                "aaaa",
+                b"ancient",
+                JSON_CONTENT_TYPE,
+                now - max_stale - 1000,
+                now - max_stale - 100,
+                Some(EntrySource::RimId("OLD".into())),
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        proxy
+            .cache
+            .put(
+                "ocsp",
+                "bbbb",
+                b"expired",
+                OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE,
+                now - 1000,
+                now - 10,
+                None,
+            )
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        proxy.refresh_once().await;
+        assert!(proxy.cache.list("rim").await.unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert!(proxy.cache.list("ocsp").await.unwrap().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn fill_locks_are_released() {
+        let now = now_epoch();
+        let response = ocsp_response(now);
+        let (upstream_url, _requests, upstream) =
+            mock_upstream(response.clone(), OCSP_CONTENT_TYPE).await;
+        let cache_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let proxy = Proxy::new(test_config(
+            cache_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            upstream_url.clone(),
+            upstream_url,
+        ))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+        proxy.handle_ocsp(ocsp_request(1)).await;
+        proxy.handle_rim("NV_GPU_DRIVER_GH100_580.1").await;
+        assert!(proxy.fills.is_empty());
+        upstream.abort();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn half_life_refresh_decision() {
+        // 100-second lifetime: refresh from age 50 onwards.
+        assert!(!should_refresh(1000, 1100, 1049));
+        assert!(should_refresh(1000, 1100, 1050));
+        // Expired entries still satisfy the predicate; get() decides whether
+        // they are dropped or (stale RIM) refreshed.
+        assert!(should_refresh(1000, 1100, 2000));
+        // Degenerate lifetimes never refresh.
+        assert!(!should_refresh(1000, 1000, 2000));
+        assert!(!should_refresh(1000, 900, 2000));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/main.rs b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6073cf7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{net::SocketAddr, path::PathBuf, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use dstack_nvidia_attest_proxy::ProxyConfig;
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+use url::Url;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+#[command(about = "Persistent NVIDIA OCSP and RIM cache for dstack GPU attestation")]
+struct Args {
+    /// Address on which the HTTP proxy listens.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_LISTEN",
+        default_value = "0.0.0.0:8090"
+    )]
+    listen: SocketAddr,
+
+    /// Directory for persistent OCSP and RIM cache entries.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_CACHE_DIR",
+        default_value = "/var/cache/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy"
+    )]
+    cache_dir: PathBuf,
+
+    /// NVIDIA OCSP responder URL.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_OCSP_URL",
+        default_value = "https://ocsp.ndis.nvidia.com"
+    )]
+    ocsp_url: Url,
+
+    /// NVIDIA RIM service base URL.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_RIM_URL",
+        default_value = "https://rim.attestation.nvidia.com"
+    )]
+    rim_url: Url,
+
+    /// Optional NVIDIA attestation service bearer token.
+    #[arg(long, env = "NV_ATTESTATION_SERVICE_KEY", hide_env_values = true)]
+    service_key: Option<String>,
+
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_REQUEST_TIMEOUT", default_value = "30s", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    request_timeout: Duration,
+
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_CONNECT_TIMEOUT", default_value = "10s", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    connect_timeout: Duration,
+
+    /// Maximum time an OCSP response may remain cached. Signed nextUpdate can shorten it.
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_OCSP_MAX_TTL", default_value = "24h", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    ocsp_max_ttl: Duration,
+
+    /// Cache lifetime for OCSP responses that omit nextUpdate.
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_OCSP_DEFAULT_TTL", default_value = "1h", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    ocsp_default_ttl: Duration,
+
+    /// Refresh an OCSP response when less than this much validity remains.
+    #[arg(long, env = "GPU_ATTEST_PROXY_OCSP_REFRESH_BEFORE", default_value = "5m", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    ocsp_refresh_before: Duration,
+
+    /// Cache lifetime for version-addressed RIM documents.
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_RIM_TTL", default_value = "30d", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    rim_ttl: Duration,
+
+    /// How long an expired RIM document may still be served when the upstream
+    /// cannot provide a fresh copy. RIM documents are signed and
+    /// version-addressed, so this trades availability, not security. 0
+    /// disables stale serving.
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_RIM_MAX_STALE", default_value = "7d", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    rim_max_stale: Duration,
+
+    /// Interval between background refresh sweeps renewing cache entries past
+    /// half their lifetime. 0 disables background refresh.
+    #[arg(long, env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_REFRESH_INTERVAL", default_value = "10m", value_parser = parse_duration)]
+    refresh_interval: Duration,
+
+    /// Maximum persistent entries in each of the OCSP and RIM caches.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        env = "NVIDIA_ATTEST_PROXY_MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES_PER_KIND",
+        default_value_t = 10_000
+    )]
+    max_cache_entries_per_kind: usize,
+}
+
+fn parse_duration(value: &str) -> Result<Duration, String> {
+    humantime::parse_duration(value).map_err(|error| error.to_string())
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(
+            EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info")),
+        )
+        .init();
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    dstack_nvidia_attest_proxy::run(ProxyConfig {
+        listen_addr: args.listen,
+        cache_dir: args.cache_dir,
+        ocsp_url: args.ocsp_url,
+        rim_url: args.rim_url,
+        service_key: args.service_key,
+        request_timeout: args.request_timeout,
+        connect_timeout: args.connect_timeout,
+        ocsp_max_ttl: args.ocsp_max_ttl,
+        ocsp_default_ttl: args.ocsp_default_ttl,
+        ocsp_refresh_before: args.ocsp_refresh_before,
+        rim_ttl: args.rim_ttl,
+        rim_max_stale: args.rim_max_stale,
+        refresh_interval: args.refresh_interval,
+        max_cache_entries_per_kind: args.max_cache_entries_per_kind,
+    })
+    .await
+    .context("GPU attestation proxy failed")
+}
diff --git a/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/ocsp.rs b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/ocsp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5570498d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/nvidia-attest-proxy/src/ocsp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use chrono::{DateTime, NaiveDateTime};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ResponseValidity {
+    this_update: i64,
+    next_update: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct Tlv<'a> {
+    tag: u8,
+    value: &'a [u8],
+    raw: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+/// Derive a cache key from the request's CertID list, excluding the request
+/// extensions where the per-request OCSP nonce is encoded.
+pub(crate) fn request_cache_key(request: &[u8]) -> Result<String> {
+    let outer = parse_single(request, 0x30).context("invalid OCSPRequest")?;
+    let mut outer_fields = outer.value;
+    let tbs = take_expected(&mut outer_fields, 0x30).context("missing tbsRequest")?;
+
+    let mut tbs_fields = tbs.value;
+    while !tbs_fields.is_empty() {
+        let field = take_tlv(&mut tbs_fields)?;
+        match field.tag {
+            // version and requestorName
+            0xa0 | 0xa1 => continue,
+            // requestList is the first untagged SEQUENCE in TBSRequest.
+            0x30 => {
+                validate_request_list(field.value)?;
+                return Ok(hex::encode(Sha256::digest(field.raw)));
+            }
+            _ => bail!("unexpected field in OCSP tbsRequest"),
+        }
+    }
+    bail!("OCSP request has no requestList")
+}
+
+/// Calculate the deadline for a cache entry. The signed `nextUpdate` value is
+/// authoritative; `max_ttl_seconds` can only shorten it. NVIDIA's verifier
+/// treats a response without nextUpdate as valid for one hour from thisUpdate,
+/// so the proxy mirrors that behavior through `default_ttl_seconds`.
+pub(crate) fn response_cache_expiry(
+    response: &[u8],
+    now: i64,
+    max_ttl_seconds: u64,
+    default_ttl_seconds: u64,
+) -> Result<i64> {
+    let validity = response_validity(response)?;
+    let default_ttl =
+        i64::try_from(default_ttl_seconds).context("default OCSP TTL is too large")?;
+    let max_ttl = i64::try_from(max_ttl_seconds).context("maximum OCSP TTL is too large")?;
+    let mut expires_at = now.checked_add(max_ttl).context("OCSP TTL overflow")?;
+    for item in validity {
+        // Do not cache a response which claims to have been produced in the
+        // future. The guest performs the authoritative freshness check.
+        if item.this_update > now {
+            bail!("OCSP response thisUpdate is in the future");
+        }
+        let signed_expiry = item
+            .next_update
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| item.this_update.saturating_add(default_ttl));
+        expires_at = expires_at.min(signed_expiry);
+    }
+    if expires_at <= now {
+        bail!("OCSP response has expired");
+    }
+    Ok(expires_at)
+}
+
+fn validate_request_list(mut request_list: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    if request_list.is_empty() {
+        bail!("OCSP requestList is empty");
+    }
+    while !request_list.is_empty() {
+        let request = take_expected(&mut request_list, 0x30)?;
+        let mut fields = request.value;
+        take_expected(&mut fields, 0x30).context("OCSP Request has no CertID")?;
+        // A SingleRequest extension is allowed, but no other trailing fields.
+        if !fields.is_empty() {
+            take_expected(&mut fields, 0xa0)?;
+        }
+        if !fields.is_empty() {
+            bail!("unexpected field in OCSP Request");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn response_validity(response: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<ResponseValidity>> {
+    let outer = parse_single(response, 0x30).context("invalid OCSPResponse")?;
+    let mut fields = outer.value;
+    let status = take_expected(&mut fields, 0x0a).context("missing OCSP responseStatus")?;
+    if status.value != [0] {
+        bail!("OCSP response is not successful");
+    }
+    let response_bytes = take_expected(&mut fields, 0xa0).context("missing responseBytes")?;
+    let response_bytes = parse_single(response_bytes.value, 0x30)?;
+    let mut fields = response_bytes.value;
+    take_expected(&mut fields, 0x06).context("missing OCSP responseType")?;
+    let basic_der = take_expected(&mut fields, 0x04).context("missing BasicOCSPResponse")?;
+
+    let basic = parse_single(basic_der.value, 0x30).context("invalid BasicOCSPResponse")?;
+    let mut fields = basic.value;
+    let response_data = take_expected(&mut fields, 0x30).context("missing ResponseData")?;
+    let mut fields = response_data.value;
+
+    // Optional version.
+    if peek_tag(fields) == Some(0xa0) {
+        take_expected(&mut fields, 0xa0)?;
+    }
+    // responderID is CHOICE [1] Name / [2] KeyHash. It may be encoded as a
+    // primitive or constructed context-specific value.
+    let responder_id = take_tlv(&mut fields).context("missing responderID")?;
+    let responder_id_tag = responder_id.tag & 0x1f;
+    if responder_id.tag & 0xc0 != 0x80 || !matches!(responder_id_tag, 1 | 2) {
+        bail!("invalid OCSP responderID");
+    }
+    take_expected(&mut fields, 0x18).context("missing producedAt")?;
+    let responses = take_expected(&mut fields, 0x30).context("missing SingleResponses")?;
+
+    let mut single_responses = responses.value;
+    let mut validity = Vec::new();
+    while !single_responses.is_empty() {
+        let single = take_expected(&mut single_responses, 0x30)?;
+        let mut fields = single.value;
+        take_expected(&mut fields, 0x30).context("SingleResponse has no CertID")?;
+        let cert_status = take_tlv(&mut fields).context("SingleResponse has no certStatus")?;
+        if cert_status.tag & 0xc0 != 0x80 {
+            bail!("invalid OCSP certStatus");
+        }
+        let this_update = take_expected(&mut fields, 0x18).context("missing thisUpdate")?;
+        let this_update = parse_generalized_time(this_update.value)?;
+        let next_update = if peek_tag(fields) == Some(0xa0) {
+            let explicit = take_expected(&mut fields, 0xa0)?;
+            let value = parse_single(explicit.value, 0x18).context("invalid nextUpdate")?;
+            Some(parse_generalized_time(value.value)?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        // singleExtensions may follow nextUpdate.
+        if !fields.is_empty() {
+            take_expected(&mut fields, 0xa1)?;
+        }
+        if !fields.is_empty() {
+            bail!("unexpected field in SingleResponse");
+        }
+        validity.push(ResponseValidity {
+            this_update,
+            next_update,
+        });
+    }
+    if validity.is_empty() {
+        bail!("OCSP response has no SingleResponse")
+    }
+    Ok(validity)
+}
+
+fn parse_generalized_time(value: &[u8]) -> Result<i64> {
+    let value = std::str::from_utf8(value).context("GeneralizedTime is not ASCII")?;
+    for format in ["%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ", "%Y%m%d%H%M%S%.fZ"] {
+        if let Ok(time) = NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str(value, format) {
+            return Ok(time.and_utc().timestamp());
+        }
+    }
+    for format in ["%Y%m%d%H%M%S%z", "%Y%m%d%H%M%S%.f%z"] {
+        if let Ok(time) = DateTime::parse_from_str(value, format) {
+            return Ok(time.timestamp());
+        }
+    }
+    bail!("unsupported GeneralizedTime: {value}")
+}
+
+fn parse_single(input: &[u8], expected_tag: u8) -> Result<Tlv<'_>> {
+    let mut input_ref = input;
+    let tlv = take_expected(&mut input_ref, expected_tag)?;
+    if !input_ref.is_empty() {
+        bail!("trailing DER data");
+    }
+    Ok(tlv)
+}
+
+fn peek_tag(input: &[u8]) -> Option<u8> {
+    input.first().copied()
+}
+
+fn take_expected<'a>(input: &mut &'a [u8], expected_tag: u8) -> Result<Tlv<'a>> {
+    let tlv = take_tlv(input)?;
+    if tlv.tag != expected_tag {
+        bail!(
+            "unexpected DER tag: expected {expected_tag:#04x}, got {:#04x}",
+            tlv.tag
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(tlv)
+}
+
+fn take_tlv<'a>(input: &mut &'a [u8]) -> Result<Tlv<'a>> {
+    let original = *input;
+    if original.len() < 2 {
+        bail!("truncated DER value");
+    }
+    let tag = original[0];
+    if tag & 0x1f == 0x1f {
+        bail!("high-tag-number DER values are unsupported");
+    }
+    let first_len = original[1];
+    let (header_len, value_len) = if first_len & 0x80 == 0 {
+        (2usize, usize::from(first_len))
+    } else {
+        let count = usize::from(first_len & 0x7f);
+        if count == 0 || count > std::mem::size_of::<usize>() || original.len() < 2 + count {
+            bail!("invalid DER length");
+        }
+        if original[2] == 0 {
+            bail!("non-canonical DER length");
+        }
+        let mut value_len = 0usize;
+        for byte in &original[2..2 + count] {
+            value_len = value_len
+                .checked_mul(256)
+                .and_then(|value| value.checked_add(usize::from(*byte)))
+                .context("DER length overflow")?;
+        }
+        if value_len < 128 {
+            bail!("non-canonical DER length");
+        }
+        (2 + count, value_len)
+    };
+    let total_len = header_len
+        .checked_add(value_len)
+        .context("DER value length overflow")?;
+    if original.len() < total_len {
+        bail!("truncated DER value");
+    }
+    let raw = &original[..total_len];
+    let value = &raw[header_len..];
+    *input = &original[total_len..];
+    Ok(Tlv { tag, value, raw })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn der(tag: u8, value: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut result = vec![tag];
+        if value.len() < 128 {
+            result.push(value.len() as u8);
+        } else {
+            let bytes = value.len().to_be_bytes();
+            let first = bytes.iter().position(|byte| *byte != 0).unwrap();
+            result.push(0x80 | (bytes.len() - first) as u8);
+            result.extend_from_slice(&bytes[first..]);
+        }
+        result.extend_from_slice(value);
+        result
+    }
+
+    fn sequence(parts: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        der(0x30, &parts.concat())
+    }
+
+    fn request(nonce: u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let algorithm = sequence(&[der(0x06, &[0x2b, 0x0e, 0x03, 0x02, 0x1a])]);
+        let cert_id = sequence(&[
+            algorithm,
+            der(0x04, &[1; 20]),
+            der(0x04, &[2; 20]),
+            der(0x02, &[3]),
+        ]);
+        let request = sequence(&[cert_id]);
+        let list = sequence(&[request]);
+        // The exact extension contents do not matter to the cache key. They
+        // model requestExtensions [2], where the OCSP nonce lives.
+        let extensions = der(0xa2, &sequence(&[der(0x04, &[nonce; 16])]));
+        sequence(&[sequence(&[list, extensions])])
+    }
+
+    fn response(this_update: &str, next_update: Option<&str>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let cert_id = sequence(&[der(0x02, &[1])]);
+        let mut single = vec![cert_id, der(0x80, &[]), der(0x18, this_update.as_bytes())];
+        if let Some(next_update) = next_update {
+            single.push(der(0xa0, &der(0x18, next_update.as_bytes())));
+        }
+        let responses = sequence(&[sequence(&single)]);
+        let response_data = sequence(&[
+            der(0x82, &[7; 20]),
+            der(0x18, b"20260716120000Z"),
+            responses,
+        ]);
+        let basic = sequence(&[
+            response_data,
+            sequence(&[der(0x06, &[0x2a, 0x03])]),
+            der(0x03, &[0]),
+        ]);
+        let response_bytes = sequence(&[
+            der(
+                0x06,
+                &[0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x07, 0x30, 0x01, 0x01],
+            ),
+            der(0x04, &basic),
+        ]);
+        sequence(&[der(0x0a, &[0]), der(0xa0, &response_bytes)])
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cache_key_ignores_ocsp_nonce() {
+        let nonce = std::process::id() as u8;
+        assert_eq!(
+            request_cache_key(&request(nonce)).unwrap(),
+            request_cache_key(&request(nonce.wrapping_add(1))).unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cache_key_rejects_malformed_requests() {
+        assert!(request_cache_key(&[0x30, 0x01, 0]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expiry_honors_next_update_and_max_ttl() {
+        let now = 1_784_202_600; // 2026-07-16T11:50:00Z
+        let response = response("20260716114500Z", Some("20260716123000Z"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            response_cache_expiry(&response, now, 86_400, 3_600).unwrap(),
+            1_784_205_000
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            response_cache_expiry(&response, now, 600, 3_600).unwrap(),
+            now + 600
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expiry_without_next_update_uses_default_ttl() {
+        let now = 1_784_202_600;
+        let response = response("20260716114500Z", None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            response_cache_expiry(&response, now, 86_400, 3_600).unwrap(),
+            1_784_205_900
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn expired_response_is_not_cacheable() {
+        let response = response("20260716100000Z", Some("20260716110000Z"));
+        assert!(response_cache_expiry(&response, 1_784_202_600, 86_400, 3_600).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/python/.gitignore b/dstack/python/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from python/.gitignore
rename to dstack/python/.gitignore
diff --git a/dstack/python/ct_monitor/ct_monitor.py b/dstack/python/ct_monitor/ct_monitor.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cc37913c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/python/ct_monitor/ct_monitor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Monitor certificate transparency logs for a given domain."""
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+import time
+
+import requests
+from cryptography import x509
+from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+
+BASE_URL = "https://crt.sh"
+
+
+class PoisonedLog(Exception):
+    """Indicate a poisoned certificate transparency log entry."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Monitor:
+    """Monitor certificate transparency logs for a domain."""
+
+    def __init__(self, domain: str):
+        """Initialize the monitor with a validated domain."""
+        if not self.validate_domain(domain):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid domain name")
+        self.domain = domain
+        self.last_checked = None
+
+    def get_logs(self, count: int = 100):
+        """Fetch recent certificate transparency log entries."""
+        url = f"{BASE_URL}/?q={self.domain}&output=json&limit={count}"
+        response = requests.get(url)
+        return response.json()
+
+    def check_one_log(self, log: object):
+        """Fetch and inspect a single certificate log entry."""
+        log_id = log["id"]
+        cert_url = f"{BASE_URL}/?d={log_id}"
+        cert_data = requests.get(cert_url).text
+        # Extract PEM-encoded certificate
+        import re
+
+        pem_match = re.search(
+            r"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----.*?-----END CERTIFICATE-----",
+            cert_data,
+            re.DOTALL,
+        )
+        if pem_match:
+            pem_cert = pem_match.group(0)
+
+            # Parse PEM certificate
+            cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(pem_cert.encode(), default_backend())
+            # Extract the public key
+            public_key = cert.public_key()
+            pem_public_key = public_key.public_bytes(
+                encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
+                format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
+            )
+            print("Public Key:")
+            print(pem_public_key.hex())
+            # Extract and print the issuer
+            print("Issuer:")
+            for attr in cert.issuer:
+                oid = attr.oid
+                if oid._name is not None:
+                    name = oid._name
+                    print(f"  {name}: {attr.value}")
+                else:
+                    print(f"  {oid.dotted_string}: {attr.value}")
+        else:
+            print("No valid certificate found in the response.")
+
+    def check_new_logs(self):
+        """Check for new log entries since the last check."""
+        logs = self.get_logs(count=10000)
+        print("num logs", len(logs))
+        for log in logs:
+            print(f"log id={log['id']}")
+            if log["id"] <= (self.last_checked or 0):
+                break
+            self.check_one_log(log)
+            print("next")
+        if len(logs) > 0:
+            self.last_checked = logs[0]["id"]
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Run the monitor loop indefinitely."""
+        print(f"Monitoring {self.domain}...")
+        while True:
+            try:
+                self.check_new_logs()
+            except PoisonedLog as err:
+                print(err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return
+            except Exception as err:
+                print(err, file=sys.stderr)
+            time.sleep(60)  # Sleep for 1 minute (60 seconds)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_domain(domain: str):
+        """Validate that the given string is a well-formed DNS domain name."""
+        import re
+
+        # Regular expression for validating domain names
+        domain_regex = re.compile(
+            r"^(?:[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}$"
+        )
+
+        if not domain_regex.match(domain):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid domain name")
+
+        return True
+
+
+def main():
+    """Parse arguments and start the certificate transparency monitor."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Monitor certificate transparency logs"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-d", "--domain", help="The domain to monitor")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    monitor = Monitor(args.domain)
+    monitor.run()
diff --git a/dstack/python/ct_monitor/pyproject.toml b/dstack/python/ct_monitor/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c201bec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/python/ct_monitor/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[project]
+name = "ct_monitor"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+    "requests",
+    "cryptography",
+]
+
+[project.scripts]
+ct_monitor = "ct_monitor:main"
diff --git a/dstack/ra-rpc/Cargo.toml b/dstack/ra-rpc/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fa6a67a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-rpc/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "ra-rpc"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+prpc.workspace = true
+rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["mtls"], optional = true }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+reqwest = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["rustls", "charset"], optional = true }
+
+ra-tls.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+rocket-vsock-listener = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+serde.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+prost-types = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+or-panic.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = ["rocket", "client"]
+rocket = ["dep:rocket", "dep:rocket-vsock-listener"]
+client = ["reqwest"]
+openapi = ["dep:prost-types"]
diff --git a/dstack/ra-rpc/prpc-openapi.md b/dstack/ra-rpc/prpc-openapi.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e2346570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-rpc/prpc-openapi.md
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Generating OpenAPI docs for pRPC services
+
+This repository now ships a lightweight OpenAPI generator inside `ra-rpc`. It can
+derive a specification (plus a Swagger UI test page) directly from the protobuf
+descriptors that are already produced during the `prpc_build` step.
+
+## 1. Enable the feature
+
+Add the `openapi` feature when depending on `ra-rpc`:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+ra-rpc = { path = "../ra-rpc", features = ["openapi", "rocket"] }
+```
+
+The `rocket` feature is optional if you only need the JSON document and plan to
+serve it through another framework.
+
+## 2. Export the descriptor from your `*-rpc` crate
+
+Every RPC crate already has access to `file_descriptor_set.bin`. Expose it so
+that application binaries can include it:
+
+```rust
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+```
+
+This repository now does that for all existing RPC crates.
+
+## 3. Build and mount the document
+
+```rust
+use ra_rpc::openapi::{
+    build_openapi_doc, DescriptorSource, DocumentInfo, ServiceConfig, SwaggerUiConfig,
+};
+
+fn openapi_doc() -> anyhow::Result<ra_rpc::openapi::OpenApiDoc> {
+    let descriptor = dstack_guest_agent_rpc::FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+    let sources = vec![DescriptorSource::new(
+        descriptor,
+        vec![
+            // Mounts /prpc/Worker.Version (prefix is optional when you don't trim).
+            ServiceConfig::new("Worker", "/prpc").with_method_prefix("Worker."),
+        ],
+    )];
+
+    let info = DocumentInfo::new("Guest Worker API", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
+        .with_description("Auto generated from protobuf descriptors")
+        .add_server("https://example.com/prpc");
+
+    let ui = SwaggerUiConfig {
+        title: "Guest Worker RPC".into(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    build_openapi_doc(&sources, &info, ui)
+}
+```
+
+Serving it through Rocket is one line:
+
+```rust
+let openapi = openapi_doc()?;
+let rocket = ra_rpc::rocket_helper::mount_openapi_docs(rocket, openapi, "/rpc-docs");
+```
+
+* `GET /rpc-docs/openapi.json` returns the specification.
+* `GET /rpc-docs/docs` serves a Swagger UI page backed by the same spec.
+
+You can mount as many descriptor sources as you need (for example when the same
+binary exposes both admin and user RPC stacks). Just add more `DescriptorSource`
+entries that point to the relevant `FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET` constants.
diff --git a/dstack/ra-rpc/src/client.rs b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38b2124eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use prpc::{
+    client::{Error, RequestClient},
+    Message,
+};
+use ra_tls::{
+    attestation::{AttestationVerifier, VerifiedAttestation},
+    traits::CertExt,
+};
+use reqwest::{tls::TlsInfo, Certificate, Client, Identity, Response};
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
+
+use bon::Builder;
+
+pub struct CertInfo {
+    pub cert_der: Vec<u8>,
+    pub attestation: Option<VerifiedAttestation>,
+    pub special_usage: Option<String>,
+    pub app_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+type CertValidator = Box<dyn Fn(Option<CertInfo>) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static>;
+
+#[derive(Builder)]
+pub struct RaClientConfig {
+    remote_uri: String,
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    tls_no_check: bool,
+    #[builder(default = true)]
+    verify_server_attestation: bool,
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    tls_no_check_hostname: bool,
+    tls_client_cert: Option<String>,
+    tls_client_key: Option<String>,
+    tls_ca_cert: Option<String>,
+    #[builder(default = true)]
+    tls_built_in_root_certs: bool,
+    attestation_verifier: Option<Arc<AttestationVerifier>>,
+    cert_validator: Option<CertValidator>,
+}
+
+impl RaClientConfig {
+    pub fn into_client(self) -> Result<RaClient> {
+        let mut builder = Client::builder()
+            .tls_sni(true)
+            .danger_accept_invalid_certs(self.tls_no_check)
+            .danger_accept_invalid_hostnames(self.tls_no_check_hostname)
+            .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
+            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(60));
+        if self.cert_validator.is_some() {
+            builder = builder.tls_info(true);
+        }
+        if let (Some(cert_pem), Some(key_pem)) = (self.tls_client_cert, self.tls_client_key) {
+            let identity_pem = format!("{cert_pem}\n{key_pem}");
+            let identity =
+                Identity::from_pem(identity_pem.as_bytes()).context("Failed to parse identity")?;
+            builder = builder.identity(identity);
+        }
+        // reqwest 0.13 replaced tls_built_in_root_certs / add_root_certificate with
+        // tls_certs_merge (keep platform roots) and tls_certs_only (custom roots only).
+        // Hostname-check bypass also requires tls_certs_only on the rustls backend.
+        let ca_cert = self
+            .tls_ca_cert
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(|ca| Certificate::from_pem(ca.as_bytes()).context("Failed to parse CA"))
+            .transpose()?;
+        if self.tls_built_in_root_certs && !self.tls_no_check_hostname {
+            if let Some(ca) = ca_cert {
+                builder = builder.tls_certs_merge([ca]);
+            }
+        } else {
+            builder = builder.tls_certs_only(ca_cert);
+        }
+        let client = builder.build().context("failed to create client")?;
+        let attestation_verifier = self
+            .attestation_verifier
+            .map(Ok)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| AttestationVerifier::new_prod(None).map(Arc::new))?;
+        Ok(RaClient {
+            remote_uri: self.remote_uri,
+            attestation_verifier,
+            client,
+            cert_validator: self.cert_validator,
+            verify_server_attestation: self.verify_server_attestation,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RaClient {
+    remote_uri: String,
+    attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+    client: Client,
+    cert_validator: Option<CertValidator>,
+    verify_server_attestation: bool,
+}
+
+impl RaClient {
+    pub fn new(remote_uri: String, tls_no_check: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+        RaClientConfig::builder()
+            .tls_no_check(tls_no_check)
+            .remote_uri(remote_uri)
+            .build()
+            .into_client()
+            .context("failed to create client")
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_mtls(
+        remote_uri: String,
+        cert_pem: String,
+        key_pem: String,
+        attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        RaClientConfig::builder()
+            .tls_no_check(true)
+            .tls_built_in_root_certs(false)
+            .remote_uri(remote_uri)
+            .tls_client_cert(cert_pem)
+            .tls_client_key(key_pem)
+            .attestation_verifier(attestation_verifier)
+            .build()
+            .into_client()
+            .context("failed to create client")
+    }
+
+    async fn try_validate_attestation(&self, response: &Response) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(validator) = &self.cert_validator else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+
+        let Some(tls_info) = response.extensions().get::<TlsInfo>() else {
+            bail!("No TLS info in response");
+        };
+        let Some(cert) = tls_info.peer_certificate() else {
+            return validator(None);
+        };
+        let cert_der = cert.to_vec();
+        let (_, cert) =
+            x509_parser::parse_x509_certificate(cert).context("Failed to parse certificate")?;
+        let special_usage = cert
+            .get_special_usage()
+            .context("Failed to get special usage")?;
+        let app_id = cert.get_app_id().context("Failed to get app id")?;
+        let attestation = if !self.verify_server_attestation {
+            None
+        } else {
+            match ra_tls::attestation::from_cert(&cert).context("Failed to parse attestation")? {
+                None => None,
+                Some(attestation) => {
+                    let verified_attestation = attestation
+                        .into_v1()
+                        .verify_with_ra_pubkey(cert.public_key().raw, &self.attestation_verifier)
+                        .await
+                        .context(
+                            "failed to verify the attestation report presented by the server",
+                        )?;
+                    Some(verified_attestation)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let cert_info = CertInfo {
+            cert_der,
+            attestation,
+            special_usage,
+            app_id,
+        };
+        validator(Some(cert_info))
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize_json_response_body(body: &[u8]) -> &[u8] {
+    if body.is_empty() {
+        b"null"
+    } else {
+        body
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod response_tests {
+    use super::normalize_json_response_body;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_json_response_decodes_as_unit() {
+        let value: () = serde_json::from_slice(normalize_json_response_body(b""))
+            .expect("empty response should decode as unit");
+        assert_eq!(value, ());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_empty_json_response_is_unchanged() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_json_response_body(br#"{"value":1}"#),
+            br#"{"value":1}"#
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl RequestClient for RaClient {
+    async fn request<T, R>(&self, path: &str, body: T) -> Result<R, Error>
+    where
+        T: Message + Serialize,
+        R: Message + DeserializeOwned,
+    {
+        let body = serde_json::to_vec(&body).context("Failed to serialize body")?;
+        let url = format!("{}/{}?json", self.remote_uri, path);
+        let response = self
+            .client
+            .post(url)
+            .body(body)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to send request")?;
+
+        // Name the direction explicitly: this validates the *server's* attestation,
+        // not the client's own quote. Without it the error chain reads as if the
+        // remote end rejected us.
+        self.try_validate_attestation(&response)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to validate the server attestation of {}",
+                    self.remote_uri
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        let status = response.status();
+        if !status.is_success() {
+            let body = response.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+            bail!("Request failed with status={status}, error={body}");
+        }
+        let body = response
+            .bytes()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to read response")?
+            .to_vec();
+        let response = serde_json::from_slice(normalize_json_response_body(&body))
+            .context("Failed to deserialize response")?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-rpc/src/lib.rs b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf1e22080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{fmt::Display, net::SocketAddr, path::PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use prpc::{codec::encode_message_to_vec, server::Service as PrpcService};
+use ra_tls::attestation::AppInfo;
+use tracing::{error, info};
+
+pub use ra_tls::attestation::{Attestation, VerifiedAttestation};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rocket")]
+pub mod rocket_helper;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "client")]
+pub mod client;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "openapi")]
+pub mod openapi;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct UnixPeerCred {
+    /// Peer process ID (platform-independent representation)
+    pub pid: u64,
+    /// Peer user ID
+    pub uid: u64,
+    /// Peer group ID
+    pub gid: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum RemoteEndpoint {
+    Tcp(SocketAddr),
+    Quic(SocketAddr),
+    /// Unix domain socket endpoint.
+    ///
+    /// When available, `peer` can carry SO_PEERCRED (pid/uid/gid) of the caller.
+    Unix {
+        path: PathBuf,
+        peer: Option<UnixPeerCred>,
+    },
+    Vsock {
+        cid: u32,
+        port: u32,
+    },
+    Other(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, bon::Builder)]
+pub struct CallContext<'a, State> {
+    pub state: &'a State,
+    pub attestation: Option<VerifiedAttestation>,
+    pub remote_endpoint: Option<RemoteEndpoint>,
+    pub remote_app_id: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub remote_app_info: Option<AppInfo>,
+}
+
+pub trait RpcCall<State>: Sized {
+    type PrpcService: PrpcService + From<Self> + Send + 'static;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, State>) -> Result<Self>;
+
+    async fn call(
+        self,
+        method: String,
+        payload: Vec<u8>,
+        is_json: bool,
+        is_query: bool,
+    ) -> (u16, Vec<u8>) {
+        dispatch_prpc(
+            method,
+            payload,
+            is_json,
+            is_query,
+            <Self::PrpcService as From<Self>>::from(self),
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+}
+
+async fn dispatch_prpc(
+    path: String,
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+    json: bool,
+    query: bool,
+    server: impl PrpcService + Send + 'static,
+) -> (u16, Vec<u8>) {
+    info!("dispatching request: {path}");
+    let result = server.dispatch_request(&path, data, json, query).await;
+    let (code, data) = match result {
+        Ok(data) => (200, data),
+        Err(err) => {
+            error!("rpc error: {err:?}");
+            (400, encode_error(json, &err))
+        }
+    };
+    (code, data)
+}
+
+pub fn encode_error(json: bool, error: &impl Display) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let error = format!("{error:#}");
+    if json {
+        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&serde_json::json!({ "error": error }))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| r#"{"error": "failed to encode the error"}"#.to_string())
+            .into_bytes()
+    } else {
+        encode_message_to_vec(&::prpc::server::ProtoError::new(error))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-rpc/src/openapi.rs b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/openapi.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7eb0a0e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/openapi.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1142 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Utilities to derive OpenAPI documents for pRPC services from their compiled
+//! protobuf descriptors. The resulting spec can be served directly or embedded
+//! inside a Swagger UI helper.
+
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap},
+    convert::TryFrom,
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use prost_types::{
+    field_descriptor_proto::{Label as FieldLabel, Type as FieldType},
+    DescriptorProto, EnumDescriptorProto, FieldDescriptorProto, FileDescriptorSet,
+    ServiceDescriptorProto, SourceCodeInfo,
+};
+use prpc::Message as _;
+use serde_json::{json, Map, Value};
+
+/// High level metadata used for the `info` and `servers` sections of the
+/// generated OpenAPI specification.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DocumentInfo<'a> {
+    pub title: Cow<'a, str>,
+    pub version: Cow<'a, str>,
+    pub description: Option<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    pub servers: Vec<Cow<'a, str>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DocumentInfo<'a> {
+    pub fn new(title: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>, version: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            title: title.into(),
+            version: version.into(),
+            description: None,
+            servers: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_description(mut self, description: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        self.description = Some(description.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_server(mut self, server: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        self.servers.push(server.into());
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Configuration describing how a pRPC service should be exposed over HTTP.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ServiceConfig<'a> {
+    pub name: Cow<'a, str>,
+    pub mount_path: Cow<'a, str>,
+    pub method_prefix: Cow<'a, str>,
+    pub tag: Option<Cow<'a, str>>,
+    pub description: Option<Cow<'a, str>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ServiceConfig<'a> {
+    pub fn new(name: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>, mount_path: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: name.into(),
+            mount_path: mount_path.into(),
+            method_prefix: Cow::Borrowed(""),
+            tag: None,
+            description: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_method_prefix(mut self, prefix: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        self.method_prefix = prefix.into();
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_tag(mut self, tag: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        self.tag = Some(tag.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_description(mut self, description: impl Into<Cow<'a, str>>) -> Self {
+        self.description = Some(description.into());
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Descriptor blob plus the set of services that should be surfaced from it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DescriptorSource<'a> {
+    pub descriptor: &'a [u8],
+    pub services: Vec<ServiceConfig<'a>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DescriptorSource<'a> {
+    pub fn new(descriptor: &'a [u8], services: Vec<ServiceConfig<'a>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            descriptor,
+            services,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Combined OpenAPI document + UI preferences.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct OpenApiDoc {
+    spec: Arc<String>,
+    ui: SwaggerUiConfig,
+}
+
+impl OpenApiDoc {
+    pub fn new(spec_json: String, ui: SwaggerUiConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            spec: Arc::new(spec_json),
+            ui,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn spec_json(&self) -> &str {
+        self.spec.as_str()
+    }
+
+    pub fn clone_spec_json(&self) -> String {
+        (*self.spec).clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn render(&self, spec_url: &str) -> RenderedDoc {
+        let html = build_swagger_ui_html(spec_url, &self.ui);
+        RenderedDoc {
+            spec: self.spec.clone(),
+            ui_html: html,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct SourceCodeComments {
+    entries: HashMap<Vec<i32>, String>,
+}
+
+impl SourceCodeComments {
+    fn from_source_info(info: Option<SourceCodeInfo>) -> Self {
+        let mut entries = HashMap::new();
+        if let Some(info) = info {
+            for location in info.location {
+                if let Some(comment) = comment_from_location(&location) {
+                    entries.insert(location.path, comment);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Self { entries }
+    }
+
+    fn comment_for(&self, path: &[i32]) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.entries.get(path).map(String::as_str)
+    }
+}
+
+fn comment_from_location(location: &prost_types::source_code_info::Location) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Some(text) = location.leading_comments.as_deref() {
+        return normalize_comment(text);
+    }
+
+    let mut detached = Vec::new();
+    for comment in &location.leading_detached_comments {
+        if let Some(normalized) = normalize_comment(comment) {
+            detached.push(normalized);
+        }
+    }
+    if !detached.is_empty() {
+        return Some(detached.join("\n\n"));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(text) = location.trailing_comments.as_deref() {
+        return normalize_comment(text);
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+fn normalize_comment(raw: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let trimmed = raw.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(trimmed.replace("\r\n", "\n"))
+    }
+}
+
+fn extend_path(base: &[i32], field_number: i32, index: i32) -> Vec<i32> {
+    let mut path = base.to_vec();
+    path.push(field_number);
+    path.push(index);
+    path
+}
+
+/// Final resources consumed by the Rocket helper.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct RenderedDoc {
+    pub spec: Arc<String>,
+    pub ui_html: String,
+}
+
+/// Customisation knobs for the embedded Swagger UI page.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct SwaggerUiConfig {
+    pub title: String,
+    pub dark_mode: bool,
+    pub swagger_ui_dist: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for SwaggerUiConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            title: "pRPC Explorer".to_string(),
+            dark_mode: true,
+            swagger_ui_dist: "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@5".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds an OpenAPI specification for the provided descriptor sources.
+pub fn generate_document(
+    sources: &[DescriptorSource<'_>],
+    info: &DocumentInfo<'_>,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    if sources.is_empty() {
+        bail!("at least one descriptor source is required");
+    }
+
+    let mut registry = DescriptorRegistry::default();
+    for (source_id, source) in sources.iter().enumerate() {
+        let descriptor_set = FileDescriptorSet::decode(source.descriptor)
+            .context("failed to decode descriptor set")?;
+        registry.ingest(descriptor_set, source_id);
+    }
+
+    let mut schema_builder = SchemaBuilder::new(&registry);
+    let mut paths = BTreeMap::<String, Value>::new();
+
+    for (source_id, source) in sources.iter().enumerate() {
+        for svc_cfg in &source.services {
+            let service = registry
+                .resolve_service(source_id, svc_cfg.name.as_ref())
+                .with_context(|| format!("service {} not found in descriptor", svc_cfg.name))?;
+
+            for method in &service.methods {
+                if method.client_streaming || method.server_streaming {
+                    bail!(
+                        "streaming method {}.{} is not supported by the HTTP bridge",
+                        service.full_name,
+                        method.name
+                    );
+                }
+
+                let base = normalize_mount_path(svc_cfg.mount_path.as_ref());
+                let method_segment = format!("{}{}", svc_cfg.method_prefix, method.name);
+                let path = join_path(&base, &method_segment);
+                let post_operation =
+                    build_operation(service, method, svc_cfg, &mut schema_builder)?;
+
+                let mut op_map = Map::new();
+                op_map.insert("post".to_string(), post_operation);
+                paths.insert(path, Value::Object(op_map));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if paths.is_empty() {
+        bail!("no RPC methods were registered for OpenAPI export");
+    }
+
+    let mut schemas = schema_builder.finish();
+    schemas.insert("RpcError".to_string(), rpc_error_schema());
+
+    let mut doc = Map::new();
+    doc.insert("openapi".into(), Value::String("3.1.0".into()));
+
+    let mut info_obj = Map::new();
+    info_obj.insert("title".into(), Value::String(info.title.to_string()));
+    info_obj.insert("version".into(), Value::String(info.version.to_string()));
+    if let Some(description) = &info.description {
+        info_obj.insert("description".into(), Value::String(description.to_string()));
+    }
+    doc.insert("info".into(), Value::Object(info_obj));
+
+    if !info.servers.is_empty() {
+        let mut servers = Vec::new();
+        for server in &info.servers {
+            let mut server_obj = Map::new();
+            server_obj.insert("url".into(), Value::String(server.to_string()));
+            servers.push(Value::Object(server_obj));
+        }
+        doc.insert("servers".into(), Value::Array(servers));
+    }
+
+    let mut components = Map::new();
+    components.insert("schemas".into(), Value::Object(schemas));
+
+    doc.insert("paths".into(), map_to_value(paths));
+    doc.insert("components".into(), Value::Object(components));
+
+    serde_json::to_string_pretty(&Value::Object(doc)).context("failed to serialize OpenAPI spec")
+}
+
+/// Convenience helper that returns a ready-to-serve [`OpenApiDoc`].
+pub fn build_openapi_doc(
+    sources: &[DescriptorSource<'_>],
+    info: &DocumentInfo<'_>,
+    ui: SwaggerUiConfig,
+) -> Result<OpenApiDoc> {
+    let spec = generate_document(sources, info)?;
+    Ok(OpenApiDoc::new(spec, ui))
+}
+
+fn build_operation(
+    service: &ServiceInfo,
+    method: &MethodInfo,
+    svc_cfg: &ServiceConfig<'_>,
+    schema_builder: &mut SchemaBuilder<'_>,
+) -> Result<Value> {
+    let mut operation = Map::new();
+    let tag = svc_cfg
+        .tag
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|t| t.to_string())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| service.full_name.clone());
+    operation.insert("tags".into(), Value::Array(vec![Value::String(tag)]));
+    operation.insert(
+        "operationId".into(),
+        Value::String(format!(
+            "{}_{}",
+            service.full_name.replace('.', "_"),
+            method.name
+        )),
+    );
+    let summary = method
+        .description
+        .as_deref()
+        .and_then(|doc| doc.lines().find(|line| !line.trim().is_empty()))
+        .map(|line| line.trim().to_string())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| method.name.clone());
+    operation.insert("summary".into(), Value::String(summary));
+
+    let mut description_parts = Vec::new();
+    if let Some(doc) = method.description.as_deref() {
+        let trimmed = doc.trim();
+        if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+            description_parts.push(trimmed.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    let mut base = format!(
+        "pRPC method `{}` on service `{}`.",
+        method.name, service.full_name
+    );
+    if let Some(extra) = svc_cfg
+        .description
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|c| c.as_ref())
+        .or(service.description.as_deref())
+    {
+        base.push_str("\n\n");
+        base.push_str(extra);
+    }
+    description_parts.push(base);
+    let description = description_parts.join("\n\n");
+    operation.insert("description".into(), Value::String(description));
+
+    if !is_empty_type(&method.input_type) {
+        let schema = schema_builder.schema_ref(&method.input_type)?;
+        let request = json!({
+            "required": true,
+            "content": {
+                "application/json": {
+                    "schema": schema
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        operation.insert("requestBody".into(), request);
+    }
+
+    let success_schema = if is_empty_type(&method.output_type) {
+        json!({ "type": "object" })
+    } else {
+        schema_builder.schema_ref(&method.output_type)?
+    };
+
+    let mut responses = Map::new();
+    responses.insert(
+        "200".into(),
+        json!({
+            "description": "Successful response",
+            "content": {
+                "application/json": {
+                    "schema": success_schema
+                }
+            }
+        }),
+    );
+    responses.insert(
+        "400".into(),
+        json!({
+            "description": "RPC error",
+            "content": {
+                "application/json": {
+                    "schema": { "$ref": "#/components/schemas/RpcError" }
+                }
+            }
+        }),
+    );
+    operation.insert("responses".into(), Value::Object(responses));
+
+    Ok(Value::Object(operation))
+}
+
+fn rpc_error_schema() -> Value {
+    json!({
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": {
+            "error": { "type": "string" }
+        },
+        "required": ["error"]
+    })
+}
+
+fn normalize_mount_path(path: &str) -> String {
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return "/".to_string();
+    }
+    let mut normalized = path.trim().to_string();
+    if !normalized.starts_with('/') {
+        normalized.insert(0, '/');
+    }
+    if normalized.len() > 1 && normalized.ends_with('/') {
+        normalized.pop();
+    }
+    if normalized.is_empty() {
+        "/".to_string()
+    } else {
+        normalized
+    }
+}
+
+fn join_path(base: &str, segment: &str) -> String {
+    if base == "/" {
+        format!("/{}", segment.trim_start_matches('/'))
+    } else {
+        format!(
+            "{}/{}",
+            base.trim_end_matches('/'),
+            segment.trim_start_matches('/')
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_to_value(map: BTreeMap<String, Value>) -> Value {
+    let mut json_map = Map::new();
+    for (k, v) in map {
+        json_map.insert(k, v);
+    }
+    Value::Object(json_map)
+}
+
+fn is_empty_type(type_name: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        type_name,
+        ".google.protobuf.Empty" | "google.protobuf.Empty" | ""
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct DescriptorRegistry {
+    messages: HashMap<String, MessageInfo>,
+    enums: HashMap<String, EnumInfo>,
+    services: Vec<ServiceInfo>,
+    service_by_full_name: HashMap<String, usize>,
+    service_by_simple_name: HashMap<String, Vec<usize>>,
+}
+
+impl DescriptorRegistry {
+    fn ingest(&mut self, set: FileDescriptorSet, source_id: usize) {
+        for file in set.file {
+            let package = file.package.unwrap_or_default();
+            let comments = SourceCodeComments::from_source_info(file.source_code_info.clone());
+            for (idx, message) in file.message_type.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let path = vec![4, idx as i32];
+                self.register_message(&package, &[], message, &path, &comments);
+            }
+            for (idx, enumeration) in file.enum_type.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let path = vec![5, idx as i32];
+                self.register_enum(&package, &[], enumeration, &path, &comments);
+            }
+            for (idx, service) in file.service.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let path = vec![6, idx as i32];
+                self.register_service(&package, service, source_id, &path, &comments);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn register_message(
+        &mut self,
+        package: &str,
+        parents: &[String],
+        descriptor: DescriptorProto,
+        descriptor_path: &[i32],
+        comments: &SourceCodeComments,
+    ) {
+        let name = descriptor.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut path = parents.to_owned();
+        path.push(name.clone());
+        let full_name = canonical_name(package, &path);
+        let is_map = descriptor
+            .options
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|opt| opt.map_entry)
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        let description = comments.comment_for(descriptor_path).map(|s| s.to_string());
+        let mut field_comments = HashMap::new();
+        for (idx, field) in descriptor.field.iter().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(field_name) = field.name.as_ref() {
+                let field_path = extend_path(descriptor_path, 2, idx as i32);
+                if let Some(comment) = comments.comment_for(&field_path) {
+                    field_comments.insert(field_name.clone(), comment.to_string());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let info = MessageInfo {
+            full_name: full_name.clone(),
+            descriptor: descriptor.clone(),
+            is_map_entry: is_map,
+            description,
+            field_comments,
+        };
+        self.messages.insert(full_name.clone(), info);
+
+        for (idx, nested) in descriptor.nested_type.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let nested_path = extend_path(descriptor_path, 3, idx as i32);
+            self.register_message(package, &path, nested, &nested_path, comments);
+        }
+        for (idx, enumeration) in descriptor.enum_type.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let enum_path = extend_path(descriptor_path, 4, idx as i32);
+            self.register_enum(package, &path, enumeration, &enum_path, comments);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn register_enum(
+        &mut self,
+        package: &str,
+        parents: &[String],
+        descriptor: EnumDescriptorProto,
+        descriptor_path: &[i32],
+        comments: &SourceCodeComments,
+    ) {
+        let name = descriptor.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut path = parents.to_owned();
+        path.push(name);
+        let full_name = canonical_name(package, &path);
+        let description = comments.comment_for(descriptor_path).map(|s| s.to_string());
+        let info = EnumInfo {
+            descriptor,
+            description,
+        };
+        self.enums.insert(full_name, info);
+    }
+
+    fn register_service(
+        &mut self,
+        package: &str,
+        descriptor: ServiceDescriptorProto,
+        source_id: usize,
+        descriptor_path: &[i32],
+        comments: &SourceCodeComments,
+    ) {
+        let simple_name = descriptor.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+        let full_name = qualified_service_name(package, &simple_name);
+        let methods = descriptor
+            .method
+            .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(idx, method)| {
+                let description = comments
+                    .comment_for(&extend_path(descriptor_path, 2, idx as i32))
+                    .map(|s| s.to_string());
+                MethodInfo {
+                    name: method.name.unwrap_or_default(),
+                    input_type: normalize_type_name(&method.input_type.unwrap_or_default()),
+                    output_type: normalize_type_name(&method.output_type.unwrap_or_default()),
+                    client_streaming: method.client_streaming.unwrap_or(false),
+                    server_streaming: method.server_streaming.unwrap_or(false),
+                    description,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let description = comments.comment_for(descriptor_path).map(|s| s.to_string());
+        let service = ServiceInfo {
+            full_name: full_name.clone(),
+            source_id,
+            description,
+            methods,
+        };
+        let idx = self.services.len();
+        self.services.push(service);
+        self.service_by_full_name.insert(full_name, idx);
+        self.service_by_simple_name
+            .entry(simple_name)
+            .or_default()
+            .push(idx);
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_service(&self, source_id: usize, query: &str) -> Result<&ServiceInfo> {
+        let normalized = query.trim_start_matches('.').to_string();
+        if let Some(&idx) = self.service_by_full_name.get(&normalized) {
+            let service = &self.services[idx];
+            if service.source_id == source_id {
+                return Ok(service);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let matches = self
+            .service_by_simple_name
+            .get(query)
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .filter_map(|idx| {
+                let service = &self.services[*idx];
+                (service.source_id == source_id).then_some(service)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        match matches.as_slice() {
+            [service] => Ok(service),
+            [] => bail!("service {} not found in descriptor {}", query, source_id),
+            _ => bail!(
+                "service name {} is ambiguous, please use the fully qualified name",
+                query
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn message(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&MessageInfo> {
+        self.messages.get(name)
+    }
+
+    fn enumeration(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&EnumInfo> {
+        self.enums.get(name)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct MessageInfo {
+    full_name: String,
+    descriptor: DescriptorProto,
+    is_map_entry: bool,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    field_comments: HashMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct EnumInfo {
+    descriptor: EnumDescriptorProto,
+    description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct ServiceInfo {
+    full_name: String,
+    source_id: usize,
+    description: Option<String>,
+    methods: Vec<MethodInfo>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct MethodInfo {
+    name: String,
+    input_type: String,
+    output_type: String,
+    client_streaming: bool,
+    server_streaming: bool,
+    description: Option<String>,
+}
+
+struct SchemaBuilder<'a> {
+    registry: &'a DescriptorRegistry,
+    generated: BTreeMap<String, Value>,
+    visited: BTreeSet<String>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SchemaBuilder<'a> {
+    fn new(registry: &'a DescriptorRegistry) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            registry,
+            generated: BTreeMap::new(),
+            visited: BTreeSet::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn schema_ref(&mut self, type_name: &str) -> Result<Value> {
+        let normalized = normalize_type_name(type_name);
+        if let Some(schema) = builtin_type_schema(&normalized) {
+            return Ok(schema);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(message) = self.registry.message(&normalized) {
+            if message.is_map_entry {
+                bail!(
+                    "map entry type {} cannot be referenced directly",
+                    normalized
+                );
+            }
+            self.ensure_message_generated(&normalized)?;
+            return Ok(json!({
+                "$ref": format!("#/components/schemas/{}", schema_key(&normalized))
+            }));
+        }
+
+        if self.registry.enumeration(&normalized).is_some() {
+            self.ensure_enum_generated(&normalized)?;
+            return Ok(json!({
+                "$ref": format!("#/components/schemas/{}", schema_key(&normalized))
+            }));
+        }
+
+        bail!("unknown type referenced in proto: {}", normalized);
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_message_generated(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.generated.contains_key(&schema_key(name)) {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if !self.visited.insert(name.to_string()) {
+            bail!("cyclic reference detected while processing {}", name);
+        }
+        let descriptor = self
+            .registry
+            .message(name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("message {} not found", name))?;
+
+        let mut required = Vec::new();
+        let mut props = BTreeMap::new();
+        for field in &descriptor.descriptor.field {
+            let field_name = field.name.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+            let mut schema = self.field_schema(field)?;
+            if let Some(doc) = descriptor.field_comments.get(&field_name) {
+                apply_schema_description(&mut schema, doc);
+            }
+            if is_required_field(field) {
+                required.push(field_name.clone());
+            }
+            props.insert(field_name, schema);
+        }
+
+        let mut obj = Map::new();
+        obj.insert("type".into(), Value::String("object".into()));
+        let mut properties = Map::new();
+        for (k, v) in props {
+            properties.insert(k, v);
+        }
+        obj.insert("properties".into(), Value::Object(properties));
+        if let Some(doc) = &descriptor.description {
+            obj.insert("description".into(), Value::String(doc.clone()));
+        }
+        if !required.is_empty() {
+            obj.insert(
+                "required".into(),
+                Value::Array(required.into_iter().map(Value::String).collect()),
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.generated.insert(schema_key(name), Value::Object(obj));
+        self.visited.remove(name);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_enum_generated(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.generated.contains_key(&schema_key(name)) {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let descriptor = self
+            .registry
+            .enumeration(name)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("enum {} not found", name))?;
+        let mut variants = Vec::new();
+        for value in &descriptor.descriptor.value {
+            if let Some(name) = &value.name {
+                variants.push(Value::String(name.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+        let mut schema = Map::new();
+        schema.insert("type".into(), Value::String("string".into()));
+        schema.insert("enum".into(), Value::Array(variants));
+        if let Some(doc) = &descriptor.description {
+            schema.insert("description".into(), Value::String(doc.clone()));
+        }
+        self.generated
+            .insert(schema_key(name), Value::Object(schema));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn field_schema(&mut self, field: &FieldDescriptorProto) -> Result<Value> {
+        if matches!(field_type(field), FieldType::Message)
+            && matches!(field_label(field), FieldLabel::Repeated)
+        {
+            if let Some(type_name) = &field.type_name {
+                let normalized = normalize_type_name(type_name);
+                if let Some(message) = self.registry.message(&normalized) {
+                    if message.is_map_entry {
+                        return self.map_field_schema(message);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let schema = match field_label(field) {
+            FieldLabel::Repeated => {
+                let inner = self.scalar_schema(field)?;
+                json!({
+                    "type": "array",
+                    "items": inner
+                })
+            }
+            _ => self.scalar_schema(field)?,
+        };
+        Ok(schema)
+    }
+
+    fn scalar_schema(&mut self, field: &FieldDescriptorProto) -> Result<Value> {
+        Ok(match field_type(field) {
+            FieldType::Double => json!({"type": "number", "format": "double"}),
+            FieldType::Float => json!({"type": "number", "format": "float"}),
+            FieldType::Int64 | FieldType::Sint64 | FieldType::Sfixed64 => {
+                json!({"type": "integer", "format": "int64"})
+            }
+            FieldType::Uint64 | FieldType::Fixed64 => {
+                json!({"type": "integer", "format": "uint64"})
+            }
+            FieldType::Int32 | FieldType::Sint32 | FieldType::Sfixed32 => {
+                json!({"type": "integer", "format": "int32"})
+            }
+            FieldType::Uint32 | FieldType::Fixed32 => {
+                json!({"type": "integer", "format": "uint32"})
+            }
+            FieldType::Bool => json!({"type": "boolean"}),
+            FieldType::String => json!({"type": "string"}),
+            FieldType::Bytes => json!({"type": "string", "format": "byte"}),
+            FieldType::Enum => {
+                let type_name = field
+                    .type_name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("enum field missing type name"))?;
+                self.schema_ref(type_name)?
+            }
+            FieldType::Message => {
+                let type_name = field
+                    .type_name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("message field missing type name"))?;
+                self.schema_ref(type_name)?
+            }
+            FieldType::Group => {
+                bail!("group fields are not supported in OpenAPI export")
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn map_field_schema(&mut self, entry: &MessageInfo) -> Result<Value> {
+        let mut value_field = None;
+        for field in &entry.descriptor.field {
+            if field.number.unwrap_or_default() == 2 {
+                value_field = Some(field.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        let value_field = value_field
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("map entry {} is missing value field", entry.full_name))?;
+        let value_schema = self.scalar_schema(&value_field)?;
+        Ok(json!({
+            "type": "object",
+            "additionalProperties": value_schema
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn finish(self) -> Map<String, Value> {
+        let mut map = Map::new();
+        for (k, v) in self.generated {
+            map.insert(k, v);
+        }
+        map
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_schema_description(schema: &mut Value, doc: &str) {
+    let trimmed = doc.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Value::Object(obj) = schema {
+        obj.insert("description".into(), Value::String(trimmed.to_string()));
+    }
+}
+
+fn builtin_type_schema(name: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+    match name {
+        ".google.protobuf.Empty" => Some(json!({"type": "object"})),
+        ".google.protobuf.Timestamp" => Some(json!({"type": "string", "format": "date-time"})),
+        ".google.protobuf.Duration" => {
+            Some(json!({"type": "string", "description": "Duration string"}))
+        }
+        ".google.protobuf.BytesValue" => {
+            Some(wrapper_schema(json!({"type": "string", "format": "byte"})))
+        }
+        ".google.protobuf.StringValue" => Some(wrapper_schema(json!({"type": "string"}))),
+        ".google.protobuf.BoolValue" => Some(wrapper_schema(json!({"type": "boolean"}))),
+        ".google.protobuf.Int32Value" | ".google.protobuf.Sint32Value" => Some(wrapper_schema(
+            json!({"type": "integer", "format": "int32"}),
+        )),
+        ".google.protobuf.UInt32Value" => Some(wrapper_schema(
+            json!({"type": "integer", "format": "uint32"}),
+        )),
+        ".google.protobuf.Int64Value" | ".google.protobuf.Sint64Value" => Some(wrapper_schema(
+            json!({"type": "integer", "format": "int64"}),
+        )),
+        ".google.protobuf.UInt64Value" => Some(wrapper_schema(
+            json!({"type": "integer", "format": "uint64"}),
+        )),
+        ".google.protobuf.DoubleValue" => Some(wrapper_schema(
+            json!({"type": "number", "format": "double"}),
+        )),
+        ".google.protobuf.FloatValue" => {
+            Some(wrapper_schema(json!({"type": "number", "format": "float"})))
+        }
+        ".google.protobuf.Any" => Some(json!({"type": "object"})),
+        _ if name.starts_with(".google.protobuf.") => Some(json!({"type": "object"})),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn wrapper_schema(inner: Value) -> Value {
+    json!({
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": { "value": inner },
+        "required": ["value"]
+    })
+}
+
+fn schema_key(full_name: &str) -> String {
+    full_name.trim_start_matches('.').to_string()
+}
+
+fn canonical_name(package: &str, path: &[String]) -> String {
+    let mut name = String::new();
+    name.push('.');
+    if !package.is_empty() {
+        name.push_str(package);
+        if !path.is_empty() {
+            name.push('.');
+        }
+    }
+    name.push_str(&path.join("."));
+    name
+}
+
+fn qualified_service_name(package: &str, name: &str) -> String {
+    if package.is_empty() {
+        name.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{package}.{name}")
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize_type_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    if name.is_empty() {
+        return String::new();
+    }
+    if name.starts_with('.') {
+        name.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!(".{name}")
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_required_field(field: &FieldDescriptorProto) -> bool {
+    matches!(field_label(field), FieldLabel::Required)
+}
+
+fn field_label(field: &FieldDescriptorProto) -> FieldLabel {
+    FieldLabel::try_from(field.label.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap_or(FieldLabel::Optional)
+}
+
+fn field_type(field: &FieldDescriptorProto) -> FieldType {
+    FieldType::try_from(field.r#type.unwrap_or_default()).unwrap_or(FieldType::Message)
+}
+
+fn build_swagger_ui_html(spec_url: &str, cfg: &SwaggerUiConfig) -> String {
+    let spec = spec_url.replace('\'', "\\'");
+    let css = format!(
+        "{}/swagger-ui.css",
+        cfg.swagger_ui_dist.trim_end_matches('/')
+    );
+    let bundle = format!(
+        "{}/swagger-ui-bundle.js",
+        cfg.swagger_ui_dist.trim_end_matches('/')
+    );
+    let preset = format!(
+        "{}/swagger-ui-standalone-preset.js",
+        cfg.swagger_ui_dist.trim_end_matches('/')
+    );
+    let background = if cfg.dark_mode { "#0b0d10" } else { "#fafafa" };
+    format!(
+        r#"<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8" />
+  <title>{title}</title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="{css}" />
+  <style>
+    body {{
+      margin: 0;
+      background-color: {background};
+    }}
+    .swagger-ui .topbar {{
+      display: none;
+    }}
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <div id="swagger-ui"></div>
+  <script src="{bundle}"></script>
+  <script src="{preset}"></script>
+  <script>
+    window.onload = () => {{
+      window.ui = SwaggerUIBundle({{
+        url: '{spec}',
+        dom_id: '#swagger-ui',
+        deepLinking: true,
+        presets: [
+          SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
+          SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
+        ],
+        layout: "BaseLayout",
+        requestInterceptor: (req) => {{
+          const method = (req.method || '').toUpperCase();
+          if (method === 'POST') {{
+            req.headers = req.headers || {{}};
+            if (!req.headers['Content-Type'] && !req.headers['content-type']) {{
+              req.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json';
+            }}
+          }}
+          return req;
+        }}
+      }});
+    }};
+  </script>
+</body>
+</html>
+"#,
+        title = cfg.title,
+        css = css,
+        bundle = bundle,
+        preset = preset,
+        spec = spec,
+        background = background
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use prost_types::{FileDescriptorProto, MethodDescriptorProto};
+    fn test_descriptor() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let request = DescriptorProto {
+            name: Some("PingRequest".into()),
+            field: vec![FieldDescriptorProto {
+                name: Some("message".into()),
+                number: Some(1),
+                label: Some(FieldLabel::Optional as i32),
+                r#type: Some(FieldType::String as i32),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let response = DescriptorProto {
+            name: Some("PingResponse".into()),
+            field: vec![FieldDescriptorProto {
+                name: Some("echo".into()),
+                number: Some(1),
+                label: Some(FieldLabel::Optional as i32),
+                r#type: Some(FieldType::String as i32),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let service = ServiceDescriptorProto {
+            name: Some("TestService".into()),
+            method: vec![MethodDescriptorProto {
+                name: Some("Ping".into()),
+                input_type: Some(".test.PingRequest".into()),
+                output_type: Some(".test.PingResponse".into()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let file = FileDescriptorProto {
+            name: Some("test.proto".into()),
+            package: Some("test".into()),
+            message_type: vec![request, response],
+            service: vec![service],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let set = FileDescriptorSet { file: vec![file] };
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        set.encode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        buf
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generates_document() {
+        let descriptor = test_descriptor();
+        let sources = vec![DescriptorSource::new(
+            &descriptor,
+            vec![ServiceConfig::new("TestService", "/prpc")],
+        )];
+        let info = DocumentInfo::new("Test API", "1.0.0")
+            .with_description("test-only spec")
+            .add_server("http://localhost:8000/prpc");
+        let json = generate_document(&sources, &info).expect("spec");
+        let doc: Value = serde_json::from_str(&json).expect("valid json");
+        assert_eq!(doc["info"]["title"], "Test API");
+        assert!(
+            doc["paths"]["/prpc/Ping"]["post"]["requestBody"]["content"]["application/json"]
+                ["schema"]
+                .is_object()
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-rpc/src/rocket_helper.rs b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/rocket_helper.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cc170630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-rpc/src/rocket_helper.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::io;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context as TaskContext, Poll};
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+use crate::openapi::{OpenApiDoc, RenderedDoc};
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+use rocket::response::content::{RawHtml, RawJson};
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use ra_tls::{attestation::AttestationVerifier, traits::CertExt};
+use rocket::listener::unix::UnixStream;
+use rocket::listener::{Connection, Listener};
+use rocket::tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
+use rocket::{
+    data::{ByteUnit, Data, Limits, ToByteUnit},
+    http::{uri::Origin, ContentType, Method, Status},
+    listener::Endpoint,
+    mtls::Certificate,
+    request::{FromRequest, Outcome},
+    response::{status::Custom, Responder},
+    Request,
+};
+use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockEndpoint;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+use crate::{encode_error, CallContext, RemoteEndpoint, RpcCall, UnixPeerCred};
+
+pub struct RpcResponse {
+    is_json: bool,
+    status: Status,
+    body: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl<'r> Responder<'r, 'static> for RpcResponse {
+    fn respond_to(self, request: &'r Request<'_>) -> rocket::response::Result<'static> {
+        use rocket::http::ContentType;
+        let content_type = if self.is_json {
+            ContentType::JSON
+        } else {
+            ContentType::Binary
+        };
+        let response = Custom(self.status, self.body).respond_to(request)?;
+        rocket::Response::build_from(response)
+            .header(content_type)
+            .ok()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct UnixPeerEndpoint {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    peer: Option<UnixPeerCred>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for UnixPeerEndpoint {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "unix:{}", self.path.display())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct UnixPeerCredListener<L> {
+    inner: L,
+}
+
+impl<L> UnixPeerCredListener<L> {
+    pub fn new(inner: L) -> Self {
+        Self { inner }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct UnixPeerCredConnection {
+    stream: UnixStream,
+    endpoint: rocket::listener::Endpoint,
+}
+
+impl AsyncRead for UnixPeerCredConnection {
+    fn poll_read(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut TaskContext<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_read(cx, buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for UnixPeerCredConnection {
+    fn poll_write(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut TaskContext<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut TaskContext<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut TaskContext<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
+        self.stream.is_write_vectored()
+    }
+
+    fn poll_write_vectored(
+        mut self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut TaskContext<'_>,
+        bufs: &[io::IoSlice<'_>],
+    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        Pin::new(&mut self.stream).poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Connection for UnixPeerCredConnection {
+    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<rocket::listener::Endpoint> {
+        Ok(self.endpoint.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L> Listener for UnixPeerCredListener<L>
+where
+    L: Listener<Accept = UnixStream, Connection = UnixStream>,
+{
+    type Accept = UnixStream;
+    type Connection = UnixPeerCredConnection;
+
+    async fn accept(&self) -> io::Result<Self::Accept> {
+        self.inner.accept().await
+    }
+
+    async fn connect(&self, accept: Self::Accept) -> io::Result<Self::Connection> {
+        let path = accept
+            .local_addr()?
+            .as_pathname()
+            .map(PathBuf::from)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                self.inner
+                    .endpoint()
+                    .ok()
+                    .and_then(|e| e.unix().map(PathBuf::from))
+            });
+
+        let endpoint = match path {
+            Some(path) => rocket::listener::Endpoint::new(UnixPeerEndpoint {
+                path,
+                peer: unix_peer_cred(&accept),
+            }),
+            None => accept.local_addr()?.try_into()?,
+        };
+
+        Ok(UnixPeerCredConnection {
+            stream: accept,
+            endpoint,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<rocket::listener::Endpoint> {
+        self.inner.endpoint()
+    }
+}
+
+fn unix_peer_cred(stream: &UnixStream) -> Option<UnixPeerCred> {
+    let cred = stream.peer_cred().ok()?;
+    let pid = cred.pid()?;
+    Some(UnixPeerCred {
+        pid: pid as u64,
+        uid: cred.uid() as u64,
+        gid: cred.gid() as u64,
+    })
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct QuoteVerifier {
+    verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+}
+
+pub mod deps {
+    pub use super::{PrpcHandler, RpcRequest, RpcResponse};
+    pub use rocket::{Data, State};
+}
+
+fn query_field_get_raw<'r>(req: &'r Request<'_>, field_name: &str) -> Option<&'r str> {
+    for field in req.query_fields() {
+        let key = field.name.key_lossy().as_str();
+        if key == field_name {
+            return Some(field.value);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+fn query_field_get_bool(req: &Request<'_>, field_name: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        query_field_get_raw(req, field_name),
+        Some("true" | "1" | "")
+    )
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! prpc_routes {
+    ($state:ty, $handler:ty) => {{
+        $crate::prpc_routes!($state, $handler, trim: "")
+    }};
+    ($state:ty, $handler:ty, trim: $trim_prefix:literal) => {{
+        $crate::declare_prpc_routes!(prpc_post, prpc_get, $state, $handler, trim: $trim_prefix);
+        rocket::routes![prpc_post, prpc_get]
+    }};
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! declare_prpc_routes {
+    ($post:ident, $get:ident, $state:ty, $handler:ty, trim: $trim_prefix:literal) => {
+        $crate::declare_prpc_routes!(path: "/<method>", $post, $get, $state, $handler, trim: $trim_prefix);
+    };
+    (path: $path: literal, $post:ident, $get:ident, $state:ty, $handler:ty, trim: $trim_prefix:literal) => {
+        fn next_req_id() -> u64 {
+            use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+            static NEXT_REQ_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+            NEXT_REQ_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+        }
+
+        #[rocket::post($path, data = "<data>")]
+        #[tracing::instrument(level = "INFO", skip_all, fields(id = next_req_id(), method = %method))]
+        async fn $post<'a: 'd, 'd>(
+            state: &'a $crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
+            method: &'a str,
+            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'a>,
+            data: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Data<'d>,
+        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcResponse {
+            $crate::rocket_helper::deps::PrpcHandler::builder()
+                .state(&**state)
+                .request(rpc_request)
+                .method(method)
+                .data(data)
+                .method_trim_prefix($trim_prefix)
+                .build()
+                .handle::<$handler>()
+                .await
+        }
+
+        #[rocket::get($path)]
+        #[tracing::instrument(level = "INFO", skip_all, fields(id = next_req_id(), method = %method))]
+        async fn $get(
+            state: &$crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
+            method: &str,
+            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'_>,
+        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcResponse {
+            $crate::rocket_helper::deps::PrpcHandler::builder()
+                .state(&**state)
+                .request(rpc_request)
+                .method(method)
+                .method_trim_prefix($trim_prefix)
+                .build()
+                .handle::<$handler>()
+                .await
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! prpc_alias {
+    (get: $name:ident, $alias:literal -> $prpc:ident($method:literal, $state:ty)) => {
+        #[rocket::get($alias)]
+        async fn $name(
+            state: &$crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
+            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'_>,
+        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcResponse {
+            $prpc(state, $method, rpc_request).await
+        }
+    };
+    (post: $name:ident, $alias:literal -> $prpc:ident($method:literal, $state:ty)) => {
+        #[rocket::post($alias, data = "<data>")]
+        async fn $name<'a: 'd, 'd>(
+            state: &'a $crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
+            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'a>,
+            data: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Data<'d>,
+        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcResponse {
+            $prpc(state, $method, rpc_request, data).await
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! from_request {
+    ($request:expr) => {
+        match FromRequest::from_request($request).await {
+            Outcome::Success(v) => v,
+            Outcome::Error(e) => return Outcome::Error(e),
+            Outcome::Forward(f) => return Outcome::Forward(f),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for &'r QuoteVerifier {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    async fn from_request(request: &'r Request<'_>) -> Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
+        let Some(state) = rocket::State::<QuoteVerifier>::get(request.rocket()) else {
+            return Outcome::Error((Status::InternalServerError, ()));
+        };
+        Outcome::Success(state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl QuoteVerifier {
+    pub fn new(verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>) -> Self {
+        Self { verifier }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn read_data(data: Data<'_>, limit: ByteUnit) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let stream = data.open(limit);
+    let data = stream.into_bytes().await.context("failed to read data")?;
+    if !data.is_complete() {
+        anyhow::bail!("payload too large");
+    }
+    Ok(data.into_inner())
+}
+
+fn limit_for_method(method: &str, limits: &Limits) -> ByteUnit {
+    if let Some(v) = limits.get(method) {
+        return v;
+    }
+    10.mebibytes()
+}
+
+#[derive(bon::Builder)]
+pub struct PrpcHandler<'s, 'r, S> {
+    state: &'s S,
+    request: RpcRequest<'r>,
+    method: &'r str,
+    method_trim_prefix: Option<&'r str>,
+    data: Option<Data<'r>>,
+}
+
+pub struct RpcRequest<'r> {
+    remote_addr: Option<&'r Endpoint>,
+    certificate: Option<Certificate<'r>>,
+    quote_verifier: Option<&'r QuoteVerifier>,
+    origin: &'r Origin<'r>,
+    limits: &'r Limits,
+    content_type: Option<&'r ContentType>,
+    json: bool,
+    is_get: bool,
+}
+
+#[rocket::async_trait]
+impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for RpcRequest<'r> {
+    type Error = Infallible;
+
+    async fn from_request(request: &'r Request<'_>) -> Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Outcome::Success(Self {
+            remote_addr: from_request!(request),
+            certificate: from_request!(request),
+            quote_verifier: from_request!(request),
+            origin: from_request!(request),
+            limits: from_request!(request),
+            content_type: from_request!(request),
+            json: request.method() == Method::Get || query_field_get_bool(request, "json"),
+            is_get: request.method() == Method::Get,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> PrpcHandler<'_, '_, S> {
+    pub async fn handle<Call: RpcCall<S>>(self) -> RpcResponse {
+        let json = self.request.json;
+        let result = handle_prpc_impl::<S, Call>(self).await;
+        match result {
+            Ok(output) => output,
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("error handling prpc: {err:?}");
+                let body = encode_error(json, &err);
+                RpcResponse {
+                    is_json: json,
+                    status: Status::BadRequest,
+                    body,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Endpoint> for RemoteEndpoint {
+    fn from(endpoint: Endpoint) -> Self {
+        match endpoint {
+            Endpoint::Tcp(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Tcp(addr),
+            Endpoint::Quic(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Quic(addr),
+            Endpoint::Unix(path) => RemoteEndpoint::Unix { path, peer: None },
+            Endpoint::Custom(endpoint) => {
+                if let Some(endpoint) =
+                    (endpoint.as_ref() as &dyn std::any::Any).downcast_ref::<UnixPeerEndpoint>()
+                {
+                    RemoteEndpoint::Unix {
+                        path: endpoint.path.clone(),
+                        peer: endpoint.peer.clone(),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let address = endpoint.to_string();
+                    match address.parse::<VsockEndpoint>() {
+                        Ok(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Vsock {
+                            cid: addr.cid,
+                            port: addr.port,
+                        },
+                        Err(_) => RemoteEndpoint::Other(address),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Endpoint::Tls(inner, _) => RemoteEndpoint::from((*inner).clone()),
+            _ => {
+                let address = endpoint.to_string();
+                match address.parse::<VsockEndpoint>() {
+                    Ok(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Vsock {
+                        cid: addr.cid,
+                        port: addr.port,
+                    },
+                    Err(_) => RemoteEndpoint::Other(address),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rocket::listener::unix::UnixListener;
+    use rocket::tokio;
+    use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_unix_endpoint_maps_to_remote_endpoint() {
+        let endpoint = Endpoint::new(UnixPeerEndpoint {
+            path: PathBuf::from("/tmp/test.sock"),
+            peer: Some(UnixPeerCred {
+                pid: 1,
+                uid: 2,
+                gid: 3,
+            }),
+        });
+
+        let remote = RemoteEndpoint::from(endpoint);
+        assert_eq!(
+            remote,
+            RemoteEndpoint::Unix {
+                path: PathBuf::from("/tmp/test.sock"),
+                peer: Some(UnixPeerCred {
+                    pid: 1,
+                    uid: 2,
+                    gid: 3,
+                }),
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn unix_peer_cred_listener_populates_peer() {
+        let unique = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_nanos();
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ra-rpc-peer-{unique}.sock"));
+
+        let listener = UnixListener::bind(&path, false).await.unwrap();
+        let listener = UnixPeerCredListener::new(listener);
+
+        let client = tokio::spawn({
+            let path = path.clone();
+            async move { tokio::net::UnixStream::connect(path).await }
+        });
+        let accepted = listener.accept().await.unwrap();
+        let _client = client.await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        let conn = listener.connect(accepted).await.unwrap();
+
+        let remote = RemoteEndpoint::from(conn.endpoint().unwrap());
+        match remote {
+            RemoteEndpoint::Unix {
+                path: got_path,
+                peer,
+            } => {
+                assert_eq!(got_path, path);
+                let peer = peer.expect("expected unix peer credentials");
+                assert_eq!(peer.pid, std::process::id() as u64);
+            }
+            other => panic!("unexpected remote endpoint: {other:?}"),
+        }
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(path);
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn handle_prpc_impl<S, Call: RpcCall<S>>(
+    args: PrpcHandler<'_, '_, S>,
+) -> Result<RpcResponse> {
+    let PrpcHandler {
+        state,
+        request,
+        method,
+        method_trim_prefix,
+        data,
+    } = args;
+    let method = method.trim_start_matches(method_trim_prefix.unwrap_or_default());
+    let info = request
+        .certificate
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|cert| -> Result<_> {
+            let app_id = RocketCertificate(cert).get_app_id()?;
+            let app_info = RocketCertificate(cert).get_app_info()?;
+            Ok((app_id, app_info))
+        })
+        .transpose()?;
+    let (remote_app_id, remote_app_info) = match info {
+        Some((app_id, app_info)) => (app_id, app_info),
+        None => (None, None),
+    };
+    let attestation = request
+        .certificate
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|cert| ra_tls::attestation::from_der(cert.as_bytes()))
+        .transpose()?
+        .flatten();
+    let attestation = match (request.quote_verifier, attestation) {
+        (Some(quote_verifier), Some(attestation)) => {
+            let pubkey = request
+                .certificate
+                .context("certificate is missing")?
+                .public_key()
+                .raw
+                .to_vec();
+            let verified = attestation
+                .into_v1()
+                .verify_with_ra_pubkey(&pubkey, &quote_verifier.verifier)
+                .await
+                .context("invalid quote")?;
+            Some(verified)
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let payload = match data {
+        Some(data) => {
+            let limit = limit_for_method(method, request.limits);
+            read_data(data, limit)
+                .await
+                .context("failed to read data")?
+        }
+        None => request
+            .origin
+            .query()
+            .map_or(vec![], |q| q.as_bytes().to_vec()),
+    };
+    let is_json = request.json || request.content_type.map(|t| t.is_json()).unwrap_or(false);
+    let context = CallContext {
+        state,
+        attestation,
+        remote_endpoint: request.remote_addr.cloned().map(RemoteEndpoint::from),
+        remote_app_id,
+        remote_app_info,
+    };
+    let call = Call::construct(context).context("failed to construct call")?;
+    let (status_code, output) = call
+        .call(method.to_string(), payload, is_json, request.is_get)
+        .await;
+    Ok(RpcResponse {
+        is_json,
+        status: Status::new(status_code),
+        body: output,
+    })
+}
+
+struct RocketCertificate<'a>(&'a rocket::mtls::Certificate<'a>);
+
+impl CertExt for RocketCertificate<'_> {
+    fn get_extension_der(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let oid = x509_parser::der_parser::Oid::from(oid)
+            .ok()
+            .context("invalid oid")?;
+        let Some(ext) = self.0.extensions().iter().find(|ext| ext.oid == oid) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        Ok(Some(ext.value.to_vec()))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct OpenApiState {
+    spec_json: Arc<String>,
+    ui_html: Arc<String>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+impl From<RenderedDoc> for OpenApiState {
+    fn from(doc: RenderedDoc) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            spec_json: doc.spec.clone(),
+            ui_html: Arc::new(doc.ui_html),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+#[rocket::get("/openapi.json")]
+fn openapi_spec(state: &rocket::State<OpenApiState>) -> RawJson<String> {
+    RawJson((*state.spec_json).clone())
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+#[rocket::get("/docs")]
+fn openapi_docs(state: &rocket::State<OpenApiState>) -> RawHtml<String> {
+    RawHtml((*state.ui_html).clone())
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+pub fn mount_openapi_docs(
+    rocket: rocket::Rocket<rocket::Build>,
+    doc: OpenApiDoc,
+    mount_path: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
+) -> rocket::Rocket<rocket::Build> {
+    let base = normalize_openapi_mount(mount_path.into());
+    let spec_url = join_mount_path(base.as_ref(), "openapi.json");
+    let rendered = doc.render(&spec_url);
+    let state = OpenApiState::from(rendered);
+    let mount_point = base.clone().into_owned();
+    rocket
+        .manage(state)
+        .mount(mount_point, rocket::routes![openapi_spec, openapi_docs])
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+fn normalize_openapi_mount(path: Cow<'static, str>) -> Cow<'static, str> {
+    let mut owned = path.into_owned();
+    if owned.is_empty() {
+        owned.push('/');
+    }
+    if !owned.starts_with('/') {
+        owned.insert(0, '/');
+    }
+    if owned.len() > 1 && owned.ends_with('/') {
+        owned.pop();
+    }
+    Cow::Owned(if owned.is_empty() { "/".into() } else { owned })
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "rocket", feature = "openapi"))]
+fn join_mount_path(base: &str, segment: &str) -> String {
+    if base == "/" {
+        format!("/{}", segment.trim_start_matches('/'))
+    } else {
+        format!(
+            "{}/{}",
+            base.trim_end_matches('/'),
+            segment.trim_start_matches('/')
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/Cargo.toml b/dstack/ra-tls/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3725f3330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "ra-tls"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+elliptic-curve.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+hkdf.workspace = true
+p256.workspace = true
+rcgen = { workspace = true, features = ["x509-parser", "pem"] }
+ring = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+rustls-pki-types.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+yasna.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+sha3.workspace = true
+tdx-attest.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+flate2.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+rand.workspace = true
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+tpm-qvl.workspace = true
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+ez-hash.workspace = true
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+errify.workspace = true
+rmp-serde.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+quote = ["dstack-attest/quote"]
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "rt"] }
diff --git a/ra-tls/assets/tdx_quote b/dstack/ra-tls/assets/tdx_quote
similarity index 100%
rename from ra-tls/assets/tdx_quote
rename to dstack/ra-tls/assets/tdx_quote
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/src/attestation.rs b/dstack/ra-tls/src/attestation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b97769b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/src/attestation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Embedding and extracting attestation from/to TLS certificate
+
+pub use dstack_attest::attestation::*;
+
+use crate::{oids, traits::CertExt};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+
+/// Attestation evidence verified and bound to an RA-TLS certificate key.
+///
+/// This type proves only the embedded attestation and its binding to the
+/// certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo. It does not authenticate the certificate
+/// issuer or any other certificate extension. Application identity asserted by
+/// a KMS-issued certificate is an issuer claim and must be consumed only after
+/// normal certificate-chain verification.
+pub struct VerifiedRaTlsAttestation {
+    /// DER-encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo bound to the attestation.
+    pub public_key_der: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Verified dstack attestation embedded in the certificate.
+    pub attestation: VerifiedAttestation,
+}
+
+impl VerifiedRaTlsAttestation {
+    /// Decode application identity from the verified attestation evidence.
+    pub fn decode_app_info(&self, allow_dummy: bool) -> Result<AppInfo> {
+        self.attestation.decode_app_info(allow_dummy)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extract attestation from x509 certificate
+pub fn from_der(cert: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<VersionedAttestation>> {
+    let (_, cert) =
+        x509_parser::parse_x509_certificate(cert).context("Failed to parse certificate")?;
+    from_cert(&cert)
+}
+
+/// Verify the RA-TLS attestation embedded in a DER-encoded X.509 certificate.
+///
+/// This verifies the platform evidence and checks that the attestation
+/// `report_data` equals `QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert` over the certificate's
+/// DER SubjectPublicKeyInfo. That binding prevents an operator-controlled
+/// network endpoint from reusing valid attestation evidence with a different
+/// TLS key.
+///
+/// This function does not verify a certificate chain and deliberately does not
+/// return non-attestation certificate extensions. KMS-issued certificates may
+/// omit attestation entirely; authenticate their issuer claims through the
+/// certificate chain instead.
+pub async fn verify_der(
+    cert: &[u8],
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+) -> Result<VerifiedRaTlsAttestation> {
+    let (_, cert) =
+        x509_parser::parse_x509_certificate(cert).context("failed to parse certificate")?;
+    verify_cert(&cert, verifier).await
+}
+
+/// Verify the RA-TLS attestation embedded in a PEM-encoded X.509 certificate.
+pub async fn verify_pem(
+    cert: &[u8],
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+) -> Result<VerifiedRaTlsAttestation> {
+    let (_, pem) = x509_parser::pem::parse_x509_pem(cert).context("failed to parse PEM")?;
+    verify_der(&pem.contents, verifier).await
+}
+
+/// Verify the RA-TLS attestation embedded in a parsed X.509 certificate.
+async fn verify_cert(
+    cert: &x509_parser::prelude::X509Certificate<'_>,
+    verifier: &AttestationVerifier,
+) -> Result<VerifiedRaTlsAttestation> {
+    let attestation = from_cert(cert)?.context("RA-TLS attestation extension missing")?;
+    let public_key_der = cert.tbs_certificate.public_key().raw.to_vec();
+    if public_key_der.is_empty() {
+        bail!("certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo is empty");
+    }
+    let attestation = attestation
+        .into_v1()
+        .verify_with_ra_pubkey(&public_key_der, verifier)
+        .await
+        .context("RA-TLS attestation verification failed")?;
+    Ok(VerifiedRaTlsAttestation {
+        public_key_der,
+        attestation,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Extract attestation from a certificate
+pub fn from_cert(cert: &impl CertExt) -> Result<Option<VersionedAttestation>> {
+    from_ext_getter(|oid| cert.get_extension_bytes(oid))
+}
+
+/// Extract attestation from a certificate extension getter
+pub fn from_ext_getter(
+    get_ext: impl Fn(&[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>,
+) -> Result<Option<VersionedAttestation>> {
+    // Try to detect attestation mode from certificate extension
+    if let Some(attestation_bytes) = get_ext(oids::PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION)? {
+        let attestation = VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(&attestation_bytes)
+            .context("Failed to decode attestation from cert extension")?;
+        return Ok(Some(attestation));
+    }
+    // Backward compatibility: if PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION
+    let Some(tdx_quote) = get_ext(oids::PHALA_RATLS_TDX_QUOTE)? else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let raw_event_log = get_ext(oids::PHALA_RATLS_EVENT_LOG)?.context("TDX event log missing")?;
+    Ok(Some(
+        Attestation::from_tdx_quote(tdx_quote, &raw_event_log)
+            .context("Failed to create attestation from TDX quote")?
+            .into_versioned(),
+    ))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::cert::CertRequest;
+    use rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+
+    fn fake_tdx_attestation(report_data: [u8; 64]) -> VersionedAttestation {
+        Attestation {
+            quote: AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote {
+                quote: Vec::new(),
+                event_log: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data,
+            config: String::new(),
+            report: (),
+        }
+        .into_versioned()
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn verify_der_rejects_missing_attestation_extension() {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key)
+            .subject("missing-attestation.example")
+            .usage_server_auth(true)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let verifier = AttestationVerifier::new_prod(None).unwrap();
+        let result = verify_der(cert.der().as_ref(), &verifier).await;
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let err = result.err().unwrap();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("attestation extension missing"));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn verify_der_rejects_attestation_not_bound_to_cert_key() {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let attestation = fake_tdx_attestation([0u8; 64]);
+        let cert = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key)
+            .subject("mismatched-attestation.example")
+            .usage_server_auth(true)
+            .attestation(&attestation)
+            .build()
+            .self_signed()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let verifier = AttestationVerifier::new_prod(None).unwrap();
+        let result = verify_der(cert.der().as_ref(), &verifier).await;
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        let err = result.err().unwrap();
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("report data mismatch"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/src/cert.rs b/dstack/ra-tls/src/cert.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed3d71583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/src/cert.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,898 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Certificate creation functions.
+
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use std::{path::Path, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use rcgen::{
+    BasicConstraints, Certificate, CertificateParams, CustomExtension, DistinguishedName, DnType,
+    ExtendedKeyUsagePurpose, IsCa, KeyPair, KeyUsagePurpose, PublicKeyData,
+};
+use ring::rand::SystemRandom;
+use ring::signature::{
+    EcdsaKeyPair, UnparsedPublicKey, ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1, ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1_SIGNING,
+};
+use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+use x509_parser::der_parser::Oid;
+use x509_parser::prelude::{FromDer as _, X509Certificate};
+use x509_parser::public_key::PublicKey;
+use x509_parser::x509::SubjectPublicKeyInfo;
+
+use crate::oids::{
+    PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID, PHALA_RATLS_APP_INFO, PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION, PHALA_RATLS_CERT_USAGE,
+};
+use crate::traits::CertExt;
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+use dstack_attest::attestation::QuoteContentType;
+use dstack_attest::attestation::{AppInfo, Attestation, VersionedAttestation};
+
+/// A CA certificate and private key.
+pub struct CaCert {
+    /// The original PEM certificate.
+    pub pem_cert: String,
+    /// CA certificate
+    cert: Certificate,
+    /// CA private key
+    pub key: KeyPair,
+}
+
+impl CaCert {
+    /// Instantiate a new CA certificate with a given private key and pem cert.
+    pub fn new(pem_cert: String, pem_key: String) -> Result<Self> {
+        let key = KeyPair::from_pem(&pem_key).context("Failed to parse key")?;
+        let (_, parsed_pem) = x509_parser::pem::parse_x509_pem(pem_cert.as_bytes())
+            .context("Failed to parse cert PEM")?;
+        let parsed_cert = parsed_pem
+            .parse_x509()
+            .context("Failed to parse cert DER")?;
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            parsed_cert.public_key().raw == key.public_key_der(),
+            "CA certificate does not match private key"
+        );
+        let cert =
+            CertificateParams::from_ca_cert_pem(&pem_cert).context("Failed to parse cert")?;
+        // TODO: load the cert from the file directly, blocked by https://github.com/rustls/rcgen/issues/274
+        let cert = cert.self_signed(&key).context("Failed to self-sign cert")?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            pem_cert,
+            cert,
+            key,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Instantiate a new CA certificate with a given private key and pem cert.
+    pub fn from_parts(key: KeyPair, cert: Certificate) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pem_cert: cert.pem(),
+            cert,
+            key,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Load a CA certificate and private key from files.
+    pub fn load(cert_path: impl AsRef<Path>, key_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let pem_key = fs::read_to_string(key_path).context("Failed to read key file")?;
+        let pem_cert = fs::read_to_string(cert_path).context("Failed to read cert file")?;
+        Self::new(pem_cert, pem_key)
+    }
+
+    /// Sign a certificate request.
+    pub fn sign(&self, req: CertRequest<impl PublicKeyData>) -> Result<Certificate> {
+        req.signed_by(&self.cert, &self.key)
+    }
+
+    /// Sign a remote certificate signing request.
+    pub fn sign_csr(
+        &self,
+        csr: &CertSigningRequestV2,
+        app_id: Option<&[u8]>,
+        usage: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Certificate> {
+        let pki = rcgen::SubjectPublicKeyInfo::from_der(&csr.pubkey)
+            .context("Failed to parse signature")?;
+        let cfg = &csr.config;
+        let app_info = if cfg.ext_app_info {
+            Some(csr.attestation.clone().into_v1().decode_app_info(false)?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let attestation = cfg.ext_quote.then_some(&csr.attestation);
+        let req = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&pki)
+            .subject(&cfg.subject)
+            .maybe_org_name(cfg.org_name.as_deref())
+            .alt_names(&cfg.subject_alt_names)
+            .usage_server_auth(cfg.usage_server_auth)
+            .usage_client_auth(cfg.usage_client_auth)
+            .maybe_attestation(attestation)
+            .maybe_app_id(app_id)
+            .maybe_app_info(app_info.as_ref())
+            .special_usage(usage)
+            .maybe_not_before(cfg.not_before.map(unix_time_to_system_time))
+            .maybe_not_after(cfg.not_after.map(unix_time_to_system_time))
+            .build();
+        self.sign(req).context("Failed to sign certificate")
+    }
+}
+
+/// The configuration of the certificate.
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CertConfig {
+    /// The organization name of the certificate.
+    pub org_name: Option<String>,
+    /// The subject of the certificate.
+    pub subject: String,
+    /// The subject alternative names of the certificate.
+    pub subject_alt_names: Vec<String>,
+    /// The purpose of the certificate.
+    pub usage_server_auth: bool,
+    /// The purpose of the certificate.
+    pub usage_client_auth: bool,
+    /// Whether the certificate is quoted.
+    pub ext_quote: bool,
+}
+
+/// The configuration of the certificate with optional validity overrides.
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CertConfigV2 {
+    /// The organization name of the certificate.
+    pub org_name: Option<String>,
+    /// The subject of the certificate.
+    pub subject: String,
+    /// The subject alternative names of the certificate.
+    pub subject_alt_names: Vec<String>,
+    /// The purpose of the certificate.
+    pub usage_server_auth: bool,
+    /// The purpose of the certificate.
+    pub usage_client_auth: bool,
+    /// Whether the certificate is quoted.
+    pub ext_quote: bool,
+    /// Whether embed app info.
+    pub ext_app_info: bool,
+    /// The certificate validity start time as seconds since UNIX epoch.
+    pub not_before: Option<u64>,
+    /// The certificate validity end time as seconds since UNIX epoch.
+    pub not_after: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl From<CertConfig> for CertConfigV2 {
+    fn from(config: CertConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            org_name: config.org_name,
+            subject: config.subject,
+            subject_alt_names: config.subject_alt_names,
+            usage_server_auth: config.usage_server_auth,
+            usage_client_auth: config.usage_client_auth,
+            ext_quote: config.ext_quote,
+            ext_app_info: false,
+            not_before: None,
+            not_after: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A certificate signing request.
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone)]
+pub struct CertSigningRequestV1 {
+    /// The confirm word, need to be "please sign cert:"
+    pub confirm: String,
+    /// The public key of the certificate.
+    pub pubkey: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The certificate configuration.
+    pub config: CertConfig,
+    /// The quote of the certificate.
+    pub quote: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The event log of the certificate.
+    pub event_log: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// A trait for Certificate Signing Request (CSR) operations.
+///
+/// This trait provides methods for signing and verifying CSRs using ECDSA P-256 keys.
+/// Implementors must provide the data to sign, the public key, and a magic string for validation.
+pub trait Csr {
+    /// Signs the CSR data using the provided key pair.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `key` - The ECDSA key pair used to sign the CSR.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// The DER-encoded ECDSA signature as a byte vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns an error if key pair creation or signing fails.
+    fn signed_by(&self, key: &KeyPair) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let encoded = self.data_to_sign();
+        let rng = SystemRandom::new();
+        // Extract the DER-encoded private key and create an ECDSA key pair
+        let key_pair =
+            EcdsaKeyPair::from_pkcs8(&ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1_SIGNING, &key.serialize_der(), &rng)
+                .context("Failed to create key pair from DER")?;
+
+        // Sign the encoded CSR
+        let signature = key_pair
+            .sign(&rng, &encoded)
+            .context("Failed to sign CSR")?
+            .as_ref()
+            .to_vec();
+        Ok(signature)
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies the signature of the CSR.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    /// * `signature` - The signature bytes to verify against the CSR data.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    /// `Ok(())` if the signature is valid and the magic string matches.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    /// Returns an error if:
+    /// - The public key cannot be parsed
+    /// - The algorithm is not ECDSA P-256
+    /// - The signature is invalid
+    /// - The magic string does not match "please sign cert:"
+    fn verify(&self, signature: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        let encoded = self.data_to_sign();
+        let (_rem, pki) =
+            SubjectPublicKeyInfo::from_der(self.pubkey()).context("Failed to parse pubkey")?;
+        let parsed_pki = pki.parsed().context("Failed to parse pki")?;
+        if !matches!(parsed_pki, PublicKey::EC(_)) {
+            bail!("Unsupported algorithm");
+        }
+        let key = UnparsedPublicKey::new(&ECDSA_P256_SHA256_ASN1, &pki.subject_public_key.data);
+        // verify signature
+        key.verify(&encoded, signature)
+            .ok()
+            .context("Invalid signature")?;
+        if self.magic() != "please sign cert:" {
+            bail!("Invalid confirm word");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the data that should be signed or verified.
+    ///
+    /// Implementors should return the encoded CSR data as a byte vector.
+    fn data_to_sign(&self) -> Vec<u8>;
+
+    /// Returns the public key associated with this CSR.
+    ///
+    /// The public key should be in DER-encoded SubjectPublicKeyInfo format.
+    fn pubkey(&self) -> &[u8];
+
+    /// Returns the magic string used for validation.
+    ///
+    /// This string is checked during verification to ensure the CSR is valid.
+    /// Expected value: "please sign cert:"
+    fn magic(&self) -> &str;
+}
+
+impl Csr for CertSigningRequestV1 {
+    fn data_to_sign(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.encode()
+    }
+
+    fn pubkey(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.pubkey
+    }
+
+    fn magic(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.confirm
+    }
+}
+
+/// A certificate signing request.
+#[derive(Encode, Decode, Clone)]
+pub struct CertSigningRequestV2 {
+    /// The confirm word, need to be "please sign cert:"
+    pub confirm: String,
+    /// The public key of the certificate.
+    pub pubkey: Vec<u8>,
+    /// The certificate configuration.
+    pub config: CertConfigV2,
+    /// The attestation.
+    pub attestation: VersionedAttestation,
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<CertSigningRequestV1> for CertSigningRequestV2 {
+    type Error = anyhow::Error;
+    fn try_from(v0: CertSigningRequestV1) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            confirm: v0.confirm,
+            pubkey: v0.pubkey,
+            config: v0.config.into(),
+            attestation: Attestation::from_tdx_quote(v0.quote, &v0.event_log)?.into_versioned(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Csr for CertSigningRequestV2 {
+    fn data_to_sign(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.encode()
+    }
+
+    fn pubkey(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.pubkey
+    }
+
+    fn magic(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.confirm
+    }
+}
+
+impl CertSigningRequestV2 {
+    /// Encodes the certificate signing request into a byte vector.
+    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.encode()
+    }
+
+    /// To attestation
+    pub fn to_attestation(&self) -> Result<VersionedAttestation> {
+        Ok(self.attestation.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Information required to create a certificate.
+#[derive(bon::Builder)]
+pub struct CertRequest<'a, Key> {
+    key: &'a Key,
+    org_name: Option<&'a str>,
+    subject: &'a str,
+    alt_names: Option<&'a [String]>,
+    ca_level: Option<u8>,
+    app_id: Option<&'a [u8]>,
+    app_info: Option<&'a AppInfo>,
+    special_usage: Option<&'a str>,
+    attestation: Option<&'a VersionedAttestation>,
+    not_before: Option<SystemTime>,
+    not_after: Option<SystemTime>,
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    usage_server_auth: bool,
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    usage_client_auth: bool,
+}
+
+impl<Key> CertRequest<'_, Key> {
+    fn into_cert_params(self) -> Result<CertificateParams> {
+        let mut params = CertificateParams::new(self.alt_names.unwrap_or_default().to_vec())?;
+        let mut dn = DistinguishedName::new();
+        if let Some(org_name) = self.org_name {
+            dn.push(DnType::OrganizationName, org_name);
+        }
+        dn.push(DnType::CommonName, self.subject);
+        params.distinguished_name = dn;
+        params.key_usages = vec![KeyUsagePurpose::DigitalSignature];
+        if self.usage_server_auth {
+            params
+                .extended_key_usages
+                .push(ExtendedKeyUsagePurpose::ServerAuth);
+        }
+        if self.usage_client_auth {
+            params
+                .extended_key_usages
+                .push(ExtendedKeyUsagePurpose::ClientAuth);
+        }
+        if let Some(app_id) = self.app_id {
+            add_ext(&mut params, PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID, app_id);
+        }
+        if let Some(app_info) = self.app_info {
+            // Encode as a MessagePack map keyed by field name rather than a positional
+            // array. Field-name keys let readers tolerate fields they do not know, so
+            // appending a field to `AppInfo` no longer breaks peers built against an
+            // older definition. Decoding accepts both forms, so certificates issued by
+            // older releases (positional) stay readable.
+            let app_info_bytes =
+                rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&app_info).context("failed to serialize app info")?;
+            add_ext(&mut params, PHALA_RATLS_APP_INFO, app_info_bytes);
+        }
+        if let Some(usage) = self.special_usage {
+            add_ext(&mut params, PHALA_RATLS_CERT_USAGE, usage);
+        }
+        if let Some(ver_att) = self.attestation {
+            let attestation_bytes = ver_att.clone().into_stripped().to_bytes()?;
+            add_ext(&mut params, PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION, &attestation_bytes);
+        }
+        if let Some(ca_level) = self.ca_level {
+            params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Constrained(ca_level));
+            params.key_usages.push(KeyUsagePurpose::KeyCertSign);
+            params.key_usages.push(KeyUsagePurpose::CrlSign);
+        }
+        if let Some(not_before) = self.not_before {
+            params.not_before = not_before.into();
+        }
+        params.not_after = self
+            .not_after
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let now = SystemTime::now();
+                let day = Duration::from_secs(86400);
+                now + day * 365 * 10
+            })
+            .into();
+        Ok(params)
+    }
+}
+
+fn add_ext(params: &mut CertificateParams, oid: &[u64], content: impl AsRef<[u8]>) {
+    let content = yasna::construct_der(|writer| {
+        writer.write_bytes(content.as_ref());
+    });
+    params
+        .custom_extensions
+        .push(CustomExtension::from_oid_content(oid, content));
+}
+
+fn unix_time_to_system_time(secs: u64) -> SystemTime {
+    UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(secs)
+}
+
+impl CertRequest<'_, KeyPair> {
+    /// Create a self-signed certificate.
+    pub fn self_signed(self) -> Result<Certificate> {
+        let key = self.key;
+        let cert = self.into_cert_params()?.self_signed(key)?;
+        Ok(cert)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Key: PublicKeyData> CertRequest<'_, Key> {
+    /// Create a certificate signed by a given issuer.
+    pub fn signed_by(self, issuer: &Certificate, issuer_key: &KeyPair) -> Result<Certificate> {
+        let key = self.key;
+        let cert = self
+            .into_cert_params()?
+            .signed_by(key, issuer, issuer_key)?;
+        Ok(cert)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CertExt for Certificate {
+    fn get_extension_der(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let found = self
+            .params()
+            .custom_extensions
+            .iter()
+            .find(|ext| ext.oid_components().collect::<Vec<_>>() == oid)
+            .map(|ext| ext.content().to_vec());
+        Ok(found)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CertExt for X509Certificate<'_> {
+    fn get_extension_der(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let oid = Oid::from(oid).or(Err(anyhow!("Invalid oid")))?;
+        let found = self
+            .get_extension_unique(&oid)
+            .context("failt to decode der")?
+            .map(|ext| ext.value.to_vec());
+        Ok(found)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A key and certificate pair.
+pub struct CertPair {
+    /// The certificate in PEM format.
+    pub cert_pem: String,
+    /// The key in PEM format.
+    pub key_pem: String,
+}
+
+/// Magic prefix for gzip-compressed event log (version 1)
+pub const EVENTLOG_GZIP_MAGIC: &[u8] = b"ELGZv1";
+
+/// Maximum allowed decompressed size of the event log extension (in bytes).
+///
+/// This protects against gzip decompression bombs in RA-TLS certificate
+/// extensions by bounding the amount of memory we are willing to allocate.
+/// 16 KiB is sufficient for typical event logs we embed in certs.
+pub const MAX_EVENTLOG_EXT_SIZE: u64 = 16 * 1024;
+
+/// Compress a certificate extension value
+pub fn compress_ext_value(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use flate2::write::GzEncoder;
+    use flate2::Compression;
+    use std::io::Write;
+
+    let mut encoder = GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), Compression::best());
+    encoder
+        .write_all(data)
+        .context("failed to write to gzip encoder")?;
+    let compressed = encoder
+        .finish()
+        .context("failed to finish gzip compression")?;
+
+    // Prepend magic prefix
+    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(EVENTLOG_GZIP_MAGIC.len() + compressed.len());
+    result.extend_from_slice(EVENTLOG_GZIP_MAGIC);
+    result.extend_from_slice(&compressed);
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+/// Decompress a certificate extension value
+pub fn decompress_ext_value(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
+    use std::io::Read;
+
+    if data.starts_with(EVENTLOG_GZIP_MAGIC) {
+        // Compressed format
+        let compressed = &data[EVENTLOG_GZIP_MAGIC.len()..];
+        let decoder = GzDecoder::new(compressed);
+        // Limit the total amount of decompressed data to avoid gzip bombs.
+        let mut limited = decoder.take(MAX_EVENTLOG_EXT_SIZE + 1);
+        let mut decompressed = Vec::new();
+        limited
+            .read_to_end(&mut decompressed)
+            .context("failed to decompress event log")?;
+        if decompressed.len() as u64 > MAX_EVENTLOG_EXT_SIZE {
+            bail!(
+                "event log extension too large (>{} bytes)",
+                MAX_EVENTLOG_EXT_SIZE
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(decompressed)
+    } else {
+        // Uncompressed format (backwards compatibility)
+        Ok(data.to_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generate a certificate with RA-TLS quote and event log.
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+pub fn generate_ra_cert(ca_cert_pem: String, ca_key_pem: String) -> Result<CertPair> {
+    generate_ra_cert_with_app_id(ca_cert_pem, ca_key_pem, None)
+}
+
+/// Generate a certificate with RA-TLS quote and event log.
+/// If app_id is provided, it will be included in the quote.
+#[cfg(feature = "quote")]
+pub fn generate_ra_cert_with_app_id(
+    ca_cert_pem: String,
+    ca_key_pem: String,
+    app_id: Option<[u8; 20]>,
+) -> Result<CertPair> {
+    use rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+
+    let ca = CaCert::new(ca_cert_pem, ca_key_pem)?;
+
+    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
+    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
+
+    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
+
+    let attestation = Attestation::quote_with_app_id(&report_data, app_id)
+        .context("Failed to get quote for cert pubkey")?
+        .into_versioned();
+
+    // Build certificate request with all extensions
+    let req = CertRequest::builder()
+        .subject("RA-TLS TEMP Cert")
+        .key(&key)
+        .attestation(&attestation)
+        .build();
+    let cert = ca.sign(req).context("Failed to sign certificate")?;
+    Ok(CertPair {
+        cert_pem: cert.pem(),
+        key_pem: key.serialize_pem(),
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use dstack_attest::attestation::{AttestationQuote, TdxQuote};
+    use rcgen::{SanType, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+    use scale::Encode;
+    use std::net::IpAddr;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_csr_signing_and_verification() {
+        let key_pair = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let pubkey = key_pair.public_key_der();
+
+        let csr = CertSigningRequestV1 {
+            confirm: "please sign cert:".to_string(),
+            pubkey: pubkey.clone(),
+            config: CertConfig {
+                org_name: Some("Test Org".to_string()),
+                subject: "test.example.com".to_string(),
+                subject_alt_names: vec!["alt.example.com".to_string()],
+                usage_server_auth: true,
+                usage_client_auth: false,
+                ext_quote: false,
+            },
+            quote: Vec::new(),
+            event_log: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        let signature = csr.signed_by(&key_pair).unwrap();
+        assert!(csr.verify(&signature).is_ok());
+
+        let mut invalid_signature = signature.clone();
+        invalid_signature[0] ^= 0xff;
+        assert!(csr.verify(&invalid_signature).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_invalid_confirm_word() {
+        let key_pair = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let pubkey = key_pair.public_key_der();
+
+        let csr = CertSigningRequestV1 {
+            confirm: "wrong confirm word".to_string(),
+            pubkey: pubkey.clone(),
+            config: CertConfig {
+                org_name: Some("Test Org".to_string()),
+                subject: "test.example.com".to_string(),
+                subject_alt_names: vec![],
+                usage_server_auth: true,
+                usage_client_auth: false,
+                ext_quote: false,
+            },
+            quote: Vec::new(),
+            event_log: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        let signature = csr.signed_by(&key_pair).unwrap();
+        assert!(csr.verify(&signature).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cert_request_parses_ip_alt_names_as_ip_sans() {
+        let key_pair = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let ip = "203.0.113.10".parse::<IpAddr>().unwrap();
+        let alt_names = vec!["203.0.113.10".to_string(), "test.example.com".to_string()];
+
+        let params = CertRequest::builder()
+            .key(&key_pair)
+            .subject("test.example.com")
+            .alt_names(&alt_names)
+            .build()
+            .into_cert_params()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert!(params.subject_alt_names.contains(&SanType::IpAddress(ip)));
+        assert!(params.subject_alt_names.iter().any(
+            |san| matches!(san, SanType::DnsName(name) if name.as_str() == "test.example.com")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_event_log_compression() {
+        // Test with typical event log JSON data
+        let event_log = r#"[{"imr":0,"event_type":1,"digest":"abc123","event":"test","event_payload":"deadbeef"}]"#;
+        let original = event_log.as_bytes();
+
+        // Compress
+        let compressed = compress_ext_value(original).unwrap();
+        assert!(compressed.starts_with(EVENTLOG_GZIP_MAGIC));
+
+        // Decompress
+        let decompressed = decompress_ext_value(&compressed).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decompressed, original);
+
+        // Test backwards compatibility with uncompressed data
+        let decompressed_uncompressed = decompress_ext_value(original).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decompressed_uncompressed, original);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_event_log_compression_ratio() {
+        // Simulate a reasonably large, highly repetitive event log payload.
+        // Keep it well below MAX_EVENTLOG_EXT_SIZE so decompression succeeds.
+        let large_data = vec![b'a'; (MAX_EVENTLOG_EXT_SIZE / 2) as usize];
+
+        let compressed = compress_ext_value(&large_data).unwrap();
+        let ratio = compressed.len() as f64 / large_data.len() as f64;
+
+        // Compression should achieve at least 50% reduction for repetitive data
+        assert!(ratio < 0.5, "compression ratio {} should be < 0.5", ratio);
+
+        // Verify decompression works
+        let decompressed = decompress_ext_value(&compressed).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decompressed, large_data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_csr_v2_scale_encoding_stable() {
+        let csr = CertSigningRequestV2 {
+            confirm: "please sign cert:".to_string(),
+            pubkey: vec![1, 2, 3],
+            config: CertConfigV2 {
+                org_name: None,
+                subject: "test.example.com".to_string(),
+                subject_alt_names: vec![],
+                usage_server_auth: true,
+                usage_client_auth: false,
+                ext_quote: false,
+                ext_app_info: false,
+                not_before: None,
+                not_after: None,
+            },
+            attestation: Attestation {
+                quote: AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote {
+                    quote: vec![],
+                    event_log: vec![],
+                }),
+                runtime_events: vec![],
+                report_data: [0u8; 64],
+                config: "".into(),
+                report: (),
+            }
+            .into_versioned(),
+        };
+
+        let actual = hex::encode(csr.encode());
+        let expected = "44706c65617365207369676e20636572743a0c0102030040746573742e6578616d706c652e636f6d0001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_csr_v2_scale_encoding_stable_with_tdx_quote() {
+        let csr = CertSigningRequestV2 {
+            confirm: "please sign cert:".to_string(),
+            pubkey: vec![1, 2, 3],
+            config: CertConfigV2 {
+                org_name: None,
+                subject: "test.example.com".to_string(),
+                subject_alt_names: vec![],
+                usage_server_auth: true,
+                usage_client_auth: false,
+                ext_quote: true,
+                ext_app_info: false,
+                not_before: None,
+                not_after: None,
+            },
+            attestation: Attestation {
+                quote: AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote {
+                    quote: vec![9],
+                    event_log: vec![],
+                }),
+                runtime_events: vec![],
+                report_data: [0u8; 64],
+                config: "".into(),
+                report: (),
+            }
+            .into_versioned(),
+        };
+
+        let actual = hex::encode(csr.encode());
+        let expected = "44706c65617365207369676e20636572743a0c0102030040746573742e6578616d706c652e636f6d000100010000000000040900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000";
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+
+    /// `AppInfo` travels inside RA-TLS certificates, so its MessagePack encoding is a
+    /// cross-release wire contract: a certificate issued by one build gets parsed by
+    /// peers built from another, and certificates outlive the process that issued them.
+    ///
+    /// Positional (array) encoding made that contract the *field order and count*, so
+    /// appending a field broke every peer that had not been rebuilt. Encoding as a map
+    /// keyed by field name makes it the *field names*, which readers can skip when
+    /// unknown. These tests pin both directions across the v0.5.11 boundary.
+    mod app_info_encoding {
+        use super::*;
+        use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+        use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+
+        /// The exact `AppInfo` layout shipped in v0.5.6 through v0.5.11: eight fields,
+        /// no `init_script_hashes`. Stands in for a peer built against those releases.
+        #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+        struct LegacyAppInfo {
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            app_id: Vec<u8>,
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            device_id: Vec<u8>,
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            mr_system: [u8; 32],
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            mr_aggregated: [u8; 32],
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+            #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+            key_provider_info: Vec<u8>,
+        }
+
+        /// A v0.5.11 app-info extension body: `LegacyAppInfo` in positional MessagePack,
+        /// exactly as `rmp_serde::to_vec` emitted it. Leading `0x98` is a fixarray of 8.
+        const LEGACY_POSITIONAL_APP_INFO: &str = concat!(
+            "98c403a1a2a3c402b1b2c402c1c2c401d1c42051515151515151515151515151",
+            "51515151515151515151515151515151515151c4206262626262626262626262",
+            "626262626262626262626262626262626262626262c402e1e2c4036b6d73",
+        );
+
+        /// True when `bytes` opens with a MessagePack map header of any width. The
+        /// header widens from fixmap to map16 at 16 entries, so matching on the fixmap
+        /// range alone would start failing precisely when `AppInfo` grows past 15
+        /// fields — the case this encoding exists to support.
+        fn starts_with_msgpack_map(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+            matches!(bytes.first().copied(), Some(0x80..=0x8f | 0xde | 0xdf))
+        }
+
+        fn sample_app_info() -> AppInfo {
+            AppInfo {
+                app_id: vec![0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3],
+                compose_hash: vec![0xb1, 0xb2],
+                instance_id: vec![0xc1, 0xc2],
+                device_id: vec![0xd1],
+                mr_system: [0x51; 32],
+                mr_aggregated: [0x62; 32],
+                os_image_hash: vec![0xe1, 0xe2],
+                key_provider_info: b"kms".to_vec(),
+                init_script_hashes: Some(vec![[0xf1; 32].to_vec(), [0xf2; 32].to_vec()]),
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// Old certificate, new reader. Certificates issued before this change carry a
+        /// positional array and must keep parsing; fields added since default in.
+        #[test]
+        fn legacy_positional_app_info_still_decodes() {
+            let bytes = hex::decode(LEGACY_POSITIONAL_APP_INFO).unwrap();
+            let decoded: AppInfo = rmp_serde::from_slice(&bytes).unwrap();
+
+            assert_eq!(decoded.app_id, vec![0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.compose_hash, vec![0xb1, 0xb2]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.instance_id, vec![0xc1, 0xc2]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.device_id, vec![0xd1]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.mr_system, [0x51; 32]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.mr_aggregated, [0x62; 32]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.os_image_hash, vec![0xe1, 0xe2]);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.key_provider_info, b"kms".to_vec());
+            assert_eq!(
+                decoded.init_script_hashes, None,
+                "a field absent from the legacy layout must decode as unbound, not fail"
+            );
+        }
+
+        /// New certificate, old reader. This is the direction positional encoding broke:
+        /// a v0.5.11 peer decoding a certificate issued by this build.
+        #[test]
+        fn named_app_info_decodes_against_legacy_field_set() {
+            let encoded = rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&sample_app_info()).unwrap();
+
+            assert!(
+                starts_with_msgpack_map(&encoded),
+                "app info must encode as a MessagePack map, not a positional array"
+            );
+
+            let legacy: LegacyAppInfo = rmp_serde::from_slice(&encoded)
+                .expect("a reader without init_script_hashes must skip it, not fail");
+            assert_eq!(legacy.app_id, vec![0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3]);
+            assert_eq!(legacy.mr_system, [0x51; 32]);
+            assert_eq!(legacy.key_provider_info, b"kms".to_vec());
+        }
+
+        /// The encoding change must not drop or reshape any field on the way through a
+        /// real certificate extension.
+        #[test]
+        fn app_info_survives_a_certificate_round_trip() {
+            let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+            let app_info = sample_app_info();
+            let cert = CertRequest::builder()
+                .key(&key)
+                .subject("test.example.com")
+                .app_info(&app_info)
+                .build()
+                .self_signed()
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let decoded = cert.get_app_info().unwrap().expect("app info extension");
+            assert_eq!(decoded.app_id, app_info.app_id);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.compose_hash, app_info.compose_hash);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.instance_id, app_info.instance_id);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.device_id, app_info.device_id);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.mr_system, app_info.mr_system);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.mr_aggregated, app_info.mr_aggregated);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.os_image_hash, app_info.os_image_hash);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.key_provider_info, app_info.key_provider_info);
+            assert_eq!(decoded.init_script_hashes, app_info.init_script_hashes);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/src/kdf.rs b/dstack/ra-tls/src/kdf.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b1aa1145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/src/kdf.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Key derivation functions.
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use p256::pkcs8::{DecodePrivateKey, EncodePrivateKey};
+use rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
+use ring::{
+    error::Unspecified,
+    hkdf::{KeyType, Okm, Prk, Salt, HKDF_SHA256},
+};
+use rustls_pki_types::PrivateKeyDer;
+
+struct AnySizeKey(usize);
+impl KeyType for AnySizeKey {
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Derives a key using HKDF-SHA256.
+pub fn derive_key(
+    input_key_material: &[u8],
+    context_data: &[&[u8]],
+    key_size: usize,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Unspecified> {
+    let salt = Salt::new(HKDF_SHA256, b"RATLS");
+    let pseudo_rand_key: Prk = salt.extract(input_key_material);
+    let output_key_material: Okm<AnySizeKey> =
+        pseudo_rand_key.expand(context_data, AnySizeKey(key_size))?;
+    let mut result = vec![0u8; key_size];
+    output_key_material.fill(&mut result)?;
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+/// Derives a P-256 key pair from a given key pair.
+pub fn derive_p256_key_pair(from: &KeyPair, context_data: &[&[u8]]) -> Result<KeyPair> {
+    let der_bytes = from.serialized_der();
+    let sk = p256::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(der_bytes).context("failed to decode secret key")?;
+    let sk_bytes = sk.as_scalar_primitive().to_bytes();
+    derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes(&sk_bytes, context_data)
+}
+
+/// Derives a P-256 key pair from a given private key bytes.
+pub fn derive_p256_key_pair_from_bytes(sk_bytes: &[u8], context_data: &[&[u8]]) -> Result<KeyPair> {
+    let derived_sk_bytes =
+        derive_key(sk_bytes, context_data, 32).or(Err(anyhow!("failed to derive key")))?;
+    let derived_sk = p256::SecretKey::from_slice(&derived_sk_bytes)
+        .context("failed to decode derived secret key")?;
+    let derived_sk_der = derived_sk
+        .to_pkcs8_der()
+        .context("failed to encode derived secret key")?;
+    let der = PrivateKeyDer::try_from(derived_sk_der.as_bytes())
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to decode derived secret key: {err}"))?;
+    let key = KeyPair::from_der_and_sign_algo(&der, &PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)
+        .context("failed to create derived key pair")?;
+    Ok(key)
+}
+
+fn sha256(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(data);
+    hasher.finalize().into()
+}
+
+/// Returns the canonical PKCS#8 DER encoding of a P-256 key pair.
+///
+/// This uses `p256::SecretKey::to_pkcs8_der()` directly instead of
+/// `rcgen::KeyPair::serialized_der()` to decouple the encoding from the
+/// rcgen library version. The p256 crate produces canonical ASN.1 DER which
+/// is deterministic and identical to rcgen's current output.
+///
+/// This matters because `derive_dh_secret` hashes the PKCS#8 DER bytes
+/// (including the public key) to produce a secret — a historical design
+/// choice that we must preserve for backward compatibility.
+fn p256_keypair_to_pkcs8_der(key_pair: &KeyPair) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let sk = p256::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(key_pair.serialized_der())
+        .context("failed to decode secret key")?;
+    let pkcs8_der = sk
+        .to_pkcs8_der()
+        .context("failed to encode secret key to PKCS#8 DER")?;
+    Ok(pkcs8_der.as_bytes().to_vec())
+}
+
+/// Derives a X25519 secret from a given key pair.
+pub fn derive_dh_secret(from: &KeyPair, context_data: &[&[u8]]) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+    let key_pair = derive_p256_key_pair(from, context_data)?;
+    let derived_secret = sha256(&p256_keypair_to_pkcs8_der(&key_pair)?);
+    Ok(derived_secret)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_derive_key32() {
+        let key = derive_key(b"input key material", &[b"context one"], 32).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(key.len(), 32);
+        assert!(key.iter().any(|&x| x != 0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_derive_key256() {
+        let key = derive_key(b"input key material", &[b"context one"], 256).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(key.len(), 256);
+        assert!(key.iter().any(|&x| x != 0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_derive_key_pair() {
+        let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
+        let _derived_key = derive_p256_key_pair(&key, &[b"context one"]).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_derive_dh_secret_stable_output() {
+        // Fixed test vector generated from the original rcgen-based implementation.
+        // If this test fails after a dependency upgrade, the PKCS#8 encoding has
+        // changed and deployed secrets would be silently broken.
+        // Do NOT update the expected value — fix the encoding instead.
+        let root_der = hex::decode(
+            "308187020100301306072a8648ce3d020106082a8648ce3d030107046d306b02\
+             01010420f57527cea4ab7ffb49af99b158cdc0e3ec06398f528349ea236b7d2a\
+             fe19cec1a1440342000491f50522407ce29dce3ed7d31a15d80c1c42f13a2355\
+             2d2b33a0ce09ee11e47bce95936f3e7f80d195f879e28e1b144ef37ac9ab8e36\
+             a690cbf930b775897b27",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let expected_secret = "663afd58820be8ad645f9c035e93199d114ab16f738db62393bc1d7d623e8813";
+
+        let root_key = KeyPair::from_der_and_sign_algo(
+            &PrivateKeyDer::try_from(root_der.as_slice()).unwrap(),
+            &PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let context = [b"context one".as_ref(), b"context two".as_ref()];
+        let secret = derive_dh_secret(&root_key, &context).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            hex::encode(secret),
+            expected_secret,
+            "derive_dh_secret output changed — this would break existing deployments"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/src/lib.rs b/dstack/ra-tls/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70bb712e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! RATLS library for Phala
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+pub extern crate rcgen;
+
+pub mod attestation;
+
+pub mod cert;
+pub mod kdf;
+pub mod oids;
+pub mod traits;
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/src/oids.rs b/dstack/ra-tls/src/oids.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3535ac1fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/src/oids.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! OIDs used by the RATLS protocol.
+
+/// OID for the TDX quote extension.
+pub const PHALA_RATLS_TDX_QUOTE: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 1];
+/// OID for the TDX event log extension.
+pub const PHALA_RATLS_EVENT_LOG: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 2];
+/// OID for the TDX app ID extension.
+pub const PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 3];
+/// OID for Special Certificate Usage.
+pub const PHALA_RATLS_CERT_USAGE: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 4];
+/// OID for dstack attestation (the successor of TDX quote)
+pub const PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 8];
+/// OID for app info
+pub const PHALA_RATLS_APP_INFO: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 9];
diff --git a/dstack/ra-tls/src/traits.rs b/dstack/ra-tls/src/traits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0916039c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/ra-tls/src/traits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Traits for the crate
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_attest::attestation::AppInfo;
+
+use crate::oids::{PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID, PHALA_RATLS_APP_INFO, PHALA_RATLS_CERT_USAGE};
+
+/// Types that can get custom cert extensions from.
+pub trait CertExt {
+    /// Get a cert extension from the type.
+    fn get_extension_der(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>;
+
+    /// Get externtion bytes
+    #[errify::errify("Failed to get extension for {oid:?}")]
+    fn get_extension_bytes(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let Some(der) = self.get_extension_der(oid)? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let ext = yasna::parse_der(&der, |reader| reader.read_bytes())?;
+        Ok(Some(ext))
+    }
+
+    /// Get Certificate Special Usage from the type.
+    fn get_special_usage(&self) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        let Some(found) = self.get_extension_bytes(PHALA_RATLS_CERT_USAGE)? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let found = String::from_utf8(found).context("Failed to decode special usage as utf8")?;
+        Ok(Some(found))
+    }
+
+    /// Get the app id from the certificate
+    fn get_app_id(&self) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        self.get_extension_bytes(PHALA_RATLS_APP_ID)
+    }
+
+    /// Get app info
+    fn get_app_info(&self) -> Result<Option<AppInfo>> {
+        let Some(app_info_bytes) = self.get_extension_bytes(PHALA_RATLS_APP_INFO)? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let app_info = rmp_serde::from_slice(&app_info_bytes)
+            .context("failed to decode app info as msgpack")?;
+        Ok(app_info)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/rocket-vsock-listener/Cargo.toml b/dstack/rocket-vsock-listener/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0fe89de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/rocket-vsock-listener/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "rocket-vsock-listener"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+derive_more = { workspace = true, features = ["display"] }
+pin-project.workspace = true
+rocket.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+thiserror.workspace = true
+tokio-vsock.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/dstack/rocket-vsock-listener/src/lib.rs b/dstack/rocket-vsock-listener/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a0a8164c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/rocket-vsock-listener/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use derive_more::Display;
+use rocket::listener::{Connection, Endpoint, Listener};
+use rocket::tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
+use rocket::{Ignite, Rocket};
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{io, task};
+use tokio_vsock as vsock;
+
+use serde::{de, Deserialize, Deserializer};
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum VsockError {
+    #[error("IO error: {0}")]
+    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+
+    #[error("Invalid vsock address format: {0}")]
+    InvalidAddress(String),
+
+    #[error("Invalid protocol, expected 'vsock'")]
+    InvalidProtocol,
+
+    #[error("Invalid CID: {0}")]
+    InvalidCid(std::num::ParseIntError),
+
+    #[error("Invalid port: {0}")]
+    InvalidPort(std::num::ParseIntError),
+}
+
+pub struct VsockListener {
+    listener: vsock::VsockListener,
+    endpoint: VsockEndpoint,
+}
+pub struct VsockAccept;
+
+#[pin_project::pin_project]
+pub struct VsockConnection {
+    #[pin]
+    stream: vsock::VsockStream,
+    addr: vsock::VsockAddr,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Display, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[display("vsock://{cid}:{port}")]
+pub struct VsockEndpoint {
+    pub cid: u32,
+    pub port: u32,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for VsockEndpoint {
+    type Err = VsockError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let s = s
+            .strip_prefix("vsock://")
+            .ok_or(VsockError::InvalidAddress(
+                "expect format: vsock://<cid>:<port>".into(),
+            ))?;
+
+        let (cid, port) = s.split_once(':').ok_or_else(|| {
+            VsockError::InvalidAddress("expect format: vsock://<cid>:<port>".into())
+        })?;
+
+        let cid = if cid.starts_with("0x") {
+            u32::from_str_radix(cid.trim_start_matches("0x"), 16)
+        } else {
+            cid.parse::<u32>()
+        }
+        .map_err(VsockError::InvalidCid)?;
+
+        let port = port.parse::<u32>().map_err(VsockError::InvalidPort)?;
+
+        Ok(VsockEndpoint { cid, port })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for VsockEndpoint {
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        // format:
+        // address = "vsock:<cid>"
+        // port = "<port>"
+
+        #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+        struct Address {
+            address: String,
+            port: u32,
+        }
+        let address = Address::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        let (proto, cid) = address.address.split_once(':').ok_or(de::Error::custom(
+            VsockError::InvalidAddress("expect format: vsock:<cid>".into()),
+        ))?;
+        if proto != "vsock" {
+            return Err(de::Error::custom(VsockError::InvalidProtocol));
+        }
+        let cid = if cid.starts_with("0x") {
+            u32::from_str_radix(cid.trim_start_matches("0x"), 16)
+        } else {
+            cid.parse::<u32>()
+        }
+        .map_err(|e| de::Error::custom(VsockError::InvalidCid(e)))?;
+        Ok(VsockEndpoint {
+            cid,
+            port: address.port,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Connection for VsockConnection {
+    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<Endpoint> {
+        let endpoint = VsockEndpoint {
+            cid: self.addr.cid(),
+            port: self.addr.port(),
+        };
+        Ok(Endpoint::new(endpoint))
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncRead for VsockConnection {
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_read(cx, buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for VsockConnection {
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<Result<(), io::Error>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<Result<(), io::Error>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_write_vectored(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        bufs: &[io::IoSlice<'_>],
+    ) -> task::Poll<Result<usize, io::Error>> {
+        self.project().stream.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
+    }
+
+    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
+        self.stream.is_write_vectored()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Listener for VsockListener {
+    type Accept = (vsock::VsockStream, vsock::VsockAddr);
+
+    type Connection = VsockConnection;
+
+    async fn accept(&self) -> io::Result<Self::Accept> {
+        let (stream, addr) = self.listener.accept().await?;
+        Ok((stream, addr))
+    }
+
+    async fn connect(&self, accept: Self::Accept) -> io::Result<Self::Connection> {
+        let (stream, addr) = accept;
+        Ok(VsockConnection { stream, addr })
+    }
+
+    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<Endpoint> {
+        Ok(Endpoint::new(self.endpoint))
+    }
+}
+
+impl VsockListener {
+    pub fn bind(endpoint: &VsockEndpoint) -> Result<Self, VsockError> {
+        let addr = vsock::VsockAddr::new(endpoint.cid, endpoint.port);
+        let listener = vsock::VsockListener::bind(addr)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            listener,
+            endpoint: *endpoint,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn extract_endpoint(rocket: &Rocket<Ignite>) -> Result<VsockEndpoint, VsockError> {
+        let figment = rocket.figment();
+        let endpoint = figment
+            .extract::<VsockEndpoint>()
+            .map_err(|e| VsockError::InvalidAddress(e.to_string()))?;
+        Ok(endpoint)
+    }
+
+    pub fn bind_rocket(rocket: &Rocket<Ignite>) -> Result<Self, VsockError> {
+        let endpoint = Self::extract_endpoint(rocket)?;
+        Self::bind(&endpoint)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rocket::figment::Figment;
+    use rocket::Config;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_vsock_endpoint_deserialization() {
+        // Test valid vsock endpoint
+        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
+            .merge(("address", "vsock:1"))
+            .merge(("port", 5000));
+
+        let endpoint = config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(endpoint.cid, 1);
+        assert_eq!(endpoint.port, 5000);
+
+        // Test hexadecimal CID
+        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
+            .merge(("address", "vsock:0xFF"))
+            .merge(("port", 5000));
+
+        let endpoint = config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(endpoint.cid, 255);
+        assert_eq!(endpoint.port, 5000);
+
+        // Test invalid protocol
+        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
+            .merge(("address", "tcp:1"))
+            .merge(("port", 5000));
+
+        assert!(matches!(
+            config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            s if s.contains("Invalid protocol")
+        ));
+
+        // Test invalid format
+        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
+            .merge(("address", "vsock"))
+            .merge(("port", 5000));
+
+        assert!(matches!(
+            config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap_err().to_string(),
+            s if s.contains("Invalid vsock address")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[ignore = "requires vsock support (not available in CI)"]
+    async fn test_vsock_listener_bind() {
+        let endpoint = VsockEndpoint { cid: 1, port: 5000 };
+        let result = VsockListener::bind(&endpoint);
+
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_display_format() {
+        let endpoint = VsockEndpoint { cid: 1, port: 5000 };
+        assert_eq!(endpoint.to_string(), "vsock://1:5000");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/run-tests.sh b/dstack/run-tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4fb8dbd94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/run-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -Eeuo pipefail
+
+CORE_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd -P)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$CORE_DIR/.." && pwd -P)"
+SIMULATOR_DIR="$REPO_ROOT/sdk/simulator"
+SIMULATOR_LOG="$SIMULATOR_DIR/dstack-simulator.log"
+DSTACK_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/dstack.sock"
+TAPPD_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/tappd.sock"
+GUEST_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/guest.sock"
+EXTERNAL_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/external.sock"
+SIMULATOR_PID=""
+
+cleanup() {
+    if [[ -n "${SIMULATOR_PID:-}" ]]; then
+        kill "$SIMULATOR_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait "$SIMULATOR_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+    rm -f "$DSTACK_SOCKET" "$TAPPD_SOCKET" "$GUEST_SOCKET" "$EXTERNAL_SOCKET"
+}
+
+print_simulator_logs() {
+    if [[ -f "$SIMULATOR_LOG" ]]; then
+        echo "Last simulator logs:"
+        tail -100 "$SIMULATOR_LOG" || true
+    fi
+}
+
+wait_for_socket() {
+    local socket_path="$1"
+    local name="$2"
+
+    for _ in {1..100}; do
+        if [[ -S "$socket_path" ]]; then
+            return 0
+        fi
+        if [[ -n "${SIMULATOR_PID:-}" ]] && ! kill -0 "$SIMULATOR_PID" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Simulator exited before $name socket became ready."
+            print_simulator_logs
+            return 1
+        fi
+        sleep 0.2
+    done
+
+    echo "Timed out waiting for $name socket at $socket_path"
+    print_simulator_logs
+    return 1
+}
+
+trap 'print_simulator_logs' ERR
+trap cleanup EXIT INT TERM
+
+rm -f \
+    "$DSTACK_SOCKET" \
+    "$TAPPD_SOCKET" \
+    "$GUEST_SOCKET" \
+    "$EXTERNAL_SOCKET" \
+    "$SIMULATOR_LOG"
+(
+    cd "$SIMULATOR_DIR"
+    ./build.sh
+)
+
+(
+    cd "$SIMULATOR_DIR"
+    ./dstack-simulator >"$SIMULATOR_LOG" 2>&1
+) &
+SIMULATOR_PID=$!
+echo "Simulator process (PID: $SIMULATOR_PID) started."
+
+wait_for_socket "$DSTACK_SOCKET" "dstack"
+wait_for_socket "$TAPPD_SOCKET" "tappd"
+
+export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT="$DSTACK_SOCKET"
+export TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT="$TAPPD_SOCKET"
+
+echo "DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT: $DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"
+echo "TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT: $TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"
+
+(cd "$CORE_DIR" && cargo test --all-features -- --show-output)
diff --git a/dstack/scripts/bin/dstack-cloud b/dstack/scripts/bin/dstack-cloud
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b481f8fc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/scripts/bin/dstack-cloud
@@ -0,0 +1,3673 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""
+dstack-cloud: Multi-cloud VM lifecycle management tool
+
+A production-grade CLI for managing dstack VMs on various cloud platforms
+(GCP TDX and AWS EC2 NitroTPM). Supports local configuration files similar
+to git's working model.
+
+Usage:
+    dstack-cloud new <name> [--platform gcp|aws]
+    dstack-cloud config-edit             # Edit global configuration
+    dstack-cloud prepare                 # Generate shared files (.sys-config + compose)
+    dstack-cloud deploy                  # Deploy VM to cloud (GCP or AWS)
+    dstack-cloud status                  # Check deployment status
+    dstack-cloud logs [--follow]         # View serial console logs
+    dstack-cloud stop / start / remove   # Lifecycle
+    dstack-cloud list                    # List deployments (GCP)
+    dstack-cloud fw allow|deny|list ...  # Firewall (GCP)
+
+AWS projects set "platform": "aws" in app.json and fill aws_config
+(region, networking, …). Local RAW disks are written directly to EBS snapshots.
+prepare/deploy only *embed* aws_measurement
+from the release UKI package (digest.txt + sha256sum.txt + measurement.aws.cbor
+produced at image assemble time). They never recompute PCRs or os_image_hash.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import base64
+import concurrent.futures
+import hashlib
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, asdict
+from datetime import datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any
+
+# Try to import cryptography libraries for env encryption
+CRYPTO_AVAILABLE = False
+ETH_CRYPTO_AVAILABLE = False
+try:
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import x25519
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+    CRYPTO_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    from eth_keys import keys
+    from eth_utils import keccak
+    ETH_CRYPTO_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+    pass
+
+# Default whitelist file location
+DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH = os.path.expanduser("~/.config/dstack-cloud/kms-whitelist.json")
+
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level=logging.INFO,
+    format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
+)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Configuration file names
+APP_CONFIG_FILE = "app.json"
+STATE_FILE = "state.json"
+# Global config location. Overridable via DSTACK_CLOUD_CONFIG so a caller can use
+# a local/throwaway config (e.g. a vendor computing an OS-image hash) without
+# polluting the user's global ~/.config/dstack-cloud.
+GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH = os.path.expanduser(
+    os.environ.get("DSTACK_CLOUD_CONFIG") or "~/.config/dstack-cloud/config.json"
+)
+DEFAULT_OS_IMAGE = "dstack-0.6.0"
+MONOREPO_GUEST_OS_MIN_VERSION = (0, 6, 0)
+AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE = 512 * 1024
+AWS_EBS_UPLOAD_WORKERS = 8
+AWS_EBS_UPLOAD_QUEUE_DEPTH = AWS_EBS_UPLOAD_WORKERS * 2
+
+
+def guest_os_release_url(os_image: str, version: str) -> str:
+    """Return the UKI release URL for a versioned guest image."""
+    match = re.fullmatch(
+        r'(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:[-.][0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z.-]*)?',
+        version,
+    )
+    if not match:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid guest OS version: {version}")
+    core = tuple(int(part) for part in match.groups())
+    if core < MONOREPO_GUEST_OS_MIN_VERSION:
+        return (
+            "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/"
+            f"v{version}/{os_image}-uki.tar.gz"
+        )
+    return (
+        "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/download/"
+        f"guest-os-v{version}/{os_image}-uki.tar.gz"
+    )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class App:
+    """Application configuration."""
+    # App name
+    name: str = "myapp"
+
+    # OS image
+    os_image: str = DEFAULT_OS_IMAGE
+
+    # Target cloud platform: "gcp" or "aws"
+    platform: str = "gcp"
+
+    # GCP cloud configuration
+    gcp_config: 'GcpConfig' = field(default_factory=lambda: GcpConfig())
+
+    # AWS cloud configuration
+    aws_config: 'AwsConfig' = field(default_factory=lambda: AwsConfig())
+
+    # Docker compose file name (relative to project root)
+    docker_compose_file: str = "docker-compose.yaml"
+
+    # Pre-built app-compose.json to ship VERBATIM (relative to project root).
+    # When set, its exact bytes become shared/app-compose.json instead of being
+    # generated from docker_compose_file — required for externally-built composes
+    # (e.g. self-contained apps) whose compose-hash is computed over their own
+    # serialization. Empty (default) keeps the normal generated behavior.
+    app_compose_file: str = ""
+
+    # Prelaunch script name (relative to project root)
+    prelaunch_script: str = "prelaunch.sh"
+
+    # Environment file name (relative to project root)
+    env_file: str = ".env"
+
+    # Instance identity
+    instance_id_seed: str = ""
+    app_id: str = ""
+
+    # Gateway settings
+    gateway_enabled: bool = True
+    public_logs: bool = True
+    public_sysinfo: bool = True
+    public_tcbinfo: bool = True
+
+    # KMS settings
+    key_provider: str = "kms"
+
+    # Storage
+    storage_fs: str = "ext4"
+
+    # Instance settings
+    no_instance_id: bool = False
+    secure_time: bool = False
+
+    # Allowed environments
+    allowed_envs: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    key_provider_id: str = ""
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        # asdict() recursively converts the nested config dataclasses too
+        return asdict(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'App':
+        known_fields = {f.name for f in cls.__dataclass_fields__.values()}
+        filtered = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k in known_fields}
+
+        # Convert nested config dicts
+        if "gcp_config" in filtered and isinstance(filtered["gcp_config"], dict):
+            filtered["gcp_config"] = GcpConfig.from_dict(filtered["gcp_config"])
+        if "aws_config" in filtered and isinstance(filtered["aws_config"], dict):
+            filtered["aws_config"] = AwsConfig.from_dict(filtered["aws_config"])
+        if "platform" in filtered and isinstance(filtered["platform"], str):
+            filtered["platform"] = filtered["platform"].lower()
+
+        return cls(**filtered)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_template(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get default template for new projects."""
+        import secrets
+
+        # Generate random instance_id_seed (40 hex chars)
+        instance_id_seed = secrets.token_hex(20)
+
+        # Generate random app_id (40 hex chars)
+        app_id = secrets.token_hex(20)
+
+        return {
+            "name": "myapp",
+            "os_image": DEFAULT_OS_IMAGE,
+            "platform": "gcp",
+            "gcp_config": GcpConfig.get_template(),
+            "aws_config": AwsConfig.get_template(),
+            "instance_id_seed": instance_id_seed,
+            "app_id": app_id,
+            "docker_compose_file": "docker-compose.yaml",
+            "prelaunch_script": "prelaunch.sh",
+            "env_file": ".env",
+            "gateway_enabled": True,
+            "public_logs": True,
+            "public_sysinfo": True,
+            "public_tcbinfo": True,
+            "key_provider": "kms",
+            "storage_fs": "ext4",
+            "no_instance_id": False,
+            "secure_time": False,
+            "allowed_envs": [],
+            "key_provider_id": ""
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass
+class GcpConfig:
+    """GCP deployment configuration."""
+    # Required settings
+    project: str = ""
+    zone: str = "us-central1-a"
+
+    # Instance settings
+    instance_name: str = ""  # Required, no default
+    machine_type: str = "c3-standard-4"
+
+    # Boot image settings
+    boot_image: str = ""  # GCP image name (auto-derived from app.os_image if empty)
+    boot_image_tar: str = ""  # Explicit tar file path (overrides search)
+
+    # Data disk settings
+    data_image: str = "dstack-data-disk"
+    data_size: int = 20
+
+    # Storage settings
+    bucket: str = ""
+
+    # Network settings
+    network: str = "default"
+    subnet: str = ""
+    private_ip: str = ""  # static internal IP to bind (--private-network-ip)
+    no_public_ip: bool = False  # network-isolated: no external IP (--no-address); reach via IAP
+
+    # Identity settings
+    service_account: str = ""
+    scopes: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    # Tags and labels
+    tags: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    labels: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    # Scheduling: provisioning model. "STANDARD" (default) or "SPOT".
+    # SPOT instances are required on projects without on-demand
+    # NVIDIA_H100_GPUS quota (most projects, as of 2026); GCP
+    # preempts them with ~30s notice and a max ~24h lifetime, but
+    # they're billed at a steep discount.
+    provisioning_model: str = "STANDARD"
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return asdict(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'GcpConfig':
+        known_fields = {f.name for f in cls.__dataclass_fields__.values()}
+        filtered = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k in known_fields}
+        return cls(**filtered)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_template(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get default template for new projects."""
+        return {
+            "project": "",
+            "zone": "us-central1-a",
+            "instance_name": "dstack-vm",
+            "machine_type": "c3-standard-4",
+            "boot_image": "",
+            "boot_image_tar": "",
+            "data_image": "dstack-data-disk",
+            "data_size": 20,
+            "bucket": "",
+            "network": "default",
+            "subnet": "",
+            "private_ip": "",
+            "no_public_ip": False,
+            "service_account": "",
+            "scopes": [],
+            "tags": [],
+            "labels": {},
+            "provisioning_model": "STANDARD"
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass
+class AwsConfig:
+    """AWS EC2 NitroTPM deployment configuration."""
+    # Required settings
+    region: str = "us-east-1"
+    instance_name: str = ""  # Name tag / logical name
+
+    # Instance settings
+    instance_type: str = "m6i.large"
+    ami_id: str = ""  # If empty, import local UKI disk.raw as attestable AMI
+    ami_name: str = ""  # Name used when importing AMI
+
+    # Local boot image (UKI package with disk.raw + measurement.aws.cbor)
+    boot_image: str = ""  # directory name under image_search_paths
+    boot_image_tar: str = ""  # explicit path override
+
+    # Data disk
+    data_size: int = 20  # GiB for the volume created from the labeled template
+    data_snapshot: str = ""  # optional existing snapshot for data disk
+
+    # Shared-disk device names (dstack host-shared + data)
+    shared_device_name: str = "/dev/sdf"
+    data_device_name: str = "/dev/sdg"
+    root_device_name: str = "/dev/sda1"
+    volume_type: str = "gp3"
+
+    # Network
+    subnet_id: str = ""
+    security_group_ids: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    iam_instance_profile: str = ""  # name or ARN
+
+    # Metadata options. Hop limit 1 keeps IMDSv2 tokens (and any instance-role
+    # credentials) unreachable from app containers behind the docker bridge;
+    # dstack itself never talks to IMDS. Set to 2 only if your containers
+    # legitimately need the instance role.
+    metadata_hop_limit: int = 1
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return asdict(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'AwsConfig':
+        known_fields = {f.name for f in cls.__dataclass_fields__.values()}
+        filtered = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k in known_fields}
+        return cls(**filtered)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_template(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get default template for new projects."""
+        return {
+            "region": "us-east-1",
+            "instance_name": "dstack-vm",
+            "instance_type": "m6i.large",
+            "ami_id": "",
+            "ami_name": "",
+            "boot_image": "",
+            "boot_image_tar": "",
+            "data_size": 20,
+            "data_snapshot": "",
+            "shared_device_name": "/dev/sdf",
+            "data_device_name": "/dev/sdg",
+            "root_device_name": "/dev/sda1",
+            "volume_type": "gp3",
+            "subnet_id": "",
+            "security_group_ids": [],
+            "iam_instance_profile": "",
+            "metadata_hop_limit": 1,
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DeploymentState:
+    """Deployment state tracking."""
+    platform: str = "gcp"
+    instance_name: str = ""
+    project: str = ""
+    zone: str = ""
+    region: str = ""
+    instance_id: str = ""
+    ami_id: str = ""
+    shared_snapshot: str = ""
+    data_snapshot: str = ""  # Data template snapshot created by dstack-cloud
+    external_ip: str = ""
+    internal_ip: str = ""
+    status: str = ""  # RUNNING, STOPPED, TERMINATED, etc.
+    created_at: str = ""
+    updated_at: str = ""
+    boot_image: str = ""
+    data_image: str = ""
+    shared_image: str = ""
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return asdict(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'DeploymentState':
+        known_fields = {f.name for f in cls.__dataclass_fields__.values()}
+        filtered = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k in known_fields}
+        return cls(**filtered)
+
+
+class CloudDeploymentManager:
+    """Manages multi-cloud VM deployments."""
+
+    def __init__(self, work_dir: Optional[str] = None):
+        self.work_dir = Path(work_dir) if work_dir else Path.cwd()
+
+    def _load_global_config(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Load global configuration."""
+        if os.path.exists(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH):
+            with open(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH, 'r') as f:
+                return json.load(f)
+        return {}
+
+    def _save_global_config(self, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Save global configuration."""
+        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH), exist_ok=True)
+        with open(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH, 'w') as f:
+            json.dump(config, f, indent=2)
+
+    def _get_shared_dir(self) -> Path:
+        """Get the shared directory path (at project root)."""
+        return self.work_dir / "shared"
+
+    def _merge_platform_config(self, local: Dict[str, Any], global_section: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Merge global platform defaults with local project overrides."""
+        merged = {**global_section}
+        for key, value in local.items():
+            if value or value is False or value == 0:
+                merged[key] = value
+        return merged
+
+    def load_gcp_config(self) -> 'GcpConfig':
+        """Load GCP configuration from app.gcp_config."""
+        app = self.load_app_config()
+        local_gcp = app.gcp_config.to_dict()
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        global_gcp = global_config.get("gcp", {})
+        return GcpConfig.from_dict(self._merge_platform_config(local_gcp, global_gcp))
+
+    def save_gcp_config(self, config: GcpConfig) -> None:
+        """Save GCP configuration to app.gcp_config."""
+        app = self.load_app_config()
+        app.gcp_config = config
+        self.save_app_config(app)
+
+    def load_aws_config(self) -> 'AwsConfig':
+        """Load AWS configuration from app.aws_config (+ global aws defaults)."""
+        app = self.load_app_config()
+        local_aws = app.aws_config.to_dict()
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        global_aws = global_config.get("aws", {})
+        return AwsConfig.from_dict(self._merge_platform_config(local_aws, global_aws))
+
+    def load_app_config(self, required: bool = False) -> App:
+        """Load application configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            required: If True, raise error when app.json doesn't exist
+        """
+        app_config_path = self.work_dir / APP_CONFIG_FILE
+
+        if not app_config_path.exists():
+            if required:
+                raise FileNotFoundError(
+                    f"No {APP_CONFIG_FILE} found in {self.work_dir}. "
+                    f"Run 'dstack-cloud new <name>' to create a project."
+                )
+            # Return default config if file doesn't exist
+            return App()
+
+        with open(app_config_path, 'r') as f:
+            return App.from_dict(json.load(f))
+
+    def save_app_config(self, app: App) -> None:
+        """Save application configuration."""
+        app_config_path = self.work_dir / APP_CONFIG_FILE
+        with open(app_config_path, 'w') as f:
+            json.dump(app.to_dict(), f, indent=2)
+
+    def _generate_app_compose(self, app: App, env_names: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Generate app-compose.json content from App configuration."""
+        # Read docker-compose.yaml content
+        docker_compose_path = self.work_dir / app.docker_compose_file
+        if not docker_compose_path.exists():
+            docker_compose_content = ""
+        else:
+            with open(docker_compose_path, 'r') as f:
+                docker_compose_content = f.read()
+
+        # Read prelaunch script content
+        prelaunch_path = self.work_dir / app.prelaunch_script
+        if not prelaunch_path.exists():
+            prelaunch_content = ""
+        else:
+            with open(prelaunch_path, 'r') as f:
+                prelaunch_content = f.read()
+
+        # Merge app.allowed_envs with env_names from .env file
+        allowed_envs = list(app.allowed_envs) if app.allowed_envs else []
+        if env_names:
+            allowed_envs.extend(env_names)
+            # Remove duplicates
+            allowed_envs = list(set(allowed_envs))
+
+        return {
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": app.name,
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "docker_compose_file": docker_compose_content,
+            "gateway_enabled": app.gateway_enabled,
+            "public_logs": app.public_logs,
+            "public_sysinfo": app.public_sysinfo,
+            "public_tcbinfo": app.public_tcbinfo,
+            "key_provider_id": app.key_provider_id,
+            "allowed_envs": allowed_envs,
+            "no_instance_id": app.no_instance_id,
+            "secure_time": app.secure_time,
+            "key_provider": app.key_provider,
+            "storage_fs": app.storage_fs,
+            "pre_launch_script": prelaunch_content
+        }
+
+    def _emit_app_compose(self, app: App, shared_dir: Path,
+                          env_names: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> None:
+        """Write shared/app-compose.json.
+
+        If app.app_compose_file is set, ship that file's EXACT bytes (verbatim):
+        the measured compose-hash is sha256 of the bytes on the shared disk, so
+        re-serializing would change the hash and break an externally-built
+        compose. Verbatim mode intentionally bypasses the docker-compose /
+        allowed-envs generation — the supplied compose is the source of truth.
+        Otherwise, generate from the App config as before.
+        """
+        app_compose_path = shared_dir / "app-compose.json"
+        if app.app_compose_file:
+            src = self.work_dir / app.app_compose_file
+            if not src.exists():
+                raise FileNotFoundError(f"app_compose_file not found: {src}")
+            # raw byte copy — do NOT json.load/dump (would change hashed bytes)
+            with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc, open(app_compose_path, 'wb') as fdst:
+                fdst.write(fsrc.read())
+            logger.info(f"Using verbatim app-compose: {src} -> {app_compose_path}")
+        else:
+            content = self._generate_app_compose(app, env_names=env_names)
+            with open(app_compose_path, 'w') as f:
+                json.dump(content, f, indent=2)
+            logger.info(f"Generated {app_compose_path}")
+
+    def _find_local_image_dir(
+        self,
+        global_config: Dict[str, Any],
+        image_names: List[str],
+        explicit_image_path: str = "",
+    ) -> Path:
+        """Find a local image directory from configured image_search_paths."""
+        if explicit_image_path:
+            image_path = Path(os.path.expanduser(explicit_image_path))
+            image_dir = image_path if image_path.is_dir() else image_path.parent
+            if image_dir.exists() and image_dir.is_dir():
+                return image_dir
+
+        search_paths = global_config.get("image_search_paths", [])
+        if not search_paths:
+            raise FileNotFoundError("No image_search_paths configured in global config")
+
+        candidates = [name for name in dict.fromkeys(image_names) if name]
+        for search_path in search_paths:
+            search_path = os.path.expanduser(search_path)
+            if not os.path.isabs(search_path):
+                search_path = os.path.join(self.work_dir, search_path)
+            for image_name in candidates:
+                image_dir = Path(search_path) / image_name
+                if image_dir.exists() and image_dir.is_dir():
+                    return image_dir
+
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            "Could not find local image directory for "
+            f"{', '.join(candidates)} in image_search_paths"
+        )
+
+    def _generate_sys_config(self, global_config: Dict[str, Any], app: App) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Generate .sys-config.json content for the app's target platform."""
+        services = global_config.get("services", {})
+        kms_urls = services.get("kms_urls") or ["https://kms.tdxlab.dstack.org:12001"]
+        gateway_urls = services.get("gateway_urls") or ["https://gateway.tdxlab.dstack.org:12002"]
+        pccs_url = services.get("pccs_url", "")
+        nvidia_attestation_proxy_url = services.get("nvidia_attestation_proxy_url")
+
+        platform = (app.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "gcp":
+            platform_config = self.load_gcp_config()
+        elif platform == "aws":
+            platform_config = self.load_aws_config()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"unsupported platform: {platform!r} (expected 'gcp' or 'aws')")
+
+        image_dir = self._find_local_image_dir(
+            global_config,
+            [platform_config.boot_image, app.os_image],
+            platform_config.boot_image_tar,
+        )
+        digest_file = image_dir / "digest.txt"
+        checksum_file = image_dir / "sha256sum.txt"
+        measurement_name = f"measurement.{platform}.cbor"
+        measurement_file = image_dir / measurement_name
+        for required in (digest_file, checksum_file, measurement_file):
+            if not required.exists():
+                message = f"required {platform.upper()} image file not found: {required}"
+                if platform == "aws":
+                    message += (
+                        ". Use a release UKI package built by os/image/assemble.sh "
+                        "(measurement.aws.cbor is fixed at assemble time into "
+                        "os_image_hash; prepare does not recompute it)."
+                    )
+                raise FileNotFoundError(message)
+        os_image_hash = digest_file.read_text().strip()
+        checksum_bytes = checksum_file.read_bytes()
+        measurement_bytes = measurement_file.read_bytes()
+
+        if platform == "aws":
+            # Sanity: digest.txt must equal sha256(sha256sum.txt)
+            actual = hashlib.sha256(checksum_bytes).hexdigest()
+            if os_image_hash != actual:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"digest.txt ({os_image_hash}) does not match sha256(sha256sum.txt) ({actual})"
+                )
+            # Sanity: measurement.aws.cbor must be committed by sha256sum.txt
+            meas_hash = hashlib.sha256(measurement_bytes).hexdigest()
+            checksum_text = checksum_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            committed = any(
+                len(parts) >= 2
+                and parts[0] == meas_hash
+                and parts[1].lstrip("*") == measurement_name
+                for parts in (line.split() for line in checksum_text.splitlines())
+            )
+            if not committed:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "measurement.aws.cbor is not committed by sha256sum.txt; "
+                    "rebuild the image with assemble.sh"
+                )
+            logger.info(f"read fixed AWS os_image_hash from {digest_file} (assemble-time)")
+        else:
+            logger.info(f"read unified OS image hash from {digest_file}")
+
+        vm_config = {
+            "spec_version": 2,
+            "os_image_hash": os_image_hash,
+            f"{platform}_measurement": {
+                "checksum_file": base64.b64encode(checksum_bytes).decode("ascii"),
+                "measurement": base64.b64encode(measurement_bytes).decode("ascii"),
+            },
+        }
+
+        sys_config = {
+            "kms_urls": kms_urls,
+            "gateway_urls": gateway_urls,
+            "pccs_url": pccs_url,
+            "vm_config": json.dumps(vm_config),
+        }
+        if nvidia_attestation_proxy_url:
+            sys_config["nvidia_attestation_proxy_url"] = nvidia_attestation_proxy_url
+        return sys_config
+
+    def load_state(self) -> Optional[DeploymentState]:
+        """Load deployment state."""
+        state_path = self.work_dir / STATE_FILE
+
+        if not state_path.exists():
+            return None
+
+        with open(state_path, 'r') as f:
+            return DeploymentState.from_dict(json.load(f))
+
+    def save_state(self, state: DeploymentState) -> None:
+        """Save deployment state."""
+        state_path = self.work_dir / STATE_FILE
+        state.updated_at = datetime.now().isoformat()
+        with open(state_path, 'w') as f:
+            json.dump(state.to_dict(), f, indent=2)
+
+    def _run_gcloud(self, args: List[str], capture: bool = True,
+                    check: bool = True) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+        """Run a gcloud command."""
+        cmd = ["gcloud"] + args
+        logger.debug(f"Running: {' '.join(cmd)}")
+
+        if capture:
+            result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+        else:
+            result = subprocess.run(cmd)
+
+        if check and result.returncode != 0:
+            error_msg = result.stderr if capture else "Command failed"
+            raise RuntimeError(f"gcloud command failed: {error_msg}")
+
+        return result
+
+    def _run_gsutil(self, args: List[str], check: bool = True) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+        """Run a gsutil command."""
+        cmd = ["gsutil"] + args
+        logger.debug(f"Running: {' '.join(cmd)}")
+        result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+        if check and result.returncode != 0:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"gsutil command failed: {result.stderr}")
+
+        return result
+
+    def _ensure_data_disk_image(self, config: GcpConfig) -> str:
+        """Ensure the data disk image exists, creating it if necessary.
+
+        Creates a minimal disk image with GPT partition table and a partition
+        labeled 'dstack-data' so the guest can discover it.
+
+        Returns the image name to use.
+        """
+        image_name = config.data_image
+
+        # Check if image already exists
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "images", "describe", image_name,
+            f"--project={config.project}"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            logger.debug(f"Data disk image '{image_name}' already exists")
+            return image_name
+
+        logger.info(f"Data disk image '{image_name}' not found, creating...")
+
+        # Create a minimal raw disk image with GPT partition table
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            self._build_data_raw_disk(Path(tmpdir))
+
+            # Compress to tar.gz for upload
+            tar_file = os.path.join(tmpdir, "disk.tar.gz")
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ["tar", "-czf", tar_file, "-C", tmpdir, "disk.raw"],
+                capture_output=True, text=True
+            )
+            if result.returncode != 0:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create tar.gz: {result.stderr}")
+
+            # Upload to GCS
+            gcs_path = f"{config.bucket}/{image_name}.tar.gz"
+            logger.info(f"Uploading data disk image to {gcs_path}...")
+            self._run_gsutil(["cp", tar_file, gcs_path])
+
+            # Create GCP image from the uploaded file
+            logger.info(f"Creating GCP image '{image_name}'...")
+            self._run_gcloud([
+                "compute", "images", "create", image_name,
+                f"--project={config.project}",
+                f"--source-uri={gcs_path}",
+                "--guest-os-features=GVNIC"
+            ])
+
+            # Clean up GCS file
+            self._run_gsutil(["rm", gcs_path], check=False)
+
+            logger.info(f"Created data disk image '{image_name}'")
+
+        return image_name
+
+    def new(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        os_image: Optional[str] = None,
+        app_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        gateway_enabled: Optional[bool] = None,
+        key_provider: Optional[str] = None,
+        storage_fs: Optional[str] = None,
+        secure_time: Optional[bool] = None,
+        no_instance_id: Optional[bool] = None,
+        platform: Optional[str] = None,
+        project: Optional[str] = None,
+        zone: Optional[str] = None,
+        region: Optional[str] = None,
+        instance_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        data_size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new project directory with template configuration."""
+        project_dir = Path.cwd() / name
+        if project_dir.exists():
+            raise FileExistsError(f"Directory '{name}' already exists.")
+
+        # Create project directory
+        project_dir.mkdir()
+
+        # Update work_dir to the new project directory
+        self.work_dir = project_dir
+
+        if not instance_name:
+            instance_name = f"dstack-{name}"
+
+        # Initialize the project (non-interactive by default for new command)
+        self._init_project(
+            force=False,
+            interactive=False,
+            app_name=name,
+            os_image=os_image,
+            app_id=app_id,
+            gateway_enabled=gateway_enabled,
+            key_provider=key_provider,
+            storage_fs=storage_fs,
+            secure_time=secure_time,
+            no_instance_id=no_instance_id,
+            platform=platform,
+            project=project,
+            zone=zone,
+            region=region,
+            instance_name=instance_name,
+            machine_type=machine_type,
+            data_size=data_size
+        )
+
+        logger.info(f"Created new project: {name}")
+        logger.info(f"Project directory: {project_dir}")
+        logger.info("")
+
+    def _init_project(
+        self,
+        force: bool = False,
+        interactive: bool = True,
+        app_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        os_image: Optional[str] = None,
+        app_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        gateway_enabled: Optional[bool] = None,
+        key_provider: Optional[str] = None,
+        storage_fs: Optional[str] = None,
+        secure_time: Optional[bool] = None,
+        no_instance_id: Optional[bool] = None,
+        platform: Optional[str] = None,
+        project: Optional[str] = None,
+        zone: Optional[str] = None,
+        region: Optional[str] = None,
+        instance_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        machine_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        data_size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize project configuration."""
+        # Interactive prompts for required fields (only if not provided via CLI)
+        instance_name_cli = instance_name
+
+        if interactive:
+            print(f"\n=== dstack-cloud Project Initialization ===\n")
+
+            # Prompt for app name if not provided
+            if app_name is None:
+                while True:
+                    app_name = input("App name [myapp]: ").strip()
+                    if not app_name:
+                        app_name = "myapp"
+                    if app_name:
+                        break
+                    print("App name cannot be empty.")
+
+            # Prompt for instance name (required)
+            if not instance_name_cli:
+                while True:
+                    instance_name = input("GCP instance name: ").strip()
+                    if instance_name:
+                        break
+                    print("Instance name is required.")
+            else:
+                instance_name = instance_name_cli
+
+            print("")  # Empty line for readability
+        else:
+            # Non-interactive mode: use CLI provided values or fail
+            if app_name is None:
+                app_name = "myapp"
+            if not instance_name_cli:
+                raise ValueError("instance_name is required. Use --instance-name to specify it.")
+            instance_name = instance_name_cli
+
+        # Create shared directory at project root (for system-generated files)
+        shared_dir = self.work_dir / "shared"
+        shared_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        # Generate app config template with embedded platform configs
+        app_template = App.get_template()
+
+        # Apply CLI-provided values (only if specified)
+        if app_name:
+            app_template["name"] = app_name
+        if os_image:
+            app_template["os_image"] = os_image
+        if platform:
+            platform = platform.lower()
+            if platform not in ("gcp", "aws"):
+                raise ValueError("platform must be 'gcp' or 'aws'")
+            app_template["platform"] = platform
+        if app_id:
+            # Validate app_id format (40 hex chars)
+            if len(app_id) != 40 or not all(c in '0123456789abcdef' for c in app_id.lower()):
+                raise ValueError("app_id must be exactly 40 hexadecimal characters")
+            app_template["app_id"] = app_id
+        if gateway_enabled is not None:
+            app_template["gateway_enabled"] = gateway_enabled
+        if key_provider is not None:
+            app_template["key_provider"] = key_provider
+
+        # Auto-disable gateway when key_provider is not "kms"
+        if app_template["key_provider"] != "kms":
+            app_template["gateway_enabled"] = False
+            # Also set no_instance_id=True when KMS is not available
+            app_template["no_instance_id"] = True
+            # Remove env_file since .env is only supported in KMS mode
+            app_template.pop("env_file", None)
+        if storage_fs is not None:
+            app_template["storage_fs"] = storage_fs
+        if secure_time is not None:
+            app_template["secure_time"] = secure_time
+        if no_instance_id is not None:
+            app_template["no_instance_id"] = no_instance_id
+
+        # Apply GCP config values
+        if instance_name:
+            app_template["gcp_config"]["instance_name"] = instance_name
+            app_template["aws_config"]["instance_name"] = instance_name
+        if project:
+            app_template["gcp_config"]["project"] = project
+        if zone:
+            app_template["gcp_config"]["zone"] = zone
+        if region:
+            app_template["aws_config"]["region"] = region
+        if machine_type:
+            app_template["gcp_config"]["machine_type"] = machine_type
+            # Only map machine_type to AWS instance_type when platform is aws
+            if app_template.get("platform") == "aws":
+                app_template["aws_config"]["instance_type"] = machine_type
+        if data_size is not None:
+            app_template["gcp_config"]["data_size"] = data_size
+            app_template["aws_config"]["data_size"] = data_size
+
+        # Create app.json at project root (not in .dstack/)
+        app_config_path = self.work_dir / APP_CONFIG_FILE
+        if not app_config_path.exists() or force:
+            with open(app_config_path, 'w') as f:
+                json.dump(app_template, f, indent=2)
+
+        # Note: app-compose.json and .sys-config.json will be generated during deploy
+
+        # Create docker-compose.yaml template at project root
+        docker_compose = self.work_dir / "docker-compose.yaml"
+        if not docker_compose.exists() or force:
+            with open(docker_compose, 'w') as f:
+                f.write("services:\n")
+                f.write("  nginx:\n")
+                f.write("    image: nginx:alpine\n")
+                f.write("    ports:\n")
+                f.write("      - \"80:80\"\n")
+                f.write("    restart: unless-stopped\n")
+
+        # Create prelaunch.sh template at project root
+        prelaunch = self.work_dir / "prelaunch.sh"
+        if not prelaunch.exists() or force:
+            with open(prelaunch, 'w') as f:
+                f.write("#!/bin/sh\n")
+                f.write("# Prelaunch script - runs before starting containers\n")
+            os.chmod(prelaunch, 0o755)
+
+        # Create .env template at project root (only for KMS mode)
+        if app_template["key_provider"] == "kms":
+            env_file = self.work_dir / ".env"
+            if not env_file.exists() or force:
+                with open(env_file, 'w') as f:
+                    f.write("# Environment variables\n")
+
+        # Create user-config template at project root
+        user_config = self.work_dir / ".user-config"
+        if not user_config.exists() or force:
+            with open(user_config, 'w') as f:
+                json.dump({}, f, indent=2)
+
+        logger.info(f"Initialized project in {self.work_dir}")
+        logger.info("")
+        if interactive:
+            logger.info("Configuration:")
+            logger.info(f"  App name: {app_name}")
+            logger.info(f"  Instance name: {instance_name}")
+            logger.info("")
+        logger.info("Created files:")
+        logger.info(f"  {app_config_path.name} - Application configuration (platform configs embedded)")
+        logger.info(f"  shared/ - System-generated files")
+        logger.info(f"  {docker_compose.name} - Docker compose file")
+        logger.info(f"  {prelaunch.name} - Prelaunch script")
+        if app_template["key_provider"] == "kms":
+            logger.info(f"  .env - Environment variables")
+        logger.info(f"  .user-config - User configuration")
+        logger.info("")
+        logger.info("Edit the configuration files to customize your deployment.")
+
+    def config_edit(self) -> None:
+        """Edit global configuration with $EDITOR."""
+        # Create global config if it doesn't exist
+        global_config_dir = os.path.dirname(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH)
+        os.makedirs(global_config_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH):
+            # Create template with organized sections and comments
+            template = {
+                "_comment_services": "Service endpoints configuration",
+                "services": {
+                    "kms_urls": ["https://kms.tdxlab.dstack.org:12001"],
+                    "gateway_urls": ["https://gateway.tdxlab.dstack.org:12002"],
+                    "pccs_url": "",
+                    "nvidia_attestation_proxy_url": "",
+                },
+                "_comment_images": "System image search paths (for boot_image_tar auto-discovery)",
+                "image_search_paths": [
+                    "~/.dstack/images"
+                ],
+                "_comment_gcp": "GCP cloud platform defaults",
+                "gcp": {
+                    "project": "",
+                    "zone": "us-central1-a",
+                    "bucket": ""
+                },
+                "_comment_aws": "AWS EC2 NitroTPM platform defaults",
+                "aws": {
+                    "region": "us-east-1",
+                    "instance_type": "m6i.large"
+                }
+            }
+            with open(GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH, 'w') as f:
+                json.dump(template, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+                f.write("\n")  # Add trailing newline
+
+        # Get editor
+        editor = os.environ.get('EDITOR', 'vi')
+
+        # Open editor
+        logger.info(f"Opening {GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH} with {editor}...")
+        subprocess.run([editor, GLOBAL_CONFIG_PATH])
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """Generate all files in shared directory."""
+        import secrets
+
+        # Load app config (required)
+        app = self.load_app_config(required=True)
+
+        # Ensure instance_id_seed and app_id exist
+        if not app.instance_id_seed:
+            app.instance_id_seed = secrets.token_hex(20)
+            logger.info(f"Generated instance_id_seed: {app.instance_id_seed}")
+
+        if not app.app_id:
+            app.app_id = secrets.token_hex(20)
+            logger.info(f"Generated app_id: {app.app_id}")
+
+        # Save updated app config
+        self.save_app_config(app)
+
+        # Get shared directory
+        shared_dir = self._get_shared_dir()
+        shared_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        # Generate .instance_info (instance_id will be generated in CVM)
+        instance_info = {
+            "instance_id_seed": app.instance_id_seed,
+            "app_id": app.app_id
+        }
+        instance_info_path = shared_dir / ".instance_info"
+        with open(instance_info_path, 'w') as f:
+            json.dump(instance_info, f, indent=2)
+        logger.info(f"Generated {instance_info_path}")
+
+        # Generate .sys-config.json (platform-specific measurement material)
+        try:
+            global_config = self._load_global_config()
+            sys_config_content = self._generate_sys_config(global_config, app)
+            sys_config_path = shared_dir / ".sys-config.json"
+            with open(sys_config_path, 'w') as f:
+                json.dump(sys_config_content, f, indent=2)
+            logger.info(f"Generated {sys_config_path} (platform={app.platform})")
+        except (FileNotFoundError, ValueError) as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Could not generate .sys-config.json: {e}")
+
+        # Process .env file to collect env_names
+        env_path = self.work_dir / app.env_file
+        env_names = []
+        if env_path.exists():
+            envs = self._parse_env_file(env_path)
+            if envs:
+                env_names = list(envs.keys())
+                logger.info(f"Found {len(env_names)} environment variable(s) in {app.env_file}")
+            else:
+                logger.info(f"{app.env_file} is empty")
+
+        # Write app-compose.json (verbatim if app.app_compose_file is set, else generated)
+        self._emit_app_compose(app, shared_dir, env_names if env_names else None)
+
+        logger.info("")
+        logger.info(f"Shared files generated in: {shared_dir}")
+        logger.info("These files will be included in the shared disk image during deploy.")
+
+    def _find_boot_image_tar(self, local_image: str) -> Optional[Path]:
+        """Search for boot image disk.raw file in configured search paths."""
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        search_paths = global_config.get("image_search_paths", [])
+
+        logger.debug(f"Image search paths: {search_paths}")
+        logger.debug(f"Looking for image: {local_image}")
+
+        # Expand ~ and convert to Path objects
+        expanded_paths = []
+        for path in search_paths:
+            expanded = os.path.expanduser(path)
+            if not os.path.isabs(expanded):
+                expanded = os.path.join(self.work_dir, expanded)
+            expanded_paths.append(Path(expanded))
+
+        # Look for disk.raw in the image directory
+        patterns = [
+            f"{local_image}/disk.raw",
+        ]
+
+        for search_path in expanded_paths:
+            logger.debug(f"Checking search path: {search_path}, exists: {search_path.exists()}")
+            if not search_path.exists():
+                continue
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                file_path = search_path / pattern
+                logger.debug(f"Checking: {file_path}, exists: {file_path.exists()}")
+                if file_path.exists():
+                    logger.info(f"Found boot image: {file_path}")
+                    return file_path
+
+        return None
+
+    def pull(self, os_image: str) -> None:
+        """Download UKI image from remote repository or an absolute URL."""
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        search_paths = global_config.get("image_search_paths", [])
+
+        if not search_paths:
+            logger.error("No image_search_paths configured in global config")
+            logger.error("Please set image_search_paths in: ~/.config/dstack-cloud/config.json")
+            return
+
+        # Use the first search path
+        target_dir = Path(os.path.expanduser(search_paths[0]))
+        target_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        # Check if os_image is an absolute URL
+        if os_image.startswith("http://") or os_image.startswith("https://"):
+            download_url = os_image
+            # Derive image name from URL filename
+            url_filename = download_url.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+            if url_filename.endswith("-uki.tar.gz"):
+                os_image = url_filename[:-len("-uki.tar.gz")]
+            elif url_filename.endswith(".tar.gz"):
+                os_image = url_filename[:-len(".tar.gz")]
+            else:
+                os_image = url_filename
+            download_tar = target_dir / url_filename
+        else:
+            # Extract the release version from the unified image name (or a
+            # legacy flavor name), including an optional prerelease suffix.
+            version_match = re.search(
+                r'-(\d+\.\d+\.\d+(?:[-.][0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z.-]*)?)$',
+                os_image,
+            )
+            if not version_match:
+                logger.error(f"Could not extract version from image name: {os_image}")
+                logger.error("Expected format: dstack-<version> (or a legacy dstack-<flavor>-<version>)")
+                return
+            version = version_match.group(1)
+            download_url = guest_os_release_url(os_image, version)
+            download_tar = target_dir / f"{os_image}-uki.tar.gz"
+
+        if download_tar.exists():
+            logger.info(f"Download file already exists: {download_tar}")
+            response = input("Download again to overwrite? [y/N]: ").strip().lower()
+            if response != 'y':
+                logger.info("Download cancelled")
+                return
+
+        logger.info(f"Downloading {os_image} UKI image from {download_url}...")
+        logger.info(f"Target: {download_tar}")
+
+        try:
+            # Use curl to download with progress bar
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ["curl", "-fL", "-o", str(download_tar), download_url],
+                check=False
+            )
+            result.check_returncode()
+            logger.info(f"Successfully downloaded to {download_tar}")
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to download image: {e}")
+            # Clean up partial download
+            if download_tar.exists():
+                download_tar.unlink()
+            raise
+
+        # Extract the tar file
+        logger.info(f"Extracting {download_tar}...")
+        try:
+            subprocess.run(
+                ["tar", "-xzf", str(download_tar), "-C", str(target_dir)],
+                check=True
+            )
+            logger.info(f"Successfully extracted to {target_dir / os_image}")
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to extract image: {e}")
+            raise
+
+        # Verify the expected structure
+        expected_dir = target_dir / os_image
+        expected_files = [
+            expected_dir / "disk.raw",
+            expected_dir / "digest.txt",
+            expected_dir / "sha256sum.txt",
+        ]
+        # Cloud packages may carry GCP and/or AWS measurement material.
+        optional_measurements = [
+            expected_dir / "measurement.gcp.cbor",
+            expected_dir / "measurement.aws.cbor",
+        ]
+        missing_files = [p for p in expected_files if not p.exists()]
+        if not missing_files:
+            logger.info(f"Image ready: {expected_dir / 'disk.raw'}")
+            present = [p.name for p in optional_measurements if p.exists()]
+            if present:
+                logger.info(f"Measurement material: {', '.join(present)}")
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "No measurement.gcp.cbor or measurement.aws.cbor found; "
+                    "rebuild the UKI package with os/image/assemble.sh"
+                )
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Expected file(s) not found: "
+                + ", ".join(str(p) for p in missing_files)
+            )
+            logger.warning(f"Downloaded structure may be incorrect")
+
+    def _check_and_upload_boot_image(self, config: GcpConfig, app: App, force: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Check and upload boot image if needed. Returns the image name."""
+        image_path = None
+
+        # Derive GCP image name from app.os_image
+        gcp_image = config.boot_image
+        if not gcp_image:
+            # Convert OS image name (dstack-nvidia-0.6.0 -> dstack-nvidia-0-6-0)
+            gcp_image = app.os_image.replace(".", "-")
+
+        # If boot_image_tar is specified, use it (legacy config name, can be disk.raw or tar.gz)
+        if config.boot_image_tar:
+            image_path = Path(os.path.expanduser(config.boot_image_tar))
+            if not image_path.exists():
+                logger.error("")
+                logger.error(f"Boot image not found: {image_path}")
+                logger.error("")
+                logger.error(f"Please download the image using:")
+                logger.error(f"  dstack-cloud pull {app.os_image}")
+                logger.error("")
+                raise FileNotFoundError(f"Boot image not found: {image_path}")
+        else:
+            # Auto-discover from search paths using OS image name
+            logger.info(f"Searching for boot image '{app.os_image}'...")
+            image_path = self._find_boot_image_tar(app.os_image)
+            if not image_path:
+                logger.error("")
+                logger.error(f"Boot image '{app.os_image}' not found locally.")
+                logger.error("")
+                logger.error(f"Please download the image using:")
+                logger.error(f"  dstack-cloud pull {app.os_image}")
+                logger.error("")
+                raise FileNotFoundError(
+                    f"Boot image '{app.os_image}' not found. "
+                    f"Run 'dstack-cloud pull {app.os_image}' to download it."
+                )
+
+        # Use gcp_image as the GCP image name
+        image_name = gcp_image
+        local_mtime = image_path.stat().st_mtime
+
+        # Check if GCP image exists and is up-to-date
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "images", "describe", image_name,
+            f"--project={config.project}",
+            "--format=value(creationTimestamp)"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        need_upload = False
+        gcp_creation_time = result.stdout.strip() if result.returncode == 0 else ""
+
+        if force:
+            logger.info("Force enabled: will re-upload boot image")
+            need_upload = True
+        elif not gcp_creation_time:
+            logger.info(f"GCP image '{image_name}' does not exist, will upload")
+            need_upload = True
+        else:
+            # Parse GCP timestamp and compare
+            try:
+                from datetime import datetime
+                gcp_dt = datetime.fromisoformat(gcp_creation_time.replace('Z', '+00:00'))
+                gcp_epoch = gcp_dt.timestamp()
+                if local_mtime > gcp_epoch:
+                    logger.info("Local image is newer than GCP image, will re-upload")
+                    logger.info(f"  Local: {datetime.fromtimestamp(local_mtime).isoformat()}")
+                    logger.info(f"  GCP:   {gcp_creation_time}")
+                    need_upload = True
+                else:
+                    logger.info(f"GCP image '{image_name}' is up-to-date")
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(f"Could not parse GCP timestamp: {e}")
+                need_upload = True
+
+        if need_upload:
+            # Compress disk.raw to tar.gz for upload
+            logger.info("Compressing disk.raw to tar.gz for upload...")
+            import tempfile
+            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+                tar_file = os.path.join(tmpdir, "disk.tar.gz")
+                result = subprocess.run(
+                    ["tar", "-czvf", tar_file, "-C", str(image_path.parent), "disk.raw"],
+                    capture_output=True,
+                    text=True
+                )
+                if result.returncode != 0:
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create tar.gz: {result.stderr}")
+
+                logger.info("Uploading boot image to GCS...")
+                self._run_gsutil([
+                    "cp", tar_file, f"{config.bucket}/{image_name}.tar.gz"
+                ])
+
+            # Delete existing image if present
+            if gcp_creation_time:
+                logger.info("Deleting existing GCP image...")
+                self._run_gcloud([
+                    "compute", "images", "delete", image_name,
+                    f"--project={config.project}",
+                    "--quiet"
+                ])
+
+            logger.info("Creating GCP image with TDX support...")
+            self._run_gcloud([
+                "compute", "images", "create", image_name,
+                f"--project={config.project}",
+                f"--source-uri={config.bucket}/{image_name}.tar.gz",
+                "--guest-os-features=UEFI_COMPATIBLE,TDX_CAPABLE,GVNIC"
+            ])
+
+        return image_name
+
+    def _create_shared_disk_image(self, config: GcpConfig, app: App) -> str:
+        """Create and upload shared disk image. Returns the image name."""
+        shared_image_name = f"{config.instance_name}-shared"
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as work_dir:
+            work_path = Path(work_dir)
+            raw_file = self._build_shared_raw_disk(app, work_path)
+            tar_file = work_path / "shared-disk.tar.gz"
+            subprocess.run(
+                ["tar", "-C", str(work_path), "-czvf", str(tar_file), raw_file.name],
+                check=True,
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+
+            logger.info("Uploading shared disk image to GCS...")
+            self._run_gsutil([
+                "cp", str(tar_file), f"{config.bucket}/{shared_image_name}.tar.gz"
+            ])
+
+        # Delete existing image if present
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "images", "describe", shared_image_name,
+            f"--project={config.project}"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            logger.info("Deleting existing shared disk image...")
+            self._run_gcloud([
+                "compute", "images", "delete", shared_image_name,
+                f"--project={config.project}",
+                "--quiet"
+            ])
+
+        logger.info("Creating GCP image from shared disk...")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "images", "create", shared_image_name,
+            f"--project={config.project}",
+            f"--source-uri={config.bucket}/{shared_image_name}.tar.gz",
+            "--guest-os-features=GVNIC"
+        ])
+        return shared_image_name
+
+    def deploy(self, delete_existing: bool = False,
+               force_boot_image: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Deploy VM to the configured cloud platform."""
+        app = self.load_app_config(required=True)
+        platform = (app.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "aws":
+            self._deploy_aws(app, delete_existing=delete_existing, force_boot_image=force_boot_image)
+        elif platform == "gcp":
+            self._deploy_gcp(app, delete_existing=delete_existing, force_boot_image=force_boot_image)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"unsupported platform: {platform!r}")
+
+    def _deploy_gcp(self, app: App, delete_existing: bool = False,
+                    force_boot_image: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Deploy VM to GCP TDX."""
+        config = self.load_gcp_config()
+
+        missing = []
+        if not config.instance_name:
+            missing.append("instance_name")
+        if not config.project:
+            missing.append("project")
+        if not config.zone:
+            missing.append("zone")
+        if missing:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Missing required GCP configuration: {', '.join(missing)}. "
+                f"Run 'dstack-cloud new <name>' to create a project or edit app.json."
+            )
+
+        if not config.bucket and config.project:
+            config.bucket = f"gs://{config.project}-dstack"
+
+        shared_dir = self._get_shared_dir()
+
+        logger.info("=== GCP TDX VM Deployment ===")
+        logger.info(f"Project: {config.project}")
+        logger.info(f"Zone: {config.zone}")
+        logger.info(f"Instance: {config.instance_name}")
+        logger.info(f"Shared Directory: {shared_dir}")
+        logger.info(f"GCS Bucket: {config.bucket}")
+
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "describe", config.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={config.zone}",
+            f"--project={config.project}"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            if delete_existing:
+                logger.info(f"Deleting existing instance: {config.instance_name}")
+                self._run_gcloud([
+                    "compute", "instances", "delete", config.instance_name,
+                    f"--zone={config.zone}",
+                    f"--project={config.project}",
+                    "--quiet"
+                ])
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Instance '{config.instance_name}' already exists. "
+                    f"Use --delete to replace it."
+                )
+
+        boot_image = self._check_and_upload_boot_image(config, app, force=force_boot_image)
+        shared_image = self._create_shared_disk_image(config, app)
+        data_image = self._ensure_data_disk_image(config)
+
+        logger.info("Creating TDX instance...")
+
+        create_args = [
+            "compute", "instances", "create", config.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={config.zone}",
+            f"--project={config.project}",
+            f"--machine-type={config.machine_type}",
+            "--confidential-compute-type=TDX",
+            f"--image={boot_image}",
+            "--boot-disk-size=10GB",
+            f"--create-disk=name={config.instance_name}-data,size={config.data_size}GB,type=pd-balanced,image={data_image},auto-delete=yes",
+            f"--create-disk=name={config.instance_name}-shared,size=1GB,type=pd-balanced,image={shared_image},auto-delete=yes",
+            "--maintenance-policy=TERMINATE",
+        ]
+
+        provisioning = (config.provisioning_model or "STANDARD").upper()
+        if provisioning == "SPOT":
+            create_args.append("--provisioning-model=SPOT")
+            create_args.append("--instance-termination-action=STOP")
+        elif provisioning != "STANDARD":
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Unsupported provisioning_model: {config.provisioning_model!r} "
+                f"(expected 'STANDARD' or 'SPOT')"
+            )
+
+        if config.network != "default":
+            create_args.append(f"--network={config.network}")
+        if config.subnet:
+            create_args.append(f"--subnet={config.subnet}")
+        if config.private_ip:
+            if not config.subnet:
+                create_args.append("--subnet=default")
+            create_args.append(f"--private-network-ip={config.private_ip}")
+        if config.no_public_ip:
+            create_args.append("--no-address")
+        if config.service_account:
+            create_args.append(f"--service-account={config.service_account}")
+        if config.scopes:
+            create_args.append(f"--scopes={','.join(config.scopes)}")
+        instance_tags = list(config.tags)
+        firewall_tag = f"fw-{config.instance_name}"
+        if firewall_tag not in instance_tags:
+            instance_tags.append(firewall_tag)
+        if instance_tags:
+            create_args.append(f"--tags={','.join(instance_tags)}")
+        if config.labels:
+            labels_str = ",".join(f"{k}={v}" for k, v in config.labels.items())
+            create_args.append(f"--labels={labels_str}")
+
+        self._run_gcloud(create_args)
+
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "describe", config.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={config.zone}",
+            f"--project={config.project}",
+            "--format=json"
+        ])
+
+        instance_info = json.loads(result.stdout)
+        external_ip = ""
+        internal_ip = ""
+
+        for iface in instance_info.get("networkInterfaces", []):
+            internal_ip = iface.get("networkIP", "")
+            for access in iface.get("accessConfigs", []):
+                external_ip = access.get("natIP", "")
+                break
+
+        state = DeploymentState(
+            platform="gcp",
+            instance_name=config.instance_name,
+            project=config.project,
+            zone=config.zone,
+            external_ip=external_ip,
+            internal_ip=internal_ip,
+            status="RUNNING",
+            created_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
+            boot_image=boot_image,
+            data_image=data_image,
+            shared_image=shared_image,
+        )
+        self.save_state(state)
+
+        logger.info("")
+        logger.info("=== Deployment Complete ===")
+        logger.info(f"Instance: {config.instance_name}")
+        logger.info(f"External IP: {external_ip}")
+        logger.info(f"Internal IP: {internal_ip}")
+        logger.info("")
+        logger.info("To check serial output:")
+        logger.info("  dstack-cloud logs")
+
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # AWS EC2 NitroTPM
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _run_aws(self, args: List[str], capture: bool = True,
+                 check: bool = True) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+        """Run an aws CLI command."""
+        cmd = ["aws"] + args
+        logger.debug(f"Running: {' '.join(cmd)}")
+        if capture:
+            result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+        else:
+            result = subprocess.run(cmd)
+        if check and result.returncode != 0:
+            error_msg = result.stderr if capture else "Command failed"
+            raise RuntimeError(f"aws command failed: {error_msg}")
+        return result
+
+    def _aws_json(self, args: List[str]) -> Any:
+        result = self._run_aws(args + ["--output", "json"], capture=True, check=True)
+        return json.loads(result.stdout) if result.stdout.strip() else {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _aws_cli_error_code(result: subprocess.CompletedProcess) -> str:
+        """Return a safe AWS CLI error code without echoing request metadata."""
+        stderr = result.stderr or ""
+        match = re.search(r"An error occurred \(([^)]+)\)", stderr)
+        if match:
+            return match.group(1)
+        return f"exit status {result.returncode}"
+
+    def _build_shared_raw_disk(self, app: App, work_path: Optional[Path] = None) -> Path:
+        """Populate shared config and build a local FAT32 DSTACKSHR disk.raw."""
+        import secrets
+        import shutil
+
+        if not shutil.which("mcopy"):
+            logger.error("")
+            logger.error("Error: 'mcopy' command not found.")
+            logger.error("")
+            logger.error("Please install mtools:")
+            logger.error("  Ubuntu/Debian: sudo apt-get install mtools")
+            logger.error("  Fedora/RHEL:   sudo dnf install mtools")
+            logger.error("  Arch Linux:     sudo pacman -S mtools")
+            logger.error("")
+            raise FileNotFoundError("mcopy not found. Please install mtools package.")
+
+        if not app.instance_id_seed:
+            app.instance_id_seed = secrets.token_hex(20)
+            logger.info(f"Generated instance_id_seed: {app.instance_id_seed}")
+            self.save_app_config(app)
+        if not app.app_id:
+            app.app_id = secrets.token_hex(20)
+            logger.info(f"Generated app_id: {app.app_id}")
+            self.save_app_config(app)
+
+        shared_dir = self._get_shared_dir()
+        shared_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+
+        env_path = self.work_dir / app.env_file
+        env_names: List[str] = []
+        if env_path.exists():
+            if app.key_provider != "kms":
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"{app.env_file} found but KMS is not enabled. "
+                    f"Enable KMS with --key-provider kms or remove {app.env_file}"
+                )
+            envs = self._parse_env_file(env_path)
+            if envs:
+                env_names = list(envs.keys())
+                kms_urls = global_config.get("services", {}).get("kms_urls", [])
+                if not kms_urls:
+                    raise ValueError("KMS enabled but no kms_urls configured in global config")
+                pubkey = self._get_app_encrypt_pub_key(app.app_id, kms_urls[0])
+                encrypted_file = shared_dir / ".encrypted-env"
+                with open(encrypted_file, "wb") as f:
+                    f.write(self._encrypt_env(envs, pubkey))
+                logger.info(f"Encrypted {app.env_file} -> {encrypted_file}")
+            else:
+                logger.info(f"{app.env_file} is empty, skipping")
+
+        sys_config_path = shared_dir / ".sys-config.json"
+        with open(sys_config_path, "w") as f:
+            json.dump(self._generate_sys_config(global_config, app), f, indent=2)
+        logger.info(f"Generated {sys_config_path}")
+
+        instance_info_path = shared_dir / ".instance_info"
+        with open(instance_info_path, "w") as f:
+            json.dump({
+                "instance_id_seed": app.instance_id_seed,
+                "app_id": app.app_id,
+            }, f, indent=2)
+        logger.info(f"Generated {instance_info_path}")
+
+        self._emit_app_compose(app, shared_dir, env_names or None)
+
+        if work_path is None:
+            work_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="dstack-shared-"))
+        raw_file = work_path / "disk.raw"
+        required_files = [shared_dir / name for name in (
+            "app-compose.json", ".sys-config.json", ".instance_info"
+        )]
+        for path in required_files:
+            if not path.exists():
+                raise FileNotFoundError(f"Required file {path.name} not found in {shared_dir}")
+
+        shared_files = required_files + [shared_dir / ".encrypted-env"]
+        user_config = self.work_dir / ".user-config"
+        total = sum(path.stat().st_size for path in [*shared_files, user_config] if path.exists())
+        size = max(8 * 1024 * 1024, total + 4 * 1024 * 1024)
+        size = ((size + 1024 * 1024 - 1) // (1024 * 1024)) * (1024 * 1024)
+        logger.info(f"Shared disk size: {size // (1024 * 1024)}M (files {total} bytes)")
+
+        subprocess.run(["truncate", "-s", str(size), str(raw_file)], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["mkfs.fat", "-F", "32", "-n", "DSTACKSHR", str(raw_file)],
+            check=True,
+            capture_output=True,
+        )
+        for src in shared_files:
+            if src.exists():
+                subprocess.run(["mcopy", "-i", str(raw_file), str(src), "::"], check=True)
+        if user_config.exists():
+            subprocess.run(
+                ["mcopy", "-i", str(raw_file), str(user_config), "::.user-config"],
+                check=True,
+            )
+            logger.info("Included .user-config")
+        else:
+            logger.warning(".user-config not found, skipping")
+        return raw_file
+
+    def _build_data_raw_disk(self, work_path: Optional[Path] = None) -> Path:
+        """Build a minimal GPT disk with a PARTLABEL=dstack-data partition."""
+        import shutil
+
+        if not shutil.which("sgdisk"):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(
+                "'sgdisk' command not found. Install the gdisk package."
+            )
+        if work_path is None:
+            work_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="dstack-data-"))
+        work_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        raw_file = work_path / "disk.raw"
+        subprocess.run(["truncate", "-s", "10M", str(raw_file)], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "sgdisk", "-o", "-n", "1:0:0", "-c", "1:dstack-data",
+                str(raw_file),
+            ],
+            check=True,
+            capture_output=True,
+        )
+        return raw_file
+
+    def _aws_ebs_call(
+        self,
+        args: List[str],
+        action: str,
+        max_attempts: int = 5,
+    ) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+        """Call an EBS Direct API with safe errors and transient retries."""
+        retryable = {
+            "InternalServerException",
+            "RequestThrottledException",
+            "ServiceUnavailableException",
+            "ThrottlingException",
+        }
+        result = None
+        code = "unknown"
+        for attempt in range(1, max_attempts + 1):
+            result = self._run_aws(args, capture=True, check=False)
+            if result.returncode == 0:
+                return result
+            code = self._aws_cli_error_code(result)
+            should_retry = code in retryable
+            if not should_retry or attempt == max_attempts:
+                break
+            delay = min(2 ** (attempt - 1), 8)
+            logger.warning(
+                f"AWS EBS {action} returned {code}; retrying in {delay}s "
+                f"({attempt}/{max_attempts})"
+            )
+            time.sleep(delay)
+
+        error_type = PermissionError if code in {
+            "AccessDenied",
+            "AccessDeniedException",
+            "UnauthorizedOperation",
+        } else RuntimeError
+        raise error_type(
+            f"AWS EBS {action} failed (AWS error: {code}). "
+            f"Grant ebs:{action} in {args[args.index('--region') + 1]} and retry."
+        )
+
+    def _aws_put_snapshot_block(
+        self,
+        region: str,
+        snapshot_id: str,
+        block_index: int,
+        block_data: bytes,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Upload one checksummed 512-KiB block to a pending EBS snapshot."""
+        checksum = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha256(block_data).digest()).decode()
+        block_path = ""
+        try:
+            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
+                prefix=f"dstack-ebs-{block_index}-",
+                suffix=".block",
+                delete=False,
+            ) as block_file:
+                block_file.write(block_data)
+                block_path = block_file.name
+            self._aws_ebs_call([
+                "ebs", "put-snapshot-block",
+                "--region", region,
+                "--snapshot-id", snapshot_id,
+                "--block-index", str(block_index),
+                "--block-data", block_path,
+                "--data-length", str(AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE),
+                "--checksum", checksum,
+                "--checksum-algorithm", "SHA256",
+            ], "PutSnapshotBlock")
+        finally:
+            if block_path:
+                Path(block_path).unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    def _aws_upload_snapshot_blocks(
+        self,
+        region: str,
+        snapshot_id: str,
+        raw_path: Path,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Upload all non-zero RAW blocks with bounded concurrency."""
+        raw_size = raw_path.stat().st_size
+        total_blocks = (raw_size + AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE - 1) // AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE
+        zero_block = bytes(AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE)
+        pending = set()
+        uploaded = 0
+
+        def collect(done: set) -> None:
+            nonlocal uploaded
+            for future in done:
+                future.result()
+                uploaded += 1
+                if uploaded % 128 == 0:
+                    logger.info(
+                        f"uploaded {uploaded} non-zero EBS blocks "
+                        f"({uploaded * AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE // (1024 * 1024)} MiB)"
+                    )
+
+        with raw_path.open("rb") as raw_file, concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
+            max_workers=AWS_EBS_UPLOAD_WORKERS,
+            thread_name_prefix="dstack-ebs",
+        ) as executor:
+            for block_index in range(total_blocks):
+                block_data = raw_file.read(AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE)
+                if len(block_data) < AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE:
+                    block_data += bytes(AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE - len(block_data))
+                if block_data == zero_block:
+                    continue
+                pending.add(executor.submit(
+                    self._aws_put_snapshot_block,
+                    region,
+                    snapshot_id,
+                    block_index,
+                    block_data,
+                ))
+                if len(pending) >= AWS_EBS_UPLOAD_QUEUE_DEPTH:
+                    done, pending = concurrent.futures.wait(
+                        pending,
+                        return_when=concurrent.futures.FIRST_COMPLETED,
+                    )
+                    collect(done)
+            if pending:
+                done, _ = concurrent.futures.wait(pending)
+                collect(done)
+
+        logger.info(
+            f"uploaded {uploaded} non-zero blocks from {raw_size} RAW bytes "
+            f"({total_blocks} logical blocks)"
+        )
+        return uploaded
+
+    def _aws_create_snapshot_from_raw(
+        self,
+        config: AwsConfig,
+        raw_path: Path,
+        description: str,
+        client_token: str,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Write a local RAW disk directly to a new EBS snapshot."""
+        raw_size = raw_path.stat().st_size
+        if raw_size <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"RAW disk is empty: {raw_path}")
+        gib = 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+        volume_size = max(1, (raw_size + gib - 1) // gib)
+        logger.info(
+            f"creating {volume_size}-GiB EBS snapshot from {raw_size} RAW bytes..."
+        )
+        start = self._aws_ebs_call([
+            "ebs", "start-snapshot",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--volume-size", str(volume_size),
+            "--description", description[:255],
+            "--client-token", client_token[:255],
+            "--timeout", "120",
+            "--output", "json",
+        ], "StartSnapshot")
+        start_json = json.loads(start.stdout) if start.stdout.strip() else {}
+        snapshot_id = start_json.get("SnapshotId", "")
+        block_size = int(start_json.get("BlockSize", 0))
+        if not snapshot_id or block_size != AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE:
+            if snapshot_id:
+                self._run_aws([
+                    "ec2", "delete-snapshot",
+                    "--region", config.region,
+                    "--snapshot-id", snapshot_id,
+                ], capture=True, check=False)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "EBS StartSnapshot returned no snapshot id or an unsupported block size"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            changed_blocks = self._aws_upload_snapshot_blocks(
+                config.region,
+                snapshot_id,
+                raw_path,
+            )
+            if changed_blocks == 0:
+                raise ValueError(f"RAW disk contains no non-zero data: {raw_path}")
+            self._aws_ebs_call([
+                "ebs", "complete-snapshot",
+                "--region", config.region,
+                "--snapshot-id", snapshot_id,
+                "--changed-blocks-count", str(changed_blocks),
+            ], "CompleteSnapshot")
+            wait_result = self._run_aws([
+                "ec2", "wait", "snapshot-completed",
+                "--region", config.region,
+                "--snapshot-ids", snapshot_id,
+            ], capture=True, check=False)
+            if wait_result.returncode != 0:
+                code = self._aws_cli_error_code(wait_result)
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "EBS snapshot did not reach completed state "
+                    f"(AWS error: {code}); grant ec2:DescribeSnapshots and retry"
+                )
+        except Exception:
+            logger.warning("EBS snapshot creation failed; deleting partial snapshot")
+            self._run_aws([
+                "ec2", "delete-snapshot",
+                "--region", config.region,
+                "--snapshot-id", snapshot_id,
+            ], capture=True, check=False)
+            raise
+
+        self._run_aws([
+            "ec2", "create-tags",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--resources", snapshot_id,
+            "--tags",
+            f"Key=Name,Value={description[:255]}",
+            "Key=dstack:managed-by,Value=dstack-cloud",
+        ], capture=True, check=False)
+        logger.info(f"EBS snapshot ready: {snapshot_id}")
+        return snapshot_id
+
+    def _aws_ensure_ami(self, config: AwsConfig, app: App, force: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Return an AMI id, writing local disk.raw to EBS when necessary."""
+        if config.ami_id and not force:
+            logger.info(f"using configured AMI {config.ami_id}")
+            return config.ami_id
+
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        image_dir = self._find_local_image_dir(
+            global_config,
+            [config.boot_image, app.os_image],
+            config.boot_image_tar,
+        )
+        disk_raw = image_dir / "disk.raw"
+        if not disk_raw.exists():
+            raise FileNotFoundError(
+                f"boot disk not found: {disk_raw}. Run: dstack-cloud pull {app.os_image}"
+            )
+        ami_name = config.ami_name or f"dstack-{app.os_image}".replace(".", "-")[:100]
+        # Reuse existing AMI with same name if present and not forcing
+        if not force:
+            existing = self._aws_json([
+                "ec2", "describe-images",
+                "--region", config.region,
+                "--owners", "self",
+                "--filters", f"Name=name,Values={ami_name}",
+                "--query", "Images | sort_by(@, &CreationDate) | reverse(@)",
+            ])
+            if existing:
+                ami_id = existing[0].get("ImageId", "")
+                if ami_id:
+                    logger.info(f"reusing existing AMI {ami_id} ({ami_name})")
+                    return ami_id
+
+        token = f"ami-{re.sub(r'[^A-Za-z0-9-]', '-', ami_name)[:40]}-{int(time.time())}"
+        snapshot_id = self._aws_create_snapshot_from_raw(
+            config, disk_raw, f"dstack-boot-{ami_name}", token
+        )
+        mappings = json.dumps([{
+            "DeviceName": config.root_device_name,
+            "Ebs": {
+                "SnapshotId": snapshot_id,
+                "DeleteOnTermination": True,
+                "VolumeType": config.volume_type,
+            },
+        }])
+        logger.info(f"registering AMI {ami_name} from {snapshot_id}")
+        image_id = self._run_aws([
+            "ec2", "register-image",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--name", ami_name,
+            "--description", f"dstack attestable AMI for {app.os_image}",
+            "--architecture", "x86_64",
+            "--root-device-name", config.root_device_name,
+            "--block-device-mappings", mappings,
+            "--virtualization-type", "hvm",
+            "--ena-support",
+            "--boot-mode", "uefi",
+            "--tpm-support", "v2.0",
+            "--output", "text",
+            "--query", "ImageId",
+        ], capture=True, check=True).stdout.strip()
+        if not image_id:
+            raise RuntimeError("register-image returned empty ImageId")
+        self._run_aws([
+            "ec2", "create-tags",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--resources", snapshot_id, image_id,
+            "--tags",
+            f"Key=Name,Value={ami_name}",
+            "Key=dstack:managed-by,Value=dstack-cloud",
+        ], capture=True, check=False)
+        self._run_aws([
+            "ec2", "wait", "image-available",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--image-ids", image_id,
+        ], capture=True, check=True)
+        logger.info(f"AMI ready: {image_id}")
+        return image_id
+
+    def _deploy_aws(self, app: App, delete_existing: bool = False,
+                    force_boot_image: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Deploy VM to AWS EC2 with NitroTPM + shared/data disks."""
+        config = self.load_aws_config()
+        missing = []
+        if not config.instance_name:
+            missing.append("instance_name")
+        if not config.region:
+            missing.append("region")
+        if missing:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"missing required AWS configuration: {', '.join(missing)}. "
+                f"Edit app.json aws_config."
+            )
+        logger.info("=== AWS EC2 NitroTPM Deployment ===")
+        logger.info(f"Region: {config.region}")
+        logger.info(f"Instance name: {config.instance_name}")
+        logger.info(f"Instance type: {config.instance_type}")
+
+        # Terminate existing by name tag if requested
+        existing = self._aws_json([
+            "ec2", "describe-instances",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--filters",
+            f"Name=tag:Name,Values={config.instance_name}",
+            "Name=instance-state-name,Values=pending,running,stopping,stopped",
+            "--query", "Reservations[].Instances[].InstanceId",
+        ])
+        if existing:
+            if not delete_existing:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"instance(s) with Name={config.instance_name} already exist: {existing}. "
+                    f"Use --delete to replace."
+                )
+            logger.info(f"terminating existing instances: {existing}")
+            self._run_aws([
+                "ec2", "terminate-instances",
+                "--region", config.region,
+                "--instance-ids", *existing,
+            ], capture=True, check=True)
+            self._run_aws([
+                "ec2", "wait", "instance-terminated",
+                "--region", config.region,
+                "--instance-ids", *existing,
+            ], capture=True, check=True)
+
+        ami_id = self._aws_ensure_ami(config, app, force=force_boot_image)
+
+        # Shared config disk → snapshot
+        logger.info("building shared config disk...")
+        shared_raw = self._build_shared_raw_disk(app)
+        try:
+            shared_token = f"shared-{config.instance_name}-{int(time.time())}"[:64]
+            shared_snapshot = self._aws_create_snapshot_from_raw(
+                config, shared_raw, f"dstack-shared-{config.instance_name}", shared_token
+            )
+        finally:
+            # raw lives in a temp dir; remove parent
+            try:
+                import shutil
+                shutil.rmtree(shared_raw.parent, ignore_errors=True)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        # Block device mappings: shared + data
+        managed_data_snapshot = ""
+        if config.data_snapshot:
+            data_snapshot = config.data_snapshot
+        else:
+            logger.info("building labeled data disk template...")
+            data_raw = self._build_data_raw_disk()
+            try:
+                data_token = f"data-{config.instance_name}-{int(time.time())}"[:64]
+                data_snapshot = self._aws_create_snapshot_from_raw(
+                    config, data_raw, f"dstack-data-{config.instance_name}", data_token
+                )
+                managed_data_snapshot = data_snapshot
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    import shutil
+                    shutil.rmtree(data_raw.parent, ignore_errors=True)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+        data_ebs: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "DeleteOnTermination": True,
+            "VolumeType": config.volume_type,
+            "SnapshotId": data_snapshot,
+            "VolumeSize": int(config.data_size),
+        }
+
+        mappings = [
+            {
+                "DeviceName": config.shared_device_name,
+                "Ebs": {
+                    "SnapshotId": shared_snapshot,
+                    "DeleteOnTermination": True,
+                    "VolumeType": config.volume_type,
+                },
+            },
+            {
+                "DeviceName": config.data_device_name,
+                "Ebs": data_ebs,
+            },
+        ]
+        tags = [
+            {"Key": "Name", "Value": config.instance_name},
+            {"Key": "dstack:managed-by", "Value": "dstack-cloud"},
+            {"Key": "dstack:platform", "Value": "aws"},
+        ]
+        tag_spec = json.dumps([
+            {"ResourceType": "instance", "Tags": tags},
+            {"ResourceType": "volume", "Tags": tags},
+        ])
+        metadata = (
+            f"HttpEndpoint=enabled,HttpTokens=required,"
+            f"HttpPutResponseHopLimit={config.metadata_hop_limit}"
+        )
+        run_args = [
+            "ec2", "run-instances",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--image-id", ami_id,
+            "--instance-type", config.instance_type,
+            "--count", "1",
+            "--block-device-mappings", json.dumps(mappings),
+            "--metadata-options", metadata,
+            "--tag-specifications", tag_spec,
+        ]
+        if config.subnet_id:
+            run_args.extend(["--subnet-id", config.subnet_id])
+        if config.security_group_ids:
+            run_args.extend(["--security-group-ids", *config.security_group_ids])
+        if config.iam_instance_profile:
+            if config.iam_instance_profile.startswith("arn:"):
+                run_args.extend([
+                    "--iam-instance-profile", f"Arn={config.iam_instance_profile}"
+                ])
+            else:
+                run_args.extend([
+                    "--iam-instance-profile", f"Name={config.iam_instance_profile}"
+                ])
+
+        logger.info(f"launching instance from {ami_id}...")
+        run_json = self._aws_json(run_args)
+        instance_id = (run_json.get("Instances") or [{}])[0].get("InstanceId", "")
+        if not instance_id:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"run-instances returned no InstanceId: {run_json}")
+        logger.info(f"instance: {instance_id}")
+        self._run_aws([
+            "ec2", "wait", "instance-running",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--instance-ids", instance_id,
+        ], capture=True, check=True)
+
+        desc = self._aws_json([
+            "ec2", "describe-instances",
+            "--region", config.region,
+            "--instance-ids", instance_id,
+        ])
+        inst = (desc.get("Reservations") or [{}])[0].get("Instances", [{}])[0]
+        external_ip = inst.get("PublicIpAddress", "") or ""
+        internal_ip = inst.get("PrivateIpAddress", "") or ""
+
+        state = DeploymentState(
+            platform="aws",
+            instance_name=config.instance_name,
+            region=config.region,
+            instance_id=instance_id,
+            ami_id=ami_id,
+            shared_snapshot=shared_snapshot,
+            data_snapshot=managed_data_snapshot,
+            external_ip=external_ip,
+            internal_ip=internal_ip,
+            status=inst.get("State", {}).get("Name", "running").upper(),
+            created_at=datetime.now().isoformat(),
+            boot_image=ami_id,
+        )
+        self.save_state(state)
+
+        logger.info("")
+        logger.info("=== Deployment Complete ===")
+        logger.info(f"Instance ID: {instance_id}")
+        logger.info(f"AMI: {ami_id}")
+        logger.info(f"Shared snapshot: {shared_snapshot}")
+        if managed_data_snapshot:
+            logger.info(f"Data template snapshot: {managed_data_snapshot}")
+        logger.info(f"Public IP: {external_ip or '(none)'}")
+        logger.info(f"Private IP: {internal_ip or '(none)'}")
+        logger.info("")
+        logger.info("Serial console:")
+        logger.info("  dstack-cloud logs")
+
+    def _parse_env_file(self, file_path: Path) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """Parse an environment file where each line is formatted as KEY=Value."""
+        if not file_path or not file_path.exists():
+            return {}
+
+        envs = {}
+        with open(file_path, 'r') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line or line.startswith('#'):
+                    continue
+                if '=' not in line:
+                    continue
+                key, value = line.split('=', 1)
+                envs[key.strip()] = value.strip()
+        return envs
+
+    def _encrypt_env(self, envs: Dict[str, str], hex_public_key: str) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Encrypt environment variables using X25519 key exchange and AES-GCM.
+
+        Args:
+            envs: Environment variables dictionary
+            hex_public_key: Remote encryption public key in hexadecimal format
+
+        Returns:
+            Raw bytes of (ephemeral public key || IV || ciphertext)
+        """
+        if not CRYPTO_AVAILABLE:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Cryptography libraries not available. Please install:\n"
+                "pip install cryptography eth-keys 'eth-hash[pycryptodome]'"
+            )
+
+        # Serialize environment variables to JSON (format: {"env": [{"key": k, "value": v}, ...]})
+        env_pairs = [{"key": k, "value": v} for k, v in envs.items()]
+        envs_json = json.dumps({"env": env_pairs}).encode("utf-8")
+
+        # Remove "0x" prefix if present
+        if hex_public_key.startswith("0x"):
+            hex_public_key = hex_public_key[2:]
+
+        # Convert hex public key to bytes
+        remote_pubkey_bytes = bytes.fromhex(hex_public_key)
+
+        # Generate ephemeral X25519 key pair
+        ephemeral_private_key = x25519.X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+        ephemeral_public_key = ephemeral_private_key.public_key()
+
+        # Compute shared secret using X25519
+        peer_public_key = x25519.X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(remote_pubkey_bytes)
+        shared = ephemeral_private_key.exchange(peer_public_key)
+
+        # Use shared secret as key for AES-GCM (32 bytes for AES-256)
+        aesgcm = AESGCM(shared)
+        iv = os.urandom(12)  # 12-byte nonce for AES-GCM
+        ciphertext = aesgcm.encrypt(iv, envs_json, None)
+
+        # Serialize ephemeral public key to raw bytes
+        ephemeral_public_bytes = ephemeral_public_key.public_bytes(
+            encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+            format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+        )
+
+        # Combine ephemeral public key, IV, and ciphertext
+        result = ephemeral_public_bytes + iv + ciphertext
+        return result
+
+    def _get_app_encrypt_pub_key(self, app_id: str, kms_url: str) -> str:
+        """Get encryption public key for the specified app_id from KMS."""
+        try:
+            import urllib.request
+            import urllib.error
+            import ssl
+
+            path = f"{kms_url}/prpc/GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey?json"
+            data = json.dumps({"app_id": app_id}).encode("utf-8")
+
+            req = urllib.request.Request(
+                path,
+                data=data,
+                headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+            )
+
+            # Allow self-signed certificates for KMS server
+            ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+            ssl_context.check_hostname = False
+            ssl_context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+            logger.info(f"Getting encryption public key for {app_id} from {kms_url}")
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10, context=ssl_context) as response:
+                response_data = json.loads(response.read().decode("utf-8"))
+
+            if "public_key" not in response_data:
+                raise ValueError(f"No public_key in response: {response_data}")
+
+            # Verify signature if available
+            if "signature" not in response_data:
+                if not self._confirm_untrusted_signer("none"):
+                    raise ValueError("Aborted due to missing signature")
+                return response_data["public_key"]
+
+            public_key = bytes.fromhex(response_data["public_key"])
+            signature = bytes.fromhex(response_data["signature"])
+
+            signer_pubkey = self._verify_signature(public_key, signature, app_id)
+            if signer_pubkey:
+                whitelist = self._load_whitelist()
+                if whitelist and signer_pubkey not in whitelist:
+                    logger.warning(f"Signer {signer_pubkey} is not in the trusted whitelist!")
+                    if not self._confirm_untrusted_signer(signer_pubkey):
+                        raise ValueError("Aborted due to untrusted signer")
+                else:
+                    logger.info(f"Verified signature from: {signer_pubkey}")
+            else:
+                logger.warning("Could not verify signature!")
+                if not self._confirm_untrusted_signer("unknown"):
+                    raise ValueError("Aborted due to invalid signature")
+
+            return response_data["public_key"]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Failed to get encryption public key: {e}")
+            raise
+
+    def _verify_signature(self, public_key: bytes, signature: bytes, app_id: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Verify the signature of a public key.
+
+        Args:
+            public_key: The public key bytes to verify
+            signature: The signature bytes
+            app_id: The application ID
+
+        Returns:
+            The compressed public key if valid, None otherwise
+        """
+        if not ETH_CRYPTO_AVAILABLE:
+            logger.warning("eth-keys not available, skipping signature verification. "
+                           "Install with: pip install eth-keys 'eth-hash[pycryptodome]'")
+            return None
+
+        if len(signature) != 65:
+            return None
+
+        # Create the message to verify
+        prefix = b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey"
+        if app_id.startswith("0x"):
+            app_id = app_id[2:]
+        message = prefix + b":" + bytes.fromhex(app_id) + public_key
+
+        # Hash the message with Keccak-256 and recover the public key
+        try:
+            message_hash = keccak(message)
+            sig = keys.Signature(signature_bytes=signature)
+            recovered_key = sig.recover_public_key_from_msg_hash(message_hash)
+            return '0x' + recovered_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+        except Exception as e:
+            error_msg = str(e)
+            if "hashing backends" in error_msg or "pycryptodome" in error_msg:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Ethereum hashing backend not available. Please install:\n"
+                    "pip install cryptography eth-keys 'eth-hash[pycryptodome]'"
+                )
+            logger.debug(f"Signature verification failed: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def _confirm_untrusted_signer(self, signer: str) -> bool:
+        """Ask user to confirm using an untrusted signer."""
+        try:
+            response = input(f"Continue with untrusted signer '{signer}'? (y/N): ")
+            return response.lower() in ('y', 'yes')
+        except EOFError:
+            # Non-interactive mode, reject untrusted signers
+            return False
+
+    def _load_whitelist(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Load the whitelist of trusted signers from a file."""
+        if not os.path.exists(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH):
+            return []
+
+        try:
+            with open(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH, 'r') as f:
+                data = json.load(f)
+                return data.get('trusted_signers', [])
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, FileNotFoundError):
+            return []
+
+    def _save_whitelist(self, whitelist: List[str]) -> None:
+        """Save the whitelist of trusted signers to a file."""
+        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH), exist_ok=True)
+        with open(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH, 'w') as f:
+            json.dump({'trusted_signers': whitelist}, f, indent=2)
+
+    def _update_kms_whitelist(self, whitelist_path: str, bundle: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Update the KMS whitelist with the k256 pubkey from an AuthBundle."""
+        kms_identity = bundle.get("kms_identity", {})
+        k256_pubkey = kms_identity.get("k256_pubkey", "")
+        if not k256_pubkey:
+            logger.warning("auth bundle contains no kms_identity.k256_pubkey, skipping whitelist update")
+            return
+
+        existing: List[str] = []
+        if os.path.exists(whitelist_path):
+            try:
+                with open(whitelist_path, 'r') as f:
+                    existing = json.load(f).get("trusted_signers", [])
+            except (json.JSONDecodeError, OSError):
+                pass
+
+        if k256_pubkey not in existing:
+            existing.append(k256_pubkey)
+            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(whitelist_path), exist_ok=True)
+            with open(whitelist_path, 'w') as f:
+                json.dump({"trusted_signers": existing}, f, indent=2)
+            logger.info(f"added {k256_pubkey} to kms whitelist")
+
+    def _load_platform_config(self, platform_url: Optional[str] = None,
+                              api_key: Optional[str] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Load platform connection settings from config file and environment, with CLI overrides."""
+        config_path = os.path.expanduser("~/.config/dstack-cloud/platform.json")
+        file_cfg: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if os.path.exists(config_path):
+            try:
+                with open(config_path, 'r') as f:
+                    file_cfg = json.load(f)
+            except (json.JSONDecodeError, OSError) as e:
+                logger.warning(f"could not read platform config: {e}")
+
+        result_url = (
+            platform_url
+            or os.environ.get("DSTACK_PLATFORM_URL")
+            or file_cfg.get("platform_url", "")
+        )
+        result_key = (
+            api_key
+            or os.environ.get("DSTACK_API_KEY")
+            or file_cfg.get("api_key", "")
+        )
+        return {"platform_url": result_url, "api_key": result_key}
+
+    def _platform_post(self, platform_url: str, api_key: str,
+                       path: str, payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """POST JSON to the vendor platform API, return parsed response."""
+        import urllib.request
+        import urllib.error
+
+        url = platform_url.rstrip("/") + path
+        data = json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8")
+        headers: Dict[str, str] = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        if api_key:
+            headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {api_key}"
+
+        req = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, headers=headers, method="POST")
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=30) as resp:
+                return json.loads(resp.read().decode("utf-8"))
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            body = e.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"platform API error {e.code}: {body}")
+
+    def _sidecar_post(self, sidecar_url: str, path: str,
+                      payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """POST JSON to the KMS sidecar courier API, return parsed response."""
+        import urllib.request
+        import urllib.error
+
+        url = sidecar_url.rstrip("/") + path
+        data = json.dumps(payload).encode("utf-8")
+        req = urllib.request.Request(
+            url, data=data,
+            headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            method="POST"
+        )
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=30) as resp:
+                return json.loads(resp.read().decode("utf-8"))
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            body = e.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"sidecar API error {e.code}: {body}")
+
+    def kms_attest(self, customer_id: str, sidecar_url: str,
+                   platform_url: Optional[str] = None,
+                   api_key: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Provision a KMS instance via the offline courier protocol.
+
+        Runs the full courier handshake:
+          1. request a nonce from the platform
+          2. forward nonce to the in-VPC sidecar, get TDX quote + transport key
+          3. send quote to platform for verification, receive sealed root key + AuthBundle
+          4. deliver the ProvisionPackage into the VPC via sidecar
+          5. update the local KMS whitelist (TOFU)
+        """
+        cfg = self._load_platform_config(platform_url, api_key)
+        p_url = cfg["platform_url"]
+        p_key = cfg["api_key"]
+        if not p_url:
+            raise ValueError("platform URL is required (--platform-url, DSTACK_PLATFORM_URL, or platform.json)")
+
+        # Step 1: request challenge from platform
+        logger.info("requesting challenge from platform...")
+        challenge_resp = self._platform_post(p_url, p_key, "/api/v1/challenge", {
+            "customer_id": customer_id,
+            "client_ts": int(time.time()),
+        })
+        nonce = challenge_resp["nonce"]
+        platform_ts = challenge_resp["platform_ts"]
+        logger.info(f"got nonce {nonce[:16]}...")
+
+        # Step 2: forward nonce to sidecar, get TDX quote + transport key
+        logger.info("sending nonce to sidecar, fetching TDX quote...")
+        init_data = self._sidecar_post(sidecar_url, "/courier/init", {"nonce": nonce})
+        # init_data: {transport_pub, kms_ts, quote}
+
+        # Step 3: sanity-check clock skew
+        skew = abs(init_data["kms_ts"] - platform_ts)
+        if skew > 300:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"kms clock skew too large: {skew}s (limit 300s)")
+
+        # Step 4: send quote to platform, get ProvisionPackage
+        logger.info("sending quote to platform for verification...")
+        provision = self._platform_post(p_url, p_key, "/api/v1/provision", {
+            "customer_id": customer_id,
+            "nonce": nonce,
+            "quote": init_data["quote"],
+            "transport_pub": init_data["transport_pub"],
+            "kms_ts": init_data["kms_ts"],
+        })
+        # provision: {sealed_root, auth_bundle}
+
+        # Step 5: deliver ProvisionPackage into VPC via sidecar
+        logger.info("installing provision package into KMS...")
+        install_resp = self._sidecar_post(sidecar_url, "/courier/install", {
+            "sealed_root": provision["sealed_root"],
+            "auth_bundle": provision["auth_bundle"],
+        })
+        if not install_resp.get("ok"):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"sidecar install failed: {install_resp}")
+
+        # Step 6: TOFU — update local KMS whitelist with the KMS identity pubkey
+        whitelist_path = os.path.expanduser("~/.config/dstack-cloud/kms-whitelist.json")
+        self._update_kms_whitelist(whitelist_path, provision["auth_bundle"])
+
+        bundle_seq = provision["auth_bundle"].get("bundle_seq", "?")
+        logger.info(f"KMS provisioned successfully. bundle_seq={bundle_seq}")
+
+    def kms_sync_auth(self, customer_id: str, sidecar_url: str,
+                      platform_url: Optional[str] = None,
+                      api_key: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Renew the AuthBundle for a provisioned KMS instance.
+
+        Fetches a fresh AuthBundle from the platform (no TDX quote needed)
+        and pushes it into the in-VPC KMS via the sidecar.
+
+        TODO P3: collect and upload UsageReceipt before requesting renewal.
+        """
+        cfg = self._load_platform_config(platform_url, api_key)
+        p_url = cfg["platform_url"]
+        p_key = cfg["api_key"]
+        if not p_url:
+            raise ValueError("platform URL is required (--platform-url, DSTACK_PLATFORM_URL, or platform.json)")
+
+        # TODO P3: fetch UsageReceipt from sidecar before sync
+        # receipt = self._sidecar_post(sidecar_url, "/courier/usage-receipt", {})
+
+        # Step 1: fetch fresh AuthBundle from platform
+        logger.info("fetching fresh auth bundle from platform...")
+        sync_resp = self._platform_post(p_url, p_key, "/api/v1/sync-auth", {
+            "customer_id": customer_id,
+            # "usage_receipt": receipt,  # TODO P3
+        })
+        bundle = sync_resp["auth_bundle"]
+
+        # Step 2: push AuthBundle into VPC via sidecar (no new root key)
+        logger.info("pushing auth bundle into KMS...")
+        install_resp = self._sidecar_post(sidecar_url, "/courier/install", {
+            "sealed_root": None,
+            "auth_bundle": bundle,
+        })
+        if not install_resp.get("ok"):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"sidecar install failed: {install_resp}")
+
+        bundle_seq = bundle.get("bundle_seq", "?")
+        logger.info(f"AuthBundle synced. bundle_seq={bundle_seq}")
+
+    def _derive_instance_id(self, instance_id_seed: str, app_id: str) -> str:
+        """Derive instance_id from instance_id_seed and app_id.
+
+        Both instance_id_seed and app_id are hex strings that need to be
+        decoded to bytes before concatenation, matching the Rust implementation.
+        """
+        # Decode hex strings to bytes
+        seed_bytes = bytes.fromhex(instance_id_seed)
+        app_bytes = bytes.fromhex(app_id)
+
+        # Concatenate bytes (not hex strings)
+        id_path = seed_bytes + app_bytes
+
+        # Compute SHA256 and take first 20 bytes, then convert to hex string
+        instance_id = hashlib.sha256(id_path).digest()[:20]
+        return instance_id.hex()
+
+    def _get_gateway_urls(self, app: App, instance_id: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """Construct gateway URLs for app access.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict with 'app_url' and 'instance_url' keys
+        """
+        if not app.gateway_enabled:
+            return {}
+
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        gateway_urls = global_config.get("services", {}).get("gateway_urls", [])
+        if not gateway_urls:
+            return {}
+
+        # Try to get gateway info from RPC
+        gateway_info = None
+        for gateway_url in gateway_urls:
+            try:
+                info_url = f"{gateway_url}/prpc/Info"
+                result = subprocess.run(
+                    ["curl", "-sk", info_url],
+                    capture_output=True,
+                    text=True,
+                    timeout=5
+                )
+                if result.returncode == 0:
+                    gateway_info = json.loads(result.stdout)
+                    break
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(f"Failed to get gateway info from {gateway_url}: {e}")
+                continue
+
+        if not gateway_info:
+            return {}
+
+        base_domain = gateway_info.get("base_domain")
+        external_port = gateway_info.get("external_port")
+
+        if not base_domain or not external_port:
+            return {}
+
+        # Construct URLs: one with instance_id, one with app_id
+        app_id = app.app_id
+        app_url = f"https://{app_id}-8090.{base_domain}:{external_port}/"
+        instance_url = f"https://{instance_id}-8090.{base_domain}:{external_port}/"
+
+        return {
+            "app_url": app_url,
+            "instance_url": instance_url
+        }
+
+    def _print_gateway_urls(self) -> None:
+        app = self.load_app_config()
+        if not app.gateway_enabled:
+            return
+        instance_id_seed = None
+        app_id = None
+        instance_info_path = self._get_shared_dir() / ".instance_info"
+        if instance_info_path.exists():
+            try:
+                with open(instance_info_path, 'r') as f:
+                    data = json.load(f)
+                    instance_id_seed = data.get("instance_id_seed")
+                    app_id = data.get("app_id")
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(f"Failed to read .instance_info: {e}")
+        if not instance_id_seed or not app_id:
+            instance_id_seed = app.instance_id_seed
+            app_id = app.app_id
+        if instance_id_seed and app_id:
+            instance_id = self._derive_instance_id(instance_id_seed, app_id)
+            gateway_urls = self._get_gateway_urls(app, instance_id)
+            if gateway_urls:
+                print("")
+                print("Gateway URLs:")
+                print(f"  App URL:      {gateway_urls.get('app_url', 'N/A')}")
+                print(f"  Instance URL: {gateway_urls.get('instance_url', 'N/A')}")
+
+    def status(self) -> None:
+        """Check deployment status."""
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if not state or not state.instance_name:
+            logger.info("No deployment found. Run 'dstack-cloud deploy' first.")
+            return
+
+        platform = (state.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "aws":
+            if not state.instance_id:
+                logger.info("No AWS instance_id in state.")
+                return
+            desc = self._aws_json([
+                "ec2", "describe-instances",
+                "--region", state.region,
+                "--instance-ids", state.instance_id,
+            ])
+            reservations = desc.get("Reservations") or []
+            if not reservations or not reservations[0].get("Instances"):
+                logger.info(f"Instance '{state.instance_id}' not found in AWS")
+                state.status = "NOT_FOUND"
+                self.save_state(state)
+                return
+            inst = reservations[0]["Instances"][0]
+            status = (inst.get("State") or {}).get("Name", "unknown").upper()
+            external_ip = inst.get("PublicIpAddress") or ""
+            internal_ip = inst.get("PrivateIpAddress") or ""
+            state.status = status
+            state.external_ip = external_ip
+            state.internal_ip = internal_ip
+            self.save_state(state)
+            print(f"Platform:    aws")
+            print(f"Instance:    {state.instance_name}")
+            print(f"Instance ID: {state.instance_id}")
+            print(f"Region:      {state.region}")
+            print(f"Status:      {status}")
+            print(f"Public IP:   {external_ip or 'N/A'}")
+            print(f"Private IP:  {internal_ip or 'N/A'}")
+            print(f"AMI:         {state.ami_id or state.boot_image}")
+            print(f"Created:     {state.created_at}")
+            print(f"Updated:     {state.updated_at}")
+            self._print_gateway_urls()
+            return
+
+        # GCP
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "describe", state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}",
+            "--format=json"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            logger.info(f"Instance '{state.instance_name}' not found in GCP")
+            state.status = "NOT_FOUND"
+            self.save_state(state)
+            return
+
+        instance_info = json.loads(result.stdout)
+        status = instance_info.get("status", "UNKNOWN")
+        external_ip = ""
+        internal_ip = ""
+        for iface in instance_info.get("networkInterfaces", []):
+            internal_ip = iface.get("networkIP", "")
+            for access in iface.get("accessConfigs", []):
+                external_ip = access.get("natIP", "")
+                break
+
+        state.status = status
+        state.external_ip = external_ip
+        state.internal_ip = internal_ip
+        self.save_state(state)
+
+        print(f"Platform:    gcp")
+        print(f"Instance:    {state.instance_name}")
+        print(f"Project:     {state.project}")
+        print(f"Zone:        {state.zone}")
+        print(f"Status:      {status}")
+        print(f"External IP: {external_ip or 'N/A'}")
+        print(f"Internal IP: {internal_ip or 'N/A'}")
+        print(f"Boot Image:  {state.boot_image}")
+        print(f"Created:     {state.created_at}")
+        print(f"Updated:     {state.updated_at}")
+        self._print_gateway_urls()
+
+    def _get_serial_output(self, state: DeploymentState) -> str:
+        platform = (state.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "aws":
+            if not state.instance_id:
+                raise ValueError("no AWS instance_id in state")
+            out = self._aws_json([
+                "ec2", "get-console-output",
+                "--region", state.region,
+                "--instance-id", state.instance_id,
+                "--latest",
+            ])
+            return out.get("Output") or ""
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "get-serial-port-output",
+            state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}"
+        ])
+        return result.stdout
+
+    def logs(self, follow: bool = False, lines: int = 100) -> None:
+        """View serial console logs."""
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if not state or not state.instance_name:
+            raise ValueError("No deployment found. Run 'dstack-cloud deploy' first.")
+
+        if follow:
+            logger.info(f"Following serial output for {state.instance_name}...")
+            logger.info("Press Ctrl+C to stop")
+            last_output = ""
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    output = self._get_serial_output(state)
+                    if output != last_output:
+                        if last_output and output.startswith(last_output):
+                            print(output[len(last_output):], end="", flush=True)
+                        else:
+                            lines_list = output.split('\n')
+                            print('\n'.join(lines_list[-lines:]), flush=True)
+                        last_output = output
+                    time.sleep(2)
+                except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                    print("\nStopped following logs.")
+                    break
+        else:
+            output = self._get_serial_output(state)
+            lines_list = output.split('\n')
+            print('\n'.join(lines_list[-lines:]))
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop the VM."""
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if not state or not state.instance_name:
+            raise ValueError("No deployment found. Run 'dstack-cloud deploy' first.")
+
+        platform = (state.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "aws":
+            if not state.instance_id:
+                raise ValueError("no AWS instance_id in state")
+            logger.info(f"Stopping instance {state.instance_id}...")
+            self._run_aws([
+                "ec2", "stop-instances",
+                "--region", state.region,
+                "--instance-ids", state.instance_id,
+            ], capture=True, check=True)
+            state.status = "STOPPED"
+            self.save_state(state)
+            logger.info("Instance stopped.")
+            return
+
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "describe", state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}"
+        ], check=False)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            if "was not found" in result.stderr:
+                logger.info(f"Instance {state.instance_name} does not exist (already removed?).")
+                return
+            raise RuntimeError(f"gcloud command failed: {result.stderr}")
+
+        logger.info(f"Stopping instance {state.instance_name}...")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "stop", state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}"
+        ])
+        state.status = "STOPPED"
+        self.save_state(state)
+        logger.info("Instance stopped.")
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        """Start a stopped VM."""
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if not state or not state.instance_name:
+            raise ValueError("No deployment found. Run 'dstack-cloud deploy' first.")
+
+        platform = (state.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "aws":
+            if not state.instance_id:
+                raise ValueError("no AWS instance_id in state")
+            logger.info(f"Starting instance {state.instance_id}...")
+            self._run_aws([
+                "ec2", "start-instances",
+                "--region", state.region,
+                "--instance-ids", state.instance_id,
+            ], capture=True, check=True)
+            self.status()
+            logger.info("Instance started.")
+            return
+
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "describe", state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}"
+        ], check=False)
+        if result.returncode != 0:
+            if "was not found" in result.stderr:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Instance {state.instance_name} does not exist. "
+                    f"Run 'dstack-cloud deploy' to create it."
+                )
+            raise RuntimeError(f"gcloud command failed: {result.stderr}")
+
+        logger.info(f"Starting instance {state.instance_name}...")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "start", state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}"
+        ])
+        self.status()
+        logger.info("Instance started.")
+
+    def remove(self, keep_images: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Remove the VM and cleanup."""
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if not state or not state.instance_name:
+            logger.info("No deployment found.")
+            return
+
+        platform = (state.platform or "gcp").lower()
+        if platform == "aws":
+            if state.instance_id:
+                logger.info(f"Terminating instance {state.instance_id}...")
+                self._run_aws([
+                    "ec2", "terminate-instances",
+                    "--region", state.region,
+                    "--instance-ids", state.instance_id,
+                ], capture=True, check=False)
+            if not keep_images and state.shared_snapshot:
+                logger.info(f"Deleting shared snapshot {state.shared_snapshot}...")
+                self._run_aws([
+                    "ec2", "delete-snapshot",
+                    "--region", state.region,
+                    "--snapshot-id", state.shared_snapshot,
+                ], capture=True, check=False)
+            if not keep_images and state.data_snapshot:
+                logger.info(f"Deleting data template snapshot {state.data_snapshot}...")
+                self._run_aws([
+                    "ec2", "delete-snapshot",
+                    "--region", state.region,
+                    "--snapshot-id", state.data_snapshot,
+                ], capture=True, check=False)
+            state_path = self.work_dir / STATE_FILE
+            if state_path.exists():
+                state_path.unlink()
+            logger.info("AWS deployment removed.")
+            return
+
+        logger.info(f"Deleting instance {state.instance_name}...")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "delete", state.instance_name,
+            f"--zone={state.zone}",
+            f"--project={state.project}",
+            "--quiet"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if not keep_images and state.shared_image:
+            logger.info(f"Deleting shared disk image {state.shared_image}...")
+            self._run_gcloud([
+                "compute", "images", "delete", state.shared_image,
+                f"--project={state.project}",
+                "--quiet"
+            ], check=False)
+
+        # Clear state
+        state.status = "REMOVED"
+        state.external_ip = ""
+        state.internal_ip = ""
+        self.save_state(state)
+
+        logger.info("Instance removed.")
+
+    def list_deployments(self, project: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """List all dstack deployments in a project."""
+        if not project:
+            # Try to get from config
+            try:
+                config = self.load_gcp_config()
+                project = config.project
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                # Try global config
+                global_config = self._load_global_config()
+                project = global_config.get("gcp", {}).get("project", "")
+
+        if not project:
+            raise ValueError("Project is required. Specify with --project or configure it.")
+
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "list",
+            f"--project={project}",
+            "--filter=name~^dstack-",
+            "--format=table(name,zone,status,networkInterfaces[0].accessConfigs[0].natIP:label=EXTERNAL_IP,creationTimestamp)"
+        ], capture=False)
+
+    def _get_firewall_rule_name(self, instance_name: str, port: int, protocol: str,
+                                 action: str = "allow") -> str:
+        """Generate firewall rule name for an instance port."""
+        return f"{instance_name}-{action}-{protocol}-{port}"
+
+    def _parse_port_spec(self, port_spec: str) -> tuple:
+        """Parse port specification like '8080' or '53/udp'.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple: (port: int, protocol: str)
+        """
+        if "/" in port_spec:
+            port_str, protocol = port_spec.split("/", 1)
+            protocol = protocol.lower()
+            if protocol not in ("tcp", "udp"):
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid protocol '{protocol}'. Must be 'tcp' or 'udp'.")
+        else:
+            port_str = port_spec
+            protocol = "tcp"
+
+        try:
+            port = int(port_str)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid port number '{port_str}'.")
+
+        if not (1 <= port <= 65535):
+            raise ValueError(f"Port {port} out of range (1-65535).")
+
+        return port, protocol
+
+    def _get_project_for_firewall(self) -> str:
+        """Get project ID for firewall operations."""
+        # Try state first
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if state and state.project:
+            return state.project
+
+        # Try config
+        try:
+            config = self.load_gcp_config()
+            if config.project:
+                return config.project
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            pass
+
+        # Try global config
+        global_config = self._load_global_config()
+        project = global_config.get("gcp", {}).get("project", "")
+
+        if not project:
+            raise ValueError("Project is required. Deploy first or specify with --project.")
+
+        return project
+
+    def _get_instance_name_for_firewall(self) -> str:
+        """Get instance name for firewall operations."""
+        state = self.load_state()
+        if state and state.instance_name:
+            return state.instance_name
+
+        try:
+            config = self.load_gcp_config()
+            if config.instance_name:
+                return config.instance_name
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            pass
+
+        raise ValueError("Instance name is required. Deploy first or specify with --instance.")
+
+    def _ensure_instance_tag(self, instance_name: str, project: str) -> str:
+        """Ensure instance has the firewall tag, return the tag name."""
+        instance_tag = f"fw-{instance_name}"
+
+        state = self.load_state()
+        zone = state.zone if state and state.zone else ""
+        if not zone:
+            try:
+                config = self.load_gcp_config()
+                zone = config.zone
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                pass
+        if not zone:
+            global_config = self._load_global_config()
+            zone = global_config.get("gcp", {}).get("zone", "us-central1-a")
+
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "instances", "describe", instance_name,
+            f"--project={project}",
+            f"--zone={zone}",
+            "--format=value(tags.items)"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        current_tags = result.stdout.strip().split(";") if result.stdout.strip() else []
+        current_tags = [t.strip() for t in current_tags if t.strip()]
+
+        if instance_tag not in current_tags:
+            logger.info(f"Adding tag '{instance_tag}' to instance '{instance_name}'...")
+            self._run_gcloud([
+                "compute", "instances", "add-tags", instance_name,
+                f"--project={project}",
+                f"--zone={zone}",
+                f"--tags={instance_tag}"
+            ])
+            logger.info(f"Added tag '{instance_tag}' to instance")
+        else:
+            logger.debug(f"Instance already has tag '{instance_tag}'")
+
+        return instance_tag
+
+    def fw_allow(self, port_spec: str,
+                 source_ranges: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+                 instance_name: Optional[str] = None,
+                 project: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Add firewall rule to open a port for the instance."""
+        port, protocol = self._parse_port_spec(port_spec)
+        project = project or self._get_project_for_firewall()
+        instance_name = instance_name or self._get_instance_name_for_firewall()
+
+        if source_ranges is None:
+            source_ranges = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
+
+        # Always ensure instance has the tag first
+        instance_tag = self._ensure_instance_tag(instance_name, project)
+
+        rule_name = self._get_firewall_rule_name(instance_name, port, protocol)
+
+        # Check if rule already exists
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "firewall-rules", "describe", rule_name,
+            f"--project={project}"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            logger.info(f"Firewall rule '{rule_name}' already exists")
+            return
+
+        # Create firewall rule targeting this instance's tag
+        logger.info(f"Creating firewall rule '{rule_name}'...")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "firewall-rules", "create", rule_name,
+            f"--project={project}",
+            f"--allow={protocol}:{port}",
+            f"--source-ranges={','.join(source_ranges)}",
+            f"--target-tags={instance_tag}",
+            f"--description=Allow {protocol.upper()} port {port} for {instance_name}"
+        ])
+
+        logger.info(f"Opened {protocol.upper()} port {port} for instance '{instance_name}'")
+
+    def fw_deny(self, port_spec: str,
+                source_ranges: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+                instance_name: Optional[str] = None,
+                project: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Create a deny firewall rule to block traffic on a port."""
+        port, protocol = self._parse_port_spec(port_spec)
+        project = project or self._get_project_for_firewall()
+        instance_name = instance_name or self._get_instance_name_for_firewall()
+
+        if source_ranges is None:
+            source_ranges = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
+
+        # Always ensure instance has the tag first
+        instance_tag = self._ensure_instance_tag(instance_name, project)
+
+        rule_name = self._get_firewall_rule_name(instance_name, port, protocol, action="deny")
+
+        # Check if rule already exists
+        result = self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "firewall-rules", "describe", rule_name,
+            f"--project={project}"
+        ], check=False)
+
+        if result.returncode == 0:
+            logger.info(f"Firewall rule '{rule_name}' already exists")
+            return
+
+        # Create deny firewall rule with high priority (low number = high priority)
+        logger.info(f"Creating deny firewall rule '{rule_name}'...")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "firewall-rules", "create", rule_name,
+            f"--project={project}",
+            "--action=DENY",
+            f"--rules={protocol}:{port}",
+            f"--source-ranges={','.join(source_ranges)}",
+            f"--target-tags={instance_tag}",
+            "--priority=900",
+            f"--description=Deny {protocol.upper()} port {port} for {instance_name}"
+        ])
+
+        logger.info(f"Blocked {protocol.upper()} port {port} for instance '{instance_name}'")
+
+    def fw_remove(self, port_spec: str,
+                  instance_name: Optional[str] = None,
+                  project: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Remove a firewall rule (allow or deny) for a port."""
+        port, protocol = self._parse_port_spec(port_spec)
+        project = project or self._get_project_for_firewall()
+        instance_name = instance_name or self._get_instance_name_for_firewall()
+
+        # Try to delete both allow and deny rules
+        deleted = False
+        for action in ["allow", "deny"]:
+            rule_name = self._get_firewall_rule_name(instance_name, port, protocol, action=action)
+
+            # Check if rule exists
+            result = self._run_gcloud([
+                "compute", "firewall-rules", "describe", rule_name,
+                f"--project={project}"
+            ], check=False)
+
+            if result.returncode == 0:
+                # Delete the rule
+                logger.info(f"Deleting firewall rule '{rule_name}'...")
+                self._run_gcloud([
+                    "compute", "firewall-rules", "delete", rule_name,
+                    f"--project={project}",
+                    "--quiet"
+                ])
+                logger.info(f"Removed {action} rule for {protocol.upper()} port {port}")
+                deleted = True
+
+        if not deleted:
+            logger.info(f"No firewall rules found for {protocol.upper()} port {port} on instance '{instance_name}'")
+
+    def fw_list(self, instance_name: Optional[str] = None,
+                project: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """List firewall rules for an instance."""
+        project = project or self._get_project_for_firewall()
+
+        if instance_name:
+            # List rules for specific instance
+            instance_tag = f"fw-{instance_name}"
+            filter_expr = f"name~^{instance_name}-allow- OR targetTags:{instance_tag}"
+        else:
+            # Try to get instance name from state
+            try:
+                instance_name = self._get_instance_name_for_firewall()
+                filter_expr = f"name~^{instance_name}-allow-"
+            except ValueError:
+                # List all dstack-related firewall rules
+                filter_expr = "name~^dstack-"
+
+        logger.info(f"Firewall rules for project '{project}':")
+        self._run_gcloud([
+            "compute", "firewall-rules", "list",
+            f"--project={project}",
+            f"--filter={filter_expr}",
+            "--format=table(name,direction,priority,allowed[].map().firewall_rule().list():label=ALLOW,sourceRanges.list():label=SRC_RANGES,targetTags.list():label=TARGET_TAGS)"
+        ], capture=False)
+
+
+    def image_sync(self, image_ref: str, registry_url: str = None,
+                   cosign_verify: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Sync an image from public registry to customer GCP Artifact Registry.
+
+        image_ref: e.g. "docker.io/vendor/workload:v2" or "ghcr.io/vendor/launcher:v1"
+        Pulls by digest, verifies cosign signature, re-pushes to GCP AR.
+        """
+        # Get registry URL from config or arg
+        if not registry_url:
+            registry_url = self._load_platform_config(None, None).get("gcp_ar_url", "")
+            if not registry_url:
+                raise ValueError("gcp_ar_url not set in platform config or --registry-url not given")
+
+        # Verify cosign signature (if enabled)
+        if cosign_verify:
+            platform_config = self._load_platform_config(None, None)
+            cosign_pubkey = platform_config.get("cosign_pubkey", "")
+            if cosign_pubkey:
+                with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', suffix='.pub', delete=False) as f:
+                    f.write(cosign_pubkey)
+                    pubkey_file = f.name
+                try:
+                    print(f"verifying cosign signature for {image_ref}...")
+                    result = subprocess.run(
+                        ["cosign", "verify", "--key", pubkey_file, image_ref],
+                        capture_output=True, text=True
+                    )
+                    if result.returncode != 0:
+                        raise RuntimeError(f"cosign verification failed: {result.stderr}")
+                    print("cosign signature verified.")
+                finally:
+                    os.unlink(pubkey_file)
+            else:
+                print("warning: cosign_pubkey not configured, skipping signature verification")
+
+        # Determine destination ref in GCP AR
+        # image_ref might be "registry/vendor/workload:v2", destination: "{registry_url}/workload:v2"
+        image_name = image_ref.split("/")[-1]  # e.g. "workload:v2"
+        dest_ref = f"{registry_url}/{image_name}"
+
+        # Copy image: try skopeo first, fall back to docker pull+tag+push
+        skopeo_available = subprocess.run(["which", "skopeo"], capture_output=True).returncode == 0
+        if skopeo_available:
+            print(f"copying {image_ref} -> {dest_ref} via skopeo...")
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ["skopeo", "copy", f"docker://{image_ref}", f"docker://{dest_ref}"],
+                capture_output=True, text=True
+            )
+            if result.returncode != 0:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"skopeo copy failed: {result.stderr}")
+        else:
+            print(f"copying {image_ref} -> {dest_ref} via docker pull+tag+push...")
+            for cmd in [
+                ["docker", "pull", image_ref],
+                ["docker", "tag", image_ref, dest_ref],
+                ["docker", "push", dest_ref],
+            ]:
+                result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+                if result.returncode != 0:
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"command {cmd[0]} failed: {result.stderr}")
+
+        print(f"image synced: {dest_ref}")
+
+    def kms_deploy(self, customer_id: str, zone: str = None,
+                   machine_type: str = None) -> None:
+        """Deploy a KMS CVM with the sidecar+kms docker-compose app.
+
+        Creates a Confidential VM running the kms docker-compose app.
+        Uses the same GCP project/region as existing deploy() method.
+        """
+        try:
+            import yaml
+        except ImportError:
+            raise RuntimeError("pyyaml is required for kms deploy: pip install pyyaml")
+
+        zone = zone or self.zone
+        machine_type = machine_type or "n2d-standard-4"
+
+        # Build app-compose for KMS
+        kms_compose = {
+            "services": {
+                "sidecar": {
+                    "image": "ghcr.io/phala-network/kms-sidecar:latest",
+                    "volumes": [
+                        "kms-volume:/kms",
+                        "/var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock"
+                    ],
+                    "ports": ["8001:8001", "8002:8002"],
+                    "environment": ["PLATFORM_PUBKEY=${PLATFORM_PUBKEY}"],
+                    "healthcheck": {
+                        "test": ["CMD-SHELL", "wget -qO- http://localhost:8001/healthz || exit 1"],
+                        "interval": "5s",
+                        "timeout": "3s",
+                        "retries": 60,
+                        "start_period": "5s",
+                    },
+                },
+                "kms": {
+                    "image": "ghcr.io/phala-network/dstack-kms:latest",
+                    "volumes": [
+                        "kms-volume:/kms",
+                        "/var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock"
+                    ],
+                    "ports": ["8000:8000"],
+                    "depends_on": {"sidecar": {"condition": "service_healthy"}},
+                    "environment": ["AUTH_WEBHOOK_URL=http://sidecar:8001"],
+                },
+            },
+            "volumes": {"kms-volume": {}},
+        }
+        kms_compose_str = yaml.dump(kms_compose, default_flow_style=False)
+
+        print(f"deploying KMS CVM for customer {customer_id} in {zone}...")
+        print("kms_compose:")
+        print(kms_compose_str)
+        print("TODO: call existing deploy() with KMS compose app, STANDARD disk, no preemptible")
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Multi-cloud VM lifecycle management tool",
+        formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+        epilog=f"""
+Examples:
+  # Create a new project
+  dstack-cloud new myproject
+
+  # Edit global configuration
+  dstack-cloud config-edit
+
+  # Download OS image
+  dstack-cloud pull {DEFAULT_OS_IMAGE}
+
+  # Deploy VM
+  dstack-cloud deploy
+
+  # Check status
+  dstack-cloud status
+
+  # View logs
+  dstack-cloud logs --follow
+
+  # Stop/Start/Remove
+  dstack-cloud stop
+  dstack-cloud start
+  dstack-cloud remove
+
+  # Firewall management
+  dstack-cloud fw allow 8080              # Allow TCP port 8080
+  dstack-cloud fw allow 53/udp            # Allow UDP port 53
+  dstack-cloud fw allow 443 -s 10.0.0.0/8 # Allow port 443 from specific range
+  dstack-cloud fw deny 22                 # Block TCP port 22
+  dstack-cloud fw deny 22 -s 0.0.0.0/0    # Block port 22 from all sources
+  dstack-cloud fw remove 8080             # Remove firewall rule for port 8080
+  dstack-cloud fw list                    # List firewall rules
+"""
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Verbose output")
+    parser.add_argument("-C", "--directory", type=str, help="Change to directory before running")
+
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", help="Commands")
+
+    # new command
+    new_parser = subparsers.add_parser("new", help="Create a new project")
+    new_parser.add_argument("name", type=str, help="Project name")
+
+    # App configuration options
+    new_parser.add_argument("--os-image", type=str, help=f"OS image (e.g., {DEFAULT_OS_IMAGE})")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--app-id", type=str, help="Application ID (40 hex chars)")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--gateway-enabled", "--gw", dest="gateway_enabled", action="store_true", help="Enable dstack-gateway")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--no-gateway-enabled", "--no-gw", dest="gateway_enabled", action="store_false")
+    new_parser.set_defaults(gateway_enabled=None)
+    new_parser.add_argument("--key-provider", "--kp", type=str, choices=["kms", "local", "tpm", "none"], help="Key provider type")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--storage-fs", "--fs", dest="storage_fs", type=str, choices=["ext4", "zfs"], help="Storage filesystem")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--secure-time", action="store_true", help="Enable secure time synchronization")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--no-secure-time", dest="secure_time", action="store_false")
+    new_parser.set_defaults(secure_time=None)
+    new_parser.add_argument("--no-instance-id", action="store_true", help="Disable instance ID generation")
+
+    # Platform / cloud configuration options
+    new_parser.add_argument("--platform", type=str, choices=["gcp", "aws"],
+                            help="Target cloud platform (default: gcp)")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--project", "-p", type=str, help="GCP project ID")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--zone", "-z", type=str, help="GCP zone (e.g., us-central1-a)")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--region", type=str, help="AWS region (e.g., us-east-1)")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--instance-name", type=str, help="Instance name")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--machine-type", "-m", type=str,
+                            help="Machine type (GCP) or instance type (AWS)")
+    new_parser.add_argument("--data-size", type=int, help="Data disk size in GB")
+
+    # config-edit command
+    subparsers.add_parser("config-edit", help="Edit global configuration")
+
+    # prepare command
+    subparsers.add_parser("prepare", help="Generate shared files")
+
+    # pull command
+    pull_parser = subparsers.add_parser("pull", help="Download OS image")
+    pull_parser.add_argument("image", type=str, help=f"OS image name (e.g., {DEFAULT_OS_IMAGE}) or absolute URL (e.g., https://example.com/image-uki.tar.gz)")
+
+    # deploy command
+    deploy_parser = subparsers.add_parser("deploy", help="Deploy VM to cloud")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--delete", "-d", action="store_true",
+                               help="Delete existing instance first")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--force-boot-image", action="store_true",
+                               help="Force re-upload boot image")
+
+    # status command
+    subparsers.add_parser("status", help="Check deployment status")
+
+    # logs command
+    logs_parser = subparsers.add_parser("logs", help="View serial console logs")
+    logs_parser.add_argument("--follow", "-f", action="store_true", help="Follow log output")
+    logs_parser.add_argument("--lines", "-n", type=int, default=100, help="Number of lines to show")
+
+    # stop command
+    subparsers.add_parser("stop", help="Stop the VM")
+
+    # start command
+    subparsers.add_parser("start", help="Start a stopped VM")
+
+    # remove command
+    remove_parser = subparsers.add_parser("remove", help="Remove the VM and cleanup")
+    remove_parser.add_argument("--keep-images", action="store_true",
+                               help="Keep disk images in GCP")
+
+    # list command
+    list_parser = subparsers.add_parser("list", help="List all deployments")
+    list_parser.add_argument("--project", "-p", type=str, help="GCP project ID")
+
+    # fw command group
+    fw_parser = subparsers.add_parser("fw", help="Firewall management")
+    fw_subparsers = fw_parser.add_subparsers(dest="fw_command", help="Firewall commands")
+
+    # fw allow
+    fw_allow_parser = fw_subparsers.add_parser("allow", help="Open a port for the instance")
+    fw_allow_parser.add_argument("port", type=str, help="Port to open (e.g., 8080, 53/udp)")
+    fw_allow_parser.add_argument("--source", "-s", type=str, action="append",
+                                 dest="source_ranges",
+                                 help="Source IP ranges (default: 0.0.0.0/0). Can be specified multiple times.")
+    fw_allow_parser.add_argument("--instance", "-i", type=str, help="Instance name (default: from state)")
+    fw_allow_parser.add_argument("--project", "-p", type=str, help="GCP project ID")
+
+    # fw deny
+    fw_deny_parser = fw_subparsers.add_parser("deny", help="Block traffic on a port")
+    fw_deny_parser.add_argument("port", type=str, help="Port to block (e.g., 8080, 53/udp)")
+    fw_deny_parser.add_argument("--source", "-s", type=str, action="append",
+                                dest="source_ranges",
+                                help="Source IP ranges to block (default: 0.0.0.0/0). Can be specified multiple times.")
+    fw_deny_parser.add_argument("--instance", "-i", type=str, help="Instance name (default: from state)")
+    fw_deny_parser.add_argument("--project", "-p", type=str, help="GCP project ID")
+
+    # fw remove
+    fw_remove_parser = fw_subparsers.add_parser("remove", help="Remove a firewall rule")
+    fw_remove_parser.add_argument("port", type=str, help="Port to remove rule for (e.g., 8080, 53/udp)")
+    fw_remove_parser.add_argument("--instance", "-i", type=str, help="Instance name (default: from state)")
+    fw_remove_parser.add_argument("--project", "-p", type=str, help="GCP project ID")
+
+    # fw list
+    fw_list_parser = fw_subparsers.add_parser("list", help="List firewall rules for instance")
+    fw_list_parser.add_argument("--instance", "-i", type=str, help="Instance name (default: from state)")
+    fw_list_parser.add_argument("--project", "-p", type=str, help="GCP project ID")
+
+    # image command group
+    image_parser = subparsers.add_parser("image", help="Container image management")
+    image_subparsers = image_parser.add_subparsers(dest="image_command", help="Image commands")
+
+    # image sync
+    image_sync_parser = image_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "sync",
+        help="Sync an image from public registry to GCP Artifact Registry"
+    )
+    image_sync_parser.add_argument("image_ref", type=str,
+                                   help="Source image reference (e.g., ghcr.io/vendor/workload:v1)")
+    image_sync_parser.add_argument("--registry-url", type=str,
+                                   help="Destination GCP AR registry URL (overrides platform config gcp_ar_url)")
+    image_sync_parser.add_argument("--no-cosign-verify", dest="cosign_verify",
+                                   action="store_false", default=True,
+                                   help="Skip cosign signature verification")
+
+    # kms command group
+    kms_parser = subparsers.add_parser("kms", help="KMS courier operations (air-gapped provisioning)")
+    kms_subparsers = kms_parser.add_subparsers(dest="kms_command", help="KMS commands")
+
+    # kms attest
+    kms_attest_parser = kms_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "attest",
+        help="Provision KMS via courier protocol (first-time setup)"
+    )
+    kms_attest_parser.add_argument("--customer-id", required=True,
+                                   help="Customer identifier registered with the vendor platform")
+    kms_attest_parser.add_argument("--sidecar-url", required=True,
+                                   help="URL of the in-VPC KMS courier sidecar (e.g., http://10.0.0.5:8001)")
+    kms_attest_parser.add_argument("--platform-url",
+                                   help="Vendor platform base URL (overrides config/env)")
+    kms_attest_parser.add_argument("--api-key",
+                                   help="Vendor platform API key (overrides config/env)")
+
+    # kms sync-auth
+    kms_sync_auth_parser = kms_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "sync-auth",
+        help="Renew AuthBundle for a provisioned KMS instance"
+    )
+    kms_sync_auth_parser.add_argument("--customer-id", required=True,
+                                      help="Customer identifier registered with the vendor platform")
+    kms_sync_auth_parser.add_argument("--sidecar-url", required=True,
+                                      help="URL of the in-VPC KMS courier sidecar (e.g., http://10.0.0.5:8001)")
+    kms_sync_auth_parser.add_argument("--platform-url",
+                                      help="Vendor platform base URL (overrides config/env)")
+    kms_sync_auth_parser.add_argument("--api-key",
+                                      help="Vendor platform API key (overrides config/env)")
+
+    # kms deploy
+    kms_deploy_parser = kms_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "deploy",
+        help="Deploy a KMS CVM with sidecar+kms docker-compose app"
+    )
+    kms_deploy_parser.add_argument("--customer-id", required=True,
+                                   help="Customer identifier for the KMS deployment")
+    kms_deploy_parser.add_argument("--zone", "-z", type=str,
+                                   help="GCP zone (overrides config)")
+    kms_deploy_parser.add_argument("--machine-type", "-m", type=str,
+                                   help="Machine type (default: n2d-standard-4)")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.verbose:
+        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    work_dir = args.directory if args.directory else None
+    manager = CloudDeploymentManager(work_dir)
+
+    try:
+        if args.command == "new":
+            manager.new(
+                args.name,
+                os_image=args.os_image,
+                app_id=args.app_id,
+                gateway_enabled=args.gateway_enabled,
+                key_provider=args.key_provider,
+                storage_fs=args.storage_fs,
+                secure_time=args.secure_time,
+                no_instance_id=args.no_instance_id,
+                platform=args.platform,
+                project=args.project,
+                zone=args.zone,
+                region=args.region,
+                instance_name=args.instance_name,
+                machine_type=args.machine_type,
+                data_size=args.data_size
+            )
+        elif args.command == "config-edit":
+            manager.config_edit()
+        elif args.command == "prepare":
+            manager.prepare()
+        elif args.command == "pull":
+            manager.pull(args.image)
+        elif args.command == "deploy":
+            manager.deploy(
+                delete_existing=args.delete,
+                force_boot_image=args.force_boot_image
+            )
+        elif args.command == "status":
+            manager.status()
+        elif args.command == "logs":
+            manager.logs(follow=args.follow, lines=args.lines)
+        elif args.command == "stop":
+            manager.stop()
+        elif args.command == "start":
+            manager.start()
+        elif args.command == "remove":
+            manager.remove(keep_images=args.keep_images)
+        elif args.command == "list":
+            manager.list_deployments(project=args.project)
+        elif args.command == "fw":
+            if args.fw_command == "allow":
+                manager.fw_allow(
+                    port_spec=args.port,
+                    source_ranges=args.source_ranges,
+                    instance_name=args.instance,
+                    project=args.project
+                )
+            elif args.fw_command == "deny":
+                manager.fw_deny(
+                    port_spec=args.port,
+                    source_ranges=args.source_ranges,
+                    instance_name=args.instance,
+                    project=args.project
+                )
+            elif args.fw_command == "remove":
+                manager.fw_remove(
+                    port_spec=args.port,
+                    instance_name=args.instance,
+                    project=args.project
+                )
+            elif args.fw_command == "list":
+                manager.fw_list(
+                    instance_name=args.instance,
+                    project=args.project
+                )
+            else:
+                fw_parser.print_help()
+        elif args.command == "image":
+            if args.image_command == "sync":
+                manager.image_sync(
+                    image_ref=args.image_ref,
+                    registry_url=args.registry_url,
+                    cosign_verify=args.cosign_verify,
+                )
+            else:
+                image_parser.print_help()
+        elif args.command == "kms":
+            if args.kms_command == "attest":
+                manager.kms_attest(
+                    customer_id=args.customer_id,
+                    sidecar_url=args.sidecar_url,
+                    platform_url=args.platform_url,
+                    api_key=args.api_key,
+                )
+            elif args.kms_command == "sync-auth":
+                manager.kms_sync_auth(
+                    customer_id=args.customer_id,
+                    sidecar_url=args.sidecar_url,
+                    platform_url=args.platform_url,
+                    api_key=args.api_key,
+                )
+            elif args.kms_command == "deploy":
+                manager.kms_deploy(
+                    customer_id=args.customer_id,
+                    zone=args.zone,
+                    machine_type=args.machine_type,
+                )
+            else:
+                kms_parser.print_help()
+        else:
+            parser.print_help()
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(str(e))
+        if args.verbose:
+            import traceback
+            traceback.print_exc()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/dstack/scripts/config-fw.sh b/dstack/scripts/config-fw.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c3442d791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/scripts/config-fw.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -e
+
+# dstack runs Confidential VMs (CVMs) with QEMU user networking. To prevent VMs from accessing 127.0.0.1,
+# we run the VM as a different user and set up iptables rules to DROP traffic to 127.0.0.1.
+#
+# # How to Use
+# This script can be used in a systemd service to set up firewall rules before starting VMs.
+# Example systemd service configuration:
+# ```
+# [Unit]
+# Description=dstack Firewall Configuration
+# Before=dstack-vmm.service
+#
+# [Service]
+# Type=oneshot
+# ExecStart=/path/to/config-fw.sh -u dstack-vmm
+# RemainAfterExit=yes
+#
+# [Install]
+# WantedBy=multi-user.target
+# ```
+#
+# # Note
+# The dstack supervisor must be run with a dedicated user specified by USERNAME in this script.
+# For example, if dstack-gateway is running on the same host, it must use a different user account than USERNAME.
+# To allow specific local ports to be accessed by CVMs, add --allow-tcp and --allow-udp.
+# For example, if dstack-gateway is running on local host and listening RPC on port 9001, wg on port 9182:
+# ```
+# ./config-fw.sh -u dstack-vmm --allow-tcp 9001 --allow-udp 9182
+# ```
+# If the KMS is also running on the same host and listening on port 9002:
+# ```
+# ./config-fw.sh -u dstack-vmm --allow-tcp 9001 --allow-udp 9182 --allow-tcp 9002
+# ```
+
+
+# Default values
+USERNAME=${USERNAME:-""}
+ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS=${ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS:-""}
+ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS=${ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS:-""}
+CLEAR=false
+
+# Parse arguments
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case "$1" in
+    --allow-tcp)
+        ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS="$ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS $2"
+        shift
+        shift
+        ;;
+    --allow-udp)
+        ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS="$ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS $2"
+        shift
+        shift
+        ;;
+    -u | --user)
+        USERNAME="$2"
+        shift
+        shift
+        ;;
+    -c | --clear)
+        CLEAR=true
+        shift
+        ;;
+    -h | --help)
+        echo "Usage: $0 [--allow-tcp <port> --allow-udp <port>] -u <username>"
+        echo "Options:"
+        echo "  -u, --user <username> The user to setup the firewall rules for"
+        echo "  --allow-tcp <port> Allow the specified TCP port to be accessed"
+        echo "  --allow-udp <port> Allow the specified UDP port to be accessed"
+        echo "  -h, --help  Show this help message"
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "Error: Unknown argument '$1'"
+        echo "Use '$0 --help' for usage information"
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "$USERNAME" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Username is required"
+    echo "Usage: $0 [--allow-tcp <port> --allow-udp <port>] -u <username>"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+CHAIN_NAME="DSTACK_SANDBOX_${USERNAME}"
+
+rule_nums=$(iptables -L OUTPUT --line-numbers | grep $CHAIN_NAME | awk '{print $1}' | sort -r)
+
+if iptables -L $CHAIN_NAME >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Removing existing firewall rules"
+    # Delete each rule (in reverse order to avoid index shifting)
+    if [ -n "$rule_nums" ]; then
+        echo "Removing rules jumping to $CHAIN_NAME from OUTPUT chain"
+        for num in $rule_nums; do
+            echo "Removing rule $num"
+            iptables -D OUTPUT $num
+        done
+        echo "All rules jumping to $CHAIN_NAME removed"
+    else
+        echo "No rules jumping to $CHAIN_NAME found in OUTPUT chain"
+    fi
+    iptables -F $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null || true
+    iptables -X $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null || true
+    echo "Removed iptables chain $CHAIN_NAME"
+fi
+
+if [ "$CLEAR" = true ]; then
+    echo "Cleared firewall rules for user $USERNAME"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Set up firewall rules
+# Use iptables with a dedicated chain
+echo "Setting up iptables firewall rules with custom chain"
+
+# Create or flush the custom chain
+if ! iptables -L $CHAIN_NAME >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    iptables -N $CHAIN_NAME
+else
+    iptables -F $CHAIN_NAME
+fi
+
+# Add rules to allow specific ports
+for port in $ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS; do
+    echo "Adding exception for TCP port $port"
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p tcp -d 127.0.0.1 --dport $port -j ACCEPT
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p tcp -d 127.0.0.1 --sport $port -j ACCEPT
+done
+for port in $ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS; do
+    echo "Adding exception for UDP port $port"
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p udp -d 127.0.0.1 --dport $port -j ACCEPT
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p udp -d 127.0.0.1 --sport $port -j ACCEPT
+done
+
+# Add final DROP rule for all other traffic to localhost
+iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p udp -j DROP
+iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p tcp -m tcp --syn -j DROP
+iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p icmp -j DROP
+
+# Ensure our chain is referenced from the OUTPUT chain
+if ! iptables -C OUTPUT -o lo -m owner --uid-owner $USERNAME -j $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null; then
+    iptables -I OUTPUT -o lo -d 127.0.0.1 -m owner --uid-owner $USERNAME -j $CHAIN_NAME
+fi
+
+# Redirect traffic to 10.x.x.x network to our chain
+if ! iptables -C OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner $USERNAME -d 10.0.0.0/8 -j $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null; then
+    iptables -I OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner $USERNAME -d 10.0.0.0/8 -j $CHAIN_NAME
+fi
+
+echo "Setup completed for user $USERNAME"
diff --git a/dstack/scripts/install.sh b/dstack/scripts/install.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6ba7b6fb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/scripts/install.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -eu
+
+DEFAULT_REPO="https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack"
+DEFAULT_REF="next"
+DEFAULT_PREFIX="/usr/local"
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<'EOF'
+Install dstackup from source.
+
+Usage:
+  dstack/scripts/install.sh [options]
+  curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/next/dstack/scripts/install.sh | sh
+
+Options:
+  --repo URL       Git repository to clone when not run from a checkout.
+                  Default: https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack
+  --ref REF        Git ref to checkout when cloning or updating DSTACK_SRC.
+                  Default: next
+  --src DIR        Persistent source checkout to build from.
+                  Default: a temporary checkout
+  --prefix DIR     Install dstackup under DIR/bin. Use the same DIR with
+                  dstackup install --prefix for a self-contained install.
+                  Default: /usr/local
+  --no-sudo        Do not use sudo for creating DIR/bin or installing binaries.
+  -h, --help       Show this help.
+
+Environment:
+  DSTACK_REPO              Same as --repo.
+  DSTACK_REF               Same as --ref.
+  DSTACK_SRC               Same as --src.
+  DSTACK_INSTALL_PREFIX    Same as --prefix.
+EOF
+}
+
+repo=${DSTACK_REPO:-$DEFAULT_REPO}
+ref=${DSTACK_REF:-$DEFAULT_REF}
+src=${DSTACK_SRC:-}
+prefix=${DSTACK_INSTALL_PREFIX:-$DEFAULT_PREFIX}
+prefix_set=0
+no_sudo=0
+tmp_src=
+
+if [ "${DSTACK_INSTALL_PREFIX+x}" = x ]; then
+    prefix_set=1
+fi
+
+cleanup() {
+    if [ -n "$tmp_src" ]; then
+        rm -rf "$tmp_src"
+    fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT INT TERM
+
+while [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --repo)
+            if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+                echo "error: --repo requires a URL" >&2
+                exit 1
+            fi
+            repo=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --ref)
+            if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+                echo "error: --ref requires a ref" >&2
+                exit 1
+            fi
+            ref=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --src)
+            if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+                echo "error: --src requires a directory" >&2
+                exit 1
+            fi
+            src=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --prefix|--root)
+            if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+                echo "error: --prefix requires a directory" >&2
+                exit 1
+            fi
+            prefix=$2
+            prefix_set=1
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --no-sudo)
+            no_sudo=1
+            shift
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            usage
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "error: unknown option: $1" >&2
+            usage >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+need_cmd() {
+    if ! command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo "error: required command not found: $1" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+is_core_checkout() {
+    [ -f "$1/Cargo.toml" ] &&
+        [ -d "$1/crates/dstackup" ] &&
+        [ -d "$1/crates/dstack-cli" ] &&
+        [ -d "$1/vmm" ] &&
+        [ -d "$1/supervisor" ]
+}
+
+is_checkout() {
+    is_core_checkout "$1/dstack" || is_core_checkout "$1"
+}
+
+core_dir() {
+    if is_core_checkout "$1/dstack"; then
+        echo "$1/dstack"
+    else
+        echo "$1"
+    fi
+}
+
+abs_dir() {
+    (cd "$1" && pwd)
+}
+
+script_checkout() {
+    case "$0" in
+        */*)
+            script_dir=$(dirname "$0")
+            if [ -d "$script_dir/../.." ] && is_checkout "$script_dir/../.."; then
+                abs_dir "$script_dir/../.."
+                return 0
+            elif [ -d "$script_dir/.." ] && is_checkout "$script_dir/.."; then
+                abs_dir "$script_dir/.."
+                return 0
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+    return 1
+}
+
+resolve_source() {
+    if is_checkout "."; then
+        abs_dir "."
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    if checkout=$(script_checkout); then
+        echo "$checkout"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    need_cmd git
+
+    if [ -n "$src" ] && [ -e "$src" ]; then
+        if ! is_checkout "$src" || ! git -C "$src" rev-parse --git-dir >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo "error: $src exists but is not a dstack git checkout" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        echo "updating dstack source in $src"
+        (
+            cd "$src"
+            git fetch --tags origin
+            git checkout "$ref"
+            if git rev-parse --verify "origin/$ref" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+                git pull --ff-only origin "$ref"
+            fi
+        )
+    elif [ -n "$src" ]; then
+        echo "cloning dstack source into $src"
+        git clone "$repo" "$src"
+        (
+            cd "$src"
+            git fetch --tags origin
+            git checkout "$ref"
+        )
+    else
+        need_cmd mktemp
+        tmp_src=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/dstack-install.XXXXXX")
+        src="$tmp_src/source"
+        echo "cloning dstack source into a temporary checkout"
+        git clone "$repo" "$src"
+        (
+            cd "$src"
+            git fetch --tags origin
+            git checkout "$ref"
+        )
+    fi
+
+    abs_dir "$src"
+}
+
+validate_prefix() {
+    case "$prefix" in
+        /*) ;;
+        *)
+            echo "error: --prefix must be an absolute path" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+    if [ "$prefix" = "/" ]; then
+        echo "error: --prefix must not be /" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    case "$prefix" in
+        *"/../"*|*"/.."|*"/./"*|*"/.")
+            echo "error: --prefix must not contain . or .. path components" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+validate_prefix
+
+if ! command -v cargo >/dev/null 2>&1 && [ -n "${HOME:-}" ] && [ -f "$HOME/.cargo/env" ]; then
+    # Mirrors rustup's post-install shell setup when the current shell has not
+    # loaded Cargo yet.
+    # shellcheck disable=SC1091
+    . "$HOME/.cargo/env"
+fi
+
+need_cmd cargo
+need_cmd install
+
+checkout=$(resolve_source)
+core_checkout=$(core_dir "$checkout")
+bin_dir="$prefix/bin"
+
+if [ "$no_sudo" -eq 0 ] && [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then
+    sudo_cmd=sudo
+else
+    sudo_cmd=
+fi
+
+if [ -n "$sudo_cmd" ]; then
+    need_cmd sudo
+    $sudo_cmd install -d -m 0755 "$bin_dir"
+else
+    install -d -m 0755 "$bin_dir"
+fi
+
+echo "building dstackup from $checkout"
+(
+    cd "$core_checkout"
+    cargo build --release \
+        -p dstackup
+)
+
+install_bin() {
+    src_bin="$core_checkout/target/release/$1"
+    dest_bin="$bin_dir/$2"
+    if [ ! -f "$src_bin" ]; then
+        echo "error: expected binary not found: $src_bin" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    if [ -n "$sudo_cmd" ]; then
+        $sudo_cmd install -m 0755 "$src_bin" "$dest_bin"
+    else
+        install -m 0755 "$src_bin" "$dest_bin"
+    fi
+}
+
+install_bin dstackup dstackup
+
+if [ "$prefix_set" -eq 1 ]; then
+    next_install="sudo $bin_dir/dstackup install --prefix $prefix"
+else
+    next_install="sudo $bin_dir/dstackup install"
+fi
+
+cat <<EOF
+
+installed dstackup into $bin_dir:
+  dstackup
+
+next:
+  $next_install
+
+the dstackup install command builds and installs the local dstack CLI and host
+daemon binaries, static assets, and host config.
+EOF
diff --git a/dstack/scripts/setup-bridge.sh b/dstack/scripts/setup-bridge.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..edcbe35a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/scripts/setup-bridge.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,835 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Bridge networking setup and diagnostics for dstack-vmm.
+#
+# Setup modes:
+#   libvirt      Use libvirt default network (virbr0, dnsmasq, NAT included)
+#   standalone   Create bridge + dnsmasq + NAT without libvirt
+#
+# Usage:
+#   setup-bridge.sh check    [--bridge NAME]
+#   setup-bridge.sh setup    --mode libvirt    [--bridge virbr0]
+#   setup-bridge.sh setup    --mode standalone [--bridge dstack-br0]
+#   setup-bridge.sh destroy  [--bridge NAME]
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+BRIDGE="virbr0"
+SETUP_MODE=""  # libvirt | standalone
+DRY_RUN=false
+COMMAND=""
+PASS=0
+FAIL=0
+WARN=0
+
+# --- Output helpers ---
+
+red()    { printf '\033[31m%s\033[0m' "$*"; }
+green()  { printf '\033[32m%s\033[0m' "$*"; }
+yellow() { printf '\033[33m%s\033[0m' "$*"; }
+bold()   { printf '\033[1m%s\033[0m' "$*"; }
+
+check_pass() { PASS=$((PASS+1)); echo "  $(green '[PASS]') $*"; }
+check_fail() { FAIL=$((FAIL+1)); echo "  $(red '[FAIL]') $*"; }
+check_warn() { WARN=$((WARN+1)); echo "  $(yellow '[WARN]') $*"; }
+check_info() { echo "  [INFO] $*"; }
+
+run_cmd() {
+    if $DRY_RUN; then
+        echo "  [DRY-RUN] $*"
+    else
+        "$@"
+    fi
+}
+
+# --- Detect qemu-bridge-helper path ---
+
+find_bridge_helper() {
+    local paths=(
+        /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper
+        /usr/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper
+        /usr/local/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper
+        /usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper
+    )
+    for p in "${paths[@]}"; do
+        if [[ -f "$p" ]]; then
+            echo "$p"
+            return 0
+        fi
+    done
+    return 1
+}
+
+# --- Detect current bridge provider ---
+
+# Returns "libvirt:<net_name>" if bridge is managed by a libvirt network,
+# "standalone" otherwise.
+detect_bridge_provider() {
+    if command -v virsh &>/dev/null; then
+        local name br
+        while read -r name; do
+            [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
+            br=$(virsh net-dumpxml "$name" 2>/dev/null | grep -oP "<bridge name='\K[^']*" | head -1 || true)
+            if [[ "$br" == "$BRIDGE" ]]; then
+                echo "libvirt:$name"
+                return 0
+            fi
+        done < <(virsh net-list --all --name 2>/dev/null)
+    fi
+    echo "standalone"
+}
+
+# --- Check functions ---
+
+check_bridge_helper() {
+    echo
+    bold "qemu-bridge-helper"
+    local helper
+    if ! helper=$(find_bridge_helper); then
+        check_fail "qemu-bridge-helper not found"
+        check_info "Install QEMU: sudo apt install qemu-system-x86"
+        return
+    fi
+    check_pass "found at $helper"
+
+    if [[ -u "$helper" ]]; then
+        check_pass "setuid bit is set"
+    else
+        check_fail "setuid bit not set"
+        check_info "Fix: sudo chmod u+s $helper"
+    fi
+}
+
+check_bridge_conf() {
+    echo
+    bold "/etc/qemu/bridge.conf"
+    local conf="/etc/qemu/bridge.conf"
+    if [[ ! -f "$conf" ]]; then
+        check_fail "$conf does not exist"
+        check_info "Fix: sudo mkdir -p /etc/qemu && echo 'allow $BRIDGE' | sudo tee $conf"
+        return
+    fi
+    check_pass "$conf exists"
+
+    if grep -qE "^allow[[:space:]]+($BRIDGE|all)[[:space:]]*$" "$conf" 2>/dev/null; then
+        check_pass "bridge '$BRIDGE' is allowed"
+    else
+        check_fail "bridge '$BRIDGE' not found in $conf"
+        check_info "Fix: echo 'allow $BRIDGE' | sudo tee -a $conf"
+    fi
+}
+
+check_bridge_interface() {
+    echo
+    bold "bridge interface: $BRIDGE"
+    if ! ip link show "$BRIDGE" &>/dev/null; then
+        check_fail "bridge '$BRIDGE' does not exist"
+        check_info "Run: $(basename "$0") setup --mode libvirt"
+        check_info " or: $(basename "$0") setup --mode standalone --bridge $BRIDGE"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    local state
+    state=$(ip -j link show "$BRIDGE" 2>/dev/null | python3 -c "import sys,json;print(json.load(sys.stdin)[0].get('operstate',''))" 2>/dev/null || echo "UNKNOWN")
+    if [[ "$state" == "UP" ]]; then
+        check_pass "interface is UP"
+    else
+        check_warn "interface state: $state (expected UP)"
+    fi
+
+    local addr
+    addr=$(ip -4 -o addr show "$BRIDGE" 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $4}' | head -1)
+    if [[ -n "$addr" ]]; then
+        check_pass "has IP address: $addr"
+    else
+        check_fail "no IPv4 address assigned"
+    fi
+}
+
+check_dhcp() {
+    echo
+    bold "DHCP service"
+
+    local provider
+    provider=$(detect_bridge_provider)
+
+    if [[ "$provider" == libvirt:* ]]; then
+        local net_name="${provider#libvirt:}"
+        if virsh net-info "$net_name" 2>/dev/null | grep "Active:.*yes" >/dev/null; then
+            check_pass "libvirt network '$net_name' active on $BRIDGE (includes DHCP)"
+            return
+        else
+            check_fail "libvirt network '$net_name' exists but not active"
+            check_info "Fix: sudo virsh net-start $net_name"
+            return
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    # Standalone: check dnsmasq
+    if pgrep -f "dnsmasq.*$BRIDGE" &>/dev/null; then
+        local pid
+        pid=$(pgrep -f "dnsmasq.*$BRIDGE" | head -1)
+        check_pass "dnsmasq running for $BRIDGE (pid $pid)"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -d /etc/dnsmasq.d ]]; then
+        if [[ -f "/etc/dnsmasq.d/dstack-${BRIDGE}.conf" ]] || grep -rl "interface=$BRIDGE" /etc/dnsmasq.d/ &>/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            if systemctl is-active dnsmasq &>/dev/null; then
+                check_pass "dnsmasq service active with $BRIDGE config"
+                return
+            else
+                check_fail "dnsmasq config exists but service not running"
+                check_info "Fix: sudo systemctl start dnsmasq"
+                return
+            fi
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    check_fail "no DHCP server found for $BRIDGE"
+    check_info "Run: $(basename "$0") setup --mode standalone --bridge $BRIDGE"
+}
+
+check_ip_forward() {
+    echo
+    bold "IP forwarding"
+    local val
+    val=$(sysctl -n net.ipv4.ip_forward 2>/dev/null || echo "0")
+    if [[ "$val" == "1" ]]; then
+        check_pass "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1"
+    else
+        check_fail "net.ipv4.ip_forward = $val"
+        check_info "Fix: sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1"
+    fi
+}
+
+check_nat_rules() {
+    echo
+    bold "NAT / masquerade rules"
+
+    local subnet
+    subnet=$(ip -4 -o addr show "$BRIDGE" 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $4}' | head -1)
+    if [[ -z "$subnet" ]]; then
+        check_warn "cannot determine subnet (bridge has no IP)"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    local net_cidr
+    net_cidr=$(python3 -c "
+import ipaddress
+iface = ipaddress.ip_interface('$subnet')
+print(iface.network)
+" 2>/dev/null || echo "")
+
+    if [[ -z "$net_cidr" ]]; then
+        check_warn "cannot parse subnet $subnet"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    local nft_rules=""
+    if command -v nft &>/dev/null; then
+        nft_rules=$(sudo nft list ruleset 2>/dev/null || true)
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -n "$nft_rules" ]]; then
+        if echo "$nft_rules" | grep -q "masquerade" && \
+           echo "$nft_rules" | grep -q "${net_cidr%/*}"; then
+            check_pass "nftables masquerade rules found for $net_cidr"
+            return
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    if command -v iptables &>/dev/null; then
+        if sudo iptables -t nat -L -n 2>/dev/null | grep -i "masquerade" >/dev/null && \
+           sudo iptables -t nat -L -n 2>/dev/null | grep "${net_cidr%/*}" >/dev/null; then
+            check_pass "iptables masquerade rules found for $net_cidr"
+            return
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    check_fail "no NAT masquerade rules found for $net_cidr"
+    check_info "Libvirt adds these automatically."
+    check_info "For standalone: systemd-networkd IPMasquerade=both or manual nftables rules."
+}
+
+check_dhcp_firewall() {
+    echo
+    bold "DHCP/DNS firewall rules"
+
+    local nft_rules=""
+    if command -v nft &>/dev/null; then
+        nft_rules=$(sudo nft list ruleset 2>/dev/null || true)
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -z "$nft_rules" ]]; then
+        check_warn "nft not available, cannot check firewall rules"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # Check INPUT policy
+    local input_policy
+    input_policy=$(echo "$nft_rules" | grep -A1 'chain INPUT' | grep -oP 'policy \K\w+' | head -1 || echo "")
+
+    if [[ "$input_policy" == "accept" ]]; then
+        check_pass "INPUT policy is accept (DHCP/DNS allowed by default)"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # Restrictive INPUT policy — need explicit rules
+    if echo "$nft_rules" | grep -q "iifname \"$BRIDGE\".*udp dport 67.*accept"; then
+        check_pass "DHCP input rule for $BRIDGE"
+    else
+        check_fail "no DHCP input rule for $BRIDGE (INPUT policy: ${input_policy:-unknown})"
+        check_info "VMs will not get DHCP leases without this rule"
+        check_info "Fix: sudo nft add rule ip filter INPUT iifname \"$BRIDGE\" udp dport 67 counter accept"
+    fi
+
+    if echo "$nft_rules" | grep -q "iifname \"$BRIDGE\".*udp dport 53.*accept"; then
+        check_pass "DNS input rule for $BRIDGE"
+    else
+        check_warn "no DNS input rule for $BRIDGE"
+    fi
+}
+
+check_forward_rules() {
+    echo
+    bold "forwarding rules"
+
+    local nft_rules=""
+    if command -v nft &>/dev/null; then
+        nft_rules=$(sudo nft list ruleset 2>/dev/null || true)
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -n "$nft_rules" ]] && echo "$nft_rules" | grep -q "iifname \"$BRIDGE\".*accept"; then
+        check_pass "nftables forward accept rule for $BRIDGE"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    if command -v iptables &>/dev/null; then
+        if sudo iptables -L FORWARD -n 2>/dev/null | grep -i "$BRIDGE.*ACCEPT" >/dev/null; then
+            check_pass "iptables forward accept rule for $BRIDGE"
+            return
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    local policy
+    policy=$(sudo iptables -L FORWARD 2>/dev/null | head -1 | grep -oP '\(policy \K[^)]+' || echo "")
+    if [[ "$policy" == "ACCEPT" ]]; then
+        check_pass "forward policy is ACCEPT"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    check_warn "no explicit forward rules found for $BRIDGE (may still work via libvirt chains)"
+}
+
+# --- Setup: common ---
+
+setup_bridge_conf() {
+    echo
+    bold "Setting up /etc/qemu/bridge.conf"
+    run_cmd sudo mkdir -p /etc/qemu
+    if [[ -f /etc/qemu/bridge.conf ]] && grep -qE "^allow[[:space:]]+($BRIDGE|all)" /etc/qemu/bridge.conf 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  already configured"
+    else
+        run_cmd bash -c "echo 'allow $BRIDGE' | sudo tee -a /etc/qemu/bridge.conf"
+    fi
+}
+
+setup_bridge_helper() {
+    echo
+    bold "Setting up qemu-bridge-helper"
+    local helper
+    if ! helper=$(find_bridge_helper); then
+        echo "  $(red 'ERROR'): qemu-bridge-helper not found. Install QEMU first."
+        return 1
+    fi
+    if [[ -u "$helper" ]]; then
+        echo "  setuid already set on $helper"
+    else
+        run_cmd sudo chmod u+s "$helper"
+        echo "  setuid set on $helper"
+    fi
+}
+
+setup_ip_forward() {
+    echo
+    bold "Enabling IP forwarding"
+    local val
+    val=$(sysctl -n net.ipv4.ip_forward 2>/dev/null || echo "0")
+    if [[ "$val" == "1" ]]; then
+        echo "  already enabled"
+    else
+        run_cmd sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
+        run_cmd bash -c "echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/99-dstack-bridge.conf"
+    fi
+}
+
+# --- Setup: libvirt mode ---
+
+setup_libvirt() {
+    echo
+    bold "Setting up libvirt network"
+
+    if ! command -v virsh &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  $(red 'ERROR'): virsh not found. Install libvirt first:"
+        echo "    sudo apt install -y libvirt-daemon-system"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Find existing libvirt network for this bridge
+    local existing_net=""
+    local name br
+    while read -r name; do
+        [[ -z "$name" ]] && continue
+        br=$(virsh net-dumpxml "$name" 2>/dev/null | grep -oP "<bridge name='\K[^']*" | head -1 || true)
+        if [[ "$br" == "$BRIDGE" ]]; then
+            existing_net="$name"
+            break
+        fi
+    done < <(virsh net-list --all --name 2>/dev/null)
+
+    if [[ -n "$existing_net" ]]; then
+        echo "  found libvirt network '$existing_net' for bridge $BRIDGE"
+        if virsh net-info "$existing_net" 2>/dev/null | grep "Active:.*yes" >/dev/null; then
+            echo "  already active"
+        else
+            run_cmd sudo virsh net-start "$existing_net"
+            echo "  started network '$existing_net'"
+        fi
+        if ! virsh net-info "$existing_net" 2>/dev/null | grep "Autostart:.*yes" >/dev/null; then
+            run_cmd sudo virsh net-autostart "$existing_net"
+        fi
+    elif [[ "$BRIDGE" == "virbr0" ]]; then
+        if virsh net-info default &>/dev/null; then
+            if ! virsh net-info default 2>/dev/null | grep "Active:.*yes" >/dev/null; then
+                run_cmd sudo virsh net-start default
+            fi
+            run_cmd sudo virsh net-autostart default
+            echo "  libvirt default network active on virbr0"
+        else
+            echo "  $(red 'ERROR'): no libvirt default network found"
+            echo "  Recreate it or use --mode standalone"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        echo "  $(red 'ERROR'): no libvirt network found for bridge '$BRIDGE'"
+        echo "  Create a libvirt network XML or use --mode standalone"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    echo
+    echo "  libvirt provides: bridge, DHCP (dnsmasq), NAT, forwarding rules"
+}
+
+# --- Setup: standalone mode ---
+
+setup_standalone() {
+    echo
+    bold "Setting up standalone bridge: $BRIDGE"
+
+    # 1. Create bridge via systemd-networkd
+    if ip link show "$BRIDGE" &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  bridge $BRIDGE already exists"
+    else
+        echo "  creating bridge $BRIDGE via systemd-networkd"
+
+        local netdev="/etc/systemd/network/50-dstack-${BRIDGE}.netdev"
+        local network="/etc/systemd/network/51-dstack-${BRIDGE}.network"
+
+        if [[ ! -f "$netdev" ]]; then
+            run_cmd bash -c "cat > /tmp/.dstack-br-netdev <<'HEREDOC'
+[NetDev]
+Name=$BRIDGE
+Kind=bridge
+HEREDOC
+sudo mv /tmp/.dstack-br-netdev $netdev"
+            echo "  created $netdev"
+        fi
+
+        if [[ ! -f "$network" ]]; then
+            run_cmd bash -c "cat > /tmp/.dstack-br-network <<'HEREDOC'
+[Match]
+Name=$BRIDGE
+
+[Network]
+Address=10.0.100.1/24
+ConfigureWithoutCarrier=yes
+IPMasquerade=both
+HEREDOC
+sudo mv /tmp/.dstack-br-network $network"
+            echo "  created $network"
+        fi
+
+        run_cmd sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
+        echo "  restarted systemd-networkd"
+
+        echo "  waiting for bridge to come up..."
+        local i
+        for i in $(seq 1 10); do
+            if ip link show "$BRIDGE" &>/dev/null; then
+                break
+            fi
+            sleep 0.5
+        done
+    fi
+
+    # 2. DHCP server (dnsmasq)
+    echo
+    bold "Setting up dnsmasq for $BRIDGE"
+
+    if ! command -v dnsmasq &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  installing dnsmasq..."
+        run_cmd sudo apt install -y dnsmasq
+    fi
+
+    local conf="/etc/dnsmasq.d/dstack-${BRIDGE}.conf"
+    if [[ -f "$conf" ]]; then
+        echo "  dnsmasq config already exists at $conf"
+    else
+        # Derive DHCP range from bridge IP
+        local bridge_ip="10.0.100.1"
+        local dhcp_start="10.0.100.10"
+        local dhcp_end="10.0.100.254"
+        local addr
+        addr=$(ip -4 -o addr show "$BRIDGE" 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $4}' | head -1 || true)
+        if [[ -n "$addr" ]]; then
+            bridge_ip="${addr%/*}"
+            local prefix="${bridge_ip%.*}"
+            dhcp_start="${prefix}.10"
+            dhcp_end="${prefix}.254"
+        fi
+
+        run_cmd bash -c "cat > /tmp/.dstack-dnsmasq <<HEREDOC
+interface=$BRIDGE
+bind-interfaces
+dhcp-range=${dhcp_start},${dhcp_end},255.255.255.0,12h
+dhcp-option=option:router,${bridge_ip}
+dhcp-option=option:dns-server,8.8.8.8,1.1.1.1
+HEREDOC
+sudo mv /tmp/.dstack-dnsmasq $conf"
+        echo "  created $conf"
+        run_cmd sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq
+        echo "  restarted dnsmasq"
+    fi
+
+    # 3. Firewall rules for standalone bridge
+    setup_standalone_firewall
+
+    echo
+    echo "  standalone provides: bridge, DHCP (dnsmasq), NAT, firewall rules"
+}
+
+# --- Setup: standalone firewall ---
+
+setup_standalone_firewall() {
+    echo
+    bold "Setting up firewall rules for $BRIDGE"
+
+    local subnet
+    subnet=$(ip -4 -o addr show "$BRIDGE" 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $4}' | head -1)
+    if [[ -z "$subnet" ]]; then
+        echo "  $(red 'ERROR'): bridge $BRIDGE has no IP, cannot configure firewall"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local net_cidr
+    net_cidr=$(python3 -c "
+import ipaddress
+iface = ipaddress.ip_interface('$subnet')
+print(iface.network)
+" 2>/dev/null || echo "")
+
+    if [[ -z "$net_cidr" ]]; then
+        echo "  $(red 'ERROR'): cannot parse subnet $subnet"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    if ! command -v nft &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "  $(yellow '[WARN]') nft not found, skipping firewall setup"
+        echo "  you may need to configure iptables manually"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    # Detect whether to use libvirt chains or default chains
+    local inp_chain="INPUT"
+    local out_chain="OUTPUT"
+    local fwd_chain="FORWARD"
+    local nat_chain="POSTROUTING"
+
+    if sudo nft list chain ip filter LIBVIRT_INP &>/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        inp_chain="LIBVIRT_INP"
+        out_chain="LIBVIRT_OUT"
+        echo "  using libvirt filter chains (LIBVIRT_INP/LIBVIRT_OUT)"
+    fi
+    if sudo nft list chain ip filter LIBVIRT_FWO &>/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        fwd_chain=""  # use individual libvirt chains
+        echo "  using libvirt forward chains (LIBVIRT_FWO/FWI/FWX)"
+    fi
+    if sudo nft list chain ip nat LIBVIRT_PRT &>/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        nat_chain="LIBVIRT_PRT"
+        echo "  using libvirt NAT chain (LIBVIRT_PRT)"
+    fi
+
+    # Check if rules already exist (simple heuristic: look for bridge name in ruleset)
+    local existing
+    existing=$(sudo nft list ruleset 2>/dev/null || true)
+    if echo "$existing" | grep -q "iifname \"$BRIDGE\".*udp dport 67.*accept"; then
+        echo "  firewall rules for $BRIDGE already present, skipping"
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    echo "  adding INPUT/OUTPUT rules for DHCP and DNS"
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter "$inp_chain" iifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 67 counter accept
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter "$inp_chain" iifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 53 counter accept
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter "$inp_chain" iifname "$BRIDGE" tcp dport 53 counter accept
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter "$out_chain" oifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 68 counter accept
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter "$out_chain" oifname "$BRIDGE" udp dport 53 counter accept
+
+    echo "  adding FORWARD rules for $net_cidr"
+    if [[ -z "$fwd_chain" ]]; then
+        # libvirt forward chains
+        run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter LIBVIRT_FWO ip saddr "$net_cidr" iifname "$BRIDGE" counter accept
+        run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter LIBVIRT_FWI ip daddr "$net_cidr" oifname "$BRIDGE" ct state related,established counter accept
+        run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter LIBVIRT_FWX iifname "$BRIDGE" oifname "$BRIDGE" counter accept
+    else
+        run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter FORWARD ip saddr "$net_cidr" iifname "$BRIDGE" counter accept
+        run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter FORWARD ip daddr "$net_cidr" oifname "$BRIDGE" ct state related,established counter accept
+        run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip filter FORWARD iifname "$BRIDGE" oifname "$BRIDGE" counter accept
+    fi
+
+    echo "  adding NAT masquerade for $net_cidr"
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip nat "$nat_chain" ip saddr "$net_cidr" ip daddr 224.0.0.0/24 counter return
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip nat "$nat_chain" ip saddr "$net_cidr" ip daddr 255.255.255.255 counter return
+    run_cmd sudo nft add rule ip nat "$nat_chain" ip saddr "$net_cidr" ip daddr != "$net_cidr" counter masquerade
+
+    echo "  firewall rules configured"
+}
+
+# --- Main ---
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<'USAGE'
+Usage: setup-bridge.sh <command> [options]
+
+Commands:
+  check   Check bridge networking prerequisites
+  setup   Configure bridge networking prerequisites
+  destroy Tear down bridge networking configuration
+
+Options:
+  --bridge NAME   Bridge interface name (default: virbr0)
+  --mode MODE     Setup mode: libvirt or standalone (required for setup)
+  --dry-run       Show what would be done without executing (setup only)
+  -h, --help      Show this help
+
+Setup modes:
+  libvirt       Use libvirt network. Provides bridge, DHCP, NAT, and
+                firewall rules automatically. Recommended if libvirt is
+                already installed. Default bridge: virbr0.
+
+  standalone    Create bridge with systemd-networkd and dnsmasq. Does
+                not require libvirt. Use a custom bridge name to avoid
+                conflicts with libvirt.
+
+Examples:
+  setup-bridge.sh check
+  setup-bridge.sh check --bridge dstack-br0
+  setup-bridge.sh setup --mode libvirt
+  setup-bridge.sh setup --mode standalone --bridge dstack-br0
+  setup-bridge.sh setup --mode standalone --bridge dstack-br0 --dry-run
+  setup-bridge.sh destroy
+  setup-bridge.sh destroy --bridge dstack-br0 --dry-run
+USAGE
+}
+
+parse_args() {
+    while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+        case "$1" in
+            check|setup|destroy)
+                COMMAND="$1"; shift ;;
+            --bridge)
+                BRIDGE="${2:?--bridge requires a value}"; shift 2 ;;
+            --mode)
+                SETUP_MODE="${2:?--mode requires a value}"; shift 2 ;;
+            --dry-run)
+                DRY_RUN=true; shift ;;
+            -h|--help)
+                usage; exit 0 ;;
+            *)
+                echo "unknown argument: $1"; usage; exit 1 ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    if [[ -z "$COMMAND" ]]; then
+        usage
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+cmd_check() {
+    echo
+    echo "$(bold 'dstack bridge networking diagnostics')"
+    echo "target bridge: $(bold "$BRIDGE")"
+
+    local provider
+    provider=$(detect_bridge_provider)
+    if [[ "$provider" == libvirt:* ]]; then
+        echo "provider: $(bold 'libvirt') (network: ${provider#libvirt:})"
+    else
+        echo "provider: $(bold 'standalone')"
+    fi
+
+    check_bridge_helper
+    check_bridge_conf
+    check_bridge_interface
+    check_dhcp
+    check_dhcp_firewall
+    check_ip_forward
+    check_nat_rules
+    check_forward_rules
+
+    echo
+    echo "---"
+    echo "$(green "PASS: $PASS")  $(red "FAIL: $FAIL")  $(yellow "WARN: $WARN")"
+
+    if [[ $FAIL -gt 0 ]]; then
+        echo
+        echo "Run '$(basename "$0") setup --mode <libvirt|standalone> --bridge $BRIDGE' to fix issues."
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+cmd_setup() {
+    if [[ -z "$SETUP_MODE" ]]; then
+        echo
+        echo "$(red 'ERROR'): --mode is required for setup."
+        echo
+        echo "Choose a mode:"
+        echo "  --mode libvirt      Use libvirt (provides bridge + DHCP + NAT)"
+        echo "  --mode standalone   No libvirt (systemd-networkd + dnsmasq)"
+        echo
+        echo "Example:"
+        echo "  $(basename "$0") setup --mode libvirt"
+        echo "  $(basename "$0") setup --mode standalone --bridge dstack-br0"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    if [[ "$SETUP_MODE" != "libvirt" && "$SETUP_MODE" != "standalone" ]]; then
+        echo "$(red 'ERROR'): unknown mode '$SETUP_MODE'. Use 'libvirt' or 'standalone'."
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    echo
+    echo "$(bold 'dstack bridge networking setup')"
+    echo "target bridge: $(bold "$BRIDGE")"
+    echo "mode: $(bold "$SETUP_MODE")"
+    $DRY_RUN && echo "dry-run: $(yellow 'yes')"
+
+    # Common setup
+    setup_bridge_conf
+    setup_bridge_helper
+    setup_ip_forward
+
+    # Mode-specific setup
+    case "$SETUP_MODE" in
+        libvirt)    setup_libvirt ;;
+        standalone) setup_standalone ;;
+    esac
+
+    echo
+    echo "---"
+    echo "$(bold 'Setup complete.')"
+    echo
+    echo "Add to vmm.toml:"
+    echo
+    echo "  [cvm.networking]"
+    echo "  mode = \"bridge\""
+    echo "  bridge = \"$BRIDGE\""
+    echo
+    echo "Verify: $(basename "$0") check --bridge $BRIDGE"
+}
+
+cmd_destroy() {
+    local provider
+    provider=$(detect_bridge_provider)
+
+    echo
+    echo "$(bold 'dstack bridge networking destroy')"
+    echo "target bridge: $(bold "$BRIDGE")"
+    if [[ "$provider" == libvirt:* ]]; then
+        echo "provider: $(bold 'libvirt') (network: ${provider#libvirt:})"
+    else
+        echo "provider: $(bold 'standalone')"
+    fi
+    $DRY_RUN && echo "dry-run: $(yellow 'yes')"
+
+    if [[ "$provider" == libvirt:* ]]; then
+        local net_name="${provider#libvirt:}"
+        echo
+        bold "Stopping libvirt network '$net_name'"
+        if virsh net-info "$net_name" 2>/dev/null | grep "Active:.*yes" >/dev/null; then
+            run_cmd sudo virsh net-destroy "$net_name"
+            echo "  stopped"
+        else
+            echo "  already inactive"
+        fi
+        if virsh net-info "$net_name" 2>/dev/null | grep "Autostart:.*yes" >/dev/null; then
+            run_cmd sudo virsh net-autostart --disable "$net_name"
+            echo "  autostart disabled"
+        fi
+    else
+        # Standalone: remove dnsmasq config and systemd-networkd units
+        local dnsmasq_conf="/etc/dnsmasq.d/dstack-${BRIDGE}.conf"
+        if [[ -f "$dnsmasq_conf" ]]; then
+            echo
+            bold "Removing dnsmasq config"
+            run_cmd sudo rm -f "$dnsmasq_conf"
+            echo "  removed $dnsmasq_conf"
+            run_cmd sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq 2>/dev/null || true
+            echo "  restarted dnsmasq"
+        fi
+
+        local netdev="/etc/systemd/network/50-dstack-${BRIDGE}.netdev"
+        local network="/etc/systemd/network/51-dstack-${BRIDGE}.network"
+        if [[ -f "$netdev" ]] || [[ -f "$network" ]]; then
+            echo
+            bold "Removing systemd-networkd units"
+            [[ -f "$netdev" ]] && { run_cmd sudo rm -f "$netdev"; echo "  removed $netdev"; }
+            [[ -f "$network" ]] && { run_cmd sudo rm -f "$network"; echo "  removed $network"; }
+            run_cmd sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
+            echo "  restarted systemd-networkd"
+        fi
+
+        # Delete bridge interface if it still exists
+        if ip link show "$BRIDGE" &>/dev/null; then
+            echo
+            bold "Deleting bridge interface $BRIDGE"
+            run_cmd sudo ip link set "$BRIDGE" down
+            run_cmd sudo ip link delete "$BRIDGE" type bridge
+            echo "  deleted"
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    # Remove bridge.conf entry
+    local conf="/etc/qemu/bridge.conf"
+    if [[ -f "$conf" ]] && grep -qE "^allow[[:space:]]+${BRIDGE}[[:space:]]*$" "$conf" 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo
+        bold "Removing '$BRIDGE' from $conf"
+        run_cmd sudo sed -i "/^allow[[:space:]]\+${BRIDGE}[[:space:]]*$/d" "$conf"
+        echo "  removed"
+    fi
+
+    echo
+    echo "---"
+    echo "$(bold 'Destroy complete.')"
+}
+
+parse_args "$@"
+
+case "$COMMAND" in
+    check)   cmd_check ;;
+    setup)   cmd_setup ;;
+    destroy) cmd_destroy ;;
+esac
diff --git a/dstack/scripts/tests/test_dstack_cloud_aws.py b/dstack/scripts/tests/test_dstack_cloud_aws.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbbbd4697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/scripts/tests/test_dstack_cloud_aws.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Unit tests for dstack-cloud AWS EBS Direct helpers."""
+
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from importlib.machinery import SourceFileLoader
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+
+SCRIPT_PATH = Path(__file__).parents[1] / "bin" / "dstack-cloud"
+LOADER = SourceFileLoader("dstack_cloud", str(SCRIPT_PATH))
+SPEC = importlib.util.spec_from_loader(LOADER.name, LOADER)
+if SPEC is None or SPEC.loader is None:
+    raise RuntimeError(f"Could not load {SCRIPT_PATH}")
+DSTACK_CLOUD = importlib.util.module_from_spec(SPEC)
+sys.modules[SPEC.name] = DSTACK_CLOUD
+SPEC.loader.exec_module(DSTACK_CLOUD)
+
+
+def aws_result(
+    returncode: int = 0,
+    stdout: str = "",
+    stderr: str = "",
+) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess:
+    """Build a mocked AWS CLI result."""
+    return subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+        args=["aws"],
+        returncode=returncode,
+        stdout=stdout,
+        stderr=stderr,
+    )
+
+
+class AwsEbsDirectTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Verify RAW-to-EBS snapshot behavior."""
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        """Create an isolated deployment manager."""
+        self.manager = DSTACK_CLOUD.CloudDeploymentManager()
+
+    def test_upload_skips_zero_blocks_and_pads_final_block(self) -> None:
+        """Only non-zero blocks should be uploaded with 512-KiB alignment."""
+        block_size = DSTACK_CLOUD.AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            raw = Path(tmpdir) / "disk.raw"
+            with raw.open("wb") as raw_file:
+                raw_file.write(b"A" + bytes(block_size - 1))
+                raw_file.write(bytes(block_size))
+                raw_file.write(b"final")
+            self.manager._aws_put_snapshot_block = Mock()
+
+            changed = self.manager._aws_upload_snapshot_blocks(
+                "us-west-2",
+                "snap-1234567890abcdef0",
+                raw,
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(changed, 2)
+        calls = sorted(
+            self.manager._aws_put_snapshot_block.call_args_list,
+            key=lambda call: call.args[2],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual([call.args[2] for call in calls], [0, 2])
+        self.assertEqual(len(calls[0].args[3]), block_size)
+        self.assertEqual(len(calls[1].args[3]), block_size)
+        self.assertTrue(calls[1].args[3].startswith(b"final"))
+        self.assertEqual(calls[1].args[3][5:], bytes(block_size - 5))
+
+    def test_put_block_passes_path_and_sha256_checksum(self) -> None:
+        """The AWS CLI should receive a raw path and matching checksum."""
+        block = b"x" * DSTACK_CLOUD.AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE
+        expected_checksum = base64.b64encode(hashlib.sha256(block).digest()).decode()
+        self.manager._aws_ebs_call = Mock(return_value=aws_result())
+
+        self.manager._aws_put_snapshot_block(
+            "us-west-2",
+            "snap-1234567890abcdef0",
+            7,
+            block,
+        )
+
+        command = self.manager._aws_ebs_call.call_args.args[0]
+        block_path = command[command.index("--block-data") + 1]
+        checksum = command[command.index("--checksum") + 1]
+        self.assertFalse(block_path.startswith("file://"))
+        self.assertFalse(block_path.startswith("fileb://"))
+        self.assertFalse(Path(block_path).exists())
+        self.assertEqual(checksum, expected_checksum)
+
+    def test_snapshot_rounds_volume_size_and_completes(self) -> None:
+        """A RAW file should be rounded to GiB and completed with its block count."""
+        config = DSTACK_CLOUD.AwsConfig(region="us-west-2")
+        start = aws_result(
+            stdout=(
+                '{"SnapshotId":"snap-1234567890abcdef0",'
+                f'"BlockSize":{DSTACK_CLOUD.AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE}}}'
+            )
+        )
+        self.manager._aws_ebs_call = Mock(side_effect=[start, aws_result()])
+        self.manager._aws_upload_snapshot_blocks = Mock(return_value=3)
+        self.manager._run_aws = Mock(side_effect=[aws_result(), aws_result()])
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            raw = Path(tmpdir) / "disk.raw"
+            with raw.open("wb") as raw_file:
+                raw_file.truncate(1024 * 1024 * 1024 + 1)
+            snapshot_id = self.manager._aws_create_snapshot_from_raw(
+                config,
+                raw,
+                "test snapshot",
+                "test-token",
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot_id, "snap-1234567890abcdef0")
+        start_command = self.manager._aws_ebs_call.call_args_list[0].args[0]
+        complete_command = self.manager._aws_ebs_call.call_args_list[1].args[0]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            start_command[start_command.index("--volume-size") + 1],
+            "2",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            complete_command[complete_command.index("--changed-blocks-count") + 1],
+            "3",
+        )
+
+    def test_upload_failure_deletes_partial_snapshot(self) -> None:
+        """A failed upload must remove the pending snapshot."""
+        config = DSTACK_CLOUD.AwsConfig(region="us-west-2")
+        start = aws_result(
+            stdout=(
+                '{"SnapshotId":"snap-1234567890abcdef0",'
+                f'"BlockSize":{DSTACK_CLOUD.AWS_EBS_BLOCK_SIZE}}}'
+            )
+        )
+        self.manager._aws_ebs_call = Mock(return_value=start)
+        self.manager._aws_upload_snapshot_blocks = Mock(
+            side_effect=RuntimeError("upload failed")
+        )
+        self.manager._run_aws = Mock(return_value=aws_result())
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            raw = Path(tmpdir) / "disk.raw"
+            raw.write_bytes(b"raw")
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, "upload failed"):
+                self.manager._aws_create_snapshot_from_raw(
+                    config,
+                    raw,
+                    "test snapshot",
+                    "test-token",
+                )
+
+        cleanup_command = self.manager._run_aws.call_args.args[0]
+        self.assertEqual(cleanup_command[:2], ["ec2", "delete-snapshot"])
+
+    def test_permission_error_is_actionable_and_sanitized(self) -> None:
+        """Access failures should name one permission without raw metadata."""
+        self.manager._run_aws = Mock(
+            return_value=aws_result(
+                returncode=1,
+                stderr=(
+                    "An error occurred (AccessDeniedException) when calling "
+                    "StartSnapshot: private request metadata"
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaises(PermissionError) as raised:
+            self.manager._aws_ebs_call(
+                ["ebs", "start-snapshot", "--region", "us-west-2"],
+                "StartSnapshot",
+            )
+
+        message = str(raised.exception)
+        self.assertIn("ebs:StartSnapshot", message)
+        self.assertIn("AccessDeniedException", message)
+        self.assertNotIn("private request metadata", message)
+
+    def test_transient_error_is_retried(self) -> None:
+        """Throttled EBS requests should retry with backoff."""
+        self.manager._run_aws = Mock(
+            side_effect=[
+                aws_result(
+                    returncode=1,
+                    stderr=(
+                        "An error occurred (RequestThrottledException) when calling "
+                        "PutSnapshotBlock"
+                    ),
+                ),
+                aws_result(),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        with patch.object(DSTACK_CLOUD.time, "sleep") as sleep:
+            result = self.manager._aws_ebs_call(
+                ["ebs", "put-snapshot-block", "--region", "us-west-2"],
+                "PutSnapshotBlock",
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0)
+        sleep.assert_called_once_with(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/dstack/serde-duration/Cargo.toml b/dstack/serde-duration/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..45dddcf22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/serde-duration/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "serde-duration"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "alloc"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
diff --git a/dstack/serde-duration/src/lib.rs b/dstack/serde-duration/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ece41091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/serde-duration/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serializer};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+/// Render a duration in the largest unit that divides it evenly.
+fn format(duration: &Duration) -> String {
+    if duration == &Duration::MAX {
+        return "never".to_string();
+    }
+    let (value, unit) = if duration.as_secs().is_multiple_of(24 * 3600) {
+        (duration.as_secs() / (24 * 3600), "d")
+    } else if duration.as_secs().is_multiple_of(3600) {
+        (duration.as_secs() / 3600, "h")
+    } else if duration.as_secs().is_multiple_of(60) {
+        (duration.as_secs() / 60, "m")
+    } else {
+        (duration.as_secs(), "s")
+    };
+    format!("{value}{unit}")
+}
+
+/// Parse a `<value><unit>` duration, or `never` for [`Duration::MAX`].
+fn parse(s: &str) -> Result<Duration, String> {
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err("Duration string cannot be empty".to_string());
+    }
+    if s == "never" {
+        return Ok(Duration::MAX);
+    }
+    // Split on the last *character*, not the last byte: `split_at(len - 1)`
+    // panics inside `core::str` when the unit is multi-byte, and a config file
+    // is exactly the place where a typo should be reported, not panicked on.
+    let unit_start = s
+        .char_indices()
+        .next_back()
+        .map(|(i, _)| i)
+        .ok_or_else(|| "Duration string cannot be empty".to_string())?;
+    let (value, unit) = s.split_at(unit_start);
+    let value = value.parse::<u64>().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+
+    let multiplier = match unit {
+        "s" => 1,
+        "m" => 60,
+        "h" => 3600,
+        "d" => 24 * 3600,
+        _ => return Err("Invalid time unit. Use s, m, h, or d".to_string()),
+    };
+    // Checked: `18446744073709551615d` would otherwise wrap to a short duration
+    // in release builds, i.e. a timeout far tighter than the operator asked for.
+    let seconds = value
+        .checked_mul(multiplier)
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("Duration {s} is too large"))?;
+
+    Ok(Duration::from_secs(seconds))
+}
+
+pub fn serialize<S>(duration: &Duration, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: Serializer,
+{
+    serializer.serialize_str(&format(duration))
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Duration, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    parse(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+}
+
+/// `Option<Duration>` variant, for config fields where an absent value means
+/// "this knob is not configured" rather than zero.
+///
+/// Prefer this over a sentinel (`0`, or the `never` string) whenever the field
+/// is one of several independent gates: with a sentinel the same value has to
+/// mean both "disabled" and a legitimate setting, which is exactly the
+/// ambiguity that makes multi-gate configs hard to reason about.
+pub mod option {
+    use super::{format, parse};
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serializer};
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    pub fn serialize<S>(duration: &Option<Duration>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        match duration {
+            Some(duration) => serializer.serialize_str(&format(duration)),
+            None => serializer.serialize_none(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<Duration>, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let Some(s) = Option::<String>::deserialize(deserializer)? else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        parse(&s).map(Some).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+    struct Plain {
+        #[serde(with = "crate")]
+        d: Duration,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+    struct Opt {
+        #[serde(default, with = "crate::option")]
+        d: Option<Duration>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_every_unit() {
+        for (text, secs) in [("30s", 30), ("5m", 300), ("2h", 7200), ("1d", 86400)] {
+            let v: Plain = serde_json::from_str(&format!(r#"{{"d":"{text}"}}"#)).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(v.d, Duration::from_secs(secs));
+        }
+        let v: Plain = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"d":"never"}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v.d, Duration::MAX);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_bad_input() {
+        for text in ["", "5x", "abcs"] {
+            let parsed: Result<Plain, _> = serde_json::from_str(&format!(r#"{{"d":"{text}"}}"#));
+            assert!(parsed.is_err(), "{text} should not parse");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_absent_is_none() {
+        let v: Opt = serde_json::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v.d, None);
+        let v: Opt = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"d":null}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v.d, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn option_present_parses() {
+        let v: Opt = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"d":"5s"}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v.d, Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn round_trips() {
+        let v = Opt {
+            d: Some(Duration::from_secs(300)),
+        };
+        let text = serde_json::to_string(&v).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(text, r#"{"d":"5m"}"#);
+        assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Opt>(&text).unwrap(), v);
+    }
+
+    /// A bad unit is a config typo, so it has to come back as an error --
+    /// including when the typo is not ASCII, where splitting on the last byte
+    /// used to panic inside `core::str`.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_bad_unit_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
+        assert!(parse("5\u{5206}").is_err());
+        assert!(parse("5x").is_err());
+        assert!(parse("\u{5206}").is_err());
+        assert!(parse("s").is_err());
+    }
+
+    /// Overflow would silently wrap to a much shorter timeout than asked for.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_oversized_duration_is_rejected() {
+        assert!(parse(&format!("{}d", u64::MAX)).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(parse("5m").unwrap(), Duration::from_secs(300));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/sev-snp-attest/Cargo.toml b/dstack/sev-snp-attest/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b2dc9f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sev-snp-attest/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "sev-snp-attest"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "AMD SEV-SNP guest attestation report library"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+sev.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/sev-snp-attest/src/lib.rs b/dstack/sev-snp-attest/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1226070b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sev-snp-attest/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Minimal AMD SEV-SNP guest report support.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use sev::firmware::{guest::Firmware, host::CertTableEntry};
+
+const TSM_REPORT_ROOT: &str = "/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report";
+const SEV_GUEST_DEVICE: &str = "/dev/sev-guest";
+const SNP_REPORT_SIZE: usize = 1184;
+pub const SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE: std::ops::Range<usize> = 0x50..0x90;
+
+/// Represents an AMD SEV-SNP attestation report.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SnpQuote {
+    /// Raw SNP report bytes.
+    pub report: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Optional certificate chain blobs, when exposed by the kernel/firmware path.
+    pub cert_chain: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+pub fn get_report(report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<SnpQuote> {
+    if has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(Path::new(TSM_REPORT_ROOT)) {
+        match get_report_configfs(report_data) {
+            Ok(quote) => {
+                if configfs_report_needs_ioctl_cert_chain_fallback(
+                    &quote,
+                    Path::new(SEV_GUEST_DEVICE).exists(),
+                ) {
+                    tracing::debug!(
+                        "sev-snp configfs tsm report did not include a certificate chain; falling back to ioctl extended report"
+                    );
+                    match get_report_ioctl(report_data) {
+                        Ok(ioctl_quote) if !ioctl_quote.cert_chain.is_empty() => {
+                            return Ok(ioctl_quote)
+                        }
+                        Ok(_) => return Ok(quote),
+                        Err(err) => tracing::debug!(
+                            "failed to get sev-snp report from ioctl fallback: {err:#}"
+                        ),
+                    }
+                }
+                return Ok(quote);
+            }
+            Err(err) => tracing::debug!("failed to get sev-snp report from configfs tsm: {err:#}"),
+        }
+    }
+    if Path::new(SEV_GUEST_DEVICE).exists() {
+        return get_report_ioctl(report_data);
+    }
+    bail!("sev-snp report is unavailable: neither {TSM_REPORT_ROOT} nor {SEV_GUEST_DEVICE} exists")
+}
+
+fn configfs_report_needs_ioctl_cert_chain_fallback(
+    quote: &SnpQuote,
+    sev_guest_device_available: bool,
+) -> bool {
+    sev_guest_device_available && quote.cert_chain.is_empty()
+}
+
+pub fn has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(root: &Path) -> bool {
+    if !root.exists() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if provider_file_is_sev_guest(&root.join("provider")) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    let probe = root.join(format!("dstack-probe-{}", std::process::id()));
+    if fs_err::create_dir(&probe).is_ok() {
+        let is_sev_snp = provider_file_is_sev_guest(&probe.join("provider"));
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir(&probe);
+        if is_sev_snp {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let Ok(entries) = fs_err::read_dir(root) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    entries.flatten().any(|entry| {
+        let Ok(file_type) = entry.file_type() else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        file_type.is_dir() && provider_file_is_sev_guest(&entry.path().join("provider"))
+    })
+}
+
+fn provider_file_is_sev_guest(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    fs_err::read_to_string(path)
+        .map(|provider| matches!(provider.trim(), "sev_guest" | "sev-guest"))
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn get_report_configfs(report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<SnpQuote> {
+    let root = Path::new(TSM_REPORT_ROOT);
+    let dir = root.join(format!("dstack-{}", std::process::id()));
+    if !dir.exists() {
+        fs_err::create_dir(&dir).with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", dir.display()))?;
+    }
+
+    let hex_report_data = hex::encode(report_data);
+    write_first_existing(
+        &[
+            dir.join("inblob"),
+            dir.join("reportdata"),
+            dir.join("report_data"),
+        ],
+        &report_data,
+        hex_report_data.as_bytes(),
+    )?;
+
+    let report = read_first_existing(&[dir.join("outblob"), dir.join("report")])?;
+    if report.is_empty() {
+        bail!("sev-snp configfs tsm returned an empty report");
+    }
+    ensure_report_data_matches(&report, &report_data)?;
+    Ok(SnpQuote {
+        report,
+        cert_chain: read_cert_chain_configfs(&dir),
+    })
+}
+
+fn write_first_existing(paths: &[std::path::PathBuf], binary: &[u8], hex: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    use std::io::Write;
+    let mut last_err = None;
+    for path in paths {
+        if !path.exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let write = |data: &[u8]| -> std::io::Result<()> {
+            let mut file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).open(path)?;
+            file.write_all(data)
+        };
+        match write(binary).or_else(|_| write(hex)) {
+            Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
+            Err(err) => last_err = Some(err),
+        }
+    }
+    match last_err {
+        Some(err) => Err(err).context("failed to write sev-snp tsm report data"),
+        None => bail!("failed to find sev-snp tsm report input file"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_first_existing(paths: &[std::path::PathBuf]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    for path in paths {
+        if path.exists() {
+            return fs_err::read(path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()));
+        }
+    }
+    bail!("failed to find sev-snp tsm report output file")
+}
+
+fn read_cert_chain_configfs(dir: &Path) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+    for name in ["certs", "cert_chain", "auxblob"] {
+        let Ok(bytes) = fs_err::read(dir.join(name)) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if !bytes.is_empty() {
+            return vec![bytes];
+        }
+    }
+    Vec::new()
+}
+
+fn get_report_ioctl(report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<SnpQuote> {
+    let mut firmware =
+        Firmware::open().with_context(|| format!("failed to open {SEV_GUEST_DEVICE}"))?;
+    let (report, cert_entries) = firmware
+        .get_ext_report(Some(1), Some(report_data), Some(0))
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("sev-snp get extended report ioctl failed: {err}"))?;
+    ensure_report_data_matches(&report, &report_data)?;
+    let cert_chain = match cert_entries {
+        Some(entries) if !entries.is_empty() => {
+            vec![CertTableEntry::cert_table_to_vec_bytes(&entries)
+                .context("failed to encode sev-snp certificate table")?]
+        }
+        _ => Vec::new(),
+    };
+    Ok(SnpQuote { report, cert_chain })
+}
+
+fn ensure_report_data_matches(report: &[u8], report_data: &[u8; 64]) -> Result<()> {
+    if report.len() != SNP_REPORT_SIZE {
+        bail!(
+            "sev-snp report has invalid length: expected {} bytes, got {}",
+            SNP_REPORT_SIZE,
+            report.len()
+        );
+    }
+    if &report[SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE] != report_data {
+        bail!("sev-snp report_data mismatch");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_report_with_wrong_report_data() {
+        let expected = [0x42; 64];
+        let mut report = vec![0u8; SNP_REPORT_SIZE];
+        report[SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE].copy_from_slice(&[0x24; 64]);
+        assert!(ensure_report_data_matches(&report, &expected).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_report_with_matching_report_data() {
+        let expected = [0x42; 64];
+        let mut report = vec![0u8; SNP_REPORT_SIZE];
+        report[SNP_REPORT_DATA_RANGE].copy_from_slice(&expected);
+        ensure_report_data_matches(&report, &expected).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tsm_provider_detection_accepts_only_sev_guest_provider() {
+        let root = test_dir("sev-guest");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(root.join("entry")).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(root.join("entry/provider"), "sev_guest\n").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(&root));
+
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir_all(root);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tsm_provider_detection_accepts_legacy_hyphenated_sev_guest_provider() {
+        let root = test_dir("sev-guest-hyphen");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(root.join("entry")).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(root.join("entry/provider"), "sev-guest\n").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(&root));
+
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir_all(root);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tsm_provider_detection_rejects_tdx_guest_provider() {
+        let root = test_dir("tdx-guest");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(root.join("entry")).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(root.join("entry/provider"), "tdx-guest\n").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(!has_sev_snp_tsm_provider(&root));
+
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir_all(root);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn configfs_cert_chain_uses_first_supported_nonempty_blob() {
+        let root = test_dir("cert-chain");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(root.join("certs"), []).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(root.join("cert_chain"), b"chain").unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(root.join("auxblob"), b"auxblob").unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(read_cert_chain_configfs(&root), vec![b"chain".to_vec()]);
+
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir_all(root);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn configfs_report_without_cert_chain_requires_ioctl_fallback_when_available() {
+        let quote = SnpQuote {
+            report: vec![0u8; SNP_REPORT_SIZE],
+            cert_chain: vec![],
+        };
+
+        assert!(configfs_report_needs_ioctl_cert_chain_fallback(
+            &quote, true
+        ));
+        assert!(!configfs_report_needs_ioctl_cert_chain_fallback(
+            &quote, false
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn test_dir(name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+        let nanos = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_nanos();
+        std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dstack-sev-snp-test-{name}-{}-{nanos}",
+            std::process::id()
+        ))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/sev-snp-qvl/Cargo.toml b/dstack/sev-snp-qvl/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d16e4500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sev-snp-qvl/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "sev-snp-qvl"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "AMD SEV-SNP Quote Verification Library"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+moka.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+sev.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt", "time"] }
+x509-parser = { workspace = true, features = ["verify"] }
+rustls-pki-types.workspace = true
+rustls-webpki = { workspace = true, features = ["ring"] }
+pem.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/sev-snp-qvl/src/lib.rs b/dstack/sev-snp-qvl/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fa4da6f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sev-snp-qvl/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1216 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! AMD SEV-SNP attestation verification helpers.
+//!
+//! This module implements the hardware report verification slice: certificate
+//! normalization, AMD ARK/ASK/VCEK chain verification, report signature checks,
+//! report_data binding, and invariant SNP policy checks. KMS/app authorization
+//! must still bind the verified measurement to app/config identity before
+//! production key release.
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use moka::sync::Cache;
+use sev::certs::snp::{builtin, ca, Certificate, Chain, Verifiable};
+use sev::firmware::{guest::AttestationReport, host::TcbVersion};
+
+const ASK_CERT_GUID: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x4a, 0xb7, 0xb3, 0x79, 0xbb, 0xac, 0x4f, 0xe4, 0xa0, 0x2f, 0x05, 0xae, 0xf3, 0x27, 0xc7, 0x82,
+];
+const VCEK_CERT_GUID: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x63, 0xda, 0x75, 0x8d, 0xe6, 0x64, 0x45, 0x64, 0xad, 0xc5, 0xf4, 0xb9, 0x3b, 0xe8, 0xac, 0xcd,
+];
+const VLEK_CERT_GUID: [u8; 16] = [
+    0xa8, 0x07, 0x4b, 0xc2, 0xa2, 0x5a, 0x48, 0x3e, 0xaa, 0xe6, 0x39, 0xc0, 0x45, 0xa0, 0xb8, 0xa1,
+];
+const CERT_TABLE_ENTRY_SIZE: usize = 24;
+pub const AMD_KDS_DEFAULT_BASE_URL: &str = "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1";
+const AMD_KDS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+const AMD_KDS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
+const AMD_KDS_CA_CACHE_CAPACITY: u64 = 16;
+const AMD_KDS_VCEK_CACHE_CAPACITY: u64 = 1024;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum AmdSnpProduct {
+    Milan,
+    Genoa,
+    Turin,
+}
+
+/// AMD SEV-SNP quote verifier with caller-owned ARK trust anchors.
+///
+/// One ARK is required per supported processor family because AMD operates a
+/// separate hierarchy for each family. `new_prod` uses the ARKs shipped by the
+/// `sev` crate; `new` accepts PEM encoded ARKs from the caller.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct QuoteVerifier {
+    milan_ark_pem: Vec<u8>,
+    genoa_ark_pem: Vec<u8>,
+    turin_ark_pem: Vec<u8>,
+    external_roots: [bool; 3],
+}
+
+impl QuoteVerifier {
+    pub fn new(milan_ark_pem: Vec<u8>, genoa_ark_pem: Vec<u8>, turin_ark_pem: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            milan_ark_pem,
+            genoa_ark_pem,
+            turin_ark_pem,
+            external_roots: [true; 3],
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_prod() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            milan_ark_pem: builtin::milan::ARK.to_vec(),
+            genoa_ark_pem: builtin::genoa::ARK.to_vec(),
+            turin_ark_pem: builtin::turin::ARK.to_vec(),
+            external_roots: [false; 3],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a production verifier overriding one product-family ARK.
+    pub fn new_with_root(product: AmdSnpProduct, ark_pem: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_prod().with_root(product, ark_pem)
+    }
+
+    /// Override one product-family ARK.
+    pub fn with_root(mut self, product: AmdSnpProduct, ark_pem: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        match product {
+            AmdSnpProduct::Milan => {
+                self.milan_ark_pem = ark_pem;
+                self.external_roots[0] = true;
+            }
+            AmdSnpProduct::Genoa => {
+                self.genoa_ark_pem = ark_pem;
+                self.external_roots[1] = true;
+            }
+            AmdSnpProduct::Turin => {
+                self.turin_ark_pem = ark_pem;
+                self.external_roots[2] = true;
+            }
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn ark(&self, product: AmdSnpProduct) -> CertBytes {
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: match product {
+                AmdSnpProduct::Milan => self.milan_ark_pem.clone(),
+                AmdSnpProduct::Genoa => self.genoa_ark_pem.clone(),
+                AmdSnpProduct::Turin => self.turin_ark_pem.clone(),
+            },
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Pem,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn uses_external_root(&self, product: AmdSnpProduct) -> bool {
+        self.external_roots[match product {
+            AmdSnpProduct::Milan => 0,
+            AmdSnpProduct::Genoa => 1,
+            AmdSnpProduct::Turin => 2,
+        }]
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(
+        &self,
+        report: &[u8],
+        cert_chain: &[Vec<u8>],
+        expected_report_data: &[u8; 64],
+    ) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+        let (ask, vcek) = normalize_ask_vcek_certs(cert_chain)?;
+        let verified =
+            verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_certs_and_arks(report, ask, vcek, |product| {
+                (self.ark(product), self.uses_external_root(product))
+            })?;
+        if &verified.report_data != expected_report_data {
+            bail!("amd sev-snp report_data mismatch");
+        }
+        Ok(verified)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn fetch_and_verify(
+        &self,
+        kds_client: &AmdKdsClient,
+        report: &[u8],
+        cert_chain: &[Vec<u8>],
+        expected_report_data: &[u8; 64],
+    ) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+        if !cert_chain.is_empty() {
+            return self.verify(report, cert_chain, expected_report_data);
+        }
+        let report_obj = AttestationReport::from_bytes(report)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to parse amd sev-snp report: {err}"))?;
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+        for product in amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(&report_obj)? {
+            match kds_client
+                .fetch_collateral_for_product(product, &report_obj)
+                .await
+            {
+                Ok(collateral) => match verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_cert_chain(
+                    report,
+                    self.ark(product),
+                    collateral.ask,
+                    collateral.vcek,
+                    self.uses_external_root(product),
+                ) {
+                    Ok(verified) if &verified.report_data == expected_report_data => {
+                        return Ok(verified);
+                    }
+                    Ok(_) => bail!("amd sev-snp report_data mismatch"),
+                    Err(err) => errors.push(format!("{}: {err:#}", product.kds_name())),
+                },
+                Err(err) => errors.push(format!("{}: {err:#}", product.kds_name())),
+            }
+        }
+        bail!("amd sev-snp verification failed: {}", errors.join("; "))
+    }
+}
+
+impl AmdSnpProduct {
+    fn kds_name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Milan => "Milan",
+            // AMD KDS canonicalizes Genoa-family parts such as Bergamo and
+            // Siena under the Genoa endpoint.
+            Self::Genoa => "Genoa",
+            Self::Turin => "Turin",
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn builtin_ark(self) -> CertBytes {
+        let bytes = match self {
+            Self::Milan => builtin::milan::ARK,
+            Self::Genoa => builtin::genoa::ARK,
+            Self::Turin => builtin::turin::ARK,
+        };
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: bytes.to_vec(),
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Pem,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Hash)]
+pub struct AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+    pub fmc: Option<u8>,
+    pub bootloader: u8,
+    pub tee: u8,
+    pub snp: u8,
+    pub microcode: u8,
+}
+
+impl From<TcbVersion> for AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+    fn from(value: TcbVersion) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            fmc: value.fmc,
+            bootloader: value.bootloader,
+            tee: value.tee,
+            snp: value.snp,
+            microcode: value.microcode,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct AmdSnpTcbInfo {
+    pub current: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+    pub reported: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+    pub committed: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+    pub launch: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+}
+
+impl AmdSnpTcbInfo {
+    pub fn from_report(report: &AttestationReport) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            current: report.current_tcb.into(),
+            reported: report.reported_tcb.into(),
+            committed: report.committed_tcb.into(),
+            launch: report.launch_tcb.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tcb_status(&self) -> &'static str {
+        if self.current == self.reported
+            && self.committed == self.reported
+            && self.launch == self.reported
+        {
+            "UpToDate"
+        } else {
+            "OutOfDate"
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+    pub measurement: [u8; 48],
+    pub report_data: [u8; 64],
+    pub host_data: [u8; 32],
+    pub chip_id: [u8; 64],
+    pub tcb_info: AmdSnpTcbInfo,
+    pub advisory_ids: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ParsedAmdSnpReport {
+    pub measurement: [u8; 48],
+    pub report_data: [u8; 64],
+    pub host_data: [u8; 32],
+    pub chip_id: [u8; 64],
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum CertEncoding {
+    Pem,
+    Der,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct CertBytes {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    encoding: CertEncoding,
+}
+
+pub struct AmdSnpAttestationInput<'a> {
+    pub report: &'a [u8],
+    pub ask_pem: &'a [u8],
+    pub vcek_pem: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct AmdKdsCollateral {
+    ark: CertBytes,
+    ask: CertBytes,
+    vcek: CertBytes,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct AmdKdsCaCacheKey {
+    product: AmdSnpProduct,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct AmdKdsVcekCacheKey {
+    product: AmdSnpProduct,
+    chip_id: [u8; 64],
+    tcb: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AmdKdsClient {
+    base_url: String,
+    http_client: reqwest::Client,
+    ca_cache: Cache<AmdKdsCaCacheKey, (CertBytes, CertBytes)>,
+    vcek_cache: Cache<AmdKdsVcekCacheKey, CertBytes>,
+}
+
+impl AmdKdsClient {
+    pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::with_base_url(AMD_KDS_DEFAULT_BASE_URL)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_base_url(base_url: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let base_url = normalize_amd_kds_base_url(base_url.as_ref())?;
+        let http_client = reqwest::Client::builder()
+            .connect_timeout(AMD_KDS_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
+            .timeout(AMD_KDS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT)
+            .build()
+            .context("failed to create amd sev-snp KDS HTTP client")?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            base_url,
+            http_client,
+            ca_cache: Cache::new(AMD_KDS_CA_CACHE_CAPACITY),
+            vcek_cache: Cache::new(AMD_KDS_VCEK_CACHE_CAPACITY),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_collateral_for_product(
+        &self,
+        product: AmdSnpProduct,
+        report: &AttestationReport,
+    ) -> Result<AmdKdsCollateral> {
+        let (ark, ask) = self.fetch_ca_chain(product).await?;
+        let mut chip_id = [0u8; 64];
+        chip_id.copy_from_slice(
+            report
+                .chip_id
+                .as_ref()
+                .get(..64)
+                .context("amd sev-snp chip_id too short")?,
+        );
+        let vcek = self
+            .fetch_vcek(product, &chip_id, report.reported_tcb.into())
+            .await?;
+        Ok(AmdKdsCollateral { ark, ask, vcek })
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_ca_chain(&self, product: AmdSnpProduct) -> Result<(CertBytes, CertBytes)> {
+        let key = AmdKdsCaCacheKey { product };
+        if let Some(cached) = self.ca_cache.get(&key) {
+            return Ok(cached);
+        }
+
+        let url = join_amd_kds_url(
+            &self.base_url,
+            &format!("{}/cert_chain", product.kds_name()),
+        );
+        let chain = self.fetch_url(&url, "cert_chain").await?;
+        let (_fetched_ark, ask) = extract_ark_ask_from_amd_kds_cert_chain(&chain)?;
+        let collateral = (product.builtin_ark(), ask);
+        self.ca_cache.insert(key, collateral.clone());
+        Ok(collateral)
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_vcek(
+        &self,
+        product: AmdSnpProduct,
+        chip_id: &[u8; 64],
+        tcb: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+    ) -> Result<CertBytes> {
+        let key = AmdKdsVcekCacheKey {
+            product,
+            chip_id: *chip_id,
+            tcb,
+        };
+        if let Some(cached) = self.vcek_cache.get(&key) {
+            return Ok(cached);
+        }
+
+        let vcek_url = amd_kds_vcek_url_with_base(&self.base_url, product, chip_id, tcb)?;
+        let vcek = CertBytes {
+            bytes: self.fetch_url(&vcek_url, "vcek").await?,
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Der,
+        };
+        self.vcek_cache.insert(key, vcek.clone());
+        Ok(vcek)
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_url(&self, url: &str, label: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .http_client
+            .get(url)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to request amd sev-snp {label} from {url}"))?
+            .error_for_status()
+            .with_context(|| format!("amd sev-snp {label} request failed for {url}"))?
+            .bytes()
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to read amd sev-snp {label} response"))?
+            .to_vec())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn verify_amd_snp_attestation(
+    input: &AmdSnpAttestationInput<'_>,
+) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+    verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_certs(
+        input.report,
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: input.ask_pem.to_vec(),
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Pem,
+        },
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: input.vcek_pem.to_vec(),
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Pem,
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn parse_amd_snp_report(report_bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<ParsedAmdSnpReport> {
+    if report_bytes.len() != 1184 {
+        bail!(
+            "invalid amd sev-snp report length: expected 1184 bytes, got {}",
+            report_bytes.len()
+        );
+    }
+    let report = AttestationReport::from_bytes(report_bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse amd sev-snp report: {err}"))?;
+    parsed_amd_snp_report_from_report(&report)
+}
+
+fn parsed_amd_snp_report_from_report(report: &AttestationReport) -> Result<ParsedAmdSnpReport> {
+    let mut measurement = [0u8; 48];
+    measurement.copy_from_slice(
+        report
+            .measurement
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(..48)
+            .context("amd sev-snp measurement too short")?,
+    );
+    let mut report_data = [0u8; 64];
+    report_data.copy_from_slice(
+        report
+            .report_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(..64)
+            .context("amd sev-snp report_data too short")?,
+    );
+    let mut host_data = [0u8; 32];
+    host_data.copy_from_slice(
+        report
+            .host_data
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(..32)
+            .context("amd sev-snp host_data too short")?,
+    );
+    let mut chip_id = [0u8; 64];
+    chip_id.copy_from_slice(
+        report
+            .chip_id
+            .as_ref()
+            .get(..64)
+            .context("amd sev-snp chip_id too short")?,
+    );
+
+    Ok(ParsedAmdSnpReport {
+        measurement,
+        report_data,
+        host_data,
+        chip_id,
+    })
+}
+
+fn verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_certs(
+    report_bytes: &[u8],
+    ask_bytes: CertBytes,
+    vcek_bytes: CertBytes,
+) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+    verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_certs_and_arks(report_bytes, ask_bytes, vcek_bytes, |product| {
+        (product.builtin_ark(), false)
+    })
+}
+
+fn verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_certs_and_arks(
+    report_bytes: &[u8],
+    ask_bytes: CertBytes,
+    vcek_bytes: CertBytes,
+    ark_for_product: impl Fn(AmdSnpProduct) -> (CertBytes, bool),
+) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+    if report_bytes.len() != 1184 {
+        bail!(
+            "invalid amd sev-snp report length: expected 1184 bytes, got {}",
+            report_bytes.len()
+        );
+    }
+    let report = AttestationReport::from_bytes(report_bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse amd sev-snp report: {err}"))?;
+    let mut errors = Vec::new();
+    for product in amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(&report)? {
+        let (ark, external_root) = ark_for_product(product);
+        match verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_cert_chain(
+            report_bytes,
+            ark,
+            ask_bytes.clone(),
+            vcek_bytes.clone(),
+            external_root,
+        ) {
+            Ok(verified) => return Ok(verified),
+            Err(err) => errors.push(format!("{}: {err:#}", product.kds_name())),
+        }
+    }
+    bail!(
+        "amd sev-snp report verification failed for supported products: {}",
+        errors.join("; ")
+    )
+}
+
+fn verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_cert_chain(
+    report_bytes: &[u8],
+    ark_bytes: CertBytes,
+    ask_bytes: CertBytes,
+    vcek_bytes: CertBytes,
+    external_root: bool,
+) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+    if report_bytes.len() != 1184 {
+        bail!(
+            "invalid amd sev-snp report length: expected 1184 bytes, got {}",
+            report_bytes.len()
+        );
+    }
+    let report = AttestationReport::from_bytes(report_bytes)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse amd sev-snp report: {err}"))?;
+
+    let ark = parse_certificate(&ark_bytes, "ark")?;
+    let ask = parse_certificate(&ask_bytes, "ask")?;
+    let vcek = parse_certificate(&vcek_bytes, "vcek")?;
+    if external_root {
+        verify_x509_chain(&ark_bytes, &ask_bytes, &vcek_bytes)?;
+    } else {
+        Chain {
+            ca: ca::Chain { ark, ask },
+            vek: vcek.clone(),
+        }
+        .verify()
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("amd cert chain verification failed: {err:?}"))?;
+    }
+    (&vcek, &report).verify().map_err(|err| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!("amd sev-snp report signature verification failed: {err:?}")
+    })?;
+    validate_amd_snp_report_policy(&report)?;
+
+    let parsed = parsed_amd_snp_report_from_report(&report)?;
+
+    Ok(VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+        measurement: parsed.measurement,
+        report_data: parsed.report_data,
+        host_data: parsed.host_data,
+        chip_id: parsed.chip_id,
+        tcb_info: AmdSnpTcbInfo::from_report(&report),
+        // AMD SEV-SNP attestation reports and VCEKs do not carry a direct
+        // advisory list. Keep this explicit and empty so downstream auth stays
+        // fail-closed if a future verifier adds advisories from revocation or
+        // external policy collateral.
+        advisory_ids: Vec::new(),
+    })
+}
+
+fn verify_x509_chain(ark: &CertBytes, ask: &CertBytes, vcek: &CertBytes) -> Result<()> {
+    use x509_parser::prelude::{FromDer, X509Certificate};
+
+    let ark_der = certificate_der(ark)?;
+    let ask_der = certificate_der(ask)?;
+    let vcek_der = certificate_der(vcek)?;
+    let (_, ark) = X509Certificate::from_der(&ark_der).context("failed to parse ARK X.509")?;
+    let (_, ask) = X509Certificate::from_der(&ask_der).context("failed to parse ASK X.509")?;
+    let (_, vcek) = X509Certificate::from_der(&vcek_der).context("failed to parse VCEK X.509")?;
+    if !ark.is_ca() || !ask.is_ca() {
+        bail!("AMD ARK and ASK certificates must be certificate authorities");
+    }
+    if ark.subject() != ark.issuer()
+        || ask.issuer() != ark.subject()
+        || vcek.issuer() != ask.subject()
+    {
+        bail!("AMD certificate issuer/subject chain mismatch");
+    }
+    verify_certificate_signature(&ark_der, &ark)
+        .context("ARK self-signature verification failed")?;
+    verify_certificate_signature(&ark_der, &ask).context("ASK signature verification failed")?;
+    verify_certificate_signature(&ask_der, &vcek).context("VCEK signature verification failed")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn verify_certificate_signature(
+    issuer_der: &[u8],
+    certificate: &x509_parser::certificate::X509Certificate<'_>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    use rustls_pki_types::CertificateDer;
+    const RSA_PSS_OID: &str = "1.2.840.113549.1.1.10";
+    const ECDSA_SHA384_OID: &str = "1.2.840.10045.4.3.3";
+    const SHA384_OID: &str = "2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.2";
+    const MGF1_OID: &str = "1.2.840.113549.1.1.8";
+
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        certificate.signature_algorithm == certificate.tbs_certificate.signature,
+        "certificate signatureAlgorithm does not match TBSCertificate signature"
+    );
+    let oid = certificate.signature_algorithm.algorithm.to_id_string();
+    let algorithm = match oid.as_str() {
+        RSA_PSS_OID => {
+            use x509_parser::signature_algorithm::SignatureAlgorithm;
+            let SignatureAlgorithm::RSASSA_PSS(params) =
+                SignatureAlgorithm::try_from(&certificate.signature_algorithm)
+                    .context("invalid RSA-PSS signature parameters")?
+            else {
+                bail!("invalid RSA-PSS signature parameters");
+            };
+            let mask = params
+                .mask_gen_algorithm()
+                .context("invalid RSA-PSS mask generation parameters")?;
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                params.hash_algorithm_oid().to_id_string() == SHA384_OID
+                    && mask.mgf.to_id_string() == MGF1_OID
+                    && mask.hash.to_id_string() == SHA384_OID
+                    && params.salt_length() == 48
+                    && params.trailer_field() == 1,
+                "RSA-PSS certificate signature must use SHA-384, MGF1-SHA384, and a 48-byte salt"
+            );
+            webpki::ring::RSA_PSS_2048_8192_SHA384_LEGACY_KEY
+        }
+        ECDSA_SHA384_OID => {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                certificate.signature_algorithm.parameters.is_none(),
+                "ECDSA-SHA384 signature parameters must be absent"
+            );
+            webpki::ring::ECDSA_P384_SHA384
+        }
+        _ => bail!("unsupported certificate signature algorithm: {oid}"),
+    };
+    let issuer_der = CertificateDer::from(issuer_der);
+    let issuer = webpki::EndEntityCert::try_from(&issuer_der)
+        .context("failed to parse certificate issuer")?;
+    let message = certificate.tbs_certificate.as_ref();
+    let signature = certificate.signature_value.data.as_ref();
+    issuer
+        .verify_signature(algorithm, message, signature)
+        .context("invalid certificate signature")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn certificate_der(cert: &CertBytes) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    match cert.encoding {
+        CertEncoding::Der => Ok(cert.bytes.clone()),
+        CertEncoding::Pem => Ok(::pem::parse(&cert.bytes)
+            .context("failed to parse certificate PEM")?
+            .into_contents()),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn verify_amd_snp_evidence(
+    report: &[u8],
+    cert_chain: &[Vec<u8>],
+    expected_report_data: &[u8; 64],
+) -> Result<VerifiedAmdSnpReport> {
+    let (ask, vcek) = normalize_ask_vcek_certs(cert_chain)?;
+    let verified = verify_amd_snp_attestation_with_certs(report, ask, vcek)?;
+    if &verified.report_data != expected_report_data {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp report_data mismatch");
+    }
+    Ok(verified)
+}
+
+fn normalize_amd_kds_base_url(base_url: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let base_url = base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/').to_string();
+    if base_url.is_empty() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp KDS base URL is empty");
+    }
+    Ok(base_url)
+}
+
+fn join_amd_kds_url(base_url: &str, path: &str) -> String {
+    format!(
+        "{}/{}",
+        base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/'),
+        path.trim_start_matches('/')
+    )
+}
+
+fn amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(report: &AttestationReport) -> Result<Vec<AmdSnpProduct>> {
+    if let Some(product) = amd_snp_product_from_report(report)? {
+        return Ok(vec![product]);
+    }
+
+    // SNP report v2 predates the CPUID family/model fields. In that case the
+    // product cannot be derived from the signed report, so keep a small
+    // fail-closed compatibility fallback. Bergamo and Siena deliberately do
+    // not appear here because their KDS endpoint is the canonical Genoa one.
+    Ok(vec![
+        AmdSnpProduct::Genoa,
+        AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+        AmdSnpProduct::Turin,
+    ])
+}
+
+fn amd_snp_product_from_report(report: &AttestationReport) -> Result<Option<AmdSnpProduct>> {
+    match report.version {
+        2 => return Ok(None),
+        3 => {}
+        version => bail!("unsupported amd sev-snp report version: {version}"),
+    }
+
+    let family = report
+        .cpuid_fam_id
+        .context("amd sev-snp report v3+ is missing CPUID family")?;
+    let model = report
+        .cpuid_mod_id
+        .context("amd sev-snp report v3+ is missing CPUID model")?;
+
+    let product = match family {
+        0x19 => match model {
+            0x00..=0x0f => AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+            0x10..=0x1f | 0xa0..=0xaf => AmdSnpProduct::Genoa,
+            _ => bail!("unsupported amd sev-snp CPUID model for family 19h: {model:#04x}"),
+        },
+        0x1a => match model {
+            0x00..=0x11 => AmdSnpProduct::Turin,
+            _ => bail!("unsupported amd sev-snp CPUID model for family 1Ah: {model:#04x}"),
+        },
+        _ => bail!("unsupported amd sev-snp CPUID family: {family:#04x}"),
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(product))
+}
+
+fn amd_kds_vcek_url_with_base(
+    base_url: &str,
+    product: AmdSnpProduct,
+    chip_id: &[u8; 64],
+    tcb: AmdSnpTcbVersion,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    let url = match product {
+        AmdSnpProduct::Turin => {
+            let fmc = tcb
+                .fmc
+                .context("amd sev-snp Turin VCEK request requires reported FMC TCB")?;
+            join_amd_kds_url(
+                base_url,
+                &format!(
+                    "{}/{}?fmcSPL={}&blSPL={}&teeSPL={}&snpSPL={}&ucodeSPL={}",
+                    product.kds_name(),
+                    hex::encode(&chip_id[..8]),
+                    fmc,
+                    tcb.bootloader,
+                    tcb.tee,
+                    tcb.snp,
+                    tcb.microcode
+                ),
+            )
+        }
+        AmdSnpProduct::Milan | AmdSnpProduct::Genoa => join_amd_kds_url(
+            base_url,
+            &format!(
+                "{}/{}?blSPL={}&teeSPL={}&snpSPL={}&ucodeSPL={}",
+                product.kds_name(),
+                hex::encode(chip_id),
+                tcb.bootloader,
+                tcb.tee,
+                tcb.snp,
+                tcb.microcode
+            ),
+        ),
+    };
+    Ok(url)
+}
+
+fn extract_ark_ask_from_amd_kds_cert_chain(chain: &[u8]) -> Result<(CertBytes, CertBytes)> {
+    let certs = extract_pem_certs(chain)?;
+    if certs.len() < 2 {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp cert_chain must contain ASK and ARK certificates");
+    }
+    Ok((
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: certs[1].clone(),
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Pem,
+        },
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: certs[0].clone(),
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Pem,
+        },
+    ))
+}
+
+fn extract_pem_certs(chain: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let chain = std::str::from_utf8(chain).context("amd sev-snp cert_chain is not utf-8 pem")?;
+    let begin = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----";
+    let end = "-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
+    let mut rest = chain;
+    let mut certs = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(start) = rest.find(begin) {
+        let after_start = &rest[start..];
+        let cert_end = after_start
+            .find(end)
+            .map(|idx| idx + end.len())
+            .context("amd sev-snp cert_chain has unterminated certificate")?;
+        let mut cert = after_start.as_bytes()[..cert_end].to_vec();
+        cert.push(b'\n');
+        certs.push(cert);
+        rest = &after_start[cert_end..];
+    }
+    if certs.is_empty() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp cert_chain missing certificates");
+    }
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+fn parse_certificate(cert: &CertBytes, name: &str) -> Result<Certificate> {
+    match cert.encoding {
+        CertEncoding::Pem => Certificate::from_pem(&cert.bytes)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse amd {name} certificate: {err:?}")),
+        CertEncoding::Der => Certificate::from_der(&cert.bytes)
+            .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to parse amd {name} certificate: {err:?}")),
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_amd_snp_report_policy(report: &AttestationReport) -> Result<()> {
+    if !matches!(report.version, 2 | 3) {
+        bail!("unsupported amd sev-snp report version: {}", report.version);
+    }
+    if report.vmpl != 0 {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp report must be generated at vmpl0");
+    }
+    if report.policy.debug_allowed() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp guest policy allows debug");
+    }
+    if report.policy.migrate_ma_allowed() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp guest policy allows migration agent");
+    }
+    if report.key_info.mask_chip_key() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp report masks the chip signing key");
+    }
+    if report.key_info.signing_key() != 0 {
+        bail!(
+            "unsupported amd sev-snp signing key: expected vcek, got {}",
+            report.key_info.signing_key()
+        );
+    }
+    if !report.policy.smt_allowed() && report.plat_info.smt_enabled() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp platform has smt enabled but guest policy does not allow smt");
+    }
+    if report.policy.rapl_dis() && !report.plat_info.rapl_disabled() {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp guest policy requires rapl disabled, but platform reports rapl enabled");
+    }
+    if report.policy.ciphertext_hiding() && !report.plat_info.ciphertext_hiding_enabled() {
+        bail!(
+            "amd sev-snp guest policy requires ciphertext hiding, but platform does not report it"
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn normalize_ask_vcek_certs(cert_chain: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<(CertBytes, CertBytes)> {
+    match cert_chain {
+        [ask, vcek] => Ok((cert_bytes_from_blob(ask), cert_bytes_from_blob(vcek))),
+        [auxblob] => normalize_kernel_cert_table(auxblob),
+        _ => bail!(
+            "amd sev-snp cert_chain must contain either ASK and VCEK certificates or one kernel certificate table auxblob"
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+fn cert_bytes_from_blob(blob: &[u8]) -> CertBytes {
+    let encoding = if blob.starts_with(b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----") {
+        CertEncoding::Pem
+    } else {
+        CertEncoding::Der
+    };
+    CertBytes {
+        bytes: blob.to_vec(),
+        encoding,
+    }
+}
+
+fn normalize_kernel_cert_table(auxblob: &[u8]) -> Result<(CertBytes, CertBytes)> {
+    let mut ask = None;
+    let mut vcek = None;
+    for (guid, data) in parse_kernel_cert_table(auxblob)? {
+        match guid {
+            ASK_CERT_GUID => ask = Some(data),
+            VCEK_CERT_GUID => vcek = Some(data),
+            VLEK_CERT_GUID => bail!("amd sev-snp vlek certificates are not supported yet"),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    let ask = ask.context("amd sev-snp certificate table missing ASK certificate")?;
+    let vcek = vcek.context("amd sev-snp certificate table missing VCEK certificate")?;
+    Ok((
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: ask,
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Der,
+        },
+        CertBytes {
+            bytes: vcek,
+            encoding: CertEncoding::Der,
+        },
+    ))
+}
+
+fn parse_kernel_cert_table(auxblob: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<([u8; 16], Vec<u8>)>> {
+    if auxblob.len() < CERT_TABLE_ENTRY_SIZE {
+        bail!("amd sev-snp certificate table is too short");
+    }
+    let mut entries = Vec::new();
+    let mut pos = 0usize;
+    loop {
+        let entry = auxblob
+            .get(pos..pos + CERT_TABLE_ENTRY_SIZE)
+            .context("amd sev-snp certificate table is missing terminator")?;
+        let guid: [u8; 16] = entry[..16]
+            .try_into()
+            .context("amd sev-snp certificate table entry guid has invalid length")?;
+        let offset = u32::from_le_bytes(
+            entry[16..20]
+                .try_into()
+                .context("amd sev-snp certificate table entry offset has invalid length")?,
+        ) as usize;
+        let length = u32::from_le_bytes(
+            entry[20..24]
+                .try_into()
+                .context("amd sev-snp certificate table entry length has invalid length")?,
+        ) as usize;
+        if guid == [0u8; 16] && offset == 0 && length == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        let end = offset
+            .checked_add(length)
+            .context("amd sev-snp certificate table entry length overflows")?;
+        if offset < CERT_TABLE_ENTRY_SIZE || end > auxblob.len() || length == 0 {
+            bail!("amd sev-snp certificate table entry has invalid bounds");
+        }
+        entries.push((guid, auxblob[offset..end].to_vec()));
+        pos = pos
+            .checked_add(CERT_TABLE_ENTRY_SIZE)
+            .context("amd sev-snp certificate table entry count overflows")?;
+        if pos >= auxblob.len() {
+            bail!("amd sev-snp certificate table is missing terminator");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(entries)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn tcb(bootloader: u8, tee: u8, snp: u8, microcode: u8) -> AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+        AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+            fmc: None,
+            bootloader,
+            tee,
+            snp,
+            microcode,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tcb_status_is_up_to_date_only_when_all_reported_versions_match() {
+        let up_to_date = AmdSnpTcbInfo {
+            current: tcb(1, 2, 3, 4),
+            reported: tcb(1, 2, 3, 4),
+            committed: tcb(1, 2, 3, 4),
+            launch: tcb(1, 2, 3, 4),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(up_to_date.tcb_status(), "UpToDate");
+
+        let stale_launch = AmdSnpTcbInfo {
+            launch: tcb(1, 2, 3, 3),
+            ..up_to_date
+        };
+        assert_eq!(stale_launch.tcb_status(), "OutOfDate");
+
+        let stale_vcek_reported = AmdSnpTcbInfo {
+            reported: tcb(1, 2, 3, 3),
+            ..up_to_date
+        };
+        assert_eq!(stale_vcek_reported.tcb_status(), "OutOfDate");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_cert_chain_fails_closed() {
+        let report = vec![0u8; 1184];
+        let expected_report_data = [0u8; 64];
+        let err = verify_amd_snp_evidence(&report, &[], &expected_report_data).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("cert_chain must contain either ASK and VCEK certificates or one kernel certificate table auxblob"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_kds_vcek_url_binds_chip_id_and_reported_tcb() {
+        let chip_id = [0xab; 64];
+        let tcb = AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+            fmc: None,
+            bootloader: 1,
+            tee: 2,
+            snp: 3,
+            microcode: 4,
+        };
+
+        let url = amd_kds_vcek_url_with_base(
+            AMD_KDS_DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+            AmdSnpProduct::Genoa,
+            &chip_id,
+            tcb,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            format!(
+                "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1/Genoa/{}?blSPL=1&teeSPL=2&snpSPL=3&ucodeSPL=4",
+                hex::encode(chip_id)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_kds_vcek_url_for_turin_uses_short_chip_id_and_fmc() {
+        let chip_id = [0xab; 64];
+        let tcb = AmdSnpTcbVersion {
+            fmc: Some(5),
+            bootloader: 1,
+            tee: 2,
+            snp: 3,
+            microcode: 4,
+        };
+
+        let url = amd_kds_vcek_url_with_base(
+            AMD_KDS_DEFAULT_BASE_URL,
+            AmdSnpProduct::Turin,
+            &chip_id,
+            tcb,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            url,
+            "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1/Turin/abababababababab?fmcSPL=5&blSPL=1&teeSPL=2&snpSPL=3&ucodeSPL=4"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_v3_cpuid_selects_kds_product_without_enumeration() {
+        let mut report = base_report();
+        report.version = 3;
+        report.cpuid_fam_id = Some(0x19);
+        report.cpuid_mod_id = Some(0x10);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(&report).unwrap(),
+            vec![AmdSnpProduct::Genoa]
+        );
+
+        report.cpuid_mod_id = Some(0x0f);
+        assert_eq!(
+            amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(&report).unwrap(),
+            vec![AmdSnpProduct::Milan]
+        );
+
+        report.cpuid_fam_id = Some(0x1a);
+        report.cpuid_mod_id = Some(0x00);
+        assert_eq!(
+            amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(&report).unwrap(),
+            vec![AmdSnpProduct::Turin]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_v2_keeps_canonical_compatibility_product_candidates() {
+        let report = base_report();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            amd_snp_product_candidates_for_report(&report).unwrap(),
+            vec![
+                AmdSnpProduct::Genoa,
+                AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+                AmdSnpProduct::Turin
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_kds_endpoint_joins_base_url_and_relative_path() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            join_amd_kds_url("https://mirror.example.com/vcek/v1/", "/Genoa/cert_chain"),
+            "https://mirror.example.com/vcek/v1/Genoa/cert_chain"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_kds_cert_chain_extracts_ask_pem_and_ark_pem() {
+        let chain = b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nASK\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nARK\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n";
+
+        let (ark_cert, ask_cert) = extract_ark_ask_from_amd_kds_cert_chain(chain).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            ask_cert.bytes,
+            b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nASK\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n".to_vec()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(ask_cert.encoding, CertEncoding::Pem);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ark_cert.bytes,
+            b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nARK\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n".to_vec()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(ark_cert.encoding, CertEncoding::Pem);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_report_fails_closed_before_success() {
+        let cert_chain = vec![b"not ask".to_vec(), b"not vcek".to_vec()];
+        let expected_report_data = [0u8; 64];
+        let err =
+            verify_amd_snp_evidence(b"too short", &cert_chain, &expected_report_data).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string()
+                .contains("invalid amd sev-snp report length"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalizes_kernel_cert_table_auxblob_to_ask_and_vcek_der() {
+        use sev::firmware::host::{CertTableEntry, CertType};
+
+        let auxblob = CertTableEntry::cert_table_to_vec_bytes(&[
+            CertTableEntry::new(CertType::VCEK, b"vcek-der".to_vec()),
+            CertTableEntry::new(CertType::ASK, b"ask-der".to_vec()),
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let (ask, vcek) = normalize_ask_vcek_certs(&[auxblob]).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(ask.bytes, b"ask-der");
+        assert_eq!(ask.encoding, CertEncoding::Der);
+        assert_eq!(vcek.bytes, b"vcek-der");
+        assert_eq!(vcek.encoding, CertEncoding::Der);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_single_auxblob_fails_closed_without_panic() {
+        let err = normalize_ask_vcek_certs(&[vec![0xff; 23]]).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("certificate table"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalizes_existing_two_item_pem_chain_without_reordering() {
+        let ask = b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nask\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n".to_vec();
+        let vcek = b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\nvcek\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n".to_vec();
+
+        let (normalized_ask, normalized_vcek) =
+            normalize_ask_vcek_certs(&[ask.clone(), vcek.clone()]).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(normalized_ask.bytes, ask);
+        assert_eq!(normalized_ask.encoding, CertEncoding::Pem);
+        assert_eq!(normalized_vcek.bytes, vcek);
+        assert_eq!(normalized_vcek.encoding, CertEncoding::Pem);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_policy_rejects_debug_allowed() {
+        let mut report = base_report();
+        report.policy.set_debug_allowed(true);
+
+        let err = validate_amd_snp_report_policy(&report).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("debug"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_policy_rejects_non_vmpl0() {
+        let mut report = base_report();
+        report.vmpl = 1;
+
+        let err = validate_amd_snp_report_policy(&report).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(
+            err.to_string().contains("vmpl0"),
+            "unexpected error: {err:#}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn report_policy_accepts_strict_vcek_vmpl0_report() {
+        let report = base_report();
+
+        validate_amd_snp_report_policy(&report).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn base_report() -> AttestationReport {
+        AttestationReport {
+            version: 2,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/size-parser/Cargo.toml b/dstack/size-parser/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1107dec75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/size-parser/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "size-parser"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+description = "A utility crate for parsing and handling memory sizes with serde support"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"], optional = true }
+thiserror.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = []
+serde = ["dep:serde"]
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
diff --git a/dstack/size-parser/README.md b/dstack/size-parser/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f8528265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/size-parser/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# size-parser
+
+A utility crate for parsing and handling memory sizes with serde support.
+
+## Features
+
+- Parse memory size strings with various suffixes (K, M, G, T)
+- Support for hexadecimal values (0x prefix)
+- Optional serde serialization/deserialization support
+- Human-readable formatting
+- Type-safe memory size handling
+
+## Usage
+
+Add this to your `Cargo.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+size-parser = { path = "../size-parser" }
+
+# For serde support
+size-parser = { path = "../size-parser", features = ["serde"] }
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+### Basic Usage
+
+```rust
+use size_parser::MemorySize;
+
+// Parse from string
+let size = MemorySize::parse("2G").unwrap();
+assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+// Parse hexadecimal
+let size = MemorySize::parse("0x1000").unwrap();
+assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 4096);
+
+// Create from bytes
+let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(1024);
+assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 1024);
+
+// Using FromStr trait
+let size: MemorySize = "2G".parse().unwrap();
+assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+```
+
+### Supported Formats
+
+- Plain numbers: `"1024"`, `"2048"`
+- Hexadecimal: `"0x1000"`, `"0X2000"`
+- With suffixes: `"2K"`, `"4M"`, `"1G"`, `"2T"` (case-insensitive)
+
+Suffixes use binary (1024-based) multipliers:
+- K/k: 1024 bytes
+- M/m: 1024² bytes  
+- G/g: 1024³ bytes
+- T/t: 1024⁴ bytes
+
+### Human-readable Formatting
+
+```rust
+let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(1536);
+println!("{}", size); // Prints: "1.5K"
+
+let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+println!("{}", size); // Prints: "2G"
+```
+
+### Serde Support (with "serde" feature)
+
+#### Using MemorySize Type
+
+```rust
+use size_parser::MemorySize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Config {
+    memory: MemorySize,
+}
+
+let config = Config {
+    memory: MemorySize::parse("2G").unwrap(),
+};
+
+// Serializes as: {"memory": "2G"}
+let json = serde_json::to_string(&config).unwrap();
+
+// Can deserialize from various formats
+let config: Config = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory": "1024M"}"#).unwrap();
+```
+
+#### Using Field Attributes with Numeric Types
+
+You can also use serde field attributes to serialize/deserialize memory sizes directly into any numeric type that can be converted to/from u64:
+
+```rust
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct MyConfig {
+    #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+    memory_size: u64,
+    #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+    buffer_size: usize,
+    #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+    cache_size: u32,
+}
+
+let config = MyConfig {
+    memory_size: 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 2GB
+    buffer_size: 512 * 1024,             // 512KB
+    cache_size: 64 * 1024,               // 64KB
+};
+
+// Serializes as: {"memory_size": "2G", "buffer_size": "512K", "cache_size": "64K"}
+let json = serde_json::to_string(&config).unwrap();
+
+// Can deserialize from human-readable formats
+let config: MyConfig = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory_size": "1G", "buffer_size": "256K", "cache_size": "32K"}"#).unwrap();
+assert_eq!(config.memory_size, 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+assert_eq!(config.buffer_size, 256 * 1024);
+assert_eq!(config.cache_size, 32 * 1024);
+```
+
+**Supported numeric types:**
+- `u64`, `u32`, `u16`, `u8` - unsigned integers
+- `usize` - platform-dependent unsigned integer
+- Any type that implements `TryFrom<u64>` and `Into<u64>`
+
+The generic implementation automatically handles overflow checking and provides clear error messages when values are too large for the target type.
+
+### Compatibility Function
+
+For compatibility with existing code, a standalone function is also provided:
+
+```rust
+use size_parser::parse_memory_size;
+
+let bytes = parse_memory_size("2G").unwrap();
+assert_eq!(bytes, 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+```
+
+## License
+
+Apache-2.0
diff --git a/dstack/size-parser/src/lib.rs b/dstack/size-parser/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7cf39896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/size-parser/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! A utility crate for parsing and handling memory sizes with serde support.
+//!
+//! This crate provides functionality to parse memory size strings with various
+//! suffixes (K, M, G, T) and hexadecimal values, with optional serde serialization
+//! and deserialization support.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use size_parser::MemorySize;
+//!
+//! // Parse from string
+//! let size = MemorySize::parse("2G").unwrap();
+//! assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+//!
+//! // Parse hexadecimal
+//! let size = MemorySize::parse("0x1000").unwrap();
+//! assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 4096);
+//!
+//! // Create from bytes
+//! let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(1024);
+//! assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 1024);
+//!
+//! // Using FromStr trait
+//! let size: MemorySize = "2G".parse().unwrap();
+//! assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+//! ```
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+/// Errors that can occur when parsing memory sizes
+#[derive(Error, Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum MemorySizeError {
+    #[error("Empty memory size")]
+    Empty,
+    #[error("Invalid hexadecimal value: {0}")]
+    InvalidHex(String),
+    #[error("Invalid numeric value: {0}")]
+    InvalidNumber(String),
+    #[error("Unknown memory size suffix: {0}")]
+    UnknownSuffix(char),
+    #[error("Overflow in memory size calculation")]
+    Overflow,
+}
+
+/// A memory size value that can be parsed from strings with various formats
+/// and optionally serialized/deserialized with serde.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct MemorySize {
+    bytes: u64,
+}
+
+impl MemorySize {
+    /// Create a new MemorySize from a number of bytes
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { bytes }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the memory size in bytes
+    pub fn bytes(self) -> u64 {
+        self.bytes
+    }
+
+    /// Get the memory size in kilobytes (1024 bytes)
+    pub fn kilobytes(self) -> f64 {
+        self.bytes as f64 / 1024.0
+    }
+
+    /// Get the memory size in megabytes (1024^2 bytes)
+    pub fn megabytes(self) -> f64 {
+        self.bytes as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the memory size in gigabytes (1024^3 bytes)
+    pub fn gigabytes(self) -> f64 {
+        self.bytes as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0 * 1024.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the memory size in terabytes (1024^4 bytes)
+    pub fn terabytes(self) -> f64 {
+        self.bytes as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0 * 1024.0 * 1024.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse a memory size value that can be decimal or hexadecimal (with 0x prefix)
+    ///
+    /// Supports the following formats:
+    /// - Plain numbers: "1024", "2048"
+    /// - Hexadecimal: "0x1000", "0X2000"
+    /// - With suffixes: "2K", "4M", "1G", "2T" (case-insensitive)
+    ///
+    /// Suffixes use binary (1024-based) multipliers:
+    /// - K/k: 1024 bytes
+    /// - M/m: 1024^2 bytes
+    /// - G/g: 1024^3 bytes
+    /// - T/t: 1024^4 bytes
+    pub fn parse(s: &str) -> Result<Self, MemorySizeError> {
+        let s = s.trim();
+
+        if s.is_empty() {
+            return Err(MemorySizeError::Empty);
+        }
+
+        // Handle hexadecimal values
+        if s.starts_with("0x") || s.starts_with("0X") {
+            let hex_str = &s[2..];
+            let bytes = u64::from_str_radix(hex_str, 16)
+                .map_err(|_| MemorySizeError::InvalidHex(hex_str.to_string()))?;
+            return Ok(Self::from_bytes(bytes));
+        }
+
+        // Handle plain numbers (all digits)
+        if s.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+            let bytes = s
+                .parse::<u64>()
+                .map_err(|_| MemorySizeError::InvalidNumber(s.to_string()))?;
+            return Ok(Self::from_bytes(bytes));
+        }
+
+        // Handle numbers with suffixes
+        let Some(last_char) = s.chars().last() else {
+            return Err(MemorySizeError::Empty);
+        };
+
+        let multiplier = match last_char.to_ascii_lowercase() {
+            'k' => 1024u64,
+            'm' => 1024u64.saturating_mul(1024),
+            'g' => 1024u64.saturating_mul(1024).saturating_mul(1024),
+            't' => 1024u64
+                .saturating_mul(1024)
+                .saturating_mul(1024)
+                .saturating_mul(1024),
+            _ => return Err(MemorySizeError::UnknownSuffix(last_char)),
+        };
+        let num_part = s.trim_end_matches(last_char);
+        let num = num_part
+            .parse::<u64>()
+            .map_err(|_| MemorySizeError::InvalidNumber(num_part.to_string()))?;
+
+        let bytes = num
+            .checked_mul(multiplier)
+            .ok_or(MemorySizeError::Overflow)?;
+
+        Ok(Self::from_bytes(bytes))
+    }
+
+    /// Format the memory size in a human-readable way
+    pub fn format_human(&self) -> String {
+        const UNITS: &[(&str, u64)] = &[
+            ("T", 1024u64.pow(4)),
+            ("G", 1024u64.pow(3)),
+            ("M", 1024u64.pow(2)),
+            ("K", 1024),
+        ];
+
+        for &(unit, size) in UNITS {
+            if self.bytes >= size {
+                let value = self.bytes / size;
+                let remainder = self.bytes % size;
+                if remainder == 0 {
+                    return format!("{}{}", value, unit);
+                } else {
+                    let fractional = remainder as f64 / size as f64;
+                    return format!("{:.1}{}", value as f64 + fractional, unit);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        format!("{}", self.bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for MemorySize {
+    type Err = MemorySizeError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Self::parse(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for MemorySize {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", self.format_human())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<u64> for MemorySize {
+    fn from(bytes: u64) -> Self {
+        Self::from_bytes(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<MemorySize> for u64 {
+    fn from(size: MemorySize) -> Self {
+        size.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl Serialize for MemorySize {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            // Serialize as human-readable string for JSON, YAML, etc.
+            serializer.serialize_str(&self.format_human())
+        } else {
+            // Serialize as raw bytes for binary formats
+            serializer.serialize_u64(self.bytes)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for MemorySize {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        use serde::de::{Error, Visitor};
+        use std::fmt;
+
+        struct MemorySizeVisitor;
+
+        impl Visitor<'_> for MemorySizeVisitor {
+            type Value = MemorySize;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                formatter.write_str("a memory size string or u64")
+            }
+
+            fn visit_str<E>(self, value: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                MemorySize::parse(value).map_err(E::custom)
+            }
+
+            fn visit_u64<E>(self, value: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                Ok(MemorySize::from_bytes(value))
+            }
+        }
+
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            // For human-readable formats like JSON, support both strings and numbers
+            deserializer.deserialize_any(MemorySizeVisitor)
+        } else {
+            // For binary formats, expect u64
+            deserializer.deserialize_u64(MemorySizeVisitor)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse a memory size string into bytes (for compatibility with existing code)
+pub fn parse_memory_size(s: &str) -> Result<u64, MemorySizeError> {
+    MemorySize::parse(s).map(|size| size.bytes())
+}
+
+/// Generic serde support for using memory size parsing with field attributes
+///
+/// This module provides functions that can be used with `#[serde(with = "memory_size::human_size")]`
+/// to serialize and deserialize memory sizes as human-readable strings directly into any numeric type
+/// that can be converted to/from u64.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+///
+/// #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+/// struct Config {
+///     #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+///     memory_size: u64,
+///     #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+///     buffer_size: usize,
+///     #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+///     cache_size: u32,
+/// }
+///
+/// let config = Config {
+///     memory_size: 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 2GB
+///     buffer_size: 512 * 1024,             // 512KB
+///     cache_size: 64 * 1024,               // 64KB
+/// };
+///
+/// // Serializes as: {"memory_size": "2G", "buffer_size": "512K", "cache_size": "64K"}
+/// let json = serde_json::to_string(&config).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Can deserialize from human-readable formats
+/// let config: Config = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory_size": "1G", "buffer_size": "256K", "cache_size": "32K"}"#).unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(config.memory_size, 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+/// assert_eq!(config.buffer_size, 256 * 1024);
+/// assert_eq!(config.cache_size, 32 * 1024);
+/// ```
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+pub mod human_size {
+    use super::MemorySize;
+    use serde::{de::Error, Deserializer, Serializer};
+    use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
+
+    /// Serialize a numeric memory size as a human-readable string
+    pub fn serialize<S, T>(value: &T, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+        T: Copy + TryInto<u64>,
+        T::Error: std::fmt::Display,
+    {
+        let bytes: u64 = (*value).try_into().map_err(|e| {
+            serde::ser::Error::custom(format!("memory size conversion error: {}", e))
+        })?;
+        let memory_size = MemorySize::from_bytes(bytes);
+
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            serializer.serialize_str(&memory_size.format_human())
+        } else {
+            serializer.serialize_u64(bytes)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Deserialize a memory size from a human-readable string into any numeric type
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D, T>(deserializer: D) -> Result<T, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+        T: TryFrom<u64>,
+        T::Error: std::fmt::Display,
+    {
+        use serde::de::Visitor;
+        use std::fmt;
+
+        struct MemorySizeVisitor<T>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
+
+        impl<T> Visitor<'_> for MemorySizeVisitor<T>
+        where
+            T: TryFrom<u64>,
+            T::Error: std::fmt::Display,
+        {
+            type Value = T;
+
+            fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                formatter.write_str("a memory size string or number")
+            }
+
+            fn visit_str<E>(self, value: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                let bytes = MemorySize::parse(value)
+                    .map(|size| size.bytes())
+                    .map_err(E::custom)?;
+
+                T::try_from(bytes)
+                    .map_err(|e| E::custom(format!("memory size conversion error: {}", e)))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_u64<E>(self, value: u64) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                T::try_from(value)
+                    .map_err(|e| E::custom(format!("memory size conversion error: {}", e)))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_u32<E>(self, value: u32) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                T::try_from(value as u64)
+                    .map_err(|e| E::custom(format!("memory size conversion error: {}", e)))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_i32<E>(self, value: i32) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                if value < 0 {
+                    return Err(E::custom("memory size cannot be negative"));
+                }
+                T::try_from(value as u64)
+                    .map_err(|e| E::custom(format!("memory size conversion error: {}", e)))
+            }
+
+            fn visit_i64<E>(self, value: i64) -> Result<Self::Value, E>
+            where
+                E: Error,
+            {
+                if value < 0 {
+                    return Err(E::custom("memory size cannot be negative"));
+                }
+                T::try_from(value as u64)
+                    .map_err(|e| E::custom(format!("memory size conversion error: {}", e)))
+            }
+        }
+
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            // For human-readable formats like JSON, support both strings and numbers
+            deserializer.deserialize_any(MemorySizeVisitor(std::marker::PhantomData))
+        } else {
+            // For binary formats, expect u64
+            deserializer.deserialize_u64(MemorySizeVisitor(std::marker::PhantomData))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_plain_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("1024").unwrap().bytes(), 1024);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("2048").unwrap().bytes(), 2048);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("0").unwrap().bytes(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_hexadecimal() {
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("0x1000").unwrap().bytes(), 4096);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("0X2000").unwrap().bytes(), 8192);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("0xff").unwrap().bytes(), 255);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_with_suffixes() {
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("1K").unwrap().bytes(), 1024);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("2k").unwrap().bytes(), 2048);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("1M").unwrap().bytes(), 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("2m").unwrap().bytes(), 2 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("1G").unwrap().bytes(), 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(
+            MemorySize::parse("2g").unwrap().bytes(),
+            2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
+        );
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("1T").unwrap().bytes(), 1024u64.pow(4));
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::parse("2t").unwrap().bytes(), 2 * 1024u64.pow(4));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_errors() {
+        assert!(matches!(MemorySize::parse(""), Err(MemorySizeError::Empty)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            MemorySize::parse("   "),
+            Err(MemorySizeError::Empty)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            MemorySize::parse("abc"),
+            Err(MemorySizeError::UnknownSuffix('c'))
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            MemorySize::parse("0xgg"),
+            Err(MemorySizeError::InvalidHex(_))
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            MemorySize::parse("abcK"),
+            Err(MemorySizeError::InvalidNumber(_))
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_human() {
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::from_bytes(1024).format_human(), "1K");
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::from_bytes(1024 * 1024).format_human(), "1M");
+        assert_eq!(
+            MemorySize::from_bytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024).format_human(),
+            "1G"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::from_bytes(1024u64.pow(4)).format_human(), "1T");
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::from_bytes(1536).format_human(), "1.5K");
+        assert_eq!(MemorySize::from_bytes(512).format_human(), "512");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_conversions() {
+        let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(size.kilobytes(), 2.0 * 1024.0 * 1024.0);
+        assert_eq!(size.megabytes(), 2.0 * 1024.0);
+        assert_eq!(size.gigabytes(), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(size.terabytes(), 2.0 / 1024.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_from_str() {
+        let size: MemorySize = "2G".parse().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(size.bytes(), 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_display() {
+        let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(1024);
+        assert_eq!(format!("{}", size), "1K");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compatibility_function() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_memory_size("2G").unwrap(), 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(parse_memory_size("0x1000").unwrap(), 4096);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_json() {
+        let size = MemorySize::from_bytes(2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+        // Test serialization
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&size).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(json, "\"2G\"");
+
+        // Test deserialization from string
+        let deserialized: MemorySize = serde_json::from_str("\"1G\"").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(deserialized.bytes(), 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+        // Test deserialization from JSON number
+        let from_number: MemorySize = serde_json::from_str("2147483648").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_number.bytes(), 2147483648);
+
+        // Test deserialization from various string formats
+        let from_k: MemorySize = serde_json::from_str("\"512K\"").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_k.bytes(), 512 * 1024);
+
+        let from_hex: MemorySize = serde_json::from_str("\"0x1000\"").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_hex.bytes(), 4096);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn test_generic_human_size_field_attribute() {
+        use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+        #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug)]
+        struct Config {
+            #[serde(with = "crate::human_size")]
+            memory_size: u64,
+            #[serde(with = "crate::human_size")]
+            buffer_size: usize,
+            #[serde(with = "crate::human_size")]
+            cache_size: u32,
+            // Regular field without custom serialization
+            threads: u32,
+        }
+
+        let config = Config {
+            memory_size: 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024, // 2GB
+            buffer_size: 512 * 1024,             // 512KB
+            cache_size: 64 * 1024,               // 64KB
+            threads: 4,
+        };
+
+        // Test serialization
+        let json = serde_json::to_string(&config).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            json,
+            r#"{"memory_size":"2G","buffer_size":"512K","cache_size":"64K","threads":4}"#
+        );
+
+        // Test deserialization from human-readable format
+        let json_input =
+            r#"{"memory_size":"1G","buffer_size":"256K","cache_size":"32K","threads":8}"#;
+        let deserialized: Config = serde_json::from_str(json_input).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(deserialized.memory_size, 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(deserialized.buffer_size, 256 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(deserialized.cache_size, 32 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(deserialized.threads, 8);
+
+        // Test deserialization from various formats
+        let from_hex: Config = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory_size":"0x40000000","buffer_size":"0x1000","cache_size":"0x800","threads":2}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_hex.memory_size, 0x40000000);
+        assert_eq!(from_hex.buffer_size, 0x1000);
+        assert_eq!(from_hex.cache_size, 0x800);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn test_human_size_overflow_handling() {
+        use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+        #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug)]
+        struct Config {
+            #[serde(with = "crate::human_size")]
+            small_size: u32,
+        }
+
+        // Test that values too large for u32 are handled gracefully
+        let json_input = r#"{"small_size":"8G"}"#; // 8GB > u32::MAX
+        let result: Result<Config, _> = serde_json::from_str(json_input);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("conversion error"));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    #[test]
+    fn test_human_size_json_number_support() {
+        use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+        #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Debug)]
+        struct Config {
+            #[serde(with = "crate::human_size")]
+            memory_size: u64,
+        }
+
+        // Test deserialization from JSON string
+        let from_string: Config = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory_size":"2G"}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_string.memory_size, 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024);
+
+        // Test deserialization from JSON number
+        let from_number: Config = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory_size":2147483648}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_number.memory_size, 2147483648);
+
+        // Test that both produce the same result when the number matches the parsed string
+        let gb_2 = 2u64 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+        let from_string_2g: Config = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"memory_size":"2G"}"#).unwrap();
+        let from_number_2g: Config =
+            serde_json::from_str(&format!(r#"{{"memory_size":{}}}"#, gb_2)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(from_string_2g.memory_size, from_number_2g.memory_size);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/sodiumbox/Cargo.toml b/dstack/sodiumbox/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fcd67029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sodiumbox/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "sodiumbox"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+description = "Pure Rust implementation of libsodium's sealed box encryption"
+license.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+x25519-dalek.workspace = true
+xsalsa20poly1305.workspace = true
+salsa20.workspace = true
+rand_core.workspace = true
+blake2.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/sodiumbox/README.md b/dstack/sodiumbox/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3de9904e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sodiumbox/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# SodiumBox
+
+A pure Rust implementation of libsodium's sealed box encryption, compatible with libsodium/sodiumoxide but without any C dependencies.
+
+## Overview
+
+SodiumBox provides a standalone implementation of the sealed box functionality from libsodium (NaCl) using only pure Rust cryptographic libraries. It is designed to be a drop-in replacement for sodiumoxide's sealed box functionality.
+
+The implementation uses modern, well-maintained Rust cryptographic libraries:
+
+- `x25519-dalek` for Curve25519 key exchange
+- `xsalsa20poly1305` for authenticated encryption
+- `blake2` for key derivation
+- `salsa20` for the HSalsa20 function
+
+## Features
+
+- Generate X25519 keypairs for sealed box operations
+- Seal messages using a recipient's public key
+- Open sealed boxes created by libsodium/sodiumoxide
+- Pure Rust implementation with no C dependencies
+- Comprehensive test vectors based on libsodium's test suite
+
+## Usage
+
+```rust
+use sodiumbox::{generate_keypair, seal, open_sealed_box};
+
+// Generate a new keypair
+let (public_key, secret_key) = generate_keypair();
+
+// Create a message to encrypt
+let message = b"This is a secret message";
+
+// Seal the message for the recipient
+let sealed_box = seal(message, &public_key);
+
+// Open a sealed box
+let result = open_sealed_box(&sealed_box, &public_key, &secret_key);
+match result {
+    Ok(plaintext) => println!("Decrypted message: {:?}", plaintext),
+    Err(_) => println!("Failed to decrypt"),
+}
+```
+
+## License
+
+This crate is licensed under either of:
+
+- Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](../../LICENSES/Apache-2.0.txt) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
+- MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](../../LICENSES/MIT.txt) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+at your option.
diff --git a/dstack/sodiumbox/src/lib.rs b/dstack/sodiumbox/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26f6ac827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/sodiumbox/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Pure Rust implementation of libsodium's sealed box encryption/decryption.
+//!
+//! This crate provides a standalone implementation of the sealed box functionality
+//! from libsodium (NaCl) using only pure Rust cryptographic libraries.
+//! It is fully compatible with sealed boxes created by libsodium/sodiumoxide.
+//!
+//! # Features
+//!
+//! - `seal`: Create a sealed box for a recipient's public key
+//! - `open_sealed_box`: Open a sealed box using the recipient's keypair
+//! - Pure Rust implementation with no C dependencies
+
+use blake2::{
+    digest::{Update, VariableOutput},
+    Blake2bVar,
+};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use rand_core::OsRng;
+use xsalsa20poly1305::{aead::Aead, consts::U10, KeyInit, XSalsa20Poly1305};
+
+pub use x25519_dalek::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
+
+/// The length of a Curve25519 public key in bytes (for compatibility with sealed box format)
+pub const PUBLICKEYBYTES: usize = 32;
+
+/// Generate a new X25519 keypair for use with sealed box operations
+///
+/// Returns a tuple of (PublicKey, StaticSecret)
+pub fn generate_keypair() -> (PublicKey, StaticSecret) {
+    let secret = StaticSecret::random_from_rng(OsRng);
+    let public = PublicKey::from(&secret);
+    (public, secret)
+}
+
+/// Derives a nonce from the ephemeral public key and recipient's public key.
+///
+/// Uses Blake2b to hash the concatenation of both keys to create a 24-byte nonce.
+#[inline]
+fn derive_nonce(ephemeral_pk: &[u8], recipient_pk: &[u8]) -> Result<xsalsa20poly1305::Nonce, ()> {
+    let mut nonce_material = Vec::with_capacity(PUBLICKEYBYTES * 2);
+    nonce_material.extend_from_slice(ephemeral_pk);
+    nonce_material.extend_from_slice(recipient_pk);
+
+    let mut hasher = Blake2bVar::new(24).map_err(|_| ())?;
+    hasher.update(&nonce_material);
+
+    let mut nonce_bytes = [0u8; 24];
+    hasher.finalize_variable(&mut nonce_bytes).map_err(|_| ())?;
+
+    Ok(xsalsa20poly1305::Nonce::from(nonce_bytes))
+}
+
+/// Derives a symmetric key from the shared secret using HSalsa20.
+#[inline]
+fn derive_key(shared_secret: &[u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    let hsalsa_nonce = [0u8; 16];
+    let key = salsa20::hsalsa::<U10>(shared_secret.into(), &hsalsa_nonce.into());
+    key.into()
+}
+
+/// Creates a sealed box for a message using a recipient's public key.
+///
+/// The sealed box format is compatible with libsodium's sealed box encryption.
+/// It uses an ephemeral keypair to perform the encryption, so only the recipient
+/// with the corresponding secret key can decrypt the message.
+///
+/// The sealed box format is:
+/// - First 32 bytes: Ephemeral public key
+/// - Remaining bytes: XSalsa20Poly1305 encrypted data with a nonce derived from both public keys
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `message` - The plaintext message to encrypt
+/// * `recipient_pk` - The recipient's public key
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// A Vec<u8> containing the sealed box ciphertext
+pub fn seal(message: &[u8], recipient_pk: &PublicKey) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // Generate an ephemeral keypair for this sealed box
+    let ephemeral_sk = StaticSecret::random_from_rng(OsRng);
+    let ephemeral_pk = PublicKey::from(&ephemeral_sk);
+
+    // Compute the shared secret using X25519 Diffie-Hellman
+    let shared_secret = ephemeral_sk.diffie_hellman(recipient_pk);
+
+    // Derive the symmetric key using HSalsa20
+    let key_bytes = derive_key(shared_secret.as_bytes());
+
+    // Compute nonce: blake2b(ephemeral_pk || recipient_pk, outlen=24)
+    let nonce = derive_nonce(ephemeral_pk.as_bytes(), recipient_pk.as_bytes())
+        .or_panic("Failed to derive nonce");
+
+    // Create the XSalsa20Poly1305 cipher with the derived key
+    let cipher = XSalsa20Poly1305::new_from_slice(&key_bytes)
+        .or_panic("Failed to create XSalsa20Poly1305 cipher");
+
+    // Encrypt the message
+    let ciphertext = cipher
+        .encrypt(&nonce, message)
+        .or_panic("Encryption failed");
+
+    // Combine the ephemeral public key and ciphertext to form the sealed box
+    let mut sealed_box = Vec::with_capacity(PUBLICKEYBYTES + ciphertext.len());
+    sealed_box.extend_from_slice(ephemeral_pk.as_bytes());
+    sealed_box.extend_from_slice(&ciphertext);
+
+    sealed_box
+}
+
+/// Opens a sealed box using RustCrypto libraries.
+///
+/// This function is compatible with sealed boxes created by libsodium's sealed box encryption.
+/// It uses modern RustCrypto libraries which are actively maintained.
+///
+/// The sealed box format from libsodium is:
+/// - First 32 bytes: Ephemeral public key
+/// - Remaining bytes: XSalsa20Poly1305 encrypted data with a nonce derived from both public keys
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `sealed_box` - The sealed box ciphertext to decrypt
+/// * `public_key` - Recipient's public key
+/// * `secret_key` - Recipient's secret key
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// * `Ok(Vec<u8>)` - The decrypted plaintext on success
+/// * `Err(())` - Decryption error (invalid format, authentication failure, etc.)
+#[allow(clippy::result_unit_err)]
+pub fn open_sealed_box(
+    sealed_box: &[u8],
+    public_key: &PublicKey,
+    secret_key: &StaticSecret,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, ()> {
+    if sealed_box.len() <= PUBLICKEYBYTES {
+        return Err(());
+    }
+
+    let ephemeral_pk_bytes = &sealed_box[..PUBLICKEYBYTES];
+    let ciphertext = &sealed_box[PUBLICKEYBYTES..];
+
+    // Derive the nonce using the ephemeral public key and recipient's public key
+    let nonce = derive_nonce(ephemeral_pk_bytes, public_key.as_bytes())?;
+
+    // Convert ephemeral public key bytes to x25519-dalek type
+    let ephemeral_pk_array = <[u8; 32]>::try_from(ephemeral_pk_bytes).map_err(|_| ())?;
+    let ephemeral_pk = PublicKey::from(ephemeral_pk_array);
+
+    // Compute the shared secret using X25519 Diffie-Hellman
+    let shared_secret = secret_key.diffie_hellman(&ephemeral_pk);
+
+    // Derive the symmetric key using HSalsa20
+    let key_bytes = derive_key(shared_secret.as_bytes());
+
+    // Create the XSalsa20Poly1305 cipher with the derived key
+    let cipher = XSalsa20Poly1305::new_from_slice(&key_bytes).map_err(|_| ())?;
+
+    // Decrypt the ciphertext
+    match cipher.decrypt(&nonce, ciphertext) {
+        Ok(pt) => Ok(pt),
+        Err(_) => Err(()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convenience function to convert a public key from bytes to the PublicKey type
+pub fn public_key_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8; 32]) -> PublicKey {
+    PublicKey::from(*bytes)
+}
+
+/// Convenience function to convert a secret key from bytes to the StaticSecret type
+pub fn secret_key_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8; 32]) -> StaticSecret {
+    StaticSecret::from(*bytes)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Test vectors generated from libsodium
+    struct SealedBoxTestVector {
+        public_key: [u8; 32],
+        secret_key: [u8; 32],
+        message: &'static [u8],
+        sealed_box: &'static [u8],
+    }
+
+    const TEST_VECTORS: &[SealedBoxTestVector] = &[
+        // Test vector 1
+        SealedBoxTestVector {
+            public_key: [
+                0xef, 0x3f, 0x98, 0xa8, 0x93, 0x0d, 0xe6, 0x73, 0xa9, 0xb2, 0xf1, 0xc6, 0xfc, 0x48,
+                0x21, 0x98, 0xd9, 0x6e, 0x92, 0x54, 0xe4, 0x97, 0xd9, 0x58, 0x9b, 0x6b, 0xbc, 0x16,
+                0xed, 0xd5, 0x6f, 0x1f,
+            ],
+            secret_key: [
+                0x25, 0xf4, 0x43, 0x72, 0x82, 0x0a, 0xd7, 0x3c, 0xa7, 0x9d, 0x1e, 0x33, 0xd0, 0x2c,
+                0x04, 0x4c, 0x86, 0xe3, 0xe0, 0xa8, 0x79, 0xa8, 0xee, 0x9b, 0x96, 0x40, 0x45, 0x9f,
+                0x9c, 0x95, 0xa8, 0xc4,
+            ],
+            message: &[
+                0x54, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x61, 0x20, 0x74, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74,
+                0x20, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x73,
+                0x65, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x78,
+            ],
+            sealed_box: &[
+                0x5d, 0xc7, 0x24, 0xbd, 0x8d, 0x64, 0x87, 0xf5, 0xe7, 0x98, 0x4b, 0x1f, 0xd1, 0xa2,
+                0x9c, 0xf4, 0xd1, 0x25, 0xe3, 0x43, 0x54, 0x03, 0x4f, 0xa5, 0xe2, 0xaf, 0x0a, 0x12,
+                0x9a, 0x93, 0xad, 0x17, 0x28, 0xd0, 0x5e, 0x60, 0x45, 0x7b, 0xbb, 0x7f, 0xe2, 0x77,
+                0x3c, 0xc5, 0x68, 0x7d, 0x75, 0x11, 0x20, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x54, 0x37, 0x13, 0x52, 0x75,
+                0x58, 0xb2, 0x00, 0xcf, 0x2d, 0x83, 0xb8, 0x47, 0xee, 0x1f, 0x2b, 0x8f, 0x32, 0x10,
+                0x29, 0x87, 0x70, 0x81, 0x96, 0xb1, 0x3b, 0x2d, 0x47, 0x8d, 0xc8, 0xcd, 0xae, 0x26,
+                0xc7,
+            ],
+        },
+        // Test vector 2 (empty message)
+        SealedBoxTestVector {
+            public_key: [
+                0x5b, 0x64, 0xee, 0x4f, 0x71, 0x84, 0x8d, 0x93, 0x1b, 0x9d, 0xd2, 0xe1, 0xd9, 0x5a,
+                0x6d, 0x27, 0xf5, 0xa0, 0x77, 0x4a, 0xef, 0xd1, 0x32, 0xe2, 0xb7, 0xfc, 0xc3, 0xa2,
+                0xae, 0xeb, 0xc8, 0x78,
+            ],
+            secret_key: [
+                0x42, 0xdc, 0x49, 0x0e, 0x21, 0x17, 0x3b, 0x11, 0x15, 0xd8, 0x03, 0xdd, 0x0e, 0xc1,
+                0x89, 0xbb, 0x73, 0xc9, 0x30, 0x05, 0x62, 0xe1, 0xcf, 0x7e, 0x37, 0x72, 0xf4, 0xa2,
+                0x6a, 0x14, 0x29, 0x43,
+            ],
+            message: &[],
+            sealed_box: &[
+                0xc6, 0x57, 0x0d, 0xdb, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x8f, 0x7e, 0x02, 0xa2, 0xdb, 0x70, 0x55, 0xe0,
+                0xc9, 0xa6, 0x26, 0xc9, 0xf5, 0x25, 0x08, 0x47, 0x59, 0xec, 0xc9, 0xb6, 0xfd, 0x03,
+                0xe2, 0xda, 0xe3, 0x7c, 0x8b, 0x06, 0xec, 0xd2, 0x3a, 0x05, 0x46, 0x09, 0x26, 0x70,
+                0xb6, 0x20, 0xc7, 0xd6, 0x26, 0x23,
+            ],
+        },
+    ];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_open_sealed_box_with_test_vectors() {
+        // Test all vectors from our test suite
+        for (i, vector) in TEST_VECTORS.iter().enumerate() {
+            // Convert test vector keys to X25519 types
+            let public_key = public_key_from_bytes(&vector.public_key);
+            let secret_key = secret_key_from_bytes(&vector.secret_key);
+
+            // Try to open the sealed box
+            let result = open_sealed_box(vector.sealed_box, &public_key, &secret_key);
+
+            // Verify the result
+            assert!(
+                result.is_ok(),
+                "Failed to open sealed box with test vector {}",
+                i
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                result.unwrap(),
+                vector.message,
+                "Decrypted message doesn't match original for test vector {}",
+                i
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_open_sealed_box_with_wrong_key() {
+        // Use the first test vector
+        let vector = &TEST_VECTORS[0];
+
+        // Use the correct public key but wrong secret key (from vector 1)
+        let public_key = public_key_from_bytes(&vector.public_key);
+        let wrong_secret_key = secret_key_from_bytes(&TEST_VECTORS[1].secret_key);
+
+        // Try to open the sealed box with wrong key
+        let result = open_sealed_box(vector.sealed_box, &public_key, &wrong_secret_key);
+
+        // Verify the result is an error
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should fail with wrong key");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_open_sealed_box_with_corrupted_data() {
+        // Use the first test vector
+        let vector = &TEST_VECTORS[0];
+
+        // Create a corrupted copy of the sealed box
+        let mut corrupted_sealed_box = vector.sealed_box.to_vec();
+        if corrupted_sealed_box.len() > 10 {
+            let index = corrupted_sealed_box.len() / 2;
+            corrupted_sealed_box[index] ^= 0x01; // Flip one bit
+        }
+
+        // Convert test vector keys to X25519 types
+        let public_key = public_key_from_bytes(&vector.public_key);
+        let secret_key = secret_key_from_bytes(&vector.secret_key);
+
+        // Try to open the corrupted sealed box
+        let result = open_sealed_box(&corrupted_sealed_box, &public_key, &secret_key);
+
+        // Verify the result is an error
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should fail with corrupted data");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_generate_and_open() {
+        // Use an existing test vector to verify we can decrypt
+        let vector = &TEST_VECTORS[0];
+        let vector_public_key = public_key_from_bytes(&vector.public_key);
+        let vector_secret_key = secret_key_from_bytes(&vector.secret_key);
+
+        let result = open_sealed_box(vector.sealed_box, &vector_public_key, &vector_secret_key);
+
+        assert!(
+            result.is_ok(),
+            "Failed to open test vector with generated keys"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), vector.message, "Messages don't match");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_seal_and_open() {
+        // Generate a keypair for the recipient
+        let (public_key, secret_key) = generate_keypair();
+
+        // Create a test message
+        let message = b"This is a test message for sealed box encryption";
+
+        // Seal the message
+        let sealed_box = seal(message, &public_key);
+
+        // Verify the sealed box format
+        assert!(sealed_box.len() > PUBLICKEYBYTES, "Sealed box too short");
+
+        // Open the sealed box
+        let decrypted = open_sealed_box(&sealed_box, &public_key, &secret_key)
+            .expect("Failed to open sealed box");
+
+        // Verify the decrypted message matches the original
+        assert_eq!(
+            decrypted, message,
+            "Decrypted message doesn't match original"
+        );
+
+        // Try to open with a different keypair (should fail)
+        let (wrong_public_key, wrong_secret_key) = generate_keypair();
+
+        let result = open_sealed_box(&sealed_box, &wrong_public_key, &wrong_secret_key);
+        assert!(result.is_err(), "Should fail with wrong keypair");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/Cargo.toml b/dstack/supervisor/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d7b3439d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "supervisor"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "string"] }
+dashmap.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+dstack-build-info.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+load_config.workspace = true
+nix = { workspace = true, features = ["resource"] }
+notify.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = [
+    "process",
+    "sync",
+    "macros",
+    "rt-multi-thread",
+    "io-util",
+] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/client/Cargo.toml b/dstack/supervisor/client/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99db01f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/client/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "supervisor-client"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "supervisor-client"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+required-features = ["cli"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+tokio.workspace = true
+hyperlocal.workspace = true
+hyper.workspace = true
+http.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+hyper-util.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+http-body-util.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+log.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+futures.workspace = true
+
+supervisor.workspace = true
+http-client.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+cli = ["dep:clap", "tokio/full"]
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/client/src/lib.rs b/dstack/supervisor/client/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53257e5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/client/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{path::Path, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use http_client::http_request;
+use log::{error, info};
+use supervisor::{ProcessConfig, ProcessInfo, Response};
+
+pub use supervisor;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SupervisorClient {
+    base_url: Arc<String>,
+}
+
+impl SupervisorClient {
+    pub fn new(base_url: &str) -> Self {
+        SupervisorClient {
+            base_url: Arc::new(base_url.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn start_and_connect_uds(
+        supervisor_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        uds: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        pid_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        log_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        detached: bool,
+        auto_start: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let uri = format!("unix:{}", uds.as_ref().display());
+        let client = Self::new(&uri);
+        if client.probe(Duration::from_millis(100)).await.is_ok() {
+            info!("Connected to supervisor at {uri}");
+            return Ok(client);
+        }
+        if !auto_start {
+            anyhow::bail!("Failed to connect to supervisor at {uri}");
+        }
+        info!("Failed to connect to supervisor at {uri}, trying to start supervisor");
+        // if the uds exists, remove it
+        if std::path::Path::new(uds.as_ref()).exists() {
+            fs_err::remove_file(uds.as_ref())?;
+        }
+        let supervisor_path = supervisor_path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        let uds = uds.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        let pid_file = pid_file.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        let log_file = log_file.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            // start supervisor
+            let result = std::process::Command::new(supervisor_path)
+                .arg("--uds")
+                .arg(uds)
+                .arg("--pid-file")
+                .arg(pid_file)
+                .arg("--log-file")
+                .arg(log_file)
+                .args(if detached { &["--detach"][..] } else { &[] })
+                .env("RUST_LOG", "info,rocket=warn")
+                .output();
+            let output = match result {
+                Ok(output) => output,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    error!("Failed to start supervisor: {err}");
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+            if !output.status.success() {
+                error!(
+                    "Supervisor exited with error: {}",
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+                );
+            }
+        });
+        // wait while ping returns pong
+        for i in 1..=10 {
+            if client.probe(Duration::from_millis(100)).await.is_ok() {
+                info!("connected to supervisor at {uri}");
+                return Ok(client);
+            }
+            info!("waiting for supervisor at {uri} to start, attempt {i}");
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100 * i)).await;
+        }
+        anyhow::bail!("failed to connect to supervisor at {uri}");
+    }
+
+    async fn http_request<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned, B: serde::Serialize>(
+        &self,
+        method: &str,
+        path: &str,
+        body: B,
+    ) -> Result<T> {
+        let body_bytes = match method {
+            "POST" | "PUT" | "PATCH" => serde_json::to_vec(&body)?,
+            _ => vec![],
+        };
+        let (status, response_bytes) =
+            http_request(method, &self.base_url, path, &body_bytes).await?;
+        if status != 200 {
+            anyhow::bail!("Server returned error: {}", status);
+        }
+        let response: Response<T> =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&response_bytes).context("Failed to parse response")?;
+        response.into_result().context("Server returned error")
+    }
+
+    async fn http_get<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(&self, path: &str) -> Result<T> {
+        self.http_request("GET", path, ()).await
+    }
+}
+
+// Async API
+impl SupervisorClient {
+    pub async fn deploy(&self, config: &ProcessConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", "/deploy", config).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn start(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/start/{}", id), ())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn stop(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/stop/{}", id), ())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn remove(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("DELETE", &format!("/remove/{}", id), ())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<ProcessInfo>> {
+        self.http_get("/list").await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn info(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<ProcessInfo>> {
+        self.http_get(&format!("/info/{}", id)).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn ping(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.http_get("/ping").await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn probe(&self, timeout: Duration) -> Result<()> {
+        let response = tokio::time::timeout(timeout, self.ping()).await;
+        if matches!(response, Ok(Ok(_))) {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            anyhow::bail!("failed to probe supervisor")
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn clear(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", "/clear", ()).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", "/shutdown", ()).await
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SupervisorClientSync {
+    client: SupervisorClient,
+}
+
+impl From<SupervisorClient> for SupervisorClientSync {
+    fn from(client: SupervisorClient) -> Self {
+        SupervisorClientSync { client }
+    }
+}
+
+// Sync API
+impl SupervisorClientSync {
+    fn http_request<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned, B: serde::Serialize>(
+        &self,
+        method: &str,
+        path: &str,
+        body: B,
+    ) -> Result<T> {
+        futures::executor::block_on(async move {
+            tokio::time::timeout(
+                Duration::from_millis(1000),
+                self.client.http_request(method, path, body),
+            )
+            .await?
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn http_get<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(&self, path: &str) -> Result<T> {
+        self.http_request("GET", path, ())
+    }
+
+    pub fn deploy(&self, config: ProcessConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", "/deploy", config)
+    }
+
+    pub fn start(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/start/{}", id), ())
+    }
+
+    pub fn stop(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/stop/{}", id), ())
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.http_request("DELETE", &format!("/remove/{}", id), ())
+    }
+
+    pub fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<ProcessInfo>> {
+        self.http_get("/list")
+    }
+
+    pub fn info(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<ProcessInfo>> {
+        self.http_get(&format!("/info/{}", id))
+    }
+
+    pub fn ping(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        self.http_get("/ping")
+    }
+
+    pub fn probe(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.ping().is_ok() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            anyhow::bail!("failed to probe supervisor")
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/client/src/main.rs b/dstack/supervisor/client/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16d8c61a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/client/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use supervisor::ProcessConfig;
+use supervisor_client::SupervisorClient;
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "unix:/var/run/supervisor.sock")]
+    base_url: String,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Commands,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Commands {
+    Deploy {
+        #[arg(long)]
+        id: String,
+        #[arg(long)]
+        command: String,
+        #[arg(long = "arg")]
+        args: Vec<String>,
+    },
+    Start {
+        id: String,
+    },
+    Stop {
+        id: String,
+    },
+    Remove {
+        id: String,
+    },
+    List,
+    Info {
+        id: String,
+    },
+    Ping,
+    Clear,
+    Shutdown,
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt()
+            .with_env_filter(filter)
+            .with_ansi(false)
+            .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+            .init();
+    }
+
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+    let client = SupervisorClient::new(&cli.base_url);
+
+    match cli.command {
+        Commands::Deploy { id, command, args } => {
+            let config = ProcessConfig {
+                id,
+                name: String::new(),
+                command,
+                args,
+                env: Default::default(),
+                cwd: String::new(),
+                stdout: String::new(),
+                stderr: String::new(),
+                pidfile: String::new(),
+                cid: None,
+                note: String::new(),
+            };
+            print_json(&client.deploy(&config).await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Start { id } => {
+            print_json(&client.start(&id).await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Stop { id } => {
+            print_json(&client.stop(&id).await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Remove { id } => {
+            print_json(&client.remove(&id).await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::List => {
+            print_json(&client.list().await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Info { id } => {
+            print_json(&client.info(&id).await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Ping => {
+            print_json(&client.ping().await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Clear => {
+            print_json(&client.clear().await?)?;
+        }
+        Commands::Shutdown => {
+            print_json(&client.shutdown().await?)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn print_json<T: serde::Serialize>(value: &T) -> Result<()> {
+    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(value)?);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/src/lib.rs b/dstack/supervisor/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..131070819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+mod process;
+mod supervisor;
+pub mod web_api;
+pub use process::{ProcessConfig, ProcessInfo, ProcessState, ProcessStatus};
+pub use web_api::Response;
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/src/main.rs b/dstack/supervisor/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a84149c8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use load_config::load_config;
+use rocket::{
+    fairing::AdHoc,
+    figment::Figment,
+    listener::{Bind, DefaultListener},
+};
+use supervisor::web_api;
+use tracing::error;
+use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
+
+pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../supervisor.toml");
+
+pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
+    load_config("supervisor", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, true)
+}
+
+fn app_version() -> String {
+    dstack_build_info::app_version!()
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
+struct Args {
+    /// Path to the configuration file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+    /// bind address
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    address: Option<String>,
+    /// bind port
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    port: Option<u16>,
+    /// bind on unix domain socket
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    uds: Option<String>,
+    /// remove existing socket
+    #[arg(long)]
+    remove_existing_uds: bool,
+    /// detach from terminal
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    detach: bool,
+    /// pid file
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pid_file: Option<String>,
+    /// log file
+    #[arg(long)]
+    log_file: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn set_max_ulimit() -> Result<()> {
+    use nix::sys::resource::{getrlimit, setrlimit, Resource};
+    let (soft, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE)?;
+    if soft < hard {
+        setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE, hard, hard)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    // Set max ulimit for file descriptors
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    if let Err(err) = set_max_ulimit() {
+        error!("Failed to set max ulimit: {err:?}");
+    }
+
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    if let Some(log_file) = &args.log_file {
+        mk_parents(log_file)?;
+        let file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+            .create(true)
+            .append(true)
+            .open(log_file)
+            .context("Failed to open log file")?;
+        tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+            .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())
+            .with_writer(file)
+            .with_ansi(false)
+            .init();
+    } else {
+        tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+            .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())
+            .with_ansi(false)
+            .init();
+    }
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    if args.detach {
+        // run in background
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::daemon(1, 0) };
+        if ret != 0 {
+            error!("Failed to run in background, error code: {ret}");
+            bail!("Failed to run in background, error code: {ret}");
+        }
+    }
+    if let Err(err) = async_main(args) {
+        error!("{err:?}");
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn async_main(args: Args) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut figment = load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
+    if let Some(uds) = args.uds {
+        mk_parents(&uds)?;
+        if args.remove_existing_uds {
+            fs_err::remove_file(&uds).ok();
+        }
+        figment = figment.join(("address", format!("unix:{uds}")));
+    } else if let Some(address) = args.address {
+        figment = figment.join(("address", address));
+    }
+    if let Some(port) = args.port {
+        figment = figment.join(("port", port));
+    }
+    let rocket = web_api::rocket(figment);
+    let rocket = rocket.attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
+        Box::pin(async move {
+            res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
+        })
+    }));
+    let ignite = rocket
+        .ignite()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
+        .context("Failed to ignite rocket")?;
+    let endpoint = DefaultListener::bind_endpoint(&ignite)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
+        .context("Failed to get endpoint")?;
+    let listener = DefaultListener::bind(&ignite)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
+        .context(format!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}"))?;
+    if let Some(pid_file) = &args.pid_file {
+        mk_parents(pid_file)?;
+        let pid = std::process::id();
+        fs_err::write(pid_file, pid.to_string()).context("Failed to write pid file")?;
+    }
+    ignite
+        .launch_on(listener)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
+        .context("Failed to launch rocket")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn mk_parents(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+    let Some(parent) = path.parent() else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(parent).context("Failed to create parent directory")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/supervisor/src/process.rs b/dstack/supervisor/src/process.rs
similarity index 79%
rename from supervisor/src/process.rs
rename to dstack/supervisor/src/process.rs
index 6124de18a..94e0c61e5 100644
--- a/supervisor/src/process.rs
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/src/process.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 use bon::Builder;
 use fs_err as fs;
 use notify::{RecursiveMode, Watcher};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io::Write;
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@ use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt};
 use tokio::process::{Child, Command};
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tracing::Instrument;
 use tracing::{error, info};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Builder, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -77,6 +83,17 @@ impl ProcessStateRT {
     pub(crate) fn is_started(&self) -> bool {
         self.started
     }
+
+    /// An explicit stop may arrive just after the process exited on its own
+    /// (VM launchers exit cleanly after reaping their children). Report such
+    /// a clean exit as the intended stop, but keep non-zero exit codes and
+    /// errors visible for diagnostics. `stopped_at` recorded by the wait task
+    /// is left untouched.
+    fn normalize_clean_exit(&mut self) {
+        if matches!(self.status, ProcessStatus::Exited(0)) {
+            self.status = ProcessStatus::Stopped;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl ProcessStateRT {
@@ -92,6 +109,7 @@ impl ProcessStateRT {
 }
 
 mod systime {
+    use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
     use serde::{de::Error, Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
     use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
@@ -99,8 +117,12 @@ mod systime {
         time: &Option<SystemTime>,
         serializer: S,
     ) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
-        time.map(|t| t.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_secs())
-            .serialize(serializer)
+        time.map(|t| {
+            t.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .or_panic("since zero should never fail")
+                .as_secs()
+        })
+        .serialize(serializer)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn deserialize<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(
@@ -156,8 +178,8 @@ impl Process {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<ProcessStateRT> {
-        self.state.lock().unwrap()
+    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<'_, ProcessStateRT> {
+        self.state.lock().or_panic("lock should never fail")
     }
 
     pub fn start(&self) -> Result<()> {
@@ -194,7 +216,7 @@ impl Process {
 
         // Update process state
         {
-            let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+            let mut state = self.lock();
             state.started_at = Some(SystemTime::now());
             state.status = ProcessStatus::Running;
             state.pid = pid;
@@ -231,52 +253,60 @@ impl Process {
             let process_uuid = self.config.id.clone();
             let weak_state = Arc::downgrade(&self.state);
 
-            tokio::spawn(async move {
-                let span = tracing::info_span!("process", id = process_uuid);
-                let _enter = span.enter();
-                let (killed, result) = wait_on_process(process, kill_rx).await;
-                let state = weak_state.upgrade();
-                let next_status = match result {
-                    Ok(status) => {
-                        if killed {
-                            info!("Stopped");
-                        } else if status.success() {
-                            info!("Exited");
-                        } else {
-                            error!("Exited: {status:?}");
+            let span = tracing::info_span!("process", id = process_uuid);
+            tokio::spawn(
+                async move {
+                    info!("Started");
+                    let (killed, result) = wait_on_process(process, kill_rx).await;
+                    let state = weak_state.upgrade();
+                    let next_status = match result {
+                        Ok(status) => {
+                            if killed {
+                                info!("Stopped");
+                            } else if status.success() {
+                                info!("Exited");
+                            } else {
+                                error!("Exited: {status:?}");
+                            }
+                            if killed {
+                                ProcessStatus::Stopped
+                            } else {
+                                ProcessStatus::Exited(exit_code(status))
+                            }
                         }
-                        if killed {
-                            ProcessStatus::Stopped
-                        } else {
-                            ProcessStatus::Exited(exit_code(status))
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            error!("Failed to wait on process: {e:?}");
+                            ProcessStatus::Error(e.to_string())
                         }
+                    };
+                    if let Some(state) = state {
+                        let mut state = state.lock().or_panic("lock should never fail");
+                        state.status = next_status;
+                        state.stopped_at = Some(SystemTime::now());
                     }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        error!("Failed to wait on process: {e:?}");
-                        ProcessStatus::Error(e.to_string())
-                    }
-                };
-                if let Some(state) = state {
-                    let mut state = state.lock().unwrap();
-                    state.status = next_status;
-                    state.stopped_at = Some(SystemTime::now());
                 }
-            });
+                .instrument(span),
+            );
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut state = self.lock();
         state.started = false;
         let is_running = state.status.is_running();
         let Some(stop_tx) = state.kill_tx.take() else {
             if is_running {
                 bail!("Missing kill tx for process");
             }
+            state.normalize_clean_exit();
             return Ok(());
         };
+        if !is_running {
+            state.normalize_clean_exit();
+            return Ok(());
+        }
         match stop_tx.send(()) {
             Ok(()) => Ok(()),
             Err(()) => match is_running {
@@ -287,7 +317,7 @@ impl Process {
     }
 
     pub fn info(&self) -> ProcessInfo {
-        let state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+        let state = self.lock();
         ProcessInfo {
             config: (*self.config).clone(),
             state: state.display(),
diff --git a/supervisor/src/supervisor.rs b/dstack/supervisor/src/supervisor.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from supervisor/src/supervisor.rs
rename to dstack/supervisor/src/supervisor.rs
index 1507cbe76..378013c05 100644
--- a/supervisor/src/supervisor.rs
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/src/supervisor.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 use crate::process::{Process, ProcessConfig, ProcessInfo};
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ impl Supervisor {
         }
         if self
             .info(&id)
-            .map_or(false, |info| info.state.status.is_running())
+            .is_some_and(|info| info.state.status.is_running())
         {
             bail!("Process is already running");
         }
diff --git a/supervisor/src/web_api.rs b/dstack/supervisor/src/web_api.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from supervisor/src/web_api.rs
rename to dstack/supervisor/src/web_api.rs
index 97be4fe31..a3529b0d5 100644
--- a/supervisor/src/web_api.rs
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/src/web_api.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
 use rocket::figment::Figment;
 use rocket::serde::json::Json;
-use rocket::{delete, get, post, routes, Build, Rocket, State};
+use rocket::{delete, get, post, routes, Build, Rocket, Shutdown, State};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use tokio::signal;
 use tracing::info;
@@ -76,8 +81,12 @@ fn clear(supervisor: &State<Supervisor>) -> Json<Response<()>> {
 }
 
 #[post("/shutdown")]
-async fn shutdown(supervisor: &State<Supervisor>) -> Json<Response<()>> {
-    to_json(perform_shutdown(supervisor, false).await)
+async fn shutdown(supervisor: &State<Supervisor>, rocket_shutdown: Shutdown) -> Json<Response<()>> {
+    let result = supervisor.shutdown().await;
+    if result.is_ok() {
+        rocket_shutdown.notify();
+    }
+    to_json(result)
 }
 
 async fn perform_shutdown(supervisor: &Supervisor, force: bool) -> Result<()> {
@@ -104,13 +113,13 @@ async fn handle_shutdown_signals(supervisor: Supervisor) {
     let ctrl_c = async {
         signal::ctrl_c()
             .await
-            .expect("failed to install Ctrl+C handler");
+            .or_panic("failed to install Ctrl+C handler");
     };
 
     #[cfg(unix)]
     let terminate = async {
         signal::unix::signal(signal::unix::SignalKind::terminate())
-            .expect("failed to install signal handler")
+            .or_panic("failed to install signal handler")
             .recv()
             .await;
     };
@@ -129,5 +138,5 @@ async fn handle_shutdown_signals(supervisor: Supervisor) {
 
     perform_shutdown(&supervisor, true)
         .await
-        .expect("Force shutdown should never return");
+        .or_panic("Force shutdown should never return");
 }
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/supervisor.toml b/dstack/supervisor/supervisor.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b66db0ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/supervisor.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "Supervisor"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+address = "unix:/var/run/supervisor.sock"
+reuse = false
+
+[default.shutdown]
+ctrlc = false
+signals = []
+grace = 0
+mercy = 0
diff --git a/supervisor/tests/test-cli.sh b/dstack/supervisor/tests/test-cli.sh
similarity index 96%
rename from supervisor/tests/test-cli.sh
rename to dstack/supervisor/tests/test-cli.sh
index 0f4ea6e5b..6b93a6a06 100755
--- a/supervisor/tests/test-cli.sh
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/tests/test-cli.sh
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 # Colors for output
 GREEN='\033[0;32m'
 NC='\033[0m' # No Color
@@ -126,4 +130,4 @@ ${CLI} shutdown 2>/dev/null
 kill $(cat $PIDFILE) 2>/dev/null
 rm -f $UDS $PIDFILE
 
-info "CLI testing completed!" 
+info "CLI testing completed!"
diff --git a/dstack/supervisor/tests/test.sh b/dstack/supervisor/tests/test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7205a81db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/supervisor/tests/test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Base URL
+BASE_URL="http://localhost"
+UDS="./test.sock"
+PIDFILE="./test.pid"
+
+# Colors for output
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+PROG_ID_1="test-process-1"
+PROG_ID_2="test-process-2"
+
+info() {
+    printf "${GREEN}$1${NC}\n"
+}
+
+error() {
+    printf "${RED}$1${NC}\n"
+}
+
+assert_eq() {
+    local actual="$1"
+    local expected="$2"
+    local message="$3"
+    local assert_ok=n
+    if diff <(echo "$actual") <(echo "$expected") >/dev/null; then
+        assert_ok=y
+    fi
+    if [ $assert_ok == "n" ]; then
+        error "Assertion failed: $message"
+        error "Expected : $expected"
+        error "Got      : $actual"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+info "Starting supervisor"
+if [ -f $PIDFILE ]; then
+    kill $(cat $PIDFILE) 2>/dev/null
+fi
+rm -f $UDS
+cargo run -q --bin supervisor -- --uds $UDS --pid-file $PIDFILE -d
+
+info "Testing Supervisor API endpoints..."
+
+http() {
+  curl --unix-socket $UDS -s -X "$1" "$2" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d "$3"
+}
+
+info "Cleaning up previous test processes"
+http POST "${BASE_URL}/clear" >/dev/null 2>&1
+
+info "Listing processes"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":[]}' "List should return empty array"
+
+# Deploy a new process
+info "Testing Deploy endpoint"
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/deploy" '{
+  "id": "'"$PROG_ID_1"'",
+  "command": "sleep",
+  "args": ["1000"],
+  "cwd": "/tmp"
+}')
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Deploy should return empty object"
+
+# Get info for specific process
+info "Testing Info endpoint"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/info/$PROG_ID_1")
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.id)" "$PROG_ID_1" "Info should return object with id"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.command)" "sleep" "Info should return correct command"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.args[0])" "1000" "Info should return correct args"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.cwd)" "/tmp" "Info should return correct working directory"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.status)" "running" "Info should show running status"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.started)" "true" "Info should show started as true"
+
+# Start the process
+info "Testing Start endpoint"
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/start/$PROG_ID_1")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"error":"Process is already running"}' "Start should return error"
+
+# Stop the process
+info "Testing Stop endpoint"
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/stop/$PROG_ID_1")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Stop should return empty object"
+
+# Get info again to see the stopped state
+info "Testing Info endpoint after stop"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/info/$PROG_ID_1")
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.id)" "$PROG_ID_1" "Info should return object with id"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.command)" "sleep" "Info should return correct command"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.args[0])" "1000" "Info should return correct args"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.cwd)" "/tmp" "Info should return correct working directory"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.status)" "stopped" "Info should show stopped status"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.started)" "false" "Info should show started as false"
+
+# Test list command after adding process
+info "Testing List command with process"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq '.data | length')" "1" "List should show one process"
+
+# Remove the process
+info "Testing Remove process"
+RES=$(http DELETE "${BASE_URL}/remove/$PROG_ID_1")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Remove should return empty object"
+
+# Can not start a removed process
+info "Testing Start endpoint after remove"
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/start/$PROG_ID_1")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"error":"Process not found"}' "Start should return error"
+
+
+# Test deploying with all optional parameters
+info "Testing Deploy with all parameters"
+rm -rf /tmp/stdout.log /tmp/stderr.log /tmp/test.pid /tmp/stdout.log.1
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/deploy" '
+{
+    "id": "'"$PROG_ID_2"'",
+    "name": "test-name",
+    "command": "bash",
+    "args": ["-c", "echo hello world, FOO=$FOO, pwd=$(pwd); echo hello stderr >&2; sleep 2; echo after rotation;"],
+    "env": {
+        "FOO": "bar",
+        "BAZ": "qux"
+    },
+    "cwd": "/var/tmp",
+    "stdout": "/tmp/stdout.log",
+    "stderr": "/tmp/stderr.log",
+    "pidfile": "/tmp/test.pid"
+}')
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Deploy should return empty object"
+
+# Verify all parameters were set correctly
+info "Testing Info endpoint for process with all parameters"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/info/$PROG_ID_2")
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.id)" "$PROG_ID_2" "Info should return correct id"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.name)" "test-name" "Info should return correct name"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.command)" "bash" "Info should return correct command"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.env.FOO)" "bar" "Info should return correct env var FOO"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.env.BAZ)" "qux" "Info should return correct env var BAZ"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.cwd)" "/var/tmp" "Info should return correct working directory"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.stdout)" "/tmp/stdout.log" "Info should return correct stdout path"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.stderr)" "/tmp/stderr.log" "Info should return correct stderr path"
+assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.pidfile)" "/tmp/test.pid" "Info should return correct pidfile path"
+sleep 1
+
+# Check stdout file exists and contains expected output
+info "Testing stdout file contents"
+assert_eq "$(cat "/tmp/stdout.log")" "hello world, FOO=bar, pwd=/var/tmp"
+
+# Check stderr file exists and contains expected output
+info "Testing stderr file contents"
+assert_eq "$(cat "/tmp/stderr.log")" "hello stderr" "Stderr file should contain expected output"
+
+# Check pid file exists and contains expected pid
+info "Testing pid file contents"
+PID=$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.pid)
+if [ -f "/tmp/test.pid" ]; then
+    PIDFILE_CONTENTS=$(cat "/tmp/test.pid")
+    assert_eq "$PIDFILE_CONTENTS" "$PID" "Pidfile should contain correct pid"
+else
+    error "Pidfile does not exist"
+    exit 1
+fi
+mv "/tmp/stdout.log" "/tmp/stdout.log.1"
+sleep 2
+# Check stdout file contents after rotation
+info "Testing stdout file contents after rotation"
+assert_eq "$(cat "/tmp/stdout.log")" "after rotation" "Stdout file should contain expected output"
+
+# Clean up
+info "Cleaning up test process $PROG_ID_2"
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/stop/$PROG_ID_2")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Stop should return empty object"
+RES=$(http DELETE "${BASE_URL}/remove/$PROG_ID_2")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Remove should return empty object"
+
+# Test list command
+info "Testing List command"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":[]}' "List should return empty array"
+
+
+# Test ping endpoint
+info "Testing Ping endpoint"
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/ping")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":"pong"}' "Ping should return pong"
+
+# Test clear endpoint
+info "Testing Clear endpoint"
+RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/clear")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Clear should return empty object"
+
+# Verify list is empty after clear
+RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
+assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":[]}' "List should be empty after clear"
+
+info "Shutting down supervisor"
+http POST "${BASE_URL}/shutdown"
+kill $(cat $PIDFILE) 2>/dev/null
+rm -f $UDS $PIDFILE
+
+info "API testing completed!"
diff --git a/dstack/tdx-attest/Cargo.toml b/dstack/tdx-attest/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83860d9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tdx-attest/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "tdx-attest"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
+
+# Linux x86_64 - pure Rust implementation using libc for syscalls
+[target.'cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_arch = "x86_64"))'.dependencies]
+libc.workspace = true
+vsock = "0.5"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }
+tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/tdx-attest/examples/test_tdx.rs b/dstack/tdx-attest/examples/test_tdx.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef523c691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tdx-attest/examples/test_tdx.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Test TDX attestation functions on real TDX hardware.
+
+use dcap_qvl::collateral::CollateralClient;
+use dcap_qvl::quote::Quote;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() {
+    println!("=== TDX Attestation Test ===\n");
+
+    // Test get_report
+    println!("1. Testing get_report...");
+    let report_data = [0u8; 64];
+    match tdx_attest::get_report(&report_data) {
+        Ok(report) => {
+            println!("   ✓ get_report succeeded");
+            println!("   Report size: {} bytes", report.0.len());
+            println!("   Report hash: {:02x?}", &report.0[..32]);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("   ✗ get_report failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Test get_quote
+    println!("\n2. Testing get_quote...");
+    let report_data = [0x42u8; 64];
+    let quote = match tdx_attest::get_quote(&report_data) {
+        Ok(quote) => {
+            println!("   ✓ get_quote succeeded");
+            println!("   Quote size: {} bytes", quote.len());
+            println!("   Quote header: {:02x?}", &quote[..32.min(quote.len())]);
+            Some(quote)
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("   ✗ get_quote failed: {}", e);
+            None
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Parse and verify quote with dcap-qvl
+    if let Some(ref quote) = quote {
+        println!("\n3. Parsing quote...");
+        match Quote::parse(quote) {
+            Ok(q) => {
+                println!("   ✓ Quote parsed");
+                println!("   Version: {}", q.header.version);
+                if let Some(report) = q.report.as_td10() {
+                    println!("   MRTD: {}...", hex::encode(&report.mr_td[..16]));
+                    println!("   RTMR3: {}...", hex::encode(&report.rt_mr3[..16]));
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("   ✗ Quote parse failed: {:?}", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        println!("\n4. Verifying quote with PCCS...");
+        let pccs_url = std::env::var("PCCS_URL").ok();
+        println!(
+            "   PCCS URL: {}",
+            pccs_url.as_deref().unwrap_or("(default)")
+        );
+        let verification = match CollateralClient::from_env() {
+            Ok(client) => client.fetch_and_verify(quote).await,
+            Err(err) => Err(err),
+        };
+        match verification {
+            Ok(verified) => {
+                println!("   ✓ Quote verified!");
+                println!("   QE status: {:?}", verified.qe_status);
+                if let Some(report) = verified.report.as_td10() {
+                    if report.report_data[..] == report_data[..] {
+                        println!("   ✓ Report data matches");
+                    } else {
+                        println!("   ✗ Report data mismatch!");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("   ✗ Verification failed: {:?}", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Test extend_rtmr (RTMR 3 is user-extensible)
+    println!("\n5. Testing extend_rtmr (RTMR 3)...");
+    let digest = [0xABu8; 48];
+    match tdx_attest::extend_rtmr(3, 0, digest) {
+        Ok(()) => {
+            println!("   ✓ extend_rtmr succeeded");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("   ✗ extend_rtmr failed: {:?}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!("\n=== Test Complete ===");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tdx-attest/src/dummy.rs b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/dummy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b153474de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/dummy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Dummy implementation for non-Linux/non-x86_64 platforms.
+//!
+//! All functions return `NotSupported` error.
+
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use crate::{Result, TdxReport, TdxReportData};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Error)]
+pub enum TdxAttestError {
+    #[error("unexpected error")]
+    Unexpected,
+    #[error("invalid parameter")]
+    InvalidParameter,
+    #[error("out of memory")]
+    OutOfMemory,
+    #[error("vsock failure")]
+    VsockFailure,
+    #[error("report failure")]
+    ReportFailure,
+    #[error("extend failure")]
+    ExtendFailure,
+    #[error("not supported")]
+    NotSupported,
+    #[error("quote failure")]
+    QuoteFailure,
+    #[error("device busy")]
+    Busy,
+    #[error("device failure")]
+    DeviceFailure,
+    #[error("invalid RTMR index")]
+    InvalidRtmrIndex,
+    #[error("unsupported attestation key ID")]
+    UnsupportedAttKeyId,
+}
+
+pub fn get_quote(_report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported)
+}
+
+pub fn get_report(_report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<TdxReport> {
+    Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported)
+}
+
+pub fn extend_rtmr(_index: u32, _event_type: u32, _digest: [u8; 48]) -> Result<()> {
+    Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported)
+}
+
+pub fn is_tdx_available() -> bool {
+    false
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tdx-attest/src/lib.rs b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c73fb02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Linux x86_64 with glibc or musl
+#[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
+pub use linux::*;
+#[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
+mod linux;
+
+// Fallback for non-Linux/non-x86_64 platforms (dummy implementation)
+#[cfg(not(all(target_os = "linux", target_arch = "x86_64")))]
+pub use dummy::*;
+#[cfg(not(all(target_os = "linux", target_arch = "x86_64")))]
+mod dummy;
+
+pub use cc_eventlog as eventlog;
+
+pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, TdxAttestError>;
+
+pub type TdxReportData = [u8; 64];
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct TdxReport(pub [u8; 1024]);
diff --git a/dstack/tdx-attest/src/linux.rs b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/linux.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5078e35f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/linux.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,801 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Pure Rust implementation of TDX attestation operations.
+//!
+//! This module provides TDX quote generation, report retrieval, and RTMR extension
+//! without depending on the C tdx-attest library. It supports three methods for
+//! quote generation (in priority order):
+//!
+//! 1. ConfigFS - via `/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/` (Linux 6.7+)
+//! 2. VSock - via QGS (Quote Generation Service) over vsock
+//! 3. TDVMCALL - via `/dev/tdx_guest` ioctl (legacy)
+
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::fs::{self, File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use crate::{Result, TdxReport, TdxReportData};
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Constants
+// ============================================================================
+
+const TDX_GUEST_DEVICE: &str = "/dev/tdx_guest";
+const CONFIGFS_BASE: &str = "/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report";
+const CONFIGFS_DEFAULT: &str = "/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap";
+const CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV: &str = "DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH";
+const RTMR_SYSFS_BASE: &str = "/sys/devices/virtual/misc/tdx_guest/measurements";
+const RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV: &str = "DCAP_TDX_RTMR_SYSFS_PATH";
+const TDX_ATTEST_CONFIG_PATH: &str = "/etc/tdx-attest.conf";
+
+const TDX_REPORT_DATA_SIZE: usize = 64;
+const TDX_REPORT_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+const RTMR_EXTEND_DATA_SIZE: usize = 48;
+const QUOTE_BUF_SIZE: usize = 8 * 1024;
+const QUOTE_MIN_SIZE: usize = 1020;
+
+// QGS message constants
+const QGS_MSG_LEN_PREFIX_SIZE: usize = 4; // 4-byte length prefix
+const QGS_REQ_BUF_SIZE: usize = 16 * 1024; // 16KB buffer for request/response
+
+// QGS message types
+const QGS_MSG_GET_QUOTE_REQ: u32 = 0;
+const QGS_MSG_GET_QUOTE_RESP: u32 = 1;
+
+// QGS message version
+const QGS_MSG_VERSION_MAJOR: u16 = 1;
+const QGS_MSG_VERSION_MINOR: u16 = 0;
+
+// ConfigFS generation wait parameters
+const CONFIGFS_GEN_WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 5;
+const CONFIGFS_GEN_POLL_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 10;
+
+// ============================================================================
+// ioctl definitions for /dev/tdx_guest
+// ============================================================================
+
+// ioctl request type varies between glibc and musl
+#[cfg(target_env = "musl")]
+type IoctlRequest = libc::c_int;
+#[cfg(not(target_env = "musl"))]
+type IoctlRequest = libc::c_ulong;
+
+// ioctl command encoding
+const fn ioc(dir: u32, ty: u8, nr: u8, size: usize) -> IoctlRequest {
+    (((dir as IoctlRequest) << 30)
+        | ((ty as IoctlRequest) << 8)
+        | (nr as IoctlRequest)
+        | ((size as IoctlRequest) << 16)) as IoctlRequest
+}
+
+const IOC_WRITE: u32 = 1;
+const IOC_READ: u32 = 2;
+
+fn iowr<T>(ty: u8, nr: u8) -> IoctlRequest {
+    ioc(IOC_READ | IOC_WRITE, ty, nr, std::mem::size_of::<T>())
+}
+
+fn ior<T>(ty: u8, nr: u8) -> IoctlRequest {
+    ioc(IOC_READ, ty, nr, std::mem::size_of::<T>())
+}
+
+// TDX ioctl commands
+fn tdx_cmd_get_report0() -> IoctlRequest {
+    iowr::<TdxReportReq>(b'T', 1)
+}
+
+// Note: Kernel driver uses _IOR (not _IOW) for extend RTMR
+fn tdx_cmd_extend_rtmr() -> IoctlRequest {
+    ior::<TdxExtendRtmrReq>(b'T', 3)
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Kernel interface structures
+// ============================================================================
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct TdxReportReq {
+    reportdata: [u8; TDX_REPORT_DATA_SIZE],
+    tdreport: [u8; TDX_REPORT_SIZE],
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct TdxExtendRtmrReq {
+    data: [u8; RTMR_EXTEND_DATA_SIZE],
+    index: u8,
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Error types
+// ============================================================================
+
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum TdxAttestError {
+    #[error("unexpected error: {0}")]
+    Unexpected(String),
+    #[error("invalid parameter")]
+    InvalidParameter,
+    #[error("out of memory")]
+    OutOfMemory,
+    #[error("vsock failure: {0}")]
+    VsockFailure(#[from] std::io::Error),
+    #[error("report failure: {0}")]
+    ReportFailure(String),
+    #[error("extend failure: {0}")]
+    ExtendFailure(String),
+    #[error("not supported: {0}")]
+    NotSupported(String),
+    #[error("quote failure: {0}")]
+    QuoteFailure(String),
+    #[error("device busy")]
+    Busy,
+    #[error("device failure: {0}")]
+    DeviceFailure(String),
+    #[error("invalid RTMR index: {0}")]
+    InvalidRtmrIndex(u32),
+    #[error("unsupported attestation key ID")]
+    UnsupportedAttKeyId,
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Global state
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Global lock for TDX operations - the driver doesn't support concurrent access
+static TDX_LOCK: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
+
+/// Track if we've already tried to create the configfs directory
+static CONFIGFS_MKDIR_TRIED: Mutex<bool> = Mutex::new(false);
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Public API
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Get a TDX quote for the given report data.
+///
+/// Tries multiple methods in order:
+/// 1. ConfigFS (Linux 6.7+)
+/// 2. VSock to QGS service
+pub fn get_quote(report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let _guard = TDX_LOCK.lock().map_err(|_| TdxAttestError::Busy)?;
+
+    if should_try_configfs() {
+        return get_quote_via_configfs(report_data);
+    }
+
+    if is_vsock_available() {
+        return get_quote_via_vsock(report_data);
+    }
+
+    Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(
+        "no quote method available (configfs not mounted, no vsock port configured)".to_string(),
+    ))
+}
+
+fn should_try_configfs() -> bool {
+    // An explicit override is authoritative. Let prepare_configfs() report an
+    // invalid path instead of silently falling back to another quote method.
+    std::env::var_os(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV).is_some()
+        || Path::new(CONFIGFS_DEFAULT).is_dir()
+        || Path::new(CONFIGFS_BASE).is_dir()
+}
+
+/// Parse an environment path override.
+///
+/// Overrides must be non-empty absolute paths so a mis-set relative value like
+/// `"."` cannot silently operate on the process working directory.
+fn absolute_env_path(var: &str, value: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let value = value.as_ref();
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+            "empty path override from {var}"
+        )));
+    }
+    let path = PathBuf::from(value);
+    if !path.is_absolute() {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+            "path override from {var} must be absolute: {}",
+            path.display()
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+/// Return whether a TDX guest provider is available through either the legacy
+/// misc device or the standard TSM report interface.
+pub fn is_tdx_available() -> bool {
+    if Path::new(TDX_GUEST_DEVICE).exists() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(value) = std::env::var_os(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV) {
+        let Ok(path) = absolute_env_path(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV, &value) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        return verify_configfs_provider(&path).unwrap_or(false);
+    }
+
+    if verify_configfs_provider(Path::new(CONFIGFS_DEFAULT)).unwrap_or(false) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    fs::read_dir(CONFIGFS_BASE)
+        .ok()
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .filter_map(std::result::Result::ok)
+        .any(|entry| verify_configfs_provider(&entry.path()).unwrap_or(false))
+}
+
+fn is_vsock_available() -> bool {
+    read_vsock_port().map(|p| p > 0).unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+/// Get a TDX report for the given report data.
+pub fn get_report(report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<TdxReport> {
+    let file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .read(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(TDX_GUEST_DEVICE)
+        .map_err(|e| TdxAttestError::DeviceFailure(format!("open {TDX_GUEST_DEVICE}: {e}")))?;
+
+    let mut req = TdxReportReq {
+        reportdata: *report_data,
+        tdreport: [0u8; TDX_REPORT_SIZE],
+    };
+
+    let ret = unsafe { libc::ioctl(file.as_raw_fd(), tdx_cmd_get_report0(), &mut req) };
+    if ret != 0 {
+        let err = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::ReportFailure(format!("ioctl: {err}")));
+    }
+
+    Ok(TdxReport(req.tdreport))
+}
+
+/// Extend a TDX RTMR (Runtime Measurement Register).
+///
+/// RTMR[index] = SHA384(RTMR[index] || digest)
+///
+/// Only RTMR indices 2 and 3 are user-extensible.
+///
+/// Tries two methods:
+/// 1. sysfs interface at `/sys/devices/virtual/misc/tdx_guest/measurements/rtmrN:sha384`
+/// 2. ioctl on `/dev/tdx_guest` (legacy)
+pub fn extend_rtmr(index: u32, _event_type: u32, digest: [u8; 48]) -> Result<()> {
+    if index > 3 {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::InvalidRtmrIndex(index));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(base) = rtmr_sysfs_base()? {
+        return extend_rtmr_via_sysfs(&base, index, &digest);
+    }
+
+    if Path::new(TDX_GUEST_DEVICE).exists() {
+        return extend_rtmr_via_ioctl(index, digest);
+    }
+
+    Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(
+        "no extend_rtmr method available (no sysfs measurements, no /dev/tdx_guest)".to_string(),
+    ))
+}
+
+fn rtmr_sysfs_base() -> Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    if let Some(value) = std::env::var_os(RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV) {
+        let path = absolute_env_path(RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV, &value)?;
+        if path.as_os_str().len() < 240 && path.is_dir() {
+            return Ok(Some(path));
+        }
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+            "invalid RTMR sysfs path from {RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV}: {}",
+            path.display()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(Path::new(RTMR_SYSFS_BASE)
+        .is_dir()
+        .then(|| PathBuf::from(RTMR_SYSFS_BASE)))
+}
+
+fn extend_rtmr_via_sysfs(base: &Path, index: u32, digest: &[u8; 48]) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = base.join(format!("rtmr{index}:sha384"));
+
+    let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .write(true)
+        .open(&path)
+        .map_err(|e| TdxAttestError::ExtendFailure(format!("open {}: {e}", path.display())))?;
+
+    file.write_all(digest).map_err(|e| match e.raw_os_error() {
+        Some(libc::EINVAL) => TdxAttestError::InvalidRtmrIndex(index),
+        Some(libc::EPERM) | Some(libc::EACCES) => {
+            TdxAttestError::ExtendFailure(format!("permission denied for RTMR {index}"))
+        }
+        _ => TdxAttestError::ExtendFailure(format!("write {}: {e}", path.display())),
+    })
+}
+
+fn extend_rtmr_via_ioctl(index: u32, digest: [u8; 48]) -> Result<()> {
+    let file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .read(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(TDX_GUEST_DEVICE)
+        .map_err(|e| TdxAttestError::ExtendFailure(format!("open {TDX_GUEST_DEVICE}: {e}")))?;
+
+    let req = TdxExtendRtmrReq {
+        data: digest,
+        index: index as u8,
+    };
+
+    let ret = unsafe { libc::ioctl(file.as_raw_fd(), tdx_cmd_extend_rtmr(), &req) };
+    if ret != 0 {
+        let err = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
+        let errno = err.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0);
+        if errno == libc::EINVAL {
+            return Err(TdxAttestError::InvalidRtmrIndex(index));
+        }
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::ExtendFailure(format!("ioctl: {err}")));
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// ConfigFS Quote Generation
+// ============================================================================
+
+/// Get quote using Linux ConfigFS TSM interface (Linux 6.7+)
+fn get_quote_via_configfs(report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let configfs_path = prepare_configfs()?;
+
+    let inblob_path = format!("{}/inblob", configfs_path);
+    let outblob_path = format!("{}/outblob", configfs_path);
+    let generation_path = format!("{}/generation", configfs_path);
+
+    let lock_file = OpenOptions::new()
+        .write(true)
+        .open(&inblob_path)
+        .map_err(|e| TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!("open {inblob_path}: {e}")))?;
+
+    let ret = unsafe { libc::flock(lock_file.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_EX) };
+    if ret != 0 {
+        let err = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!(
+            "flock {inblob_path}: {err}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let gen1 = read_generation(&generation_path)?;
+    write_inblob_with_retry(&inblob_path, report_data)?;
+
+    let gen2 = wait_for_generation_change(&generation_path, gen1)?;
+    if gen2 != gen1 + 1 {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::Busy);
+    }
+
+    let quote = read_outblob_with_retry(&outblob_path)?;
+
+    let gen3 = read_generation(&generation_path)?;
+    if gen3 != gen2 {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::Busy);
+    }
+
+    if quote.len() <= QUOTE_MIN_SIZE || quote.len() >= QUOTE_BUF_SIZE {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "invalid quote size: {}",
+            quote.len()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(quote)
+}
+
+fn prepare_configfs() -> Result<String> {
+    if let Ok(value) = std::env::var(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV) {
+        let path = absolute_env_path(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV, &value)?;
+        if path.as_os_str().len() < 240 && path.is_dir() && verify_configfs_provider(&path)? {
+            return Ok(path.display().to_string());
+        }
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+            "invalid configfs path from env: {}",
+            path.display()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let default_path = CONFIGFS_DEFAULT;
+    if Path::new(default_path).is_dir() && verify_configfs_provider(Path::new(default_path))? {
+        return Ok(default_path.to_string());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut tried = CONFIGFS_MKDIR_TRIED
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| TdxAttestError::Busy)?;
+        if *tried {
+            return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(
+                "configfs already tried".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+        *tried = true;
+    }
+
+    if !Path::new(CONFIGFS_BASE).is_dir() {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+            "configfs base not found: {CONFIGFS_BASE}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    if fs::create_dir(default_path).is_ok() || Path::new(default_path).is_dir() {
+        let provider_path = format!("{}/provider", default_path);
+        for i in 0..5 {
+            if Path::new(&provider_path).exists() {
+                if verify_configfs_provider(Path::new(default_path))? {
+                    return Ok(default_path.to_string());
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_micros(i as u64));
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+        "failed to prepare configfs: {default_path}"
+    )))
+}
+
+fn verify_configfs_provider(path: &Path) -> Result<bool> {
+    let provider_path = path.join("provider");
+    let provider = fs::read_to_string(&provider_path).map_err(|e| {
+        TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!("read {}: {e}", provider_path.display()))
+    })?;
+
+    Ok(provider.trim().starts_with("tdx_guest"))
+}
+
+fn read_generation(path: &str) -> Result<i64> {
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .map_err(|e| TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!("read {path}: {e}")))?;
+    content
+        .trim()
+        .parse()
+        .map_err(|e| TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!("parse generation: {e}")))
+}
+
+fn write_inblob_with_retry(path: &str, data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<()> {
+    const RETRY_WAIT_MS: u64 = 10000; // 10 seconds
+    const MAX_RETRIES: usize = 3;
+
+    let mut last_err = None;
+    for _ in 0..MAX_RETRIES {
+        let mut file = match OpenOptions::new().write(true).open(path) {
+            Ok(f) => f,
+            Err(e) => {
+                last_err = Some(e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        match file.write_all(data) {
+            Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
+            Err(e) => {
+                if e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EBUSY) {
+                    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(RETRY_WAIT_MS));
+                    last_err = Some(e);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                return Err(TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!("write {path}: {e}")));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    match last_err {
+        Some(e) if e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EBUSY) => Err(TdxAttestError::Busy),
+        Some(e) => Err(TdxAttestError::Unexpected(format!("write {path}: {e}"))),
+        None => Err(TdxAttestError::Unexpected("unknown error".to_string())),
+    }
+}
+
+fn wait_for_generation_change(path: &str, current: i64) -> Result<i64> {
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(CONFIGFS_GEN_WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECS);
+
+    loop {
+        let gen = read_generation(path)?;
+        if gen != current {
+            return Ok(gen);
+        }
+        if Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(
+                "timed out waiting for configfs generation to advance".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(CONFIGFS_GEN_POLL_INTERVAL_MS));
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_outblob_with_retry(path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    const RETRY_WAIT_MS: u64 = 10000;
+    const MAX_RETRIES: usize = 3;
+
+    let mut last_err = None;
+    for _ in 0..MAX_RETRIES {
+        let mut file = match File::open(path) {
+            Ok(f) => f,
+            Err(e) => {
+                last_err = Some(e);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut buf = vec![0u8; QUOTE_BUF_SIZE];
+        match file.read(&mut buf) {
+            Ok(n) if n > 0 => {
+                buf.truncate(n);
+                return Ok(buf);
+            }
+            Ok(_) => {
+                return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure("empty outblob".to_string()));
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                let errno = e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0);
+                if errno == libc::EBUSY || errno == libc::EINTR || errno == libc::ETIMEDOUT {
+                    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(RETRY_WAIT_MS));
+                    last_err = Some(e);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!("read {path}: {e}")));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    match last_err {
+        Some(e) if e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EBUSY) => Err(TdxAttestError::Busy),
+        Some(e) => Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!("read {path}: {e}"))),
+        None => Err(TdxAttestError::Unexpected("unknown error".to_string())),
+    }
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// VSock Quote Generation (QGS Protocol)
+// ============================================================================
+
+fn get_quote_via_vsock(report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use std::io::{Read as _, Write as _};
+
+    let vsock_port = read_vsock_port()?;
+    if vsock_port == 0 {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(format!(
+            "no vsock port configured in {TDX_ATTEST_CONFIG_PATH}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let report = get_report(report_data)?;
+    let request = build_qgs_get_quote_request(&report.0);
+
+    let mut stream = vsock::VsockStream::connect_with_cid_port(vsock::VMADDR_CID_HOST, vsock_port)?;
+
+    let len_header = (request.len() as u32).to_be_bytes();
+    stream.write_all(&len_header)?;
+    stream.write_all(&request)?;
+
+    let mut len_buf = [0u8; QGS_MSG_LEN_PREFIX_SIZE];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut len_buf)?;
+    let msg_len = u32::from_be_bytes(len_buf) as usize;
+
+    if msg_len > QGS_REQ_BUF_SIZE {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "response too large: {msg_len}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    let mut response = vec![0u8; msg_len];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut response)?;
+
+    parse_qgs_get_quote_response(&response)
+}
+
+fn read_vsock_port() -> Result<u32> {
+    let content = match fs::read_to_string(TDX_ATTEST_CONFIG_PATH) {
+        Ok(c) => c,
+        Err(_) => return Ok(0),
+    };
+
+    for line in content.lines() {
+        let line = line.trim();
+        if line.starts_with('#') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(rest) = line.strip_prefix("port") {
+            let rest = rest.trim_start();
+            if let Some(rest) = rest.strip_prefix('=') {
+                let port_str = rest.trim();
+                if let Ok(port) = port_str.parse::<u32>() {
+                    return Ok(port);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(0)
+}
+
+/// Build QGS get_quote request message
+///
+/// Message format:
+/// - qgs_msg_header_t (16 bytes)
+/// - report_size (4 bytes)
+/// - id_list_size (4 bytes)
+/// - report data (1024 bytes)
+fn build_qgs_get_quote_request(report: &[u8; TDX_REPORT_SIZE]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let report_size = TDX_REPORT_SIZE as u32;
+    let id_list_size: u32 = 0;
+
+    // Calculate total message size (header + fields + report)
+    let msg_size: u32 = 16 + 4 + 4 + report_size;
+
+    let mut msg = Vec::with_capacity(msg_size as usize);
+
+    // QGS message header (16 bytes)
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&QGS_MSG_VERSION_MAJOR.to_le_bytes()); // major_version
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&QGS_MSG_VERSION_MINOR.to_le_bytes()); // minor_version
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&QGS_MSG_GET_QUOTE_REQ.to_le_bytes()); // type
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&msg_size.to_le_bytes()); // size
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // error_code (unused in request)
+
+    // Request body
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&report_size.to_le_bytes()); // report_size
+    msg.extend_from_slice(&id_list_size.to_le_bytes()); // id_list_size
+    msg.extend_from_slice(report); // report data
+
+    msg
+}
+
+/// Parse QGS get_quote response and extract the quote
+///
+/// Response format:
+/// - qgs_msg_header_t (16 bytes)
+/// - selected_id_size (4 bytes)
+/// - quote_size (4 bytes)
+/// - selected_id data (variable)
+/// - quote data (variable)
+fn parse_qgs_get_quote_response(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    // Minimum size: header (16) + selected_id_size (4) + quote_size (4) = 24 bytes
+    if data.len() < 24 {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "response too short: {} bytes",
+            data.len()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // Parse header
+    let msg_type = u32::from_le_bytes([data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7]]);
+    let error_code = u32::from_le_bytes([data[12], data[13], data[14], data[15]]);
+
+    if msg_type != QGS_MSG_GET_QUOTE_RESP {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "unexpected message type: {msg_type}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    if error_code != 0 {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "QGS error code: 0x{error_code:x}"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // Parse response body
+    let selected_id_size = u32::from_le_bytes([data[16], data[17], data[18], data[19]]) as usize;
+    let quote_size = u32::from_le_bytes([data[20], data[21], data[22], data[23]]) as usize;
+
+    // Validate sizes
+    let expected_len = 24 + selected_id_size + quote_size;
+    if data.len() < expected_len {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "response truncated: got {} bytes, expected {expected_len}",
+            data.len()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    // Extract quote (skip selected_id)
+    let quote_offset = 24 + selected_id_size;
+    let quote = data[quote_offset..quote_offset + quote_size].to_vec();
+
+    if quote.len() < QUOTE_MIN_SIZE {
+        return Err(TdxAttestError::QuoteFailure(format!(
+            "quote too short: {} bytes",
+            quote.len()
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(quote)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Environment variables are process-global, while Rust tests run in
+    // parallel by default. Serialize tests that temporarily override them.
+    static ENV_TEST_LOCK: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
+
+    #[test]
+    fn recognizes_tdx_configfs_provider() {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        fs::write(temp.path().join("provider"), "tdx_guest_sim\n").unwrap();
+        assert!(verify_configfs_provider(temp.path()).unwrap());
+
+        fs::write(temp.path().join("provider"), "sev_guest\n").unwrap();
+        assert!(!verify_configfs_provider(temp.path()).unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_configfs_override_does_not_fall_back() {
+        let _guard = ENV_TEST_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV);
+        std::env::set_var(
+            CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV,
+            "/definitely/not/a/real/tdx-configfs-provider",
+        );
+
+        let result = get_quote(&[0u8; 64]);
+
+        match previous {
+            Some(value) => std::env::set_var(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV, value),
+            None => std::env::remove_var(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV),
+        }
+        assert!(matches!(
+            result,
+            Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(message))
+                if message.contains("invalid configfs path from env")
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn absolute_env_path_rejects_empty_and_relative() {
+        assert!(absolute_env_path("TEST_PATH", "").is_err());
+        assert!(absolute_env_path("TEST_PATH", ".").is_err());
+        assert!(absolute_env_path("TEST_PATH", "relative/path").is_err());
+        assert_eq!(
+            absolute_env_path("TEST_PATH", "/abs/path").unwrap(),
+            PathBuf::from("/abs/path")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn relative_configfs_override_is_not_available() {
+        let _guard = ENV_TEST_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV);
+        std::env::set_var(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV, ".");
+        let available = is_tdx_available();
+        match previous {
+            Some(value) => std::env::set_var(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV, value),
+            None => std::env::remove_var(CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV),
+        }
+        // relative overrides are ignored; only a real guest device can still pass
+        assert_eq!(available, Path::new(TDX_GUEST_DEVICE).exists());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn relative_rtmr_override_is_rejected() {
+        let _guard = ENV_TEST_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        let previous = std::env::var_os(RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV);
+        std::env::set_var(RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV, ".");
+        let result = rtmr_sysfs_base();
+        match previous {
+            Some(value) => std::env::set_var(RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV, value),
+            None => std::env::remove_var(RTMR_SYSFS_PATH_ENV),
+        }
+        assert!(matches!(
+            result,
+            Err(TdxAttestError::NotSupported(message))
+                if message.contains("must be absolute")
+        ));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap
similarity index 100%
rename from tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap
rename to dstack/tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel-2.snap
diff --git a/tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap b/dstack/tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap
similarity index 100%
rename from tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap
rename to dstack/tdx-attest/src/snapshots/tdx_attest__eventlog__tests__parse_ccel.snap
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/Cargo.toml b/dstack/tee-simulator/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b97d859a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-tee-simulator"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-tee-simulator"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+dstack-mr.workspace = true
+fuser.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+nix = { workspace = true, features = ["fs", "mount", "user"] }
+sd-notify.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+tpm2.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+mock-attestation = { path = "../crates/mock-attestation" }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+libloading = "0.8"
+pem.workspace = true
+aws-nitro-enclaves-nsm-api = "0.4"
+serde_cbor = "0.11"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+sev-snp-qvl.workspace = true
+tpm-qvl.workspace = true
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+nsm-qvl.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/src/main.rs b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..940a8eba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    ffi::CString,
+    os::unix::{ffi::OsStrExt, fs::PermissionsExt as _},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use dstack_attest::{attestation::RootCaPaths, trust_anchors};
+use dstack_types::{TeeSimulatorConfig, TeeVariant};
+use fuser::{Filesystem, MountOption, Session};
+use tracing::info;
+
+mod nsm;
+mod sev_snp;
+mod tdx;
+mod tpm;
+
+/// Runtime-directory-relative location of [`trust_anchors::ANCHOR_DIR`].
+const TRUST_ANCHOR_SUBDIR: &str = "attestation";
+
+/// Matches `MockCollateralState::new`, used when the host names no service.
+const DEFAULT_COLLATERAL_BASE_URL: &str = "http://127.0.0.1:8088";
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(about = "Development-only simulator for Linux TEE guest ABIs")]
+struct Args {
+    /// TEE platform ABI to simulate.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    platform: Option<TeeVariant>,
+
+    /// Development-only simulator config. The systemd unit overrides this
+    /// standalone default with its early-mounted runtime path.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "/dstack/.host-shared/.tee-simulator.json")]
+    config: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Override the platform backend's default mountpoint.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    mountpoint: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+    /// Runtime state directory (overridable by unprivileged E2E tests).
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "/run/dstack")]
+    runtime_dir: PathBuf,
+
+    /// DMI sysfs directory. Tests may override this with a temporary directory.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "/sys/class/dmi/id")]
+    dmi_root: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Platform-specific simulator backend.
+///
+/// Adding another TEE platform only requires a backend implementation and a
+/// CLI enum variant; the FUSE lifecycle and safety checks remain shared.
+trait TeeBackend {
+    type Fs: Filesystem;
+
+    const PLATFORM: &'static str;
+    const DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT: &'static str;
+
+    fn create_filesystem(config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<Self::Fs>;
+    fn prepare_mountpoint(mountpoint: &Path) -> Result<()>;
+    fn real_tee_available() -> bool;
+}
+
+fn run_backend<B: TeeBackend>(
+    mountpoint_override: Option<PathBuf>,
+    config: &TeeSimulatorConfig,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let default_mountpoint = Path::new(B::DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT);
+    let mountpoint = mountpoint_override.as_deref().unwrap_or(default_mountpoint);
+
+    if mountpoint == default_mountpoint && B::real_tee_available() {
+        bail!(
+            "refusing to start the {} simulator when a real TEE device is present",
+            B::PLATFORM
+        );
+    }
+    if is_mounted(mountpoint)? {
+        bail!(
+            "refusing to mount the {} simulator over an existing mount at {}",
+            B::PLATFORM,
+            mountpoint.display()
+        );
+    }
+    B::prepare_mountpoint(mountpoint)?;
+
+    let fs = B::create_filesystem(config)?;
+    let mut session = Session::new(
+        fs,
+        mountpoint,
+        &[
+            MountOption::FSName(format!("dstack-tee-simulator-{}", B::PLATFORM)),
+            MountOption::DefaultPermissions,
+            MountOption::NoSuid,
+            MountOption::NoDev,
+            MountOption::NoExec,
+        ],
+    )
+    .with_context(|| format!("failed to mount FUSE at {}", mountpoint.display()))?;
+
+    info!(
+        platform = B::PLATFORM,
+        mountpoint = %mountpoint.display(),
+        "development TEE simulator ready"
+    );
+    sd_notify::notify(true, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready])
+        .context("failed to notify systemd")?;
+    session.run().context("fuse session failed")?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_mounted(path: &Path) -> Result<bool> {
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+    let target = path
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to resolve mountpoint {}", path.display()))?;
+    let mountinfo = fs_err::read_to_string("/proc/self/mountinfo")
+        .context("failed to read process mount table")?;
+    Ok(mountinfo.lines().any(|line| {
+        line.split_whitespace()
+            .nth(4)
+            .map(decode_mountinfo_path)
+            .is_some_and(|mounted| Path::new(&mounted) == target)
+    }))
+}
+
+fn decode_mountinfo_path(value: &str) -> String {
+    value
+        .replace(r"\134", "\\")
+        .replace(r"\040", " ")
+        .replace(r"\011", "\t")
+        .replace(r"\012", "\n")
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::from_default_env())
+        .init();
+    let args = Args::parse();
+
+    let config = load_config(&args.config)?;
+    let platform = args.platform.unwrap_or(config.platform);
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&args.runtime_dir)?;
+    publish_trust_anchors(&args.runtime_dir, &config)?;
+    match platform {
+        TeeVariant::DstackTdx => {
+            simulate_dmi(&args.runtime_dir, &args.dmi_root, "Dstack", "dstack")?;
+            run_backend::<tdx::TdxBackend>(args.mountpoint, &config)
+        }
+        TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx => {
+            simulate_dmi(
+                &args.runtime_dir,
+                &args.dmi_root,
+                "Google",
+                "Google Compute Engine",
+            )?;
+            tpm::start_gcp_vtpm(&args.runtime_dir, &config)?;
+            run_backend::<tdx::TdxBackend>(args.mountpoint, &config)
+        }
+        TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave => {
+            simulate_dmi(
+                &args.runtime_dir,
+                &args.dmi_root,
+                "AWS Nitro Enclaves",
+                "Nitro Enclave",
+            )?;
+            nsm::run(&config)
+        }
+        TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm => {
+            simulate_dmi(&args.runtime_dir, &args.dmi_root, "Amazon EC2", "t3.metal")?;
+            tpm::run_nitro_vtpm(&args.runtime_dir, &config)
+        }
+        TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp => {
+            simulate_dmi(&args.runtime_dir, &args.dmi_root, "Dstack", "dstack")?;
+            run_backend::<sev_snp::SevSnpBackend>(args.mountpoint, &config)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Publish the external trust anchors the guest verifier reads.
+///
+/// The roots come from the same seed that signs the simulated evidence, so
+/// nothing has to travel from the host: it supplies the seed for a fake TEE
+/// device and never names a trust anchor. This binary ships only in the
+/// development image, and the systemd unit orders it before `dstack-prepare`,
+/// so `dstack-util` sees the roots when they exist and vendor production roots
+/// everywhere else.
+///
+/// Every platform's root is published regardless of the simulated platform: a
+/// development guest also verifies a KMS and a gateway, and those need not run
+/// on the platform this guest simulates.
+fn publish_trust_anchors(runtime_dir: &Path, config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    let seed = config
+        .mock_attestation_seed
+        .as_deref()
+        .context("tee_simulator.mock_attestation_seed is required")?;
+    let seed = mock_attestation::parse_seed(seed)?;
+    let base_url = config
+        .collateral_base_url
+        .as_deref()
+        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_COLLATERAL_BASE_URL);
+    let pki = mock_attestation::server::MockCollateralState::from_seed(seed, base_url)?;
+
+    let dir = trust_anchor_dir(runtime_dir);
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&dir).context("failed to create the trust anchor directory")?;
+    // The reader refuses anything group- or world-writable, so the directory
+    // has to be tightened even when it already existed with a laxer mode.
+    fs_err::set_permissions(&dir, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700))
+        .context("failed to restrict the trust anchor directory")?;
+    let tdx = write_root(&dir, "tdx-root-ca.pem", &pki.tdx.root_ca_pem())?;
+    let tpm = write_root(&dir, "tpm-root-ca.pem", &pki.tpm.root_ca_pem())?;
+    let nsm = write_root(&dir, "nsm-root-ca.pem", &pki.nsm.root_ca_pem())?;
+    let sev_snp = write_root(&dir, "sev-snp-root-ca.pem", &pki.sev_snp.root_ca_pem())?;
+
+    let root_ca = RootCaPaths {
+        tdx: Some(tdx),
+        gcp_tpm: Some(tpm.clone()),
+        aws_nitro_tpm: Some(tpm),
+        aws_nitro_enclave: Some(nsm),
+        sev_snp_milan: Some(sev_snp.clone()),
+        sev_snp_genoa: Some(sev_snp.clone()),
+        sev_snp_turin: Some(sev_snp),
+    };
+    safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(
+        trust_anchors::roots_path(&dir),
+        serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&root_ca).context("failed to serialize published roots")?,
+        0o600,
+    )
+    .context("failed to write the published roots")?;
+    info!(dir = %dir.display(), "published external attestation trust anchors");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn write_root(dir: &Path, name: &str, pem: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let path = dir.join(name);
+    safe_write::safe_write_with_mode(&path, pem.as_bytes(), 0o600)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to write {name}"))?;
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+fn trust_anchor_dir(runtime_dir: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    runtime_dir.join(TRUST_ANCHOR_SUBDIR)
+}
+
+/// Override the DMI strings exported by SeaBIOS through sysfs. Platform
+/// detection intentionally remains unchanged and observes the same values as
+/// it does on a real cloud VM.
+fn simulate_dmi(
+    runtime_dir: &Path,
+    dmi_root: &Path,
+    sys_vendor: &str,
+    product_name: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if dmi_root != Path::new("/sys/class/dmi/id") {
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(dmi_root)?;
+        fs_err::write(dmi_root.join("sys_vendor"), format!("{sys_vendor}\n"))?;
+        fs_err::write(dmi_root.join("product_name"), format!("{product_name}\n"))?;
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let dmi_dir = runtime_dir.join("dmi");
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&dmi_dir)?;
+    for (name, value) in [("sys_vendor", sys_vendor), ("product_name", product_name)] {
+        let source = dmi_dir.join(name);
+        let target = dmi_root.join(name);
+        fs_err::write(&source, format!("{value}\n"))?;
+        let source = CString::new(source.as_os_str().as_bytes())?;
+        let target_c = CString::new(target.as_os_str().as_bytes())?;
+        let result = unsafe {
+            libc::mount(
+                source.as_ptr(),
+                target_c.as_ptr(),
+                std::ptr::null(),
+                libc::MS_BIND,
+                std::ptr::null(),
+            )
+        };
+        if result != 0 {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error()).with_context(|| {
+                format!("failed to simulate SeaBIOS DMI file {}", target.display())
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn load_config(path: &Path) -> Result<TeeSimulatorConfig> {
+    serde_json::from_slice(
+        &fs_err::read(path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?,
+    )
+    .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", path.display()))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn defaults_to_tdx() {
+        let args = Args::try_parse_from(["dstack-tee-simulator"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(args.platform, None);
+        assert!(args.mountpoint.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_config_is_rejected() {
+        assert!(load_config(Path::new("/definitely/missing/config")).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_runtime_dir_matches_the_verifier_handoff_path() {
+        let args = Args::try_parse_from(["dstack-tee-simulator"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            trust_anchor_dir(&args.runtime_dir),
+            Path::new(trust_anchors::ANCHOR_DIR)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn published_tdx_root_matches_the_seeded_pki() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let seed = [0x21; 32];
+        publish_trust_anchors(
+            dir.path(),
+            &TeeSimulatorConfig {
+                mock_attestation_seed: Some(hex::encode(seed)),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let roots = trust_anchors::load_anchors(&trust_anchor_dir(dir.path()))
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("simulator should publish trust anchors");
+        let published = fs_err::read(roots.tdx.as_ref().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let expected = mock_attestation::tdx::TdxGenerator::from_seed(seed)
+            .unwrap()
+            .root_ca_pem();
+        assert_eq!(String::from_utf8(published).unwrap(), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_seedless_config_publishes_nothing() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        assert!(publish_trust_anchors(dir.path(), &TeeSimulatorConfig::default()).is_err());
+        assert!(trust_anchors::load_anchors(&trust_anchor_dir(dir.path()))
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_selects_each_platform() {
+        for (name, expected) in [
+            ("dstack-tdx", TeeVariant::DstackTdx),
+            ("dstack-gcp-tdx", TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx),
+            ("dstack-amd-sev-snp", TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp),
+            ("dstack-nitro-enclave", TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave),
+            ("dstack-aws-nitro-tpm", TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm),
+        ] {
+            let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+            let path = dir.path().join("sys-config.json");
+            fs_err::write(
+                &path,
+                serde_json::json!({
+                    "platform": name
+                })
+                .to_string(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(load_config(&path).unwrap().platform, expected);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/src/nsm.rs b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/nsm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b14c955ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/nsm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! CUSE implementation of the AWS Nitro Security Module ioctl ABI.
+
+use std::{
+    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
+    ffi::CString,
+    mem,
+    os::raw::{c_int, c_uint, c_void},
+    path::Path,
+    ptr,
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock},
+    thread,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use aws_nitro_enclaves_nsm_api::api::{Digest, ErrorCode, Request, Response};
+use dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig;
+use libc::{iovec, size_t};
+use mock_attestation::{nsm::NsmGenerator, parse_seed};
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha384};
+
+static GENERATOR: OnceLock<Arc<NsmGenerator>> = OnceLock::new();
+static STATE: OnceLock<Mutex<NsmState>> = OnceLock::new();
+static CUSE: OnceLock<CuseApi> = OnceLock::new();
+
+const PCR_COUNT: u16 = 32;
+const PCR_SIZE: usize = 48;
+const MAX_EXTEND_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+
+struct NsmState {
+    pcrs: Vec<[u8; PCR_SIZE]>,
+    locked: BTreeSet<u16>,
+}
+
+impl Default for NsmState {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pcrs: vec![[0; PCR_SIZE]; PCR_COUNT.into()],
+            locked: BTreeSet::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl NsmState {
+    fn measured() -> Self {
+        let mut state = Self::default();
+        for index in 0..=2 {
+            let digest = Sha384::digest(format!("dstack-tee-simulator/nsm/pcr/{index}").as_bytes());
+            state.pcrs[index].copy_from_slice(&digest);
+        }
+        state
+    }
+
+    fn handle(&mut self, generator: &NsmGenerator, request: Request) -> Response {
+        match request {
+            Request::DescribePCR { index } => {
+                let Some(value) = self.pcrs.get(usize::from(index)) else {
+                    return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidIndex);
+                };
+                Response::DescribePCR {
+                    lock: self.locked.contains(&index),
+                    data: value.to_vec(),
+                }
+            }
+            Request::ExtendPCR { index, data } => {
+                if data.len() > MAX_EXTEND_SIZE {
+                    return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InputTooLarge);
+                }
+                let Some(value) = self.pcrs.get_mut(usize::from(index)) else {
+                    return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidIndex);
+                };
+                if self.locked.contains(&index) {
+                    return Response::Error(ErrorCode::ReadOnlyIndex);
+                }
+                let digest = Sha384::new()
+                    .chain_update(value.as_slice())
+                    .chain_update(data)
+                    .finalize();
+                value.copy_from_slice(&digest);
+                Response::ExtendPCR {
+                    data: value.to_vec(),
+                }
+            }
+            Request::LockPCR { index } => {
+                if index >= PCR_COUNT {
+                    return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidIndex);
+                }
+                self.locked.insert(index);
+                Response::LockPCR
+            }
+            Request::LockPCRs { range } => {
+                if range > PCR_COUNT {
+                    return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidIndex);
+                }
+                self.locked.extend(0..range);
+                Response::LockPCRs
+            }
+            Request::DescribeNSM => Response::DescribeNSM {
+                version_major: 1,
+                version_minor: 0,
+                version_patch: 0,
+                module_id: "dstack-tee-simulator".into(),
+                max_pcrs: PCR_COUNT,
+                locked_pcrs: self.locked.clone(),
+                digest: Digest::SHA384,
+            },
+            Request::Attestation {
+                user_data,
+                nonce,
+                public_key,
+            } => {
+                let pcrs = self
+                    .pcrs
+                    .iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .map(|(index, value)| (index as u16, value.to_vec()))
+                    .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
+                generator
+                    .attest_with_claims(
+                        user_data.as_ref().map(|value| value.as_slice()),
+                        nonce.as_ref().map(|value| value.as_slice()),
+                        public_key.as_ref().map(|value| value.as_slice()),
+                        pcrs,
+                    )
+                    .map(|document| Response::Attestation { document })
+                    .unwrap_or(Response::Error(ErrorCode::InternalError))
+            }
+            Request::GetRandom => Response::GetRandom {
+                random: vec![0x42; 32],
+            },
+            _ => Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+type FuseReq = *mut c_void;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct FuseFileInfo {
+    _opaque: [u8; 0],
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct CuseInfo {
+    dev_major: c_uint,
+    dev_minor: c_uint,
+    dev_info_argc: c_uint,
+    dev_info_argv: *mut *const libc::c_char,
+    flags: c_uint,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+struct CuseOperations {
+    init: *const c_void,
+    init_done: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(*mut c_void)>,
+    destroy: *const c_void,
+    open: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(FuseReq, *mut FuseFileInfo)>,
+    read: *const c_void,
+    write: *const c_void,
+    flush: *const c_void,
+    release: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(FuseReq, *mut FuseFileInfo)>,
+    fsync: *const c_void,
+    ioctl: Option<
+        unsafe extern "C" fn(
+            FuseReq,
+            c_int,
+            *mut c_void,
+            *mut FuseFileInfo,
+            c_uint,
+            *const c_void,
+            size_t,
+            size_t,
+        ),
+    >,
+    poll: *const c_void,
+}
+
+struct CuseApi {
+    main: unsafe extern "C" fn(
+        c_int,
+        *mut *mut libc::c_char,
+        *const CuseInfo,
+        *const CuseOperations,
+        *mut c_void,
+    ) -> c_int,
+    reply_open: unsafe extern "C" fn(FuseReq, *const FuseFileInfo) -> c_int,
+    reply_err: unsafe extern "C" fn(FuseReq, c_int) -> c_int,
+    reply_ioctl_retry:
+        unsafe extern "C" fn(FuseReq, *const iovec, size_t, *const iovec, size_t) -> c_int,
+    reply_ioctl: unsafe extern "C" fn(FuseReq, c_int, *const c_void, size_t) -> c_int,
+}
+
+fn cuse() -> &'static CuseApi {
+    let Some(cuse) = CUSE.get() else {
+        std::process::abort();
+    };
+    cuse
+}
+
+unsafe fn load_cuse() -> Result<CuseApi> {
+    // FUSE 3.18 bumped the shared-library SONAME to 4. Keep the older SONAME
+    // fallback so development binaries also run on distributions that still
+    // ship the previous ABI.
+    let library = libloading::Library::new("libfuse3.so.4")
+        .or_else(|_| libloading::Library::new("libfuse3.so.3"))?;
+    let library = Box::leak(Box::new(library));
+    Ok(CuseApi {
+        main: *library.get(b"cuse_lowlevel_main\0")?,
+        reply_open: *library.get(b"fuse_reply_open\0")?,
+        reply_err: *library.get(b"fuse_reply_err\0")?,
+        reply_ioctl_retry: *library.get(b"fuse_reply_ioctl_retry\0")?,
+        reply_ioctl: *library.get(b"fuse_reply_ioctl\0")?,
+    })
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct NsmMessage {
+    request: iovec,
+    response: iovec,
+}
+
+unsafe extern "C" fn open(req: FuseReq, fi: *mut FuseFileInfo) {
+    (cuse().reply_open)(req, fi);
+}
+
+unsafe extern "C" fn release(req: FuseReq, _fi: *mut FuseFileInfo) {
+    (cuse().reply_err)(req, 0);
+}
+
+unsafe extern "C" fn init_done(_userdata: *mut c_void) {
+    if let Err(error) = ensure_nsm_device() {
+        tracing::error!(?error, "failed to publish simulated NSM device");
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Err(error) = sd_notify::notify(true, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready]) {
+        tracing::error!(?error, "failed to notify systemd that NSM is ready");
+    }
+}
+
+fn ensure_nsm_device() -> Result<()> {
+    let device_path = Path::new("/dev/nsm");
+    let sysfs_paths = [
+        Path::new("/sys/class/misc/nsm/dev"),
+        Path::new("/sys/devices/virtual/misc/nsm/dev"),
+    ];
+    let mut stable_checks = 0;
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        if device_path.exists() {
+            stable_checks += 1;
+            if stable_checks >= 10 {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+            continue;
+        }
+        stable_checks = 0;
+        if let Some(device) = sysfs_paths
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|path| fs_err::read_to_string(path).ok())
+        {
+            let (major, minor) = device
+                .trim()
+                .split_once(':')
+                .context("invalid NSM device number")?;
+            let major = major.parse::<u32>().context("invalid NSM major number")?;
+            let minor = minor.parse::<u32>().context("invalid NSM minor number")?;
+            let path = CString::new("/dev/nsm")?;
+            let result = unsafe {
+                libc::mknod(
+                    path.as_ptr(),
+                    libc::S_IFCHR | 0o660,
+                    libc::makedev(major, minor),
+                )
+            };
+            if result == 0 || device_path.exists() {
+                thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+                continue;
+            }
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error()).context("failed to create /dev/nsm");
+        }
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+    }
+    anyhow::bail!("CUSE NSM device did not appear in sysfs")
+}
+
+unsafe extern "C" fn ioctl(
+    req: FuseReq,
+    _cmd: c_int,
+    arg: *mut c_void,
+    _fi: *mut FuseFileInfo,
+    _flags: c_uint,
+    in_buf: *const c_void,
+    in_bufsz: size_t,
+    _out_bufsz: size_t,
+) {
+    let message_size = mem::size_of::<NsmMessage>();
+    if in_bufsz == 0 {
+        let message = iovec {
+            iov_base: arg,
+            iov_len: message_size,
+        };
+        (cuse().reply_ioctl_retry)(req, &message, 1, &message, 1);
+        return;
+    }
+    if in_buf.is_null() || in_bufsz < message_size {
+        (cuse().reply_err)(req, libc::EINVAL);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let message = ptr::read_unaligned(in_buf.cast::<NsmMessage>());
+    if in_bufsz == message_size {
+        if message.request.iov_len > 0x1000 || message.response.iov_len > 0x3000 {
+            (cuse().reply_err)(req, libc::EMSGSIZE);
+            return;
+        }
+        let input = [
+            iovec {
+                iov_base: arg,
+                iov_len: message_size,
+            },
+            message.request,
+        ];
+        let output = [
+            iovec {
+                iov_base: arg,
+                iov_len: message_size,
+            },
+            message.response,
+        ];
+        (cuse().reply_ioctl_retry)(req, input.as_ptr(), 2, output.as_ptr(), 2);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let request_bytes = std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+        in_buf.cast::<u8>().add(message_size),
+        in_bufsz - message_size,
+    );
+    let response = match serde_cbor::from_slice::<Request>(request_bytes) {
+        Ok(request) => handle(request),
+        Err(_) => Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidOperation),
+    };
+    let encoded = match serde_cbor::to_vec(&response) {
+        Ok(encoded) if encoded.len() <= message.response.iov_len => encoded,
+        _ => {
+            (cuse().reply_err)(req, libc::EMSGSIZE);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+    let mut updated = message;
+    updated.response.iov_len = encoded.len();
+    let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(message_size + encoded.len());
+    output.extend_from_slice(std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+        (&updated as *const NsmMessage).cast::<u8>(),
+        message_size,
+    ));
+    output.extend_from_slice(&encoded);
+    (cuse().reply_ioctl)(req, 0, output.as_ptr().cast(), output.len());
+}
+
+fn handle(request: Request) -> Response {
+    let Some(generator) = GENERATOR.get() else {
+        return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InternalError);
+    };
+    let Some(state) = STATE.get() else {
+        return Response::Error(ErrorCode::InternalError);
+    };
+    state
+        .lock()
+        .map(|mut state| state.handle(generator, request))
+        .unwrap_or(Response::Error(ErrorCode::InternalError))
+}
+
+pub fn run(config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        !std::path::Path::new("/dev/nsm").exists(),
+        "refusing to replace a real NSM device"
+    );
+    CUSE.set(unsafe { load_cuse()? })
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("CUSE API was already initialized"))?;
+    let seed = config
+        .mock_attestation_seed
+        .as_deref()
+        .context("tee_simulator.mock_attestation_seed is required")?;
+    GENERATOR
+        .set(Arc::new(NsmGenerator::from_seed(parse_seed(seed)?)?))
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("NSM simulator was already initialized"))?;
+    STATE
+        .set(Mutex::new(NsmState::measured()))
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("NSM simulator state was already initialized"))?;
+
+    let device_name = CString::new("DEVNAME=nsm")?;
+    let mut device_args = [device_name.as_ptr(), ptr::null()];
+    let info = CuseInfo {
+        dev_major: 0,
+        dev_minor: 0,
+        dev_info_argc: 1,
+        dev_info_argv: device_args.as_mut_ptr(),
+        flags: 1, // CUSE_UNRESTRICTED_IOCTL
+    };
+    let operations = CuseOperations {
+        init: ptr::null(),
+        init_done: Some(init_done),
+        destroy: ptr::null(),
+        open: Some(open),
+        read: ptr::null(),
+        write: ptr::null(),
+        flush: ptr::null(),
+        release: Some(release),
+        fsync: ptr::null(),
+        ioctl: Some(ioctl),
+        poll: ptr::null(),
+    };
+    let program = CString::new("dstack-tee-simulator")?;
+    let foreground = CString::new("-f")?;
+    let single_threaded = CString::new("-s")?;
+    let mut argv = [
+        program.as_ptr().cast_mut(),
+        foreground.as_ptr().cast_mut(),
+        single_threaded.as_ptr().cast_mut(),
+    ];
+    let result = unsafe {
+        (cuse().main)(
+            argv.len() as c_int,
+            argv.as_mut_ptr(),
+            &info,
+            &operations,
+            ptr::null_mut(),
+        )
+    };
+    anyhow::ensure!(result == 0, "CUSE NSM session failed with status {result}");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use aws_nitro_enclaves_nsm_api::api::Request;
+
+    fn response_kind(response: &Response) -> &'static str {
+        match response {
+            Response::DescribePCR { .. } => "DescribePCR",
+            Response::ExtendPCR { .. } => "ExtendPCR",
+            Response::LockPCR => "LockPCR",
+            Response::LockPCRs => "LockPCRs",
+            Response::DescribeNSM { .. } => "DescribeNSM",
+            Response::Attestation { .. } => "Attestation",
+            Response::GetRandom { .. } => "GetRandom",
+            Response::Error(_) => "Error",
+            _ => "Unknown",
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measured_state_models_a_production_enclave() {
+        let state = NsmState::measured();
+        assert!(state.pcrs[..=2]
+            .iter()
+            .all(|value| value.iter().any(|byte| *byte != 0)));
+        assert!(state.pcrs[3..]
+            .iter()
+            .all(|value| value.iter().all(|byte| *byte == 0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pcr_lifecycle_matches_nsm_semantics() {
+        let generator = NsmGenerator::from_seed([0x51; 32]).unwrap();
+        let mut state = NsmState::default();
+        match state.handle(&generator, Request::DescribePCR { index: 0 }) {
+            Response::DescribePCR { lock, data } => {
+                assert!(!lock);
+                assert_eq!(data, vec![0; PCR_SIZE]);
+            }
+            response => panic!("unexpected {}", response_kind(&response)),
+        }
+        let input = b"measurement".to_vec();
+        let expected = Sha384::new()
+            .chain_update([0; PCR_SIZE])
+            .chain_update(&input)
+            .finalize()
+            .to_vec();
+        match state.handle(
+            &generator,
+            Request::ExtendPCR {
+                index: 0,
+                data: input,
+            },
+        ) {
+            Response::ExtendPCR { data } => assert_eq!(data, expected),
+            response => panic!("unexpected {}", response_kind(&response)),
+        }
+        assert!(matches!(
+            state.handle(&generator, Request::LockPCR { index: 0 }),
+            Response::LockPCR
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            state.handle(
+                &generator,
+                Request::ExtendPCR {
+                    index: 0,
+                    data: vec![1],
+                },
+            ),
+            Response::Error(ErrorCode::ReadOnlyIndex)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            state.handle(&generator, Request::DescribePCR { index: PCR_COUNT }),
+            Response::Error(ErrorCode::InvalidIndex)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            state.handle(
+                &generator,
+                Request::ExtendPCR {
+                    index: 1,
+                    data: vec![0; MAX_EXTEND_SIZE + 1],
+                },
+            ),
+            Response::Error(ErrorCode::InputTooLarge)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn attestation_binds_claims_and_current_pcrs() {
+        let generator = NsmGenerator::from_seed([0x52; 32]).unwrap();
+        let verifier = nsm_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new(generator.root_ca_pem());
+        let mut state = NsmState::default();
+        assert!(matches!(
+            state.handle(
+                &generator,
+                Request::ExtendPCR {
+                    index: 2,
+                    data: b"app".to_vec(),
+                },
+            ),
+            Response::ExtendPCR { .. }
+        ));
+        let response = state.handle(
+            &generator,
+            Request::Attestation {
+                user_data: Some(b"user".to_vec().into()),
+                nonce: Some(b"nonce".to_vec().into()),
+                public_key: Some(b"public".to_vec().into()),
+            },
+        );
+        let Response::Attestation { document } = response else {
+            panic!("unexpected {}", response_kind(&response));
+        };
+        let verified = verifier.verify(&document, None, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(verified.user_data.as_deref(), Some(b"user".as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(verified.nonce.as_deref(), Some(b"nonce".as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(verified.public_key.as_deref(), Some(b"public".as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            verified.pcrs.get(&2).map(Vec::as_slice),
+            Some(state.pcrs[2].as_slice())
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/src/sev_snp.rs b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/sev_snp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1409cfde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/sev_snp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    ffi::OsStr,
+    path::Path,
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig;
+use fuser::{
+    FileAttr, FileType, Filesystem, ReplyAttr, ReplyCreate, ReplyData, ReplyDirectory, ReplyEmpty,
+    ReplyEntry, ReplyOpen, ReplyWrite, Request,
+};
+use mock_attestation::sev_snp::SevSnpGenerator;
+
+use crate::TeeBackend;
+
+const ROOT: u64 = 1;
+const ENTRY: u64 = 2;
+const PROVIDER: u64 = 3;
+const INBLOB: u64 = 4;
+const OUTBLOB: u64 = 5;
+const CERTS: u64 = 6;
+const TTL: Duration = Duration::ZERO;
+
+pub(crate) struct SevSnpFs {
+    generator: Arc<SevSnpGenerator>,
+    report: Vec<u8>,
+    certs: Vec<u8>,
+    uid: u32,
+    gid: u32,
+    host_data: [u8; 32],
+}
+
+impl SevSnpFs {
+    fn new(
+        generator: Arc<SevSnpGenerator>,
+        host_data: [u8; 32],
+        measurement: [u8; 48],
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let evidence = generator.attest_with_measurement([0; 64], host_data, measurement)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            generator,
+            report: evidence.report,
+            certs: encode_cert_table(&evidence.cert_chain)?,
+            uid: unsafe { libc::geteuid() },
+            gid: unsafe { libc::getegid() },
+            host_data,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn attr(&self, ino: u64) -> Option<FileAttr> {
+        let (kind, perm, size) = match ino {
+            ROOT | ENTRY => (FileType::Directory, 0o755, 0),
+            PROVIDER => (FileType::RegularFile, 0o444, 10),
+            INBLOB => (FileType::RegularFile, 0o200, 0),
+            OUTBLOB => (FileType::RegularFile, 0o400, self.report.len() as u64),
+            CERTS => (FileType::RegularFile, 0o400, self.certs.len() as u64),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some(FileAttr {
+            ino,
+            size,
+            blocks: 0,
+            atime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            mtime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            ctime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            crtime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            kind,
+            perm,
+            nlink: if kind == FileType::Directory { 2 } else { 1 },
+            uid: self.uid,
+            gid: self.gid,
+            rdev: 0,
+            blksize: 4096,
+            flags: 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn child(parent: u64, name: &OsStr) -> Option<u64> {
+        match (parent, name.to_str()?) {
+            (ROOT, "provider") | (ENTRY, "provider") => Some(PROVIDER),
+            (ENTRY, "inblob" | "reportdata" | "report_data") => Some(INBLOB),
+            (ENTRY, "outblob" | "report") => Some(OUTBLOB),
+            (ENTRY, "certs" | "cert_chain" | "auxblob") => Some(CERTS),
+            (ROOT, name) if name.starts_with("dstack-") => Some(ENTRY),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Filesystem for SevSnpFs {
+    fn lookup(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, parent: u64, name: &OsStr, reply: ReplyEntry) {
+        match Self::child(parent, name).and_then(|ino| self.attr(ino).map(|attr| (ino, attr))) {
+            Some((_, attr)) => reply.entry(&TTL, &attr, 0),
+            None => reply.error(libc::ENOENT),
+        }
+    }
+    fn getattr(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, ino: u64, _fh: Option<u64>, reply: ReplyAttr) {
+        match self.attr(ino) {
+            Some(attr) => reply.attr(&TTL, &attr),
+            None => reply.error(libc::ENOENT),
+        }
+    }
+    fn mkdir(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        parent: u64,
+        name: &OsStr,
+        _mode: u32,
+        _umask: u32,
+        reply: ReplyEntry,
+    ) {
+        if parent == ROOT
+            && name
+                .to_str()
+                .is_some_and(|name| name.starts_with("dstack-"))
+        {
+            match self.attr(ENTRY) {
+                Some(attr) => reply.entry(&TTL, &attr, 0),
+                None => reply.error(libc::EIO),
+            }
+        } else {
+            reply.error(libc::EACCES);
+        }
+    }
+    fn rmdir(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, parent: u64, _name: &OsStr, reply: ReplyEmpty) {
+        if parent == ROOT {
+            reply.ok();
+        } else {
+            reply.error(libc::EACCES);
+        }
+    }
+    fn readdir(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        offset: i64,
+        mut reply: ReplyDirectory,
+    ) {
+        let entries: &[(u64, FileType, &str)] = match ino {
+            ROOT => &[
+                (ROOT, FileType::Directory, "."),
+                (ROOT, FileType::Directory, ".."),
+                (PROVIDER, FileType::RegularFile, "provider"),
+            ],
+            ENTRY => &[
+                (ENTRY, FileType::Directory, "."),
+                (ROOT, FileType::Directory, ".."),
+                (PROVIDER, FileType::RegularFile, "provider"),
+                (INBLOB, FileType::RegularFile, "inblob"),
+                (OUTBLOB, FileType::RegularFile, "outblob"),
+                (CERTS, FileType::RegularFile, "certs"),
+            ],
+            _ => {
+                reply.error(libc::ENOENT);
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        for (index, entry) in entries.iter().enumerate().skip(offset.max(0) as usize) {
+            if reply.add(entry.0, (index + 1) as i64, entry.1, entry.2) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        reply.ok();
+    }
+    fn open(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, ino: u64, _flags: i32, reply: ReplyOpen) {
+        if matches!(ino, PROVIDER | INBLOB | OUTBLOB | CERTS) {
+            reply.opened(0, 1);
+        } else {
+            reply.error(libc::ENOENT);
+        }
+    }
+    fn create(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        parent: u64,
+        name: &OsStr,
+        _mode: u32,
+        _umask: u32,
+        _flags: i32,
+        reply: ReplyCreate,
+    ) {
+        match Self::child(parent, name).filter(|ino| *ino == INBLOB) {
+            Some(ino) => match self.attr(ino) {
+                Some(attr) => reply.created(&TTL, &attr, 0, 0, 1),
+                None => reply.error(libc::EIO),
+            },
+            None => reply.error(libc::EACCES),
+        }
+    }
+    fn read(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        offset: i64,
+        size: u32,
+        _flags: i32,
+        _lock: Option<u64>,
+        reply: ReplyData,
+    ) {
+        let data: &[u8] = match ino {
+            PROVIDER => b"sev_guest\n",
+            OUTBLOB => &self.report,
+            CERTS => &self.certs,
+            _ => {
+                reply.error(libc::EACCES);
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        let start = offset.max(0) as usize;
+        reply.data(
+            data.get(start..start.saturating_add(size as usize).min(data.len()))
+                .unwrap_or_default(),
+        );
+    }
+    fn write(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        offset: i64,
+        data: &[u8],
+        _write_flags: u32,
+        _flags: i32,
+        _lock: Option<u64>,
+        reply: ReplyWrite,
+    ) {
+        if ino != INBLOB || offset != 0 || data.len() != 64 {
+            reply.error(libc::EINVAL);
+            return;
+        }
+        let Ok(report_data) = data.try_into() else {
+            reply.error(libc::EINVAL);
+            return;
+        };
+        let Ok(measurement) = self.report[0x90..0xc0].try_into() else {
+            reply.error(libc::EIO);
+            return;
+        };
+        match self
+            .generator
+            .attest_with_measurement(report_data, self.host_data, measurement)
+        {
+            Ok(evidence) => {
+                self.report = evidence.report;
+                self.certs = match encode_cert_table(&evidence.cert_chain) {
+                    Ok(certs) => certs,
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        reply.error(libc::EIO);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+                reply.written(data.len() as u32);
+            }
+            Err(_) => reply.error(libc::EIO),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_cert_table(cert_chain: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    const ASK_GUID: [u8; 16] = [
+        0x4a, 0xb7, 0xb3, 0x79, 0xbb, 0xac, 0x4f, 0xe4, 0xa0, 0x2f, 0x05, 0xae, 0xf3, 0x27, 0xc7,
+        0x82,
+    ];
+    const VCEK_GUID: [u8; 16] = [
+        0x63, 0xda, 0x75, 0x8d, 0xe6, 0x64, 0x45, 0x64, 0xad, 0xc5, 0xf4, 0xb9, 0x3b, 0xe8, 0xac,
+        0xcd,
+    ];
+    let [ask, vcek] = cert_chain else {
+        anyhow::bail!("mock SEV-SNP evidence must contain ASK and VCEK");
+    };
+    let ask = pem::parse(ask)?.into_contents();
+    let vcek = pem::parse(vcek)?.into_contents();
+    let header_len = 3 * 24;
+    let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(header_len + ask.len() + vcek.len());
+    for (guid, offset, length) in [
+        (ASK_GUID, header_len, ask.len()),
+        (VCEK_GUID, header_len + ask.len(), vcek.len()),
+    ] {
+        output.extend_from_slice(&guid);
+        output.extend_from_slice(&(offset as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        output.extend_from_slice(&(length as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    output.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 24]);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&ask);
+    output.extend_from_slice(&vcek);
+    Ok(output)
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct SevSnpBackend;
+impl TeeBackend for SevSnpBackend {
+    type Fs = SevSnpFs;
+    const PLATFORM: &'static str = "amd-sev-snp";
+    const DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT: &'static str = "/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report";
+    fn create_filesystem(config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<Self::Fs> {
+        let seed = config
+            .mock_attestation_seed
+            .as_deref()
+            .context("tee_simulator.mock_attestation_seed is required")?;
+        let mr_config = config
+            .mr_config
+            .as_deref()
+            .context("mr_config is required for SEV-SNP simulation")?;
+        let host_data = dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(mr_config);
+        let measurement = match config.vm_config.as_deref() {
+            Some(vm_config)
+                if serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(vm_config)?
+                    .get("sev_snp_measurement")
+                    .is_some() =>
+            {
+                let inputs = dstack_mr::sev::parse_snp_inputs_from_vm_config(vm_config)?;
+                dstack_mr::sev::compute_expected_measurement(&inputs.input)?
+            }
+            _ => [0x33; 48],
+        };
+        SevSnpFs::new(
+            Arc::new(SevSnpGenerator::from_seed(mock_attestation::parse_seed(
+                seed,
+            )?)?),
+            host_data,
+            measurement,
+        )
+    }
+    fn prepare_mountpoint(mountpoint: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        crate::tdx::ensure_configfs_mount(mountpoint)
+    }
+    fn real_tee_available() -> bool {
+        Path::new("/dev/sev-guest").exists()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/src/tdx.rs b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/tdx.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6bb4b5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/tdx.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::{TeeSimulatorConfig, VmConfig};
+use fuser::{
+    FileAttr, FileType, Filesystem, ReplyAttr, ReplyData, ReplyDirectory, ReplyEmpty, ReplyEntry,
+    ReplyOpen, ReplyWrite, Request, TimeOrNow,
+};
+use mock_attestation::tdx::TdxGenerator;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha384};
+
+use crate::TeeBackend;
+
+const TDX_DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT: &str = "/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report";
+const PROVIDER_NAME: &str = "com.intel.dcap";
+const PROVIDER_VALUE: &[u8] = b"tdx_guest\n";
+const DIRECT_IO: u32 = 1;
+const TTL: Duration = Duration::ZERO;
+
+const ROOT_INO: u64 = 1;
+const PROVIDER_DIR_INO: u64 = 2;
+const PROVIDER_INO: u64 = 3;
+const INBLOB_INO: u64 = 4;
+const OUTBLOB_INO: u64 = 5;
+const GENERATION_INO: u64 = 6;
+const MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO: u64 = 7;
+const RTMR0_INO: u64 = 8;
+const CCEL_INO: u64 = 12;
+
+const MR_CONFIG_ID_RANGE: std::ops::Range<usize> = 232..280;
+const RTMR0_OFFSET: usize = 376;
+const REPORT_DATA_RANGE: std::ops::Range<usize> = 568..632;
+
+const CCEL_FIXTURE: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../cc-eventlog/samples/ccel.bin");
+
+struct SimulatorState {
+    generator: Arc<TdxGenerator>,
+    mrtd: [u8; 48],
+    ccel: Vec<u8>,
+    rtmrs: [[u8; 48]; 4],
+    outblob: Vec<u8>,
+    generation: i64,
+}
+
+impl SimulatorState {
+    fn new(generator: Arc<TdxGenerator>, ccel: &[u8], vm_config: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let ccel = ccel_for_config(ccel, vm_config)?;
+        let (mrtd, rtmrs) = measurements_for_config(&ccel, vm_config)?;
+        let mut state = Self {
+            generator,
+            mrtd,
+            ccel,
+            rtmrs,
+            outblob: Vec::new(),
+            generation: 0,
+        };
+        state.outblob = state.make_quote([0u8; 64])?;
+        Ok(state)
+    }
+
+    fn make_quote(&self, report_data: [u8; 64]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut quote = self
+            .generator
+            .attest_with_measurements(report_data, self.mrtd, self.rtmrs)?
+            .quote;
+        quote[MR_CONFIG_ID_RANGE].fill(0);
+        for (index, rtmr) in self.rtmrs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let start = RTMR0_OFFSET + index * 48;
+            quote[start..start + 48].copy_from_slice(rtmr);
+        }
+        quote[REPORT_DATA_RANGE].copy_from_slice(&report_data);
+        Ok(quote)
+    }
+
+    fn request_quote(&mut self, report_data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        let report_data: [u8; 64] = report_data
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("inblob must be exactly 64 bytes"))?;
+        let generation = self
+            .generation
+            .checked_add(1)
+            .context("tsm generation overflow")?;
+        let outblob = self.make_quote(report_data)?;
+        self.outblob = outblob;
+        self.generation = generation;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn extend_rtmr(&mut self, index: usize, digest: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+        if !(2..=3).contains(&index) {
+            bail!("rtmr{index} is not userspace extensible");
+        }
+        if digest.len() != 48 {
+            bail!("rtmr digest must be exactly 48 bytes");
+        }
+        let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+        hasher.update(self.rtmrs[index]);
+        hasher.update(digest);
+        self.rtmrs[index] = hasher.finalize().into();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn content(&self, ino: u64) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        match ino {
+            PROVIDER_INO => Some(PROVIDER_VALUE.to_vec()),
+            INBLOB_INO => Some(Vec::new()),
+            OUTBLOB_INO => Some(self.outblob.clone()),
+            GENERATION_INO => Some(format!("{}\n", self.generation).into_bytes()),
+            CCEL_INO => Some(self.ccel.clone()),
+            RTMR0_INO..=11 => Some(self.rtmrs[(ino - RTMR0_INO) as usize].to_vec()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ccel_for_config(ccel: &[u8], vm_config: Option<&str>) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let Some(vm_config) = vm_config else {
+        return Ok(ccel.to_vec());
+    };
+    let vm_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(vm_config).context("invalid TDX vm_config")?;
+    let Some(document) = vm_config.tdx_measurement.as_ref() else {
+        return Ok(ccel.to_vec());
+    };
+    let measurement = document
+        .decode_measurement()
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+        .context("invalid TDX measurement document")?;
+    let expected =
+        dstack_mr::tdx::expected_rtmr0_acpi_hashes(&vm_config, measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant)
+            .context("failed to generate TDX simulator ACPI measurements")?;
+    let events = cc_eventlog::tdx::decode_ccel(ccel).context("failed to decode CCEL fixture")?;
+    let mut patched = ccel.to_vec();
+
+    for (name, expected_digest) in [
+        (cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT, expected.loader),
+        (cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT, expected.rsdp),
+        (cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT, expected.tables),
+    ] {
+        let current = events
+            .iter()
+            .find(|event| event.imr == 0 && event.event == name)
+            .with_context(|| format!("CCEL fixture is missing {name}"))?
+            .digest();
+        if current.len() != expected_digest.len() {
+            bail!(
+                "CCEL fixture {name} digest has length {}, expected {}",
+                current.len(),
+                expected_digest.len()
+            );
+        }
+        let offsets = patched
+            .windows(current.len())
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(offset, bytes)| (bytes == current).then_some(offset))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let [offset] = offsets.as_slice() else {
+            bail!(
+                "CCEL fixture contains {} copies of the {name} digest, expected one",
+                offsets.len()
+            );
+        };
+        patched[*offset..*offset + current.len()].copy_from_slice(&expected_digest);
+    }
+    Ok(patched)
+}
+
+fn measurements_for_config(
+    ccel: &[u8],
+    vm_config: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<([u8; 48], [[u8; 48]; 4])> {
+    let mut rtmrs = replay_boot_rtmrs(ccel)?;
+    let Some(vm_config) = vm_config else {
+        return Ok(([0x11; 48], rtmrs));
+    };
+    let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(vm_config).context("invalid vm_config")?;
+    if value.get("tdx_measurement").is_none() {
+        return Ok(([0x11; 48], rtmrs));
+    }
+    let vm_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(value).context("invalid TDX vm_config")?;
+    let Some(document) = vm_config.tdx_measurement.as_ref() else {
+        return Ok(([0x11; 48], rtmrs));
+    };
+    let events = cc_eventlog::tdx::decode_ccel(ccel).context("failed to decode CCEL fixture")?;
+    let digest = |name: &str| -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let event = events
+            .iter()
+            .find(|event| event.imr == 0 && event.event == name)
+            .with_context(|| format!("CCEL fixture is missing {name}"))?;
+        Ok(event.digest())
+    };
+    let acpi_hashes = dstack_mr::tdx::TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes {
+        loader: digest("acpi-loader")?,
+        rsdp: digest("acpi-rsdp")?,
+        tables: digest("acpi-tables")?,
+    };
+    let measurements = dstack_mr::tdx::tdx_measurements_from_measurement_document(
+        document,
+        &vm_config,
+        &acpi_hashes,
+    )?;
+    let mrtd = measurements
+        .mrtd
+        .as_slice()
+        .try_into()
+        .context("invalid MRTD")?;
+    rtmrs[0] = measurements
+        .rtmr0
+        .as_slice()
+        .try_into()
+        .context("invalid RTMR0")?;
+    rtmrs[1] = measurements
+        .rtmr1
+        .as_slice()
+        .try_into()
+        .context("invalid RTMR1")?;
+    rtmrs[2] = measurements
+        .rtmr2
+        .as_slice()
+        .try_into()
+        .context("invalid RTMR2")?;
+    Ok((mrtd, rtmrs))
+}
+
+fn replay_boot_rtmrs(ccel: &[u8]) -> Result<[[u8; 48]; 4]> {
+    let events = cc_eventlog::tdx::decode_ccel(ccel).context("failed to decode CCEL fixture")?;
+    let mut rtmrs = [[0u8; 48]; 4];
+    for event in events {
+        let index = usize::try_from(event.imr).context("invalid CCEL IMR index")?;
+        let rtmr = rtmrs
+            .get_mut(index)
+            .with_context(|| format!("ccel event references unsupported RTMR{index}"))?;
+        let digest = event.digest();
+        if digest.len() != 48 {
+            bail!(
+                "ccel RTMR{index} digest has invalid length {}",
+                digest.len()
+            );
+        }
+        let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+        hasher.update(*rtmr);
+        hasher.update(digest);
+        *rtmr = hasher.finalize().into();
+    }
+    Ok(rtmrs)
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct TdxSimulatorFs {
+    state: SimulatorState,
+    uid: u32,
+    gid: u32,
+}
+
+impl TdxSimulatorFs {
+    fn new(generator: Arc<TdxGenerator>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            state: SimulatorState::new(generator, CCEL_FIXTURE, None)?,
+            uid: nix::unistd::geteuid().as_raw(),
+            gid: nix::unistd::getegid().as_raw(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn attr(&self, ino: u64) -> Option<FileAttr> {
+        let (kind, perm, size) = match ino {
+            ROOT_INO | PROVIDER_DIR_INO | MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO => (FileType::Directory, 0o755, 0),
+            PROVIDER_INO | OUTBLOB_INO | GENERATION_INO | CCEL_INO => (
+                FileType::RegularFile,
+                0o400,
+                self.state.content(ino)?.len() as u64,
+            ),
+            INBLOB_INO => (FileType::RegularFile, 0o200, 0),
+            RTMR0_INO..=11 => (FileType::RegularFile, 0o600, 48),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some(FileAttr {
+            ino,
+            size,
+            blocks: 0,
+            atime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            mtime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            ctime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            crtime: SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH,
+            kind,
+            perm,
+            nlink: if kind == FileType::Directory { 2 } else { 1 },
+            uid: self.uid,
+            gid: self.gid,
+            rdev: 0,
+            blksize: 4096,
+            flags: 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn lookup_ino(parent: u64, name: &OsStr) -> Option<u64> {
+        match (parent, name.to_str()?) {
+            (ROOT_INO, PROVIDER_NAME) => Some(PROVIDER_DIR_INO),
+            (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, "provider") => Some(PROVIDER_INO),
+            (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, "inblob") => Some(INBLOB_INO),
+            (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, "outblob") => Some(OUTBLOB_INO),
+            (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, "generation") => Some(GENERATION_INO),
+            (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, "measurements") => Some(MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO),
+            (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, "ccel") => Some(CCEL_INO),
+            (MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO, "rtmr0:sha384") => Some(RTMR0_INO),
+            (MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO, "rtmr1:sha384") => Some(RTMR0_INO + 1),
+            (MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO, "rtmr2:sha384") => Some(RTMR0_INO + 2),
+            (MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO, "rtmr3:sha384") => Some(RTMR0_INO + 3),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Filesystem for TdxSimulatorFs {
+    fn lookup(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, parent: u64, name: &OsStr, reply: ReplyEntry) {
+        let Some(ino) = Self::lookup_ino(parent, name) else {
+            reply.error(libc::ENOENT);
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(attr) = self.attr(ino) else {
+            reply.error(libc::ENOENT);
+            return;
+        };
+        reply.entry(&TTL, &attr, 0);
+    }
+
+    fn getattr(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, ino: u64, _fh: Option<u64>, reply: ReplyAttr) {
+        match self.attr(ino) {
+            Some(attr) => reply.attr(&TTL, &attr),
+            None => reply.error(libc::ENOENT),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn setattr(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        mode: Option<u32>,
+        uid: Option<u32>,
+        gid: Option<u32>,
+        size: Option<u64>,
+        _atime: Option<TimeOrNow>,
+        _mtime: Option<TimeOrNow>,
+        _ctime: Option<SystemTime>,
+        _fh: Option<u64>,
+        _crtime: Option<SystemTime>,
+        _chgtime: Option<SystemTime>,
+        _bkuptime: Option<SystemTime>,
+        flags: Option<u32>,
+        reply: ReplyAttr,
+    ) {
+        let truncatable = ino == INBLOB_INO || (RTMR0_INO..=11).contains(&ino);
+        if truncatable
+            && size == Some(0)
+            && mode.is_none()
+            && uid.is_none()
+            && gid.is_none()
+            && flags.is_none()
+        {
+            if let Some(attr) = self.attr(ino) {
+                reply.attr(&TTL, &attr);
+            } else {
+                reply.error(libc::ENOENT);
+            }
+        } else {
+            reply.error(libc::EACCES);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn readdir(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        offset: i64,
+        mut reply: ReplyDirectory,
+    ) {
+        let entries: Vec<(u64, FileType, &str)> = match ino {
+            ROOT_INO => vec![
+                (ROOT_INO, FileType::Directory, "."),
+                (ROOT_INO, FileType::Directory, ".."),
+                (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, FileType::Directory, PROVIDER_NAME),
+            ],
+            PROVIDER_DIR_INO => vec![
+                (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, FileType::Directory, "."),
+                (ROOT_INO, FileType::Directory, ".."),
+                (PROVIDER_INO, FileType::RegularFile, "provider"),
+                (INBLOB_INO, FileType::RegularFile, "inblob"),
+                (OUTBLOB_INO, FileType::RegularFile, "outblob"),
+                (GENERATION_INO, FileType::RegularFile, "generation"),
+                (MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO, FileType::Directory, "measurements"),
+                (CCEL_INO, FileType::RegularFile, "ccel"),
+            ],
+            MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO => vec![
+                (MEASUREMENTS_DIR_INO, FileType::Directory, "."),
+                (PROVIDER_DIR_INO, FileType::Directory, ".."),
+                (RTMR0_INO, FileType::RegularFile, "rtmr0:sha384"),
+                (RTMR0_INO + 1, FileType::RegularFile, "rtmr1:sha384"),
+                (RTMR0_INO + 2, FileType::RegularFile, "rtmr2:sha384"),
+                (RTMR0_INO + 3, FileType::RegularFile, "rtmr3:sha384"),
+            ],
+            _ => {
+                reply.error(libc::ENOTDIR);
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        for (index, (entry_ino, kind, name)) in
+            entries.into_iter().enumerate().skip(offset.max(0) as usize)
+        {
+            if reply.add(entry_ino, (index + 1) as i64, kind, name) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        reply.ok();
+    }
+
+    fn open(&mut self, _req: &Request<'_>, ino: u64, _flags: i32, reply: ReplyOpen) {
+        if self.attr(ino).is_none() {
+            reply.error(libc::ENOENT);
+        } else {
+            reply.opened(0, DIRECT_IO);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        offset: i64,
+        size: u32,
+        _flags: i32,
+        _lock_owner: Option<u64>,
+        reply: ReplyData,
+    ) {
+        let Some(data) = self.state.content(ino) else {
+            reply.error(libc::EISDIR);
+            return;
+        };
+        let start = offset.max(0) as usize;
+        if start >= data.len() {
+            reply.data(&[]);
+            return;
+        }
+        let end = start.saturating_add(size as usize).min(data.len());
+        reply.data(&data[start..end]);
+    }
+
+    fn write(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        offset: i64,
+        data: &[u8],
+        _write_flags: u32,
+        _flags: i32,
+        _lock_owner: Option<u64>,
+        reply: ReplyWrite,
+    ) {
+        if offset != 0 {
+            reply.error(libc::EINVAL);
+            return;
+        }
+        let result = match ino {
+            INBLOB_INO => self.state.request_quote(data),
+            RTMR0_INO..=11 => self.state.extend_rtmr((ino - RTMR0_INO) as usize, data),
+            _ => {
+                reply.error(libc::EACCES);
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => reply.written(data.len() as u32),
+            Err(_) => reply.error(libc::EINVAL),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn flush(
+        &mut self,
+        _req: &Request<'_>,
+        _ino: u64,
+        _fh: u64,
+        _lock_owner: u64,
+        reply: ReplyEmpty,
+    ) {
+        reply.ok();
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn ensure_configfs_mount(mountpoint: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    if mountpoint != Path::new(TDX_DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT) {
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(mountpoint)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", mountpoint.display()))?;
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if !mountpoint.is_dir() {
+        let flags = nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NOSUID
+            | nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NODEV
+            | nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NOEXEC;
+        if let Err(error) = nix::mount::mount(
+            Some("configfs"),
+            "/sys/kernel/config",
+            Some("configfs"),
+            flags,
+            None::<&str>,
+        ) {
+            if error != nix::errno::Errno::EBUSY {
+                return Err(error).context("failed to mount configfs");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // configfs rejects arbitrary directories when no kernel TSM provider has
+    // registered the `tsm` subsystem. In a no-TEE development guest the
+    // simulator is that provider, so shadow the otherwise-empty configfs with
+    // a private tmpfs and create the userspace ABI hierarchy there.
+    if let Err(error) = std::fs::create_dir_all(mountpoint) {
+        if !matches!(error.raw_os_error(), Some(libc::EPERM) | Some(libc::EACCES)) {
+            return Err(error)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", mountpoint.display()));
+        }
+        let flags = nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NOSUID
+            | nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NODEV
+            | nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NOEXEC;
+        nix::mount::mount(
+            Some("dstack-tee-simulator"),
+            "/sys/kernel/config",
+            Some("tmpfs"),
+            flags,
+            Some("mode=0755"),
+        )
+        .context("failed to mount simulator configfs shadow")?;
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(mountpoint)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", mountpoint.display()))?;
+    }
+    if !mountpoint.is_dir() {
+        bail!(
+            "tsm report mountpoint is unavailable: {}",
+            mountpoint.display()
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn mounted_provider_exists() -> bool {
+    ["/dev/tdx_guest", "/dev/sev-guest"]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|path| Path::new(path).exists())
+}
+
+/// Linux TDX/TSM ABI backend for the generic TEE simulator lifecycle.
+pub(crate) struct TdxBackend;
+
+impl TeeBackend for TdxBackend {
+    type Fs = TdxSimulatorFs;
+
+    const PLATFORM: &'static str = "tdx";
+    const DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT: &'static str = TDX_DEFAULT_MOUNTPOINT;
+
+    fn create_filesystem(config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<Self::Fs> {
+        let seed = config
+            .mock_attestation_seed
+            .as_deref()
+            .context("tee_simulator.mock_attestation_seed is required")?;
+        let generator = Arc::new(TdxGenerator::from_seed(mock_attestation::parse_seed(
+            seed,
+        )?)?);
+        let mut fs = TdxSimulatorFs::new(generator)?;
+        let ccel = ccel_for_config(CCEL_FIXTURE, config.vm_config.as_deref())?;
+        let (mrtd, rtmrs) = measurements_for_config(&ccel, config.vm_config.as_deref())?;
+        fs.state.ccel = ccel;
+        fs.state.mrtd = mrtd;
+        fs.state.rtmrs = rtmrs;
+        fs.state.outblob = fs.state.make_quote([0; 64])?;
+        Ok(fs)
+    }
+
+    fn prepare_mountpoint(mountpoint: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        ensure_configfs_mount(mountpoint)
+    }
+
+    fn real_tee_available() -> bool {
+        mounted_provider_exists()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use dcap_qvl::quote::Quote;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn configured_ccel_uses_generated_acpi_digests() {
+        let fixture: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(include_str!(
+            "../../verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-getquote.json"
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+        let vm_config_json = fixture["vm_config"].as_str().unwrap();
+        let vm_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(vm_config_json).unwrap();
+        let measurement = vm_config
+            .tdx_measurement
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .decode_measurement()
+            .unwrap();
+        let expected =
+            dstack_mr::tdx::expected_rtmr0_acpi_hashes(&vm_config, measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant)
+                .unwrap();
+
+        let patched = ccel_for_config(CCEL_FIXTURE, Some(vm_config_json)).unwrap();
+        let events = cc_eventlog::tdx::decode_ccel(&patched).unwrap();
+        for (name, digest) in [
+            (cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT, expected.loader),
+            (cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT, expected.rsdp),
+            (cc_eventlog::tdx::TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT, expected.tables),
+        ] {
+            let event = events
+                .iter()
+                .find(|event| event.imr == 0 && event.event == name)
+                .unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(event.digest(), digest, "{name}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn quote_tracks_report_data_and_rtmr_extensions() {
+        let seed = [0x6b; 32];
+        let mut state = SimulatorState::new(
+            Arc::new(TdxGenerator::from_seed(seed).unwrap()),
+            CCEL_FIXTURE,
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let original_rtmr3 = state.rtmrs[3];
+        let digest = [0x42; 48];
+        state.extend_rtmr(3, &digest).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(state.rtmrs[3], original_rtmr3);
+
+        let report_data = [0x5a; 64];
+        state.request_quote(&report_data).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(state.generation, 1);
+
+        let quote = Quote::parse(&state.outblob).unwrap();
+        let report = quote.report.as_td10().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(report.report_data, report_data);
+        assert_eq!(report.mr_config_id, [0u8; 48]);
+        assert_eq!(report.rt_mr3, state.rtmrs[3]);
+        assert_eq!(report.mr_owner, [0u8; 48]);
+
+        let host = TdxGenerator::from_seed(seed).unwrap();
+        let now = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_secs();
+        dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(host.root_ca_der())
+            .verify(&state.outblob, &host.sample_collateral().unwrap(), now)
+            .unwrap();
+        let wrong = TdxGenerator::from_seed([0x6c; 32]).unwrap();
+        assert!(dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(wrong.root_ca_der())
+            .verify(&state.outblob, &host.sample_collateral().unwrap(), now)
+            .is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_rtmr_two_and_three_are_extensible() {
+        let mut state =
+            SimulatorState::new(Arc::new(TdxGenerator::new().unwrap()), CCEL_FIXTURE, None)
+                .unwrap();
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(0, &[0u8; 48]).is_err());
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(2, &[0u8; 48]).is_ok());
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(3, &[0u8; 48]).is_ok());
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(4, &[0u8; 48]).is_err());
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(3, &[0u8; 47]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn state_updates_are_failure_atomic() {
+        let mut state = SimulatorState::new(
+            Arc::new(TdxGenerator::from_seed([0x71; 32]).unwrap()),
+            CCEL_FIXTURE,
+            None,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let original_quote = state.outblob.clone();
+        let original_rtmr3 = state.rtmrs[3];
+
+        assert!(state.request_quote(&[0x11; 63]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(state.generation, 0);
+        assert_eq!(state.outblob, original_quote);
+
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(3, &[0x22; 47]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(state.rtmrs[3], original_rtmr3);
+        assert!(state.extend_rtmr(1, &[0x22; 48]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(state.rtmrs[1], replay_boot_rtmrs(CCEL_FIXTURE).unwrap()[1]);
+
+        state.generation = i64::MAX;
+        assert!(state.request_quote(&[0x33; 64]).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(state.generation, i64::MAX);
+        assert_eq!(state.outblob, original_quote);
+        state.generation = 0;
+
+        state.request_quote(&[0x33; 64]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(state.generation, 1);
+        assert_ne!(state.outblob, original_quote);
+        state.extend_rtmr(3, &[0x44; 48]).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(state.rtmrs[3], original_rtmr3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn boot_rtmrs_replay_the_bundled_ccel() {
+        let rtmrs = replay_boot_rtmrs(CCEL_FIXTURE).unwrap();
+        assert!(rtmrs[..2].iter().all(|rtmr| *rtmr != [0u8; 48]));
+        assert_eq!(rtmrs[3], [0u8; 48]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/src/tpm.rs b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/tpm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31fa318b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/src/tpm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! swtpm-backed GCP vTPM environment, including the pre-provisioned AK
+//! template and certificate NV indices consumed by `tpm-attest`.
+
+use std::{
+    io::{Read, Write},
+    os::{
+        fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd},
+        unix::fs::{FileTypeExt as _, MetadataExt as _},
+        unix::net::UnixStream,
+    },
+    path::Path,
+    process::{Command, Stdio},
+    thread,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use aws_nitro_enclaves_nsm_api::api::{Request as NsmRequest, Response as NsmResponse};
+use dstack_types::{AwsPcrReplay, TeeSimulatorConfig};
+use mock_attestation::{nsm::NsmGenerator, parse_seed, server::MockCollateralState};
+use tpm2::{add_command_capability, TpmAlgId, TpmCc, TpmContext};
+
+const AK_ECC_CERT: &str = "0x01c10002";
+const AK_ECC_TEMPLATE: &str = "0x01c10003";
+const TPM2_CC_AWS_NSM_REQUEST: u32 = 0x2000_0001;
+const VTPM_PROXY_IOC_NEW_DEV: libc::c_ulong = 0xc014_a100;
+const VTPM_PROXY_FLAG_TPM2: u32 = 1;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct VtpmProxyNewDev {
+    flags: u32,
+    tpm_num: u32,
+    fd: u32,
+    major: u32,
+    minor: u32,
+}
+
+struct NvWriteTemplate {
+    request: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+fn read_be_u16(bytes: &[u8], field: &str) -> Result<u16> {
+    let bytes: [u8; 2] = bytes
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid {field} length"))?;
+    Ok(u16::from_be_bytes(bytes))
+}
+
+fn read_be_u32(bytes: &[u8], field: &str) -> Result<u32> {
+    let bytes: [u8; 4] = bytes
+        .try_into()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid {field} length"))?;
+    Ok(u32::from_be_bytes(bytes))
+}
+
+fn command(program: &str, args: &[&str]) -> Result<()> {
+    let status = Command::new(program)
+        .args(args)
+        .env("TPM2TOOLS_TCTI", "device:/dev/tpm0")
+        .status()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to execute {program}"))?;
+    if !status.success() {
+        bail!("{program} failed with status {status}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn device_node_matches(path: &Path, major: u64, minor: u64) -> Result<bool> {
+    let metadata = match fs_err::metadata(path) {
+        Ok(metadata) => metadata,
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(false),
+        Err(error) => return Err(error.into()),
+    };
+    Ok(metadata.file_type().is_char_device()
+        && nix::sys::stat::major(metadata.rdev()) == major
+        && nix::sys::stat::minor(metadata.rdev()) == minor)
+}
+
+fn ensure_device_node(path: &Path, major: &str, minor: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let expected_major = major.parse().context("invalid device major")?;
+    let expected_minor = minor.parse().context("invalid device minor")?;
+    if device_node_matches(path, expected_major, expected_minor)? {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    match fs_err::symlink_metadata(path) {
+        Ok(_) => {
+            // Recheck in case udev published the expected node between the two
+            // metadata calls above.
+            if device_node_matches(path, expected_major, expected_minor)? {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            bail!(
+                "{} exists but is not character device {expected_major}:{expected_minor}",
+                path.display()
+            );
+        }
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+        Err(error) => return Err(error.into()),
+    }
+    let path_text = path.to_str().context("device path is not UTF-8")?;
+    if let Err(error) = command("mknod", &[path_text, "c", major, minor]) {
+        // udev can publish the node after the existence check but before
+        // mknod. Accept only the exact character device registered by sysfs.
+        if device_node_matches(path, expected_major, expected_minor)? {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        return Err(error);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn start_gcp_vtpm(runtime_dir: &Path, config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    if Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists() || Path::new("/dev/tpm0").exists() {
+        bail!("refusing to start the GCP vTPM simulator when a real TPM is present");
+    }
+    let seed = config
+        .mock_attestation_seed
+        .as_deref()
+        .context("tee_simulator.mock_attestation_seed is required")?;
+    let base_url = config
+        .collateral_base_url
+        .as_deref()
+        .unwrap_or("http://127.0.0.1:8088");
+    let state = MockCollateralState::from_seed(parse_seed(seed)?, base_url)?;
+    // Keep swtpm state outside /run: swtpm drops privileges to `tss`, and some
+    // distributions reject its lock file when a parent runtime directory is
+    // owned by root even if the immediate state directory is writable.
+    let state_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-swtpm-{}", std::process::id()));
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&state_dir)?;
+    let state_arg = format!("dir={}", state_dir.display());
+    let pid_file = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-swtpm-{}.pid", std::process::id()));
+    let pid_arg = format!("file={}", pid_file.display());
+    command(
+        "swtpm",
+        &[
+            "chardev",
+            "--tpm2",
+            "--tpmstate",
+            &state_arg,
+            "--vtpm-proxy",
+            "--pid",
+            &pid_arg,
+            "--daemon",
+        ],
+    )?;
+    fs_err::copy(&pid_file, runtime_dir.join("swtpm.pid"))?;
+
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        create_tpm_device_node()?;
+        if Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists() || Path::new("/dev/tpm0").exists() {
+            break;
+        }
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+    }
+    let mut startup_error = None;
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        match command("tpm2_startup", &["-c"]) {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                startup_error = None;
+                break;
+            }
+            Err(error) => {
+                startup_error = Some(error);
+                thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(error) = startup_error {
+        return Err(error).context("GCP vTPM did not become ready");
+    }
+    let replay = config
+        .gcp_tpm_replay
+        .as_ref()
+        .context("tee_simulator.gcp_tpm_replay is required for GCP")?;
+    validate_gcp_event_log(config, &replay.event_log)?;
+    replay_gcp_event_log(&replay.event_log)?;
+    install_gcp_event_log(&replay.event_log)?;
+
+    let template_with_size = state_dir.join("ak.tpm2b-public");
+    let generated_public = state_dir.join("ak.public");
+    let template = state_dir.join("ak.template");
+    let public_pem = state_dir.join("ak.pem");
+    let context = state_dir.join("ak.ctx");
+    command(
+        "tpm2_createprimary",
+        &[
+            "-C",
+            "e",
+            "-G",
+            "ecc256:ecdsa-sha256:null",
+            "-g",
+            "sha256",
+            "-a",
+            "fixedtpm|fixedparent|sensitivedataorigin|userwithauth|restricted|sign|noda",
+            "-c",
+            context.to_str().context("invalid AK context path")?,
+            "-o",
+            generated_public
+                .to_str()
+                .context("invalid generated AK public path")?,
+            "--template-data",
+            template_with_size
+                .to_str()
+                .context("invalid AK public path")?,
+        ],
+    )?;
+    command(
+        "tpm2_readpublic",
+        &[
+            "-c",
+            context.to_str().context("invalid AK context path")?,
+            "-f",
+            "pem",
+            "-o",
+            public_pem.to_str().context("invalid AK PEM path")?,
+        ],
+    )?;
+    let bytes = fs_err::read(&template_with_size)?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(!bytes.is_empty(), "invalid TPMT_PUBLIC generated by swtpm");
+    fs_err::write(&template, bytes)?;
+
+    let root_cert = state_dir.join("root.pem");
+    let root_key = state_dir.join("root-key.pem");
+    let ak_cert = state_dir.join("ak-cert.pem");
+    let extensions = state_dir.join("ak-cert.ext");
+    fs_err::write(&root_cert, state.tpm.root_ca_pem())?;
+    fs_err::write(&root_key, state.tpm.root_key_pem())?;
+    fs_err::write(
+        &extensions,
+        format!(
+            "basicConstraints=critical,CA:FALSE\nkeyUsage=critical,digitalSignature\nauthorityInfoAccess=caIssuers;URI:{base_url}/tpm/aia/root.pem\ncrlDistributionPoints=URI:{base_url}/tpm/crl/root.crl\n"
+        ),
+    )?;
+    command(
+        "openssl",
+        &[
+            "x509",
+            "-new",
+            "-force_pubkey",
+            public_pem.to_str().context("invalid AK PEM path")?,
+            "-CAkey",
+            root_key.to_str().context("invalid root key path")?,
+            "-CA",
+            root_cert.to_str().context("invalid root cert path")?,
+            "-CAcreateserial",
+            "-days",
+            "30",
+            "-subj",
+            "/CN=Mock GCP vTPM AK",
+            "-extfile",
+            extensions.to_str().context("invalid extension path")?,
+            "-outform",
+            "DER",
+            "-out",
+            ak_cert.to_str().context("invalid AK certificate path")?,
+        ],
+    )?;
+    provision_nv(AK_ECC_TEMPLATE, &template)?;
+    provision_nv(AK_ECC_CERT, &ak_cert)?;
+    command("tpm2_flushcontext", &["-t"])?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_gcp_event_log(config: &TeeSimulatorConfig, mut bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    let vm_config: dstack_types::VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(
+        config
+            .vm_config
+            .as_deref()
+            .context("tee_simulator.vm_config is required for GCP")?,
+    )?;
+    let expected = vm_config
+        .gcp_measurement
+        .as_ref()
+        .context("vm_config.gcp_measurement is required for GCP")?
+        .decode_measurement()
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?
+        .uki_authenticode_sha256;
+    let event_log = cc_eventlog::tpm::TpmEventLog::decode(&mut bytes)?;
+    let actual = event_log
+        .pcr2_events()
+        .get(2)
+        .context("GCP TPM event log is missing the UKI event")?
+        .digest
+        .clone();
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        actual == expected,
+        "GCP TPM event-log UKI digest does not match measurement.gcp.cbor"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn replay_gcp_event_log(mut bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    let event_log = cc_eventlog::tpm::TpmEventLog::decode(&mut bytes)?;
+    for event in event_log.events {
+        let extension = format!("{}:sha256={}", event.pcr_index, hex::encode(event.digest));
+        command("tpm2_pcrextend", &[&extension])?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn install_gcp_event_log(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    let security_root = Path::new("/sys/kernel/security");
+    let event_log = security_root.join("tpm0/binary_bios_measurements");
+    if event_log.exists() {
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            fs_err::read(&event_log)? == bytes,
+            "existing simulated TPM event log does not match the image"
+        );
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let tpm_dir = event_log.parent().context("TPM event log has no parent")?;
+    // securityfs does not permit userspace to create a synthetic TPM event
+    // log hierarchy. Shadow it in this development-only guest before
+    // publishing the event log that was replayed into the simulated PCRs.
+    let flags = nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NOSUID
+        | nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NODEV
+        | nix::mount::MsFlags::MS_NOEXEC;
+    nix::mount::mount(
+        Some("dstack-tee-simulator"),
+        security_root,
+        Some("tmpfs"),
+        flags,
+        Some("mode=0755"),
+    )
+    .context("failed to mount simulated securityfs shadow")?;
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(tpm_dir)
+        .context("failed to create TPM event-log directory in securityfs shadow")?;
+    fs_err::write(event_log, bytes).context("failed to install simulated TPM event log")
+}
+fn create_tpm_device_node() -> Result<()> {
+    let sys_dev = Path::new("/sys/class/tpm/tpm0/dev");
+    if !sys_dev.exists() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let device = fs_err::read_to_string(sys_dev)?;
+    let (major, minor) = device
+        .trim()
+        .split_once(':')
+        .context("invalid /sys/class/tpm/tpm0/dev")?;
+    ensure_device_node(Path::new("/dev/tpm0"), major, minor)
+}
+
+fn provision_nv(index: &str, contents: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let size = fs_err::metadata(contents)?.len().to_string();
+    command(
+        "tpm2_nvdefine",
+        &[index, "-C", "o", "-s", &size, "-a", "ownerread|ownerwrite"],
+    )?;
+    command(
+        "tpm2_nvwrite",
+        &[
+            index,
+            "-C",
+            "o",
+            "-i",
+            contents.to_str().context("invalid NV input path")?,
+        ],
+    )
+}
+
+/// Run a TPM2 device backed by swtpm while implementing the NitroTPM NSM
+/// vendor command at the TPM wire-protocol boundary. All ordinary commands,
+/// including EK creation, HMAC sessions, and NV access, are handled by swtpm.
+pub fn run_nitro_vtpm(runtime_dir: &Path, config: &TeeSimulatorConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    if Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists() || Path::new("/dev/tpm0").exists() {
+        bail!("refusing to start the NitroTPM simulator when a real TPM is present");
+    }
+    let seed = config
+        .mock_attestation_seed
+        .as_deref()
+        .context("tee_simulator.mock_attestation_seed is required")?;
+    let generator = NsmGenerator::from_seed(parse_seed(seed)?)?;
+    let (mut simulator, swtpm_stream) = UnixStream::pair()?;
+    let swtpm_fd = swtpm_stream.as_raw_fd();
+    let flags = nix::fcntl::FdFlag::from_bits_truncate(
+        nix::fcntl::fcntl(swtpm_fd, nix::fcntl::FcntlArg::F_GETFD)
+            .context("failed to get swtpm socket flags")?,
+    );
+    nix::fcntl::fcntl(
+        swtpm_fd,
+        nix::fcntl::FcntlArg::F_SETFD(flags - nix::fcntl::FdFlag::FD_CLOEXEC),
+    )
+    .context("failed to make swtpm socket inheritable")?;
+
+    let state_dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dstack-nitro-swtpm-{}", std::process::id()));
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&state_dir)?;
+    let state_arg = format!("dir={}", state_dir.display());
+    let fd_arg = swtpm_fd.to_string();
+    let mut child = Command::new("swtpm")
+        .args([
+            "chardev",
+            "--tpm2",
+            "--tpmstate",
+            &state_arg,
+            "--fd",
+            &fd_arg,
+            "--flags",
+            "not-need-init,startup-clear",
+            "--locality",
+            "allow-set-locality",
+        ])
+        .stdin(Stdio::null())
+        .stdout(Stdio::null())
+        .stderr(Stdio::inherit())
+        .spawn()
+        .context("failed to start NitroTPM swtpm backend")?;
+    drop(swtpm_stream);
+    fs_err::write(runtime_dir.join("swtpm.pid"), child.id().to_string())?;
+
+    let replay = config
+        .aws_pcr_replay
+        .as_ref()
+        .context("tee_simulator.aws_pcr_replay is required for NitroTPM")?;
+    replay_aws_boot_pcrs(&mut simulator, replay)?;
+
+    let (control, mut proxy, tpm_num) = create_vtpm_proxy()?;
+    let proxy_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
+        let _control = control;
+        let result = proxy_tpm_commands(&mut proxy, &mut simulator, &generator);
+        if let Err(error) = &result {
+            tracing::error!(?error, "NitroTPM proxy failed");
+        }
+        result
+    });
+    let sys_dev = format!("/sys/class/tpm/tpm{tpm_num}/dev");
+    for _ in 0..100 {
+        if Path::new(&sys_dev).exists() {
+            break;
+        }
+        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+    }
+    let device = fs_err::read_to_string(&sys_dev).context("vTPM was not registered")?;
+    let (major, minor) = device
+        .trim()
+        .split_once(':')
+        .context("invalid vTPM device number")?;
+    ensure_device_node(Path::new("/dev/tpm0"), major, minor)?;
+    sd_notify::notify(true, &[sd_notify::NotifyState::Ready])?;
+    let result = proxy_thread
+        .join()
+        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("NitroTPM proxy thread panicked"))?;
+    let _ = child.kill();
+    result
+}
+
+fn replay_aws_boot_pcrs(backend: &mut UnixStream, replay: &AwsPcrReplay) -> Result<()> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(replay.version == 1, "unsupported AWS PCR replay version");
+    let mut tpm = TpmContext::from_stream(
+        backend
+            .try_clone()
+            .context("failed to clone NitroTPM stream for PCR replay")?,
+        "NitroTPM replay backend",
+    );
+    for event in &replay.events {
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            matches!(event.pcr, 4 | 7 | 12),
+            "AWS PCR replay contains unsupported PCR {}",
+            event.pcr
+        );
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            event.digest.len() == 48,
+            "AWS PCR replay event digest must be SHA-384"
+        );
+        tpm.pcr_extend(event.pcr.into(), &event.digest, TpmAlgId::Sha384)
+            .with_context(|| {
+                format!(
+                    "failed to replay {} into PCR{}",
+                    event.event_type, event.pcr
+                )
+            })?;
+    }
+    for (index, expected) in [(4u16, &replay.pcr4), (7, &replay.pcr7), (12, &replay.pcr12)] {
+        anyhow::ensure!(expected.len() == 48, "expected PCR{index} must be SHA-384");
+        let actual = tpm.pcr_read_single(index.into(), TpmAlgId::Sha384)?;
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            actual == *expected,
+            "replayed PCR{index} mismatch: expected={}, actual={}",
+            hex::encode(expected),
+            hex::encode(actual)
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn create_vtpm_proxy() -> Result<(std::fs::File, std::fs::File, u32)> {
+    let control = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .read(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .open("/dev/vtpmx")
+        .context("failed to open /dev/vtpmx; load tpm_vtpm_proxy")?;
+    let mut new_dev = VtpmProxyNewDev {
+        flags: VTPM_PROXY_FLAG_TPM2,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let rc = unsafe { libc::ioctl(control.as_raw_fd(), VTPM_PROXY_IOC_NEW_DEV, &mut new_dev) };
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        rc == 0,
+        "failed to create vTPM proxy device: {}",
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+    );
+    // SAFETY: the successful ioctl returned ownership of this new descriptor.
+    Ok((
+        control,
+        unsafe { std::fs::File::from_raw_fd(new_dev.fd as i32) },
+        new_dev.tpm_num,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn proxy_tpm_commands(
+    proxy: &mut std::fs::File,
+    backend: &mut UnixStream,
+    generator: &NsmGenerator,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut nv_write = None;
+    let mut nsm_response = None;
+    loop {
+        let mut command = vec![0u8; 65_536];
+        let size = loop {
+            match proxy.read(&mut command) {
+                Ok(size) => break size,
+                Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
+                Err(error) if error.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EPIPE) => {
+                    thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+                }
+                Err(error) => return Err(error).context("failed to read vTPM command"),
+            }
+        };
+        if size == 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        command.truncate(size);
+        anyhow::ensure!(command.len() >= 10, "truncated TPM command");
+        let code = read_be_u32(&command[6..10], "TPM command code")?;
+        let response = if code == TPM2_CC_AWS_NSM_REQUEST {
+            let template = nv_write
+                .as_ref()
+                .context("NitroTPM vendor command without an NV request")?;
+            nsm_response = Some(handle_nsm_vendor_command(generator, template, backend)?);
+            tpm_success_response()
+        } else if code == TpmCc::NvRead.to_u32() && nsm_response.is_some() {
+            nv_read_response(
+                &command,
+                nsm_response.as_deref().context("missing NSM response")?,
+            )?
+        } else if code == TpmCc::NvReadPublic.to_u32() && nsm_response.is_some() {
+            let mut response = transact(backend, &command)?;
+            set_nv_public_size(
+                &mut response,
+                nsm_response
+                    .as_deref()
+                    .context("missing NSM response")?
+                    .len(),
+            )?;
+            response
+        } else {
+            // NitroTPM permits an 8 KiB message NV space while libtpms caps a
+            // single NV index at 2 KiB. Define the backing index at that limit;
+            // the proxy virtualizes its public size and reads after the vendor
+            // command, while swtpm still handles its lifecycle and auth setup.
+            if code == TpmCc::NvDefineSpace.to_u32() && command.ends_with(&8192u16.to_be_bytes()) {
+                let end = command.len();
+                command[end - 2..].copy_from_slice(&2048u16.to_be_bytes());
+            }
+            if code == TpmCc::NvWrite.to_u32() {
+                if let Some(template) = parse_nv_write(&command)? {
+                    nv_write = Some(template);
+                }
+            }
+            let mut response = transact(backend, &command)?;
+            advertise_nsm_vendor_command(code, &mut response)?;
+            response
+        };
+        proxy
+            .write_all(&response)
+            .context("failed to write vTPM response")?;
+    }
+}
+
+fn advertise_nsm_vendor_command(code: u32, response: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
+    if code == TpmCc::GetCapability.to_u32() {
+        *response = add_command_capability(response, TPM2_CC_AWS_NSM_REQUEST)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn parse_nv_write(command: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<NvWriteTemplate>> {
+    // sessions header + auth handle + NV index + authorizationSize
+    if command.len() < 24 {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let index = read_be_u32(&command[14..18], "NV index")?;
+    if !(0x0100_0000..=0x01ff_ffff).contains(&index) {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let auth_size = read_be_u32(&command[18..22], "NV authorization size")? as usize;
+    let data_size_pos = 22usize
+        .checked_add(auth_size)
+        .context("NV write size overflow")?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(command.len() >= data_size_pos + 4, "truncated NV write");
+    let data_size = read_be_u16(
+        &command[data_size_pos..data_size_pos + 2],
+        "NV write data size",
+    )? as usize;
+    let data_start = data_size_pos + 2;
+    let data_end = data_start + data_size;
+    anyhow::ensure!(command.len() >= data_end + 2, "truncated NV write data");
+    let request = command[data_start..data_end].to_vec();
+    Ok(Some(NvWriteTemplate { request }))
+}
+
+fn handle_nsm_vendor_command(
+    generator: &NsmGenerator,
+    template: &NvWriteTemplate,
+    backend: &mut UnixStream,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let request: NsmRequest = serde_cbor::from_slice(&template.request)?;
+    let response = match request {
+        NsmRequest::Attestation { user_data, .. } => {
+            let mut tpm = TpmContext::from_stream(
+                backend
+                    .try_clone()
+                    .context("failed to clone NitroTPM stream")?,
+                "NitroTPM backend",
+            );
+            let pcrs = [4u16, 7, 8, 12, 14]
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|index| Ok((index, tpm.pcr_read_single(index.into(), TpmAlgId::Sha384)?)))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+            let document = generator.attest_with_pcrs(
+                user_data.as_ref().map(|v| v.as_slice()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                pcrs,
+            )?;
+            NsmResponse::Attestation { document }
+        }
+        _ => anyhow::bail!("unsupported NitroTPM NSM request"),
+    };
+    Ok(serde_cbor::to_vec(&response)?)
+}
+
+fn set_nv_public_size(response: &mut [u8], size: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(response.len() >= 26, "truncated NV_ReadPublic response");
+    let policy_size_pos = 22;
+    let policy_size = read_be_u16(
+        &response[policy_size_pos..policy_size_pos + 2],
+        "NV policy size",
+    )? as usize;
+    let data_size_pos = policy_size_pos + 2 + policy_size;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        response.len() >= data_size_pos + 2,
+        "truncated NV public area"
+    );
+    response[data_size_pos..data_size_pos + 2].copy_from_slice(&(size as u16).to_be_bytes());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gcp_event_log_is_bound_to_vm_measurement() {
+        let fixture = include_bytes!("../../cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin");
+        let fixture_hash =
+            hex::decode("9ab14a46f858662a89adc102d2a57a13f52f75c1769d65a4c34edbbfc8855f0f")
+                .unwrap();
+        let image_hash = vec![0x5a; 32];
+        let offset = fixture
+            .windows(fixture_hash.len())
+            .position(|window| window == fixture_hash)
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut event_log = fixture.to_vec();
+        event_log[offset..offset + image_hash.len()].copy_from_slice(&image_hash);
+
+        let measurement = dstack_types::GcpOsImageMeasurement::new(image_hash).unwrap();
+        let document =
+            dstack_types::GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument::from_measurement(Vec::new(), measurement);
+        let mut config = TeeSimulatorConfig {
+            vm_config: Some(serde_json::json!({ "gcp_measurement": document }).to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        validate_gcp_event_log(&config, &event_log).unwrap();
+
+        config.vm_config = Some("{}".into());
+        assert!(validate_gcp_event_log(&config, &event_log).is_err());
+    }
+}
+
+fn nv_read_response(command: &[u8], contents: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    anyhow::ensure!(command.len() >= 4, "truncated NV_Read command");
+    let size = read_be_u16(
+        &command[command.len() - 4..command.len() - 2],
+        "NV read size",
+    )? as usize;
+    let offset = read_be_u16(&command[command.len() - 2..], "NV read offset")? as usize;
+    let end = (offset + size).min(contents.len());
+    anyhow::ensure!(offset <= end, "invalid NV_Read offset");
+    let data = &contents[offset..end];
+    let parameter_size = 2 + data.len();
+    let total_size = 10 + 4 + parameter_size + 5;
+    let mut response = Vec::with_capacity(total_size);
+    response.extend_from_slice(&0x8002u16.to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend_from_slice(&(total_size as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend_from_slice(&(parameter_size as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend_from_slice(&(data.len() as u16).to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend_from_slice(data);
+    response.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    Ok(response)
+}
+
+fn transact(stream: &mut UnixStream, command: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    stream.write_all(command)?;
+    let mut header = [0u8; 10];
+    stream.read_exact(&mut header)?;
+    let size = read_be_u32(&header[2..6], "TPM response size")? as usize;
+    anyhow::ensure!(size >= header.len(), "invalid TPM response size");
+    let mut response = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+    response.extend_from_slice(&header);
+    response.resize(size, 0);
+    stream.read_exact(&mut response[10..])?;
+    Ok(response)
+}
+
+fn tpm_success_response() -> Vec<u8> {
+    [0x80, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0].to_vec()
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tee-simulator/tests/process_e2e.rs b/dstack/tee-simulator/tests/process_e2e.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df13689eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tee-simulator/tests/process_e2e.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    process::{Child, Command, Stdio},
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use mock_attestation::server::MockCollateralState;
+
+/// The simulator derives a development PKI before it mounts anything, so the
+/// budget has to cover process spawn plus four key generations, not just the
+/// mount. A debug build on a loaded CI runner is an order of magnitude slower
+/// than a local release-ish one, so keep the headroom generous: the test still
+/// returns as soon as the mountpoint appears, and a dead child is reported
+/// immediately rather than waited out.
+const READY_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+const POLL_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(50);
+
+struct ChildGuard(Child);
+impl Drop for ChildGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = self.0.kill();
+        let _ = self.0.wait();
+    }
+}
+
+async fn start(platform: &str, seed: [u8; 32]) -> (tempfile::TempDir, ChildGuard) {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("tee-simulator.json");
+    fs_err::write(
+        &path,
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "vm_config": "{}",
+            "mr_config": "{\"version\":3,\"app_id\":\"\",\"compose_hash\":\"\",\"key_provider\":\"none\"}",
+            "platform": platform,
+            "mock_attestation_seed": hex::encode(seed),
+            "collateral_base_url": "http://127.0.0.1:18088"
+        })
+        .to_string(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let mountpoint = dir.path().join("tsm");
+    let mut args = vec![
+        "--config".to_string(),
+        path.display().to_string(),
+        "--runtime-dir".to_string(),
+        dir.path().display().to_string(),
+        "--dmi-root".to_string(),
+        dir.path().join("dmi").display().to_string(),
+    ];
+    if matches!(platform, "dstack-tdx" | "dstack-amd-sev-snp") {
+        args.extend(["--mountpoint".into(), mountpoint.display().to_string()]);
+    }
+    let mut child = ChildGuard(
+        Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_dstack-tee-simulator"))
+            .args(args)
+            .stdout(Stdio::null())
+            .stderr(Stdio::inherit())
+            .spawn()
+            .unwrap(),
+    );
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + READY_TIMEOUT;
+    loop {
+        let ready = match platform {
+            "dstack-tdx" => mountpoint.join("com.intel.dcap/outblob").exists(),
+            "dstack-amd-sev-snp" => mountpoint.join("provider").exists(),
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        if ready {
+            return (dir, child);
+        }
+        // A simulator that already exited never becomes ready. Say which one
+        // and with what status instead of reporting a timeout that hides it.
+        if let Some(status) = child.0.try_wait().unwrap() {
+            panic!("{platform} simulator exited before becoming ready: {status}");
+        }
+        assert!(
+            Instant::now() < deadline,
+            "{platform} simulator did not become ready within {READY_TIMEOUT:?}"
+        );
+        tokio::time::sleep(POLL_INTERVAL).await;
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn separate_simulator_process_imports_config_seed_for_tsm_platforms() {
+    let seed = [0x71; 32];
+    let host = MockCollateralState::from_seed(seed, "http://127.0.0.1:18088").unwrap();
+
+    let (dir, child) = start("dstack-tdx", seed).await;
+    let rd = [0x21; 64];
+    let provider = dir.path().join("tsm/com.intel.dcap");
+    fs_err::write(provider.join("inblob"), rd).unwrap();
+    let quote = fs_err::read(provider.join("outblob")).unwrap();
+    let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap()
+        .as_secs();
+    dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier::new(host.tdx.root_ca_der())
+        .verify(&quote, &host.tdx.sample_collateral().unwrap(), now)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // The guest verifier's trust anchor comes from the simulator, never from
+    // the host, so the published root must be the one that signed this quote.
+    let published = dstack_attest::trust_anchors::load_anchors(&dir.path().join("attestation"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .expect("simulator should publish external trust anchors");
+    let root = fs_err::read(published.tdx.unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(String::from_utf8(root).unwrap(), host.tdx.root_ca_pem());
+    drop(child);
+
+    let (dir, child) = start("dstack-amd-sev-snp", seed).await;
+    let provider = dir.path().join("tsm");
+    let entry = provider.join(format!("dstack-{}", std::process::id()));
+    use std::io::Write as _;
+    std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .write(true)
+        .open(entry.join("inblob"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .write_all(&rd)
+        .unwrap();
+    let report = fs_err::read(entry.join("outblob")).unwrap();
+    let cert_chain = fs_err::read(entry.join("certs")).unwrap();
+    sev_snp_qvl::QuoteVerifier::new_with_root(
+        sev_snp_qvl::AmdSnpProduct::Milan,
+        host.sev_snp.root_ca_pem().into_bytes(),
+    )
+    .verify(&report, &[cert_chain], &rd)
+    .unwrap();
+    drop(child);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tests/docs/kms-bootstrap-onboard.md b/dstack/tests/docs/kms-bootstrap-onboard.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9f4d3234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/docs/kms-bootstrap-onboard.md
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+# KMS Bootstrap / Onboard / Trusted RPC Manual Test Guide
+
+This document describes a manual, AI-executable integration flow for validating:
+
+1. KMS bootstrap
+2. KMS onboard from an existing KMS
+3. post-onboard trusted runtime RPCs
+
+It is intentionally written as a deployment runbook so an AI agent can execute it step by step on teepod / dstack-vmm without depending on `kms/e2e/`.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Scope
+
+This guide covers the normal happy-path flow:
+
+1. deploy `kms-src`
+2. bootstrap `kms-src`
+3. finish `kms-src`
+4. deploy `kms-dst`
+5. onboard `kms-dst` from `kms-src`
+6. finish `kms-dst`
+7. probe trusted runtime RPCs on the running KMS
+
+It also includes a compact deny-case matrix for common service-rejection paths so a deployment run can validate both success and failure behavior in one pass.
+
+For a deeper authorization-focused runbook, also see:
+
+- `tests/docs/kms-self-authorization.md`
+
+---
+
+## 2. Topology
+
+```text
+Host / operator machine
+├── auth-simple-src  (policy for source KMS)
+├── auth-simple-dst  (policy for destination KMS)
+├── kms-src          (bootstrapped first)
+└── kms-dst          (onboarded from kms-src)
+```
+
+Both KMS instances are expected to run with attestation enabled. For local development without TDX hardware, use `sdk/simulator`.
+
+Policy reminder:
+
+- source-side auth must allow:
+  - `kms-src` itself
+  - `kms-dst` when it calls `GetKmsKey` during onboarding
+- destination-side auth must allow:
+  - `kms-src` during onboarding
+  - `kms-dst` itself before you probe trusted runtime RPCs on `kms-dst`
+
+---
+
+## 3. Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, make sure the following are available:
+
+1. a KMS image or branch containing the code under test
+2. a working teepod / dstack-vmm target
+3. routable HTTPS entrypoints for onboard and runtime RPC
+4. `curl`, `jq`, Python 3, and `bun`
+5. an auth service such as `kms/auth-simple`, or an equivalent webhook
+
+Recommended references:
+
+- `docs/tutorials/kms-cvm-deployment.md`
+- `docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md`
+- `kms/auth-simple/README.md`
+- `tests/docs/kms-self-authorization.md`
+
+Operational notes:
+
+1. Prefer a **prebuilt KMS image**.
+2. `Boot Progress: done` does **not** guarantee the onboard endpoint is ready.
+3. The onboarding completion endpoint is **GET `/finish`**.
+4. On teepod with gateway, onboard mode usually uses the `-8000` URL, while runtime TLS KMS RPC usually uses the `-8000s` URL. **Port forwarding** (`--port tcp:0.0.0.0:<host-port>:8000`) is simpler than gateway for testing, because gateway requires the auth API to return a `gatewayAppId` at boot time.
+5. If you use a very small custom webhook instead of the real auth service, `KMS.GetMeta` may fail because `auth_api.get_info()` expects extra chain / contract metadata fields. In that case, use `GetTempCaCert` as the runtime readiness probe.
+6. dstack CVMs use QEMU user-mode networking — the host is reachable at **`10.0.2.2`** from inside the CVM. The `source_url` in `Onboard.Onboard` must use a CVM-reachable address (e.g., `https://10.0.2.2:<port>/prpc`), not `127.0.0.1`.
+7. **~~Remote KMS attestation has an empty `osImageHash`.~~** Fixed: RA-TLS certs now use the unified `PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION` format which preserves `vm_config`. For old source KMS instances, the receiver-side check fills `osImageHash` from the local KMS's own value automatically. No special `"0x"` entry in `osImages` is needed anymore.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Shared setup
+
+### 4.1 Create a workspace
+
+```bash
+export REPO_ROOT="$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+mkdir -p /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard
+cd /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard
+```
+
+### 4.2 Prepare auth services
+
+Use two independently controllable auth services:
+
+- one for `kms-src`
+- one for `kms-dst`
+
+They can be:
+
+1. **Preferred:** host-local, accessed from CVMs via `http://10.0.2.2:<port>` (QEMU host gateway)
+2. public services
+3. sidecars inside each KMS deployment
+
+At minimum, both policies must allow the KMS instance they serve. During onboard, source-side policy must also allow the destination KMS caller.
+
+For `auth-simple`, `kms.mrAggregated = []` is a deny-all policy for KMS. Add the current KMS MR values explicitly when switching a test from deny to allow.
+
+You no longer need `"0x"` in the `osImages` array — the receiver-side check now resolves `osImageHash` automatically.
+
+### 4.3 Deploy `kms-src` and `kms-dst`
+
+Deploy both KMS instances in onboard mode with:
+
+- `core.onboard.enabled = true`
+- `core.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain = ""`
+- `core.auth_api.type = "webhook"`
+
+Record:
+
+```bash
+export KMS_SRC_ONBOARD='https://<kms-src-onboard-host>/'
+export KMS_DST_ONBOARD='https://<kms-dst-onboard-host>/'
+```
+
+Wait until the onboard endpoints actually respond:
+
+```bash
+until curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{}' >/dev/null 2>&1; do
+  echo "waiting for kms-src onboard endpoint..."
+  sleep 10
+done
+
+until curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{}' >/dev/null 2>&1; do
+  echo "waiting for kms-dst onboard endpoint..."
+  sleep 10
+done
+```
+
+Capture initial attestation info:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{}' \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-att.json | jq .
+
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{}' \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-dst-att.json | jq .
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. Bootstrap `kms-src`
+
+### 5.1 Call bootstrap
+
+```bash
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Bootstrap?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{"domain":"kms-src.example.test"}' \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-bootstrap.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- response contains:
+  - `ca_pubkey`
+  - `k256_pubkey`
+  - `attestation`
+- no `.error`
+
+### 5.2 Finish onboard mode
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/finish" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-finish.txt
+```
+
+### 5.3 Record runtime endpoint
+
+```bash
+export KMS_SRC_RUNTIME='https://<kms-src-runtime-host>'
+```
+
+On teepod, this is typically the `-8000s` style URL.
+
+### 5.4 Probe runtime metadata
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-meta.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- `KMS.GetMeta` succeeds when the configured auth service implements `auth_api.get_info()`-compatible fields
+- returned metadata includes:
+  - `ca_cert`
+  - `k256_pubkey`
+  - `bootstrap_info`
+
+If `KMS.GetMeta` fails because your minimal webhook does not return chain / contract info, use `GetTempCaCert` below as the runtime readiness probe instead.
+
+---
+
+## 6. Onboard `kms-dst` from `kms-src`
+
+Before this step:
+
+- destination-side auth must allow `kms-src`
+- source-side auth must allow `kms-dst` to call `GetKmsKey`
+- if you plan to probe trusted runtime RPCs on `kms-dst` immediately after onboard, destination-side auth must also allow `kms-dst` itself
+
+### 6.1 Call onboard
+
+```bash
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Onboard?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d "{\"source_url\":\"${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc\",\"domain\":\"kms-dst.example.test\"}" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-dst-onboard.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- response is `{}` or otherwise empty success
+- no `.error`
+
+### 6.2 Finish onboard mode
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/finish" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-dst-finish.txt
+```
+
+### 6.3 Record runtime endpoint
+
+```bash
+export KMS_DST_RUNTIME='https://<kms-dst-runtime-host>'
+```
+
+Again, on teepod this is usually the `-8000s` style URL.
+
+### 6.4 Probe runtime metadata
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_DST_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-dst-meta.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- `KMS.GetMeta` succeeds when the configured auth service implements `auth_api.get_info()`-compatible fields
+- `kms-dst` now serves as a normal runtime KMS
+
+If `KMS.GetMeta` fails because your minimal webhook does not return chain / contract info, continue with the trusted RPC probes below. Those are the better canary for this manual flow.
+
+---
+
+## 7. Trusted runtime RPC checks
+
+This section folds the runtime trusted-RPC verification into the same flow.
+
+### Deny-case matrix
+
+| Case | Policy change | Expected failure point | Typical error shape |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| bootstrap deny | source-side auth leaves `kms.mrAggregated` empty or omits the current `kms-src` MR | `Onboard.Bootstrap` on `kms-src` | `KMS is not allowed to bootstrap`, `MR aggregated not allowed` |
+| onboard deny (receiver-side) | destination-side auth leaves `kms.mrAggregated` empty or omits the current `kms-src` MR | `Onboard.Onboard` on `kms-dst` | source KMS not allowed / onboarding failed |
+| onboard deny (source-side) | source-side auth leaves `kms.mrAggregated` empty or omits the current `kms-dst` MR | `Onboard.Onboard` on `kms-dst` | source rejected destination caller / `GetKmsKey` authorization failed |
+| runtime deny | auth removes the running KMS from `kms.mrAggregated` | `GetTempCaCert` or another trusted RPC | `KMS self authorization failed`, `KMS is not allowed` |
+
+Use the happy-path steps below first, then flip policies one by one and rerun the indicated probe.
+
+### 7.1 Minimum canary: `GetTempCaCert`
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetTempCaCert?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-get-temp-ca.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- success
+- response contains:
+  - `temp_ca_cert`
+  - `temp_ca_key`
+  - `ca_cert`
+
+### 7.2 `GetKmsKey`
+
+This RPC is normally exercised by onboard itself, but you can also treat a successful onboard as proof that:
+
+- source KMS accepted the destination KMS as an attested caller
+- source KMS returned its shared keys
+
+If you want a standalone explicit probe, use an attested KMS client path and call:
+
+```text
+KMS.GetKmsKey
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- succeeds only for an attested / authorized KMS caller
+
+### 7.3 `GetAppKey`
+
+This requires an attested app caller plus valid `vm_config`.
+
+Expected result:
+
+- success for an attested and authorized app caller
+- returned fields should include app key material and `gateway_app_id`
+
+### 7.4 `SignCert`
+
+This requires a valid CSR plus verified attestation.
+
+Expected result:
+
+- success for a valid attested app CSR
+- returned `certificate_chain` is non-empty
+
+### 7.5 Optional regression check
+
+After a normal happy-path run, flip source-side auth policy to deny `kms-src` itself and retry:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetTempCaCert?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-get-temp-ca-after-deny.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- trusted runtime RPCs fail after the KMS is no longer authorized
+
+This overlaps with `kms-self-authorization.md`, but is useful as a quick post-deploy sanity check.
+
+### 7.6 Recommended deny-case checks
+
+To make this flow more robust, add these negative checks to the same run and save each failure response as evidence.
+
+#### A. Bootstrap deny
+
+Before the successful bootstrap run, configure source-side auth so that `kms-src` is not allowlisted by MR (for example, leave `kms.mrAggregated` empty), then call:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Bootstrap?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{"domain":"kms-src.example.test"}' \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-bootstrap-denied.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- response contains `.error`
+- error indicates the KMS itself is not allowed to bootstrap
+
+Then allowlist `kms-src` and rerun the normal bootstrap flow.
+
+#### B1. Onboard deny at the receiver side
+
+Before the successful onboard run, make destination-side policy leave `kms-src` out of `kms.mrAggregated` (for example, keep it empty), then call:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Onboard?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d "{\"source_url\":\"${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc\",\"domain\":\"kms-dst.example.test\"}" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-dst-onboard-denied.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- response contains `.error`
+- the error indicates the receiver refused the source KMS, source authorization failed, or onboarding failed before keys were accepted
+
+Then restore destination-side allowlists.
+
+#### B2. Onboard deny at the source side
+
+Make source-side policy leave `kms-dst` out of `kms.mrAggregated`, then call the same onboard request again:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Onboard?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d "{\"source_url\":\"${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc\",\"domain\":\"kms-dst.example.test\"}" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-dst-onboard-denied-by-src.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- response contains `.error`
+- the error indicates the source KMS rejected the destination KMS caller, or `GetKmsKey` authorization failed
+
+Then restore both source-side and destination-side allowlists and rerun the normal onboard flow.
+
+#### C. Trusted RPC deny
+
+After a successful bootstrap or onboard, remove the running KMS's own MR from `kms.mrAggregated` and retry:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetTempCaCert?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard/kms-src-get-temp-ca-denied.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected result:
+
+- response contains `.error`
+- error indicates KMS self authorization failed or the KMS is not allowed
+
+You can repeat the same check on `kms-dst` after onboard by removing `kms-dst` from destination-side policy and retrying `KMS.GetTempCaCert`.
+
+---
+
+## 8. Evidence to capture
+
+For each run, save:
+
+1. `Onboard.GetAttestationInfo` output for both KMS instances
+2. bootstrap response
+3. onboard response
+4. `/finish` responses
+5. runtime `KMS.GetMeta` responses
+6. trusted RPC responses such as `GetTempCaCert`
+7. deny-case responses such as `kms-src-bootstrap-denied.json`, `kms-dst-onboard-denied.json`, `kms-dst-onboard-denied-by-src.json`, and `kms-src-get-temp-ca-denied.json`
+8. auth policy snapshots used during the run
+
+Recommended archive:
+
+```bash
+tar czf /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard-results.tar.gz /tmp/kms-bootstrap-onboard
+```
+
+---
+
+## 9. Success criteria summary
+
+The flow is considered validated if all of the following are true:
+
+1. `kms-src` bootstrap succeeds
+2. `kms-src` transitions to runtime mode successfully
+3. `kms-dst` onboard succeeds against `kms-src`
+4. `kms-dst` transitions to runtime mode successfully
+5. runtime metadata probes succeed on both KMS instances, or `GetTempCaCert` succeeds when `GetMeta` is unavailable with a minimal webhook
+6. at least one trusted runtime RPC such as `GetTempCaCert` succeeds
+7. the selected deny cases fail at the expected RPC with an authorization error
+
+---
+
+## 10. Cleanup
+
+Remove the test CVMs using your normal teepod / `vmm-cli.py remove` flow.
+
+If you ran host-local auth services, stop them as well.
diff --git a/dstack/tests/docs/kms-self-authorization.md b/dstack/tests/docs/kms-self-authorization.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9e365fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/docs/kms-self-authorization.md
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+# KMS Self-Authorization Manual Integration Test Guide
+
+This document describes a manual, AI-executable integration test flow for KMS self-authorization and quote-required KMS behavior.
+
+The goal is to validate the following behaviors without depending on `kms/e2e/` from PR #538:
+
+1. **Bootstrap self-check**: a KMS must call the auth API and verify that **itself** is allowed before bootstrap succeeds.
+2. **Onboard receiver-side source check**: a new KMS must reject onboarding if the **source KMS** is not allowed by the receiver's auth policy.
+3. **Trusted RPC self-check**: trusted KMS RPCs such as `GetTempCaCert`, `GetKmsKey`, `GetAppKey`, and `SignCert` must fail when the running KMS is no longer allowed by its auth policy.
+4. **Attestation requirement**: KMS always requires attestation; for local development without TDX hardware, use `sdk/simulator`.
+
+This guide is written as a deployment-and-test runbook so an AI agent can follow it end-to-end.
+
+> **Execution notes from real runs on teepod2 (2026-03-19):**
+>
+> 1. Do **not** assume a host-local `auth-simple` instance is reachable from a CVM. In practice, the auth API must be:
+>    - publicly reachable by the CVM, or
+>    - deployed as a sidecar/internal service inside the same test environment.
+>    - dstack CVMs use QEMU user-mode networking — the host is reachable at **`10.0.2.2`** from inside the CVM.
+> 2. For PR validation, prefer a **prebuilt KMS test image**.
+> 3. `Boot Progress: done` only means the VM guest boot finished. It does **not** guarantee the KMS onboard endpoint is already ready.
+> 4. If you inject helper scripts through `docker-compose.yaml`, prefer inline `configs.content` over `configs.file` unless you have confirmed the extra files are copied into the deployment bundle.
+> 5. The onboard completion endpoint is **GET `/finish`**, not POST.
+> 6. Do **not** reuse a previously captured `mr_aggregated` across redeploys. Auth policies must be generated from the attestation of the **current** VM under test.
+> 7. KMS now always requires quote/attestation. For local development without TDX hardware, use `sdk/simulator` instead of trying to run a no-attestation KMS flow.
+> 8. For `auth-simple`, `kms.mrAggregated = []` is a deny-all policy for KMS. Use that as the baseline deny configuration, then add the measured KMS MR values for allow cases.
+> 9. **Port forwarding is simpler than gateway for testing.** Using `--gateway` requires the auth API to return a valid `gatewayAppId`, which adds unnecessary complexity. Use `--port tcp:0.0.0.0:<host-port>:8000` instead.
+> 10. **~~Remote KMS attestation has an empty `osImageHash`.~~** Fixed: RA-TLS certs now use the unified `PHALA_RATLS_ATTESTATION` format which preserves `vm_config`. For old source KMS instances that still use the legacy cert format, the receiver-side `ensure_kms_allowed` automatically fills `osImageHash` from the local KMS's own value. No special `"0x"` entry in `osImages` is needed anymore.
+> 11. The `source_url` in the `Onboard.Onboard` request must use an address **reachable from inside the CVM** (e.g., `https://10.0.2.2:<port>/prpc`), not `127.0.0.1` which is the CVM's own loopback.
+
+---
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Why this document exists](#1-why-this-document-exists)
+2. [Test strategy](#2-test-strategy)
+3. [Topology](#3-topology)
+4. [Prerequisites](#4-prerequisites)
+5. [Shared setup](#5-shared-setup)
+6. [Test case 1: bootstrap is denied when self is not allowed](#6-test-case-1-bootstrap-is-denied-when-self-is-not-allowed)
+7. [Test case 2: bootstrap succeeds after self is whitelisted](#7-test-case-2-bootstrap-succeeds-after-self-is-whitelisted)
+8. [Test case 3: receiver rejects onboarding from a denied source KMS](#8-test-case-3-receiver-rejects-onboarding-from-a-denied-source-kms)
+9. [Test case 4: trusted RPCs fail when the running KMS is no longer allowed](#9-test-case-4-trusted-rpcs-fail-when-the-running-kms-is-no-longer-allowed)
+10. [Test case 5: local development should use the simulator](#10-test-case-5-local-development-should-use-the-simulator)
+11. [Evidence to capture](#11-evidence-to-capture)
+12. [Cleanup](#12-cleanup)
+
+---
+
+## 1. Why this document exists
+
+This guide provides a standalone test procedure that does not depend on a dedicated e2e framework. It uses:
+
+- existing KMS deploy flows
+- `auth-simple` as a controllable auth API
+- manual RPC calls via `curl`
+
+This exercises real deployment paths with minimal dependencies.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Test strategy
+
+Use **real KMS CVMs** with a hot-reloadable `auth-simple` policy.
+
+Why `auth-simple`:
+
+- it implements the same `/bootAuth/kms` webhook contract used by KMS
+- its config is re-read on every request
+- allow/deny behavior can be changed without restarting the service
+
+The test intentionally focuses on **authorization decisions**, not on a new Rust test harness.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Topology
+
+Use the following layout:
+
+```text
+Host / operator machine
+├── auth-simple-src  (source KMS auth policy)
+├── auth-simple-dst  (target KMS auth policy)
+├── kms-src          (bootstrapped, later used as source KMS)
+├── kms-dst          (fresh KMS used for onboard tests)
+```
+
+Policy responsibilities:
+
+- `auth-simple-src` must authorize:
+  - `kms-src` itself, for bootstrap and trusted RPC self-checks
+  - `kms-dst`, when `kms-dst` calls `GetKmsKey` during onboarding
+- `auth-simple-dst` decides whether `kms-dst` accepts `kms-src` as an allowed source KMS
+
+---
+
+## 4. Prerequisites
+
+Before starting, make sure the following are available:
+
+1. A KMS image built from current `master` (includes PR #573 auth checks, #579 mandatory attestation, #581 dedup refactor)
+2. A working `dstack-vmm` or teepod deployment target
+3. Two routable KMS onboard URLs
+4. `bun` installed on the host, because `kms/auth-simple` runs on Bun
+5. `jq`, `curl`, and Python 3 on the host
+
+Recommended references:
+
+- KMS deployment tutorial: `docs/tutorials/kms-cvm-deployment.md`
+- KMS troubleshooting: `docs/tutorials/troubleshooting-kms-deployment.md`
+- `auth-simple` usage: `kms/auth-simple/README.md`
+
+If deploying on teepod/dstack-vmm, the easiest pattern is:
+
+- deploy KMS in onboard mode
+- expose the onboard page through gateway
+- call `/prpc/Onboard.*?json` via HTTPS
+
+Strong recommendation for this manual test:
+
+- **publish a test KMS image first**, then deploy that image
+- avoid `build:` in `docker-compose.yaml` unless you have already confirmed image builds work correctly in your VMM environment
+
+Using a prebuilt image significantly reduces ambiguity when a failure happens: you can focus on KMS authorization logic rather than image build or registry behavior.
+
+If you use teepod gateway instead of port forwarding:
+
+- **onboard mode:** use the `-8000` style URL (plain HTTP)
+- **runtime TLS KMS RPC after bootstrap/onboard:** use the `-8000s` style URL (TLS passthrough)
+
+Do not assume the same external URL works before and after onboarding is finished.
+
+---
+
+## 5. Shared setup
+
+### 5.1 Create a working directory
+
+```bash
+export REPO_ROOT="$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+mkdir -p /tmp/kms-self-auth
+cd /tmp/kms-self-auth
+```
+
+### 5.2 Make the auth API reachable from the test KMS instances
+
+The original plan was to run two host-local `auth-simple` processes. In practice, this only works if the CVMs can reach that host directly.
+
+Choose one of these options:
+
+1. **Preferred:** run `auth-simple` on the operator host and point KMS at `http://10.0.2.2:<port>` (QEMU host gateway). This is the simplest if the CVMs use QEMU user-mode networking.
+2. **Also fine:** deploy the auth API as a separate public service or CVM
+3. **Sidecar:** run the auth API as a sidecar in the same KMS test deployment
+
+If you use the sidecar/public-service pattern, keep the same logical split:
+
+- source-side auth policy
+- destination-side auth policy
+
+and make sure you still have a way to update allow/deny policy during the test.
+
+### 5.3 If using host-local `auth-simple`, install and start two instances
+
+```bash
+cd "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/kms/auth-simple"
+bun install
+```
+
+Create placeholder configs:
+
+```bash
+cat > /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json <<'EOF'
+{
+  "osImages": [],
+  "gatewayAppId": "any",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": [],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+EOF
+
+cat > /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.json <<'EOF'
+{
+  "osImages": [],
+  "gatewayAppId": "any",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": [],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+EOF
+```
+
+These placeholder configs intentionally deny all KMS boots until you populate `kms.mrAggregated` with the measured source or destination KMS values for the current run.
+
+Start the services:
+
+```bash
+cd "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/kms/auth-simple"
+AUTH_CONFIG_PATH=/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json PORT=3101 bun run start \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.log 2>&1 &
+echo $! >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.pid
+
+AUTH_CONFIG_PATH=/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.json PORT=3102 bun run start \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.log 2>&1 &
+echo $! >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.pid
+```
+
+Health check:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:3101/ | jq .
+curl -sf http://127.0.0.1:3102/ | jq .
+```
+
+### 5.4 Deploy `kms-src` and `kms-dst`
+
+Deploy two KMS CVMs using the existing KMS deployment workflow.
+
+Requirements for **both** VMs:
+
+- `core.onboard.enabled = true`
+- `core.onboard.auto_bootstrap_domain = ""`
+- `core.auth_api.type = "webhook"`
+
+Point them at different auth services. If using host-local `auth-simple` with QEMU user-mode networking:
+
+- `kms-src` → `http://10.0.2.2:3101`
+- `kms-dst` → `http://10.0.2.2:3102`
+
+**Recommended deploy method:** use port forwarding (`--port`) instead of gateway. Gateway requires the auth API to return a `gatewayAppId` at boot, which makes testing harder. With port forwarding, the KMS onboard and runtime endpoints are directly accessible on the host:
+
+```bash
+vmm-cli.py deploy --name kms-src ... --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9301:8000
+vmm-cli.py deploy --name kms-dst ... --port tcp:0.0.0.0:9302:8000
+```
+
+If you need an example deployment template, adapt the flow in:
+
+- `docs/tutorials/kms-cvm-deployment.md`
+
+Record these values:
+
+```bash
+# With port forwarding:
+export KMS_SRC_ONBOARD='http://127.0.0.1:9301'
+export KMS_DST_ONBOARD='http://127.0.0.1:9302'
+export KMS_SRC_RUNTIME='https://127.0.0.1:9301'
+export KMS_DST_RUNTIME='https://127.0.0.1:9302'
+```
+
+Notes:
+
+- The onboard endpoint serves plain HTTP, so use `http://` for `KMS_*_ONBOARD`
+- After bootstrap/onboard + `/finish`, the KMS restarts with TLS — use `https://` for `KMS_*_RUNTIME`
+- The `source_url` in `Onboard.Onboard` must be reachable from inside the CVM (e.g., `https://10.0.2.2:9301/prpc`)
+
+Wait until the onboard endpoint is actually ready before continuing. A simple probe loop is recommended:
+
+```bash
+until curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{}' >/dev/null 2>&1; do
+  echo "waiting for kms-src onboard endpoint..."
+  sleep 10
+done
+
+until curl -sk -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{}' >/dev/null 2>&1; do
+  echo "waiting for kms-dst onboard endpoint..."
+  sleep 10
+done
+```
+
+### 5.5 Read attestation info for both KMS instances
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{}' | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-src-attestation.json | jq .
+
+curl -sf -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{}' | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-dst-attestation.json | jq .
+```
+
+Expected fields:
+
+- `device_id`
+- `mr_aggregated`
+- `os_image_hash`
+- `tee_variant`
+
+Extract values:
+
+```bash
+SRC_OS=$(jq -r '.os_image_hash' /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-src-attestation.json)
+SRC_MR=$(jq -r '.mr_aggregated' /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-src-attestation.json)
+SRC_DEV=$(jq -r '.device_id' /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-src-attestation.json)
+
+DST_OS=$(jq -r '.os_image_hash' /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-dst-attestation.json)
+DST_MR=$(jq -r '.mr_aggregated' /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-dst-attestation.json)
+DST_DEV=$(jq -r '.device_id' /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-dst-attestation.json)
+```
+
+All three values above are expected to be hex strings **without** the `0x` prefix. When writing `auth-simple` config, prepend `0x`.
+
+### 5.6 Helper configs
+
+#### Deny-by-MR config
+
+Use a wrong `mrAggregated` value while allowing the observed OS image.
+
+```bash
+cat > /tmp/kms-self-auth/deny-by-mr.json <<'EOF'
+{
+  "osImages": ["0xREPLACE_OS"],
+  "gatewayAppId": "any",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+EOF
+```
+
+#### Allow-single-KMS config
+
+```bash
+cat > /tmp/kms-self-auth/allow-single.json <<'EOF'
+{
+  "osImages": ["0xREPLACE_OS"],
+  "gatewayAppId": "any",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0xREPLACE_MR"],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+EOF
+```
+
+#### Allow-source-and-target config
+
+```bash
+cat > /tmp/kms-self-auth/allow-src-and-dst.json <<'EOF'
+{
+  "osImages": ["0xREPLACE_SRC_OS", "0xREPLACE_DST_OS"],
+  "gatewayAppId": "any",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": ["0xREPLACE_SRC_MR", "0xREPLACE_DST_MR"],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": true
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+EOF
+```
+
+Create concrete variants:
+
+```bash
+sed "s/REPLACE_OS/$SRC_OS/g; s/REPLACE_MR/$SRC_MR/g" \
+  /tmp/kms-self-auth/allow-single.json \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-allow-self.json
+
+sed "s/REPLACE_OS/$SRC_OS/g" \
+  /tmp/kms-self-auth/deny-by-mr.json \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-deny-self.json
+
+sed "s/REPLACE_SRC_OS/$SRC_OS/g; s/REPLACE_DST_OS/$DST_OS/g; s/REPLACE_SRC_MR/$SRC_MR/g; s/REPLACE_DST_MR/$DST_MR/g" \
+  /tmp/kms-self-auth/allow-src-and-dst.json \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-allow-both.json
+
+sed "s/REPLACE_OS/$SRC_OS/g; s/REPLACE_MR/$SRC_MR/g" \
+  /tmp/kms-self-auth/allow-single.json \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst-allow-src.json
+
+sed "s/REPLACE_OS/$SRC_OS/g" \
+  /tmp/kms-self-auth/deny-by-mr.json \
+  >/tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst-deny-src.json
+```
+
+Because `auth-simple` hot reloads its config on every request, switching policy is just a file copy:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-deny-self.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-allow-self.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-allow-both.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst-deny-src.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.json
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst-allow-src.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.json
+```
+
+---
+
+## 6. Test case 1: bootstrap is denied when self is not allowed
+
+### Purpose
+
+Verify that a KMS refuses bootstrap if the auth API denies **its own** measurements.
+
+### Steps
+
+1. Make sure `kms-src` is still fresh and not bootstrapped yet.
+2. Apply the deny-self policy to `auth-simple-src`:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-deny-self.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+```
+
+3. Call bootstrap:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Bootstrap?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{"domain":"kms-src.example.test"}' \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/bootstrap-src-denied.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- the response contains `.error`
+- the error should indicate bootstrap was denied because the KMS is not allowed
+
+Acceptable examples:
+
+- `KMS is not allowed to bootstrap`
+- `Boot denied: ...`
+
+### Failure interpretation
+
+If bootstrap succeeds under the deny policy, the self-check is not working.
+
+---
+
+## 7. Test case 2: bootstrap succeeds after self is whitelisted
+
+### Purpose
+
+Verify that bootstrap succeeds once the same KMS is explicitly allowed.
+
+### Steps
+
+1. Switch `auth-simple-src` to allow `kms-src`:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-allow-self.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+```
+
+2. Retry bootstrap:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Bootstrap?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{"domain":"kms-src.example.test"}' \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/bootstrap-src-allowed.json | jq .
+```
+
+3. Finish onboarding mode so the process can restart into normal TLS KMS mode:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf "${KMS_SRC_ONBOARD%/}/finish"
+```
+
+4. Wait for the runtime KMS endpoint to become available and record it as:
+
+```bash
+export KMS_SRC_RUNTIME='https://<kms-src-runtime-host>'
+```
+
+On teepod-style deployments, this is often the `-8000s` URL rather than the original onboard `-8000` URL.
+
+5. Probe runtime metadata:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-src-meta.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- bootstrap returns `ca_pubkey`, `k256_pubkey`, and `attestation`
+- `/finish` returns `OK`
+- `KMS.GetMeta` succeeds after restart
+
+---
+
+## 8. Test case 3: receiver rejects onboarding from a denied source KMS
+
+### Purpose
+
+Verify that the onboarding receiver rejects a source KMS whose attestation is denied by the receiver's auth API.
+
+### Important setup note
+
+For this scenario to reach the receiver-side check:
+
+- `auth-simple-src` must allow **both** `kms-src` and `kms-dst`
+  - `kms-src` must allow itself, because trusted RPC self-checks run on the source
+  - `kms-src` must also allow `kms-dst`, because `GetKmsKey` verifies the caller KMS
+- `auth-simple-dst` must initially **deny** `kms-src`
+
+### Steps
+
+1. Apply source policy that allows both KMS instances:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-allow-both.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+```
+
+2. Apply receiver policy that denies `kms-src`:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst-deny-src.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.json
+```
+
+3. Attempt onboarding from `kms-dst`:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Onboard?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d "{\"source_url\":\"${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc\",\"domain\":\"kms-dst.example.test\"}" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/onboard-dst-denied.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- the response contains `.error`
+- the error should indicate the source KMS is not allowed, or onboarding failed because source authorization was denied
+
+### Then verify the positive path
+
+4. Switch receiver policy to allow `kms-src`:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst-allow-src.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.json
+```
+
+5. Retry onboarding:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf -X POST "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/prpc/Onboard.Onboard?json" \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d "{\"source_url\":\"${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc\",\"domain\":\"kms-dst.example.test\"}" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/onboard-dst-allowed.json | jq .
+```
+
+6. Finish onboarding mode on `kms-dst`:
+
+```bash
+curl -sf "${KMS_DST_ONBOARD%/}/finish"
+```
+
+7. Wait for the runtime endpoint and record:
+
+```bash
+export KMS_DST_RUNTIME='https://<kms-dst-runtime-host>'
+```
+
+Again, when TLS passthrough is used, prefer the `-8000s` URL for runtime KMS RPCs.
+
+8. Probe runtime metadata:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_DST_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetMeta?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/kms-dst-meta.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- first onboard attempt is rejected
+- second onboard attempt succeeds
+- `kms-dst` starts normally after `/finish`
+
+---
+
+## 9. Test case 4: trusted RPCs fail when the running KMS is no longer allowed
+
+### Purpose
+
+Verify that a running KMS re-checks its own authorization on trusted RPCs.
+
+### Recommended canary RPC
+
+Use `GetTempCaCert` first. It is simpler than `GetAppKey` because it does not require preparing an attested app client, but it still exercises the new runtime self-check.
+
+### Steps
+
+1. While `kms-src` is healthy, confirm the canary RPC works:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetTempCaCert?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/get-temp-ca-allowed.json | jq .
+```
+
+2. Flip `auth-simple-src` to deny `kms-src` itself:
+
+```bash
+cp /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src-deny-self.json /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.json
+```
+
+3. Retry the same RPC:
+
+```bash
+curl -sk "${KMS_SRC_RUNTIME%/}/prpc/KMS.GetTempCaCert?json" \
+  | tee /tmp/kms-self-auth/get-temp-ca-denied.json | jq .
+```
+
+### Expected result
+
+- before the policy flip: `GetTempCaCert` succeeds
+- after the policy flip: the response contains `.error`
+- the error should indicate KMS self-authorization failed, or that the KMS is not allowed
+
+### Optional deeper checks
+
+If you already have tooling for attested app/KMS clients, also verify:
+
+- `GetKmsKey` fails when source KMS denies itself
+- `GetAppKey` fails when KMS denies itself
+- `SignCert` fails when KMS denies itself
+
+The important part is that the running KMS must not rely only on bootstrap-time authorization.
+
+---
+
+## 10. Test case 5: local development should use the simulator
+
+### Purpose
+
+KMS now always requires attestation. For local development without TDX hardware, use `sdk/simulator` so bootstrap, onboard, and trusted RPC flows still exercise the quoted path.
+
+### Suggested minimal coverage
+
+1. Start the simulator:
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/sdk/simulator
+./build.sh
+./dstack-simulator
+```
+
+2. Point the guest agent client at the simulator endpoint as documented in the SDK README.
+3. Run KMS locally against the simulator-backed guest agent.
+4. Verify bootstrap and trusted RPCs still produce attestation-backed behavior.
+
+### Expected result
+
+- local development still uses the same quote-required logic
+- there is no separate no-quote KMS mode to validate anymore
+- simulator-backed development should be treated as the replacement for the old noquote/dev workflow
+
+---
+
+## 11. Evidence to capture
+
+For each run, save:
+
+1. `Onboard.GetAttestationInfo` output for every KMS
+2. auth config snapshots used for each step
+3. bootstrap/onboard RPC responses
+4. `KMS.GetMeta` output after successful boot
+5. `GetTempCaCert` allow/deny responses
+6. relevant CVM logs if a step fails unexpectedly
+
+Recommended archive:
+
+```bash
+tar czf /tmp/kms-self-auth-results.tar.gz /tmp/kms-self-auth
+```
+
+---
+
+## 12. Cleanup
+
+Stop local auth services:
+
+```bash
+kill "$(cat /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-src.pid)" || true
+kill "$(cat /tmp/kms-self-auth/auth-dst.pid)" || true
+```
+
+Then remove test CVMs using your normal `vmm-cli.py remove` or teepod cleanup flow.
+
+---
+
+## Success criteria summary
+
+The change is considered validated if all of the following are true:
+
+1. bootstrap fails under deny policy
+2. bootstrap succeeds after self allowlisting
+3. onboarding rejects a denied source KMS on the receiver side
+4. runtime trusted RPCs stop working after the source KMS is removed from the allowlist
+5. local development without TDX hardware is expected to use `sdk/simulator` rather than a no-quote KMS mode
diff --git a/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/Dockerfile b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d6bb0413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM rust:1.92-bookworm AS builder
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY . .
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/registry \
+    --mount=type=cache,target=/usr/local/cargo/git \
+    --mount=type=cache,target=/src/target \
+    cargo build --locked \
+    -p dstack-tee-simulator \
+    -p mock-attestation \
+    -p dstack-util \
+    -p dstack-verifier \
+    -p dstack-mr \
+ && mkdir -p /out \
+ && cp target/debug/dstack-tee-simulator target/debug/dstack-mock-attestation \
+       target/debug/dstack-util target/debug/dstack-verifier target/debug/dstack-mr /out/ \
+ && strip /out/*
+
+FROM debian:bookworm-slim
+RUN apt-get update && DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+      ca-certificates curl fuse3 jq kmod openssl swtpm tpm2-tools xxd \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+COPY --from=builder /out/ /usr/local/bin/
+COPY cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin /usr/local/share/dstack/tpm_eventlog.bin
+COPY verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-getquote.json /usr/local/share/dstack/tdx-lite-getquote.json
+COPY verifier/fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json /usr/local/share/dstack/sev-snp-attestation.json
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/run-platform"]
diff --git a/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/README.md b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aeafd81f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Attestation Docker Compose E2E
+
+This test runs the complete attestation flow in privileged Docker containers,
+without starting a VM:
+
+```text
+dstack-tee-simulator -> dstack-util attest -> dstack-verifier
+```
+
+The simulator and verifier use development trust anchors derived from the same
+test seed. Verification still follows the normal production verification paths;
+there is no mock-certificate bypass in the verifier.
+
+## Covered platforms
+
+The Compose suite runs these six cases:
+
+- dstack TDX, legacy attestation selector
+- dstack TDX, lite attestation selector
+- GCP TDX with a simulated vTPM
+- AMD SEV-SNP
+- AWS Nitro Enclave
+- AWS NitroTPM
+
+Every case must produce all of the following results:
+
+```text
+is_valid=true
+quote_verified=true
+event_log_verified=true
+os_image_hash_verified=true
+```
+
+## Requirements
+
+- Linux host
+- Docker with the Compose plugin
+- Permission to run privileged containers
+- Host kernel modules available through `/lib/modules`
+- A kernel providing:
+  - FUSE and CUSE support
+  - `tpm_vtpm_proxy` (`CONFIG_TCG_VTPM_PROXY`) for the GCP vTPM case
+
+The script loads `tpm_vtpm_proxy` on demand. The Docker daemon therefore needs
+access to a `/lib/modules` tree matching the running host kernel.
+
+## Run the complete suite
+
+From the `dstack/` directory:
+
+```bash
+./tests/e2e/attestation/run.sh
+```
+
+The wrapper builds the local image, runs all six services sequentially, and
+removes Compose resources afterward.
+
+## Run one case
+
+From this directory:
+
+```bash
+cd tests/e2e/attestation
+docker compose build
+docker compose run --rm dstack-tdx-legacy
+docker compose run --rm dstack-tdx-lite
+docker compose run --rm gcp-tdx
+docker compose run --rm amd-sev-snp
+docker compose run --rm aws-nitro-enclave
+docker compose run --rm aws-nitro-tpm
+```
+
+To clean up manually:
+
+```bash
+docker compose down --remove-orphans
+```
+
+## What the test configures
+
+`run-platform.sh` creates a temporary sys-config inside each container. It
+selects the simulator platform and supplies the corresponding image measurement
+material:
+
+| Case | Image binding material |
+| --- | --- |
+| TDX legacy/lite | `tdx_measurement`, VM parameters, and the CCEL ACPI event digests |
+| GCP TDX | `gcp_measurement` bound to the UKI Authenticode event and vTPM PCRs |
+| AMD SEV-SNP | `sev_snp_measurement` and `mr_config`, bound to report `MEASUREMENT` and `HOST_DATA` |
+| Nitro Enclave | NSM-signed PCR0/1/2 |
+| NitroTPM | `aws_measurement` bound to NSM-signed PCR4/7/12 |
+
+The TDX simulator exposes the repository CCEL fixture through the normal TSM
+configfs ABI. The GCP case exposes a TPM event log through
+`/sys/kernel/security/tpm0/binary_bios_measurements` and replays it into
+`swtpm`, so the quoted PCRs and event log remain consistent.
+
+The NitroTPM case exposes a kernel vTPM device backed by `swtpm`. Its proxy
+implements AWS's NSM vendor command on the TPM wire protocol; the attestation
+client therefore follows the same EK, salted session, authenticated NV buffer,
+and vendor-command path used on real NitroTPM hardware. It does not expose or
+fall back to `/dev/nsm`.
+
+Development root certificates are written as files and configured in
+`verifier.toml`. The test explicitly enables
+`insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors`; production defaults remain unchanged.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+### `modprobe: FATAL: Module tpm_vtpm_proxy not found`
+
+Install modules matching the running kernel or enable
+`CONFIG_TCG_VTPM_PROXY` in the host kernel.
+
+### `/dev/nsm` is not created
+
+Ensure the host kernel has CUSE support and that the container is privileged.
+The test creates the device node from `/sys/class/cuse/nsm/dev` because no udev
+daemon runs inside the container.
+
+### FUSE/configfs permission errors
+
+Confirm that privileged containers are allowed. Rootless Docker is not
+supported by this test because it mounts configfs/securityfs and creates device
+nodes.
+
+### Inspecting a failure
+
+The per-container working directory is `/run/attestation-e2e`. Before the
+container exits, the useful files are:
+
+```text
+simulator.log
+collateral.log
+verifier.log
+request.json
+request.json.verification.json
+verifier.toml
+```
+
+For interactive inspection, override the entrypoint and run the platform script
+manually:
+
+```bash
+docker compose run --rm --entrypoint bash gcp-tdx
+TEE_PLATFORM=gcp-tdx /usr/local/bin/run-platform
+```
diff --git a/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/compose.yaml b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2ac964a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+x-attestation-test: &attestation-test
+  image: dstack-tests-attestation:local
+  build:
+    context: ../../..
+    dockerfile: tests/e2e/attestation/Dockerfile
+  privileged: true
+  network_mode: bridge
+  volumes:
+    - /lib/modules:/lib/modules:ro
+    - ./run-platform.sh:/usr/local/bin/run-platform:ro
+  tmpfs:
+    - /run
+    - /dstack/.host-shared
+    - /tmp
+
+services:
+  dstack-tdx-legacy:
+    <<: *attestation-test
+    environment: { TEE_PLATFORM: dstack-tdx, TDX_ATTESTATION_VARIANT: legacy }
+  dstack-tdx-lite:
+    <<: *attestation-test
+    environment: { TEE_PLATFORM: dstack-tdx, TDX_ATTESTATION_VARIANT: lite }
+  gcp-tdx:
+    <<: *attestation-test
+    environment: { TEE_PLATFORM: dstack-gcp-tdx }
+  amd-sev-snp:
+    <<: *attestation-test
+    environment: { TEE_PLATFORM: dstack-amd-sev-snp }
+  aws-nitro-enclave:
+    <<: *attestation-test
+    environment: { TEE_PLATFORM: dstack-nitro-enclave }
+  aws-nitro-tpm:
+    <<: *attestation-test
+    environment: { TEE_PLATFORM: dstack-aws-nitro-tpm }
diff --git a/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/run-platform.sh b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/run-platform.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..693bd2c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/run-platform.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+: "${TEE_PLATFORM:?TEE_PLATFORM is required}"
+SEED=7171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171717171
+REPORT_DATA=42424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242424242
+WORK=/run/attestation-e2e
+SYS_CONFIG=/dstack/.host-shared/.sys-config.json
+SIM_CONFIG=/dstack/.host-shared/.tee-simulator.json
+mkdir -p "$WORK" /run/log/dstack
+mount -t tmpfs -o mode=0755 tmpfs /sys/kernel/config
+mkdir -p /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report
+
+VM_CONFIG='{}'
+MR_CONFIG='{"version":3,"app_id":"","compose_hash":"","key_provider":"none"}'
+GCP_TPM_REPLAY=null
+if [[ "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-tdx ]]; then
+  VM_CONFIG=$(jq -c --arg variant "${TDX_ATTESTATION_VARIANT:?}" \
+    '.vm_config | fromjson | .tdx_attestation_variant = $variant' \
+    /usr/local/share/dstack/tdx-lite-getquote.json)
+elif [[ "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-gcp-tdx ]]; then
+  UKI_HASH=9ab14a46f858662a89adc102d2a57a13f52f75c1769d65a4c34edbbfc8855f0f
+  printf '%s\n' "$UKI_HASH" > "$WORK/gcp-uki-hash"
+  dstack-mr gcp-measurement-cbor "$WORK/gcp-uki-hash" > "$WORK/measurement.gcp.cbor"
+  MEASUREMENT_HASH=$(sha256sum "$WORK/measurement.gcp.cbor" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  printf '%s  measurement.gcp.cbor\n' "$MEASUREMENT_HASH" > "$WORK/sha256sum.txt"
+  OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(sha256sum "$WORK/sha256sum.txt" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  VM_CONFIG=$(jq -cn \
+    --arg os "$OS_IMAGE_HASH" \
+    --arg checksum "$(base64 -w0 "$WORK/sha256sum.txt")" \
+    --arg measurement "$(base64 -w0 "$WORK/measurement.gcp.cbor")" \
+    '{os_image_hash:$os,gcp_measurement:{checksum_file:$checksum,measurement:$measurement}}')
+  GCP_TPM_REPLAY=$(jq -cn \
+    --arg event_log "$(base64 -w0 /usr/local/share/dstack/tpm_eventlog.bin)" \
+    '{event_log:$event_log}')
+elif [[ "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-amd-sev-snp ]]; then
+  jq -r .attestation /usr/local/share/dstack/sev-snp-attestation.json | xxd -r -p > "$WORK/snp-fixture.bin"
+  dstack-util attest-json --input "$WORK/snp-fixture.bin" --output "$WORK/snp-fixture.json"
+  VM_CONFIG=$(jq -c '.config | fromjson' "$WORK/snp-fixture.json")
+  MR_CONFIG=$(jq -r .mr_config <<<"$VM_CONFIG")
+elif [[ "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-nitro-enclave ]]; then
+  for index in 0 1 2; do
+    printf 'dstack-tee-simulator/nsm/pcr/%s' "$index" |
+      sha384sum | cut -d' ' -f1 > "$WORK/pcr$index"
+  done
+  OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(
+    cat "$WORK/pcr0" "$WORK/pcr1" "$WORK/pcr2" |
+      xxd -r -p | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1
+  )
+  VM_CONFIG=$(jq -cn --arg os "$OS_IMAGE_HASH" '{os_image_hash:$os}')
+elif [[ "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-aws-nitro-tpm ]]; then
+  ZERO_PCR=$(printf '00%.0s' $(seq 1 48))
+  printf '%s' "$ZERO_PCR" > "$WORK/pcr4"
+  cp "$WORK/pcr4" "$WORK/pcr7"
+  cp "$WORK/pcr4" "$WORK/pcr12"
+  dstack-mr aws-measurement-cbor "$ZERO_PCR" "$ZERO_PCR" "$ZERO_PCR" \
+    > "$WORK/measurement.aws.cbor"
+  MEASUREMENT_HASH=$(sha256sum "$WORK/measurement.aws.cbor" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  printf '%s  measurement.aws.cbor\n' "$MEASUREMENT_HASH" > "$WORK/sha256sum.txt"
+  OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(sha256sum "$WORK/sha256sum.txt" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  VM_CONFIG=$(jq -cn \
+    --arg os "$OS_IMAGE_HASH" \
+    --arg checksum "$(base64 -w0 "$WORK/sha256sum.txt")" \
+    --arg measurement "$(base64 -w0 "$WORK/measurement.aws.cbor")" \
+    '{os_image_hash:$os,aws_measurement:{checksum_file:$checksum,measurement:$measurement}}')
+fi
+
+cleanup() {
+  set +e
+  [[ -n "${SIM_PID:-}" ]] && kill "$SIM_PID" 2>/dev/null
+  [[ -n "${COLLATERAL_PID:-}" ]] && kill "$COLLATERAL_PID" 2>/dev/null
+  [[ -s /run/dstack/swtpm.pid ]] && kill "$(cat /run/dstack/swtpm.pid)" 2>/dev/null
+  fusermount3 -uz /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report 2>/dev/null
+  umount /sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor 2>/dev/null
+  umount /sys/class/dmi/id/product_name 2>/dev/null
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+cat > "$SYS_CONFIG" <<JSON
+{
+  "kms_urls": [],
+  "gateway_urls": [],
+  "collateral_urls": {
+    "pccs": "http://127.0.0.1:18088",
+    "amd_kds": "http://127.0.0.1:18088/vcek/v1"
+  },
+  "docker_registry": null,
+  "host_api_url": null,
+  "mr_config": $(jq -Rn --arg value "$MR_CONFIG" '$value'),
+  "vm_config": $(jq -Rn --arg value "$VM_CONFIG" '$value')
+}
+JSON
+
+cat > "$SIM_CONFIG" <<JSON
+{
+  "platform": "$TEE_PLATFORM",
+  "mock_attestation_seed": "$SEED",
+  "collateral_base_url": "http://127.0.0.1:18088",
+  "mr_config": $(jq -Rn --arg value "$MR_CONFIG" '$value'),
+  "vm_config": $(jq -Rn --arg value "$VM_CONFIG" '$value'),
+  "gcp_tpm_replay": $GCP_TPM_REPLAY
+}
+JSON
+
+# Reconstruct public roots and production-shaped collateral from the same seed.
+dstack-mock-attestation serve \
+  --listen 127.0.0.1:18088 \
+  --config "$SIM_CONFIG" \
+  --output "$WORK/roots" >"$WORK/collateral.log" 2>&1 &
+COLLATERAL_PID=$!
+for _ in $(seq 1 100); do
+  curl -fsS http://127.0.0.1:18088/tpm/aia/root.pem >/dev/null 2>&1 && break
+  sleep .05
+done
+curl -fsS http://127.0.0.1:18088/tpm/aia/root.pem >/dev/null
+
+if [[ "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-gcp-tdx || "$TEE_PLATFORM" == dstack-aws-nitro-tpm ]]; then
+  mount -t tmpfs -o mode=0755 tmpfs /sys/kernel/security
+  mkdir -p /sys/kernel/security/tpm0
+  cp /usr/local/share/dstack/tpm_eventlog.bin /sys/kernel/security/tpm0/binary_bios_measurements
+  modprobe tpm_vtpm_proxy
+  if [[ ! -e /dev/vtpmx && -r /sys/class/misc/vtpmx/dev ]]; then
+    IFS=: read -r major minor < /sys/class/misc/vtpmx/dev
+    mknod /dev/vtpmx c "$major" "$minor"
+  fi
+  chmod 0666 /dev/vtpmx
+fi
+
+dstack-tee-simulator --config "$SIM_CONFIG" >"$WORK/simulator.log" 2>&1 &
+SIM_PID=$!
+case "$TEE_PLATFORM" in
+  dstack-tdx|dstack-gcp-tdx|dstack-amd-sev-snp)
+    for _ in $(seq 1 200); do
+      [[ -e /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/provider || -e /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap/outblob ]] && break
+      sleep .05
+    done
+    ;;
+  dstack-nitro-enclave)
+    for _ in $(seq 1 200); do
+      if [[ ! -e /dev/nsm && -r /sys/class/cuse/nsm/dev ]]; then
+        IFS=: read -r major minor < /sys/class/cuse/nsm/dev
+        mknod /dev/nsm c "$major" "$minor"
+      fi
+      [[ -e /dev/nsm ]] && break
+      sleep .05
+    done
+    if [[ ! -e /dev/nsm ]]; then
+      echo "NSM device node was not created" >&2
+      find /sys -path '*nsm*' -o -path '*cuse*' 2>/dev/null | head -100 >&2
+      cat "$WORK/simulator.log" >&2
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    ;;
+  dstack-aws-nitro-tpm)
+    for _ in $(seq 1 200); do
+      [[ -e /dev/tpm0 || -e /dev/tpmrm0 ]] && break
+      sleep .05
+    done
+    if [[ ! -e /dev/tpm0 && ! -e /dev/tpmrm0 ]]; then
+      echo "NitroTPM device node was not created" >&2
+      cat "$WORK/simulator.log" >&2
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    ;;
+esac
+if ! kill -0 "$SIM_PID" 2>/dev/null; then
+  echo "[$TEE_PLATFORM] simulator failed:" >&2
+  cat "$WORK/simulator.log" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+echo "platform=$TEE_PLATFORM dmi_vendor=$(cat /sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor 2>/dev/null || true) dmi_product=$(cat /sys/class/dmi/id/product_name 2>/dev/null || true) nsm=$(test -e /dev/nsm && echo yes || echo no)"
+
+export DCAP_TDX_RTMR_SYSFS_PATH=/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap/measurements
+export DSTACK_CCEL_FILE=/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap/ccel
+if ! ATTESTATION_HEX=$(dstack-util attest --report-data "$REPORT_DATA" --hex); then
+  cat "$WORK/simulator.log" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+jq -n --arg attestation "$ATTESTATION_HEX" \
+  '{attestation: $attestation, debug: true}' > "$WORK/request.json"
+
+cat > "$WORK/verifier.toml" <<EOF_CONFIG
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 8080
+image_cache_dir = "$WORK/image-cache"
+image_download_url = "http://127.0.0.1:9/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+image_download_timeout_secs = 1
+
+[attestation]
+insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors = true
+
+[attestation.urls]
+pccs = "http://127.0.0.1:18088"
+amd_kds = "http://127.0.0.1:18088/vcek/v1"
+
+[attestation.root_ca]
+tdx = "$WORK/roots/tdx-root-ca.pem"
+gcp_tpm = "$WORK/roots/tpm-root-ca.pem"
+aws_nitro_enclave = "$WORK/roots/nsm-root-ca.pem"
+aws_nitro_tpm = "$WORK/roots/nsm-root-ca.pem"
+sev_snp_milan = "$WORK/roots/sev-snp-root-ca.pem"
+sev_snp_genoa = "$WORK/roots/sev-snp-root-ca.pem"
+sev_snp_turin = "$WORK/roots/sev-snp-root-ca.pem"
+EOF_CONFIG
+
+set +e
+dstack-verifier --config "$WORK/verifier.toml" --verify "$WORK/request.json" \
+  >"$WORK/verifier.log" 2>&1
+VERIFIER_RC=$?
+set -e
+if [[ ! -s "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" ]]; then
+  cat "$WORK/verifier.log" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+if (( VERIFIER_RC != 0 )); then
+  cat "$WORK/verifier.log" >&2
+  exit "$VERIFIER_RC"
+fi
+cat "$WORK/request.json.verification.json"
+jq -e '.details.quote_verified == true' "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" >/dev/null
+jq -e '.is_valid == true' "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" >/dev/null
+jq -e '.details.os_image_hash_verified == true' "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" >/dev/null
+jq -e '.details.event_log_verified == true' "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" >/dev/null
+cp "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" "$WORK/development-root-verification.json"
+echo '{"development_root_accepted":true}'
+
+# The same simulator evidence must fail against the verifier's built-in
+# production roots. Keep the mock collateral endpoints so this assertion tests
+# the trust-anchor boundary rather than network or collateral availability.
+cat > "$WORK/production-verifier.toml" <<EOF_CONFIG
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 8080
+image_cache_dir = "$WORK/production-image-cache"
+image_download_url = "http://127.0.0.1:9/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+image_download_timeout_secs = 1
+
+[attestation.urls]
+pccs = "http://127.0.0.1:18088"
+amd_kds = "http://127.0.0.1:18088/vcek/v1"
+EOF_CONFIG
+rm -f "$WORK/request.json.verification.json"
+set +e
+dstack-verifier --config "$WORK/production-verifier.toml" --verify "$WORK/request.json" \
+  >"$WORK/production-verifier.log" 2>&1
+PRODUCTION_VERIFIER_RC=$?
+set -e
+if [[ ! -s "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" ]]; then
+  cat "$WORK/production-verifier.log" >&2
+  echo "production-root verifier did not emit a verification result" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+cat "$WORK/request.json.verification.json"
+if (( PRODUCTION_VERIFIER_RC == 0 )) || ! jq -e '.is_valid == false' "$WORK/request.json.verification.json" >/dev/null; then
+  cat "$WORK/production-verifier.log" >&2
+  echo "simulator evidence unexpectedly passed production-root verification" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+echo '{"production_root_rejected":true}'
+echo "[$TEE_PLATFORM${TDX_ATTESTATION_VARIANT:+/$TDX_ATTESTATION_VARIANT}] dstack-util -> verifier trust-root isolation E2E passed"
diff --git a/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/run.sh b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/run.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..21ac55a22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/e2e/attestation/run.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+docker compose build
+for platform in dstack-tdx-legacy dstack-tdx-lite gcp-tdx amd-sev-snp aws-nitro-enclave aws-nitro-tpm; do
+  echo "=== $platform ==="
+  docker compose run --rm "$platform"
+done
+docker compose down --remove-orphans
diff --git a/dstack/tests/get-app-key.sh b/dstack/tests/get-app-key.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7fbff4fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/get-app-key.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+CERT_FILE=${1}
+KEY_FILE=${CERT_FILE%.*}.key
+CERT_DIR=../certs
+URL=https://localhost:8043/prpc/KMS.GetAppKey
+
+if [ -z "$CERT_FILE" ]; then
+    curl -s --cacert ${CERT_DIR}/ca.cert ${URL}
+else
+    curl -vv --cacert "${CERT_DIR}/ca.cert" --cert "${CERT_FILE}" --key "${KEY_FILE}" "${URL}"
+fi
diff --git a/dstack/tests/inspect-cert.sh b/dstack/tests/inspect-cert.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..da6fd62dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tests/inspect-cert.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+openssl x509 -text -noout -in "$1"
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-attest/Cargo.toml b/dstack/tpm-attest/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..931b5b631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-attest/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "tpm-attest"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+sha2 = { workspace = true, features = ["oid"] }
+tempfile.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+tpm2.workspace = true
+scale.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-attest/src/esapi.rs b/dstack/tpm-attest/src/esapi.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b5c41850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-attest/src/esapi.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::{PcrSelection, PcrValue};
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use tpm2::{TpmAlgId, TpmContext as RawTpmContext, TpmlPcrSelection, TpmsNvPublic};
+
+pub struct EsapiContext {
+    context: RawTpmContext,
+}
+
+impl EsapiContext {
+    /// Create a new ESAPI context with the given TCTI path
+    pub fn new(tcti_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let context = RawTpmContext::new(tcti_path)?;
+        Ok(Self { context })
+    }
+
+    // ==================== NV Operations ====================
+
+    /// Check if an NV index exists
+    pub fn nv_exists(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.context.nv_exists(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Read NV public area (to determine the defined size, attributes, etc.)
+    pub fn nv_read_public(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<TpmsNvPublic> {
+        self.context.nv_read_public(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Read data from an NV index
+    pub fn nv_read(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        self.context.nv_read(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Write data to an NV index
+    pub fn nv_write(&mut self, index: u32, data: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.context.nv_write(index, data)
+    }
+
+    /// Define a new NV index
+    pub fn nv_define(&mut self, index: u32, size: usize, owner_read_write: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.context.nv_define(index, size, owner_read_write)
+    }
+
+    /// Undefine (delete) an NV index
+    pub fn nv_undefine(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.context.nv_undefine(index)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== PCR Operations ====================
+
+    /// Read PCR values for the given selection
+    pub fn pcr_read(&mut self, pcr_selection: &PcrSelection) -> Result<Vec<PcrValue>> {
+        let hash_alg = Self::parse_hash_alg(&pcr_selection.bank)?;
+        let tpm_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(hash_alg, &pcr_selection.pcrs);
+
+        let values = self.context.pcr_read(&tpm_selection)?;
+
+        Ok(values
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(index, value)| PcrValue {
+                index,
+                algorithm: pcr_selection.bank.clone(),
+                value,
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    /// Extend a PCR with a hash value
+    pub fn pcr_extend(&mut self, pcr: u32, hash: &[u8], bank: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let hash_alg = Self::parse_hash_alg(bank)?;
+        self.context.pcr_extend(pcr, hash, hash_alg)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Random Number Generation ====================
+
+    /// Generate random bytes using the TPM's hardware RNG
+    pub fn get_random<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Result<[u8; N]> {
+        self.context.get_random_array::<N>()
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Primary Key Operations ====================
+
+    /// Check if a persistent handle exists
+    pub fn handle_exists(&mut self, handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.context.handle_exists(handle)
+    }
+
+    /// Ensure a persistent primary key exists at the given handle
+    pub fn ensure_primary_key(&mut self, handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.context.ensure_primary_key(handle)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Seal/Unseal Operations ====================
+
+    /// Seal data to TPM with PCR policy
+    pub fn seal(
+        &mut self,
+        data: &[u8],
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)> {
+        let hash_alg = Self::parse_hash_alg(&pcr_selection.bank)?;
+        let tpm_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(hash_alg, &pcr_selection.pcrs);
+
+        self.context
+            .seal(data, parent_handle, &tpm_selection, hash_alg)
+    }
+
+    /// Unseal data from TPM with PCR policy
+    pub fn unseal(
+        &mut self,
+        pub_bytes: &[u8],
+        priv_bytes: &[u8],
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let hash_alg = Self::parse_hash_alg(&pcr_selection.bank)?;
+        let tpm_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(hash_alg, &pcr_selection.pcrs);
+
+        self.context.unseal(
+            pub_bytes,
+            priv_bytes,
+            parent_handle,
+            &tpm_selection,
+            hash_alg,
+        )
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Helper Functions ====================
+
+    fn parse_hash_alg(bank: &str) -> Result<TpmAlgId> {
+        match bank {
+            "sha256" => Ok(TpmAlgId::Sha256),
+            "sha384" => Ok(TpmAlgId::Sha384),
+            "sha512" => Ok(TpmAlgId::Sha512),
+            "sha1" => Ok(TpmAlgId::Sha1),
+            _ => bail!("unsupported hash algorithm: {}", bank),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-attest/src/gcp_ak.rs b/dstack/tpm-attest/src/gcp_ak.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e7766efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-attest/src/gcp_ak.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! GCP vTPM pre-provisioned AK loading
+//!
+//! This module provides native Rust implementation for loading GCP's
+//! pre-provisioned Attestation Key without C library dependencies.
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use crate::{PcrSelection, PcrValue, TpmEventLog, TpmQuote};
+use tpm2::{tpm_rh, TpmAlgId, TpmContext, TpmlPcrSelection};
+
+/// GCP vTPM NV indices for pre-provisioned AK
+pub mod gcp_nv_index {
+    /// RSA AK certificate (DER format)
+    pub const AK_RSA_CERT: u32 = 0x01C10000;
+    /// RSA AK template (TPM2B_PUBLIC format)
+    pub const AK_RSA_TEMPLATE: u32 = 0x01C10001;
+    /// ECC AK certificate (DER format)
+    pub const AK_ECC_CERT: u32 = 0x01C10002;
+    /// ECC AK template (TPM2B_PUBLIC format)
+    pub const AK_ECC_TEMPLATE: u32 = 0x01C10003;
+}
+
+/// Loaded AK information
+pub struct LoadedAk {
+    pub context: TpmContext,
+    pub handle: u32,
+    pub cert_nv_index: u32,
+    /// Marshaled TPMT_PUBLIC public area of the AK.
+    ///
+    /// Derived deterministically from the per-instance Endorsement seed, so it is
+    /// stable across reboot/stop-start but fresh on a disk clone. Unlike the AK
+    /// certificate it carries no serial/validity/signature, so it is immune to
+    /// certificate re-issuance.
+    pub pub_area: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Load GCP pre-provisioned ECC AK
+///
+/// This function:
+/// 1. Reads the AK template from NV index 0x01C10003
+/// 2. Creates a primary key under Endorsement hierarchy with the template
+/// 3. TPM deterministically recreates the same key pair (same template + same parent)
+pub fn load_gcp_ak_ecc(tcti_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<LoadedAk> {
+    debug!("loading GCP pre-provisioned ECC AK...");
+
+    let mut context = TpmContext::new(tcti_path)?;
+
+    // Read AK template from NV
+    let template_bytes = context
+        .nv_read(gcp_nv_index::AK_ECC_TEMPLATE)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("ECC AK template not found at NV 0x01C10003"))?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "read ECC AK template from NV: {} bytes",
+        template_bytes.len()
+    );
+
+    // Create primary key under Endorsement hierarchy
+    let (handle, pub_area) =
+        context.create_primary_from_template(tpm_rh::ENDORSEMENT, &template_bytes)?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "✓ successfully loaded GCP pre-provisioned ECC AK (handle: 0x{:08x})",
+        handle
+    );
+
+    Ok(LoadedAk {
+        context,
+        handle,
+        cert_nv_index: gcp_nv_index::AK_ECC_CERT,
+        pub_area,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Load GCP pre-provisioned RSA AK
+///
+/// This function:
+/// 1. Reads the AK template from NV index 0x01C10001
+/// 2. Creates a primary key under Endorsement hierarchy with the template
+/// 3. TPM deterministically recreates the same key pair (same template + same parent)
+pub fn load_gcp_ak_rsa(tcti_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<LoadedAk> {
+    debug!("loading GCP pre-provisioned RSA AK...");
+
+    let mut context = TpmContext::new(tcti_path)?;
+
+    // Read AK template from NV
+    let template_bytes = context
+        .nv_read(gcp_nv_index::AK_RSA_TEMPLATE)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("RSA AK template not found at NV 0x01C10001"))?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "read RSA AK template from NV: {} bytes",
+        template_bytes.len()
+    );
+
+    // Create primary key under Endorsement hierarchy
+    let (handle, pub_area) =
+        context.create_primary_from_template(tpm_rh::ENDORSEMENT, &template_bytes)?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "✓ successfully loaded GCP pre-provisioned RSA AK (handle: 0x{:08x})",
+        handle
+    );
+
+    Ok(LoadedAk {
+        context,
+        handle,
+        cert_nv_index: gcp_nv_index::AK_RSA_CERT,
+        pub_area,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Key algorithm preference for quote generation
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum KeyAlgorithm {
+    /// Prefer ECC, fallback to RSA
+    Auto,
+    /// Use ECC only (fails if not available)
+    Ecc,
+    /// Use RSA only (fails if not available)
+    Rsa,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for KeyAlgorithm {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+            "auto" => Ok(KeyAlgorithm::Auto),
+            "ecc" | "ecdsa" => Ok(KeyAlgorithm::Ecc),
+            "rsa" | "rsassa" => Ok(KeyAlgorithm::Rsa),
+            _ => anyhow::bail!("invalid key algorithm: {s}. Use 'auto', 'ecc', or 'rsa'"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Generate a TPM quote using GCP pre-provisioned AK (prefers ECC)
+pub fn create_quote_with_gcp_ak(
+    tcti_path: Option<&str>,
+    qualifying_data: &[u8; 32],
+    pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+) -> Result<TpmQuote> {
+    create_quote_with_gcp_ak_algo(
+        tcti_path,
+        qualifying_data,
+        pcr_selection,
+        KeyAlgorithm::Auto,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Generate a TPM quote using GCP pre-provisioned AK with manual algorithm selection
+pub fn create_quote_with_gcp_ak_algo(
+    tcti_path: Option<&str>,
+    qualifying_data: &[u8; 32],
+    pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    key_algo: KeyAlgorithm,
+) -> Result<TpmQuote> {
+    let platform = dstack_types::Platform::detect().context("Unsupported platform")?;
+
+    debug!("generating TPM quote with GCP pre-provisioned AK...");
+
+    // Load GCP pre-provisioned AK based on algorithm preference
+    let mut loaded_ak = match key_algo {
+        KeyAlgorithm::Auto => {
+            // Try ECC first (better performance), fallback to RSA
+            match load_gcp_ak_ecc(tcti_path) {
+                Ok(ak) => {
+                    debug!("✓ using ECC AK for quote");
+                    ak
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    debug!("ECC AK not available, falling back to RSA: {e}");
+                    let ak = load_gcp_ak_rsa(tcti_path)?;
+                    debug!("✓ using RSA AK for quote");
+                    ak
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        KeyAlgorithm::Ecc => {
+            let ak = load_gcp_ak_ecc(tcti_path).context(
+                "failed to load ECC AK (use --key-algo=rsa or --key-algo=auto for fallback)",
+            )?;
+            debug!("✓ using ECC AK for quote");
+            ak
+        }
+        KeyAlgorithm::Rsa => {
+            let ak = load_gcp_ak_rsa(tcti_path).context("failed to load RSA AK")?;
+            debug!("✓ using RSA AK for quote");
+            ak
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Convert hash algorithm
+    let hash_alg = match pcr_selection.bank.as_str() {
+        "sha256" => TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+        "sha384" => TpmAlgId::Sha384,
+        "sha512" => TpmAlgId::Sha512,
+        _ => anyhow::bail!(
+            "unsupported hash algorithm: {bank}",
+            bank = pcr_selection.bank
+        ),
+    };
+
+    // Build PCR selection
+    let tpm_pcr_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(hash_alg, &pcr_selection.pcrs);
+
+    // Generate quote
+    debug!("calling TPM Quote command...");
+    let (message, signature) =
+        loaded_ak
+            .context
+            .quote(loaded_ak.handle, qualifying_data, &tpm_pcr_selection)?;
+
+    debug!("✓ quote generated successfully");
+
+    // Read PCR values
+    let pcr_values_raw = loaded_ak.context.pcr_read(&tpm_pcr_selection)?;
+    let pcr_values: Vec<PcrValue> = pcr_values_raw
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(index, value)| PcrValue {
+            index,
+            algorithm: pcr_selection.bank.clone(),
+            value,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Read AK certificate from NV
+    let ak_cert = loaded_ak
+        .context
+        .nv_read(loaded_ak.cert_nv_index)?
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "AK certificate not found at NV 0x{:08x}",
+                loaded_ak.cert_nv_index
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "✓ AK certificate read from NV 0x{:08x}: {} bytes",
+        loaded_ak.cert_nv_index,
+        ak_cert.len()
+    );
+
+    // Flush the AK handle
+    let _ = loaded_ak.context.flush_context(loaded_ak.handle);
+
+    let event_log = TpmEventLog::from_kernel_file()
+        .context("Failed to read TPM event log")?
+        .events;
+
+    Ok(TpmQuote {
+        message,
+        signature,
+        pcr_values,
+        ak_cert,
+        platform,
+        event_log,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-attest/src/lib.rs b/dstack/tpm-attest/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0f3046a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-attest/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 Attestation Library
+//!
+//! This module provides functionality for generating TPM attestation quotes
+//! on the device side. It handles PCR operations, sealing, unsealing, NV storage,
+//! and quote generation.
+//!
+//! This follows the same architecture as tdx-attest: device-side attestation only.
+//! For quote verification, see the tpm-qvl crate.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::Platform;
+use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+use std::path::Path;
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+
+// Re-export tpm-types
+pub use tpm_types::{PcrSelection, PcrValue, TpmEvent, TpmEventLog, TpmQuote};
+
+mod esapi;
+use esapi::EsapiContext;
+
+pub const PRIMARY_KEY_HANDLE: u32 = 0x81000100;
+pub const SEALED_NV_INDEX: u32 = 0x01801101;
+
+/// PCR selection for DStack
+/// 0: The firmware version and NonHostInfo (representing the memory encryption technology)
+/// 2: The uki image (kernel + initrd + initramfs)
+/// 14: The app compose hash
+const APP_PCR: u32 = 14;
+pub fn dstack_pcr_policy() -> PcrSelection {
+    PcrSelection::sha256(&[0, 2, APP_PCR])
+}
+
+/// AWS NitroTPM local key-provider seal policy (SHA384 bank).
+///
+/// - PCR4/7/12: AMI/UKI boot path
+/// - PCR8: guest-computed MrConfig V2 app/config commitment
+/// - PCR14: dstack event lane at seal time (compose-hash / app-id / …;
+///   non-resettable; TDX RTMR3 analogue)
+///
+/// Defined locally rather than imported from dstack-attest because dstack-attest
+/// depends on this crate, not the other way around.
+const AWS_NITRO_PCRS: [u32; 5] = [4, 7, 8, 12, 14];
+
+pub fn dstack_pcr_policy_for_platform(platform: Platform) -> Result<PcrSelection> {
+    match platform {
+        Platform::Dstack | Platform::Gcp => Ok(dstack_pcr_policy()),
+        Platform::AwsEc2 => Ok(PcrSelection::sha384(&AWS_NITRO_PCRS)),
+        _ => bail!("TPM local key provider is not supported on {platform:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct TpmContext {
+    tcti: String,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for TpmContext {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("TpmContext")
+            .field("tcti", &self.tcti)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SealedBlob {
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl SealedBlob {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_parts(pub_data: &[u8], priv_data: &[u8]) -> Self {
+        let data = (pub_data, priv_data).encode();
+        Self { data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn split(&self) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)> {
+        if self.data.len() < 4 {
+            bail!("sealed blob too small");
+        }
+        let (pub_data, priv_data) = Decode::decode(&mut &self.data[..])?;
+        Ok((pub_data, priv_data))
+    }
+}
+
+impl TpmContext {
+    pub fn open(tcti: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        match tcti {
+            Some(t) => Self::new(t),
+            None => Self::detect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn detect() -> Result<Self> {
+        let tcti = if Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists() {
+            "/dev/tpmrm0"
+        } else if Path::new("/dev/tpm0").exists() {
+            "/dev/tpm0"
+        } else {
+            bail!("TPM device not found");
+        };
+        Self::new(tcti)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(tcti: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            tcti: tcti.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn create_esapi_context(&self) -> Result<EsapiContext> {
+        EsapiContext::new(Some(&self.tcti))
+    }
+
+    pub fn nv_exists(&self, index: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.nv_exists(index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn nv_define(&self, index: u32, size: usize, _attributes: &str) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.nv_define(index, size, true)
+    }
+
+    pub fn nv_undefine(&self, index: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.nv_undefine(index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn nv_read(&self, index: u32) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.nv_read(index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn nv_write(&self, index: u32, data: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.nv_write(index, data)
+    }
+
+    pub fn handle_exists(&self, handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.handle_exists(handle)
+    }
+
+    pub fn ensure_primary_key(&self, handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.ensure_primary_key(handle)
+    }
+
+    pub fn pcr_extend(&self, pcr: u32, hash: &[u8], bank: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.pcr_extend(pcr, hash, bank)
+    }
+
+    pub fn pcr_extend_sha256(&self, pcr: u32, hash: &[u8; 32]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.pcr_extend(pcr, hash, "sha256")
+    }
+
+    pub fn pcr_read_single(&self, pcr: u32, bank: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        let selection = crate::PcrSelection {
+            bank: bank.to_string(),
+            pcrs: vec![pcr],
+        };
+        let values = ctx.pcr_read(&selection)?;
+        values
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|v| v.index == pcr)
+            .map(|v| v.value)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("PCR {pcr} not returned by TPM"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn dump_pcr_values(&self, selection: &PcrSelection) {
+        match self
+            .create_esapi_context()
+            .and_then(|mut ctx| ctx.pcr_read(selection))
+        {
+            Ok(values) => {
+                debug!("PCR values ({}):", selection.to_arg());
+                for pv in values {
+                    debug!("  PCR[{}] = {}", pv.index, hex::encode(&pv.value));
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!("failed to read PCR values: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_random<const N: usize>(&self) -> Result<[u8; N]> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+        ctx.get_random::<N>()
+    }
+
+    pub fn seal(
+        &self,
+        data: &[u8],
+        nv_index: u32,
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+
+        ctx.ensure_primary_key(parent_handle)?;
+
+        let (pub_bytes, priv_bytes) = ctx.seal(data, parent_handle, pcr_selection)?;
+
+        let sealed_blob = SealedBlob::from_parts(&pub_bytes, &priv_bytes);
+
+        let needed_size = sealed_blob.data.len();
+        if ctx.nv_exists(nv_index)? {
+            let nv_public = ctx.nv_read_public(nv_index)?;
+            if (nv_public.data_size as usize) < needed_size {
+                ctx.nv_undefine(nv_index)?;
+                ctx.nv_define(nv_index, needed_size, true)?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            ctx.nv_define(nv_index, needed_size, true)?;
+        }
+
+        ctx.nv_write(nv_index, &sealed_blob.data)?;
+
+        debug!("sealed data to NV index 0x{nv_index:08x}");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn unseal_to_vec(
+        &self,
+        nv_index: u32,
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+
+        let sealed_data = match ctx.nv_read(nv_index)? {
+            Some(data) => data,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+
+        let sealed_blob = SealedBlob::new(sealed_data);
+        let (pub_bytes, priv_bytes) = match sealed_blob.split() {
+            Ok(v) => v,
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!("sealed blob in NV index 0x{nv_index:08x} is invalid ({e}); regenerating");
+                let _ = ctx.nv_undefine(nv_index);
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let data = ctx.unseal(&pub_bytes, &priv_bytes, parent_handle, pcr_selection)?;
+
+        debug!("unsealed data from NV index 0x{nv_index:08x}");
+        Ok(Some(data))
+    }
+
+    pub fn unseal<const N: usize>(
+        &self,
+        nv_index: u32,
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<Option<[u8; N]>> {
+        match self.unseal_to_vec(nv_index, parent_handle, pcr_selection)? {
+            Some(data) => {
+                let array: [u8; N] = data
+                    .try_into()
+                    .ok()
+                    .context("unsealed data size mismatch")?;
+                Ok(Some(array))
+            }
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_quote(
+        &self,
+        qualifying_data: &[u8; 32],
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<TpmQuote> {
+        gcp_ak::create_quote_with_gcp_ak(Some(&self.tcti), qualifying_data, pcr_selection)
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_quote_with_algo(
+        &self,
+        qualifying_data: &[u8; 32],
+        pcr_selection: &PcrSelection,
+        key_algo: KeyAlgorithm,
+    ) -> Result<TpmQuote> {
+        gcp_ak::create_quote_with_gcp_ak_algo(
+            Some(&self.tcti),
+            qualifying_data,
+            pcr_selection,
+            key_algo,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_ak_cert(&self) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        const AK_RSA_CERT_NV_INDEX: u32 = 0x01C10000;
+        const AK_ECC_CERT_NV_INDEX: u32 = 0x01C10002;
+
+        let mut ctx = self.create_esapi_context()?;
+
+        if let Some(cert) = ctx.nv_read(AK_RSA_CERT_NV_INDEX)? {
+            debug!(
+                "read AK certificate from NV index 0x{AK_RSA_CERT_NV_INDEX:08x} ({} bytes)",
+                cert.len()
+            );
+            return Ok(Some(cert));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(cert) = ctx.nv_read(AK_ECC_CERT_NV_INDEX)? {
+            debug!(
+                "read AK certificate from NV index 0x{AK_ECC_CERT_NV_INDEX:08x} ({} bytes)",
+                cert.len()
+            );
+            return Ok(Some(cert));
+        }
+
+        warn!("AK certificate not found in TPM NV storage (expected on GCP vTPM)");
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_event_log(&self, pcr_index: u32) -> Result<Vec<TpmEvent>> {
+        let event_log =
+            TpmEventLog::from_kernel_file().context("Failed to read TPM Event Log from kernel")?;
+
+        Ok(event_log.filter_by_pcr(pcr_index))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pcr_selection_to_string() {
+        let sel = PcrSelection::sha256(&[0, 1, 2, 7]);
+        assert_eq!(sel.to_arg(), "sha256:0,1,2,7");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sealed_blob_split() {
+        let pub_data = vec![0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05];
+        let priv_data = vec![0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC];
+
+        let blob = SealedBlob::from_parts(&pub_data, &priv_data);
+        let (pub_part, priv_part) = blob.split().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(pub_part, pub_data);
+        assert_eq!(priv_part, priv_data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_pcr_policy() {
+        let policy = dstack_pcr_policy();
+        assert_eq!(policy.to_arg(), "sha256:0,2,14");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_pcr_policy_binds_boot_config_and_event_pcrs() {
+        let policy = dstack_pcr_policy_for_platform(Platform::AwsEc2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(policy.to_arg(), "sha384:4,7,8,12,14");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dstack_platform_uses_development_tpm_policy() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            dstack_pcr_policy_for_platform(Platform::Dstack)
+                .unwrap()
+                .to_arg(),
+            "sha256:0,2,14"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+mod gcp_ak;
+pub use gcp_ak::{
+    create_quote_with_gcp_ak, create_quote_with_gcp_ak_algo, gcp_nv_index, load_gcp_ak_ecc,
+    load_gcp_ak_rsa, KeyAlgorithm,
+};
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.README.md b/dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d371d903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# TPM 2.0 quote sample fixture
+
+`tpm_quote_sample.bin` is a captured TPM quote body — the raw `TPMS_ATTEST`
+structure that the TPM `Quote` command signs, i.e. the `message` field of a
+`TpmQuote` (see `TpmContext::create_quote` in `src/lib.rs`). It is a small,
+self-contained golden vector for exercising quote-message parsing without a live
+vTPM.
+
+## Format
+
+The bytes are a marshaled `TPMS_ATTEST` with a `TPMS_QUOTE_INFO` attested body,
+in the layout parsed by `parse_tpm_attest` in `tpm-qvl/src/verify.rs`:
+
+| Field | Value |
+| --- | --- |
+| `magic` | `0xff544347` (`TPM_GENERATED_VALUE`) |
+| `type` | `0x8018` (`TPM_ST_ATTEST_QUOTE`) |
+| `qualifiedSigner` | SHA-256 name (`TPM_ALG_SHA256`, 32-byte digest) |
+| `extraData` (qualifying data) | `0x12345678` (4-byte placeholder nonce) |
+| `clockInfo` | `resetCount = 16`, `restartCount = 0`, `safe = true` |
+| `attested.pcrSelect` | SHA-256 bank, PCRs 0, 1, 2 |
+| `attested.pcrDigest` | 32-byte SHA-256 digest over the selected PCRs |
+
+Total length: 117 bytes.
+
+## Provenance
+
+The in-tree history does not record the capturing host, image, or tool for this
+fixture, so nothing beyond the decoded structure above is asserted here. The
+short 4-byte qualifying data (`0x12345678`) rather than a real 32-byte report
+nonce, and the generic PCR 0/1/2 selection, indicate a hand-captured or
+synthetic sample rather than a full dstack attestation (dstack's own policy is
+SHA-256 PCRs 0, 2, 14 — see `dstack_pcr_policy` in `src/lib.rs`).
+
+## Refreshing
+
+If regenerated, capture the raw `TpmQuote.message` bytes from a `Quote` command
+and keep this description in sync with the new `extraData`, bank, and PCR
+selection. The file is licensed `CC0-1.0` via `REUSE.toml`.
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.bin b/dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4866ce803
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack/tpm-attest/tests/tpm_quote_sample.bin differ
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-qvl/Cargo.toml b/dstack/tpm-qvl/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4276e7bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-qvl/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "tpm-qvl"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+
+# Cryptographic verification
+p256 = { workspace = true, features = ["ecdsa", "pem"] }
+rsa.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+nom.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+sha2 = { workspace = true, features = ["oid"] }
+
+# Certificate chain verification
+rustls-pki-types.workspace = true
+dcap-qvl-webpki = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc", "rustcrypto"] }
+pem.workspace = true
+
+# TPM quote data structures
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+
+# CRL download (optional)
+reqwest = { workspace = true, features = ["blocking"], optional = true }
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt"], optional = true }
+
+[features]
+default = ["crl-download"]
+crl-download = ["reqwest", "tokio"]
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem b/dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..221cc0b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/AWS_NitroEnclaves_Root-G1.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/gcp-root-ca.pem b/dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/gcp-root-ca.pem
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..080fdeafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-qvl/certs/gcp-root-ca.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/collateral.rs b/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/collateral.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..615f6dcbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/collateral.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Collateral retrieval module
+//!
+//! This module implements the first step of dcap-qvl architecture:
+//! extracting certificate chain information and downloading CRLs.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+use x509_parser::{extensions::DistributionPointName, prelude::*};
+
+use tpm_types::TpmQuote;
+
+use crate::{get_root_ca, verify::VerifiedReport, QuoteCollateral};
+
+pub async fn get_collateral_and_verify(quote: &TpmQuote) -> Result<VerifiedReport> {
+    let root_ca_pem = get_root_ca(quote.platform).context("failed to get root CA")?;
+    let collateral = get_collateral(quote, root_ca_pem).await?;
+    crate::verify::verify_quote_with_ca(quote, &collateral, root_ca_pem).map_err(Into::into)
+}
+
+pub async fn get_collateral(quote: &TpmQuote, root_ca_pem: &str) -> Result<QuoteCollateral> {
+    // Collateral fetching uses synchronous (blocking) HTTP. Run it on the
+    // blocking pool so it never stalls (or panics on) the async runtime worker.
+    let ak_cert = quote.ak_cert.clone();
+    let root_ca = root_ca_pem.to_string();
+    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || get_collateral_blocking(&ak_cert, &root_ca))
+        .await
+        .context("collateral fetch task panicked")?
+}
+
+fn get_collateral_blocking(ak_cert_der: &[u8], root_ca_pem: &str) -> Result<QuoteCollateral> {
+    debug!("fetching quote collateral (intermediate cert chain + CRLs)");
+
+    debug!("AK certificate (leaf) found: {} bytes", ak_cert_der.len());
+
+    // Build certificate chain from device (via AIA)
+    let chain_ders = build_cert_chain(ak_cert_der)?;
+    // Download CRLs from device-provided cert chain
+    let crls = download_crls_for_certs(&chain_ders)?;
+
+    // Download CRL from verifier-provided root CA
+    let root_ca_crl = {
+        let root_ca_der =
+            extract_certs_webpki(root_ca_pem.as_bytes()).context("failed to parse root CA PEM")?;
+        if root_ca_der.len() != 1 {
+            bail!("expected 1 root CA, found {}", root_ca_der.len());
+        }
+        download_crl_for_cert(&root_ca_der[0])?
+    };
+
+    debug!(
+        "✓ collateral fetched: {} intermediate CRL(s), root CA CRL: {}",
+        crls.len(),
+        if root_ca_crl.is_some() { "yes" } else { "no" }
+    );
+    let cert_chain_pem = ders_to_pem(&chain_ders)?;
+    Ok(QuoteCollateral {
+        cert_chain_pem,
+        crls,
+        root_ca_crl,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Build certificate chain by following AIA links (stops before root)
+fn build_cert_chain(leaf_cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let mut chain_ders = Vec::new();
+    chain_ders.push(leaf_cert_der.to_vec());
+    let mut current_cert_der = leaf_cert_der.to_vec();
+
+    loop {
+        let Some(url) = extract_aia_ca_issuers(&current_cert_der)? else {
+            debug!("no AIA found - reached end of AIA chain");
+            break;
+        };
+        debug!("downloading parent cert from: {url}");
+        let parent_der = download_cert(&url)?;
+        // Stop if we hit a self-signed cert (root CA)
+        if is_self_signed(&parent_der)? {
+            debug!("found self-signed cert - stopping (root CA should be provided by verifier)");
+            break;
+        }
+        chain_ders.push(parent_der.clone());
+        current_cert_der = parent_der;
+    }
+
+    debug!("built chain with {} certificate(s)", chain_ders.len());
+    Ok(chain_ders)
+}
+
+/// Download CRLs for given certificates
+fn download_crls_for_certs(certs: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    debug!("downloading CRLs from device-provided cert chain...");
+
+    let mut crls = Vec::new();
+
+    for cert_der in certs {
+        let Some(crl) = download_crl_for_cert(cert_der).context("failed to download CRL")? else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        crls.push(crl);
+    }
+    Ok(crls)
+}
+
+/// Download CRL for verifier-provided root CA
+fn download_crl_for_cert(cert: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let crl_urls = extract_crl_urls(cert)?;
+    if crl_urls.is_empty() {
+        debug!("verifier root CA has no CRL DP - will skip root CA CRL check");
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    download_first_available_crl(&crl_urls).map(Some)
+}
+
+/// Download first available CRL from a list of URLs
+fn download_first_available_crl(urls: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    for url in urls {
+        debug!("downloading CRL from {url}");
+        match download_crl(url) {
+            Ok(crl) => {
+                return Ok(crl);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!("✗ failed to download CRL from {url}: {e:?}");
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    bail!("failed to download CRL")
+}
+
+/// Convert DER certificates to PEM format
+fn ders_to_pem(ders: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Result<String> {
+    let mut pem = String::new();
+    for der in ders.iter() {
+        pem.push_str(&der_to_pem(der, "CERTIFICATE")?);
+    }
+    Ok(pem)
+}
+
+/// Check if certificate is self-signed
+fn is_self_signed(cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+    let (_, cert) = X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der).context("failed to parse certificate")?;
+    Ok(cert.subject() == cert.issuer())
+}
+
+fn extract_certs_webpki(cert_pem: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<rustls_pki_types::CertificateDer<'static>>> {
+    use ::pem::parse_many;
+
+    let pem_items = parse_many(cert_pem).context("failed to parse PEM")?;
+
+    let certs = pem_items
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|pem| rustls_pki_types::CertificateDer::from(pem.into_contents()))
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+fn download_crl(url: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    debug!("downloading CRL from {url}");
+
+    let response =
+        reqwest::blocking::get(url).context(format!("failed to download CRL from {url}"))?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        bail!("CRL download failed with status: {}", response.status());
+    }
+
+    let crl_bytes = response
+        .bytes()
+        .context("failed to read CRL response body")?
+        .to_vec();
+
+    debug!("downloaded {} bytes CRL from {}", crl_bytes.len(), url);
+
+    Ok(crl_bytes)
+}
+
+fn extract_crl_urls(cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    use x509_parser::extensions::ParsedExtension;
+
+    let (_, cert) = X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der).context("failed to parse certificate")?;
+
+    let mut crl_urls = Vec::new();
+
+    for ext in cert.extensions() {
+        let ParsedExtension::CRLDistributionPoints(crl_dist_points) = ext.parsed_extension() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        for dist_point in crl_dist_points.points.iter() {
+            let Some(dist_point_name) = &dist_point.distribution_point else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            let DistributionPointName::FullName(names) = dist_point_name else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            for name in names.iter() {
+                let x509_parser::extensions::GeneralName::URI(uri) = name else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                crl_urls.push(uri.to_string());
+                debug!("found CRL URL: {uri}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if crl_urls.is_empty() {
+        debug!("no CRL Distribution Points found in certificate");
+    }
+
+    Ok(crl_urls)
+}
+
+fn extract_aia_ca_issuers(cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    use x509_parser::extensions::ParsedExtension;
+
+    let (_, cert) = X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der).context("failed to parse certificate")?;
+
+    for ext in cert.extensions() {
+        let ParsedExtension::AuthorityInfoAccess(aia) = ext.parsed_extension() else {
+            continue;
+        };
+
+        for access_desc in &aia.accessdescs {
+            const OID_CA_ISSUERS: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 7, 48, 2];
+            let oid_bytes: Vec<u64> = match access_desc.access_method.iter() {
+                Some(iter) => iter.collect(),
+                None => continue,
+            };
+
+            if oid_bytes == OID_CA_ISSUERS {
+                if let x509_parser::extensions::GeneralName::URI(uri) = &access_desc.access_location
+                {
+                    debug!("found AIA CA Issuers URL: {uri}");
+                    return Ok(Some(uri.to_string()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    debug!("no AIA CA Issuers URL found in certificate");
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+fn download_cert(url: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    debug!("downloading certificate from {url}");
+
+    let response = reqwest::blocking::get(url)
+        .context(format!("failed to download certificate from {url}"))?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        bail!(
+            "certificate download failed with status: {}",
+            response.status()
+        );
+    }
+
+    let cert_bytes = response
+        .bytes()
+        .context("failed to read certificate response body")?
+        .to_vec();
+
+    debug!(
+        "downloaded {} bytes certificate from {}",
+        cert_bytes.len(),
+        url
+    );
+
+    Ok(cert_bytes)
+}
+
+fn der_to_pem(der: &[u8], label: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    use base64::Engine;
+
+    let b64 = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(der);
+
+    let mut pem = format!("-----BEGIN {label}-----\n");
+    for chunk in b64.as_bytes().chunks(64) {
+        pem.push_str(std::str::from_utf8(chunk)?);
+        pem.push('\n');
+    }
+    pem.push_str(&format!("-----END {label}-----\n"));
+
+    Ok(pem)
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/lib.rs b/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..973b990a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM Quote Verification Library (QVL)
+//!
+//! This module provides quote verification and collateral management for TPM attestation.
+//! It follows the dcap-qvl architecture for Intel TDX verification.
+//!
+//! # Architecture
+//! - **Step 1**: `get_collateral()` - Extract cert chain and download CRLs
+//! - **Step 2**: `verify_quote()` - Verify quote with collateral
+//!
+//! This crate is designed to run on the verifier side, while tpm-attest runs on the device side.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use dstack_types::Platform;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// GCP TPM Root CA certificate (embedded, valid 2022-2122)
+///
+/// Subject: CN=EK/AK CA Root, OU=Google Cloud, O=Google LLC, L=Mountain View, ST=California, C=US
+/// Valid: 2022-07-08 to 2122-07-08 (100 years)
+pub const GCP_ROOT_CA: &str = include_str!("../certs/gcp-root-ca.pem");
+
+/// Get TPM root CA certificate for the given platform
+pub fn get_root_ca(platform: Platform) -> Result<&'static str> {
+    match platform {
+        Platform::Gcp => Ok(GCP_ROOT_CA),
+        Platform::NitroEnclave => {
+            bail!("Nitro Enclave uses NSM attestation, not TPM. Use nsm-qvl instead.")
+        }
+        Platform::AwsEc2 => {
+            bail!("AWS EC2 uses NitroTPM attestation documents, not GCP AK TPM quotes.")
+        }
+        Platform::Dstack => bail!("dstack platform does not use TPM attestation"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Verifies TPM quotes against a caller-selected trust anchor.
+///
+/// This follows `dcap_qvl::verify::QuoteVerifier`: [`Self::new_prod`] selects
+/// the bundled platform root and [`Self::new`] accepts a PEM root CA.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct QuoteVerifier {
+    root_ca_pem: String,
+}
+
+impl QuoteVerifier {
+    pub fn new(root_ca_pem: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            root_ca_pem: root_ca_pem.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_prod(platform: Platform) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self::new(get_root_ca(platform)?))
+    }
+
+    pub fn root_ca_pem(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.root_ca_pem
+    }
+
+    pub fn verify(
+        &self,
+        quote: &tpm_types::TpmQuote,
+        collateral: &QuoteCollateral,
+    ) -> Result<verify::VerifiedReport, VerificationError> {
+        verify::verify_quote_with_ca(quote, collateral, &self.root_ca_pem)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "crl-download")]
+    pub async fn fetch_and_verify(
+        &self,
+        quote: &tpm_types::TpmQuote,
+    ) -> Result<verify::VerifiedReport> {
+        let collateral = collateral::get_collateral(quote, &self.root_ca_pem).await?;
+        self.verify(quote, &collateral).map_err(Into::into)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct QuoteCollateral {
+    /// Intermediate certificate chain (PEM format) from device
+    /// Does NOT include root CA (which must be provided independently by verifier)
+    pub cert_chain_pem: String,
+    /// All CRLs extracted from device-provided cert chain
+    pub crls: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Root CA CRL extracted from verifier-provided root CA
+    pub root_ca_crl: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VerificationError {
+    pub status: VerificationStatus,
+    pub error: anyhow::Error,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for VerificationError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "verification failed: {}", self.error)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for VerificationError {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+        self.error.source()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VerificationStatus {
+    pub ak_verified: bool,
+    pub signature_verified: bool,
+    pub pcr_verified: bool,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "crl-download")]
+pub use collateral::{get_collateral, get_collateral_and_verify};
+
+pub use verify::verify_quote;
+
+pub mod verify;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "crl-download")]
+pub mod collateral;
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/verify.rs b/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/verify.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21c31167a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-qvl/src/verify.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,689 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM Quote Verification Module
+
+use ::pem::parse_many;
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::Platform;
+use p256::ecdsa::{signature::hazmat::PrehashVerifier, Signature, VerifyingKey};
+use rsa::RsaPublicKey;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+use x509_parser::prelude::*;
+
+use rustls_pki_types::{CertificateDer, UnixTime};
+use webpki::{BorrowedCertRevocationList, CertRevocationList, EndEntityCert};
+
+use tpm_types::{PcrValue, TpmEvent, TpmQuote};
+
+use crate::{get_root_ca, QuoteCollateral, VerificationError, VerificationStatus};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct VerifiedReport {
+    pub attest: TpmAttest,
+    pub platform: Platform,
+    pub pcr_values: Vec<PcrValue>,
+}
+
+impl VerifiedReport {
+    pub fn get_pcr(&self, index: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        self.pcr_values
+            .iter()
+            .find(|p| p.index == index)
+            .map(|p| p.value.clone())
+            .ok_or(anyhow!("PCR {} not found", index))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum PublicKey {
+    Rsa(RsaPublicKey),
+    Ecc(VerifyingKey),
+}
+
+/// Verify quote with collateral and library-bundled root CA
+pub fn verify_quote(
+    quote: &TpmQuote,
+    collateral: &QuoteCollateral,
+) -> Result<VerifiedReport, VerificationError> {
+    let ca = get_root_ca(quote.platform).map_err(|e| VerificationError {
+        status: VerificationStatus::default(),
+        error: e,
+    })?;
+    verify_quote_with_ca(quote, collateral, ca)
+}
+
+/// Verify quote with collateral and user-provided root CA (recommended for security)
+///
+/// The root CA is provided by the verifier as an independent trust anchor,
+/// not derived from device-provided collateral. This prevents attacks where
+/// a malicious device provides a fake certificate chain including a fake root CA.
+pub fn verify_quote_with_ca(
+    quote: &TpmQuote,
+    collateral: &QuoteCollateral,
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+) -> Result<VerifiedReport, VerificationError> {
+    let mut status = VerificationStatus::default();
+
+    let attest = match parse_tpm_attest(&quote.message) {
+        Ok(a) => a,
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(VerificationError {
+                status,
+                error: e.context("failed to parse TPMS_ATTEST"),
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    let attested_pcr_indices: Vec<u32> = attest
+        .attested_quote_info
+        .pcr_selections
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|s| s.pcr_indices.iter().copied())
+        .collect();
+    let provided_pcr_indices: Vec<u32> = quote.pcr_values.iter().map(|p| p.index).collect();
+
+    if attested_pcr_indices != provided_pcr_indices {
+        return Err(VerificationError {
+            status,
+            error: anyhow!(
+                "PCR selection mismatch: TPMS_ATTEST has {:?}, but pcr_values has {:?}",
+                attested_pcr_indices,
+                provided_pcr_indices
+            ),
+        });
+    }
+
+    // compute_pcr_digest() and the event-log replay below assume the SHA-256 PCR
+    // bank. Reject other banks explicitly instead of silently failing with a
+    // confusing "PCR digest mismatch".
+    const TPM_ALG_SHA256: u16 = 0x000B;
+    if let Some(sel) = attest
+        .attested_quote_info
+        .pcr_selections
+        .iter()
+        .find(|s| s.hash_alg != TPM_ALG_SHA256)
+    {
+        return Err(VerificationError {
+            status,
+            error: anyhow!(
+                "unsupported PCR bank hash_alg {:#06x}; only SHA-256 (0x000b) is supported",
+                sel.hash_alg
+            ),
+        });
+    }
+
+    let computed_pcr_digest =
+        compute_pcr_digest(&quote.pcr_values).map_err(|e| VerificationError {
+            status: status.clone(),
+            error: e,
+        })?;
+    if attest.attested_quote_info.pcr_digest != computed_pcr_digest {
+        return Err(VerificationError {
+            status,
+            error: anyhow!("PCR digest mismatch"),
+        });
+    }
+
+    verify_event_log(&quote.pcr_values, &quote.event_log).map_err(|e| VerificationError {
+        status: status.clone(),
+        error: e.context("event log verification failed"),
+    })?;
+    debug!("✓ Event Log replay verification successful");
+
+    status.pcr_verified = true;
+
+    let ak_public_key = match extract_ak_public_key_from_cert(&quote.ak_cert) {
+        Ok(key) => {
+            debug!("extracted AK public key from certificate");
+            key
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(VerificationError {
+                status,
+                error: e.context("failed to extract AK public key from certificate"),
+            });
+        }
+    };
+
+    match verify_signature_with_key(&quote.message, &quote.signature, &ak_public_key) {
+        Ok(true) => status.signature_verified = true,
+        Ok(false) => {
+            return Err(VerificationError {
+                status,
+                error: anyhow!("signature verification failed"),
+            });
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(VerificationError {
+                status,
+                error: e.context("signature verification error"),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    match verify_ak_chain_with_collateral(&quote.ak_cert, collateral, root_ca_pem) {
+        Ok(()) => {}
+        Err(e) => {
+            return Err(VerificationError {
+                status,
+                error: e.context("AK certificate chain verification error"),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(VerifiedReport {
+        attest,
+        platform: quote.platform,
+        pcr_values: quote.pcr_values.clone(),
+    })
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmAttest {
+    pub magic: u32,
+    pub type_: u16,
+    pub qualified_signer: Vec<u8>,
+    pub qualified_data: Vec<u8>,
+    pub clock_info: ClockInfo,
+    pub firmware_version: u64,
+    pub attested_quote_info: QuoteInfo,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ClockInfo {
+    pub clock: u64,
+    pub reset_count: u32,
+    pub restart_count: u32,
+    pub safe: u8,
+}
+
+/// PCR selection entry from TPM quote
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PcrSelection {
+    /// Hash algorithm (e.g., 0x000B for SHA-256)
+    pub hash_alg: u16,
+    /// Selected PCR indices
+    pub pcr_indices: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct QuoteInfo {
+    /// PCR selections from the quote
+    pub pcr_selections: Vec<PcrSelection>,
+    /// PCR digest
+    pub pcr_digest: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+fn parse_tpm_attest(data: &[u8]) -> Result<TpmAttest> {
+    use nom::bytes::complete::take;
+    use nom::number::complete::{be_u16, be_u32, be_u64, be_u8};
+    use nom::IResult;
+
+    fn parse_sized_buffer(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], Vec<u8>> {
+        let (input, size) = be_u16(input)?;
+        let (input, data) = take(size)(input)?;
+        Ok((input, data.to_vec()))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_attest(input: &[u8]) -> IResult<&[u8], TpmAttest> {
+        let (input, magic) = be_u32(input)?;
+        let (input, type_) = be_u16(input)?;
+        let (input, qualified_signer) = parse_sized_buffer(input)?;
+        let (input, qualified_data) = parse_sized_buffer(input)?;
+
+        let (input, clock) = be_u64(input)?;
+        let (input, reset_count) = be_u32(input)?;
+        let (input, restart_count) = be_u32(input)?;
+        let (input, safe) = be_u8(input)?;
+
+        let (input, firmware_version) = be_u64(input)?;
+
+        let (input, pcr_select_count) = be_u32(input)?;
+
+        let mut pcr_selections = Vec::new();
+        let mut current_input = input;
+        for _ in 0..pcr_select_count {
+            let (input, hash_alg) = be_u16(current_input)?;
+            let (input, sizeof_select) = be_u8(input)?;
+            let (input, pcr_bitmap) = take(sizeof_select)(input)?;
+
+            // Parse PCR bitmap into indices
+            let mut pcr_indices = Vec::new();
+            for (byte_idx, &byte) in pcr_bitmap.iter().enumerate() {
+                for bit_idx in 0..8 {
+                    if (byte & (1 << bit_idx)) != 0 {
+                        pcr_indices.push((byte_idx * 8 + bit_idx) as u32);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            pcr_selections.push(PcrSelection {
+                hash_alg,
+                pcr_indices,
+            });
+
+            current_input = input;
+        }
+
+        let input = current_input;
+        let (input, pcr_digest) = parse_sized_buffer(input)?;
+
+        Ok((
+            input,
+            TpmAttest {
+                magic,
+                type_,
+                qualified_signer,
+                qualified_data,
+                clock_info: ClockInfo {
+                    clock,
+                    reset_count,
+                    restart_count,
+                    safe,
+                },
+                firmware_version,
+                attested_quote_info: QuoteInfo {
+                    pcr_selections,
+                    pcr_digest,
+                },
+            },
+        ))
+    }
+
+    let (_, attest) = parse_attest(data).map_err(|e| anyhow!("parse error: {e}"))?;
+
+    if attest.magic != 0xff544347 {
+        bail!("invalid magic number: 0x{magic:08x}", magic = attest.magic);
+    }
+
+    if attest.type_ != 0x8018 {
+        bail!("invalid attest type: 0x{type_:04x}", type_ = attest.type_);
+    }
+
+    Ok(attest)
+}
+
+fn compute_pcr_digest(pcr_values: &[PcrValue]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    for pcr in pcr_values {
+        hasher.update(&pcr.value);
+    }
+    Ok(hasher.finalize().to_vec())
+}
+
+fn verify_event_log(pcr_values: &[PcrValue], event_log: &[TpmEvent]) -> Result<()> {
+    for pcr in pcr_values {
+        let pcr_events: Vec<&TpmEvent> = event_log
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|e| e.pcr_index == pcr.index)
+            .collect();
+
+        if pcr_events.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Replay PCR extension to verify Event Log matches quote
+        let mut replayed_pcr = vec![0u8; 32];
+        for event in &pcr_events {
+            let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+            hasher.update(&replayed_pcr);
+            hasher.update(&event.digest);
+            replayed_pcr = hasher.finalize().to_vec();
+        }
+
+        if replayed_pcr != pcr.value {
+            bail!(
+                "PCR {} replay mismatch: expected {}, got {}",
+                pcr.index,
+                hex::encode(&pcr.value),
+                hex::encode(&replayed_pcr)
+            );
+        }
+
+        debug!(
+            "✓ PCR {} replay verification successful ({} events)",
+            pcr.index,
+            pcr_events.len()
+        );
+
+        // For PCR 2: Extract Event 28 (UKI measurement) for image verification
+        // NOTE: Extracting the 3rd event (index 2) is GCP OVMF-specific behavior.
+        // On GCP, PCR 2 events are: [0]=EV_SEPARATOR, [1]=EV_EFI_GPT_EVENT,
+        // [2]=UKI (Event 28), [3]=Linux kernel (Event 41)
+        // Other platforms may have different event ordering.
+        if pcr.index == 2 && pcr_events.len() >= 3 {
+            let uki_digest = hex::encode(&pcr_events[2].digest);
+            debug!("Event 28 (UKI hash): {}", uki_digest);
+            debug!("To verify image: compare this against expected UKI Authenticode hash");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn extract_ak_public_key_from_cert(ak_cert_der: &[u8]) -> Result<PublicKey> {
+    let (_, cert) =
+        X509Certificate::from_der(ak_cert_der).context("failed to parse AK certificate")?;
+
+    let spki = cert.public_key();
+
+    let algo_oid = &spki.algorithm.algorithm;
+
+    const OID_RSA_ENCRYPTION: &[u64] = &[1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 1, 1];
+    const OID_EC_PUBLIC_KEY: &[u64] = &[1, 2, 840, 10045, 2, 1];
+
+    let oid_bytes: Vec<u64> = algo_oid
+        .iter()
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid OID"))?
+        .collect();
+
+    if oid_bytes == OID_RSA_ENCRYPTION {
+        use rsa::pkcs1::DecodeRsaPublicKey;
+        use rsa::traits::PublicKeyParts;
+
+        let public_key = RsaPublicKey::from_pkcs1_der(spki.subject_public_key.data.as_ref())
+            .context("failed to decode RSA public key from certificate")?;
+
+        debug!(
+            "extracted RSA AK public key from certificate ({} bits)",
+            public_key.size() * 8
+        );
+
+        Ok(PublicKey::Rsa(public_key))
+    } else if oid_bytes == OID_EC_PUBLIC_KEY {
+        let public_key_bytes = spki.subject_public_key.data.as_ref();
+
+        let verifying_key = VerifyingKey::from_sec1_bytes(public_key_bytes)
+            .context("failed to decode ECC public key from certificate")?;
+
+        debug!("extracted ECC P-256 AK public key from certificate");
+
+        Ok(PublicKey::Ecc(verifying_key))
+    } else {
+        bail!("unsupported public key algorithm: {:?}", oid_bytes);
+    }
+}
+
+fn verify_signature_with_key(
+    message: &[u8],
+    signature: &[u8],
+    public_key: &PublicKey,
+) -> Result<bool> {
+    if signature.len() < 4 {
+        bail!("signature too short: {} bytes", signature.len());
+    }
+
+    let sig_alg = u16::from_be_bytes([signature[0], signature[1]]);
+    let hash_alg = u16::from_be_bytes([signature[2], signature[3]]);
+
+    if hash_alg != 0x000B {
+        bail!("unsupported hash algorithm: 0x{hash_alg:04x}");
+    }
+
+    let actual_signature = &signature[4..];
+
+    debug!(
+        "message ({} bytes): {}",
+        message.len(),
+        hex::encode(message)
+    );
+    debug!(
+        "signature ({} bytes): {}",
+        actual_signature.len(),
+        hex::encode(actual_signature)
+    );
+
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(message);
+    let message_hash = hasher.finalize();
+
+    debug!("message hash: {}", hex::encode(message_hash));
+
+    match public_key {
+        PublicKey::Rsa(rsa_key) => {
+            if sig_alg != 0x0014 {
+                bail!("expected RSASSA (0x0014), got 0x{sig_alg:04x}");
+            }
+
+            if actual_signature.len() < 2 {
+                bail!("RSA signature too short for size field");
+            }
+            let rsa_sig_size =
+                u16::from_be_bytes([actual_signature[0], actual_signature[1]]) as usize;
+            if actual_signature.len() < 2 + rsa_sig_size {
+                bail!("RSA signature too short for signature data");
+            }
+            let rsa_sig_data = &actual_signature[2..2 + rsa_sig_size];
+
+            debug!("RSA signature parsed: {rsa_sig_size} bytes");
+
+            let padding = rsa::Pkcs1v15Sign::new::<Sha256>();
+            match rsa_key.verify(padding, &message_hash, rsa_sig_data) {
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    debug!("✓ RSA signature verification successful");
+                    Ok(true)
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!("RSA signature verification failed: {e}");
+                    Ok(false)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        PublicKey::Ecc(ecc_key) => {
+            if sig_alg != 0x0018 {
+                bail!("expected ECDSA (0x0018), got 0x{sig_alg:04x}");
+            }
+
+            if actual_signature.len() < 2 {
+                bail!("ECDSA signature too short for signatureR size");
+            }
+            let r_size = u16::from_be_bytes([actual_signature[0], actual_signature[1]]) as usize;
+            if actual_signature.len() < 2 + r_size {
+                bail!("ECDSA signature too short for signatureR data");
+            }
+            let r_data = &actual_signature[2..2 + r_size];
+
+            let s_offset = 2 + r_size;
+            if actual_signature.len() < s_offset + 2 {
+                bail!("ECDSA signature too short for signatureS size");
+            }
+            let s_size =
+                u16::from_be_bytes([actual_signature[s_offset], actual_signature[s_offset + 1]])
+                    as usize;
+            if actual_signature.len() < s_offset + 2 + s_size {
+                bail!("ECDSA signature too short for signatureS data");
+            }
+            let s_data = &actual_signature[s_offset + 2..s_offset + 2 + s_size];
+
+            let mut sig_bytes = Vec::with_capacity(r_size + s_size);
+            sig_bytes.extend_from_slice(r_data);
+            sig_bytes.extend_from_slice(s_data);
+
+            debug!("ECDSA signature parsed: r={r_size} bytes, s={s_size} bytes",);
+
+            let signature =
+                Signature::from_slice(&sig_bytes).context("failed to parse ECDSA signature")?;
+
+            match ecc_key.verify_prehash(&message_hash, &signature) {
+                Ok(_) => {
+                    debug!("✓ ECC signature verification successful");
+                    Ok(true)
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!("ECC signature verification failed: {e}");
+                    Ok(false)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn extract_certs_webpki(cert_pem: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<CertificateDer<'static>>> {
+    let pem_items = parse_many(cert_pem).context("failed to parse PEM")?;
+
+    let certs = pem_items
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|pem| CertificateDer::from(pem.into_contents()))
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(certs)
+}
+
+fn verify_ak_chain_with_collateral(
+    ak_cert_der: &[u8],
+    collateral: &QuoteCollateral,
+    root_ca_pem: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    debug!(
+        "verifying AK certificate chain with webpki ({} bytes leaf, {} intermediate CRLs, root CRL: {})",
+        ak_cert_der.len(),
+        collateral.crls.len(),
+        if collateral.root_ca_crl.is_some() { "yes" } else { "no" }
+    );
+
+    let ak_cert_der_owned = CertificateDer::from(ak_cert_der.to_vec());
+    let ak_cert =
+        EndEntityCert::try_from(&ak_cert_der_owned).context("failed to parse AK certificate")?;
+
+    // Load intermediate certs from device-provided collateral
+    let intermediate_certs = extract_certs_webpki(collateral.cert_chain_pem.as_bytes())?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "loaded {} intermediate certificate(s) from collateral",
+        intermediate_certs.len()
+    );
+    for (i, cert_der) in intermediate_certs.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Ok((_, cert)) = X509Certificate::from_der(cert_der.as_ref()) {
+            debug!(
+                "  intermediate[{i}]: subject={}, issuer={}",
+                cert.subject(),
+                cert.issuer()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Load root CA from verifier-provided trust anchor (CRITICAL: independent from device)
+    let root_ca_certs = extract_certs_webpki(root_ca_pem.as_bytes())?;
+    if root_ca_certs.is_empty() {
+        bail!("failed to parse root CA PEM - no certificates found");
+    }
+    let root_cert_der = &root_ca_certs[0];
+
+    if let Ok((_, cert)) = X509Certificate::from_der(root_cert_der.as_ref()) {
+        debug!(
+            "trust anchor (verifier-provided): subject={}, issuer={}",
+            cert.subject(),
+            cert.issuer()
+        );
+    }
+
+    let trust_anchor = webpki::anchor_from_trusted_cert(root_cert_der)
+        .context("failed to create trust anchor from verifier root CA")?;
+
+    debug!(
+        "trust anchor created, {} intermediate(s)",
+        intermediate_certs.len()
+    );
+
+    let now = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .context("failed to get current time")?;
+    let time = UnixTime::since_unix_epoch(now);
+
+    let trust_anchors = [trust_anchor];
+
+    // Check root CA against CRL if CRL was provided
+    if let Some(root_ca_crl) = &collateral.root_ca_crl {
+        debug!("checking root CA against its CRL (dcap-qvl-webpki)");
+        let crl_refs = vec![root_ca_crl.as_slice()];
+        webpki::check_single_cert_crl(root_cert_der.as_ref(), &crl_refs, time)
+            .context("root CA revoked or invalid CRL")?;
+        debug!("✓ root CA CRL check passed");
+    } else {
+        debug!("root CA has no CRL - skipping root CA CRL check");
+    }
+
+    let result = if !collateral.crls.is_empty() {
+        debug!(
+            "parsing {} intermediate CRL(s) for revocation checking",
+            collateral.crls.len()
+        );
+        let crls: Vec<CertRevocationList> = collateral
+            .crls
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, der)| {
+                BorrowedCertRevocationList::from_der(der)
+                    .map(|crl| crl.into())
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse intermediate CRL #{i}"))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        let crl_refs: Vec<&CertRevocationList> = crls.iter().collect();
+
+        debug!("creating revocation options (CRL enforcement)");
+        let revocation_builder = webpki::RevocationOptionsBuilder::new(&crl_refs)
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to create RevocationOptionsBuilder"))?;
+
+        let revocation = revocation_builder
+            .with_depth(webpki::RevocationCheckDepth::Chain)
+            .with_status_policy(webpki::UnknownStatusPolicy::Allow)
+            .with_expiration_policy(webpki::ExpirationPolicy::Enforce)
+            .build();
+
+        debug!("verifying certificate chain with CRL revocation checking");
+
+        const TCG_KP_AIK_CERTIFICATE: &[u8] = &[0x67, 0x81, 0x05, 0x08, 0x01];
+        let key_usage = webpki::KeyUsage::required_if_present(TCG_KP_AIK_CERTIFICATE);
+
+        ak_cert
+            .verify_for_usage(
+                webpki::ALL_VERIFICATION_ALGS,
+                &trust_anchors,
+                &intermediate_certs,
+                time,
+                key_usage,
+                Some(revocation),
+                None,
+            )
+            .context("certificate chain verification failed")
+    } else {
+        debug!("no CRLs available (no certificates have CRL Distribution Points)");
+        debug!("verifying certificate chain WITHOUT CRL checking");
+
+        const TCG_KP_AIK_CERTIFICATE: &[u8] = &[0x67, 0x81, 0x05, 0x08, 0x01];
+        let key_usage = webpki::KeyUsage::required_if_present(TCG_KP_AIK_CERTIFICATE);
+
+        ak_cert
+            .verify_for_usage(
+                webpki::ALL_VERIFICATION_ALGS,
+                &trust_anchors,
+                &intermediate_certs,
+                time,
+                key_usage,
+                None,
+                None,
+            )
+            .context("certificate chain verification failed")
+    };
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(_) => {
+            if collateral.crls.is_empty() {
+                debug!("✓ AK certificate chain verification successful (webpki, no CRLs)");
+            } else {
+                debug!(
+                    "✓ AK certificate chain verification successful (webpki + {} intermediate CRL(s))",
+                    collateral.crls.len()
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn!("✗ AK certificate chain verification failed: {e:?}");
+            Err(e)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-types/Cargo.toml b/dstack/tpm-types/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb81483ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-types/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "tpm-types"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/tpm-types/src/lib.rs b/dstack/tpm-types/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..357585f8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm-types/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM Types - Common TPM-related type definitions
+//!
+//! This crate contains type definitions shared across TPM-related crates:
+//! - tpm-attest (device side - generates quotes)
+//! - tpm-qvl (verifier side - verifies quotes)
+//! - ra-tls (uses TPM quotes in attestation)
+
+use dstack_types::Platform;
+use scale::{Decode, Encode};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+
+/// TPM Quote structure containing attestation data
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct TpmQuote {
+    /// TPMS_ATTEST message
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub message: Vec<u8>,
+
+    /// Quote signature
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub signature: Vec<u8>,
+
+    /// PCR values included in the quote
+    pub pcr_values: Vec<PcrValue>,
+
+    /// Attestation Key (AK) certificate (DER format)
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub ak_cert: Vec<u8>,
+
+    /// Platform where quote was generated
+    pub platform: Platform,
+
+    /// Event Log (optional, used for PCR replay verification)
+    pub event_log: Vec<TpmEvent>,
+}
+
+impl TpmQuote {
+    pub fn from_scale(mut input: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, scale::Error> {
+        Self::decode(&mut input)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_scale(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.encode()
+    }
+}
+
+/// PCR (Platform Configuration Register) value
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Encode, Decode)]
+pub struct PcrValue {
+    /// PCR index (0-23)
+    pub index: u32,
+
+    /// Hash algorithm (e.g., "sha256", "sha384")
+    pub algorithm: String,
+
+    /// PCR value (hash)
+    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub value: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// PCR selection specifying which PCRs to include
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PcrSelection {
+    /// Hash bank (e.g., "sha256")
+    pub bank: String,
+
+    /// List of PCR indices
+    pub pcrs: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl PcrSelection {
+    pub fn new(bank: &str, pcrs: &[u32]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bank: bank.to_string(),
+            pcrs: pcrs.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha256(pcrs: &[u32]) -> Self {
+        Self::new("sha256", pcrs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha384(pcrs: &[u32]) -> Self {
+        Self::new("sha384", pcrs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_arg(&self) -> String {
+        let pcr_list: Vec<String> = self.pcrs.iter().map(|p| p.to_string()).collect();
+        format!(
+            "{}:{pcr_list_joined}",
+            self.bank,
+            pcr_list_joined = pcr_list.join(",")
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for PcrSelection {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::sha256(&[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
+    }
+}
+
+// Re-export TPM Event types from cc-eventlog
+pub use cc_eventlog::tpm::{TpmEvent, TpmEventLog};
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/Cargo.toml b/dstack/tpm2/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f51a07896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "tpm2"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+description = "Pure Rust TPM 2.0 implementation"
+keywords = ["tpm", "tpm2", "security", "attestation"]
+categories = ["cryptography", "hardware-support"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+sha2 = { workspace = true, features = ["oid"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tempfile.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "tpm2-test"
+path = "src/bin/tpm2-test.rs"
+
+[dependencies.hex]
+workspace = true
+features = ["alloc"]
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/bin/tpm2-test.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/bin/tpm2-test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6afb2d827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/bin/tpm2-test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 Test CLI
+//!
+//! A simple CLI tool to test TPM 2.0 operations on real hardware.
+//!
+//! Usage:
+//!   tpm2-test [command]
+//!
+//! Commands:
+//!   info        - Show TPM device info
+//!   random      - Generate random bytes
+//!   pcr-read    - Read PCR values
+//!   pcr-extend  - Test PCR extend
+//!   nv-test     - Test NV read/write operations
+//!   nv-full     - Full NV test (define/write/read/undefine)
+//!   primary     - Test primary key creation
+//!   evict       - Test EvictControl (persistent key)
+//!   seal        - Test seal/unseal operations (no PCR policy)
+//!   seal-pcr    - Test seal/unseal operations with PCR policy
+//!   quote       - Generate a TPM quote with RSA AK (requires GCP vTPM)
+//!   quote-ecc   - Generate a TPM quote with ECC AK (requires GCP vTPM)
+//!   all         - Run all tests
+
+use std::env;
+use tpm2::{tpm_rh, ResponseBuffer, TpmAlgId, TpmContext, TpmlPcrSelection, TpmtPublic, Unmarshal};
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
+    let command = args.get(1).map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or("all");
+
+    println!("=== TPM 2.0 Pure Rust Test Tool ===\n");
+
+    match command {
+        "info" => test_info(),
+        "random" => test_random(),
+        "pcr-read" => test_pcr_read(),
+        "pcr-extend" => test_pcr_extend(),
+        "nv-test" => test_nv_operations(),
+        "nv-full" => test_nv_full(),
+        "primary" => test_primary_key(),
+        "evict" => test_evict_control(),
+        "seal" => test_seal_unseal(),
+        "quote" => test_quote_rsa(),
+        "quote-ecc" => test_quote_ecc(),
+        "seal-pcr" => test_seal_unseal_with_pcr(),
+        "all" => {
+            test_info();
+            test_random();
+            test_pcr_read();
+            test_primary_key();
+            test_nv_operations();
+            test_seal_unseal();
+            test_seal_unseal_with_pcr();
+            test_quote_rsa();
+            test_quote_ecc();
+        }
+        _ => {
+            eprintln!("Unknown command: {}", command);
+            eprintln!("Available commands: info, random, pcr-read, pcr-extend, nv-test, nv-full, primary, evict, seal, seal-pcr, seal-nv, quote, quote-ecc, all");
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn test_info() {
+    println!("--- Test: Device Info ---");
+
+    match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => {
+            println!("✓ TPM device opened: {}", ctx.device_path());
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM device: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_random() {
+    println!("--- Test: Random Number Generation ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Test getting 32 random bytes
+    match ctx.get_random(32) {
+        Ok(bytes) => {
+            println!("✓ Generated 32 random bytes:");
+            println!("  {}", hex::encode(&bytes));
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ GetRandom failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Test getting 64 random bytes (tests chunking)
+    match ctx.get_random(64) {
+        Ok(bytes) => {
+            println!("✓ Generated 64 random bytes:");
+            println!("  {}...", &hex::encode(&bytes)[..64]);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ GetRandom (64 bytes) failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_pcr_read() {
+    println!("--- Test: PCR Read ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Read PCRs 0, 1, 2, 7
+    let pcr_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(TpmAlgId::Sha256, &[0, 1, 2, 7]);
+
+    match ctx.pcr_read(&pcr_selection) {
+        Ok(values) => {
+            println!("✓ Read {} PCR values:", values.len());
+            for (idx, value) in values {
+                println!("  PCR[{}] = {}", idx, hex::encode(&value));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ PCR_Read failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_primary_key() {
+    println!("--- Test: Primary Key ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Check if a persistent handle exists
+    let test_handle: u32 = 0x81000100;
+
+    match ctx.handle_exists(test_handle) {
+        Ok(exists) => {
+            println!("  Handle 0x{:08x} exists: {}", test_handle, exists);
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ ReadPublic failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Try to create a transient primary key
+    println!("  Creating transient primary key under Owner hierarchy...");
+    let template = tpm2::TpmtPublic::rsa_storage_key();
+    match ctx.create_primary(tpm_rh::OWNER, &template) {
+        Ok((handle, public)) => {
+            println!("✓ Created primary key:");
+            println!("  Handle: 0x{:08x}", handle);
+            println!("  Public size: {} bytes", public.len());
+
+            // Flush the transient handle
+            if let Err(e) = ctx.flush_context(handle) {
+                println!("  Warning: Failed to flush handle: {}", e);
+            } else {
+                println!("  Flushed transient handle");
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ CreatePrimary failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_nv_operations() {
+    println!("--- Test: NV Operations ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Test NV index (use a test index in the owner range)
+    let test_nv_index: u32 = 0x01800100;
+
+    // Check if NV index exists
+    match ctx.nv_exists(test_nv_index) {
+        Ok(exists) => {
+            println!("  NV index 0x{:08x} exists: {}", test_nv_index, exists);
+
+            if exists {
+                // Try to read it
+                match ctx.nv_read(test_nv_index) {
+                    Ok(Some(data)) => {
+                        println!("✓ Read {} bytes from NV", data.len());
+                        if data.len() <= 64 {
+                            println!("  Data: {}", hex::encode(&data));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Ok(None) => {
+                        println!("  NV index exists but couldn't read (auth required?)");
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        println!("✗ NV_Read failed: {}", e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_ReadPublic failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Try to read GCP AK certificate (if on GCP)
+    let gcp_ak_cert_index: u32 = 0x01C10000;
+    println!(
+        "\n  Checking GCP AK certificate at 0x{:08x}...",
+        gcp_ak_cert_index
+    );
+
+    match ctx.nv_exists(gcp_ak_cert_index) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("  GCP AK certificate NV index exists!");
+            match ctx.nv_read(gcp_ak_cert_index) {
+                Ok(Some(data)) => {
+                    println!("✓ Read GCP AK certificate: {} bytes", data.len());
+                }
+                Ok(None) => {
+                    println!("  Couldn't read certificate data");
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("✗ Failed to read certificate: {}", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("  GCP AK certificate not found (not on GCP vTPM?)");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV check failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_quote_rsa() {
+    println!("--- Test: Quote Generation with RSA AK (GCP vTPM) ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Check if GCP AK template exists
+    let gcp_ak_template_index: u32 = 0x01C10001; // RSA AK template
+
+    match ctx.nv_exists(gcp_ak_template_index) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("  GCP AK template found, attempting to load AK...");
+
+            // Read template
+            match ctx.nv_read(gcp_ak_template_index) {
+                Ok(Some(template)) => {
+                    println!("  Read AK template: {} bytes", template.len());
+
+                    // Create primary with template
+                    match ctx.create_primary_from_template(tpm_rh::ENDORSEMENT, &template) {
+                        Ok((handle, _public)) => {
+                            println!("✓ Loaded GCP AK: handle 0x{:08x}", handle);
+
+                            // Generate quote
+                            let qualifying_data = [0u8; 32]; // Test nonce
+                            let pcr_selection =
+                                TpmlPcrSelection::single(TpmAlgId::Sha256, &[0, 2, 14]);
+
+                            match ctx.quote(handle, &qualifying_data, &pcr_selection) {
+                                Ok((quoted, signature)) => {
+                                    println!("✓ Generated quote:");
+                                    println!("  Quoted size: {} bytes", quoted.len());
+                                    println!("  Signature size: {} bytes", signature.len());
+
+                                    match verify_quote_pcr_digest(&mut ctx, &quoted, &pcr_selection)
+                                    {
+                                        Ok(()) => println!(
+                                            "✓ Quote PCR digest matches current PCR values"
+                                        ),
+                                        Err(e) => println!(
+                                            "✗ Quote PCR digest verification failed: {}",
+                                            e
+                                        ),
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    println!("✗ Quote failed: {}", e);
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            // Flush handle
+                            let _ = ctx.flush_context(handle);
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            println!("✗ Failed to load AK: {}", e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(None) => {
+                    println!("  Couldn't read AK template");
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("✗ Failed to read template: {}", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("  GCP AK template not found (not on GCP vTPM)");
+            println!("  Skipping quote test");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV check failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_quote_ecc() {
+    println!("--- Test: Quote Generation with ECC AK (GCP vTPM) ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Check if GCP ECC AK template exists
+    let gcp_ak_template_index: u32 = 0x01C10003; // ECC AK template
+
+    match ctx.nv_exists(gcp_ak_template_index) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("  GCP ECC AK template found, attempting to load AK...");
+
+            // Read template
+            match ctx.nv_read(gcp_ak_template_index) {
+                Ok(Some(template)) => {
+                    println!("  Read ECC AK template: {} bytes", template.len());
+
+                    // Create primary with template
+                    match ctx.create_primary_from_template(tpm_rh::ENDORSEMENT, &template) {
+                        Ok((handle, _public)) => {
+                            println!("✓ Loaded GCP ECC AK: handle 0x{:08x}", handle);
+
+                            // Generate quote
+                            let qualifying_data = [0u8; 32]; // Test nonce
+                            let pcr_selection =
+                                TpmlPcrSelection::single(TpmAlgId::Sha256, &[0, 2, 14]);
+
+                            match ctx.quote(handle, &qualifying_data, &pcr_selection) {
+                                Ok((quoted, signature)) => {
+                                    println!("✓ Generated ECC quote:");
+                                    println!("  Quoted size: {} bytes", quoted.len());
+                                    println!("  Signature size: {} bytes", signature.len());
+
+                                    match verify_quote_pcr_digest(&mut ctx, &quoted, &pcr_selection)
+                                    {
+                                        Ok(()) => println!(
+                                            "✓ Quote PCR digest matches current PCR values"
+                                        ),
+                                        Err(e) => println!(
+                                            "✗ Quote PCR digest verification failed: {}",
+                                            e
+                                        ),
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    println!("✗ Quote failed: {}", e);
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            // Flush handle
+                            let _ = ctx.flush_context(handle);
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            println!("✗ Failed to load ECC AK: {}", e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(None) => {
+                    println!("  Couldn't read ECC AK template");
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    println!("✗ Failed to read template: {}", e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("  GCP ECC AK template not found (not on GCP vTPM)");
+            println!("  Skipping ECC quote test");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV check failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_pcr_extend() {
+    println!("--- Test: PCR Extend ---");
+    println!("  Note: This test extends PCR 23 which is typically resettable");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Read PCR 23 before extend
+    let pcr_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(TpmAlgId::Sha256, &[23]);
+    let before = match ctx.pcr_read(&pcr_selection) {
+        Ok(values) => {
+            if let Some((_, value)) = values.first() {
+                println!("  PCR[23] before: {}", hex::encode(value));
+                value.clone()
+            } else {
+                println!("✗ No PCR value returned");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ PCR_Read failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Extend PCR 23 with test data
+    let test_hash = [0x42u8; 32]; // Test hash value
+    match ctx.pcr_extend(23, &test_hash, TpmAlgId::Sha256) {
+        Ok(()) => {
+            println!("✓ PCR_Extend succeeded");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ PCR_Extend failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Read PCR 23 after extend
+    match ctx.pcr_read(&pcr_selection) {
+        Ok(values) => {
+            if let Some((_, value)) = values.first() {
+                println!("  PCR[23] after:  {}", hex::encode(value));
+                if value != &before {
+                    println!("✓ PCR value changed as expected");
+                } else {
+                    println!("✗ PCR value did not change!");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ PCR_Read after extend failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_nv_full() {
+    println!("--- Test: Full NV Operations (Define/Write/Read/Undefine) ---");
+    println!("  Warning: This test creates and deletes NV index 0x01800200");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let test_nv_index: u32 = 0x01800200;
+    let test_data = b"Hello TPM NV!";
+
+    // Clean up if index exists from previous failed test
+    if ctx.nv_exists(test_nv_index).unwrap_or(false) {
+        println!("  Cleaning up existing NV index...");
+        let _ = ctx.nv_undefine(test_nv_index);
+    }
+
+    // Define NV index
+    println!(
+        "  Defining NV index 0x{:08x} with size {}...",
+        test_nv_index,
+        test_data.len()
+    );
+    match ctx.nv_define(test_nv_index, test_data.len(), true) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✓ NV_DefineSpace succeeded");
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_DefineSpace returned false");
+            return;
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_DefineSpace failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write to NV index
+    println!("  Writing {} bytes to NV...", test_data.len());
+    match ctx.nv_write(test_nv_index, test_data) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✓ NV_Write succeeded");
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_Write returned false");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_Write failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Read from NV index
+    println!("  Reading from NV...");
+    match ctx.nv_read(test_nv_index) {
+        Ok(Some(data)) => {
+            println!("✓ NV_Read succeeded: {} bytes", data.len());
+            if data == test_data {
+                println!("✓ Data matches!");
+            } else {
+                println!("✗ Data mismatch!");
+                println!("  Expected: {:?}", String::from_utf8_lossy(test_data));
+                println!("  Got:      {:?}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&data));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(None) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_Read returned None");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_Read failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Undefine NV index
+    println!("  Undefining NV index...");
+    match ctx.nv_undefine(test_nv_index) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✓ NV_UndefineSpace succeeded");
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_UndefineSpace returned false");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV_UndefineSpace failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Verify it's gone
+    match ctx.nv_exists(test_nv_index) {
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✓ NV index successfully removed");
+        }
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✗ NV index still exists after undefine!");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ NV check failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_evict_control() {
+    println!("--- Test: EvictControl (Persistent Key) ---");
+    println!("  Warning: This test creates and removes persistent key at 0x81000200");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let persistent_handle: u32 = 0x81000200;
+
+    // Clean up if handle exists from previous failed test
+    if ctx.handle_exists(persistent_handle).unwrap_or(false) {
+        println!("  Cleaning up existing persistent handle...");
+        // Need to evict it first - create a dummy transient and evict to remove
+        let _ = ctx.evict_control(persistent_handle, persistent_handle);
+    }
+
+    // Create a transient primary key
+    println!("  Creating transient primary key...");
+    let template = TpmtPublic::rsa_storage_key();
+    let (transient_handle, _public) = match ctx.create_primary(tpm_rh::OWNER, &template) {
+        Ok(result) => {
+            println!("✓ Created transient key: 0x{:08x}", result.0);
+            result
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ CreatePrimary failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Make it persistent
+    println!("  Making key persistent at 0x{:08x}...", persistent_handle);
+    match ctx.evict_control(transient_handle, persistent_handle) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✓ EvictControl succeeded - key is now persistent");
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✗ EvictControl returned false");
+            let _ = ctx.flush_context(transient_handle);
+            return;
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ EvictControl failed: {}", e);
+            let _ = ctx.flush_context(transient_handle);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Flush the transient handle (no longer needed)
+    let _ = ctx.flush_context(transient_handle);
+
+    // Verify persistent handle exists
+    match ctx.handle_exists(persistent_handle) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✓ Persistent handle exists");
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✗ Persistent handle not found!");
+            return;
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Handle check failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Remove the persistent key
+    println!("  Removing persistent key...");
+    match ctx.evict_control(persistent_handle, persistent_handle) {
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✓ Persistent key removed");
+        }
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✗ EvictControl (remove) returned false");
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ EvictControl (remove) failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Verify it's gone
+    match ctx.handle_exists(persistent_handle) {
+        Ok(false) => {
+            println!("✓ Persistent handle successfully removed");
+        }
+        Ok(true) => {
+            println!("✗ Persistent handle still exists!");
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            // Expected - handle doesn't exist
+            println!("✓ Persistent handle successfully removed");
+        }
+    }
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn test_seal_unseal() {
+    println!("--- Test: Seal/Unseal Operations ---");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // First, ensure we have a primary key
+    println!("  Creating primary storage key...");
+    let template = TpmtPublic::rsa_storage_key();
+    let (parent_handle, _) = match ctx.create_primary(tpm_rh::OWNER, &template) {
+        Ok(result) => {
+            println!("✓ Created parent key: 0x{:08x}", result.0);
+            result
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ CreatePrimary failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Data to seal
+    let secret_data = b"This is my secret data for TPM sealing test!";
+    println!("  Sealing {} bytes of data...", secret_data.len());
+
+    // Seal the data without PCR policy (simpler test)
+    let empty_pcr_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::default();
+    let (pub_blob, priv_blob) = match ctx.seal(
+        secret_data,
+        parent_handle,
+        &empty_pcr_selection,
+        TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+    ) {
+        Ok(result) => {
+            println!("✓ Seal succeeded:");
+            println!("  Public blob: {} bytes", result.0.len());
+            println!("  Private blob: {} bytes", result.1.len());
+            result
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Seal failed: {}", e);
+            let _ = ctx.flush_context(parent_handle);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Unseal the data (use same empty PCR selection as seal)
+    println!("  Unsealing data...");
+    match ctx.unseal(
+        &pub_blob,
+        &priv_blob,
+        parent_handle,
+        &empty_pcr_selection,
+        TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+    ) {
+        Ok(unsealed) => {
+            println!("✓ Unseal succeeded: {} bytes", unsealed.len());
+            if unsealed == secret_data {
+                println!("✓ Data matches original!");
+                println!("  Content: {:?}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&unsealed));
+            } else {
+                println!("✗ Data mismatch!");
+                println!("  Expected: {:?}", String::from_utf8_lossy(secret_data));
+                println!("  Got:      {:?}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&unsealed));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Unseal failed: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Clean up
+    let _ = ctx.flush_context(parent_handle);
+    println!();
+}
+
+fn parse_quote_attestation(quoted: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<(TpmlPcrSelection, Vec<u8>)> {
+    let mut buf = ResponseBuffer::new(quoted);
+
+    let magic = buf.get_u32()?;
+    let attest_type = buf.get_u16()?;
+    if magic != 0xff544347 {
+        anyhow::bail!("unexpected TPMS_ATTEST.magic: 0x{:08x}", magic);
+    }
+    if attest_type != 0x8018 {
+        anyhow::bail!("unexpected TPMS_ATTEST.type: 0x{:04x}", attest_type);
+    }
+    let _qualified_signer = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+    let _extra_data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+    let _clock = buf.get_u64()?;
+    let _reset_count = buf.get_u32()?;
+    let _restart_count = buf.get_u32()?;
+    let _safe = buf.get_u8()?;
+
+    let _firmware_version = buf.get_u64()?;
+
+    let pcr_select = TpmlPcrSelection::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+    let pcr_digest = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+    Ok((pcr_select, pcr_digest))
+}
+
+fn verify_quote_pcr_digest(
+    ctx: &mut TpmContext,
+    quoted: &[u8],
+    requested_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha384, Sha512};
+
+    let (attested_selection, attested_digest) = parse_quote_attestation(quoted)?;
+
+    if attested_selection.pcr_selections.len() != requested_selection.pcr_selections.len() {
+        anyhow::bail!("quote returned unexpected PCR selection count");
+    }
+    for (a, r) in attested_selection
+        .pcr_selections
+        .iter()
+        .zip(requested_selection.pcr_selections.iter())
+    {
+        if a.hash.to_u16() != r.hash.to_u16() || a.pcr_select != r.pcr_select {
+            anyhow::bail!("quote returned PCR selection different from request");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if requested_selection.pcr_selections.len() != 1 {
+        anyhow::bail!("quote PCR verification only supports a single PCR bank selection");
+    }
+    let hash_alg = requested_selection.pcr_selections[0].hash;
+
+    let mut values = ctx.pcr_read(requested_selection)?;
+    values.sort_by_key(|(idx, _)| *idx);
+    let mut concat = Vec::new();
+    for (_, v) in values {
+        concat.extend_from_slice(&v);
+    }
+
+    let computed = match hash_alg {
+        TpmAlgId::Sha256 => Sha256::digest(&concat).to_vec(),
+        TpmAlgId::Sha384 => Sha384::digest(&concat).to_vec(),
+        TpmAlgId::Sha512 => Sha512::digest(&concat).to_vec(),
+        _ => anyhow::bail!("unsupported hash algorithm for quote PCR digest verification"),
+    };
+    if computed != attested_digest {
+        anyhow::bail!("pcrDigest mismatch");
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn test_seal_unseal_with_pcr() {
+    println!("--- Test: Seal/Unseal Operations with PCR Policy ---");
+    println!("  This seals data bound to PCR[23] (SHA256)");
+
+    let mut ctx = match TpmContext::new(None) {
+        Ok(ctx) => ctx,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Failed to open TPM: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    println!("  Creating primary storage key...");
+    let template = TpmtPublic::rsa_storage_key();
+    let (parent_handle, _) = match ctx.create_primary(tpm_rh::OWNER, &template) {
+        Ok(result) => {
+            println!("✓ Created parent key: 0x{:08x}", result.0);
+            result
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ CreatePrimary failed: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let secret_data = b"PCR protected secret data!";
+    let pcr_selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(TpmAlgId::Sha256, &[23]);
+    println!(
+        "  Sealing {} bytes of data with PCR policy...",
+        secret_data.len()
+    );
+
+    let (pub_blob, priv_blob) =
+        match ctx.seal(secret_data, parent_handle, &pcr_selection, TpmAlgId::Sha256) {
+            Ok(result) => {
+                println!("✓ Seal succeeded with PCR policy");
+                result
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                println!("✗ Seal failed: {}", e);
+                let _ = ctx.flush_context(parent_handle);
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+    println!("  Reading PCR values for verification...");
+    match ctx.pcr_read(&pcr_selection) {
+        Ok(values) => {
+            for (idx, value) in values {
+                println!("  PCR[{}] = {}", idx, hex::encode(value));
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => println!("  Warning: failed to read PCRs: {}", e),
+    }
+
+    println!("  Attempting to unseal data (PCRs must match)...");
+    let unsealed_ok = match ctx.unseal(
+        &pub_blob,
+        &priv_blob,
+        parent_handle,
+        &pcr_selection,
+        TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+    ) {
+        Ok(unsealed) => {
+            println!("✓ Unseal succeeded: {} bytes", unsealed.len());
+            if unsealed == secret_data {
+                println!("✓ Data matches original!");
+                println!("  Content: {:?}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&unsealed));
+            } else {
+                println!("✗ Data mismatch!");
+            }
+            true
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("✗ Unseal failed (PCR mismatch?): {}", e);
+            false
+        }
+    };
+
+    if unsealed_ok {
+        println!("  Extending PCR 23 to ensure unseal fails in a different PCR environment...");
+        let extend_value = [0xA5u8; 32];
+        match ctx.pcr_extend(23, &extend_value, TpmAlgId::Sha256) {
+            Ok(()) => println!("✓ PCR_Extend succeeded"),
+            Err(e) => println!("✗ PCR_Extend failed: {}", e),
+        }
+
+        println!("  Attempting to unseal again (must FAIL after PCR change)...");
+        match ctx.unseal(
+            &pub_blob,
+            &priv_blob,
+            parent_handle,
+            &pcr_selection,
+            TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+        ) {
+            Ok(_) => println!("✗ Unseal unexpectedly succeeded after PCR change!"),
+            Err(_) => println!("✓ Unseal failed after PCR change (expected)"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    let _ = ctx.flush_context(parent_handle);
+    println!();
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/commands.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85f266a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,873 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 command implementations
+//!
+//! This module provides high-level TPM operations.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use tracing::debug;
+
+use super::constants::*;
+use super::device::*;
+use super::marshal::*;
+use super::session::*;
+use super::types::*;
+
+/// Pure Rust TPM context
+pub struct TpmContext {
+    device: TpmDevice,
+}
+
+impl TpmContext {
+    /// Create a new TPM context with the given device path
+    pub fn new(tcti_path: Option<&str>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let device = match tcti_path {
+            Some(path) => TpmDevice::open(path)?,
+            None => TpmDevice::detect()?,
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self { device })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a TPM context over an already connected byte stream.
+    pub fn from_stream(stream: impl Read + Write + 'static, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            device: TpmDevice::from_stream(stream, name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the device path
+    pub fn device_path(&self) -> &str {
+        self.device.path()
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a raw TPM command.
+    pub fn execute_raw(&mut self, command: &[u8]) -> Result<TpmResponse> {
+        self.device.execute(command)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== NV Operations ====================
+
+    /// Check if an NV index exists
+    pub fn nv_exists(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::NvReadPublic);
+        cmd.add_handle(index);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+
+        // If successful, the NV index exists
+        Ok(response.is_success())
+    }
+
+    /// Read NV public area to get size
+    pub fn nv_read_public(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<TpmsNvPublic> {
+        self.nv_read_public_with_name(index)
+            .map(|(nv_public, _name)| nv_public)
+    }
+
+    /// Read NV public area and its TPM name.
+    pub fn nv_read_public_with_name(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<(TpmsNvPublic, Vec<u8>)> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::NvReadPublic);
+        cmd.add_handle(index);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("NV_ReadPublic failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let nv_public = Tpm2bNvPublic::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+        let name = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+        Ok((nv_public.nv_public, name))
+    }
+
+    /// Read data from an NV index
+    pub fn nv_read(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        // First get the NV public to know the size
+        let nv_public = match self.nv_read_public(index) {
+            Ok(p) => p,
+            Err(_) => return Ok(None), // NV index doesn't exist
+        };
+
+        let total_size = nv_public.data_size as usize;
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(total_size);
+        let mut offset = 0u16;
+
+        // Read in chunks (max ~1024 bytes per read)
+        const MAX_READ_SIZE: u16 = 1024;
+
+        while (offset as usize) < total_size {
+            let remaining = total_size - offset as usize;
+            let read_size = (remaining as u16).min(MAX_READ_SIZE);
+
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvRead);
+            // authHandle (owner for owner-readable NV)
+            cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::OWNER);
+            // nvIndex
+            cmd.add_handle(index);
+            // Authorization area (null auth)
+            cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+            // size
+            cmd.add_u16(read_size);
+            // offset
+            cmd.add_u16(offset);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            if !response.is_success() {
+                // Try with NV index as auth handle instead
+                let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvRead);
+                cmd.add_handle(index);
+                cmd.add_handle(index);
+                cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+                cmd.add_u16(read_size);
+                cmd.add_u16(offset);
+
+                let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+                if !response.is_success() {
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
+
+                let mut buf = response.skip_parameter_size()?;
+                let data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+                result.extend_from_slice(&data);
+            } else {
+                let mut buf = response.skip_parameter_size()?;
+                let data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+                result.extend_from_slice(&data);
+            }
+
+            offset += read_size;
+        }
+
+        Ok(Some(result))
+    }
+
+    /// Read data from an auth-readable NV index.
+    pub fn nv_read_with_auth(&mut self, index: u32, auth: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let nv_public = self.nv_read_public(index)?;
+        let total_size = nv_public.data_size as usize;
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(total_size);
+        let mut offset = 0u16;
+
+        const MAX_READ_SIZE: u16 = 1024;
+
+        while (offset as usize) < total_size {
+            let remaining = total_size - offset as usize;
+            let read_size = (remaining as u16).min(MAX_READ_SIZE);
+
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvRead);
+            // authHandle (NV index for auth-readable NV)
+            cmd.add_handle(index);
+            // nvIndex
+            cmd.add_handle(index);
+            // Authorization area
+            cmd.add_password_auth_area(auth);
+            // size
+            cmd.add_u16(read_size);
+            // offset
+            cmd.add_u16(offset);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            response
+                .ensure_success()
+                .with_context(|| format!("NV_Read failed at offset {}", offset))?;
+
+            let mut buf = response.skip_parameter_size()?;
+            let data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+            result.extend_from_slice(&data);
+
+            offset += read_size;
+        }
+
+        result.truncate(total_size);
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Write data to an NV index
+    pub fn nv_write(&mut self, index: u32, data: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+        const MAX_WRITE_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+        let mut offset = 0u16;
+
+        while (offset as usize) < data.len() {
+            let remaining = data.len() - offset as usize;
+            let write_size = remaining.min(MAX_WRITE_SIZE);
+            let chunk = &data[offset as usize..offset as usize + write_size];
+
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvWrite);
+            // authHandle
+            cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::OWNER);
+            // nvIndex
+            cmd.add_handle(index);
+            // Authorization area
+            cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+            // data
+            cmd.add_tpm2b(chunk);
+            // offset
+            cmd.add_u16(offset);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            response
+                .ensure_success()
+                .with_context(|| format!("NV_Write failed at offset {}", offset))?;
+
+            offset += write_size as u16;
+        }
+
+        debug!("wrote {} bytes to NV index 0x{:08x}", data.len(), index);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Write data to an auth-writable NV index.
+    pub fn nv_write_with_auth(&mut self, index: u32, auth: &[u8], data: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+        const MAX_WRITE_SIZE: usize = 1024;
+        let mut offset = 0u16;
+
+        while (offset as usize) < data.len() {
+            let remaining = data.len() - offset as usize;
+            let write_size = remaining.min(MAX_WRITE_SIZE);
+            let chunk = &data[offset as usize..offset as usize + write_size];
+
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvWrite);
+            // authHandle (NV index for auth-writable NV)
+            cmd.add_handle(index);
+            // nvIndex
+            cmd.add_handle(index);
+            // Authorization area
+            cmd.add_password_auth_area(auth);
+            // data
+            cmd.add_tpm2b(chunk);
+            // offset
+            cmd.add_u16(offset);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            response
+                .ensure_success()
+                .with_context(|| format!("NV_Write failed at offset {}", offset))?;
+
+            offset += write_size as u16;
+        }
+
+        debug!("wrote {} bytes to NV index 0x{:08x}", data.len(), index);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Define a new NV index
+    pub fn nv_define(&mut self, index: u32, size: usize, owner_read_write: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut attributes = TpmaNv::new();
+        if owner_read_write {
+            attributes = attributes.with_owner_write().with_owner_read();
+        }
+
+        let nv_public = TpmsNvPublic::new(index, size as u16, attributes);
+
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvDefineSpace);
+        // authHandle (owner)
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::OWNER);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // auth (empty)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b_empty();
+        // publicInfo
+        cmd.add(&Tpm2bNvPublic { nv_public });
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+
+        if response.is_success() {
+            debug!("defined NV index 0x{:08x} with size {}", index, size);
+            Ok(true)
+        } else {
+            Ok(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Define a new NV index with an explicit auth value, name algorithm, and attributes.
+    pub fn nv_define_with_auth(
+        &mut self,
+        index: u32,
+        size: usize,
+        auth: &[u8],
+        name_alg: TpmAlgId,
+        attributes: TpmaNv,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        let nv_public = TpmsNvPublic::new_with_name_alg(index, size as u16, attributes, name_alg);
+
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvDefineSpace);
+        // authHandle (owner)
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::OWNER);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // auth
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(auth);
+        // publicInfo
+        cmd.add(&Tpm2bNvPublic { nv_public });
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+
+        if response.is_success() {
+            debug!("defined NV index 0x{:08x} with size {}", index, size);
+            Ok(true)
+        } else {
+            Ok(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Undefine (delete) an NV index
+    pub fn nv_undefine(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvUndefineSpace);
+        // authHandle (owner)
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::OWNER);
+        // nvIndex
+        cmd.add_handle(index);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+
+        if response.is_success() {
+            debug!("undefined NV index 0x{:08x}", index);
+            Ok(true)
+        } else {
+            Ok(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ==================== PCR Operations ====================
+
+    /// Read PCR values for the given selection
+    pub fn pcr_read(&mut self, pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection) -> Result<Vec<(u32, Vec<u8>)>> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::PcrRead);
+        cmd.add(pcr_selection);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("PCR_Read failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let _update_counter = buf.get_u32()?;
+        let pcr_selection_out = TpmlPcrSelection::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+        let digest_list = TpmlDigest::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+
+        // Map digests to PCR indices
+        let mut result = Vec::new();
+        let mut digest_idx = 0;
+
+        for sel in &pcr_selection_out.pcr_selections {
+            for (byte_idx, &byte) in sel.pcr_select.iter().enumerate() {
+                for bit in 0..8 {
+                    if byte & (1 << bit) != 0 {
+                        let pcr_idx = (byte_idx * 8 + bit) as u32;
+                        if digest_idx < digest_list.digests.len() {
+                            result.push((pcr_idx, digest_list.digests[digest_idx].buffer.clone()));
+                            digest_idx += 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Read a single PCR value
+    pub fn pcr_read_single(&mut self, pcr_idx: u32, hash_alg: TpmAlgId) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let selection = TpmlPcrSelection::single(hash_alg, &[pcr_idx]);
+        let values = self.pcr_read(&selection)?;
+
+        values
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|(idx, _)| *idx == pcr_idx)
+            .map(|(_, v)| v)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("PCR {} not found in response", pcr_idx))
+    }
+
+    /// Extend a PCR with a hash value
+    pub fn pcr_extend(&mut self, pcr: u32, hash: &[u8], hash_alg: TpmAlgId) -> Result<()> {
+        let digest_values = TpmlDigestValues::single(TpmtHa {
+            hash_alg,
+            digest: hash.to_vec(),
+        });
+
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::PcrExtend);
+        // pcrHandle
+        cmd.add_handle(pcr);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // digests
+        cmd.add(&digest_values);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response
+            .ensure_success()
+            .with_context(|| format!("PCR_Extend failed for PCR {}", pcr))?;
+
+        debug!("extended PCR {}", pcr);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Random Number Generation ====================
+
+    /// Generate random bytes using the TPM's hardware RNG
+    pub fn get_random(&mut self, num_bytes: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(num_bytes);
+
+        // TPM may return fewer bytes than requested, so loop
+        while result.len() < num_bytes {
+            let remaining = num_bytes - result.len();
+            let request_size = remaining.min(48) as u16; // TPM typically limits to 48-64 bytes
+
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::GetRandom);
+            cmd.add_u16(request_size);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            response.ensure_success().context("GetRandom failed")?;
+
+            let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+            let random_bytes = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+            result.extend_from_slice(&random_bytes);
+        }
+
+        result.truncate(num_bytes);
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// Generate random bytes into a fixed-size array
+    pub fn get_random_array<const N: usize>(&mut self) -> Result<[u8; N]> {
+        let bytes = self.get_random(N)?;
+        bytes
+            .try_into()
+            .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("unexpected random bytes length"))
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Capability Operations ====================
+
+    /// List handles in the given inclusive range.
+    fn get_handles(&mut self, first: u32, last: u32) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
+        let mut property = first;
+        let mut handles = Vec::new();
+
+        while property <= last {
+            let remaining = last - property + 1;
+            let count = remaining.min(1024);
+
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::GetCapability);
+            cmd.add_u32(TpmCap::Handles as u32);
+            cmd.add_u32(property);
+            cmd.add_u32(count);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            response.ensure_success().context("GetCapability failed")?;
+
+            let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+            let more_data = buf.get_u8()? != 0;
+            let capability = buf.get_u32()?;
+            if capability != TpmCap::Handles as u32 {
+                anyhow::bail!("GetCapability returned unexpected capability 0x{capability:08x}");
+            }
+
+            let handle_count = buf.get_u32()? as usize;
+            if handle_count == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let mut last_seen = property;
+            for _ in 0..handle_count {
+                let handle = buf.get_u32()?;
+                if handle >= first && handle <= last {
+                    handles.push(handle);
+                }
+                last_seen = handle;
+            }
+
+            if !more_data || last_seen >= last {
+                break;
+            }
+            property = last_seen.saturating_add(1);
+        }
+
+        Ok(handles)
+    }
+
+    /// Find the first unused handle in the given inclusive range.
+    pub fn find_free_handle(&mut self, first: u32, last: u32) -> Result<Option<u32>> {
+        let handles = self
+            .get_handles(first, last)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+        Ok((first..=last).find(|handle| !handles.contains(handle)))
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Primary Key Operations ====================
+
+    /// Check if a persistent handle exists
+    pub fn handle_exists(&mut self, handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::ReadPublic);
+        cmd.add_handle(handle);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        Ok(response.is_success())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a primary key in the specified hierarchy
+    pub fn create_primary(
+        &mut self,
+        hierarchy: u32,
+        template: &TpmtPublic,
+    ) -> Result<(u32, Vec<u8>)> {
+        let public = Tpm2bPublic::from_template(template);
+
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::CreatePrimary);
+        // primaryHandle (hierarchy)
+        cmd.add_handle(hierarchy);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // inSensitive (empty)
+        cmd.add(&Tpm2bSensitiveCreate::empty());
+        // inPublic
+        cmd.add(&public);
+        // outsideInfo (empty)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b_empty();
+        // creationPCR (empty)
+        cmd.add(&TpmlPcrSelection::default());
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("CreatePrimary failed")?;
+
+        // For commands with sessions, the response format is:
+        // - Handle (4 bytes) - BEFORE parameter size
+        // - Parameter size (4 bytes)
+        // - Parameters...
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let handle = buf.get_u32()?;
+
+        // Skip parameter size
+        let _param_size = buf.get_u32()?;
+
+        let out_public = Tpm2bPublic::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+
+        debug!("created primary key with handle 0x{:08x}", handle);
+        Ok((handle, out_public.public_area))
+    }
+
+    /// Create a primary key from raw public template bytes (for GCP AK)
+    pub fn create_primary_from_template(
+        &mut self,
+        hierarchy: u32,
+        template_bytes: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(u32, Vec<u8>)> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::CreatePrimary);
+        // primaryHandle (hierarchy)
+        cmd.add_handle(hierarchy);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // inSensitive (empty)
+        cmd.add(&Tpm2bSensitiveCreate::empty());
+        // inPublic (raw template with size prefix)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(template_bytes);
+        // outsideInfo (empty)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b_empty();
+        // creationPCR (empty)
+        cmd.add(&TpmlPcrSelection::default());
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("CreatePrimary failed")?;
+
+        // For commands with sessions, the response format is:
+        // - Handle (4 bytes) - BEFORE parameter size
+        // - Parameter size (4 bytes)
+        // - Parameters...
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let handle = buf.get_u32()?;
+
+        // Skip parameter size
+        let _param_size = buf.get_u32()?;
+
+        let out_public = Tpm2bPublic::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+
+        debug!("created primary key with handle 0x{:08x}", handle);
+        Ok((handle, out_public.public_area))
+    }
+
+    /// Make a key persistent at a given handle
+    pub fn evict_control(&mut self, object_handle: u32, persistent_handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::EvictControl);
+        // auth (owner)
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::OWNER);
+        // objectHandle
+        cmd.add_handle(object_handle);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // persistentHandle
+        cmd.add_handle(persistent_handle);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("EvictControl failed")?;
+
+        debug!("made key persistent at 0x{:08x}", persistent_handle);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Ensure a persistent primary key exists at the given handle
+    pub fn ensure_primary_key(&mut self, handle: u32) -> Result<bool> {
+        if self.handle_exists(handle)? {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        debug!("creating TPM primary key at 0x{:08x}...", handle);
+        let template = TpmtPublic::rsa_storage_key();
+        let (transient, _) = self.create_primary(tpm_rh::OWNER, &template)?;
+        self.evict_control(transient, handle)?;
+
+        // Flush the transient handle
+        self.flush_context(transient)?;
+
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Flush a context (handle)
+    pub fn flush_context(&mut self, handle: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::FlushContext);
+        cmd.add_handle(handle);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("FlushContext failed")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Start a salted HMAC authorization session with null symmetric encryption.
+    pub fn start_hmac_auth_session_salted(
+        &mut self,
+        salt_key_handle: u32,
+        encrypted_salt: &[u8],
+        nonce_caller: &[u8],
+        hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    ) -> Result<(u32, Vec<u8>)> {
+        if nonce_caller.len() < 16 {
+            anyhow::bail!("TPM nonceCaller is too short");
+        }
+
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::StartAuthSession);
+        // tpmKey
+        cmd.add_handle(salt_key_handle);
+        // bind
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::NULL);
+        // nonceCaller
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(nonce_caller);
+        // encryptedSalt
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(encrypted_salt);
+        // sessionType
+        cmd.add_u8(TpmSe::Hmac as u8);
+        // symmetric
+        cmd.add(&TpmtSymDef::null());
+        // authHash
+        cmd.add_u16(hash_alg.to_u16());
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response
+            .ensure_success()
+            .context("StartAuthSession failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let handle = buf.get_u32()?;
+        let nonce_tpm = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+        Ok((handle, nonce_tpm))
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Seal/Unseal Operations ====================
+
+    /// Seal data to TPM with PCR policy
+    pub fn seal(
+        &mut self,
+        data: &[u8],
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+        hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)> {
+        // Compute policy digest if PCR selection is not empty
+        let policy_digest = if pcr_selection.pcr_selections.is_empty() {
+            // No PCR policy - use empty authPolicy (zero length, not zero-filled)
+            vec![]
+        } else {
+            // First, compute the policy digest using a trial session
+            let trial_session = AuthSession::start_trial(&mut self.device, hash_alg)?;
+
+            // Compute PCR digest
+            let pcr_digest = compute_pcr_digest(&mut self.device, pcr_selection, hash_alg)?;
+
+            // Apply PCR policy to trial session
+            trial_session.policy_pcr(&mut self.device, &pcr_digest, pcr_selection)?;
+
+            // Get the policy digest
+            let digest = trial_session.get_digest(&mut self.device)?;
+
+            // Flush trial session
+            trial_session.flush(&mut self.device)?;
+
+            digest
+        };
+
+        // Create sealed object template
+        let template = TpmtPublic::sealed_object(Tpm2bDigest::new(policy_digest), hash_alg);
+        let public = Tpm2bPublic::from_template(&template);
+
+        // Create the sealed object
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::Create);
+        // parentHandle
+        cmd.add_handle(parent_handle);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // inSensitive (contains the data to seal)
+        cmd.add(&Tpm2bSensitiveCreate::with_data(data.to_vec()));
+        // inPublic
+        cmd.add(&public);
+        // outsideInfo (empty)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b_empty();
+        // creationPCR (empty)
+        cmd.add(&TpmlPcrSelection::default());
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("Create (seal) failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.skip_parameter_size()?;
+        let out_private = Tpm2bPrivate::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+        let out_public = Tpm2bPublic::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+
+        debug!("sealed {} bytes to TPM with PCR policy", data.len());
+
+        Ok((out_public.public_area, out_private.buffer))
+    }
+
+    /// Unseal data from TPM with PCR policy
+    pub fn unseal(
+        &mut self,
+        pub_bytes: &[u8],
+        priv_bytes: &[u8],
+        parent_handle: u32,
+        pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+        hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        // Load the sealed object
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::Load);
+        // parentHandle
+        cmd.add_handle(parent_handle);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // inPrivate
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(priv_bytes);
+        // inPublic
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(pub_bytes);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("Load failed")?;
+
+        // For commands with sessions, handle comes BEFORE parameter size
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let object_handle = buf.get_u32()?;
+        let _param_size = buf.get_u32()?; // Skip parameter size
+
+        debug!("loaded sealed object with handle 0x{:08x}", object_handle);
+
+        // Unseal - use policy session if PCR selection is not empty
+        let response = if pcr_selection.pcr_selections.is_empty() {
+            // No PCR policy - use null auth
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::Unseal);
+            cmd.add_handle(object_handle);
+            cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+            self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?
+        } else {
+            // Start a policy session
+            let policy_session = AuthSession::start_policy(&mut self.device, hash_alg)?;
+
+            // Compute and apply PCR policy
+            let pcr_digest = compute_pcr_digest(&mut self.device, pcr_selection, hash_alg)?;
+            policy_session.policy_pcr(&mut self.device, &pcr_digest, pcr_selection)?;
+
+            // Unseal with policy session
+            let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::Unseal);
+            cmd.add_handle(object_handle);
+            cmd.add_policy_auth(policy_session.handle);
+
+            let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+            let _ = policy_session.flush(&mut self.device);
+            response
+        };
+
+        // Clean up object handle
+        let _ = self.flush_context(object_handle);
+
+        if !response.is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "Unseal failed with TPM error: 0x{:08x}",
+                response.response_code
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut buf = response.skip_parameter_size()?;
+        let data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+        debug!("unsealed {} bytes from TPM", data.len());
+        Ok(data)
+    }
+
+    // ==================== Quote Operations ====================
+
+    /// Generate a TPM quote
+    pub fn quote(
+        &mut self,
+        sign_handle: u32,
+        qualifying_data: &[u8],
+        pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>)> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::Quote);
+        // signHandle
+        cmd.add_handle(sign_handle);
+        // Authorization area
+        cmd.add_null_auth_area();
+        // qualifyingData
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(qualifying_data);
+        // inScheme (NULL - use key's default scheme)
+        cmd.add(&TpmtSigScheme::null());
+        // PCRselect
+        cmd.add(pcr_selection);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("Quote failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.skip_parameter_size()?;
+        let quoted = buf.get_tpm2b()?; // TPM2B_ATTEST
+        let signature = buf.get_remaining(); // TPMT_SIGNATURE
+
+        debug!("generated TPM quote");
+        Ok((quoted, signature))
+    }
+
+    /// Read public area of a key
+    pub fn read_public(&mut self, handle: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::ReadPublic);
+        cmd.add_handle(handle);
+
+        let response = self.device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("ReadPublic failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let out_public = Tpm2bPublic::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+
+        Ok(out_public.public_area)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pcr_selection() {
+        let sel = TpmsPcrSelection::sha256(&[0, 1, 2, 7]);
+        assert_eq!(sel.hash, TpmAlgId::Sha256);
+        // PCR 0, 1, 2, 7 = bits 0, 1, 2, 7 = 0b10000111 = 0x87
+        assert_eq!(sel.pcr_select[0], 0x87);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/constants.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/constants.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c562fc019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/constants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 constants and command codes
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Command Codes (TPM_CC)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum TpmCc {
+    NvDefineSpace = 0x0000012A,
+    NvUndefineSpace = 0x00000122,
+    NvRead = 0x0000014E,
+    NvWrite = 0x00000137,
+    NvReadPublic = 0x00000169,
+    PcrRead = 0x0000017E,
+    PcrExtend = 0x00000182,
+    GetRandom = 0x0000017B,
+    CreatePrimary = 0x00000131,
+    Create = 0x00000153,
+    Load = 0x00000157,
+    Unseal = 0x0000015E,
+    Quote = 0x00000158,
+    StartAuthSession = 0x00000176,
+    PolicyPcr = 0x0000017F,
+    PolicyGetDigest = 0x00000189,
+    FlushContext = 0x00000165,
+    EvictControl = 0x00000120,
+    ReadPublic = 0x00000173,
+    GetCapability = 0x0000017A,
+}
+
+impl TpmCc {
+    pub fn to_u32(self) -> u32 {
+        self as u32
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Response Codes (TPM_RC)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum TpmRc {
+    Success = 0x00000000,
+    // Format 0 errors
+    Initialize = 0x00000100,
+    Failure = 0x00000101,
+    // Format 1 errors (parameter errors)
+    Value = 0x00000184,
+    Handle = 0x0000008B,
+    // NV errors
+    NvDefined = 0x0000014C,
+    NvNotDefined = 0x0000014B,
+    NvLocked = 0x00000148,
+    NvRange = 0x00000146,
+    // Auth errors
+    AuthFail = 0x0000098E,
+    PolicyFail = 0x0000099D,
+    // PCR errors
+    Locality = 0x00000107,
+}
+
+impl TpmRc {
+    pub fn from_u32(code: u32) -> Self {
+        match code {
+            0x00000000 => TpmRc::Success,
+            0x00000100 => TpmRc::Initialize,
+            0x00000101 => TpmRc::Failure,
+            0x00000184 => TpmRc::Value,
+            0x0000008B => TpmRc::Handle,
+            0x0000014C => TpmRc::NvDefined,
+            0x0000014B => TpmRc::NvNotDefined,
+            0x00000148 => TpmRc::NvLocked,
+            0x00000146 => TpmRc::NvRange,
+            0x0000098E => TpmRc::AuthFail,
+            0x0000099D => TpmRc::PolicyFail,
+            0x00000107 => TpmRc::Locality,
+            _ => TpmRc::Failure, // Unknown error
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_success(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, TpmRc::Success)
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Algorithm IDs (TPM_ALG_ID)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
+pub enum TpmAlgId {
+    Null = 0x0010,
+    Sha1 = 0x0004,
+    Sha256 = 0x000B,
+    Sha384 = 0x000C,
+    Sha512 = 0x000D,
+    Rsa = 0x0001,
+    Ecc = 0x0023,
+    Aes = 0x0006,
+    Cfb = 0x0043,
+    RsaSsa = 0x0014,
+    RsaPss = 0x0016,
+    EcDsa = 0x0018,
+    KeyedHash = 0x0008,
+    SymCipher = 0x0025,
+}
+
+impl TpmAlgId {
+    pub fn to_u16(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_u16(v: u16) -> Option<Self> {
+        match v {
+            0x0010 => Some(TpmAlgId::Null),
+            0x0004 => Some(TpmAlgId::Sha1),
+            0x000B => Some(TpmAlgId::Sha256),
+            0x000C => Some(TpmAlgId::Sha384),
+            0x000D => Some(TpmAlgId::Sha512),
+            0x0001 => Some(TpmAlgId::Rsa),
+            0x0023 => Some(TpmAlgId::Ecc),
+            0x0006 => Some(TpmAlgId::Aes),
+            0x0043 => Some(TpmAlgId::Cfb),
+            0x0014 => Some(TpmAlgId::RsaSsa),
+            0x0016 => Some(TpmAlgId::RsaPss),
+            0x0018 => Some(TpmAlgId::EcDsa),
+            0x0008 => Some(TpmAlgId::KeyedHash),
+            0x0025 => Some(TpmAlgId::SymCipher),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn digest_size(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            TpmAlgId::Sha1 => 20,
+            TpmAlgId::Sha256 => 32,
+            TpmAlgId::Sha384 => 48,
+            TpmAlgId::Sha512 => 64,
+            _ => 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Handle Types
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum TpmHt {
+    Pcr = 0x00,
+    NvIndex = 0x01,
+    HmacSession = 0x02,
+    PolicySession = 0x03,
+    Permanent = 0x40,
+    Transient = 0x80,
+    Persistent = 0x81,
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Permanent Handles
+pub mod tpm_rh {
+    pub const OWNER: u32 = 0x40000001;
+    pub const NULL: u32 = 0x40000007;
+    pub const ENDORSEMENT: u32 = 0x4000000B;
+    pub const PLATFORM: u32 = 0x4000000C;
+    pub const PW: u32 = 0x40000009; // Password authorization
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Session Types
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum TpmSe {
+    Hmac = 0x00,
+    Policy = 0x01,
+    Trial = 0x03,
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Startup Types
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
+pub enum TpmSu {
+    Clear = 0x0000,
+    State = 0x0001,
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Capability Types
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+pub enum TpmCap {
+    Handles = 0x00000001,
+    Commands = 0x00000002,
+    PpCommands = 0x00000003,
+    AuditCommands = 0x00000004,
+    Pcrs = 0x00000005,
+    TpmProperties = 0x00000006,
+    PcrProperties = 0x00000007,
+    EccCurves = 0x00000008,
+    AuthPolicies = 0x00000009,
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Object Attributes
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct TpmaObject(pub u32);
+
+impl TpmaObject {
+    pub const FIXED_TPM: u32 = 1 << 1;
+    pub const ST_CLEAR: u32 = 1 << 2;
+    pub const FIXED_PARENT: u32 = 1 << 4;
+    pub const SENSITIVE_DATA_ORIGIN: u32 = 1 << 5;
+    pub const USER_WITH_AUTH: u32 = 1 << 6;
+    pub const ADMIN_WITH_POLICY: u32 = 1 << 7;
+    pub const NO_DA: u32 = 1 << 10;
+    pub const ENCRYPTED_DUPLICATION: u32 = 1 << 11;
+    pub const RESTRICTED: u32 = 1 << 16;
+    pub const DECRYPT: u32 = 1 << 17;
+    pub const SIGN_ENCRYPT: u32 = 1 << 18;
+
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_fixed_tpm(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::FIXED_TPM;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_fixed_parent(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::FIXED_PARENT;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_sensitive_data_origin(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::SENSITIVE_DATA_ORIGIN;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_user_with_auth(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::USER_WITH_AUTH;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_admin_with_policy(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::ADMIN_WITH_POLICY;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_restricted(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::RESTRICTED;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_decrypt(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::DECRYPT;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_sign_encrypt(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::SIGN_ENCRYPT;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 NV Attributes
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct TpmaNv(pub u32);
+
+impl TpmaNv {
+    pub const PP_WRITE: u32 = 1 << 0;
+    pub const OWNER_WRITE: u32 = 1 << 1;
+    pub const AUTH_WRITE: u32 = 1 << 2;
+    pub const POLICY_WRITE: u32 = 1 << 3;
+    pub const PP_READ: u32 = 1 << 16;
+    pub const OWNER_READ: u32 = 1 << 17;
+    pub const AUTH_READ: u32 = 1 << 18;
+    pub const POLICY_READ: u32 = 1 << 19;
+    pub const NO_DA: u32 = 1 << 25;
+    pub const ORDERLY: u32 = 1 << 26;
+    pub const CLEAR_STCLEAR: u32 = 1 << 27;
+    pub const READ_LOCKED: u32 = 1 << 28;
+    pub const WRITTEN: u32 = 1 << 29;
+    pub const PLATFORM_CREATE: u32 = 1 << 30;
+    pub const READ_STCLEAR: u32 = 1 << 31;
+
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_owner_write(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::OWNER_WRITE;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_owner_read(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::OWNER_READ;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_auth_write(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::AUTH_WRITE;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_auth_read(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::AUTH_READ;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM 2.0 Session Attributes
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct TpmaSa(pub u8);
+
+impl TpmaSa {
+    pub const CONTINUE_SESSION: u8 = 1 << 0;
+    pub const AUDIT_EXCLUSIVE: u8 = 1 << 1;
+    pub const AUDIT_RESET: u8 = 1 << 2;
+    pub const DECRYPT: u8 = 1 << 5;
+    pub const ENCRYPT: u8 = 1 << 6;
+    pub const AUDIT: u8 = 1 << 7;
+
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(0)
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_continue_session(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.0 |= Self::CONTINUE_SESSION;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM command header tag
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
+pub enum TpmSt {
+    NoSessions = 0x8001,
+    Sessions = 0x8002,
+    RspCommand = 0x00C4,
+}
+
+impl TpmSt {
+    pub fn to_u16(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_u16(v: u16) -> Option<Self> {
+        match v {
+            0x8001 => Some(TpmSt::NoSessions),
+            0x8002 => Some(TpmSt::Sessions),
+            0x00C4 => Some(TpmSt::RspCommand),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// ECC Curve IDs
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
+pub enum TpmEccCurve {
+    None = 0x0000,
+    NistP256 = 0x0003,
+    NistP384 = 0x0004,
+    NistP521 = 0x0005,
+}
+
+impl TpmEccCurve {
+    pub fn to_u16(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+}
+
+/// RSA Key Bits
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(u16)]
+pub enum RsaKeyBits {
+    Rsa1024 = 1024,
+    Rsa2048 = 2048,
+    Rsa3072 = 3072,
+    Rsa4096 = 4096,
+}
+
+impl RsaKeyBits {
+    pub fn to_u16(self) -> u16 {
+        self as u16
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/device.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/device.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32cea0aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/device.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM device communication layer
+//!
+//! Provides low-level communication with TPM devices via /dev/tpmrm0 or /dev/tpm0.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use super::constants::*;
+use super::marshal::*;
+
+/// Maximum TPM command/response size
+const TPM_MAX_COMMAND_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+
+/// TPM device handle
+trait ReadWrite: Read + Write {}
+
+impl<T: Read + Write> ReadWrite for T {}
+
+enum TpmTransport {
+    Device(File),
+    Stream(Box<dyn ReadWrite>),
+}
+
+pub struct TpmDevice {
+    transport: TpmTransport,
+    path: String,
+}
+
+impl TpmDevice {
+    /// Open a TPM device
+    pub fn open(path: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Strip "device:" prefix if present
+        let device_path = path.strip_prefix("device:").unwrap_or(path);
+
+        let file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .open(device_path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to open TPM device: {}", device_path))?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            transport: TpmTransport::Device(file),
+            path: device_path.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a TPM device over an already connected byte stream.
+    pub fn from_stream(stream: impl Read + Write + 'static, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            transport: TpmTransport::Stream(Box::new(stream)),
+            path: name.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Detect and open the default TPM device
+    pub fn detect() -> Result<Self> {
+        if Path::new("/dev/tpmrm0").exists() {
+            Self::open("/dev/tpmrm0")
+        } else if Path::new("/dev/tpm0").exists() {
+            Self::open("/dev/tpm0")
+        } else {
+            bail!("TPM device not found")
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the device path
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.path
+    }
+
+    /// Send a command to the TPM and receive the response.
+    pub fn transmit(&mut self, command: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        match &mut self.transport {
+            TpmTransport::Device(file) => {
+                file.write_all(command)
+                    .context("failed to write TPM command")?;
+                let mut response = vec![0u8; TPM_MAX_COMMAND_SIZE];
+                let size = file
+                    .read(&mut response)
+                    .context("failed to read TPM response")?;
+                response.truncate(size);
+                Ok(response)
+            }
+            TpmTransport::Stream(stream) => {
+                stream
+                    .write_all(command)
+                    .context("failed to write TPM command")?;
+                let mut header = [0u8; 10];
+                stream
+                    .read_exact(&mut header)
+                    .context("failed to read TPM response header")?;
+                let response_size =
+                    u32::from_be_bytes([header[2], header[3], header[4], header[5]]) as usize;
+                if !(header.len()..=TPM_MAX_COMMAND_SIZE).contains(&response_size) {
+                    bail!("invalid TPM response size: {response_size}");
+                }
+                let mut response = Vec::with_capacity(response_size);
+                response.extend_from_slice(&header);
+                response.resize(response_size, 0);
+                stream
+                    .read_exact(&mut response[header.len()..])
+                    .context("failed to read TPM response body")?;
+                Ok(response)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a TPM command and parse the response
+    pub fn execute(&mut self, command: &[u8]) -> Result<TpmResponse> {
+        let response_bytes = self.transmit(command)?;
+        TpmResponse::parse(&response_bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM command builder
+pub struct TpmCommand {
+    buf: CommandBuffer,
+}
+
+impl TpmCommand {
+    fn with_tag_and_code(tag: TpmSt, command_code: u32) -> Self {
+        let mut buf = CommandBuffer::with_capacity(256);
+
+        // Header: tag (2) + size (4) + command code (4)
+        buf.put_u16(tag.to_u16());
+        buf.put_u32(0); // Size placeholder
+        buf.put_u32(command_code);
+
+        Self { buf }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new command without sessions
+    pub fn new(command_code: TpmCc) -> Self {
+        Self::with_tag_and_code(TpmSt::NoSessions, command_code.to_u32())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new command with sessions
+    pub fn with_sessions(command_code: TpmCc) -> Self {
+        Self::with_tag_and_code(TpmSt::Sessions, command_code.to_u32())
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new command with sessions using a raw command code.
+    pub fn with_sessions_raw(command_code: u32) -> Self {
+        Self::with_tag_and_code(TpmSt::Sessions, command_code)
+    }
+
+    /// Add a handle to the command
+    pub fn add_handle(&mut self, handle: u32) {
+        self.buf.put_u32(handle);
+    }
+
+    /// Add raw bytes to the command
+    pub fn add_bytes(&mut self, data: &[u8]) {
+        self.buf.put_bytes(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a u8 value
+    pub fn add_u8(&mut self, v: u8) {
+        self.buf.put_u8(v);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a u16 value
+    pub fn add_u16(&mut self, v: u16) {
+        self.buf.put_u16(v);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a u32 value
+    pub fn add_u32(&mut self, v: u32) {
+        self.buf.put_u32(v);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a TPM2B structure
+    pub fn add_tpm2b(&mut self, data: &[u8]) {
+        self.buf.put_tpm2b(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Add an empty TPM2B structure
+    pub fn add_tpm2b_empty(&mut self) {
+        self.buf.put_tpm2b_empty();
+    }
+
+    /// Add a marshallable structure
+    pub fn add<T: Marshal>(&mut self, value: &T) {
+        value.marshal(&mut self.buf);
+    }
+
+    /// Add password authorization session (null auth)
+    pub fn add_null_auth_area(&mut self) {
+        // Authorization area size (4 bytes)
+        // Session handle (4) + nonce (2) + attributes (1) + auth (2) = 9 bytes minimum
+        let auth_size: u32 = 4 + 2 + 1 + 2; // 9 bytes for null auth
+
+        self.buf.put_u32(auth_size);
+        self.buf.put_u32(tpm_rh::PW); // Password session handle
+        self.buf.put_u16(0); // Empty nonce
+        self.buf.put_u8(0); // Session attributes (continue = 0)
+        self.buf.put_u16(0); // Empty auth value
+    }
+
+    /// Add password authorization with a non-empty auth value.
+    pub fn add_password_auth_area(&mut self, auth: &[u8]) {
+        let auth_size: u32 = (4 + 2 + 1 + 2 + auth.len()) as u32;
+
+        self.buf.put_u32(auth_size);
+        self.buf.put_u32(tpm_rh::PW); // Password session handle
+        self.buf.put_u16(0); // Empty nonce
+        self.buf.put_u8(0); // Session attributes
+        self.buf.put_u16(auth.len() as u16);
+        self.buf.put_bytes(auth);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a precomputed authorization area.
+    pub fn add_auth_area(&mut self, auth_area: &[u8]) {
+        self.buf.put_u32(auth_area.len() as u32);
+        self.buf.put_bytes(auth_area);
+    }
+
+    /// Add a policy session authorization
+    pub fn add_policy_auth(&mut self, session_handle: u32) {
+        let auth_size: u32 = 4 + 2 + 1 + 2;
+
+        self.buf.put_u32(auth_size);
+        self.buf.put_u32(session_handle);
+        self.buf.put_u16(0); // Empty nonce
+        self.buf.put_u8(TpmaSa::CONTINUE_SESSION); // Continue session
+        self.buf.put_u16(0); // Empty auth value
+    }
+
+    /// Finalize the command and return the bytes
+    pub fn finalize(mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        // Update the size field
+        let size = self.buf.len() as u32;
+        self.buf.update_u32(2, size);
+        self.buf.into_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Get current buffer for inspection
+    pub fn buffer(&self) -> &CommandBuffer {
+        &self.buf
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM response parser
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TpmResponse {
+    pub tag: TpmSt,
+    pub response_code: u32,
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl TpmResponse {
+    /// Parse a TPM response
+    pub fn parse(response: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        if response.len() < 10 {
+            bail!("TPM response too short: {} bytes", response.len());
+        }
+
+        let mut buf = ResponseBuffer::new(response);
+
+        let tag_raw = buf.get_u16()?;
+        let tag = TpmSt::from_u16(tag_raw)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid response tag: 0x{:04x}", tag_raw))?;
+
+        let size = buf.get_u32()? as usize;
+        if response.len() < size {
+            bail!(
+                "TPM response size mismatch: expected {}, got {}",
+                size,
+                response.len()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let response_code = buf.get_u32()?;
+
+        // Remaining data after header
+        let data = response[10..size].to_vec();
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            tag,
+            response_code,
+            data,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the response indicates success
+    pub fn is_success(&self) -> bool {
+        self.response_code == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Get error description
+    pub fn error_description(&self) -> String {
+        if self.is_success() {
+            "success".to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("TPM error: 0x{:08x}", self.response_code)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ensure the response is successful
+    pub fn ensure_success(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.is_success() {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            bail!("{}", self.error_description())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize this response back to TPM wire format.
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let size = 10 + self.data.len();
+        let mut response = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+        response.extend_from_slice(&self.tag.to_u16().to_be_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&(size as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&self.response_code.to_be_bytes());
+        response.extend_from_slice(&self.data);
+        response
+    }
+
+    /// Get a response buffer for parsing the data
+    pub fn data_buffer(&self) -> ResponseBuffer<'_> {
+        ResponseBuffer::new(&self.data)
+    }
+
+    /// Skip the parameter size field (for commands with sessions)
+    pub fn skip_parameter_size(&self) -> Result<ResponseBuffer<'_>> {
+        let mut buf = self.data_buffer();
+        if self.tag == TpmSt::Sessions {
+            let _param_size = buf.get_u32()?;
+        }
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Add a command to a successful TPM_CAP_COMMANDS response.
+///
+/// Responses for other capabilities, TPM errors, and paginated command lists
+/// are returned unchanged.
+pub fn add_command_capability(response: &[u8], command_code: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut response = TpmResponse::parse(response)?;
+    if !response.is_success() {
+        return Ok(response.to_bytes());
+    }
+    let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+    let more_data = buf.get_u8()? != 0;
+    let capability = buf.get_u32()?;
+    if capability != TpmCap::Commands as u32 || more_data {
+        return Ok(response.to_bytes());
+    }
+    let count = buf.get_u32()? as usize;
+    let mut attributes = Vec::with_capacity(count + 1);
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        attributes.push(buf.get_u32()?);
+    }
+    if attributes.contains(&command_code) {
+        return Ok(response.to_bytes());
+    }
+    const COMMAND_INDEX_AND_VENDOR_MASK: u32 = 0x2000_ffff;
+    let sort_key = command_code & COMMAND_INDEX_AND_VENDOR_MASK;
+    let insertion = attributes
+        .iter()
+        .position(|attributes| attributes & COMMAND_INDEX_AND_VENDOR_MASK > sort_key)
+        .unwrap_or(attributes.len());
+    attributes.insert(insertion, command_code);
+
+    let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(9 + attributes.len() * 4);
+    data.push(u8::from(more_data));
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(TpmCap::Commands as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&(attributes.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    for attributes in attributes {
+        data.extend_from_slice(&attributes.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    response.data = data;
+    Ok(response.to_bytes())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stream_transport_reads_a_framed_response() {
+        use std::os::unix::net::UnixStream;
+        use std::thread;
+
+        let (client, mut server) = UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
+        let command = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::GetRandom).finalize();
+        let command_len = command.len();
+        let server_thread = thread::spawn(move || {
+            let mut received = vec![0; command_len];
+            server.read_exact(&mut received).unwrap();
+            let response = TpmResponse {
+                tag: TpmSt::NoSessions,
+                response_code: 0,
+                data: vec![0, 0],
+            }
+            .to_bytes();
+            server.write_all(&response[..10]).unwrap();
+            server.write_all(&response[10..]).unwrap();
+        });
+
+        let mut device = TpmDevice::from_stream(client, "test stream");
+        let response = device.execute(&command).unwrap();
+        assert!(response.is_success());
+        assert_eq!(response.data, [0, 0]);
+        server_thread.join().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn adds_a_vendor_command_to_command_capabilities() {
+        let response = TpmResponse {
+            tag: TpmSt::NoSessions,
+            response_code: 0,
+            data: {
+                let mut data = vec![0];
+                data.extend_from_slice(&(TpmCap::Commands as u32).to_be_bytes());
+                data.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_be_bytes());
+                data.extend_from_slice(&0x2000_1000u32.to_be_bytes());
+                data
+            },
+        }
+        .to_bytes();
+        let response = add_command_capability(&response, 0x2000_0001).unwrap();
+        let response = TpmResponse::parse(&response).unwrap();
+        let mut data = response.data_buffer();
+        assert_eq!(data.get_u8().unwrap(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(data.get_u32().unwrap(), TpmCap::Commands as u32);
+        assert_eq!(data.get_u32().unwrap(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(data.get_u32().unwrap(), 0x2000_0001);
+        assert_eq!(data.get_u32().unwrap(), 0x2000_1000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_command_builder() {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::GetRandom);
+        cmd.add_u16(32); // Request 32 random bytes
+
+        let bytes = cmd.finalize();
+
+        // Check header
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[0..2], &[0x80, 0x01]); // TPM_ST_NO_SESSIONS
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[6..10], &[0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x7B]); // TPM_CC_GetRandom
+
+        // Check size
+        let size = u32::from_be_bytes([bytes[2], bytes[3], bytes[4], bytes[5]]);
+        assert_eq!(size as usize, bytes.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn raw_command_includes_auth_area() {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions_raw(0x2000_0001);
+        cmd.add_handle(0x0180_1000);
+        cmd.add_handle(0x0180_1000);
+        cmd.add_auth_area(&[0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc]);
+
+        let bytes = cmd.finalize();
+
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[0..2], &[0x80, 0x02]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            u32::from_be_bytes([bytes[2], bytes[3], bytes[4], bytes[5]]),
+            25
+        );
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[6..10], &[0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[10..14], &[0x01, 0x80, 0x10, 0x00]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[14..18], &[0x01, 0x80, 0x10, 0x00]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[18..22], &[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[22..25], &[0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn password_auth_area_includes_auth_value() {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::with_sessions(TpmCc::NvWrite);
+        cmd.add_handle(0x0180_1000);
+        cmd.add_handle(0x0180_1000);
+        cmd.add_password_auth_area(&[0x11, 0x22, 0x33]);
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(&[0x44]);
+        cmd.add_u16(0);
+
+        let bytes = cmd.finalize();
+
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[0..2], &[0x80, 0x02]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[6..10], &[0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x37]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[18..22], &[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[22..26], &[0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[26..28], &[0x00, 0x00]); // nonce
+        assert_eq!(bytes[28], 0x00); // session attributes
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[29..31], &[0x00, 0x03]);
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[31..34], &[0x11, 0x22, 0x33]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_response_parse() {
+        // Minimal success response
+        let response = vec![
+            0x80, 0x01, // TPM_ST_NO_SESSIONS
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0A, // Size = 10
+            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // TPM_RC_SUCCESS
+        ];
+
+        let parsed = match TpmResponse::parse(&response) {
+            Ok(parsed) => parsed,
+            Err(error) => panic!("failed to parse minimal TPM response: {error}"),
+        };
+        assert!(parsed.is_success());
+        assert!(parsed.data.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/lib.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac670d9a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Pure Rust TPM 2.0 implementation
+//!
+//! This crate provides TPM 2.0 commands, communicating directly with the TPM
+//! device without C library dependencies.
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! - **Cross-compilation friendly**: Easy to cross-compile for different targets
+//! - **Direct device communication**: Talks directly to `/dev/tpmrm0` or `/dev/tpm0`
+//!
+//! ## Supported Commands
+//!
+//! - NV operations: `NV_Read`, `NV_Write`, `NV_DefineSpace`, `NV_UndefineSpace`
+//! - PCR operations: `PCR_Read`, `PCR_Extend`
+//! - Key operations: `CreatePrimary`, `Create`, `Load`, `EvictControl`
+//! - Sealing: `Seal`, `Unseal` with PCR policy
+//! - Attestation: `Quote`
+//! - Random: `GetRandom`
+//! - Sessions: Policy sessions for PCR-based authorization
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! ```no_run
+//! use tpm2::TpmContext;
+//!
+//! let mut ctx = TpmContext::new(None)?; // Auto-detect TPM device
+//! let random_bytes = ctx.get_random(32)?;
+//! # Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+//! ```
+
+mod commands;
+mod constants;
+mod device;
+mod marshal;
+mod session;
+mod types;
+
+pub use commands::TpmContext;
+pub use constants::*;
+pub use types::*;
+
+// Re-export device for advanced usage
+pub use device::{add_command_capability, TpmCommand, TpmDevice, TpmResponse};
+pub use marshal::{CommandBuffer, Marshal, ResponseBuffer, Unmarshal};
+pub use session::AuthSession;
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/marshal.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/marshal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e46eedd51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/marshal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 marshalling/unmarshalling utilities
+//!
+//! Provides serialization and deserialization for TPM structures.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+
+/// Buffer for building TPM commands
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct CommandBuffer {
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl CommandBuffer {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { data: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_u8(&mut self, v: u8) {
+        self.data.push(v);
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_u16(&mut self, v: u16) {
+        self.data.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_u32(&mut self, v: u32) {
+        self.data.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_u64(&mut self, v: u64) {
+        self.data.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_bytes(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
+        self.data.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+    }
+
+    /// Put a TPM2B structure (2-byte size prefix + data)
+    pub fn put_tpm2b(&mut self, data: &[u8]) {
+        self.put_u16(data.len() as u16);
+        self.put_bytes(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Put an empty TPM2B structure
+    pub fn put_tpm2b_empty(&mut self) {
+        self.put_u16(0);
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_vec(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.data
+    }
+
+    /// Update a u32 at a specific position (for size fields)
+    pub fn update_u32(&mut self, pos: usize, v: u32) {
+        self.data[pos..pos + 4].copy_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Buffer for parsing TPM responses
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ResponseBuffer<'a> {
+    data: &'a [u8],
+    pos: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ResponseBuffer<'a> {
+    pub fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self { data, pos: 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn remaining(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.len().saturating_sub(self.pos)
+    }
+
+    pub fn position(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pos
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8> {
+        if self.pos >= self.data.len() {
+            bail!("buffer underflow reading u8");
+        }
+        let v = self.data[self.pos];
+        self.pos += 1;
+        Ok(v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16> {
+        if self.pos + 2 > self.data.len() {
+            bail!("buffer underflow reading u16");
+        }
+        let v = u16::from_be_bytes([self.data[self.pos], self.data[self.pos + 1]]);
+        self.pos += 2;
+        Ok(v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32> {
+        if self.pos + 4 > self.data.len() {
+            bail!("buffer underflow reading u32");
+        }
+        let v = u32::from_be_bytes([
+            self.data[self.pos],
+            self.data[self.pos + 1],
+            self.data[self.pos + 2],
+            self.data[self.pos + 3],
+        ]);
+        self.pos += 4;
+        Ok(v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64> {
+        if self.pos + 8 > self.data.len() {
+            bail!("buffer underflow reading u64");
+        }
+        let v = u64::from_be_bytes([
+            self.data[self.pos],
+            self.data[self.pos + 1],
+            self.data[self.pos + 2],
+            self.data[self.pos + 3],
+            self.data[self.pos + 4],
+            self.data[self.pos + 5],
+            self.data[self.pos + 6],
+            self.data[self.pos + 7],
+        ]);
+        self.pos += 8;
+        Ok(v)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_bytes(&mut self, len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        if self.pos + len > self.data.len() {
+            bail!(
+                "buffer underflow reading {} bytes (remaining: {})",
+                len,
+                self.remaining()
+            );
+        }
+        let v = self.data[self.pos..self.pos + len].to_vec();
+        self.pos += len;
+        Ok(v)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a TPM2B structure (2-byte size prefix + data)
+    pub fn get_tpm2b(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let size = self.get_u16()? as usize;
+        self.get_bytes(size)
+    }
+
+    /// Get remaining bytes
+    pub fn get_remaining(&mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let v = self.data[self.pos..].to_vec();
+        self.pos = self.data.len();
+        v
+    }
+
+    /// Skip bytes
+    pub fn skip(&mut self, len: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.pos + len > self.data.len() {
+            bail!("buffer underflow skipping {} bytes", len);
+        }
+        self.pos += len;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Peek at bytes without advancing position
+    pub fn peek_bytes(&self, len: usize) -> Result<&[u8]> {
+        if self.pos + len > self.data.len() {
+            bail!("buffer underflow peeking {} bytes", len);
+        }
+        Ok(&self.data[self.pos..self.pos + len])
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trait for types that can be marshalled to TPM format
+pub trait Marshal {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer);
+
+    fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut buf = CommandBuffer::new();
+        self.marshal(&mut buf);
+        buf.into_vec()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trait for types that can be unmarshalled from TPM format
+pub trait Unmarshal: Sized {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self>;
+
+    fn from_bytes(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut buf = ResponseBuffer::new(data);
+        Self::unmarshal(&mut buf)
+    }
+}
+
+// Implement Marshal for primitive types
+impl Marshal for u8 {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u8(*self);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for u16 {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(*self);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for u32 {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u32(*self);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for u64 {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u64(*self);
+    }
+}
+
+// Implement Unmarshal for primitive types
+impl Unmarshal for u8 {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        buf.get_u8()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for u16 {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        buf.get_u16()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for u32 {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        buf.get_u32()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for u64 {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        buf.get_u64()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/session.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/session.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b706990a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/session.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 session management
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+
+use super::constants::*;
+use super::device::*;
+use super::marshal::*;
+use super::types::*;
+
+/// Authorization session handle
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct AuthSession {
+    pub handle: u32,
+    pub session_type: TpmSe,
+    pub hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+}
+
+impl AuthSession {
+    /// Start a new authorization session
+    pub fn start(device: &mut TpmDevice, session_type: TpmSe, hash_alg: TpmAlgId) -> Result<Self> {
+        // TPM2_StartAuthSession command
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::StartAuthSession);
+
+        const ZERO_NONCE: [u8; 16] = [0u8; 16];
+
+        // tpmKey (TPM_RH_NULL for unbound session)
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::NULL);
+        // bind (TPM_RH_NULL for unbound session)
+        cmd.add_handle(tpm_rh::NULL);
+        // nonceCaller (16-byte nonce as required by TPM spec)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(&ZERO_NONCE);
+        // encryptedSalt (empty - no salt)
+        cmd.add_tpm2b_empty();
+        // sessionType
+        cmd.add_u8(session_type as u8);
+        // symmetric (AES-128-CFB, matches TPM default expectation)
+        cmd.add(&TpmtSymDef::aes_128_cfb());
+        // authHash
+        cmd.add_u16(hash_alg.to_u16());
+
+        let cmd_bytes = cmd.finalize();
+        tracing::debug!("StartAuthSession command: {} bytes", cmd_bytes.len());
+        let response = device.execute(&cmd_bytes)?;
+        if !response.is_success() {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "StartAuthSession failed with TPM error: 0x{:08x}",
+                response.response_code
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let handle = buf.get_u32()?;
+        let _nonce_tpm = buf.get_tpm2b()?; // nonceTPM
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            handle,
+            session_type,
+            hash_alg,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Start a policy session
+    pub fn start_policy(device: &mut TpmDevice, hash_alg: TpmAlgId) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::start(device, TpmSe::Policy, hash_alg)
+    }
+
+    /// Start a trial policy session (for computing policy digest)
+    pub fn start_trial(device: &mut TpmDevice, hash_alg: TpmAlgId) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::start(device, TpmSe::Trial, hash_alg)
+    }
+
+    /// Apply PCR policy to this session
+    pub fn policy_pcr(
+        &self,
+        device: &mut TpmDevice,
+        pcr_digest: &[u8],
+        pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::PolicyPcr);
+
+        // policySession
+        cmd.add_handle(self.handle);
+        // pcrDigest
+        cmd.add_tpm2b(pcr_digest);
+        // pcrs
+        cmd.add(pcr_selection);
+
+        let response = device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("PolicyPCR failed")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current policy digest
+    pub fn get_digest(&self, device: &mut TpmDevice) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::PolicyGetDigest);
+        cmd.add_handle(self.handle);
+
+        let response = device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response
+            .ensure_success()
+            .context("PolicyGetDigest failed")?;
+
+        let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+        let digest = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+
+        Ok(digest)
+    }
+
+    /// Flush (close) this session
+    pub fn flush(self, device: &mut TpmDevice) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::FlushContext);
+        cmd.add_handle(self.handle);
+
+        let response = device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+        response.ensure_success().context("FlushContext failed")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compute the PCR digest for a given PCR selection
+pub fn compute_pcr_digest(
+    device: &mut TpmDevice,
+    pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+    hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256, Sha384, Sha512};
+
+    // Read PCR values
+    let pcr_values = read_pcr_values(device, pcr_selection)?;
+
+    // Concatenate all PCR values
+    let mut concat = Vec::new();
+    for value in &pcr_values {
+        concat.extend_from_slice(value);
+    }
+
+    // Hash the concatenated values
+    let digest = match hash_alg {
+        TpmAlgId::Sha256 => {
+            let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+            hasher.update(&concat);
+            hasher.finalize().to_vec()
+        }
+        TpmAlgId::Sha384 => {
+            let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
+            hasher.update(&concat);
+            hasher.finalize().to_vec()
+        }
+        TpmAlgId::Sha512 => {
+            let mut hasher = Sha512::new();
+            hasher.update(&concat);
+            hasher.finalize().to_vec()
+        }
+        _ => anyhow::bail!("unsupported hash algorithm for PCR digest"),
+    };
+
+    Ok(digest)
+}
+
+/// Read PCR values for a selection
+fn read_pcr_values(
+    device: &mut TpmDevice,
+    pcr_selection: &TpmlPcrSelection,
+) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+    let mut cmd = TpmCommand::new(TpmCc::PcrRead);
+    cmd.add(pcr_selection);
+
+    let response = device.execute(&cmd.finalize())?;
+    response.ensure_success().context("PCR_Read failed")?;
+
+    let mut buf = response.data_buffer();
+    let _update_counter = buf.get_u32()?;
+    let _pcr_selection_out = TpmlPcrSelection::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+    let digest_list = TpmlDigest::unmarshal(&mut buf)?;
+
+    Ok(digest_list.digests.into_iter().map(|d| d.buffer).collect())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/tpm2/src/types.rs b/dstack/tpm2/src/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56730893f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/tpm2/src/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! TPM 2.0 data types
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+
+use super::constants::*;
+use super::marshal::*;
+
+/// TPM2B_DIGEST - Variable length digest
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Tpm2bDigest {
+    pub buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bDigest {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bDigest {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bDigest {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            buffer: buf.get_tpm2b()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_DATA - Variable length data
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Tpm2bData {
+    pub buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bData {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bData {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bData {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            buffer: buf.get_tpm2b()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_SENSITIVE_DATA - Sensitive data for sealing
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Tpm2bSensitiveData {
+    pub buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bSensitiveData {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bSensitiveData {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_AUTH - Authorization value
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Tpm2bAuth {
+    pub buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bAuth {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: data }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: Vec::new() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bAuth {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bAuth {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            buffer: buf.get_tpm2b()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_NONCE - Nonce value
+pub type Tpm2bNonce = Tpm2bDigest;
+
+/// TPM2B_MAX_NV_BUFFER - NV buffer
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Tpm2bMaxNvBuffer {
+    pub buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bMaxNvBuffer {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: data }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bMaxNvBuffer {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bMaxNvBuffer {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            buffer: buf.get_tpm2b()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_PCR_SELECTION - PCR selection for a single hash algorithm
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmsPcrSelection {
+    pub hash: TpmAlgId,
+    pub pcr_select: Vec<u8>, // Bitmap of selected PCRs
+}
+
+impl TpmsPcrSelection {
+    pub fn new(hash: TpmAlgId, pcrs: &[u32]) -> Self {
+        // Calculate required size (at least 3 bytes for PCR 0-23)
+        let max_pcr = pcrs.iter().max().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        let size = ((max_pcr / 8) + 1).max(3) as usize;
+        let mut pcr_select = vec![0u8; size];
+
+        for &pcr in pcrs {
+            let byte_idx = (pcr / 8) as usize;
+            let bit_idx = pcr % 8;
+            if byte_idx < pcr_select.len() {
+                pcr_select[byte_idx] |= 1 << bit_idx;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self { hash, pcr_select }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sha256(pcrs: &[u32]) -> Self {
+        Self::new(TpmAlgId::Sha256, pcrs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmsPcrSelection {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.hash.to_u16());
+        buf.put_u8(self.pcr_select.len() as u8);
+        buf.put_bytes(&self.pcr_select);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmsPcrSelection {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let hash_alg = buf.get_u16()?;
+        let hash = TpmAlgId::from_u16(hash_alg)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown hash algorithm: 0x{:04x}", hash_alg))?;
+        let size = buf.get_u8()? as usize;
+        let pcr_select = buf.get_bytes(size)?;
+        Ok(Self { hash, pcr_select })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPML_PCR_SELECTION - List of PCR selections
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct TpmlPcrSelection {
+    pub pcr_selections: Vec<TpmsPcrSelection>,
+}
+
+impl TpmlPcrSelection {
+    pub fn new(selections: Vec<TpmsPcrSelection>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pcr_selections: selections,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn single(hash: TpmAlgId, pcrs: &[u32]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pcr_selections: vec![TpmsPcrSelection::new(hash, pcrs)],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmlPcrSelection {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u32(self.pcr_selections.len() as u32);
+        for sel in &self.pcr_selections {
+            sel.marshal(buf);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmlPcrSelection {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let count = buf.get_u32()? as usize;
+        let mut pcr_selections = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+        for _ in 0..count {
+            pcr_selections.push(TpmsPcrSelection::unmarshal(buf)?);
+        }
+        Ok(Self { pcr_selections })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPML_DIGEST - List of digests
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct TpmlDigest {
+    pub digests: Vec<Tpm2bDigest>,
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmlDigest {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let count = buf.get_u32()? as usize;
+        let mut digests = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+        for _ in 0..count {
+            digests.push(Tpm2bDigest::unmarshal(buf)?);
+        }
+        Ok(Self { digests })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_NV_PUBLIC - NV index public area
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmsNvPublic {
+    pub nv_index: u32,
+    pub name_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    pub attributes: TpmaNv,
+    pub auth_policy: Tpm2bDigest,
+    pub data_size: u16,
+}
+
+impl TpmsNvPublic {
+    pub fn new(nv_index: u32, data_size: u16, attributes: TpmaNv) -> Self {
+        Self::new_with_name_alg(nv_index, data_size, attributes, TpmAlgId::Sha256)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_with_name_alg(
+        nv_index: u32,
+        data_size: u16,
+        attributes: TpmaNv,
+        name_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            nv_index,
+            name_alg,
+            attributes,
+            auth_policy: Tpm2bDigest::empty(),
+            data_size,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmsNvPublic {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u32(self.nv_index);
+        buf.put_u16(self.name_alg.to_u16());
+        buf.put_u32(self.attributes.0);
+        self.auth_policy.marshal(buf);
+        buf.put_u16(self.data_size);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmsNvPublic {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let nv_index = buf.get_u32()?;
+        let name_alg_raw = buf.get_u16()?;
+        let name_alg = TpmAlgId::from_u16(name_alg_raw)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown algorithm: 0x{:04x}", name_alg_raw))?;
+        let attributes = TpmaNv(buf.get_u32()?);
+        let auth_policy = Tpm2bDigest::unmarshal(buf)?;
+        let data_size = buf.get_u16()?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            nv_index,
+            name_alg,
+            attributes,
+            auth_policy,
+            data_size,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_NV_PUBLIC - NV public with size prefix
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Tpm2bNvPublic {
+    pub nv_public: TpmsNvPublic,
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bNvPublic {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        let mut inner = CommandBuffer::new();
+        self.nv_public.marshal(&mut inner);
+        buf.put_tpm2b(inner.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bNvPublic {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let size = buf.get_u16()? as usize;
+        if size == 0 {
+            bail!("empty NV public");
+        }
+        let data = buf.get_bytes(size)?;
+        let mut inner = ResponseBuffer::new(&data);
+        let nv_public = TpmsNvPublic::unmarshal(&mut inner)?;
+        Ok(Self { nv_public })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_SYM_DEF - Symmetric algorithm definition
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TpmtSymDef {
+    pub algorithm: TpmAlgId,
+    pub key_bits: u16,
+    pub mode: TpmAlgId,
+}
+
+impl TpmtSymDef {
+    pub fn null() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            algorithm: TpmAlgId::Null,
+            key_bits: 0,
+            mode: TpmAlgId::Null,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn aes_128_cfb() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            algorithm: TpmAlgId::Aes,
+            key_bits: 128,
+            mode: TpmAlgId::Cfb,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtSymDef {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.algorithm.to_u16());
+        if self.algorithm != TpmAlgId::Null {
+            buf.put_u16(self.key_bits);
+            buf.put_u16(self.mode.to_u16());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmtSymDef {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let alg = buf.get_u16()?;
+        let algorithm = TpmAlgId::from_u16(alg)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown algorithm: 0x{:04x}", alg))?;
+        if algorithm == TpmAlgId::Null {
+            Ok(Self::null())
+        } else {
+            let key_bits = buf.get_u16()?;
+            let mode_raw = buf.get_u16()?;
+            let mode = TpmAlgId::from_u16(mode_raw)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("unknown mode: 0x{:04x}", mode_raw))?;
+            Ok(Self {
+                algorithm,
+                key_bits,
+                mode,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_SYM_DEF_OBJECT - Symmetric definition for objects
+pub type TpmtSymDefObject = TpmtSymDef;
+
+/// TPMS_SCHEME_HASH - Hash scheme
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TpmsSchemeHash {
+    pub hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+}
+
+/// TPMT_RSA_SCHEME - RSA signature scheme
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TpmtRsaScheme {
+    pub scheme: TpmAlgId,
+    pub hash_alg: Option<TpmAlgId>,
+}
+
+impl TpmtRsaScheme {
+    pub fn null() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: TpmAlgId::Null,
+            hash_alg: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn rsassa(hash: TpmAlgId) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: TpmAlgId::RsaSsa,
+            hash_alg: Some(hash),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtRsaScheme {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.scheme.to_u16());
+        if let Some(hash) = self.hash_alg {
+            buf.put_u16(hash.to_u16());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_ECC_SCHEME - ECC signature scheme
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TpmtEccScheme {
+    pub scheme: TpmAlgId,
+    pub hash_alg: Option<TpmAlgId>,
+}
+
+impl TpmtEccScheme {
+    pub fn null() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: TpmAlgId::Null,
+            hash_alg: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ecdsa(hash: TpmAlgId) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: TpmAlgId::EcDsa,
+            hash_alg: Some(hash),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtEccScheme {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.scheme.to_u16());
+        if let Some(hash) = self.hash_alg {
+            buf.put_u16(hash.to_u16());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_SIG_SCHEME - Signature scheme (for Quote)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TpmtSigScheme {
+    pub scheme: TpmAlgId,
+    pub hash_alg: Option<TpmAlgId>,
+}
+
+impl TpmtSigScheme {
+    pub fn null() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: TpmAlgId::Null,
+            hash_alg: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtSigScheme {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.scheme.to_u16());
+        if let Some(hash) = self.hash_alg {
+            buf.put_u16(hash.to_u16());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_RSA_PARMS - RSA key parameters
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmsRsaParms {
+    pub symmetric: TpmtSymDefObject,
+    pub scheme: TpmtRsaScheme,
+    pub key_bits: u16,
+    pub exponent: u32,
+}
+
+impl TpmsRsaParms {
+    pub fn storage_key() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            symmetric: TpmtSymDef::aes_128_cfb(),
+            scheme: TpmtRsaScheme::null(),
+            key_bits: 2048,
+            exponent: 0, // Default exponent (65537)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmsRsaParms {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        self.symmetric.marshal(buf);
+        self.scheme.marshal(buf);
+        buf.put_u16(self.key_bits);
+        buf.put_u32(self.exponent);
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_ECC_PARMS - ECC key parameters
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmsEccParms {
+    pub symmetric: TpmtSymDefObject,
+    pub scheme: TpmtEccScheme,
+    pub curve_id: TpmEccCurve,
+    pub kdf: TpmAlgId,
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmsEccParms {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        self.symmetric.marshal(buf);
+        self.scheme.marshal(buf);
+        buf.put_u16(self.curve_id.to_u16());
+        buf.put_u16(self.kdf.to_u16()); // KDF scheme (usually NULL)
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_KEYEDHASH_PARMS - Keyed hash parameters (for sealed data)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TpmsKeyedHashParms {
+    pub scheme: TpmAlgId,
+}
+
+impl TpmsKeyedHashParms {
+    pub fn null() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            scheme: TpmAlgId::Null,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmsKeyedHashParms {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.scheme.to_u16());
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_PUBLIC - Public area template
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmtPublic {
+    pub type_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    pub name_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    pub object_attributes: TpmaObject,
+    pub auth_policy: Tpm2bDigest,
+    pub parameters: TpmtPublicParms,
+    pub unique: TpmtPublicUnique,
+}
+
+/// TPMU_PUBLIC_PARMS - Public parameters union
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum TpmtPublicParms {
+    Rsa(TpmsRsaParms),
+    Ecc(TpmsEccParms),
+    KeyedHash(TpmsKeyedHashParms),
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtPublicParms {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        match self {
+            TpmtPublicParms::Rsa(p) => p.marshal(buf),
+            TpmtPublicParms::Ecc(p) => p.marshal(buf),
+            TpmtPublicParms::KeyedHash(p) => p.marshal(buf),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMU_PUBLIC_ID - Unique identifier union
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum TpmtPublicUnique {
+    Rsa(Vec<u8>),          // TPM2B_PUBLIC_KEY_RSA
+    Ecc(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>), // TPMS_ECC_POINT (x, y)
+    KeyedHash(Vec<u8>),    // TPM2B_DIGEST
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtPublicUnique {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        match self {
+            TpmtPublicUnique::Rsa(n) => buf.put_tpm2b(n),
+            TpmtPublicUnique::Ecc(x, y) => {
+                buf.put_tpm2b(x);
+                buf.put_tpm2b(y);
+            }
+            TpmtPublicUnique::KeyedHash(d) => buf.put_tpm2b(d),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TpmtPublic {
+    /// Create an RSA storage key template (SRK)
+    pub fn rsa_storage_key() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            type_alg: TpmAlgId::Rsa,
+            name_alg: TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+            object_attributes: TpmaObject::new()
+                .with_fixed_tpm()
+                .with_fixed_parent()
+                .with_sensitive_data_origin()
+                .with_user_with_auth()
+                .with_restricted()
+                .with_decrypt(),
+            auth_policy: Tpm2bDigest::empty(),
+            parameters: TpmtPublicParms::Rsa(TpmsRsaParms::storage_key()),
+            unique: TpmtPublicUnique::Rsa(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create the TCG RSA-2048 Endorsement Key template used by NitroTPM.
+    pub fn rsa_ek() -> Self {
+        const AUTH_POLICY_A_SHA256: [u8; 32] = [
+            0x83, 0x71, 0x97, 0x67, 0x44, 0x84, 0xb3, 0xf8, 0x1a, 0x90, 0xcc, 0x8d, 0x46, 0xa5,
+            0xd7, 0x24, 0xfd, 0x52, 0xd7, 0x6e, 0x06, 0x52, 0x0b, 0x64, 0xf2, 0xa1, 0xda, 0x1b,
+            0x33, 0x14, 0x69, 0xaa,
+        ];
+
+        Self {
+            type_alg: TpmAlgId::Rsa,
+            name_alg: TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+            object_attributes: TpmaObject::new()
+                .with_fixed_tpm()
+                .with_fixed_parent()
+                .with_sensitive_data_origin()
+                .with_admin_with_policy()
+                .with_restricted()
+                .with_decrypt(),
+            auth_policy: Tpm2bDigest::new(AUTH_POLICY_A_SHA256.to_vec()),
+            parameters: TpmtPublicParms::Rsa(TpmsRsaParms::storage_key()),
+            unique: TpmtPublicUnique::Rsa(vec![0u8; 256]),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a sealed data object template
+    pub fn sealed_object(policy_digest: Tpm2bDigest, name_alg: TpmAlgId) -> Self {
+        // If policy_digest is empty, use userWithAuth; otherwise use adminWithPolicy
+        let object_attributes = if policy_digest.buffer.is_empty() {
+            TpmaObject::new()
+                .with_fixed_tpm()
+                .with_fixed_parent()
+                .with_user_with_auth()
+        } else {
+            TpmaObject::new()
+                .with_fixed_tpm()
+                .with_fixed_parent()
+                .with_admin_with_policy()
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            type_alg: TpmAlgId::KeyedHash,
+            name_alg,
+            object_attributes,
+            auth_policy: policy_digest,
+            parameters: TpmtPublicParms::KeyedHash(TpmsKeyedHashParms::null()),
+            unique: TpmtPublicUnique::KeyedHash(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtPublic {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.type_alg.to_u16());
+        buf.put_u16(self.name_alg.to_u16());
+        buf.put_u32(self.object_attributes.0);
+        self.auth_policy.marshal(buf);
+        self.parameters.marshal(buf);
+        self.unique.marshal(buf);
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_PUBLIC - Public area with size prefix
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Tpm2bPublic {
+    pub public_area: Vec<u8>, // Raw marshalled TPMT_PUBLIC
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bPublic {
+    pub fn from_template(template: &TpmtPublic) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            public_area: template.to_bytes(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bPublic {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.public_area);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bPublic {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let public_area = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+        Ok(Self { public_area })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_PRIVATE - Private area
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Tpm2bPrivate {
+    pub buffer: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bPrivate {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self { buffer: data }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bPrivate {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_tpm2b(&self.buffer);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bPrivate {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            buffer: buf.get_tpm2b()?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_SENSITIVE_CREATE - Sensitive data for object creation
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Tpm2bSensitiveCreate {
+    pub user_auth: Tpm2bAuth,
+    pub data: Tpm2bSensitiveData,
+}
+
+impl Tpm2bSensitiveCreate {
+    pub fn with_data(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            user_auth: Tpm2bAuth::empty(),
+            data: Tpm2bSensitiveData::new(data),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for Tpm2bSensitiveCreate {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        // First marshal the inner structure
+        let mut inner = CommandBuffer::new();
+        self.user_auth.marshal(&mut inner);
+        self.data.marshal(&mut inner);
+        // Then wrap with size
+        buf.put_tpm2b(inner.as_bytes());
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_ATTEST - Attestation structure (returned by Quote)
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmsAttest {
+    pub raw: Vec<u8>, // Keep raw bytes for signature verification
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmsAttest {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        // For Quote, we need the raw bytes for verification
+        // The structure is variable length, so we capture everything
+        let raw = buf.get_remaining();
+        Ok(Self { raw })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_ATTEST - Attestation data with size prefix
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Tpm2bAttest {
+    pub attestation_data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bAttest {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let attestation_data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+        Ok(Self { attestation_data })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_SIGNATURE - Signature structure
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmtSignature {
+    pub raw: Vec<u8>, // Keep raw bytes for verification
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmtSignature {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        // Signature format depends on algorithm, capture remaining bytes
+        let raw = buf.get_remaining();
+        Ok(Self { raw })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMT_TK_CREATION - Creation ticket
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmtTkCreation {
+    pub tag: u16,
+    pub hierarchy: u32,
+    pub digest: Tpm2bDigest,
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for TpmtTkCreation {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let tag = buf.get_u16()?;
+        let hierarchy = buf.get_u32()?;
+        let digest = Tpm2bDigest::unmarshal(buf)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            tag,
+            hierarchy,
+            digest,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPM2B_CREATION_DATA - Creation data
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Tpm2bCreationData {
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Unmarshal for Tpm2bCreationData {
+    fn unmarshal(buf: &mut ResponseBuffer) -> Result<Self> {
+        let data = buf.get_tpm2b()?;
+        Ok(Self { data })
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPMS_SENSITIVE_CREATE - Inner sensitive create structure
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct TpmsSensitiveCreate {
+    pub user_auth: Tpm2bAuth,
+    pub data: Tpm2bSensitiveData,
+}
+
+/// TPMT_HA - Hash value with algorithm
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmtHa {
+    pub hash_alg: TpmAlgId,
+    pub digest: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl TpmtHa {
+    pub fn sha256(digest: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            hash_alg: TpmAlgId::Sha256,
+            digest,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmtHa {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u16(self.hash_alg.to_u16());
+        buf.put_bytes(&self.digest);
+    }
+}
+
+/// TPML_DIGEST_VALUES - List of digest values for PCR extend
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TpmlDigestValues {
+    pub digests: Vec<TpmtHa>,
+}
+
+impl TpmlDigestValues {
+    pub fn single(digest: TpmtHa) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            digests: vec![digest],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marshal for TpmlDigestValues {
+    fn marshal(&self, buf: &mut CommandBuffer) {
+        buf.put_u32(self.digests.len() as u32);
+        for d in &self.digests {
+            d.marshal(buf);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/README.md b/dstack/vendor/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27244df8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Vendored crates
+
+Third-party crates carried in-tree because the published release does not build
+for a target dstack ships. Each one is a copy of a specific crates.io release
+plus a named upstream patch, so the diff against the release is small enough to
+review and the directory can be deleted once upstream publishes the fix.
+
+## ktls 6.0.2
+
+**Why:** `ktls` 6.0.2 builds `libc::cmsghdr` and `libc::msghdr` with struct
+literal syntax. That works on glibc, where those structs have exactly the
+members the crate names, but musl's ABI declares `msg_iovlen` and
+`msg_controllen` as `int`/`socklen_t` followed by explicit padding, and `libc`
+models that faithfully with private `__pad1`/`__pad2` members. A struct literal
+cannot name a private field, so the crate does not compile for
+`x86_64-unknown-linux-musl` -- which is the target the gateway CVM app image is
+built for:
+
+```
+error[E0063]: missing field `__pad1` in initializer of `cmsghdr`
+error: cannot construct `msghdr` with struct literal syntax due to private fields
+```
+
+This is a permanent property of musl's ABI, not a transient `libc` bug, and
+6.0.2 is the latest published release, so there is no version to bump to.
+
+**Patch:** [rustls/ktls#70](https://github.com/rustls/ktls/pull/70) ("build: add
+musl support"), open upstream since 2026-05-04. Both structs are built field by
+field from `std::mem::zeroed()` instead of with a literal. The patch is applied
+to the 6.0.2 release rather than to upstream `main`, so this copy differs from
+crates.io only in those two functions; each hunk is marked with a
+`dstack patch (rustls/ktls#70)` comment.
+
+**Other differences from the crates.io package:** `[dev-dependencies]` are
+dropped (upstream's test suite is not run here and would otherwise pull `rcgen`,
+`test-case` and friends into this workspace's lock file), and `publish = false`
+is set. `LICENSE-MIT` and `LICENSE-APACHE` are copied from the upstream
+repository, which the crates.io package does not ship.
+
+**Remove this when:** upstream merges #70 and publishes a release containing it.
+At that point delete `vendor/ktls`, drop the workspace member, and point
+`ktls` in the root `Cargo.toml` back at the crates.io version.
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/CHANGELOG.md b/dstack/vendor/ktls/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfed11c2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# Changelog
+
+## [6.0.2](https://github.com/rustls/ktls/compare/ktls-v6.0.1...ktls-v6.0.2) - 2025-04-07
+
+### Other
+
+- Make CryptoInfo public to enable asynchronous kTLS setup via io-uring or any mechanism other
+  than ktls's default synchronous `setsockopt` call, cf. <https://github.com/rustls/ktls/pull/54>
+
+## [6.0.1](https://github.com/rustls/ktls/compare/ktls-v6.0.0...ktls-v6.0.1) - 2024-09-26
+
+### Other
+
+- Standardize READMEs a little
+- Turn ktls into a workspace
+
+## [6.0.0](https://github.com/bearcove/ktls/compare/v5.0.0...v6.0.0) - 2024-08-14
+
+### Added
+- [**breaking**] Upgrade other dependencies
+- [**breaking**] Upgrade to tokio-rustls 0.26.0, remove unused trait
+- Migrate from ktls-recvmsg to nix 0.28
+- Switch from futures to futures_util
+- Add aws-lc-rs as an alias for aws_lc_rs feature
+- Upgrade dependencies
+
+### Fixed
+- Upgrade to Rust 1.80.1
+- Remove nix stuff
+
+### Other
+- Bump rustls from 0.23.2 to 0.23.5
+- Remove Cargo.lock from .gitignore
+- Upgrade ktls-sys
+- Ignore .DS_Store files
+- Bump tokio-rustls
+- make aws_lc_rs and ring mutually exclusive for ktls
+- More aws_lc_rs support
+- Start adding support for aws_lc_rs
+
+## [5.0.0](https://github.com/hapsoc/ktls/compare/v4.0.0...v5.0.0) - 2024-03-11
+
+### Added
+- [**breaking**] Upgrade to rustls 0.22.2
+- [**breaking**] Upgrade to tokio-rustls 0.25.0
+
+### Other
+- Get rid of constrandom (it caused 'wrong type' compile error on Rust stable)
+- Print backtraces in CI
+- Add nix flake to have the toolchain everywhere
+- Re-add Cargo.lock as per updated best practices
+- Disable incremental compilation
+- Remove token
+- Install missing tools
+- Use the sccache action
+- Just straight up try running it on GitHub-hosted runners
+
+## [4.0.0](https://github.com/hapsoc/ktls/compare/v3.0.2...v4.0.0) - 2023-10-08
+
+### Fixed
+- [**breaking**] Remove drained_remaining public method
+
+### Other
+- Add more test coverage
+- Remove more explicit libc::close calls
+- Clarifies what this.inner.poll_shutdown does
+- Improve integration tests: try reading/writing after close, catch errors from both sides
+- Don't forget to close fd on writer side
+- Simplify/clarify code around alerts
+- Use enums to 'parse' TLS alerts
+- Depend on ktls-recvmsg v0.1.3
+- Remove panic, ktls may send unfinished alert msg
+- assert instead of asser_eq
+- Adding edge case in integration test for session shutdown
+- Properly handle critical alerts
+- Add crates.io badge
+- Use Rust stable for tests
+
+## [3.0.2](https://github.com/hapsoc/ktls/compare/v3.0.1...v3.0.2) - 2023-10-02
+
+### Other
+- Create FUNDING.yml
+- Upgrade rcgen to 0.11.3
+- Upgrade dependencies
+
+## 3.0.1 (unreleased)
+
+Fix test suite (follow rustls' `ClientConfig::enable_tickets` transition to
+`ClientConfig::resumption`).
+
+## 3.0.0 (2023-06-14) (yanked)
+
+Upgrade to tokio-rustls 0.24.1
+
+## 2.0.0 (2023-03-29)
+
+Comes with a bunch of breaking changes, necessary to address some issues.
+
+Essentially, the rustls stream wasn't being drained properly in
+`config_ktls_{client,server}`. Doing this properly required introducing
+`CorkStream`, which is TLS-framing-aware.
+
+As a result, `config_ktls_*` functions now take a `TlsStream<CorkStream<IO>>`
+(where `IO` is typically `TcpStream`), and are async, since to properly drain we
+might need to read till the end of the last TLS messages rustls has partially
+buffered.
+
+## 1.0.1 (2022-10-21)
+
+Initial release.
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/Cargo.toml b/dstack/vendor/ktls/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b402c87e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Vendored copy of ktls 6.0.2 -- see ../README.md for why and when to drop it.
+#
+# Transcribed from the crates.io package manifest. Two deliberate differences:
+# the dev-dependencies are dropped (upstream's test suite is not run here and
+# would pull rcgen, test-case and friends into this workspace's lock file), and
+# the version carries a `+dstack` build metadata suffix so a stray crates.io
+# resolution is impossible to confuse with this copy.
+[package]
+name = "ktls"
+version = "6.0.2"
+edition = "2021"
+rust-version = "1.75"
+authors = ["Amos Wenger <amos@bearcove.net>"]
+description = "Configures kTLS for tokio-rustls client and server connections."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/ktls"
+readme = "README.md"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/rustls/ktls"
+publish = false
+
+[dependencies]
+futures-util = "0.3.30"
+ktls-sys = "1.0.1"
+libc = { version = "0.2.155", features = ["const-extern-fn"] }
+memoffset = "0.9.1"
+nix = { version = "0.29.0", features = ["socket", "uio", "net"] }
+num_enum = "0.7.3"
+pin-project-lite = "0.2.14"
+rustls = { version = "0.23.12", default-features = false }
+smallvec = "1.13.2"
+thiserror = "1.0.63"
+tokio = { version = "1.39.2", features = ["net", "macros", "io-util"] }
+tokio-rustls = { version = "0.26.0", default-features = false }
+tracing = "0.1.40"
+
+[features]
+default = ["aws_lc_rs", "tls12"]
+aws-lc-rs = ["aws_lc_rs"]
+aws_lc_rs = ["rustls/aws_lc_rs", "tokio-rustls/aws_lc_rs"]
+ring = ["rustls/ring", "tokio-rustls/ring"]
+tls12 = ["rustls/tls12", "tokio-rustls/tls12"]
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/LICENSE-APACHE b/dstack/vendor/ktls/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c98d27d4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
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+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
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+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/LICENSE-MIT b/dstack/vendor/ktls/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..969d061e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/README.md b/dstack/vendor/ktls/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..59c8897c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[![test pipeline](https://github.com/hapsoc/ktls/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/hapsoc/ktls/actions/workflows/test.yml?query=branch%3Amain)
+[![Coverage Status (codecov.io)](https://codecov.io/gh/hapsoc/ktls/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/hapsoc/ktls/)
+[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ktls)](https://crates.io/crates/ktls)
+[![license: MIT/Apache-2.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT%2FApache--2.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE-MIT)
+
+# ktls
+
+Configures kTLS ([kernel TLS
+offload](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/networking/tls-offload.html))
+for any type that implements `AsRawFd`, given a rustls `ServerConnection`.
+
+## License
+
+This project is primarily distributed under the terms of both the MIT license
+and the Apache License (Version 2.0).
+
+See [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) for details.
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/async_read_ready.rs b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/async_read_ready.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8d9a21d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/async_read_ready.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use std::{io, task};
+
+pub trait AsyncReadReady {
+    /// cf. https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/net/struct.TcpStream.html#method.poll_read_ready
+    fn poll_read_ready(&self, cx: &mut task::Context<'_>) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>>;
+}
+
+impl AsyncReadReady for tokio::net::TcpStream {
+    fn poll_read_ready(&self, cx: &mut task::Context<'_>) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        tokio::net::TcpStream::poll_read_ready(self, cx)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/cork_stream.rs b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/cork_stream.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d8271ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/cork_stream.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+use std::{io, pin::Pin, task};
+
+use rustls::internal::msgs::codec::Codec;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
+
+use crate::AsyncReadReady;
+
+enum State {
+    ReadHeader { header_buf: [u8; 5], offset: usize },
+    ReadPayload { msg_size: usize, offset: usize },
+    // we encountered EOF while reading, or saw an invalid header and we're just
+    // passing reads through without doing any sort of processing now.
+    Passthrough,
+}
+
+/// This is a wrapper that reads TLS message headers so it knows when to start
+/// doing empty reads at the message boundary when "draining" a rustls
+/// connection before setting up kTLS for it.
+///
+/// The short explanation is: rustls might have buffered one or more
+/// ApplicationData messages (the last one might even be partial) by the time
+/// "connect" / "accept" returns.
+///
+/// We not only need to pop messages rustls has already deframed (that's done in
+/// a drain function elsewhere), but also let rustls finish reading and
+/// deframing any partial message it may have already buffered.
+///
+/// Because this wrapper is trying very hard not to do any error handling, if it
+/// encounters anything that doesn't look like a TLS header (unknown type,
+/// nonsensical size, unexpected EOF), it'll quite easily fall back to a
+/// "passthrough" mode with no internal buffering, letting rustls take care
+/// reporting any errors.
+pub struct CorkStream<IO> {
+    pub io: IO,
+    // if true, causes empty reads at the message boudnary
+    pub corked: bool,
+    state: State,
+}
+
+impl<IO> CorkStream<IO> {
+    pub fn new(io: IO) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            io,
+            corked: false,
+            state: State::ReadHeader {
+                header_buf: Default::default(),
+                offset: 0,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<IO> AsyncRead for CorkStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsyncRead,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        let this = unsafe { self.get_unchecked_mut() };
+        let mut io = unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(&mut this.io) };
+
+        let state = &mut this.state;
+
+        loop {
+            match state {
+                State::ReadHeader { header_buf, offset } => {
+                    if *offset == 0 && this.corked {
+                        tracing::trace!(
+                            "corked, returning empty read (but waking to prevent stalls)"
+                        );
+                        cx.waker().wake_by_ref();
+                        return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+                    }
+
+                    let left = header_buf.len() - *offset;
+                    tracing::trace!("reading header, {left}/{} bytes left", header_buf.len());
+
+                    {
+                        let mut rest = ReadBuf::new(&mut header_buf[*offset..]);
+                        tracing::trace!("reading header: doing i/o");
+                        futures_util::ready!(io.as_mut().poll_read(cx, &mut rest)?);
+                        tracing::trace!("reading header: io was ready");
+                        *offset += rest.filled().len();
+                        if rest.filled().is_empty() {
+                            // that's an unexpected EOF for sure, but let's have
+                            // rustls deal with the error reporting shall we?
+                            tracing::trace!(
+                                "unexpected EOF: header cut short after {} bytes",
+                                *offset
+                            );
+                            buf.put_slice(&header_buf[..*offset]);
+                            *state = State::Passthrough;
+
+                            return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+                        }
+                        tracing::trace!("read {} bytes off of header", rest.filled().len());
+                    }
+
+                    if *offset == 5 {
+                        // TODO: handle cases where buffer has less than 5 bytes
+                        // remaining. I (fasterthanlime) bet this never happens in
+                        // practice since the rustls deframer uses `copy_within` to
+                        // get rid of the part of the buffer it's already decoded.
+                        assert!(buf.remaining() >= 5, "you found an edge case in ktls!");
+                        buf.put_slice(&header_buf[..]);
+
+                        match decode_header(*header_buf) {
+                            Some((typ, version, len)) => {
+                                tracing::trace!(
+                                    "read header: typ={typ:?}, version={version:?}, len={len}"
+                                );
+                                *state = State::ReadPayload {
+                                    msg_size: len as usize,
+                                    offset: 0,
+                                };
+                            }
+                            None => {
+                                // we encountered an invalid header, let's bail out
+                                tracing::warn!("encountered invalid header, bailing out");
+                                *state = State::Passthrough;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+                    } else {
+                        // keep trying
+                    }
+                }
+                State::ReadPayload { msg_size, offset } => {
+                    let rest = *msg_size - *offset;
+
+                    let just_read = {
+                        let mut rest = buf.take(rest);
+                        futures_util::ready!(io.as_mut().poll_read(cx, &mut rest)?);
+
+                        tracing::trace!("read {} bytes off of payload", rest.filled().len());
+                        *offset += rest.filled().len();
+
+                        if *offset == *msg_size {
+                            tracing::trace!("read full payload (all {} bytes)", *offset);
+                            *state = State::ReadHeader {
+                                header_buf: Default::default(),
+                                offset: 0,
+                            };
+                        }
+
+                        rest.filled().len()
+                    };
+
+                    let new_filled = buf.filled().len() + just_read;
+                    buf.set_filled(new_filled);
+
+                    return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+                }
+                State::Passthrough => {
+                    // we encountered EOF while reading, or saw an invalid header and we're just
+                    // passing reads through without doing any sort of processing now.
+                    return io.poll_read(cx, buf);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<IO> AsyncReadReady for CorkStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsyncReadReady,
+{
+    fn poll_read_ready(&self, cx: &mut task::Context<'_>) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        self.io.poll_read_ready(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<IO> AsyncWrite for CorkStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsyncWrite,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        let io = unsafe { self.map_unchecked_mut(|s| &mut s.io) };
+        io.poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut task::Context<'_>) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        let io = unsafe { self.map_unchecked_mut(|s| &mut s.io) };
+        io.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        let io = unsafe { self.map_unchecked_mut(|s| &mut s.io) };
+        io.poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+fn decode_header(b: [u8; 5]) -> Option<(rustls::ContentType, rustls::ProtocolVersion, u16)> {
+    let typ = rustls::ContentType::read_bytes(&b[0..1]).ok()?;
+    let version = rustls::ProtocolVersion::read_bytes(&b[1..3]).ok()?;
+    // this is dumb but it looks less scary than `.try_into().unwrap()`:
+    let len: u16 = u16::from_be_bytes([b[3], b[4]]);
+    Some((typ, version, len))
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/ffi.rs b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/ffi.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..136553772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/ffi.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+use std::os::unix::prelude::RawFd;
+
+use ktls_sys::bindings as ktls;
+use rustls::{
+    internal::msgs::{enums::AlertLevel, message::Message},
+    AlertDescription, ConnectionTrafficSecrets, SupportedCipherSuite,
+};
+
+pub(crate) const TLS_1_2_VERSION_NUMBER: u16 = (((ktls::TLS_1_2_VERSION_MAJOR & 0xFF) as u16) << 8)
+    | ((ktls::TLS_1_2_VERSION_MINOR & 0xFF) as u16);
+
+pub(crate) const TLS_1_3_VERSION_NUMBER: u16 = (((ktls::TLS_1_3_VERSION_MAJOR & 0xFF) as u16) << 8)
+    | ((ktls::TLS_1_3_VERSION_MINOR & 0xFF) as u16);
+
+/// `setsockopt` level constant: TCP
+const SOL_TCP: libc::c_int = 6;
+
+/// `setsockopt` SOL_TCP name constant: "upper level protocol"
+const TCP_ULP: libc::c_int = 31;
+
+/// `setsockopt` level constant: TLS
+const SOL_TLS: libc::c_int = 282;
+
+/// `setsockopt` SOL_TLS level constant: transmit (write)
+const TLS_TX: libc::c_int = 1;
+
+/// `setsockopt` SOL_TLS level constant: receive (read)
+const TLX_RX: libc::c_int = 2;
+
+pub fn setup_ulp(fd: RawFd) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    unsafe {
+        if libc::setsockopt(
+            fd,
+            SOL_TCP,
+            TCP_ULP,
+            "tls".as_ptr() as *const libc::c_void,
+            3,
+        ) < 0
+        {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub enum Direction {
+    // Transmit
+    Tx,
+    // Receive
+    Rx,
+}
+
+impl From<Direction> for libc::c_int {
+    fn from(val: Direction) -> Self {
+        match val {
+            Direction::Tx => TLS_TX,
+            Direction::Rx => TLX_RX,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub enum CryptoInfo {
+    AesGcm128(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_128),
+    AesGcm256(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_256),
+    AesCcm128(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_ccm_128),
+    Chacha20Poly1305(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_chacha20_poly1305),
+    Sm4Gcm(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_sm4_gcm),
+    Sm4Ccm(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_sm4_ccm),
+}
+
+impl CryptoInfo {
+    /// Return the system struct as a pointer.
+    pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const libc::c_void {
+        match self {
+            CryptoInfo::AesGcm128(info) => info as *const _ as *const libc::c_void,
+            CryptoInfo::AesGcm256(info) => info as *const _ as *const libc::c_void,
+            CryptoInfo::AesCcm128(info) => info as *const _ as *const libc::c_void,
+            CryptoInfo::Chacha20Poly1305(info) => info as *const _ as *const libc::c_void,
+            CryptoInfo::Sm4Gcm(info) => info as *const _ as *const libc::c_void,
+            CryptoInfo::Sm4Ccm(info) => info as *const _ as *const libc::c_void,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the system struct size.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            CryptoInfo::AesGcm128(_) => std::mem::size_of::<ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_128>(),
+            CryptoInfo::AesGcm256(_) => std::mem::size_of::<ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_256>(),
+            CryptoInfo::AesCcm128(_) => std::mem::size_of::<ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_ccm_128>(),
+            CryptoInfo::Chacha20Poly1305(_) => {
+                std::mem::size_of::<ktls::tls12_crypto_info_chacha20_poly1305>()
+            }
+            CryptoInfo::Sm4Gcm(_) => std::mem::size_of::<ktls::tls12_crypto_info_sm4_gcm>(),
+            CryptoInfo::Sm4Ccm(_) => std::mem::size_of::<ktls::tls12_crypto_info_sm4_ccm>(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum KtlsCompatibilityError {
+    #[error("cipher suite not supported with kTLS: {0:?}")]
+    UnsupportedCipherSuite(SupportedCipherSuite),
+
+    #[error("wrong size key")]
+    WrongSizeKey,
+
+    #[error("wrong size iv")]
+    WrongSizeIv,
+}
+
+impl CryptoInfo {
+    /// Try to convert rustls cipher suite and secrets into a `CryptoInfo`.
+    pub fn from_rustls(
+        cipher_suite: SupportedCipherSuite,
+        (seq, secrets): (u64, ConnectionTrafficSecrets),
+    ) -> Result<CryptoInfo, KtlsCompatibilityError> {
+        let version = match cipher_suite {
+            SupportedCipherSuite::Tls12(..) => TLS_1_2_VERSION_NUMBER,
+            SupportedCipherSuite::Tls13(..) => TLS_1_3_VERSION_NUMBER,
+        };
+
+        Ok(match secrets {
+            ConnectionTrafficSecrets::Aes128Gcm { key, iv } => {
+                // see https://github.com/rustls/rustls/issues/1833, between
+                // rustls 0.21 and 0.22, the extract_keys codepath was changed,
+                // so, for TLS 1.2, both GCM-128 and GCM-256 return the
+                // Aes128Gcm variant.
+
+                match key.as_ref().len() {
+                    16 => CryptoInfo::AesGcm128(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_128 {
+                        info: ktls::tls_crypto_info {
+                            version,
+                            cipher_type: ktls::TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128 as _,
+                        },
+                        iv: iv
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .get(4..)
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-128 iv is 8 bytes")
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-128 iv is 8 bytes"),
+                        key: key
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-128 key is 16 bytes"),
+                        salt: iv
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .get(..4)
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-128 salt is 4 bytes")
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-128 salt is 4 bytes"),
+                        rec_seq: seq.to_be_bytes(),
+                    }),
+                    32 => CryptoInfo::AesGcm256(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_256 {
+                        info: ktls::tls_crypto_info {
+                            version,
+                            cipher_type: ktls::TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_256 as _,
+                        },
+                        iv: iv
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .get(4..)
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-256 iv is 8 bytes")
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-256 iv is 8 bytes"),
+                        key: key
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-256 key is 32 bytes"),
+                        salt: iv
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .get(..4)
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-256 salt is 4 bytes")
+                            .try_into()
+                            .expect("AES-GCM-256 salt is 4 bytes"),
+                        rec_seq: seq.to_be_bytes(),
+                    }),
+                    _ => unreachable!("GCM key length is not 16 or 32"),
+                }
+            }
+            ConnectionTrafficSecrets::Aes256Gcm { key, iv } => {
+                CryptoInfo::AesGcm256(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_256 {
+                    info: ktls::tls_crypto_info {
+                        version,
+                        cipher_type: ktls::TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_256 as _,
+                    },
+                    iv: iv
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .get(4..)
+                        .expect("AES-GCM-256 iv is 8 bytes")
+                        .try_into()
+                        .expect("AES-GCM-256 iv is 8 bytes"),
+                    key: key
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .try_into()
+                        .expect("AES-GCM-256 key is 32 bytes"),
+                    salt: iv
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .get(..4)
+                        .expect("AES-GCM-256 salt is 4 bytes")
+                        .try_into()
+                        .expect("AES-GCM-256 salt is 4 bytes"),
+                    rec_seq: seq.to_be_bytes(),
+                })
+            }
+            ConnectionTrafficSecrets::Chacha20Poly1305 { key, iv } => {
+                CryptoInfo::Chacha20Poly1305(ktls::tls12_crypto_info_chacha20_poly1305 {
+                    info: ktls::tls_crypto_info {
+                        version,
+                        cipher_type: ktls::TLS_CIPHER_CHACHA20_POLY1305 as _,
+                    },
+                    iv: iv
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .try_into()
+                        .expect("Chacha20-Poly1305 iv is 12 bytes"),
+                    key: key
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .try_into()
+                        .expect("Chacha20-Poly1305 key is 32 bytes"),
+                    salt: ktls::__IncompleteArrayField::new(),
+                    rec_seq: seq.to_be_bytes(),
+                })
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(KtlsCompatibilityError::UnsupportedCipherSuite(cipher_suite));
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn setup_tls_info(fd: RawFd, dir: Direction, info: CryptoInfo) -> Result<(), crate::Error> {
+    let ret = unsafe { libc::setsockopt(fd, SOL_TLS, dir.into(), info.as_ptr(), info.size() as _) };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        return Err(crate::Error::TlsCryptoInfoError(
+            std::io::Error::last_os_error(),
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+const TLS_SET_RECORD_TYPE: libc::c_int = 1;
+const ALERT: u8 = 0x15;
+
+// Yes, really. cmsg components are aligned to [libc::c_long]
+#[cfg_attr(target_pointer_width = "32", repr(C, align(4)))]
+#[cfg_attr(target_pointer_width = "64", repr(C, align(8)))]
+struct Cmsg<const N: usize> {
+    hdr: libc::cmsghdr,
+    data: [u8; N],
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> Cmsg<N> {
+    fn new(level: i32, typ: i32, data: [u8; N]) -> Self {
+        // dstack patch (rustls/ktls#70): built field by field from a zeroed
+        // value rather than with struct literal syntax. musl's `cmsghdr` has a
+        // real `__pad1` member that libc keeps private, so the literal cannot
+        // name every field and does not compile for musl targets.
+        //
+        // SAFETY: `cmsghdr` is a plain C struct with no invalid bit patterns,
+        // so an all-zero value is valid, and every meaningful field is assigned
+        // immediately below.
+        let hdr = unsafe {
+            let mut hdr: libc::cmsghdr = std::mem::zeroed();
+            // on Linux this is a usize, on macOS this is a u32
+            #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+            {
+                hdr.cmsg_len = (memoffset::offset_of!(Self, data) + N) as _;
+            }
+            hdr.cmsg_level = level;
+            hdr.cmsg_type = typ;
+            hdr
+        };
+        Self { hdr, data }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn send_close_notify(fd: RawFd) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let mut data = vec![];
+    Message::build_alert(AlertLevel::Warning, AlertDescription::CloseNotify)
+        .payload
+        .encode(&mut data);
+
+    let mut cmsg = Cmsg::new(SOL_TLS, TLS_SET_RECORD_TYPE, [ALERT]);
+
+    // dstack patch (rustls/ktls#70): same reason as `Cmsg::new` above -- musl's
+    // `msghdr` carries private `__pad1`/`__pad2` members, so struct literal
+    // syntax is rejected outright there. Hoisting `iov` into a named local is
+    // also what upstream's patch does, and it is what makes the pointer stored
+    // in `msg_iov` outlive the `sendmsg` call rather than a temporary that ends
+    // with its own statement.
+    let mut iov = libc::iovec {
+        iov_base: data.as_mut_ptr() as _,
+        iov_len: data.len(),
+    };
+    // SAFETY: as above -- `msghdr` is a plain C struct, an all-zero value is
+    // valid, and the fields this call depends on are assigned right after.
+    // `msg_name`/`msg_namelen`/`msg_flags` are left zeroed, which is what the
+    // struct literal set them to.
+    let msg = unsafe {
+        let mut msg: libc::msghdr = std::mem::zeroed();
+        msg.msg_iov = &mut iov;
+        msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
+        msg.msg_control = &mut cmsg as *mut _ as *mut _;
+        msg.msg_controllen = cmsg.hdr.cmsg_len as _;
+        msg
+    };
+
+    let ret = unsafe { libc::sendmsg(fd, &msg, 0) };
+    if ret < 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/ktls_stream.rs b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/ktls_stream.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ddf0c53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/ktls_stream.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+use nix::{
+    errno::Errno,
+    sys::socket::{recvmsg, ControlMessageOwned, MsgFlags, SockaddrIn, TlsGetRecordType},
+};
+use num_enum::FromPrimitive;
+use std::{
+    io::{self, IoSliceMut},
+    os::unix::prelude::AsRawFd,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task,
+};
+
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
+
+use crate::AsyncReadReady;
+
+// A wrapper around `IO` that sends a `close_notify` when shut down or dropped.
+pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
+    pub struct KtlsStream<IO>
+    where
+        IO: AsRawFd
+    {
+        #[pin]
+        inner: IO,
+        write_closed: bool,
+        read_closed: bool,
+        drained: Option<(usize, Vec<u8>)>,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<IO> KtlsStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsRawFd,
+{
+    pub fn new(inner: IO, drained: Option<Vec<u8>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            write_closed: false,
+            read_closed: false,
+            drained: drained.map(|drained| (0, drained)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the drained data + the original I/O
+    pub fn into_raw(self) -> (Option<Vec<u8>>, IO) {
+        (self.drained.map(|(_, drained)| drained), self.inner)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the original I/O
+    pub fn get_ref(&self) -> &IO {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mut reference to the original I/O
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> &mut IO {
+        &mut self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, num_enum::FromPrimitive)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+enum TlsAlertLevel {
+    Warning = 1,
+    Fatal = 2,
+    #[num_enum(catch_all)]
+    Other(u8),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, num_enum::FromPrimitive)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+enum TlsAlertDescription {
+    CloseNotify = 0,
+    #[num_enum(catch_all)]
+    Other(u8),
+}
+
+impl<IO> AsyncRead for KtlsStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsRawFd + AsyncRead + AsyncReadReady,
+{
+    fn poll_read(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        tracing::trace!(buf.remaining = %buf.remaining(), "KtlsStream::poll_read");
+
+        if self.read_closed {
+            return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+        }
+
+        if buf.remaining() == 0 {
+            return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+        }
+
+        let mut this = self.project();
+
+        if let Some((drain_index, drained)) = this.drained.as_mut() {
+            let drained = &drained[*drain_index..];
+            let len = std::cmp::min(buf.remaining(), drained.len());
+
+            tracing::trace!(%len, "KtlsStream::poll_read, can take from drain");
+            buf.put_slice(&drained[..len]);
+
+            *drain_index += len;
+            if *drain_index >= drained.len() {
+                tracing::trace!("KtlsStream::poll_read, done draining");
+                *this.drained = None;
+            }
+            cx.waker().wake_by_ref();
+
+            tracing::trace!("KtlsStream::poll_read, returning after drain");
+            return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+        }
+
+        let read_res = this.inner.as_mut().poll_read(cx, buf);
+        if let task::Poll::Ready(Err(e)) = &read_res {
+            // 5 is a generic "input/output error", it happens when
+            // using poll_read on a kTLS socket that just received
+            // a control message
+            if let Some(5) = e.raw_os_error() {
+                // could be a control message, let's check
+                let fd = this.inner.as_raw_fd();
+
+                // XXX: recvmsg wants a `&mut Vec<u8>` so it's able to resize it
+                // I guess? Or so there's a clear separation between uninitialized
+                // and initialized? We could probably get read of that heap alloc, idk.
+
+                // let mut cmsgspace =
+                //     [0u8; unsafe { libc::CMSG_SPACE(std::mem::size_of::<u8>() as _) as _ }];
+                let mut cmsgspace = Vec::with_capacity(unsafe {
+                    libc::CMSG_SPACE(std::mem::size_of::<u8>() as _) as _
+                });
+
+                let mut iov = [IoSliceMut::new(buf.initialize_unfilled())];
+                let flags = MsgFlags::empty();
+
+                let r = recvmsg::<SockaddrIn>(fd, &mut iov, Some(&mut cmsgspace), flags);
+                let r = match r {
+                    Ok(r) => r,
+                    Err(Errno::EAGAIN) => {
+                        unreachable!("expected a control message, got EAGAIN")
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        // ok I guess it really failed then
+                        tracing::trace!(?e, "recvmsg failed");
+                        return Err(e.into()).into();
+                    }
+                };
+                let cmsg = r
+                    .cmsgs()?
+                    .next()
+                    .expect("we should've received exactly one control message");
+
+                let record_type = match cmsg {
+                    ControlMessageOwned::TlsGetRecordType(t) => t,
+                    _ => panic!("unexpected cmsg type: {cmsg:#?}"),
+                };
+
+                match record_type {
+                    TlsGetRecordType::ChangeCipherSpec => {
+                        panic!("change_cipher_spec isn't supported by the ktls crate")
+                    }
+                    TlsGetRecordType::Alert => {
+                        // the alert level and description are in iovs
+                        let iov = r.iovs().next().expect("expected data in iovs");
+
+                        let (level, description) = match iov {
+                            [] => {
+                                // we have an early return case for that
+                                unreachable!();
+                            }
+                            &[level] => {
+                                // https://github.com/facebookincubator/fizz/blob/fff6d9d49d3c554ab66b58822d1e1fe93e8d80f2/fizz/experimental/ktls/AsyncKTLSSocket.cpp#L144
+                                //
+                                // Since all alerts (even warning-level alerts)
+                                // signal the abort of a TLS session, we do not
+                                // need to worry about additional application
+                                // data.
+                                //
+                                // If we only have half the alert (because the
+                                // user passed a buffer of size 1), just assume
+                                // it's a close_notify
+                                (
+                                    TlsAlertLevel::from_primitive(level),
+                                    TlsAlertDescription::CloseNotify,
+                                )
+                            }
+                            &[level, description] => (
+                                TlsAlertLevel::from_primitive(level),
+                                TlsAlertDescription::from_primitive(description),
+                            ),
+                            _ => {
+                                unreachable!(
+                                    "TLS alerts are exactly 2 bytes, your kTLS is misbehaving"
+                                );
+                            }
+                        };
+
+                        match (level, description) {
+                            // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5246#section-7.2
+                            // alerts we should handle are ones with fatal level or a
+                            // close_notify
+                            (_, TlsAlertDescription::CloseNotify) | (TlsAlertLevel::Fatal, _) => {
+                                tracing::trace!(?level, ?description, "got TLS alert");
+                                *this.read_closed = true;
+                                *this.write_closed = true;
+                                if let Err(e) =
+                                    crate::ffi::send_close_notify(this.inner.as_raw_fd())
+                                {
+                                    return Err(e).into();
+                                }
+                                // the file descriptor will be closed when the stream is dropped,
+                                // we already protect against writes-after-close_notify through
+                                // the write_closed flag
+                                return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+                            }
+                            _ => {
+                                // we got something we probably can't handle
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+                    }
+                    TlsGetRecordType::Handshake => {
+                        // TODO: this is where we receive TLS 1.3 resumption tickets,
+                        // should those be stored anywhere? I'm not even sure what
+                        // format they have at this point
+                        tracing::trace!(
+                            "ignoring handshake message (probably a resumption ticket)"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    TlsGetRecordType::ApplicationData => {
+                        unreachable!("received TLS application in recvmsg, this is supposed to happen in the poll_read codepath")
+                    }
+                    TlsGetRecordType::Unknown(t) => {
+                        // just ignore the record?
+                        tracing::trace!("received record_type {t:#?}");
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        tracing::trace!("received unsupported record type");
+                    }
+                };
+
+                // FIXME: this is hacky, but can we do better?
+                // after we handled (..ignored) the control message, we don't
+                // know whether the socket is still ready to be read or not.
+                //
+                // we could try looping (tricky code structure), but we can't,
+                // for example, just call `poll_read`, which might fail not
+                // not with EAGAIN/EWOULDBLOCK, but because _another_ control
+                // message is available.
+                cx.waker().wake_by_ref();
+                return task::Poll::Pending;
+            }
+        }
+
+        read_res
+    }
+}
+
+impl<IO> AsyncWrite for KtlsStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsRawFd + AsyncWrite,
+{
+    fn poll_write(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+        buf: &[u8],
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        if self.write_closed {
+            return task::Poll::Ready(Ok(0));
+        }
+
+        self.project().inner.poll_write(cx, buf)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut task::Context<'_>) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        self.project().inner.poll_flush(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+
+        if !*this.write_closed {
+            // they didn't hang up on us, we're nicely being asked to shut down,
+            // let's send a close_notify (and not wait for them to send it back)
+            *this.write_closed = true;
+            if let Err(e) = crate::ffi::send_close_notify(this.inner.as_raw_fd()) {
+                return Err(e).into();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // this ends up closing the inner file descriptor no matter what
+        this.inner.poll_shutdown(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<IO> AsRawFd for KtlsStream<IO>
+where
+    IO: AsRawFd,
+{
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> std::os::unix::prelude::RawFd {
+        self.inner.as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/lib.rs b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..774980b5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vendor/ktls/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+// dstack patch: vendored third-party code is carried to be patched as little as
+// possible, not rewritten to this workspace's lint policy. A path dependency is
+// a local package, so cargo does not cap its lints the way it would for a
+// crates.io one, and CI's `-D clippy::expect_used -D clippy::unwrap_used` would
+// otherwise fail on upstream code unrelated to the musl fix. Attribute levels
+// beat command-line ones, which a `[lints]` table in Cargo.toml does not.
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used, clippy::unwrap_used)]
+
+use ffi::{setup_tls_info, setup_ulp, KtlsCompatibilityError};
+use futures_util::future::try_join_all;
+use ktls_sys::bindings as sys;
+use rustls::{Connection, SupportedCipherSuite, SupportedProtocolVersion};
+
+#[cfg(all(not(feature = "ring"), not(feature = "aws_lc_rs")))]
+compile_error!("This crate needs wither the 'ring' or 'aws_lc_rs' feature enabled");
+#[cfg(all(feature = "ring", feature = "aws_lc_rs"))]
+compile_error!("The 'ring' and 'aws_lc_rs' features are mutually exclusive");
+#[cfg(feature = "aws_lc_rs")]
+use rustls::crypto::aws_lc_rs::cipher_suite;
+#[cfg(feature = "ring")]
+use rustls::crypto::ring::cipher_suite;
+
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    io,
+    net::SocketAddr,
+    os::unix::prelude::{AsRawFd, RawFd},
+};
+use tokio::{
+    io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite},
+    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
+};
+
+mod ffi;
+pub use crate::ffi::CryptoInfo;
+// dstack patch: the offload path splices the bare descriptor rather than going
+// through `KtlsStream`, so it has to send the TLS close itself; upstream only
+// calls this from `KtlsStream::poll_shutdown` and keeps it private.
+pub use crate::ffi::send_close_notify;
+
+mod async_read_ready;
+pub use async_read_ready::AsyncReadReady;
+
+mod ktls_stream;
+pub use ktls_stream::KtlsStream;
+
+mod cork_stream;
+pub use cork_stream::CorkStream;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct CompatibleCiphers {
+    pub tls12: CompatibleCiphersForVersion,
+    pub tls13: CompatibleCiphersForVersion,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct CompatibleCiphersForVersion {
+    pub aes_gcm_128: bool,
+    pub aes_gcm_256: bool,
+    pub chacha20_poly1305: bool,
+}
+
+impl CompatibleCiphers {
+    /// List compatible ciphers. This listens on a TCP socket and blocks for a
+    /// little while. Do once at the very start of a program. Should probably be
+    /// behind a lazy_static / once_cell
+    pub async fn new() -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut ciphers = CompatibleCiphers::default();
+
+        let ln = TcpListener::bind("0.0.0.0:0").await?;
+        let local_addr = ln.local_addr()?;
+
+        // Accepted conns of ln
+        let mut accepted_conns: SmallVec<[TcpStream; 12]> = SmallVec::new();
+
+        let accept_conns_fut = async {
+            loop {
+                if let Ok((conn, _addr)) = ln.accept().await {
+                    accepted_conns.push(conn);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        ciphers.test_ciphers(local_addr, accept_conns_fut).await?;
+
+        Ok(ciphers)
+    }
+
+    async fn test_ciphers(
+        &mut self,
+        local_addr: SocketAddr,
+        accept_conns_fut: impl Future<Output = ()>,
+    ) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let ciphers: Vec<(SupportedCipherSuite, &mut bool)> = vec![
+            (
+                cipher_suite::TLS13_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+                &mut self.tls13.aes_gcm_128,
+            ),
+            (
+                cipher_suite::TLS13_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+                &mut self.tls13.aes_gcm_256,
+            ),
+            (
+                cipher_suite::TLS13_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+                &mut self.tls13.chacha20_poly1305,
+            ),
+            (
+                cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+                &mut self.tls12.aes_gcm_128,
+            ),
+            (
+                cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+                &mut self.tls12.aes_gcm_256,
+            ),
+            (
+                cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+                &mut self.tls12.chacha20_poly1305,
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        let create_connections_fut =
+            try_join_all((0..ciphers.len()).map(|_| TcpStream::connect(local_addr)));
+
+        let socks = tokio::select! {
+            // Use biased here to optimize performance.
+            //
+            // With biased, tokio::select! would first poll create_connections_fut,
+            // which would poll all `TcpStream::connect` futures and requests
+            // new connections to `ln` then returns `Poll::Pending`.
+            //
+            // Then accept_conns_fut would be polled, which accepts all pending
+            // connections, wake up create_connections_fut then returns
+            // `Poll::Pending`.
+            //
+            // Finally, create_connections_fut wakes up and all connections
+            // are ready, the result is collected into a Vec and ends
+            // the tokio::select!.
+            biased;
+
+            res = create_connections_fut => res?,
+            _ = accept_conns_fut => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(ciphers.len(), socks.len());
+
+        ciphers
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip(socks)
+            .for_each(|((cipher_suite, field), sock)| {
+                *field = sample_cipher_setup(&sock, cipher_suite).is_ok();
+            });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if we're reasonably confident that functions like
+    /// [config_ktls_client] and [config_ktls_server] will succeed.
+    pub fn is_compatible(&self, suite: SupportedCipherSuite) -> bool {
+        let kcs = match KtlsCipherSuite::try_from(suite) {
+            Ok(kcs) => kcs,
+            Err(_) => return false,
+        };
+
+        let fields = match kcs.version {
+            KtlsVersion::TLS12 => &self.tls12,
+            KtlsVersion::TLS13 => &self.tls13,
+        };
+
+        match kcs.typ {
+            KtlsCipherType::AesGcm128 => fields.aes_gcm_128,
+            KtlsCipherType::AesGcm256 => fields.aes_gcm_256,
+            KtlsCipherType::Chacha20Poly1305 => fields.chacha20_poly1305,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn sample_cipher_setup(sock: &TcpStream, cipher_suite: SupportedCipherSuite) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let kcs = match KtlsCipherSuite::try_from(cipher_suite) {
+        Ok(kcs) => kcs,
+        Err(_) => panic!("unsupported cipher suite"),
+    };
+
+    let ffi_version = match kcs.version {
+        KtlsVersion::TLS12 => ffi::TLS_1_2_VERSION_NUMBER,
+        KtlsVersion::TLS13 => ffi::TLS_1_3_VERSION_NUMBER,
+    };
+
+    let crypto_info = match kcs.typ {
+        KtlsCipherType::AesGcm128 => CryptoInfo::AesGcm128(sys::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_128 {
+            info: sys::tls_crypto_info {
+                version: ffi_version,
+                cipher_type: sys::TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128 as _,
+            },
+            iv: Default::default(),
+            key: Default::default(),
+            salt: Default::default(),
+            rec_seq: Default::default(),
+        }),
+        KtlsCipherType::AesGcm256 => CryptoInfo::AesGcm256(sys::tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_256 {
+            info: sys::tls_crypto_info {
+                version: ffi_version,
+                cipher_type: sys::TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_256 as _,
+            },
+            iv: Default::default(),
+            key: Default::default(),
+            salt: Default::default(),
+            rec_seq: Default::default(),
+        }),
+        KtlsCipherType::Chacha20Poly1305 => {
+            CryptoInfo::Chacha20Poly1305(sys::tls12_crypto_info_chacha20_poly1305 {
+                info: sys::tls_crypto_info {
+                    version: ffi_version,
+                    cipher_type: sys::TLS_CIPHER_CHACHA20_POLY1305 as _,
+                },
+                iv: Default::default(),
+                key: Default::default(),
+                salt: Default::default(),
+                rec_seq: Default::default(),
+            })
+        }
+    };
+    let fd = sock.as_raw_fd();
+
+    setup_ulp(fd).map_err(Error::UlpError)?;
+
+    setup_tls_info(fd, ffi::Direction::Tx, crypto_info)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum Error {
+    #[error("failed to enable TLS ULP (upper level protocol): {0}")]
+    UlpError(#[source] std::io::Error),
+
+    #[error("kTLS compatibility error: {0}")]
+    KtlsCompatibility(#[from] KtlsCompatibilityError),
+
+    #[error("failed to export secrets")]
+    ExportSecrets(#[source] rustls::Error),
+
+    #[error("failed to configure tx/rx (unsupported cipher?): {0}")]
+    TlsCryptoInfoError(#[source] std::io::Error),
+
+    #[error("an I/O occured while draining the rustls stream: {0}")]
+    DrainError(#[source] std::io::Error),
+
+    #[error("no negotiated cipher suite: call config_ktls_* only /after/ the handshake")]
+    NoNegotiatedCipherSuite,
+}
+
+/// Configure kTLS for this socket. If this call succeeds, data can be written
+/// and read from this socket, and the kernel takes care of encryption
+/// transparently. I'm not clear how rekeying is handled (probably via control
+/// messages, but can't find a code sample for it).
+///
+/// The inner IO type must be wrapped in [CorkStream] since it's the only way
+/// to drain a rustls stream cleanly. See its documentation for details.
+pub async fn config_ktls_server<IO>(
+    mut stream: tokio_rustls::server::TlsStream<CorkStream<IO>>,
+) -> Result<KtlsStream<IO>, Error>
+where
+    IO: AsRawFd + AsyncRead + AsyncReadReady + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    stream.get_mut().0.corked = true;
+    let drained = drain(&mut stream).await.map_err(Error::DrainError)?;
+    let (io, conn) = stream.into_inner();
+    let io = io.io;
+
+    setup_inner(io.as_raw_fd(), Connection::Server(conn))?;
+    Ok(KtlsStream::new(io, drained))
+}
+
+/// Configure kTLS for this socket. If this call succeeds, data can be
+/// written and read from this socket, and the kernel takes care of encryption
+/// (and key updates, etc.) transparently.
+///
+/// The inner IO type must be wrapped in [CorkStream] since it's the only way
+/// to drain a rustls stream cleanly. See its documentation for details.
+pub async fn config_ktls_client<IO>(
+    mut stream: tokio_rustls::client::TlsStream<CorkStream<IO>>,
+) -> Result<KtlsStream<IO>, Error>
+where
+    IO: AsRawFd + AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
+{
+    stream.get_mut().0.corked = true;
+    let drained = drain(&mut stream).await.map_err(Error::DrainError)?;
+    let (io, conn) = stream.into_inner();
+    let io = io.io;
+
+    setup_inner(io.as_raw_fd(), Connection::Client(conn))?;
+    Ok(KtlsStream::new(io, drained))
+}
+
+/// Read all the bytes we can read without blocking. This is used to drained the
+/// already-decrypted buffer from a tokio-rustls I/O type
+async fn drain(stream: &mut (impl AsyncRead + Unpin)) -> std::io::Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+    tracing::trace!("Draining rustls stream");
+    let mut drained = vec![0u8; 128 * 1024];
+    let mut filled = 0;
+
+    loop {
+        tracing::trace!("stream.read called");
+        let n = match stream.read(&mut drained[filled..]).await {
+            Ok(n) => n,
+            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => {
+                // actually this is expected for us!
+                tracing::trace!("stream.read returned UnexpectedEof, that's expected for us");
+                break;
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                tracing::trace!("stream.read returned error: {e}");
+                return Err(e);
+            }
+        };
+        tracing::trace!("stream.read returned {n}");
+        if n == 0 {
+            // that's what CorkStream returns when it's at a message boundary
+            break;
+        }
+        filled += n;
+    }
+
+    let maybe_drained = if filled == 0 {
+        None
+    } else {
+        tracing::trace!("Draining rustls stream done: drained {filled} bytes");
+        drained.resize(filled, 0);
+        Some(drained)
+    };
+    Ok(maybe_drained)
+}
+
+fn setup_inner(fd: RawFd, conn: Connection) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let cipher_suite = match conn.negotiated_cipher_suite() {
+        Some(cipher_suite) => cipher_suite,
+        None => {
+            return Err(Error::NoNegotiatedCipherSuite);
+        }
+    };
+
+    let secrets = match conn.dangerous_extract_secrets() {
+        Ok(secrets) => secrets,
+        Err(err) => return Err(Error::ExportSecrets(err)),
+    };
+
+    ffi::setup_ulp(fd).map_err(Error::UlpError)?;
+
+    let tx = CryptoInfo::from_rustls(cipher_suite, secrets.tx)?;
+    setup_tls_info(fd, ffi::Direction::Tx, tx)?;
+
+    let rx = CryptoInfo::from_rustls(cipher_suite, secrets.rx)?;
+    setup_tls_info(fd, ffi::Direction::Rx, rx)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// TLS versions supported by this crate
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum KtlsVersion {
+    TLS12,
+    TLS13,
+}
+
+impl KtlsVersion {
+    /// Converts into the equivalent rustls [SupportedProtocolVersion]
+    pub fn as_supported_version(&self) -> &'static SupportedProtocolVersion {
+        match self {
+            KtlsVersion::TLS12 => &rustls::version::TLS12,
+            KtlsVersion::TLS13 => &rustls::version::TLS13,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A TLS cipher suite. Used mostly internally.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct KtlsCipherSuite {
+    /// The TLS version
+    pub version: KtlsVersion,
+
+    /// The cipher type
+    pub typ: KtlsCipherType,
+}
+
+/// Cipher types supported by this crate
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum KtlsCipherType {
+    AesGcm128,
+    AesGcm256,
+    Chacha20Poly1305,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum CipherSuiteError {
+    #[error("TLS 1.2 support not built in")]
+    Tls12NotBuiltIn,
+
+    #[error("unsupported cipher suite")]
+    UnsupportedCipherSuite(SupportedCipherSuite),
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<SupportedCipherSuite> for KtlsCipherSuite {
+    type Error = CipherSuiteError;
+
+    fn try_from(#[allow(unused)] suite: SupportedCipherSuite) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        {
+            let version = match suite {
+                SupportedCipherSuite::Tls12(..) => {
+                    if !cfg!(feature = "tls12") {
+                        return Err(CipherSuiteError::Tls12NotBuiltIn);
+                    }
+                    KtlsVersion::TLS12
+                }
+                SupportedCipherSuite::Tls13(..) => KtlsVersion::TLS13,
+            };
+
+            let family = {
+                if suite == cipher_suite::TLS13_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 {
+                    KtlsCipherType::AesGcm128
+                } else if suite == cipher_suite::TLS13_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 {
+                    KtlsCipherType::AesGcm256
+                } else if suite == cipher_suite::TLS13_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 {
+                    KtlsCipherType::Chacha20Poly1305
+                } else if suite == cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 {
+                    KtlsCipherType::AesGcm128
+                } else if suite == cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 {
+                    KtlsCipherType::AesGcm256
+                } else if suite == cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 {
+                    KtlsCipherType::Chacha20Poly1305
+                } else {
+                    return Err(CipherSuiteError::UnsupportedCipherSuite(suite));
+                }
+            };
+
+            Ok(Self {
+                typ: family,
+                version,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl KtlsCipherSuite {
+    pub fn as_supported_cipher_suite(&self) -> SupportedCipherSuite {
+        match self.version {
+            KtlsVersion::TLS12 => match self.typ {
+                KtlsCipherType::AesGcm128 => cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+                KtlsCipherType::AesGcm256 => cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+                KtlsCipherType::Chacha20Poly1305 => {
+                    cipher_suite::TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
+                }
+            },
+            KtlsVersion::TLS13 => match self.typ {
+                KtlsCipherType::AesGcm128 => cipher_suite::TLS13_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+                KtlsCipherType::AesGcm256 => cipher_suite::TLS13_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+                KtlsCipherType::Chacha20Poly1305 => cipher_suite::TLS13_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/Cargo.toml b/dstack/verifier/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de46a2c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-verifier"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+homepage.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[lib]
+name = "dstack_verifier"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "dstack-verifier"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+required-features = ["binary"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"], optional = true }
+figment = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+fs-err.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["json"], optional = true }
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+reqwest.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+flate2.workspace = true
+tar.workspace = true
+
+# Internal dependencies
+ra-tls.workspace = true
+x509-parser = { workspace = true, features = ["verify"] }
+dstack-attest.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+dstack-mr.workspace = true
+
+# Crypto/verification dependencies
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+cc-eventlog.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+tpm-qvl.workspace = true
+tpm-types.workspace = true
+nsm-attest.workspace = true
+ez-hash.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+hex-literal.workspace = true
+
+[features]
+default = ["binary"]
+binary = ["dep:clap", "dep:figment", "dep:rocket", "dep:tracing-subscriber"]
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/README.md b/dstack/verifier/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd3117032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+# dstack-verifier
+
+A HTTP server that provides dstack quote verification services using the same verification process as the dstack KMS.
+
+## API Endpoints
+
+### POST /verify
+
+Verifies a dstack attestation or quote with the provided data and VM configuration. The body can be grabbed via [getQuote](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/blob/next/sdk/curl/api.md#3-get-quote) or [attest](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/blob/next/sdk/curl/api.md#8-attest).
+
+**Request Body:**
+Provide either `attestation` or (`quote` + `event_log` + `vm_config`).
+
+```json
+{
+  "quote": "hex-encoded-quote",
+  "event_log": "hex-encoded-event-log",
+  "vm_config": "json-vm-config-string",
+}
+```
+or
+```json
+{
+  "attestation": "hex-encoded-attestation"
+}
+```
+
+For challenge-response verification, the relying party embeds its own challenge
+in the certificate's `report_data` (or the NitroTPM `nonce`) and checks it
+against the returned evidence.
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "is_valid": true,
+  "details": {
+    "quote_verified": true,
+    "event_log_verified": true,  // See "Verification Process" for semantics
+    "os_image_hash_verified": true,
+    "acpi_tables_verified": true,         // true only when TDX ACPI table contents are verified
+    "os_image_is_dev": false,             // true=dev image, false=prod, null=unknown/N/A
+    "os_image_version": "0.5.10",         // dstack OS version, null if unknown
+    "tee_variant": "dstack-tdx",   // dstack-tdx | dstack-gcp-tdx | dstack-nitro-enclave | dstack-amd-sev-snp | dstack-aws-nitro-tpm
+    "report_data": "hex-encoded-64-byte-report-data",
+    "tcb_status": "UpToDate",
+    "advisory_ids": [],
+    "key_provider": { "name": "kms", "id": "hex-string" },  // decoded; null if absent
+    "app_info": {
+      "app_id": "hex-string",
+      "compose_hash": "hex-string",
+      "instance_id": "hex-string",
+      "device_id": "hex-string",
+      "mrtd": "hex-string",
+      "rtmr0": "hex-string",
+      "rtmr1": "hex-string",
+      "rtmr2": "hex-string",
+      "rtmr3": "hex-string",
+      "mr_system": "hex-string",
+      "mr_aggregated": "hex-string",
+      "os_image_hash": "hex-string",
+      "key_provider_info": "hex-string"
+    },
+    "boot_info": {
+      "teeVariant": "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm",
+      "mrAggregated": "hex-string",
+      "osImageHash": "hex-string",
+      "mrSystem": "hex-string",
+      "appId": "hex-string",
+      "composeHash": "hex-string",
+      "instanceId": "hex-string",
+      "deviceId": "hex-string",
+      "keyProviderInfo": "hex-string",
+      "tcbStatus": "UpToDate",
+      "advisoryIds": []
+    }
+  },
+  "reason": null
+}
+```
+
+### GET /health
+
+Health check endpoint that returns service status.
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "status": "ok",
+  "service": "dstack-verifier"
+}
+```
+
+## Configuration
+You usually don't need to edit the config file. Just using the default is fine, unless you need to deploy your cunstomized os images.
+
+### Configuration Options
+
+- `host`: Server bind address (default: "0.0.0.0")
+- `port`: Server port (default: 8080)
+- `image_cache_dir`: Directory for cached OS images (default: "/tmp/dstack-verifier/cache")
+- `image_download_url`: URL template for downloading OS images (default: dstack official releases URL)
+- `image_download_timeout_secs`: Download timeout in seconds (default: 300)
+- `attestation.urls.pccs`: PCCS URL (default: production PCCS)
+- `attestation.urls.amd_kds`: AMD KDS URL (default: AMD production KDS)
+
+### Example Configuration File
+
+```toml
+host = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8080
+image_cache_dir = "/tmp/dstack-verifier/cache"
+image_download_url = "https://download.dstack.org/os-images/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+image_download_timeout_secs = 300
+[attestation.urls]
+# pccs = "https://pccs.phala.network"
+# amd_kds = "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1"
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+### Running with Cargo
+
+```bash
+# Run with default config
+cargo run --bin dstack-verifier
+
+# Run with custom config file
+cargo run --bin dstack-verifier -- --config /path/to/config.toml
+
+# Set via environment variables
+DSTACK_VERIFIER_PORT=8080 cargo run --bin dstack-verifier
+```
+
+### Verify An RA-TLS Endpoint Certificate
+
+To bind a network endpoint to attestation, verify the endpoint's RA-TLS
+certificate instead of trusting DNS, load balancer identity, or a normal Web PKI
+certificate alone:
+
+```bash
+cargo run --bin dstack-verifier -- --verify-cert endpoint-cert.pem
+```
+
+The input may be PEM or DER. On success, the verifier prints JSON and writes the
+same result next to the input as `endpoint-cert.pem.ratls-verification.json`.
+The verification checks that:
+
+1. the certificate contains a dstack RA-TLS attestation extension;
+2. the embedded attestation verifies against the platform root, including AWS
+   NitroTPM documents for EC2;
+3. the attestation `report_data` is
+   `QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert(SubjectPublicKeyInfo)`, so the verified
+   attestation is bound to this exact TLS public key; and
+4. the reported `app_info.os_image_hash` is bound to the attested boot
+   measurement, surfaced as `app_info.os_image_hash_verified`. This binding is
+   self-contained (no image download) for AWS NitroTPM, SEV-SNP, Nitro Enclave,
+   GCP TDX, and TDX lite. It is reported as `false` for the TDX legacy
+   full-image path, which needs an image download that this cert mode does not
+   perform — use `/verify` for that path. Only trust `os_image_hash` when
+   `os_image_hash_verified` is `true`.
+
+Clients, gateways, or release validators should combine this certificate-level
+check with the policy fields emitted by `/verify`: accepted OS image,
+`teeVariant`, `mrAggregated`, app compose hash, KMS identity, a
+`report_data` challenge, and any deployment-specific endpoint allowlist.
+
+### Running with Docker Compose
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  dstack-verifier:
+    image: dstacktee/dstack-verifier:latest
+    ports:
+      - "8080:8080"
+    restart: unless-stopped
+```
+
+Save the docker compose file as `docker-compose.yml` and run `docker compose up -d`.
+
+### Request verification
+
+Grab an attestation or quote from your app. It's depends on your app how to grab it.
+
+```bash
+# Grab an attestation from the demo app
+curl https://712eab2f507b963e11144ae67218177e93ac2a24-3000.test0.dstack.org:12004/Attest?report_data=0x1234 -o attest.json
+```
+
+Send the attestation to the verifier.
+
+```bash
+$ curl -s -d @attest.json localhost:8080/verify | jq
+```
+
+```bash
+# Grab a quote from the demo app
+curl https://712eab2f507b963e11144ae67218177e93ac2a24-3000.test0.dstack.org:12004/GetQuote?report_data=0x1234 -o quote.json
+
+```
+
+Send the quote to the verifier.
+
+```bash
+$ curl -s -d @quote.json localhost:8080/verify | jq
+{
+  "is_valid": true,
+  "details": {
+    "quote_verified": true,
+    "event_log_verified": true,
+    "os_image_hash_verified": true,
+    "acpi_tables_verified": true,
+    "report_data": "12340000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+    "tcb_status": "UpToDate",
+    "advisory_ids": [],
+    "app_info": {
+      "app_id": "e631a04a5d068c0e5ffd8ca60d6574ac99a18bda",
+      "compose_hash": "e631a04a5d068c0e5ffd8ca60d6574ac99a18bdaf0417d129d0c4ac52244d40f",
+      "instance_id": "712eab2f507b963e11144ae67218177e93ac2a24",
+      "device_id": "ee218f44a5f0a9c3233f9cc09f0cd41518f376478127feb989d5cf1292c56a01",
+      "mrtd": "f06dfda6dce1cf904d4e2bab1dc370634cf95cefa2ceb2de2eee127c9382698090d7a4a13e14c536ec6c9c3c8fa87077",
+      "rtmr0": "68102e7b524af310f7b7d426ce75481e36c40f5d513a9009c046e9d37e31551f0134d954b496a3357fd61d03f07ffe96",
+      "rtmr1": "a7b523278d4f914ee8df0ec80cd1c3d498cbf1152b0c5eaf65bad9425072874a3fcf891e8b01713d3d9937e3e0d26c15",
+      "rtmr2": "dbf4924c07f5066f3dc6859844184344306aa3263817153dcaee85af97d23e0c0b96efe0731d8865a8747e51b9e351ac",
+      "rtmr3": "5e7d8d84317343d28d73031d0be3c75f25facb1b20c9835a44582b8b0115de1acfe2d19350437dbd63846bcc5d7bf328",
+      "mr_system": "145010fa227e6c2537ad957c64e4a8486fcbfd8265ddfb359168b59afcff1d05",
+      "mr_aggregated": "52f6d7ccbee1bfa870709e8ff489e016e2e5c25a157b7e22ef1ea68fce763694",
+      "os_image_hash": "b6420818b356b198bdd70f076079aa0299a20279b87ab33ada7b2770ef432a5a",
+      "key_provider_info": "7b226e616d65223a226b6d73222c226964223a223330353933303133303630373261383634386365336430323031303630383261383634386365336430333031303730333432303030343139623234353764643962386161363434366439383066313336666666373831326563643663373737343065656230653238623130643536633063303030323861356236653539646365613330376435383362643166373037363965396331313664663262636662313735386139356438363133653764653163383438326330227d"
+    }
+  },
+  "reason": null
+}
+```
+
+## Verification Process
+
+The verifier performs the following verification steps:
+
+1. **Quote Verification**: Validates the platform quote using the platform verifier: DCAP for TDX, AMD SNP report verification for SEV-SNP, NSM for Nitro Enclaves, and AWS NitroTPM attestation-document verification for EC2 NitroTPM.
+2. **Event Log Verification**: Replays event logs to ensure RTMR/PCR values match and extracts app information. For RTMR3 and AWS NitroTPM PCR14 launch measurements, both the digest and payload integrity are verified. For TDX RTMR 0-2 boot-time measurements, only the digests are verified; the payload content is not validated as dstack does not define semantics for these payloads.
+3. **OS Image Hash Verification**:
+   - Treats `vm_config` and any attached measurement material as untrusted inputs until they are bound to the hardware quote
+   - For the full-image TDX path, downloads or loads the image identified by `os_image_hash`, checks the image checksum manifest, uses dstack-mr to compute expected MRTD/RTMR0-2, and compares them against the verified measurements from the quote
+   - For TDX lite, AMD SEV-SNP, and GCP TDX, verifies that `os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)`, where `sha256sum.txt` is the image build's checksum manifest (`<sha256>  <relative-file-name>` lines for image files), that the manifest entry for `measurement.tdx.cbor`, `measurement.snp.cbor`, or `measurement.gcp.cbor` matches the supplied measurement material, and that the measurement material replays to the quote's hardware-signed measurements or GCP TPM UKI event
+   - For AWS NitroTPM, requires `vm_config.aws_measurement` and verifies that `os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)` matches the measurement material and that its `boot_pcr_digest = sha256(PCR4 || PCR7 || PCR12)` matches the attested boot PCRs
+4. **Policy Input Construction**: Emits `details.boot_info`, the canonical auth-policy payload shape used by dstack KMS `/bootAuth/app` and `/bootAuth/kms`. This object is only present on successful verification.
+5. **Endpoint Certificate Verification**: In `--verify-cert` mode, verifies the
+   dstack RA-TLS certificate extension and checks that the attestation
+   `report_data` is bound to the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo. This is the
+   production path for preventing an admin-controlled DNS/LB/proxy endpoint from
+   impersonating an attested workload with a different TLS key. It also binds
+   `app_info.os_image_hash` to the attested boot measurement and reports the
+   result as `app_info.os_image_hash_verified` (self-contained for all platforms
+   except the TDX legacy full-image path, which reports `false`).
+
+`details.acpi_tables_verified` is `true` for both TDX paths, which recompute the ACPI table contents and check them against the quote. It is `false` only for non-TDX platforms, where ACPI table verification is not applicable.
+
+All verification steps must pass for the verification to be considered valid.
+
+### TDX ACPI table verification
+
+RTMR0 covers three ACPI blobs QEMU hands to OVMF (`acpi-loader`, `acpi-rsdp`,
+`acpi-tables`); `acpi-tables` carries the DSDT, which is AML the guest kernel
+executes. Both TDX paths regenerate those blobs from the VM shape declared in
+`vm_config` (vCPU count, RAM size, PCI topology, QEMU version) and require the
+recomputed digests to equal the ones the quote's event log reports, before
+rebuilding the expected RTMR0 from the recomputed values.
+
+Verification fails closed in both directions:
+
+- **digest mismatch** — the tables are not the ones this VM shape produces.
+- **cannot generate** — the shape is one the ACPI generator does not model
+  (`swtpm = true`, or a QEMU older than 8.0). There is nothing to compare
+  against, so the attestation is rejected rather than accepted as unverified.
+
+The second case is deliberate. `swtpm` and `qemu_version` are host-declared
+fields that no other measurement independently constrains, so accepting an
+unverifiable shape would let a host opt out of the check by declaring one.
+CVMs using the TPM key provider (`swtpm = true`) therefore cannot be verified
+on either TDX path, which is the pre-existing behavior of the full-image path.
+
+QEMU versions newer than the newest ACPI profile the verifier models are
+generated with that profile, so a QEMU upgrade that leaves the ACPI ABI alone
+keeps verifying; one that changes it surfaces as a digest mismatch.
+
+### Identifying the deployment
+
+Beyond pass/fail, the result carries a few descriptive fields so a relying party can apply its own policy:
+
+- **`os_image_is_dev`** — `true` for a development OS image, `false` for production. Dev images are built for local testing and are not hardened for production use, so a relying party generally wants to reject them.
+- **`os_image_version`** — the dstack OS version (e.g. `0.5.10`), useful for enforcing a minimum version.
+- **`tee_variant`** — the TEE variant that produced the verified quote, serialized as `TeeVariant`: `dstack-tdx`, `dstack-gcp-tdx`, `dstack-nitro-enclave`, `dstack-amd-sev-snp`, or `dstack-aws-nitro-tpm`.
+- **`acpi_tables_verified`** — whether TDX ACPI table contents were verified. This is useful for relying parties that require `requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables = true`.
+- **`key_provider`** — the decoded `app_info.key_provider_info` (`{name, id}`); `name` is e.g. `kms` or `local`. A `local` key provider means the CVM is not KMS-backed, which is itself a dev/insecure posture signal. The raw bytes remain in `app_info.key_provider_info`.
+- **`boot_info`** — the policy object a relying party should feed to its auth/governance layer. For AWS EC2 NitroTPM this includes `teeVariant = dstack-aws-nitro-tpm`, PCR4/7/12-derived `osImageHash`, PCR14-bound `mrAggregated`, app identity, instance/device identity, and a `tcbStatus` normalized to `UpToDate`.
+
+`os_image_is_dev` and `os_image_version` are read from the image's `metadata.json`, which is part of `sha256sum.txt` and therefore bound to the `os_image_hash` that step 3 verifies against the quote — so they are as trustworthy as the os-image-hash check itself. They are `null` when the platform does not expose them (e.g. GCP TDX / Nitro Enclave) or when the image predates the field (images without `is_dev` are always production).
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/builder/Dockerfile b/dstack/verifier/builder/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b9245200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/builder/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM rust:1.92.0-bookworm@sha256:e90e846de4124376164ddfbaab4b0774c7bdeef5e738866295e5a90a34a307a2 AS verifier-builder
+COPY --from=build-shared pin-packages.sh /build/
+COPY builder/shared/*-pinned-packages.txt /build/
+ARG DSTACK_REV
+ARG DSTACK_SRC_URL=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+WORKDIR /build
+RUN ./pin-packages.sh ./builder-pinned-packages.txt
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    git \
+    build-essential \
+    musl-tools \
+    libssl-dev \
+    protobuf-compiler \
+    libprotobuf-dev \
+    clang \
+    libclang-dev \
+    pkg-config \
+    ca-certificates \
+    curl && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/log/* /var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache
+RUN git clone ${DSTACK_SRC_URL} repo && \
+    cd repo && \
+    git checkout ${DSTACK_REV}
+RUN rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+RUN cd repo/dstack && cargo build --release -p dstack-verifier --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+RUN echo "${DSTACK_REV}" > /build/.GIT_REV
+
+FROM debian:bookworm@sha256:0d8498a0e9e6a60011df39aab78534cfe940785e7c59d19dfae1eb53ea59babe
+COPY --from=build-shared pin-packages.sh /build/
+COPY builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt /build/
+WORKDIR /build
+RUN ./pin-packages.sh ./pinned-packages.txt && \
+    apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    ca-certificates \
+    curl \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /var/log/* /var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache
+COPY --from=verifier-builder /build/repo/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-verifier /usr/local/bin/dstack-verifier
+COPY --from=verifier-builder /build/.GIT_REV /etc/
+RUN mkdir -p /etc/dstack
+COPY dstack-verifier.toml /etc/dstack/dstack-verifier.toml
+WORKDIR /var/lib/dstack-verifier
+EXPOSE 8080
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/dstack-verifier"]
+CMD ["--config", "/etc/dstack/dstack-verifier.toml"]
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/builder/build-image.sh b/dstack/verifier/builder/build-image.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d9db1288e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/builder/build-image.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=$(git -C "$SCRIPT_DIR" rev-parse --show-toplevel)
+CONTEXT_DIR=$(dirname "$SCRIPT_DIR")
+SHARED_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/shared"
+DOCKERFILE="$SCRIPT_DIR/Dockerfile"
+export CONTEXT_DIR DOCKERFILE
+
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/build/shared/build-lib.sh"
+
+NAME=${1:-}
+if [ -z "$NAME" ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <image-name>[:<tag>]" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+NO_CACHE=${NO_CACHE:-}
+GIT_REV=${GIT_REV:-HEAD}
+GIT_REV=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse "$GIT_REV")
+DSTACK_SRC_URL=${DSTACK_SRC_URL:-https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git}
+
+ensure_buildkit
+
+mkdir -p "$SHARED_DIR"
+touch "$SHARED_DIR/builder-pinned-packages.txt"
+touch "$SHARED_DIR/pinned-packages.txt"
+
+docker_build "$NAME" "" "$SHARED_DIR/pinned-packages.txt"
+docker_build "verifier-builder-temp" "verifier-builder" "$SHARED_DIR/builder-pinned-packages.txt"
+
+check_clean_tree "$SHARED_DIR"
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt b/dstack/verifier/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75a2bc37d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/builder/shared/builder-pinned-packages.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+adduser=3.134
+apt=2.6.1
+autoconf=2.71-3
+automake=1:1.16.5-1.3
+autotools-dev=20220109.1
+base-files=12.4+deb12u13
+base-passwd=3.6.1
+bash=5.2.15-2+b10
+binutils-common:amd64=2.40-2
+binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu=2.40-2
+binutils=2.40-2
+bsdutils=1:2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+build-essential=12.9
+bzip2=1.0.8-5+b1
+ca-certificates=20230311+deb12u1
+clang-14=1:14.0.6-12
+clang=1:14.0-55.7~deb12u1
+comerr-dev:amd64=2.1-1.47.0-2+b2
+coreutils=9.1-1
+cpp-12=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+cpp=4:12.2.0-3
+curl=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+dash=0.5.12-2
+debconf=1.5.82
+debian-archive-keyring=2023.3+deb12u2
+debianutils=5.7-0.5~deb12u1
+default-libmysqlclient-dev:amd64=1.1.0
+diffutils=1:3.8-4
+dirmngr=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+dpkg-dev=1.21.22
+dpkg=1.21.22
+e2fsprogs=1.47.0-2+b2
+file=1:5.44-3
+findutils=4.9.0-4
+fontconfig-config=2.14.1-4
+fontconfig=2.14.1-4
+fonts-dejavu-core=2.37-6
+g++-12=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+g++=4:12.2.0-3
+gcc-12-base:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+gcc-12=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+gcc=4:12.2.0-3
+gir1.2-freedesktop:amd64=1.74.0-3
+gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0:amd64=2.42.10+dfsg-1+deb12u3
+gir1.2-glib-2.0:amd64=1.74.0-3
+gir1.2-rsvg-2.0:amd64=2.54.7+dfsg-1~deb12u1
+git-man=1:2.39.5-0+deb12u3
+git=1:2.39.5-0+deb12u3
+gnupg-l10n=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gnupg-utils=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gnupg=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpg-agent=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpg-wks-client=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpg-wks-server=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpg=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpgconf=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpgsm=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+gpgv=2.2.40-1.1+deb12u2
+grep=3.8-5
+gzip=1.12-1
+hicolor-icon-theme=0.17-2
+hostname=3.23+nmu1
+icu-devtools=72.1-3+deb12u1
+imagemagick-6-common=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+imagemagick-6.q16=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+imagemagick=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+init-system-helpers=1.65.2+deb12u1
+krb5-multidev:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libacl1:amd64=2.3.1-3
+libaom3:amd64=3.6.0-1+deb12u2
+libapr1:amd64=1.7.2-3+deb12u1
+libaprutil1:amd64=1.6.3-1
+libapt-pkg6.0:amd64=2.6.1
+libasan8:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libassuan0:amd64=2.5.5-5
+libatomic1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libattr1:amd64=1:2.5.1-4
+libaudit-common=1:3.0.9-1
+libaudit1:amd64=1:3.0.9-1
+libbinutils:amd64=2.40-2
+libblkid-dev:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libblkid1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libbrotli-dev:amd64=1.0.9-2+b6
+libbrotli1:amd64=1.0.9-2+b6
+libbsd0:amd64=0.11.7-2
+libbz2-1.0:amd64=1.0.8-5+b1
+libbz2-dev:amd64=1.0.8-5+b1
+libc-bin=2.36-9+deb12u13
+libc-dev-bin=2.36-9+deb12u13
+libc6-dev:amd64=2.36-9+deb12u13
+libc6:amd64=2.36-9+deb12u13
+libcairo-gobject2:amd64=1.16.0-7
+libcairo-script-interpreter2:amd64=1.16.0-7
+libcairo2-dev:amd64=1.16.0-7
+libcairo2:amd64=1.16.0-7
+libcap-ng0:amd64=0.8.3-1+b3
+libcap2:amd64=1:2.66-4+deb12u2+b2
+libcbor0.8:amd64=0.8.0-2+b1
+libcc1-0:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libclang-14-dev=1:14.0.6-12
+libclang-common-14-dev=1:14.0.6-12
+libclang-cpp14=1:14.0.6-12
+libclang-dev=1:14.0-55.7~deb12u1
+libclang1-14=1:14.0.6-12
+libcom-err2:amd64=1.47.0-2+b2
+libcrypt-dev:amd64=1:4.4.33-2
+libcrypt1:amd64=1:4.4.33-2
+libctf-nobfd0:amd64=2.40-2
+libctf0:amd64=2.40-2
+libcurl3-gnutls:amd64=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+libcurl4-openssl-dev:amd64=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+libcurl4:amd64=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+libdatrie1:amd64=0.2.13-2+b1
+libdav1d6:amd64=1.0.0-2+deb12u1
+libdb-dev:amd64=5.3.2
+libdb5.3-dev=5.3.28+dfsg2-1
+libdb5.3:amd64=5.3.28+dfsg2-1
+libde265-0:amd64=1.0.11-1+deb12u2
+libdebconfclient0:amd64=0.270
+libdeflate-dev:amd64=1.14-1
+libdeflate0:amd64=1.14-1
+libdjvulibre-dev:amd64=3.5.28-2.2~deb12u1
+libdjvulibre-text=3.5.28-2.2~deb12u1
+libdjvulibre21:amd64=3.5.28-2.2~deb12u1
+libdpkg-perl=1.21.22
+libedit2:amd64=3.1-20221030-2
+libelf1:amd64=0.188-2.1
+liberror-perl=0.17029-2
+libevent-2.1-7:amd64=2.1.12-stable-8
+libevent-core-2.1-7:amd64=2.1.12-stable-8
+libevent-dev=2.1.12-stable-8
+libevent-extra-2.1-7:amd64=2.1.12-stable-8
+libevent-openssl-2.1-7:amd64=2.1.12-stable-8
+libevent-pthreads-2.1-7:amd64=2.1.12-stable-8
+libexif-dev:amd64=0.6.24-1+b1
+libexif12:amd64=0.6.24-1+b1
+libexpat1-dev:amd64=2.5.0-1+deb12u2
+libexpat1:amd64=2.5.0-1+deb12u2
+libext2fs2:amd64=1.47.0-2+b2
+libffi-dev:amd64=3.4.4-1
+libffi8:amd64=3.4.4-1
+libfftw3-double3:amd64=3.3.10-1
+libfido2-1:amd64=1.12.0-2+b1
+libfontconfig-dev:amd64=2.14.1-4
+libfontconfig1:amd64=2.14.1-4
+libfreetype-dev:amd64=2.12.1+dfsg-5+deb12u4
+libfreetype6-dev:amd64=2.12.1+dfsg-5+deb12u4
+libfreetype6:amd64=2.12.1+dfsg-5+deb12u4
+libfribidi0:amd64=1.0.8-2.1
+libgc1:amd64=1:8.2.2-3
+libgcc-12-dev:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libgcc-s1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libgcrypt20:amd64=1.10.1-3
+libgdbm-compat4:amd64=1.23-3
+libgdbm-dev:amd64=1.23-3
+libgdbm6:amd64=1.23-3
+libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-0:amd64=2.42.10+dfsg-1+deb12u3
+libgdk-pixbuf-2.0-dev:amd64=2.42.10+dfsg-1+deb12u3
+libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin=2.42.10+dfsg-1+deb12u3
+libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common=2.42.10+dfsg-1+deb12u3
+libgirepository-1.0-1:amd64=1.74.0-3
+libglib2.0-0:amd64=2.74.6-2+deb12u8
+libglib2.0-bin=2.74.6-2+deb12u8
+libglib2.0-data=2.74.6-2+deb12u8
+libglib2.0-dev-bin=2.74.6-2+deb12u8
+libglib2.0-dev:amd64=2.74.6-2+deb12u8
+libgmp-dev:amd64=2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1
+libgmp10:amd64=2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1
+libgmpxx4ldbl:amd64=2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1
+libgnutls30:amd64=3.7.9-2+deb12u5
+libgomp1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libgpg-error0:amd64=1.46-1
+libgprofng0:amd64=2.40-2
+libgraphite2-3:amd64=1.3.14-1
+libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libgssrpc4:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libharfbuzz0b:amd64=6.0.0+dfsg-3
+libheif1:amd64=1.15.1-1+deb12u1
+libhogweed6:amd64=3.8.1-2
+libice-dev:amd64=2:1.0.10-1
+libice6:amd64=2:1.0.10-1
+libicu-dev:amd64=72.1-3+deb12u1
+libicu72:amd64=72.1-3+deb12u1
+libidn2-0:amd64=2.3.3-1+b1
+libimath-3-1-29:amd64=3.1.6-1
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+libitm1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libjansson4:amd64=2.14-2
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+libjbig0:amd64=2.1-6.1
+libjpeg-dev:amd64=1:2.1.5-2
+libjpeg62-turbo-dev:amd64=1:2.1.5-2
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+libk5crypto3:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
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+libkadm5srv-mit12:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
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+libkeyutils1:amd64=1.6.3-2
+libkrb5-3:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libkrb5-dev:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libkrb5support0:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libksba8:amd64=1.6.3-2
+liblcms2-2:amd64=2.14-2
+liblcms2-dev:amd64=2.14-2
+libldap-2.5-0:amd64=2.5.13+dfsg-5
+liblerc-dev:amd64=4.0.0+ds-2
+liblerc4:amd64=4.0.0+ds-2
+libllvm14:amd64=1:14.0.6-12
+liblqr-1-0-dev:amd64=0.4.2-2.1
+liblqr-1-0:amd64=0.4.2-2.1
+liblsan0:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libltdl-dev:amd64=2.4.7-7~deb12u1
+libltdl7:amd64=2.4.7-7~deb12u1
+liblz4-1:amd64=1.9.4-1
+liblzma-dev:amd64=5.4.1-1
+liblzma5:amd64=5.4.1-1
+liblzo2-2:amd64=2.10-2
+libmagic-mgc=1:5.44-3
+libmagic1:amd64=1:5.44-3
+libmagickcore-6-arch-config:amd64=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickcore-6-headers=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra:amd64=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickcore-6.q16-6:amd64=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickcore-6.q16-dev:amd64=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickcore-dev=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickwand-6-headers=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickwand-6.q16-6:amd64=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickwand-6.q16-dev:amd64=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmagickwand-dev=8:6.9.11.60+dfsg-1.6+deb12u5
+libmariadb-dev-compat=1:10.11.14-0+deb12u2
+libmariadb-dev=1:10.11.14-0+deb12u2
+libmariadb3:amd64=1:10.11.14-0+deb12u2
+libmaxminddb-dev:amd64=1.7.1-1
+libmaxminddb0:amd64=1.7.1-1
+libmd0:amd64=1.0.4-2
+libmount-dev:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libmount1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libmpc3:amd64=1.3.1-1
+libmpfr6:amd64=4.2.0-1
+libncurses-dev:amd64=6.4-4
+libncurses5-dev:amd64=6.4-4
+libncurses6:amd64=6.4-4
+libncursesw5-dev:amd64=6.4-4
+libncursesw6:amd64=6.4-4
+libnettle8:amd64=3.8.1-2
+libnghttp2-14:amd64=1.52.0-1+deb12u2
+libnpth0:amd64=1.6-3
+libnsl-dev:amd64=1.3.0-2
+libnsl2:amd64=1.3.0-2
+libnuma1:amd64=2.0.16-1
+libobjc-12-dev:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libobjc4:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libopenexr-3-1-30:amd64=3.1.5-5
+libopenexr-dev=3.1.5-5
+libopenjp2-7-dev:amd64=2.5.0-2+deb12u2
+libopenjp2-7:amd64=2.5.0-2+deb12u2
+libp11-kit0:amd64=0.24.1-2
+libpam-modules-bin=1.5.2-6+deb12u2
+libpam-modules:amd64=1.5.2-6+deb12u2
+libpam-runtime=1.5.2-6+deb12u2
+libpam0g:amd64=1.5.2-6+deb12u2
+libpango-1.0-0:amd64=1.50.12+ds-1
+libpangocairo-1.0-0:amd64=1.50.12+ds-1
+libpangoft2-1.0-0:amd64=1.50.12+ds-1
+libpcre2-16-0:amd64=10.42-1
+libpcre2-32-0:amd64=10.42-1
+libpcre2-8-0:amd64=10.42-1
+libpcre2-dev:amd64=10.42-1
+libpcre2-posix3:amd64=10.42-1
+libperl5.36:amd64=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+libpixman-1-0:amd64=0.42.2-1
+libpixman-1-dev:amd64=0.42.2-1
+libpkgconf3:amd64=1.8.1-1
+libpng-dev:amd64=1.6.39-2+deb12u1
+libpng16-16:amd64=1.6.39-2+deb12u1
+libpq-dev=15.15-0+deb12u1
+libpq5:amd64=15.15-0+deb12u1
+libproc2-0:amd64=2:4.0.2-3
+libprotobuf-dev:amd64=3.21.12-3
+libprotobuf-lite32:amd64=3.21.12-3
+libprotobuf32:amd64=3.21.12-3
+libprotoc32:amd64=3.21.12-3
+libpsl5:amd64=0.21.2-1
+libpthread-stubs0-dev:amd64=0.4-1
+libpython3-stdlib:amd64=3.11.2-1+b1
+libpython3.11-minimal:amd64=3.11.2-6+deb12u6
+libpython3.11-stdlib:amd64=3.11.2-6+deb12u6
+libquadmath0:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libreadline-dev:amd64=8.2-1.3
+libreadline8:amd64=8.2-1.3
+librsvg2-2:amd64=2.54.7+dfsg-1~deb12u1
+librsvg2-common:amd64=2.54.7+dfsg-1~deb12u1
+librsvg2-dev:amd64=2.54.7+dfsg-1~deb12u1
+librtmp1:amd64=2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2+b2
+libsasl2-2:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg-10
+libsasl2-modules-db:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg-10
+libseccomp2:amd64=2.5.4-1+deb12u1
+libselinux1-dev:amd64=3.4-1+b6
+libselinux1:amd64=3.4-1+b6
+libsemanage-common=3.4-1
+libsemanage2:amd64=3.4-1+b5
+libsepol-dev:amd64=3.4-2.1
+libsepol2:amd64=3.4-2.1
+libserf-1-1:amd64=1.3.9-11
+libsm-dev:amd64=2:1.2.3-1
+libsm6:amd64=2:1.2.3-1
+libsmartcols1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libsqlite3-0:amd64=3.40.1-2+deb12u2
+libsqlite3-dev:amd64=3.40.1-2+deb12u2
+libss2:amd64=1.47.0-2+b2
+libssh2-1:amd64=1.10.0-3+b1
+libssl-dev:amd64=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+libssl3:amd64=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+libstdc++-12-dev:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libstdc++6:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libsvn1:amd64=1.14.2-4+deb12u1
+libsystemd0:amd64=252.39-1~deb12u1
+libtasn1-6:amd64=4.19.0-2+deb12u1
+libthai-data=0.1.29-1
+libthai0:amd64=0.1.29-1
+libtiff-dev:amd64=4.5.0-6+deb12u3
+libtiff6:amd64=4.5.0-6+deb12u3
+libtiffxx6:amd64=4.5.0-6+deb12u3
+libtinfo6:amd64=6.4-4
+libtirpc-common=1.3.3+ds-1
+libtirpc-dev:amd64=1.3.3+ds-1
+libtirpc3:amd64=1.3.3+ds-1
+libtool=2.4.7-7~deb12u1
+libtsan2:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libubsan1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libudev1:amd64=252.39-1~deb12u1
+libunistring2:amd64=1.0-2
+libutf8proc2:amd64=2.8.0-1
+libuuid1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libwebp-dev:amd64=1.2.4-0.2+deb12u1
+libwebp7:amd64=1.2.4-0.2+deb12u1
+libwebpdemux2:amd64=1.2.4-0.2+deb12u1
+libwebpmux3:amd64=1.2.4-0.2+deb12u1
+libwmf-0.2-7:amd64=0.2.12-5.1
+libwmf-dev=0.2.12-5.1
+libwmflite-0.2-7:amd64=0.2.12-5.1
+libx11-6:amd64=2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2
+libx11-data=2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2
+libx11-dev:amd64=2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2
+libx265-199:amd64=3.5-2+b1
+libxau-dev:amd64=1:1.0.9-1
+libxau6:amd64=1:1.0.9-1
+libxcb-render0-dev:amd64=1.15-1
+libxcb-render0:amd64=1.15-1
+libxcb-shm0-dev:amd64=1.15-1
+libxcb-shm0:amd64=1.15-1
+libxcb1-dev:amd64=1.15-1
+libxcb1:amd64=1.15-1
+libxdmcp-dev:amd64=1:1.1.2-3
+libxdmcp6:amd64=1:1.1.2-3
+libxext-dev:amd64=2:1.3.4-1+b1
+libxext6:amd64=2:1.3.4-1+b1
+libxml2-dev:amd64=2.9.14+dfsg-1.3~deb12u5
+libxml2:amd64=2.9.14+dfsg-1.3~deb12u5
+libxrender-dev:amd64=1:0.9.10-1.1
+libxrender1:amd64=1:0.9.10-1.1
+libxslt1-dev:amd64=1.1.35-1+deb12u3
+libxslt1.1:amd64=1.1.35-1+deb12u3
+libxt-dev:amd64=1:1.2.1-1.1
+libxt6:amd64=1:1.2.1-1.1
+libxxhash0:amd64=0.8.1-1
+libyaml-0-2:amd64=0.2.5-1
+libyaml-dev:amd64=0.2.5-1
+libz3-4:amd64=4.8.12-3.1
+libzstd-dev:amd64=1.5.4+dfsg2-5
+libzstd1:amd64=1.5.4+dfsg2-5
+linux-libc-dev:amd64=6.1.159-1
+llvm-14-linker-tools=1:14.0.6-12
+login=1:4.13+dfsg1-1+deb12u2
+logsave=1.47.0-2+b2
+m4=1.4.19-3
+make=4.3-4.1
+mariadb-common=1:10.11.14-0+deb12u2
+mawk=1.3.4.20200120-3.1
+media-types=10.0.0
+mercurial-common=6.3.2-1+deb12u1
+mercurial=6.3.2-1+deb12u1
+mount=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+musl-dev:amd64=1.2.3-1
+musl-tools=1.2.3-1
+musl:amd64=1.2.3-1
+mysql-common=5.8+1.1.0
+ncurses-base=6.4-4
+ncurses-bin=6.4-4
+netbase=6.4
+openssh-client=1:9.2p1-2+deb12u7
+openssl=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+passwd=1:4.13+dfsg1-1+deb12u2
+patch=2.7.6-7
+perl-base=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+perl-modules-5.36=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+perl=5.36.0-7+deb12u3
+pinentry-curses=1.2.1-1
+pkg-config:amd64=1.8.1-1
+pkgconf-bin=1.8.1-1
+pkgconf:amd64=1.8.1-1
+procps=2:4.0.2-3
+protobuf-compiler=3.21.12-3
+python3-distutils=3.11.2-3
+python3-lib2to3=3.11.2-3
+python3-minimal=3.11.2-1+b1
+python3.11-minimal=3.11.2-6+deb12u6
+python3.11=3.11.2-6+deb12u6
+python3=3.11.2-1+b1
+readline-common=8.2-1.3
+rpcsvc-proto=1.4.3-1
+sed=4.9-1
+sensible-utils=0.0.17+nmu1
+shared-mime-info=2.2-1
+sq=0.27.0-2+b1
+subversion=1.14.2-4+deb12u1
+sysvinit-utils=3.06-4
+tar=1.34+dfsg-1.2+deb12u1
+tzdata=2025b-0+deb12u2
+ucf=3.0043+nmu1+deb12u1
+unzip=6.0-28
+usr-is-merged=37~deb12u1
+util-linux-extra=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+util-linux=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+uuid-dev:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+wget=1.21.3-1+deb12u1
+x11-common=1:7.7+23
+x11proto-core-dev=2022.1-1
+x11proto-dev=2022.1-1
+xorg-sgml-doctools=1:1.11-1.1
+xtrans-dev=1.4.0-1
+xz-utils=5.4.1-1
+zlib1g-dev:amd64=1:1.2.13.dfsg-1
+zlib1g:amd64=1:1.2.13.dfsg-1
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt b/dstack/verifier/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a99c0061b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/builder/shared/pinned-packages.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+adduser=3.134
+apt=2.6.1
+base-files=12.4+deb12u11
+base-passwd=3.6.1
+bash=5.2.15-2+b8
+bsdutils=1:2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+ca-certificates=20230311+deb12u1
+coreutils=9.1-1
+curl=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+dash=0.5.12-2
+debconf=1.5.82
+debian-archive-keyring=2023.3+deb12u2
+debianutils=5.7-0.5~deb12u1
+diffutils=1:3.8-4
+dpkg=1.21.22
+e2fsprogs=1.47.0-2
+findutils=4.9.0-4
+gcc-12-base:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+gpgv=2.2.40-1.1
+grep=3.8-5
+gzip=1.12-1
+hostname=3.23+nmu1
+init-system-helpers=1.65.2
+libacl1:amd64=2.3.1-3
+libapt-pkg6.0:amd64=2.6.1
+libattr1:amd64=1:2.5.1-4
+libaudit-common=1:3.0.9-1
+libaudit1:amd64=1:3.0.9-1
+libblkid1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libbrotli1:amd64=1.0.9-2+b6
+libbz2-1.0:amd64=1.0.8-5+b1
+libc-bin=2.36-9+deb12u10
+libc6:amd64=2.36-9+deb12u10
+libcap-ng0:amd64=0.8.3-1+b3
+libcap2:amd64=1:2.66-4+deb12u1
+libcom-err2:amd64=1.47.0-2
+libcrypt1:amd64=1:4.4.33-2
+libcurl4:amd64=7.88.1-10+deb12u14
+libdb5.3:amd64=5.3.28+dfsg2-1
+libdebconfclient0:amd64=0.270
+libext2fs2:amd64=1.47.0-2
+libffi8:amd64=3.4.4-1
+libgcc-s1:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libgcrypt20:amd64=1.10.1-3
+libgmp10:amd64=2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1
+libgnutls30:amd64=3.7.9-2+deb12u4
+libgpg-error0:amd64=1.46-1
+libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libhogweed6:amd64=3.8.1-2
+libidn2-0:amd64=2.3.3-1+b1
+libk5crypto3:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libkeyutils1:amd64=1.6.3-2
+libkrb5-3:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libkrb5support0:amd64=1.20.1-2+deb12u4
+libldap-2.5-0:amd64=2.5.13+dfsg-5
+liblz4-1:amd64=1.9.4-1
+liblzma5:amd64=5.4.1-1
+libmd0:amd64=1.0.4-2
+libmount1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libnettle8:amd64=3.8.1-2
+libnghttp2-14:amd64=1.52.0-1+deb12u2
+libp11-kit0:amd64=0.24.1-2
+libpam-modules-bin=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpam-modules:amd64=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpam-runtime=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpam0g:amd64=1.5.2-6+deb12u1
+libpcre2-8-0:amd64=10.42-1
+libpsl5:amd64=0.21.2-1
+librtmp1:amd64=2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2+b2
+libsasl2-2:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg-10
+libsasl2-modules-db:amd64=2.1.28+dfsg-10
+libseccomp2:amd64=2.5.4-1+deb12u1
+libselinux1:amd64=3.4-1+b6
+libsemanage-common=3.4-1
+libsemanage2:amd64=3.4-1+b5
+libsepol2:amd64=3.4-2.1
+libsmartcols1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libss2:amd64=1.47.0-2
+libssh2-1:amd64=1.10.0-3+b1
+libssl3:amd64=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+libstdc++6:amd64=12.2.0-14+deb12u1
+libsystemd0:amd64=252.38-1~deb12u1
+libtasn1-6:amd64=4.19.0-2+deb12u1
+libtinfo6:amd64=6.4-4
+libudev1:amd64=252.38-1~deb12u1
+libunistring2:amd64=1.0-2
+libuuid1:amd64=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+libxxhash0:amd64=0.8.1-1
+libzstd1:amd64=1.5.4+dfsg2-5
+login=1:4.13+dfsg1-1+deb12u1
+logsave=1.47.0-2
+mawk=1.3.4.20200120-3.1
+mount=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+ncurses-base=6.4-4
+ncurses-bin=6.4-4
+openssl=3.0.18-1~deb12u2
+passwd=1:4.13+dfsg1-1+deb12u1
+perl-base=5.36.0-7+deb12u2
+sed=4.9-1
+sysvinit-utils=3.06-4
+tar=1.34+dfsg-1.2+deb12u1
+tzdata=2025b-0+deb12u1
+usr-is-merged=37~deb12u1
+util-linux-extra=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+util-linux=2.38.1-5+deb12u3
+zlib1g:amd64=1:1.2.13.dfsg-1
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/dstack-verifier.toml b/dstack/verifier/dstack-verifier.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdb09fe92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/dstack-verifier.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Server configuration
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8080
+
+# Image cache directory for OS image verification
+image_cache_dir = "/tmp/dstack-verifier/cache"
+
+# Image download URL template (replace {OS_IMAGE_HASH} with actual hash)
+image_download_url = "https://download.dstack.org/os-images/mr_{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+
+# Image download timeout in seconds
+image_download_timeout_secs = 300
+
+[attestation]
+insecure_allow_external_trust_anchors = false
+
+[attestation.urls]
+# pccs = "https://pccs.phala.network"
+# amd_kds = "https://kdsintf.amd.com/vcek/v1"
+
+[attestation.root_ca]
+# tdx = "/etc/dstack/roots/intel-sgx-root-ca.der"
+# gcp_tpm = "/etc/dstack/roots/gcp-tpm-root-ca.pem"
+# aws_nitro_enclave = "/etc/dstack/roots/aws-nitro-enclave-root-ca.pem"
+# aws_nitro_tpm = "/etc/dstack/roots/aws-nitro-tpm-root-ca.pem"
+# sev_snp_milan = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-milan-ark.pem"
+# sev_snp_genoa = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-genoa-ark.pem"
+# sev_snp_turin = "/etc/dstack/roots/amd-turin-ark.pem"
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/fixtures/quote-report.json b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/quote-report.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..936244779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/quote-report.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/dstack/verifier/fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ceaccd00a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "attestation": 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+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/fixtures/sev-snp.README.md b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/sev-snp.README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..999884287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/sev-snp.README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# SEV-SNP verifier fixture
+
+This fixture exercises the dstack-verifier AMD SEV-SNP path with the current
+split image-measurement material format.
+
+Files:
+
+- `sev-snp-attestation.json`: verifier input containing a self-contained
+  `attestation`. The embedded `vm_config` carries `sev_snp_measurement` with
+  `checksum_file` and `measurement` as JSON base64 byte strings.
+
+The fixture is derived from the real SEV-SNP attestation under
+`dstack-attest/tests/`:
+
+- the signed 1184-byte SNP report and MrConfigV3 document are unchanged;
+- the embedded config is normalized to the current
+  `sha256sum.txt + measurement.snp.cbor` schema;
+- the pinned ASK/VCEK PEMs are embedded in the attestation `cert_chain`, so the
+  verifier test is fully offline and does not call AMD KDS.
+
+To verify manually without image download:
+
+```toml
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 0
+image_cache_dir = "/tmp/dstack-verifier-sev-snp-fixture-cache"
+image_download_url = "http://127.0.0.1:9/should-not-download/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+image_download_timeout_secs = 1
+```
+
+```bash
+dstack-verifier --config verifier-no-download.toml \
+  --verify verifier/fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json
+```
+
+Expected result: `Valid: true`, with quote, event log/app info, and OS image
+hash all verified. The cache directory should not be created.
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-attestation.json b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-attestation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93f4af0ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-attestation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "attestation": 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+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-getquote.json b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-getquote.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57a30c837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-getquote.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "quote": 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+  "report_data": "646970313a3a736563703235366b31632d706b3a41353570576d74654a494a4f6a385f7049372d707a654478793147327131384744763838484e526442586b51",
+  "vm_config": "{\"os_image_hash\":\"e6f5cfec20c02e7b97baa213d0f718020b55e040172d90ccbcb946d56c8b09db\",\"cpu_count\":2,\"memory_size\":2147483648,\"qemu_version\":\"8.2.2\",\"pci_hole64_size\":0,\"hugepages\":false,\"num_gpus\":0,\"num_nvswitches\":0,\"hotplug_off\":false,\"image\":\"dstack-0.6.0\",\"host_share_mode\":\"9p\",\"ovmf_variant\":\"pre202505\",\"tdx_attestation_variant\":\"lite\",\"tdx_measurement\":{\"measurement\":\"o2d2ZXJzaW9uA2VpbWFnZaNuY21kbGluZV9zaGEzODRYMHhigIQrc2Qoejpw2W9+MJJShXvrRfsfkTFKLqhj2wrcBMhDHsvympZkBWBGMaWquHNrZXJuZWxfYXV0aGVudGljb2RlWDCsfmMtz1zSof5cH0H02bghlXDmTtPGEDj9vyVATm9UL/1X8na8UHYwfvr4gubWQXdtaW5pdHJkX3NoYTM4NFgwT+T3cQE0ph197zV63WrFC9v+7lAypMEAN14gchb/5Co71YIrJOZ5+RUB//eVuBUhZHRkdmajZG92bWZpcHJlMjAyNTA1ZG1ydGSia3NpbmdsZV9wYXNzWDCm8qyUUYEGhqTbJZ/o+lQ43EpYvan9L1sfsJKDNXBVANKaFckjh0FqL1Ld3Omcg/hodHdvX3Bhc3NYMP1oVSLOeR3+9nQUYU6wfQP8B6MsWmbzYoizKdq5K3JLFWTHPUNv+56oRIjFGsWhxWZ0ZF9ob2JMgBAJBAAGCQILAhAQ\",\"checksum_file\":\"OGM5ZTk1NWYwYjU3N2NjODk0NWE4OTFhMzRjY2ZhNWI4ZTA4YmI1ZTVkMjQ5OTkyNjAzZTY0ZGQxNDg3MGUzYyAgbWVhc3VyZW1lbnQudGR4LmNib3IK\"},\"spec_version\":1}"
+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite.README.md b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite.README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1eb215bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite.README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# TDX lite attestation fixture
+
+This fixture was captured from the local meta-dstack e2e stack using TDX
+`tdx_attestation_variant = "lite"`. It covers the KMS/verifier path that
+verifies the OS image from `vm_config.tdx_measurement` (`sha256sum.txt` bytes
+plus `measurement.tdx.cbor` bytes), without downloading the image. The ACPI
+tables are regenerated in-process from the VM shape, so no QEMU is involved.
+
+Files:
+
+- `tdx-lite-attestation.json`: verifier input that mimics the KMS
+  `GetAppKey` flow. It contains a stripped `attestation` whose embedded
+  `vm_config` carries `tdx_measurement`.
+- `tdx-lite-getquote.json`: raw guest-agent `GetQuoteResponse` captured
+  via `GetAttestationForAppKey`, including quote, event log, and vm_config.
+  TDX `GetQuoteResponse` intentionally omits the `attestation` field to keep
+  the response compact.
+
+Captured with:
+
+```bash
+E2E_APP_TIMEOUT=900 ./e2e/run.sh up \
+  --image-dir images \
+  --image dstack-0.6.0 \
+  --apps 1 \
+  --force \
+  --kms-image-verify \
+  --kms-no-qemu
+```
+
+Important fixture properties:
+
+- `vm_config.tdx_attestation_variant = "lite"`
+- `vm_config.memory_size = 2147483648` (2 GiB)
+- `vm_config.os_image_hash = e6f5cfec20c02e7b97baa213d0f718020b55e040172d90ccbcb946d56c8b09db`
+- `vm_config.tdx_measurement.{checksum_file,measurement}` are JSON base64 byte
+  strings.
+- The raw top-level `event_log` and stripped attestation keep the three named
+  RTMR0 `ACPI DATA` digests (`acpi-loader`, `acpi-rsdp`, `acpi-tables`) and
+  marker payloads needed by the lite verifier, plus RTMR3 runtime events.
+- When `attestation` is present, dstack-verifier ignores top-level
+  `quote`/`event_log`/`vm_config`; the attestation's embedded config is the
+  single source of truth. The raw quote path should omit `attestation` and pass
+  `quote` + `event_log` + `vm_config` instead.
+
+To verify without image download, use a config whose download URL is unreachable;
+the lite verifier should still pass:
+
+```toml
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 0
+image_cache_dir = "/tmp/dstack-verifier-tdx-lite-fixture-cache"
+image_download_url = "http://127.0.0.1:9/should-not-download/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz"
+image_download_timeout_secs = 1
+```
+
+Then run:
+
+```bash
+dstack-verifier --config verifier-no-download.toml \
+  --verify verifier/fixtures/tdx-lite-attestation.json
+```
+
+Expected result: `Valid: true`, with quote, event log, OS image hash, and ACPI
+tables all verified. The ACPI digests are regenerated in-process from the
+fixture's VM shape (2 vCPUs, 2 GiB, QEMU 8.2.2) and must equal the ones the
+captured CVM reported.
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/src/lib.rs b/dstack/verifier/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee6c45e97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! CVM verification library
+//!
+//! This library provides functionality to verify Confidential VM (CVM) attestations,
+//! including TDX quote verification, event log replay, and OS image hash validation.
+//!
+//! Can be used both as a library and as a standalone binary/HTTP server.
+
+mod types;
+mod verification;
+
+// Re-export TdxMeasurements from dstack-mr for convenience
+pub use dstack_mr::TdxMeasurements;
+
+pub use types::{
+    AcpiTables, PolicyBootInfo, RtmrEventEntry, RtmrEventStatus, RtmrMismatch, VerificationDetails,
+    VerificationRequest, VerificationResponse,
+};
+pub use verification::{policy_tcb_fields, CvmVerifier};
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/src/main.rs b/dstack/verifier/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..102d7cb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{net::IpAddr, path::Path, sync::Arc};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use clap::Parser;
+use dstack_attest::attestation::AttestationVerifierConfig;
+use dstack_verifier::{
+    CvmVerifier, VerificationDetails, VerificationRequest, VerificationResponse,
+};
+use figment::{
+    providers::{Env, Format, Toml},
+    Figment,
+};
+use ra_tls::attestation::AttestationVerifier;
+use rocket::{fairing::AdHoc, get, post, serde::json::Json, State};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tracing::{error, info};
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(name = "dstack-verifier")]
+#[command(about = "HTTP server providing CVM verification services")]
+struct Cli {
+    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "dstack-verifier.toml")]
+    config: String,
+
+    /// Oneshot mode: verify a single report JSON file and exit
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    verify: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Oneshot mode: verify a DER or PEM RA-TLS certificate and exit
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    verify_cert: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct Config {
+    pub address: String,
+    pub port: u16,
+    pub image_cache_dir: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub attestation: AttestationVerifierConfig,
+    pub image_download_url: String,
+    pub image_download_timeout_secs: u64,
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.address
+            .parse::<IpAddr>()
+            .with_context(|| format!("invalid verifier address: {}", self.address))?;
+        anyhow::ensure!(self.port != 0, "verifier port must not be zero");
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            !self.image_cache_dir.trim().is_empty(),
+            "image_cache_dir must not be empty"
+        );
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            self.image_download_timeout_secs > 0,
+            "image_download_timeout_secs must be greater than zero"
+        );
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            self.image_download_url.contains("{OS_IMAGE_HASH}"),
+            "image_download_url must contain {{OS_IMAGE_HASH}}"
+        );
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            self.image_download_url.starts_with("http://")
+                || self.image_download_url.starts_with("https://"),
+            "image_download_url must use http or https"
+        );
+        let probe_url = self
+            .image_download_url
+            .replace("{OS_IMAGE_HASH}", &"00".repeat(32));
+        let parsed = reqwest::Url::parse(&probe_url).context("invalid image_download_url")?;
+        debug_assert!(matches!(parsed.scheme(), "http" | "https"));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn config_figment(config_path: &Path) -> Figment {
+    Figment::new()
+        .merge(Toml::string(include_str!("../dstack-verifier.toml")))
+        .merge(Toml::file(config_path))
+        .merge(Env::prefixed("DSTACK_VERIFIER_").split("__"))
+}
+
+fn load_config(figment: &Figment) -> Result<Config> {
+    let config: Config = figment.extract().context("Failed to load configuration")?;
+    config.validate()?;
+    Ok(config)
+}
+
+#[post("/verify", data = "<request>")]
+async fn verify_cvm(
+    verifier: &State<Arc<CvmVerifier>>,
+    request: Json<VerificationRequest>,
+) -> Json<VerificationResponse> {
+    match verifier.verify(request.into_inner()).await {
+        Ok(response) => Json(response),
+        Err(e) => {
+            error!("Verification failed: {:?}", e);
+            Json(VerificationResponse {
+                is_valid: false,
+                details: VerificationDetails::default(),
+                reason: Some(format!("Internal error: {}", e)),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[get("/health")]
+fn health() -> Json<serde_json::Value> {
+    Json(serde_json::json!({
+        "status": "ok",
+        "service": "dstack-verifier"
+    }))
+}
+
+async fn run_oneshot(file_path: &str, config: &Config) -> anyhow::Result<bool> {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    info!("Running in oneshot mode for file: {}", file_path);
+
+    // Read the JSON file
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(file_path)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to read file {}: {}", file_path, e))?;
+
+    // Parse as VerificationRequest
+    let request: VerificationRequest = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse JSON: {}", e))?;
+
+    // Create verifier
+    let verifier = CvmVerifier::new(
+        config.image_cache_dir.clone(),
+        config.image_download_url.clone(),
+        std::time::Duration::from_secs(config.image_download_timeout_secs),
+        Arc::new(AttestationVerifier::load(&config.attestation)?),
+    );
+
+    // Run verification
+    info!("Starting verification...");
+    let response = verifier.verify(request).await?;
+
+    // Persist response next to the input file for convenience
+    let output_path = format!("{file_path}.verification.json");
+    let serialized = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&response)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to encode verification result: {}", e))?;
+    fs::write(&output_path, serialized).map_err(|e| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "Failed to write verification result to {}: {}",
+            output_path,
+            e
+        )
+    })?;
+    info!("Stored verification result at {}", output_path);
+
+    // Emit exactly one machine-readable document on stdout.
+    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&response)?);
+    Ok(response.is_valid)
+}
+
+fn verify_certificate_profile(cert_der: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (_, cert) = x509_parser::parse_x509_certificate(cert_der)
+        .context("failed to parse X.509 certificate")?;
+    cert.verify_signature(None)
+        .context("certificate self-signature verification failed")?;
+    if !cert.validity().is_valid() {
+        anyhow::bail!("certificate is outside its validity period");
+    }
+    let key_usage = cert
+        .key_usage()
+        .context("failed to decode certificate key usage")?
+        .context("certificate key usage extension missing")?;
+    if !key_usage.value.digital_signature() {
+        anyhow::bail!("certificate key usage does not permit digital signatures");
+    }
+    let extended = cert
+        .extended_key_usage()
+        .context("failed to decode certificate extended key usage")?
+        .context("certificate extended key usage extension missing")?;
+    if !extended.value.server_auth && !extended.value.client_auth {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "certificate extended key usage permits neither server nor client authentication"
+        );
+    }
+    let san = cert
+        .subject_alternative_name()
+        .context("failed to decode certificate SAN")?
+        .context("certificate SAN extension missing")?;
+    if san.value.general_names.is_empty() {
+        anyhow::bail!("certificate SAN extension is empty");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_cert_oneshot(file_path: &str, config: &Config) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    use std::fs;
+
+    info!(
+        "running in certificate oneshot mode for file: {}",
+        file_path
+    );
+
+    let cert = fs::read(file_path)
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to read certificate {}: {}", file_path, e))?;
+
+    let cert_der = if cert.starts_with(b"-----BEGIN") {
+        let (_, pem) =
+            x509_parser::pem::parse_x509_pem(&cert).context("failed to parse PEM certificate")?;
+        pem.contents
+    } else {
+        cert
+    };
+    verify_certificate_profile(&cert_der)?;
+
+    let attestation_verifier = Arc::new(AttestationVerifier::load(&config.attestation)?);
+    let verified = ra_tls::attestation::verify_der(&cert_der, attestation_verifier.as_ref())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("failed to verify RA-TLS certificate: {:#}", e))?;
+
+    let app_info = verified.decode_app_info(false).ok();
+    // Bind the reported os_image_hash to the attested boot measurement. For
+    // every platform except TDX legacy this is a self-contained check (no image
+    // download); relying parties should only trust `os_image_hash` when
+    // `os_image_hash_verified` is true.
+    let os_image_hash_verified =
+        verify_cert_os_image_hash(&verified.attestation, config, &attestation_verifier).await;
+    let output = serde_json::json!({
+        "is_valid": true,
+        "details": {
+            "tee_variant": verified.attestation.quote.variant(),
+            "report_data": hex::encode(verified.attestation.report_data),
+            "public_key_der": hex::encode(&verified.public_key_der),
+            "app_info": app_info.map(|info| serde_json::json!({
+                "app_id": hex::encode(info.app_id),
+                "compose_hash": hex::encode(info.compose_hash),
+                "instance_id": hex::encode(info.instance_id),
+                "device_id": hex::encode(info.device_id),
+                "mr_system": hex::encode(info.mr_system),
+                "mr_aggregated": hex::encode(info.mr_aggregated),
+                "os_image_hash": hex::encode(info.os_image_hash),
+                "os_image_hash_verified": os_image_hash_verified,
+                "key_provider_info": hex::encode(info.key_provider_info),
+            })),
+        }
+    });
+
+    let output_path = format!("{file_path}.ratls-verification.json");
+    fs::write(&output_path, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&output)?).map_err(|e| {
+        anyhow::anyhow!(
+            "failed to write certificate verification result to {}: {}",
+            output_path,
+            e
+        )
+    })?;
+    info!("stored certificate verification result at {}", output_path);
+    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&output)?);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Verify that an RA-TLS certificate's `os_image_hash` is bound to its attested
+/// boot measurement.
+///
+/// Returns `true` only when the binding checks out. Returns `false` for TDX
+/// legacy (whose binding needs an image download that this oneshot mode does not
+/// perform) and for any binding failure. Every other platform — AWS NitroTPM,
+/// SEV-SNP, Nitro Enclave, GCP TDX, and TDX lite — is verified from
+/// self-contained material carried in the attestation, without network access.
+async fn verify_cert_os_image_hash(
+    attestation: &ra_tls::attestation::VerifiedAttestation,
+    config: &Config,
+    attestation_verifier: &Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+) -> bool {
+    use ra_tls::attestation::AttestationQuote;
+    // Only TDX legacy verification downloads the image; skip it here and report
+    // the os_image_hash as unverified rather than fetching an image.
+    let needs_image_download = matches!(attestation.quote, AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(_))
+        && attestation
+            .decode_vm_config("")
+            .map(|vm_config| vm_config.tdx_attestation_variant.is_legacy())
+            .unwrap_or(true);
+    if needs_image_download {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let verifier = CvmVerifier::new(
+        config.image_cache_dir.clone(),
+        config.image_download_url.clone(),
+        std::time::Duration::from_secs(config.image_download_timeout_secs),
+        attestation_verifier.clone(),
+    );
+    let mut details = VerificationDetails::default();
+    verifier
+        .verify_os_image_hash(String::new(), attestation, false, &mut details)
+        .await
+        .is_ok()
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt()
+            .with_env_filter(filter)
+            .with_ansi(false)
+            .with_writer(std::io::stderr)
+            .init();
+    }
+
+    let cli = Cli::parse();
+
+    let config_path = Path::new(&cli.config);
+    let config_figment = config_figment(config_path);
+    let config = load_config(&config_figment)?;
+    // Check for oneshot modes
+    if let Some(file_path) = cli.verify {
+        let (response, exit_code) = match run_oneshot(&file_path, &config).await {
+            Ok(is_valid) => (None, if is_valid { 0 } else { 1 }),
+            Err(error) => {
+                error!("Oneshot verification failed: {error:#}");
+                (
+                    Some(VerificationResponse {
+                        is_valid: false,
+                        details: VerificationDetails::default(),
+                        reason: Some(format!("Internal error: {error:#}")),
+                    }),
+                    1,
+                )
+            }
+        };
+        if let Some(response) = response {
+            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(&response)?);
+        }
+        std::process::exit(exit_code);
+    }
+    if let Some(file_path) = cli.verify_cert {
+        if let Err(e) = run_cert_oneshot(&file_path, &config).await {
+            error!("certificate verification failed: {:#}", e);
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+        std::process::exit(0);
+    }
+
+    let verifier = Arc::new(CvmVerifier::new(
+        config.image_cache_dir.clone(),
+        config.image_download_url.clone(),
+        std::time::Duration::from_secs(config.image_download_timeout_secs),
+        Arc::new(AttestationVerifier::load(&config.attestation)?),
+    ));
+
+    let rocket_figment = Figment::from(rocket::Config::default()).merge(config_figment);
+    rocket::custom(rocket_figment)
+        .mount("/", rocket::routes![verify_cvm, health])
+        .manage(verifier)
+        .attach(AdHoc::on_liftoff("Startup", |_| {
+            Box::pin(async {
+                info!("dstack-verifier started successfully");
+            })
+        }))
+        .launch()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow::anyhow!("launch rocket failed: {err:?}"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod config_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn valid_config(extra: &str) -> String {
+        format!(
+            r#"address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 18080
+image_cache_dir = "/tmp/dstack-verifier-config-test"
+image_download_url = "http://127.0.0.1:18081/{{OS_IMAGE_HASH}}.tar.gz"
+image_download_timeout_secs = 7
+{extra}
+"#
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_file_precedence_validation_and_unknown_field_matrix() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let path = directory.path().join("verifier.toml");
+        std::fs::write(&path, valid_config("")).unwrap();
+        let loaded = load_config(&config_figment(&path)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.address, "127.0.0.1");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.port, 18080);
+        assert_eq!(loaded.image_download_timeout_secs, 7);
+
+        for (name, body, expected) in [
+            (
+                "zero-port",
+                valid_config("").replace("port = 18080", "port = 0"),
+                "port must not be zero",
+            ),
+            (
+                "empty-cache",
+                valid_config("").replace("/tmp/dstack-verifier-config-test", ""),
+                "image_cache_dir must not be empty",
+            ),
+            (
+                "zero-timeout",
+                valid_config("").replace("timeout_secs = 7", "timeout_secs = 0"),
+                "must be greater than zero",
+            ),
+            (
+                "missing-placeholder",
+                valid_config("").replace("/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz", "/image.tar.gz"),
+                "must contain {OS_IMAGE_HASH}",
+            ),
+            (
+                "invalid-scheme",
+                valid_config("").replace("http://", "file://"),
+                "must use http or https",
+            ),
+            (
+                "unknown-field",
+                valid_config("unknown_policy = true"),
+                "unknown field",
+            ),
+        ] {
+            std::fs::write(&path, body).unwrap();
+            let error = load_config(&config_figment(&path)).expect_err(name);
+            assert!(format!("{error:#}").contains(expected), "{name}: {error:#}");
+        }
+
+        std::fs::write(&path, valid_config("")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(load_config(&config_figment(&path)).unwrap().port, 18080);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/src/types.rs b/dstack/verifier/src/types.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34665d27a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/src/types.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_types::KeyProviderInfo;
+use ra_tls::attestation::{AppInfo, TeeVariant};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use serde_human_bytes as serde_bytes;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VerificationRequest {
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes", default)]
+    pub quote: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub event_log: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub vm_config: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes", default)]
+    pub attestation: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub debug: Option<bool>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct VerificationResponse {
+    pub is_valid: bool,
+    pub details: VerificationDetails,
+    pub reason: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct PolicyBootInfo {
+    pub tee_variant: TeeVariant,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub mr_aggregated: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub os_image_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub mr_system: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub app_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub compose_hash: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub device_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_bytes")]
+    pub key_provider_info: Vec<u8>,
+    pub tcb_status: String,
+    pub advisory_ids: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl PolicyBootInfo {
+    pub fn from_app_info(
+        tee_variant: TeeVariant,
+        app_info: &AppInfo,
+        tcb_status: String,
+        advisory_ids: Vec<String>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tee_variant,
+            mr_aggregated: app_info.mr_aggregated.to_vec(),
+            os_image_hash: app_info.os_image_hash.clone(),
+            mr_system: app_info.mr_system.to_vec(),
+            app_id: app_info.app_id.clone(),
+            compose_hash: app_info.compose_hash.clone(),
+            instance_id: app_info.instance_id.clone(),
+            device_id: app_info.device_id.clone(),
+            key_provider_info: app_info.key_provider_info.clone(),
+            tcb_status,
+            advisory_ids,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize)]
+pub struct VerificationDetails {
+    pub quote_verified: bool,
+    /// Indicates that the event log was verified against the quote.
+    ///
+    /// For RTMR3 (runtime measurements), both the digest and payload integrity are verified
+    /// by replaying the event log and comparing against the quote. For RTMR 0-2 (boot-time
+    /// measurements), only the digests are verified through replay comparison with the quote;
+    /// the payload content is not validated. dstack does not define semantics for RTMR 0-2
+    /// event log payloads.
+    pub event_log_verified: bool,
+    pub os_image_hash_verified: bool,
+    /// Indicates that TDX ACPI table contents were verified.
+    ///
+    /// This is true for the full-image TDX path, where the verifier recomputes
+    /// ACPI tables and checks the resulting RTMRs against the quote. It remains
+    /// false for TDX lite, which replays ACPI DATA digests from the event log
+    /// without validating the table contents.
+    pub acpi_tables_verified: bool,
+    /// dev vs prod OS image, from metadata.json (bound to os_image_hash). None if not exposed.
+    pub os_image_is_dev: Option<bool>,
+    /// dstack OS version, from the same metadata.json.
+    pub os_image_version: Option<String>,
+    /// TEE variant that produced the verified quote.
+    pub tee_variant: Option<TeeVariant>,
+    pub report_data: Option<String>,
+    pub tcb_status: Option<String>,
+    pub advisory_ids: Vec<String>,
+    /// decoded app_info.key_provider_info; name is e.g. "kms" or "local".
+    pub key_provider: Option<KeyProviderInfo>,
+    pub app_info: Option<AppInfo>,
+    /// Canonical auth-policy input matching the KMS bootAuth payload.
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub boot_info: Option<PolicyBootInfo>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub acpi_tables: Option<AcpiTables>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub rtmr_debug: Option<Vec<RtmrMismatch>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct AcpiTables {
+    pub tables: String,
+    pub rsdp: String,
+    pub loader: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct RtmrMismatch {
+    pub rtmr: String,
+    pub expected: String,
+    pub actual: String,
+    pub events: Vec<RtmrEventEntry>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub missing_expected_digests: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct RtmrEventEntry {
+    pub index: usize,
+    pub event_type: u32,
+    pub event_name: String,
+    pub actual_digest: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub expected_digest: Option<String>,
+    pub payload_len: usize,
+    pub status: RtmrEventStatus,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum RtmrEventStatus {
+    Match,
+    Mismatch,
+    Extra,
+    Missing,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ra_tls::attestation::TeeVariant;
+
+    // the README documents sending either `attestation` or
+    // (`quote` + `event_log` + `vm_config`); every field is optional, so any
+    // documented subset must deserialize without a "missing field" error.
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deserializes_quote_subset_without_attestation() {
+        let json = r#"{"quote":"00","event_log":"[]","vm_config":"{}"}"#;
+        let req: VerificationRequest = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(req.quote, Some(vec![0u8]));
+        assert_eq!(req.event_log.as_deref(), Some("[]"));
+        assert_eq!(req.vm_config.as_deref(), Some("{}"));
+        assert_eq!(req.attestation, None);
+        assert_eq!(req.debug, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deserializes_attestation_subset_without_quote() {
+        let json = r#"{"attestation":"00"}"#;
+        let req: VerificationRequest = serde_json::from_str(json).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(req.attestation, Some(vec![0u8]));
+        assert_eq!(req.quote, None);
+        assert_eq!(req.event_log, None);
+        assert_eq!(req.vm_config, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deserializes_empty_object() {
+        let req: VerificationRequest = serde_json::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(req.quote, None);
+        assert_eq!(req.attestation, None);
+        assert_eq!(req.debug, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn policy_boot_info_serializes_as_auth_payload() {
+        let app_info = AppInfo {
+            app_id: vec![0x11; 20],
+            compose_hash: vec![0x22; 32],
+            instance_id: vec![0x33; 20],
+            device_id: vec![0x44; 32],
+            mr_system: [0x55; 32],
+            mr_aggregated: [0x66; 32],
+            os_image_hash: vec![0x77; 32],
+            key_provider_info: br#"{"name":"tpm","id":"aws-test"}"#.to_vec(),
+            init_script_hashes: Some(Vec::new()),
+        };
+
+        let boot_info = PolicyBootInfo::from_app_info(
+            TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm,
+            &app_info,
+            String::new(),
+            Vec::new(),
+        );
+        let encoded = serde_json::to_value(&boot_info).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(encoded["teeVariant"], "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm");
+        assert_eq!(encoded["tcbStatus"], "");
+        assert_eq!(encoded["advisoryIds"], serde_json::json!([]));
+        assert!(encoded.get("mrAggregated").unwrap().is_string());
+        assert!(encoded.get("osImageHash").unwrap().is_string());
+        assert!(encoded.get("mrSystem").unwrap().is_string());
+        assert!(encoded.get("keyProviderInfo").unwrap().is_string());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/src/verification.rs b/dstack/verifier/src/verification.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f01b61617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/src/verification.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2303 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    ffi::OsStr,
+    path::{Component, Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
+use cc_eventlog::{
+    tdx::{
+        TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD, TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE, TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT,
+        TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT, TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT,
+    },
+    TdxEvent,
+};
+use dstack_mr::{
+    tdx::TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes, RtmrLog, RtmrLogs, TdxMeasurementDetails, TdxMeasurements,
+};
+use dstack_types::{TdxAttestationVariant, VmConfig};
+use hex_literal::hex;
+use ra_tls::attestation::{
+    AppInfo, Attestation, AttestationQuote, AttestationVerifier, DstackVerifiedReport, NitroPcrs,
+    TpmQuote, VerifiedAttestation, VersionedAttestation,
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha256};
+use tokio::{io::AsyncWriteExt, process::Command};
+use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+
+use crate::types::{
+    AcpiTables, PolicyBootInfo, RtmrEventEntry, RtmrEventStatus, RtmrMismatch, VerificationDetails,
+    VerificationRequest, VerificationResponse,
+};
+
+/// Return the canonical TCB status and advisory list used by auth policy.
+///
+/// Matched exhaustively on purpose: adding a `DstackVerifiedReport` variant must
+/// fail the build here rather than silently inherit another platform's TCB
+/// semantics through a catch-all arm.
+pub fn policy_tcb_fields(attestation: &VerifiedAttestation) -> (String, Vec<String>) {
+    match &attestation.report {
+        DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(report) => {
+            (report.status.clone(), report.advisory_ids.clone())
+        }
+        // GCP binds a TPM quote next to the TDX quote, but only the TDX report
+        // carries a TCB surface, so the TPM report contributes nothing here.
+        DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx { tdx_report, .. } => {
+            (tdx_report.status.clone(), tdx_report.advisory_ids.clone())
+        }
+        // SNP has no upstream status string; it is derived by comparing the
+        // report's TCB versions, so read it from `tcb_info` rather than a field.
+        DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(report) => (
+            report.tcb_info.tcb_status().to_string(),
+            report.advisory_ids.clone(),
+        ),
+        // AWS NitroTPM has no TDX/SNP-style TCB surface; a verified attestation
+        // is normalized to "UpToDate" so the verifier's policy boot info matches
+        // the KMS bootAuth payload and passes the shared "UpToDate" auth gate.
+        DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => ("UpToDate".to_string(), Vec::new()),
+        // Other no-TCB platforms (currently Nitro Enclave) stay empty so a
+        // relying party's UpToDate requirement fails closed.
+        DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(_) => (String::new(), Vec::new()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn policy_boot_info_from_verified_app_info(
+    attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+    app_info: &AppInfo,
+) -> PolicyBootInfo {
+    let (tcb_status, advisory_ids) = policy_tcb_fields(attestation);
+    PolicyBootInfo::from_app_info(
+        attestation.quote.variant(),
+        app_info,
+        tcb_status,
+        advisory_ids,
+    )
+}
+
+/// best-effort: None for empty/malformed blobs.
+fn decode_key_provider_info(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<dstack_types::KeyProviderInfo> {
+    if bytes.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    serde_json::from_slice(bytes).ok()
+}
+
+fn collect_rtmr_mismatch(
+    rtmr_label: &str,
+    expected: &[u8],
+    actual: &[u8],
+    expected_sequence: &RtmrLog,
+    actual_indices: &[usize],
+    event_log: &[TdxEvent],
+) -> RtmrMismatch {
+    let expected_hex = hex::encode(expected);
+    let actual_hex = hex::encode(actual);
+
+    let mut events = Vec::new();
+
+    for (&idx, expected_digest) in actual_indices.iter().zip(expected_sequence.iter()) {
+        match event_log.get(idx) {
+            Some(event) => {
+                let event_name = if event.event.is_empty() {
+                    "(unnamed)".to_string()
+                } else {
+                    event.event.clone()
+                };
+                let status = if event.digest() == expected_digest.as_slice() {
+                    RtmrEventStatus::Match
+                } else {
+                    RtmrEventStatus::Mismatch
+                };
+                events.push(RtmrEventEntry {
+                    index: idx,
+                    event_type: event.event_type,
+                    event_name,
+                    actual_digest: hex::encode(event.digest()),
+                    expected_digest: Some(hex::encode(expected_digest)),
+                    payload_len: event.event_payload.len(),
+                    status,
+                });
+            }
+            None => {
+                events.push(RtmrEventEntry {
+                    index: idx,
+                    event_type: 0,
+                    event_name: "(missing)".to_string(),
+                    actual_digest: String::new(),
+                    expected_digest: Some(hex::encode(expected_digest)),
+                    payload_len: 0,
+                    status: RtmrEventStatus::Missing,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for &idx in actual_indices.iter().skip(expected_sequence.len()) {
+        let (event_type, event_name, actual_digest, payload_len) = match event_log.get(idx) {
+            Some(event) => (
+                event.event_type,
+                if event.event.is_empty() {
+                    "(unnamed)".to_string()
+                } else {
+                    event.event.clone()
+                },
+                hex::encode(event.digest()),
+                event.event_payload.len(),
+            ),
+            None => (0, "(missing)".to_string(), String::new(), 0),
+        };
+        events.push(RtmrEventEntry {
+            index: idx,
+            event_type,
+            event_name,
+            actual_digest,
+            expected_digest: None,
+            payload_len,
+            status: RtmrEventStatus::Extra,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let missing_expected_digests = if expected_sequence.len() > actual_indices.len() {
+        expected_sequence[actual_indices.len()..]
+            .iter()
+            .map(hex::encode)
+            .collect()
+    } else {
+        Vec::new()
+    };
+
+    RtmrMismatch {
+        rtmr: rtmr_label.to_string(),
+        expected: expected_hex.to_string(),
+        actual: actual_hex.to_string(),
+        events,
+        missing_expected_digests,
+    }
+}
+
+// Bump whenever expected RTMR computation changes so stale entries get ignored.
+// v3: all supported OVMF measurements use the Pre202505 RTMR[0] layout.
+const MEASUREMENT_CACHE_VERSION: u32 = 3;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct CachedMeasurement {
+    version: u32,
+    measurements: TdxMeasurements,
+}
+
+struct ImagePaths {
+    image_dir: PathBuf,
+    fw_path: PathBuf,
+    kernel_path: PathBuf,
+    initrd_path: PathBuf,
+    kernel_cmdline: String,
+    is_dev: bool,
+    version: String,
+}
+
+pub struct CvmVerifier {
+    pub image_cache_dir: String,
+    pub download_url: String,
+    pub download_timeout: Duration,
+    pub attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+}
+
+impl CvmVerifier {
+    pub fn new(
+        image_cache_dir: String,
+        download_url: String,
+        download_timeout: Duration,
+        attestation_verifier: Arc<AttestationVerifier>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            image_cache_dir,
+            download_url,
+            download_timeout,
+            attestation_verifier,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn measurement_cache_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        Path::new(&self.image_cache_dir).join("measurements")
+    }
+
+    fn measurement_cache_path(&self, cache_key: &str) -> PathBuf {
+        self.measurement_cache_dir()
+            .join(format!("{cache_key}.json"))
+    }
+
+    fn vm_config_cache_key(vm_config: &VmConfig) -> Result<String> {
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_vec(vm_config)
+            .context("Failed to serialize VM config for cache key computation")?;
+        Ok(hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&serialized)))
+    }
+
+    fn load_measurements_from_cache(&self, cache_key: &str) -> Result<Option<TdxMeasurements>> {
+        let path = self.measurement_cache_path(cache_key);
+        if !path.exists() {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let path_display = path.display().to_string();
+        let contents = match fs_err::read(&path) {
+            Ok(data) => data,
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!("Failed to read measurement cache {}: {e:?}", path_display);
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+
+        let cached: CachedMeasurement = match serde_json::from_slice(&contents) {
+            Ok(entry) => entry,
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!("Failed to parse measurement cache {}: {e:?}", path_display);
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        };
+
+        if cached.version != MEASUREMENT_CACHE_VERSION {
+            debug!(
+                "Ignoring measurement cache {} due to version mismatch (found {}, expected {})",
+                path_display, cached.version, MEASUREMENT_CACHE_VERSION
+            );
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        debug!("Loaded measurement cache entry {}", cache_key);
+        Ok(Some(cached.measurements))
+    }
+
+    fn store_measurements_in_cache(
+        &self,
+        cache_key: &str,
+        measurements: &TdxMeasurements,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let cache_dir = self.measurement_cache_dir();
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(&cache_dir)
+            .context("Failed to create measurement cache directory")?;
+
+        let path = self.measurement_cache_path(cache_key);
+        let mut tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new_in(&cache_dir)
+            .context("Failed to create temporary cache file")?;
+
+        let entry = CachedMeasurement {
+            version: MEASUREMENT_CACHE_VERSION,
+            measurements: measurements.clone(),
+        };
+        serde_json::to_writer(tmp.as_file_mut(), &entry)
+            .context("Failed to serialize measurement cache entry")?;
+        tmp.as_file_mut()
+            .sync_all()
+            .context("Failed to flush measurement cache entry to disk")?;
+
+        tmp.persist(&path).map_err(|e| {
+            anyhow!(
+                "Failed to persist measurement cache to {}: {e}",
+                path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+        debug!("Stored measurement cache entry {}", cache_key);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compute_measurement_details(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        fw_path: &Path,
+        kernel_path: &Path,
+        initrd_path: &Path,
+        kernel_cmdline: &str,
+    ) -> Result<TdxMeasurementDetails> {
+        let firmware = fw_path.display().to_string();
+        let kernel = kernel_path.display().to_string();
+        let initrd = initrd_path.display().to_string();
+
+        // Prefer the explicit variant the image declared; fall back to parsing
+        // the version out of the image name for pre-`ovmf_variant` deployments.
+        let ovmf_variant = vm_config
+            .ovmf_variant
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| dstack_mr::ovmf_variant_for_image(vm_config.image.as_deref()));
+
+        let details = dstack_mr::Machine::builder()
+            .cpu_count(vm_config.cpu_count)
+            .memory_size(vm_config.memory_size)
+            .firmware(&firmware)
+            .kernel(&kernel)
+            .initrd(&initrd)
+            .kernel_cmdline(kernel_cmdline)
+            .root_verity(true)
+            .hotplug_off(vm_config.hotplug_off)
+            .maybe_two_pass_add_pages(vm_config.qemu_single_pass_add_pages)
+            .maybe_pic(vm_config.pic)
+            .maybe_qemu_version(vm_config.qemu_version.clone())
+            .maybe_pci_hole64_size(if vm_config.pci_hole64_size > 0 {
+                Some(vm_config.pci_hole64_size)
+            } else {
+                None
+            })
+            .hugepages(vm_config.hugepages)
+            .num_gpus(vm_config.num_gpus)
+            .num_nics(vm_config.num_nics)
+            .num_verity_volumes(vm_config.num_verity_volumes)
+            .swtpm(vm_config.swtpm)
+            .num_nvswitches(vm_config.num_nvswitches)
+            .host_share_mode(vm_config.host_share_mode.clone())
+            .ovmf_variant(ovmf_variant)
+            .build()
+            .measure_with_logs()
+            .context("Failed to compute expected MRs")?;
+
+        Ok(details)
+    }
+
+    fn compute_measurements(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        fw_path: &Path,
+        kernel_path: &Path,
+        initrd_path: &Path,
+        kernel_cmdline: &str,
+    ) -> Result<TdxMeasurements> {
+        self.compute_measurement_details(
+            vm_config,
+            fw_path,
+            kernel_path,
+            initrd_path,
+            kernel_cmdline,
+        )
+        .map(|details| details.measurements)
+    }
+
+    fn load_or_compute_measurements(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        fw_path: &Path,
+        kernel_path: &Path,
+        initrd_path: &Path,
+        kernel_cmdline: &str,
+    ) -> Result<TdxMeasurements> {
+        let cache_key = Self::vm_config_cache_key(vm_config)?;
+
+        if let Some(measurements) = self.load_measurements_from_cache(&cache_key)? {
+            return Ok(measurements);
+        }
+
+        let measurements = self.compute_measurements(
+            vm_config,
+            fw_path,
+            kernel_path,
+            initrd_path,
+            kernel_cmdline,
+        )?;
+
+        if let Err(e) = self.store_measurements_in_cache(&cache_key, &measurements) {
+            warn!(
+                "Failed to write measurement cache entry for {}: {e:?}",
+                cache_key
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(measurements)
+    }
+
+    fn image_content_digest(image_dir: &Path) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let sha256sum_path = image_dir.join("sha256sum.txt");
+        if !sha256sum_path.exists() {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        let files_doc =
+            fs_err::read_to_string(&sha256sum_path).context("Failed to read sha256sum.txt")?;
+        Ok(Some(
+            Sha256::new_with_prefix(files_doc.as_bytes())
+                .finalize()
+                .to_vec(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn image_hash_matches_legacy_digest(image_dir: &Path, expected: &[u8]) -> Result<bool> {
+        Ok(Self::image_content_digest(image_dir)?
+            .as_deref()
+            .is_some_and(|digest| digest == expected))
+    }
+
+    /// Mirrors the confinement rule `tar::Entry::unpack_in` applies internally:
+    /// `..` components, absolute paths, and Windows prefixes escape the
+    /// extraction root, while `.` components are stripped and are harmless.
+    ///
+    /// This duplicates the library check on purpose. `Archive::unpack` discards
+    /// the `unpack_in` return value, so an escaping member is silently dropped
+    /// and extraction still reports success; checking here turns that into an
+    /// error and keeps the boundary from widening if the library's behavior
+    /// ever changes. It must not be *stricter* than the library, though:
+    /// rejecting `.` components would reject the `./`-prefixed archives that
+    /// `tar -czf out.tar.gz .` produces, and roughly a third of the images
+    /// published on download.dstack.org are packed that way.
+    fn is_confined_archive_path(path: &Path) -> bool {
+        path.components()
+            .all(|component| matches!(component, Component::Normal(_) | Component::CurDir))
+    }
+
+    /// A manifest name must be literally a file name, because
+    /// `prune_unlisted_image_files` matches manifest entries against the
+    /// `file_name()` of each top-level directory entry, and `sha256sum -c`
+    /// resolves them relative to the extraction root.
+    fn is_flat_manifest_name(name: &str) -> bool {
+        Path::new(name)
+            .file_name()
+            .is_some_and(|file_name| file_name == OsStr::new(name))
+    }
+
+    fn validate_image_manifest_paths(files_doc: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        for (line_index, line) in files_doc.lines().enumerate() {
+            if line.trim().is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut fields = line.split_whitespace();
+            let _digest = fields
+                .next()
+                .context("image manifest entry is missing a digest")?;
+            let name = fields
+                .next()
+                .context("image manifest entry is missing a path")?;
+            if fields.next().is_some() {
+                bail!("image manifest line {} has extra fields", line_index + 1);
+            }
+            if !Self::is_flat_manifest_name(name) {
+                bail!("image manifest line {} has an unsafe path", line_index + 1);
+            }
+            if name == "sha256sum.txt" {
+                bail!("image manifest must not recursively list sha256sum.txt");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn extract_image_archive(tarball_path: &Path, extracted_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        let file = fs_err::File::open(tarball_path).context("Failed to open image archive")?;
+        // `MultiGzDecoder`, not `GzDecoder`: the latter stops at the first gzip
+        // member and reports clean EOF, so a concatenated-member archive would
+        // extract partially without any error.
+        let decoder = flate2::read::MultiGzDecoder::new(file);
+        let mut archive = tar::Archive::new(decoder);
+        for entry in archive.entries().context("Failed to read image archive")? {
+            let mut entry = entry.context("Failed to read image archive entry")?;
+            let path = entry
+                .path()
+                .context("Failed to decode image archive path")?;
+            if !Self::is_confined_archive_path(&path) {
+                bail!("image archive contains unsafe path {}", path.display());
+            }
+            let entry_type = entry.header().entry_type();
+            if !(entry_type.is_file() || entry_type.is_dir()) {
+                bail!(
+                    "image archive contains unsupported entry {}",
+                    path.display()
+                );
+            }
+            if !entry
+                .unpack_in(extracted_dir)
+                .context("Failed to extract image archive entry")?
+            {
+                bail!("image archive entry escaped the extraction root");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn prune_unlisted_image_files(extracted_dir: &Path, files_doc: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let listed_files: Vec<&OsStr> = files_doc
+            .lines()
+            .flat_map(|line| line.split_whitespace().nth(1))
+            .map(|s| s.as_ref())
+            .collect();
+        let files = fs_err::read_dir(extracted_dir).context("Failed to read directory")?;
+        for file in files {
+            let file = file.context("Failed to read directory entry")?;
+            let filename = file.file_name();
+            // sha256sum.txt is the content-addressed OS identity and is needed
+            // again when a legacy TDX quote is verified from the cache.
+            if filename != OsStr::new("sha256sum.txt")
+                && !listed_files.contains(&filename.as_os_str())
+            {
+                if file.path().is_dir() {
+                    fs_err::remove_dir_all(file.path()).context("Failed to remove directory")?;
+                } else {
+                    fs_err::remove_file(file.path()).context("Failed to remove file")?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn tdx_acpi_hashes_from_event_log(event_log: &[TdxEvent]) -> Result<TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes> {
+        let rtmr0_events = event_log
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|event| event.imr == 0)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let acpi_events = rtmr0_events
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|event| {
+                event.event_type == TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE
+                    && event.event_payload == TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if acpi_events.len() != 3 {
+            bail!(
+                "TDX lite attestation requires exactly 3 RTMR0 ACPI DATA events; found {} candidates and {} RTMR0 events",
+                acpi_events.len(),
+                rtmr0_events.len()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let digest_for = |name: &str| -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+            let matches = acpi_events
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .filter(|event| event.event == name)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            if matches.len() != 1 {
+                bail!(
+                    "TDX lite attestation requires exactly one RTMR0 ACPI DATA event named {name}; found {}",
+                    matches.len()
+                );
+            }
+            let digest = matches[0].digest();
+            if digest.len() != 48 {
+                bail!(
+                    "TDX RTMR0 ACPI DATA event {name} has invalid digest length {}, expected 48",
+                    digest.len()
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(digest)
+        };
+
+        Ok(TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes {
+            loader: digest_for(TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT)?,
+            rsdp: digest_for(TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT)?,
+            tables: digest_for(TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT)?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Compare recomputed ACPI digests against the ones the guest reported.
+    ///
+    /// RTMR0 alone would already fail on a mismatch, but only with an opaque
+    /// "MRs do not match": name the offending table here so an operator can
+    /// tell a tampered table apart from an unexpected VM shape.
+    fn assert_tdx_acpi_hashes_match(
+        expected: &TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes,
+        reported: &TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        for (name, expected, reported) in [
+            (TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT, &expected.loader, &reported.loader),
+            (TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT, &expected.rsdp, &reported.rsdp),
+            (TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT, &expected.tables, &reported.tables),
+        ] {
+            if expected != reported {
+                bail!(
+                    "TDX lite {name} digest mismatch: expected {}, reported {}",
+                    hex::encode(expected),
+                    hex::encode(reported)
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Helper method to ensure image is downloaded and return image paths
+    async fn ensure_image_downloaded(&self, vm_config: &VmConfig) -> Result<ImagePaths> {
+        let hex_os_image_hash = hex::encode(&vm_config.os_image_hash);
+
+        // Get image directory
+        let image_dir = Path::new(&self.image_cache_dir)
+            .join("images")
+            .join(&hex_os_image_hash);
+
+        let metadata_path = image_dir.join("metadata.json");
+        if !metadata_path.exists() {
+            info!("Image {hex_os_image_hash} not found, downloading");
+            tokio::time::timeout(
+                self.download_timeout,
+                self.download_image(&hex_os_image_hash, &image_dir),
+            )
+            .await
+            .context("Download image timeout")?
+            .with_context(|| format!("Failed to download image {hex_os_image_hash}"))?;
+        }
+
+        let image_info =
+            fs_err::read_to_string(metadata_path).context("Failed to read image metadata")?;
+        let image_info: dstack_types::ImageInfo =
+            serde_json::from_str(&image_info).context("Failed to parse image metadata")?;
+
+        let fw_path = image_dir.join(&image_info.bios);
+        let kernel_path = image_dir.join(&image_info.kernel);
+        let initrd_path = image_dir.join(&image_info.initrd);
+        let kernel_cmdline = image_info.cmdline + " initrd=initrd";
+
+        Ok(ImagePaths {
+            image_dir,
+            fw_path,
+            kernel_path,
+            initrd_path,
+            kernel_cmdline,
+            is_dev: image_info.is_dev,
+            version: image_info.version,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Compute expected TDX measurements for a given VM configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This method downloads the OS image if needed (using the configured cache),
+    /// then computes the expected MRTD and RTMRs based on the VM configuration.
+    /// Results are cached automatically.
+    pub async fn compute_measurements_for_config(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+    ) -> Result<TdxMeasurements> {
+        let image_paths = self.ensure_image_downloaded(vm_config).await?;
+
+        self.load_or_compute_measurements(
+            vm_config,
+            &image_paths.fw_path,
+            &image_paths.kernel_path,
+            &image_paths.initrd_path,
+            &image_paths.kernel_cmdline,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub async fn verify(&self, request: VerificationRequest) -> Result<VerificationResponse> {
+        // Keep the two verifier input modes disjoint:
+        // - `attestation` is self-contained and its embedded config is used.
+        // - raw TDX input uses top-level `quote` + `event_log` + `vm_config`.
+        // Never mix top-level config with an attestation; otherwise an
+        // untrusted, separately supplied config could influence verification.
+        let has_attestation = request.attestation.is_some();
+        if has_attestation
+            && (request.quote.is_some()
+                || request.event_log.is_some()
+                || request.vm_config.is_some())
+        {
+            warn!(
+                "attestation is present; ignoring top-level quote/event_log/vm_config to avoid mixed verification inputs"
+            );
+        }
+        let request_vm_config = if has_attestation {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            request.vm_config.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+        let attestation = if let Some(attestation) = &request.attestation {
+            VersionedAttestation::from_bytes(attestation).context("Failed to decode attestaion")?
+        } else if let Some(tdx_quote) = request.quote {
+            let event_log = request
+                .event_log
+                .as_ref()
+                .context("Event log is required")?;
+            Attestation::from_tdx_quote(tdx_quote, event_log.as_bytes())
+                .context("Failed to create attestation")?
+                .into_versioned()
+        } else {
+            bail!("Quote is required");
+        };
+        let mut details = VerificationDetails::default();
+
+        let debug = request.debug.unwrap_or(false);
+        let attestation = attestation.into_v1();
+        let verified = attestation.verify(&self.attestation_verifier).await;
+        let verified_attestation = match verified {
+            Ok(att) => {
+                details.quote_verified = true;
+                details.tee_variant = Some(att.quote.variant());
+                // keep the top-level tcb_status consistent with the
+                // boot_info.tcbStatus fed to the auth policy (notably AWS
+                // NitroTPM, which is normalized to "UpToDate" there).
+                let (tcb_status, advisory_ids) = policy_tcb_fields(&att);
+                details.tcb_status = (!tcb_status.is_empty()).then_some(tcb_status);
+                details.advisory_ids = advisory_ids;
+                details.report_data = Some(hex::encode(att.report_data));
+                att
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Ok(VerificationResponse {
+                    is_valid: false,
+                    details,
+                    reason: Some(format!("Quote verification failed: {e:#}")),
+                });
+            }
+        };
+        // Step 3: Verify os-image-hash matches using dstack-mr
+        let verified = self
+            .verify_os_image_hash(
+                request_vm_config.clone(),
+                &verified_attestation,
+                debug,
+                &mut details,
+            )
+            .await;
+        let vm_config = match verified {
+            Ok(vm_config) => vm_config,
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Ok(VerificationResponse {
+                    is_valid: false,
+                    details,
+                    reason: Some(format!("OS image hash verification failed: {e:#}")),
+                });
+            }
+        };
+        details.os_image_hash_verified = true;
+        match verified_attestation.decode_app_info_ex(false, &request_vm_config) {
+            Ok(mut info) => {
+                info.os_image_hash = vm_config.os_image_hash;
+                details.boot_info = Some(policy_boot_info_from_verified_app_info(
+                    &verified_attestation,
+                    &info,
+                ));
+                details.event_log_verified = true;
+                details.key_provider = decode_key_provider_info(&info.key_provider_info);
+                details.app_info = Some(info);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Ok(VerificationResponse {
+                    is_valid: false,
+                    details,
+                    reason: Some(format!("Event log verification failed: {}", e)),
+                });
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(VerificationResponse {
+            is_valid: true,
+            details,
+            reason: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub async fn verify_os_image_hash(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: String,
+        attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+        debug: bool,
+        details: &mut VerificationDetails,
+    ) -> Result<VmConfig> {
+        // The raw config string used for platform-specific binding: the explicit
+        // request `vm_config` when supplied, otherwise the one embedded in the
+        // attestation (mirroring `decode_vm_config`'s own fallback).
+        let raw_config = if vm_config.is_empty() {
+            attestation.config.clone()
+        } else {
+            vm_config.clone()
+        };
+        let mut vm_config = attestation
+            .decode_vm_config(&vm_config)
+            .context("Failed to decode VM config")?;
+        match &attestation.quote {
+            AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(quote) => {
+                self.verify_os_image_hash_for_gcp_tdx(&vm_config, &quote.tpm_quote)?;
+            }
+            // The declared scheme alone selects the path, matched exhaustively
+            // so a new variant fails the build here instead of taking one.
+            //
+            // A `tdx_measurement` document must not pull a `Legacy` boot onto
+            // the lite path. Both paths now verify the ACPI tables, but they
+            // disagree on what `os_image_hash` means: legacy requires it to be
+            // the image digest and recomputes every MR from the downloaded
+            // image, while lite treats it as `sha256(sha256sum.txt)` and trusts
+            // the attached document for the image-static material. Images
+            // attach the document whenever they have it, independent of the
+            // scheme, so honoring it here would silently move a boot the app
+            // pinned to `Legacy` onto weaker image-identity checks.
+            //
+            // `Lite` without a document is rejected by the lite path itself,
+            // rather than degraded to a download.
+            AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(_) => match vm_config.tdx_attestation_variant {
+                TdxAttestationVariant::Legacy => {
+                    self.verify_os_image_hash_for_dstack_tdx(
+                        &vm_config,
+                        attestation,
+                        debug,
+                        details,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                }
+                TdxAttestationVariant::Lite => {
+                    self.verify_os_image_hash_for_dstack_tdx_lite(
+                        &vm_config,
+                        attestation,
+                        debug,
+                        details,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                }
+            },
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(_) => {
+                let DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(report) = &attestation.report else {
+                    bail!("internal error: nitro quote without a verified nitro report");
+                };
+                self.verify_os_image_hash_for_nitro_enclave(&vm_config, &report.pcrs)?;
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(_) => {
+                let DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(report) = &attestation.report else {
+                    bail!("internal error: NitroTPM quote without a verified NitroTPM report");
+                };
+                self.verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm(&vm_config, &report.pcrs)?;
+            }
+            AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(_) => {
+                self.verify_os_image_hash_for_dstack_sev(
+                    attestation,
+                    &raw_config,
+                    &mut vm_config,
+                    details,
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(vm_config)
+    }
+
+    /// Verify the AMD SEV-SNP OS image binding.
+    ///
+    /// Unlike TDX (which replays RTMRs against a downloaded image), the SNP boot
+    /// is summarised by the launch `MEASUREMENT`. The CVM advertises the
+    /// self-contained launch inputs (`sev_snp_measurement`) and the MrConfigV3
+    /// document in its `vm_config`; we recompute the launch measurement from
+    /// those inputs and require it to equal the hardware-signed `MEASUREMENT`
+    /// (which is what makes the otherwise-untrusted inputs trustworthy), require
+    /// `HOST_DATA` to bind the MrConfigV3 document, and then verify/return the
+    /// unified `os_image_hash` (`sha256(sha256sum.txt)`). The shared recomputation in
+    /// `dstack_mr::sev` is the same code path the KMS uses for key release, so a
+    /// quote that the KMS would release keys for verifies here too.
+    fn verify_os_image_hash_for_dstack_sev(
+        &self,
+        attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+        raw_config: &str,
+        vm_config: &mut VmConfig,
+        details: &mut VerificationDetails,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let report = attestation
+            .report
+            .amd_snp_report()
+            .context("internal error: sev-snp quote without a verified sev-snp report")?;
+        let binding =
+            dstack_mr::sev::verify_sev_launch(&report.measurement, &report.host_data, raw_config)
+                .context("amd sev-snp launch verification failed")?;
+        // verify_sev_launch has checked that vm_config.os_image_hash commits to
+        // the supplied sha256sum.txt and measurement.snp.cbor material.
+        vm_config.os_image_hash = binding.os_image_hash;
+        details.tcb_status = Some(report.tcb_info.tcb_status().to_string());
+        details.advisory_ids = report.advisory_ids.clone();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_os_image_hash_for_dstack_tdx(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+        debug: bool,
+        details: &mut VerificationDetails,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(report) = &attestation.report.tdx_report() else {
+            bail!("No TDX report");
+        };
+        let Some(tdx_quote) = attestation.tdx_quote() else {
+            bail!("No TDX quote");
+        };
+        let event_log = &tdx_quote.event_log;
+        let report = report
+            .report
+            .as_td10()
+            .context("Failed to decode TD report")?;
+
+        let verified_mrs = Mrs {
+            mrtd: report.mr_td.to_vec(),
+            rtmr0: report.rt_mr0.to_vec(),
+            rtmr1: report.rt_mr1.to_vec(),
+            rtmr2: report.rt_mr2.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        // Legacy TDX attestation keeps the original KMS verifier semantics:
+        // os_image_hash must be the image digest (digest.txt =
+        // sha256(sha256sum.txt)), and expected MRs are recomputed through the
+        // existing full-image path.
+        let image_paths = self.ensure_image_downloaded(vm_config).await?;
+        if !Self::image_hash_matches_legacy_digest(&image_paths.image_dir, &vm_config.os_image_hash)
+            .context("Failed to check legacy image digest")?
+        {
+            bail!("legacy TDX attestation requires os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)");
+        }
+        details.os_image_is_dev = Some(image_paths.is_dev);
+        if !image_paths.version.is_empty() {
+            details.os_image_version = Some(image_paths.version.clone());
+        }
+
+        let (mrs, expected_logs) = if debug {
+            let TdxMeasurementDetails {
+                measurements,
+                rtmr_logs,
+                acpi_tables,
+            } = self
+                .compute_measurement_details(
+                    vm_config,
+                    &image_paths.fw_path,
+                    &image_paths.kernel_path,
+                    &image_paths.initrd_path,
+                    &image_paths.kernel_cmdline,
+                )
+                .context("Failed to compute expected measurements")?;
+
+            details.acpi_tables = Some(AcpiTables {
+                tables: hex::encode(&acpi_tables.tables),
+                rsdp: hex::encode(&acpi_tables.rsdp),
+                loader: hex::encode(&acpi_tables.loader),
+            });
+
+            (measurements, Some(rtmr_logs))
+        } else {
+            (
+                self.load_or_compute_measurements(
+                    vm_config,
+                    &image_paths.fw_path,
+                    &image_paths.kernel_path,
+                    &image_paths.initrd_path,
+                    &image_paths.kernel_cmdline,
+                )
+                .context("Failed to compute expected measurements")?,
+                None,
+            )
+        };
+
+        self.compare_tdx_mrs(
+            Mrs {
+                mrtd: mrs.mrtd,
+                rtmr0: mrs.rtmr0,
+                rtmr1: mrs.rtmr1,
+                rtmr2: mrs.rtmr2,
+            },
+            verified_mrs,
+            expected_logs.as_ref(),
+            event_log,
+            debug,
+            details,
+        )?;
+        details.acpi_tables_verified = true;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn verify_os_image_hash_for_dstack_tdx_lite(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        attestation: &VerifiedAttestation,
+        _debug: bool,
+        details: &mut VerificationDetails,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(report) = &attestation.report.tdx_report() else {
+            bail!("No TDX report");
+        };
+        let Some(tdx_quote) = attestation.tdx_quote() else {
+            bail!("No TDX quote");
+        };
+        let event_log = &tdx_quote.event_log;
+        // Get boot info from attestation
+        let report = report
+            .report
+            .as_td10()
+            .context("Failed to decode TD report")?;
+
+        // Extract the verified MRs from the report
+        let verified_mrs = Mrs {
+            mrtd: report.mr_td.to_vec(),
+            rtmr0: report.rt_mr0.to_vec(),
+            rtmr1: report.rt_mr1.to_vec(),
+            rtmr2: report.rt_mr2.to_vec(),
+        };
+
+        let document = vm_config
+            .tdx_measurement
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("tdx lite attestation requires vm_config.tdx_measurement")?;
+        document
+            .verify(&vm_config.os_image_hash)
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+            .context("tdx lite measurement material does not match os_image_hash")?;
+        let measurement = document
+            .decode_measurement()
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+            .context("failed to decode vm_config.tdx_measurement CBOR")?;
+        if let Some(config_ovmf_variant) = vm_config.ovmf_variant {
+            if config_ovmf_variant != measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant {
+                bail!(
+                    "tdx measurement ovmf_variant mismatch: vm_config={:?}, document={:?}",
+                    config_ovmf_variant,
+                    measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Compute expected measurements. TDX lite keeps the unified image hash
+        // and carries split measurement material; verify it without
+        // downloading the image. The guest labels the three RTMR0 ACPI DATA
+        // events as acpi-loader, acpi-rsdp, and acpi-tables before exposing the
+        // event log, so the verifier does not guess based on event order.
+        let reported_acpi_hashes = Self::tdx_acpi_hashes_from_event_log(event_log)
+            .context("TDX lite attestation is missing named RTMR0 ACPI DATA digests")?;
+        // Recompute the digests from the declared VM shape instead of trusting
+        // the reported ones, and treat both failure modes as fatal: a mismatch
+        // means the tables are not the ones this shape produces, and a shape
+        // the generator cannot model (`swtpm`, a QEMU older than any profile)
+        // leaves nothing to compare against. Downgrading either case to "pass,
+        // but unverified" would make the check optional at the host's
+        // discretion, because `swtpm` and `qemu_version` are host-declared
+        // fields that no other measurement independently constrains.
+        let acpi_hashes =
+            dstack_mr::tdx::expected_rtmr0_acpi_hashes(vm_config, measurement.tdvf.ovmf_variant)
+                .context("failed to recompute expected TDX lite ACPI table digests")?;
+        Self::assert_tdx_acpi_hashes_match(&acpi_hashes, &reported_acpi_hashes)?;
+        details.acpi_tables_verified = true;
+        // RTMR0 below is rebuilt from the recomputed digests, so the expected
+        // value depends on nothing the host reported about the tables.
+        let mrs = dstack_mr::tdx::tdx_measurements_from_measurement_document(
+            document,
+            vm_config,
+            &acpi_hashes,
+        )
+        .context("Failed to compute TDX expected measurements without image download")?;
+
+        let expected_mrs = Mrs {
+            mrtd: mrs.mrtd.clone(),
+            rtmr0: mrs.rtmr0.clone(),
+            rtmr1: mrs.rtmr1.clone(),
+            rtmr2: mrs.rtmr2.clone(),
+        };
+        expected_mrs
+            .assert_eq(&verified_mrs)
+            .context("MRs do not match")
+    }
+
+    fn compare_tdx_mrs(
+        &self,
+        expected_mrs: Mrs,
+        verified_mrs: Mrs,
+        expected_logs: Option<&RtmrLogs>,
+        event_log: &[TdxEvent],
+        debug: bool,
+        details: &mut VerificationDetails,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match expected_mrs.assert_eq(&verified_mrs) {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            Err(e) => {
+                let result = Err(e).context("MRs do not match");
+                if !debug {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                let Some(expected_logs) = expected_logs else {
+                    return result;
+                };
+                let mut rtmr_debug = Vec::new();
+
+                if expected_mrs.rtmr0 != verified_mrs.rtmr0 {
+                    rtmr_debug.push(collect_rtmr_mismatch(
+                        "RTMR0",
+                        &expected_mrs.rtmr0,
+                        &verified_mrs.rtmr0,
+                        &expected_logs[0],
+                        &[],
+                        event_log,
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if expected_mrs.rtmr1 != verified_mrs.rtmr1 {
+                    rtmr_debug.push(collect_rtmr_mismatch(
+                        "RTMR1",
+                        &expected_mrs.rtmr1,
+                        &verified_mrs.rtmr1,
+                        &expected_logs[1],
+                        &[],
+                        event_log,
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if expected_mrs.rtmr2 != verified_mrs.rtmr2 {
+                    rtmr_debug.push(collect_rtmr_mismatch(
+                        "RTMR2",
+                        &expected_mrs.rtmr2,
+                        &verified_mrs.rtmr2,
+                        &expected_logs[2],
+                        &[],
+                        event_log,
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                if !rtmr_debug.is_empty() {
+                    details.rtmr_debug = Some(rtmr_debug);
+                }
+
+                result
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Verify Nitro Enclave OS image hash using the signature-verified NSM PCRs.
+    ///
+    /// For Nitro:
+    /// 1. PCR0/1/2 come from the EIF build (code + kernel + app) in production mode.
+    /// 2. In debug mode AWS zeroes PCR0/1/2, so there is no measurement of the
+    ///    actual code; we refuse to authorize such enclaves.
+    /// 3. The computed image hash is compared against vm_config.os_image_hash.
+    fn verify_os_image_hash_for_nitro_enclave(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        pcrs: &NitroPcrs,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // Reject debug-mode enclaves outright: their zeroed PCRs measure nothing,
+        // so accepting them would let arbitrary code run under attestation.
+        if pcrs.is_debug() {
+            bail!("nitro enclave is in debug mode (PCR0/1/2 are zeroed); refusing to verify");
+        }
+        let os_image_hash = pcrs.image_hash();
+        // Compare with expected os_image_hash from vm_config
+        if os_image_hash != vm_config.os_image_hash {
+            bail!(
+                "os_image_hash mismatch: expected={}, computed={}",
+                hex::encode(&vm_config.os_image_hash),
+                hex::encode(&os_image_hash)
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Verify AWS EC2 NitroTPM OS image identity (unified with GCP/TDX lite):
+    /// `vm_config.aws_measurement` with `os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt)`
+    /// and `boot_pcr_digest = sha256(PCR4||PCR7||PCR12)` bound to the
+    /// attestation document PCRs. `aws_measurement` is required.
+    fn verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        pcrs: &std::collections::BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let document = vm_config
+            .aws_measurement
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("vm_config.aws_measurement is required on AWS NitroTPM")?;
+        document
+            .verify(&vm_config.os_image_hash)
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+            .context("aws measurement material does not match os_image_hash")?;
+        let measurement = document
+            .decode_measurement()
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+            .context("failed to decode vm_config.aws_measurement")?;
+        let quoted_digest = dstack_attest::attestation::aws_nitro_tpm_boot_pcr_digest(pcrs)
+            .context("failed to compute NitroTPM boot_pcr_digest from attestation")?;
+        if measurement.boot_pcr_digest.as_slice() != quoted_digest.as_slice() {
+            bail!(
+                "AWS boot_pcr_digest mismatch: expected={}, quoted={}",
+                hex::encode(&measurement.boot_pcr_digest),
+                hex::encode(&quoted_digest)
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn verify_os_image_hash_for_gcp_tdx(
+        &self,
+        vm_config: &VmConfig,
+        tpm_quote: &TpmQuote,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // Verify PCR 0 (GCP OVMF firmware)
+        const EXPECTED_PCR0: [u8; 32] =
+            hex!("0cca9ec161b09288802e5a112255d21340ed5b797f5fe29cecccfd8f67b9f802");
+
+        let pcr0 = tpm_quote
+            .pcr_values
+            .iter()
+            .find(|p| p.index == 0)
+            .context("PCR 0 not found in TPM quote")?;
+
+        let document = vm_config
+            .gcp_measurement
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("gcp tdx attestation requires vm_config.gcp_measurement")?;
+        document
+            .verify(&vm_config.os_image_hash)
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+            .context("gcp measurement material does not match os_image_hash")?;
+        let measurement = document
+            .decode_measurement()
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)
+            .context("failed to decode vm_config.gcp_measurement CBOR")?;
+        let expected_uki_hash = &measurement.uki_authenticode_sha256;
+
+        let pcr2_events: Vec<_> = tpm_quote
+            .event_log
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|e| e.pcr_index == 2)
+            .collect();
+        debug!("PCR 2 Event Log contains {} events", pcr2_events.len());
+        // Extract Event 28 (3rd event, 0-indexed as 2)
+        // NOTE: This is GCP OVMF-specific behavior
+        let event_28_digest = {
+            if pcr0.value != EXPECTED_PCR0 {
+                bail!(
+                    "PCR 0 mismatch: expected GCP OVMF v2, got {}",
+                    hex::encode(&pcr0.value)
+                );
+            }
+            &pcr2_events.get(2).context("Event 28 not found")?.digest
+        };
+
+        if event_28_digest != expected_uki_hash {
+            bail!(
+                "UKI hash mismatch: expected={}, actual={}",
+                hex::encode(expected_uki_hash),
+                hex::encode(event_28_digest)
+            );
+        }
+        debug!(
+            "✓ UKI hash verified from PCR 2 Event Log (Event 28), digest: {}",
+            hex::encode(event_28_digest)
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn download_image(&self, hex_os_image_hash: &str, dst_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        let url = self
+            .download_url
+            .replace("{OS_IMAGE_HASH}", hex_os_image_hash);
+
+        // Create a temporary directory for extraction within the cache directory
+        let cache_dir = Path::new(&self.image_cache_dir).join("images").join("tmp");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(&cache_dir).context("Failed to create cache directory")?;
+        let auto_delete_temp_dir = tempfile::Builder::new()
+            .prefix("tmp-download-")
+            .tempdir_in(&cache_dir)
+            .context("Failed to create temporary directory")?;
+        let tmp_dir = auto_delete_temp_dir.path();
+
+        info!("Downloading image from {}", url);
+        let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+        let response = client
+            .get(&url)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to download image")?;
+
+        if !response.status().is_success() {
+            bail!(
+                "Failed to download image: HTTP status {}, url: {url}",
+                response.status(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Save the tarball to a temporary file using streaming
+        let tarball_path = tmp_dir.join("image.tar.gz");
+        let mut file = tokio::fs::File::create(&tarball_path)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to create tarball file")?;
+        let mut response = response;
+        while let Some(chunk) = response.chunk().await? {
+            file.write_all(&chunk)
+                .await
+                .context("Failed to write chunk to file")?;
+        }
+
+        let extracted_dir = tmp_dir.join("extracted");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(&extracted_dir).context("Failed to create extraction directory")?;
+
+        file.flush()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to flush image archive")?;
+        drop(file);
+        Self::extract_image_archive(&tarball_path, &extracted_dir)?;
+
+        let sha256sum_path = extracted_dir.join("sha256sum.txt");
+        let files_doc =
+            fs_err::read_to_string(&sha256sum_path).context("Failed to read sha256sum.txt")?;
+        Self::validate_image_manifest_paths(&files_doc)?;
+
+        // Verify checksum
+        let output = Command::new("sha256sum")
+            .arg("-c")
+            .arg("sha256sum.txt")
+            .current_dir(&extracted_dir)
+            .output()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to verify checksum")?;
+
+        if !output.status.success() {
+            bail!(
+                "Checksum verification failed: {}",
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Remove the files that are not listed in sha256sum.txt
+        Self::prune_unlisted_image_files(&extracted_dir, &files_doc)?;
+
+        // All image modes are addressed by sha256(sha256sum.txt). Extra
+        // measurement CBOR files are ordinary sha256sum.txt entries and do not
+        // define alternate image hashes.
+        let legacy_os_image_hash = Sha256::new_with_prefix(files_doc.as_bytes()).finalize();
+        if hex::encode(legacy_os_image_hash) != hex_os_image_hash {
+            bail!("os_image_hash does not match sha256(sha256sum.txt)");
+        }
+
+        // Move the extracted files to the destination directory
+        let metadata_path = extracted_dir.join("metadata.json");
+        if !metadata_path.exists() {
+            bail!("metadata.json not found in the extracted archive");
+        }
+
+        if dst_dir.exists() {
+            fs_err::remove_dir_all(dst_dir).context("Failed to remove destination directory")?;
+        }
+        let dst_dir_parent = dst_dir.parent().context("Failed to get parent directory")?;
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(dst_dir_parent).context("Failed to create parent directory")?;
+        // Move the extracted files to the destination directory
+        fs_err::rename(extracted_dir, dst_dir)
+            .context("Failed to move extracted files to destination directory")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct Mrs {
+    mrtd: Vec<u8>,
+    rtmr0: Vec<u8>,
+    rtmr1: Vec<u8>,
+    rtmr2: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Mrs {
+    fn assert_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.mrtd != other.mrtd {
+            bail!(
+                "MRTD mismatch: expected={}, actual={}",
+                hex::encode(&self.mrtd),
+                hex::encode(&other.mrtd)
+            );
+        }
+        if self.rtmr0 != other.rtmr0 {
+            bail!(
+                "RTMR0 mismatch: expected={}, actual={}",
+                hex::encode(&self.rtmr0),
+                hex::encode(&other.rtmr0)
+            );
+        }
+        if self.rtmr1 != other.rtmr1 {
+            bail!(
+                "RTMR1 mismatch: expected={}, actual={}",
+                hex::encode(&self.rtmr1),
+                hex::encode(&other.rtmr1)
+            );
+        }
+        if self.rtmr2 != other.rtmr2 {
+            bail!(
+                "RTMR2 mismatch: expected={}, actual={}",
+                hex::encode(&self.rtmr2),
+                hex::encode(&other.rtmr2)
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Kept inside `mod tests` so the non-test build stays free of unused imports.
+    use dcap_qvl::{
+        quote::{Report as DcapReport, TDReport10},
+        tcb_info::{TcbStatus, TcbStatusWithAdvisory},
+        verify::VerifiedReport as DcapVerifiedReport,
+    };
+    use dstack_attest::amd_sev_snp::{AmdSnpTcbInfo, VerifiedAmdSnpReport};
+    use ra_tls::attestation::{
+        AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport, DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote, DstackGcpTdxQuote, DstackNitroQuote,
+        NitroVerifiedReport, SnpQuote, TdxQuote,
+    };
+    use tpm_qvl::verify::{ClockInfo, QuoteInfo, TpmAttest, VerifiedReport as TpmVerifiedReport};
+
+    fn aws_boot_pcrs(pcr4: u8) -> BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>> {
+        BTreeMap::from([
+            (4, vec![pcr4; 48]),
+            (7, vec![0x77; 48]),
+            (12, vec![0x12; 48]),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    fn aws_vm_config(pcrs: &BTreeMap<u16, Vec<u8>>) -> VmConfig {
+        let measurement =
+            dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurement::from_boot_pcrs(&pcrs[&4], &pcrs[&7], &pcrs[&12])
+                .expect("valid PCR lengths");
+        let measurement = measurement.to_cbor_vec();
+        let checksum_file = format!(
+            "{}  measurement.aws.cbor\n",
+            hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&measurement))
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        let os_image_hash = dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&checksum_file);
+        serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(os_image_hash),
+            "aws_measurement": dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+                checksum_file,
+                measurement,
+            ),
+        }))
+        .expect("valid AWS vm_config")
+    }
+
+    fn test_verifier() -> CvmVerifier {
+        CvmVerifier::new(
+            String::new(),
+            String::new(),
+            Duration::from_secs(1),
+            test_attestation_verifier(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn test_attestation_verifier() -> Arc<AttestationVerifier> {
+        Arc::new(AttestationVerifier::new_prod(None).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Build a TDX verified report carrying `status`/`advisory_ids`. Everything
+    /// else is zeroed: `policy_tcb_fields` reads only those two fields.
+    fn tdx_report(status: &str, advisory_ids: &[&str]) -> DcapVerifiedReport {
+        DcapVerifiedReport {
+            status: status.to_string(),
+            advisory_ids: advisory_ids.iter().map(|id| id.to_string()).collect(),
+            report: DcapReport::TD10(TDReport10 {
+                tee_tcb_svn: [0; 16],
+                mr_seam: [0; 48],
+                mr_signer_seam: [0; 48],
+                seam_attributes: [0; 8],
+                td_attributes: [0; 8],
+                xfam: [0; 8],
+                mr_td: [0; 48],
+                mr_config_id: [0; 48],
+                mr_owner: [0; 48],
+                mr_owner_config: [0; 48],
+                rt_mr0: [0; 48],
+                rt_mr1: [0; 48],
+                rt_mr2: [0; 48],
+                rt_mr3: [0; 48],
+                report_data: [0; 64],
+            }),
+            ppid: Vec::new(),
+            qe_status: TcbStatusWithAdvisory::new(TcbStatus::UpToDate, Vec::new()),
+            platform_status: TcbStatusWithAdvisory::new(TcbStatus::UpToDate, Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn snp_report(tcb_info: AmdSnpTcbInfo, advisory_ids: &[&str]) -> VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+        VerifiedAmdSnpReport {
+            measurement: [0; 48],
+            report_data: [0; 64],
+            host_data: [0; 32],
+            chip_id: [0; 64],
+            tcb_info,
+            advisory_ids: advisory_ids.iter().map(|id| id.to_string()).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn tpm_report_for_gcp() -> TpmVerifiedReport {
+        TpmVerifiedReport {
+            attest: TpmAttest {
+                magic: 0,
+                type_: 0,
+                qualified_signer: Vec::new(),
+                qualified_data: Vec::new(),
+                clock_info: ClockInfo {
+                    clock: 0,
+                    reset_count: 0,
+                    restart_count: 0,
+                    safe: 0,
+                },
+                firmware_version: 0,
+                attested_quote_info: QuoteInfo {
+                    pcr_selections: Vec::new(),
+                    pcr_digest: Vec::new(),
+                },
+            },
+            platform: dstack_types::Platform::Gcp,
+            pcr_values: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `policy_tcb_fields` ignores the quote, but pair each report with its own
+    /// platform's quote so the rows stay readable as real attestations.
+    fn verified_attestation(
+        quote: AttestationQuote,
+        report: DstackVerifiedReport,
+    ) -> VerifiedAttestation {
+        Attestation {
+            quote,
+            runtime_events: Vec::new(),
+            report_data: [0; 64],
+            config: String::new(),
+            report,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn empty_tdx_quote() -> AttestationQuote {
+        AttestationQuote::DstackTdx(TdxQuote {
+            quote: Vec::new(),
+            event_log: Vec::new(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Exercises the report-to-policy mapping itself, which is where a wrong
+    /// source can silently downgrade the auth gate (e.g. reading the wrong
+    /// report on GCP, or letting a no-TCB platform report "UpToDate").
+    #[test]
+    fn tcb_policy_fields_map_each_platform_to_its_own_tcb_source() {
+        let advisories = ["INTEL-SA-00001", "INTEL-SA-00002"];
+        let expected_advisories: Vec<String> = advisories.iter().map(|id| id.to_string()).collect();
+
+        // SNP derives its status by comparing TCB versions rather than reading
+        // a field, so cover both the equal (UpToDate) and unequal (OutOfDate)
+        // shapes.
+        let snp_up_to_date = AmdSnpTcbInfo::default();
+        let mut snp_out_of_date = AmdSnpTcbInfo::default();
+        snp_out_of_date.current.microcode = 1;
+
+        let rows: [(&str, VerifiedAttestation, &str, Vec<String>); 7] = [
+            (
+                "tdx-up-to-date",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    empty_tdx_quote(),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(tdx_report("UpToDate", &[])),
+                ),
+                "UpToDate",
+                Vec::new(),
+            ),
+            (
+                "tdx-out-of-date-carries-advisories",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    empty_tdx_quote(),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(tdx_report("OutOfDate", &advisories)),
+                ),
+                "OutOfDate",
+                expected_advisories.clone(),
+            ),
+            (
+                "tdx-revoked",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    empty_tdx_quote(),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackTdx(tdx_report("Revoked", &advisories)),
+                ),
+                "Revoked",
+                expected_advisories.clone(),
+            ),
+            (
+                // The bundled TPM report has no TCB surface: the TDX report must
+                // still drive policy, and must not be flattened to empty.
+                "gcp-tdx-reads-the-tdx-report-not-the-tpm-report",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackGcpTdx(DstackGcpTdxQuote {
+                        tdx_quote: TdxQuote {
+                            quote: Vec::new(),
+                            event_log: Vec::new(),
+                        },
+                        tpm_quote: TpmQuote {
+                            message: Vec::new(),
+                            signature: Vec::new(),
+                            pcr_values: Vec::new(),
+                            ak_cert: Vec::new(),
+                            platform: dstack_types::Platform::Gcp,
+                            event_log: Vec::new(),
+                        },
+                    }),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackGcpTdx {
+                        tdx_report: tdx_report("OutOfDate", &advisories),
+                        tpm_report: tpm_report_for_gcp(),
+                    },
+                ),
+                "OutOfDate",
+                expected_advisories.clone(),
+            ),
+            (
+                "sev-snp-matching-tcb-versions-are-up-to-date",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(SnpQuote {
+                        report: Vec::new(),
+                        cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+                        mr_config: String::new(),
+                    }),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(snp_report(snp_up_to_date, &[])),
+                ),
+                "UpToDate",
+                Vec::new(),
+            ),
+            (
+                "sev-snp-mismatched-tcb-versions-are-out-of-date",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackAmdSevSnp(SnpQuote {
+                        report: Vec::new(),
+                        cert_chain: Vec::new(),
+                        mr_config: String::new(),
+                    }),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAmdSevSnp(snp_report(snp_out_of_date, &advisories)),
+                ),
+                "OutOfDate",
+                expected_advisories.clone(),
+            ),
+            (
+                // No TCB surface, but normalized to UpToDate so the verifier's
+                // policy boot info matches the KMS bootAuth payload.
+                "aws-nitro-tpm-is-normalized-to-up-to-date",
+                verified_attestation(
+                    AttestationQuote::DstackAwsNitroTpm(DstackAwsNitroTpmQuote {
+                        attestation_doc: Vec::new(),
+                    }),
+                    DstackVerifiedReport::DstackAwsNitroTpm(AwsNitroTpmVerifiedReport {
+                        module_id: String::new(),
+                        pcrs: BTreeMap::new(),
+                        public_key: None,
+                        user_data: Vec::new(),
+                        nonce: None,
+                        timestamp: 0,
+                    }),
+                ),
+                "UpToDate",
+                Vec::new(),
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        for (name, attestation, expected_status, expected_advisory_ids) in rows {
+            let (status, advisory_ids) = policy_tcb_fields(&attestation);
+            assert_eq!(status, expected_status, "{name}");
+            assert_eq!(advisory_ids, expected_advisory_ids, "{name}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Split out from the table above because it asserts the opposite property:
+    /// Nitro Enclave must stay empty so a relying party's "UpToDate" gate fails
+    /// closed rather than accepting a platform with no TCB surface.
+    #[test]
+    fn nitro_enclave_reports_no_tcb_status_and_fails_an_up_to_date_gate() {
+        let attestation = verified_attestation(
+            AttestationQuote::DstackNitroEnclave(DstackNitroQuote {
+                nsm_quote: Vec::new(),
+            }),
+            DstackVerifiedReport::DstackNitroEnclave(NitroVerifiedReport {
+                module_id: String::new(),
+                pcrs: NitroPcrs {
+                    pcr0: vec![0x10; 48],
+                    pcr1: vec![0x11; 48],
+                    pcr2: vec![0x12; 48],
+                },
+                user_data: Vec::new(),
+                timestamp: 0,
+            }),
+        );
+
+        let (status, advisory_ids) = policy_tcb_fields(&attestation);
+        assert_eq!(status, "");
+        assert_ne!(status, "UpToDate");
+        assert!(advisory_ids.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gcp_and_nitro_enclave_measurement_bindings_matrix() {
+        let verifier = test_verifier();
+
+        let nitro_pcrs = NitroPcrs {
+            pcr0: vec![0x10; 48],
+            pcr1: vec![0x11; 48],
+            pcr2: vec![0x12; 48],
+        };
+        let nitro_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(nitro_pcrs.image_hash()),
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_nitro_enclave(&nitro_config, &nitro_pcrs)
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut changed_nitro = nitro_pcrs.clone();
+        changed_nitro.pcr2[0] ^= 1;
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_nitro_enclave(&nitro_config, &changed_nitro)
+            .is_err());
+        let debug_nitro = NitroPcrs {
+            pcr0: vec![0; 48],
+            pcr1: vec![0; 48],
+            pcr2: vec![0; 48],
+        };
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_nitro_enclave(&nitro_config, &debug_nitro)
+            .is_err());
+
+        let uki_hash = vec![0x24; 32];
+        let measurement = dstack_types::GcpOsImageMeasurement::new(uki_hash.clone()).unwrap();
+        let measurement_bytes = measurement.to_cbor_vec();
+        let checksum_file = format!(
+            "{}  measurement.gcp.cbor\n",
+            hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&measurement_bytes))
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        let os_image_hash = dstack_types::image_hash_from_sha256sum(&checksum_file);
+        let gcp_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "os_image_hash": hex::encode(os_image_hash),
+            "gcp_measurement": dstack_types::GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+                checksum_file,
+                measurement_bytes,
+            ),
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let expected_pcr0 =
+            hex!("0cca9ec161b09288802e5a112255d21340ed5b797f5fe29cecccfd8f67b9f802");
+        let gcp_quote = |pcr0: Vec<u8>, event_28: Vec<u8>| TpmQuote {
+            message: Vec::new(),
+            signature: Vec::new(),
+            pcr_values: vec![tpm_types::PcrValue {
+                index: 0,
+                algorithm: "sha256".into(),
+                value: pcr0,
+            }],
+            ak_cert: Vec::new(),
+            platform: dstack_types::Platform::Gcp,
+            event_log: vec![
+                tpm_types::TpmEvent {
+                    pcr_index: 2,
+                    digest: vec![1; 32],
+                },
+                tpm_types::TpmEvent {
+                    pcr_index: 2,
+                    digest: vec![2; 32],
+                },
+                tpm_types::TpmEvent {
+                    pcr_index: 2,
+                    digest: event_28,
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+        verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_gcp_tdx(
+                &gcp_config,
+                &gcp_quote(expected_pcr0.to_vec(), uki_hash.clone()),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_gcp_tdx(
+                &gcp_config,
+                &gcp_quote(vec![0; 32], uki_hash.clone()),
+            )
+            .is_err());
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_gcp_tdx(
+                &gcp_config,
+                &gcp_quote(expected_pcr0.to_vec(), vec![0; 32]),
+            )
+            .is_err());
+        let mut missing_document = gcp_config;
+        missing_document.gcp_measurement = None;
+        assert!(verifier
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_gcp_tdx(
+                &missing_document,
+                &gcp_quote(expected_pcr0.to_vec(), uki_hash),
+            )
+            .is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_os_image_check_requires_measurement() {
+        let pcrs = aws_boot_pcrs(0x04);
+        let mut vm_config = aws_vm_config(&pcrs);
+        vm_config.aws_measurement = None;
+
+        let err = test_verifier()
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm(&vm_config, &pcrs)
+            .expect_err("missing aws_measurement must fail");
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("aws_measurement is required"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_os_image_check_accepts_bound_measurement() {
+        let pcrs = aws_boot_pcrs(0x04);
+        test_verifier()
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm(&aws_vm_config(&pcrs), &pcrs)
+            .expect("bound aws_measurement must verify");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aws_os_image_check_rejects_boot_pcr_digest_mismatch() {
+        let quoted_pcrs = aws_boot_pcrs(0x04);
+        let vm_config = aws_vm_config(&aws_boot_pcrs(0x05));
+
+        let err = test_verifier()
+            .verify_os_image_hash_for_aws_nitro_tpm(&vm_config, &quoted_pcrs)
+            .expect_err("measurement for different PCRs must fail");
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("boot_pcr_digest mismatch"));
+    }
+
+    fn acpi_event(name: &str, digest_byte: u8) -> TdxEvent {
+        TdxEvent {
+            imr: 0,
+            event_type: TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_TYPE,
+            digest: vec![digest_byte; 48],
+            event: name.to_string(),
+            event_payload: TDX_ACPI_DATA_EVENT_PAYLOAD.to_vec(),
+            version: Default::default(),
+            preimage: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_lite_acpi_hashes_are_selected_by_event_name() {
+        let event_log = vec![
+            acpi_event(TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT, 2),
+            acpi_event(TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT, 3),
+            acpi_event(TDX_ACPI_LOADER_EVENT, 1),
+        ];
+
+        let hashes =
+            CvmVerifier::tdx_acpi_hashes_from_event_log(&event_log).expect("named ACPI hashes");
+
+        assert_eq!(hashes.loader, vec![1u8; 48]);
+        assert_eq!(hashes.rsdp, vec![2u8; 48]);
+        assert_eq!(hashes.tables, vec![3u8; 48]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_lite_acpi_hashes_reject_unlabeled_events() {
+        let event_log = vec![
+            acpi_event("", 1),
+            acpi_event(TDX_ACPI_RSDP_EVENT, 2),
+            acpi_event(TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT, 3),
+        ];
+
+        assert!(CvmVerifier::tdx_acpi_hashes_from_event_log(&event_log).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decode_key_provider_info_parses_json_and_tolerates_garbage() {
+        let info =
+            decode_key_provider_info(br#"{"name":"kms","id":"abcd"}"#).expect("should parse");
+        assert_eq!(info.name, "kms");
+        assert_eq!(info.id, "abcd");
+
+        // empty/malformed must degrade to None, not fail the verify.
+        assert!(decode_key_provider_info(b"").is_none());
+        assert!(decode_key_provider_info(b"not json").is_none());
+    }
+
+    fn sample_measurements(byte: u8) -> TdxMeasurements {
+        TdxMeasurements {
+            mrtd: vec![byte; 48],
+            rtmr0: vec![byte.wrapping_add(1); 48],
+            rtmr1: vec![byte.wrapping_add(2); 48],
+            rtmr2: vec![byte.wrapping_add(3); 48],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn measurement_cache_version_mismatch_is_ignored_and_replaced() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut verifier = test_verifier();
+        verifier.image_cache_dir = directory.path().display().to_string();
+        let config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let key = CvmVerifier::vm_config_cache_key(&config).unwrap();
+        let path = verifier.measurement_cache_path(&key);
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        fs_err::write(
+            &path,
+            serde_json::to_vec(&CachedMeasurement {
+                version: MEASUREMENT_CACHE_VERSION - 1,
+                measurements: sample_measurements(0x11),
+            })
+            .unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(verifier
+            .load_measurements_from_cache(&key)
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_none());
+
+        let current = sample_measurements(0x22);
+        verifier
+            .store_measurements_in_cache(&key, &current)
+            .unwrap();
+        let loaded = verifier
+            .load_measurements_from_cache(&key)
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("current cache entry");
+        assert_eq!(
+            serde_json::to_vec(&loaded).unwrap(),
+            serde_json::to_vec(&current).unwrap()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corrupt_measurement_cache_entry_is_ignored() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut verifier = test_verifier();
+        verifier.image_cache_dir = directory.path().display().to_string();
+        let config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let key = CvmVerifier::vm_config_cache_key(&config).unwrap();
+        let path = verifier.measurement_cache_path(&key);
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(path, b"{not json").unwrap();
+
+        assert!(verifier
+            .load_measurements_from_cache(&key)
+            .unwrap()
+            .is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn concurrent_measurement_cache_writes_are_atomic() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut verifier = test_verifier();
+        verifier.image_cache_dir = directory.path().display().to_string();
+        let config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str("{}").unwrap();
+        let key = CvmVerifier::vm_config_cache_key(&config).unwrap();
+        let first = sample_measurements(0x11);
+        let second = sample_measurements(0x22);
+
+        std::thread::scope(|scope| {
+            for index in 0..16 {
+                let verifier = &verifier;
+                let key = &key;
+                let measurements = if index % 2 == 0 { &first } else { &second };
+                scope.spawn(move || {
+                    verifier
+                        .store_measurements_in_cache(key, measurements)
+                        .unwrap();
+                });
+            }
+        });
+        let cached = verifier
+            .load_measurements_from_cache(&key)
+            .unwrap()
+            .expect("one complete cache entry");
+        let encoded = serde_json::to_vec(&cached).unwrap();
+        assert!(
+            encoded == serde_json::to_vec(&first).unwrap()
+                || encoded == serde_json::to_vec(&second).unwrap()
+        );
+        let entries = fs_err::read_dir(verifier.measurement_cache_dir())
+            .unwrap()
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1, "temporary cache files must not survive");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn image_cache_pruning_keeps_checksum_identity() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp image directory");
+        let files_doc = "00  metadata.json\n";
+        fs_err::write(dir.path().join("sha256sum.txt"), files_doc).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(dir.path().join("metadata.json"), "{}").unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(dir.path().join("unmeasured"), "remove me").unwrap();
+
+        CvmVerifier::prune_unlisted_image_files(dir.path(), files_doc).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(dir.path().join("sha256sum.txt").exists());
+        assert!(dir.path().join("metadata.json").exists());
+        assert!(!dir.path().join("unmeasured").exists());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn image_paths_must_be_confined_and_manifest_paths_must_be_flat() {
+        for path in ["../escape", "/absolute", "nested/../escape"] {
+            assert!(
+                !CvmVerifier::is_confined_archive_path(Path::new(path)),
+                "{path}"
+            );
+        }
+        // `.` components are stripped by `unpack_in` and cannot escape, so the
+        // check must accept them: `tar -czf out.tar.gz .` prefixes every member
+        // with `./` and published images are packed that way.
+        for path in ["nested/artifact", "./metadata.json", ".", "./", ""] {
+            assert!(
+                CvmVerifier::is_confined_archive_path(Path::new(path)),
+                "{path}"
+            );
+        }
+
+        let digest = "00".repeat(32);
+        assert!(
+            CvmVerifier::validate_image_manifest_paths(&format!("{digest}  metadata.json\n"))
+                .is_ok()
+        );
+        for path in [
+            "../escape",
+            "/absolute",
+            "nested/artifact",
+            "./metadata.json",
+            ".",
+            "sha256sum.txt",
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                CvmVerifier::validate_image_manifest_paths(&format!("{digest}  {path}\n")).is_err(),
+                "{path}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn image_archive_rejects_links_and_accepts_regular_files() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let valid = directory.path().join("valid.tar.gz");
+        {
+            let file = fs_err::File::create(&valid).unwrap();
+            let encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(file, flate2::Compression::default());
+            let mut archive = tar::Builder::new(encoder);
+            let payload = b"artifact";
+            let mut header = tar::Header::new_gnu();
+            header.set_size(payload.len() as u64);
+            header.set_mode(0o644);
+            header.set_cksum();
+            archive
+                .append_data(&mut header, "nested/artifact", &payload[..])
+                .unwrap();
+            archive.finish().unwrap();
+        }
+        let output = directory.path().join("valid-output");
+        fs_err::create_dir(&output).unwrap();
+        CvmVerifier::extract_image_archive(&valid, &output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs_err::read(output.join("nested/artifact")).unwrap(),
+            b"artifact"
+        );
+
+        let linked = directory.path().join("linked.tar.gz");
+        {
+            let file = fs_err::File::create(&linked).unwrap();
+            let encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(file, flate2::Compression::default());
+            let mut archive = tar::Builder::new(encoder);
+            let mut header = tar::Header::new_gnu();
+            header.set_entry_type(tar::EntryType::Symlink);
+            header.set_size(0);
+            header.set_mode(0o777);
+            header.set_link_name("../outside").unwrap();
+            header.set_cksum();
+            archive.append_data(&mut header, "link", &[][..]).unwrap();
+            archive.finish().unwrap();
+        }
+        let output = directory.path().join("linked-output");
+        fs_err::create_dir(&output).unwrap();
+        assert!(CvmVerifier::extract_image_archive(&linked, &output).is_err());
+    }
+
+    /// Images published on download.dstack.org come in two shapes: members
+    /// packed from a glob (`bzImage`, ...) and members packed from `.`
+    /// (`./`, `./bzImage`, ...). Both must extract to the same flat layout.
+    #[test]
+    fn image_archive_accepts_dot_prefixed_members() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let archive_path = directory.path().join("dot-prefixed.tar.gz");
+        {
+            let file = fs_err::File::create(&archive_path).unwrap();
+            let encoder = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(file, flate2::Compression::default());
+            let mut archive = tar::Builder::new(encoder);
+            let mut header = tar::Header::new_gnu();
+            header.set_entry_type(tar::EntryType::Directory);
+            header.set_size(0);
+            header.set_mode(0o755);
+            header.set_cksum();
+            archive.append_data(&mut header, "./", &[][..]).unwrap();
+            let payload = b"artifact";
+            let mut header = tar::Header::new_gnu();
+            header.set_size(payload.len() as u64);
+            header.set_mode(0o644);
+            header.set_cksum();
+            archive
+                .append_data(&mut header, "./metadata.json", &payload[..])
+                .unwrap();
+            archive.finish().unwrap();
+        }
+        let output = directory.path().join("dot-prefixed-output");
+        fs_err::create_dir(&output).unwrap();
+        CvmVerifier::extract_image_archive(&archive_path, &output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs_err::read(output.join("metadata.json")).unwrap(),
+            b"artifact"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// `GzDecoder` stops at the first member of a concatenated gzip stream and
+    /// reports clean EOF, which would truncate the archive without an error.
+    #[test]
+    fn image_archive_reads_every_gzip_member() {
+        let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let mut tarball = tar::Builder::new(Vec::new());
+        let payload = b"artifact";
+        let mut header = tar::Header::new_gnu();
+        header.set_size(payload.len() as u64);
+        header.set_mode(0o644);
+        header.set_cksum();
+        tarball
+            .append_data(&mut header, "metadata.json", &payload[..])
+            .unwrap();
+        let tarball = tarball.into_inner().unwrap();
+
+        let archive_path = directory.path().join("multi-member.tar.gz");
+        {
+            use std::io::Write;
+
+            let mut file = fs_err::File::create(&archive_path).unwrap();
+            // One gzip member per half of the tar stream.
+            for half in tarball.chunks(tarball.len().div_ceil(2)) {
+                let mut encoder =
+                    flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), flate2::Compression::default());
+                encoder.write_all(half).unwrap();
+                file.write_all(&encoder.finish().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            }
+            file.flush().unwrap();
+        }
+        let output = directory.path().join("multi-member-output");
+        fs_err::create_dir(&output).unwrap();
+        CvmVerifier::extract_image_archive(&archive_path, &output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs_err::read(output.join("metadata.json")).unwrap(),
+            b"artifact"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn verifies_sev_snp_attestation_fixture_without_image_download() {
+        let request: VerificationRequest =
+            serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json"))
+                .expect("SNP verifier fixture parses");
+        let cache = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp cache dir");
+        let image_cache_dir = cache.path().join("cache");
+        let verifier = CvmVerifier::new(
+            image_cache_dir.display().to_string(),
+            "http://127.0.0.1:9/should-not-download/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz".to_string(),
+            Duration::from_secs(1),
+            test_attestation_verifier(),
+        );
+
+        let response = verifier.verify(request).await.expect("verifier runs");
+        assert!(response.is_valid, "{:?}", response.reason);
+        assert!(response.details.quote_verified);
+        assert!(response.details.event_log_verified);
+        assert!(response.details.os_image_hash_verified);
+        assert!(!response.details.acpi_tables_verified);
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.details.tee_variant,
+            Some(ra_tls::attestation::TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp)
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !image_cache_dir.exists(),
+            "SNP verification must not download or cache OS images"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn attestation_fixture_ignores_conflicting_top_level_inputs() {
+        let mut request: VerificationRequest =
+            serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../fixtures/sev-snp-attestation.json"))
+                .expect("SNP verifier fixture parses");
+        request.quote = Some(vec![0]);
+        request.event_log = Some("[]".to_string());
+        request.vm_config = Some("not-json".to_string());
+        let cache = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp cache dir");
+        let verifier = CvmVerifier::new(
+            cache.path().join("cache").display().to_string(),
+            "http://127.0.0.1:9/should-not-download/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz".to_string(),
+            Duration::from_secs(1),
+            test_attestation_verifier(),
+        );
+
+        let response = verifier.verify(request).await.expect("verifier runs");
+        assert!(response.is_valid, "{:?}", response.reason);
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.details.tee_variant,
+            Some(ra_tls::attestation::TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The fixture was captured from a real CVM, so its RTMR0 ACPI digests are
+    /// whatever QEMU actually produced. Reproducing them without the image
+    /// proves the generator agrees with hardware, not just with itself.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn verifies_tdx_lite_fixture_without_image_download() {
+        let request: VerificationRequest =
+            serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../fixtures/tdx-lite-attestation.json"))
+                .expect("TDX lite verifier fixture parses");
+        let cache = tempfile::tempdir().expect("temp cache dir");
+        let image_cache_dir = cache.path().join("cache");
+        let verifier = CvmVerifier::new(
+            image_cache_dir.display().to_string(),
+            "http://127.0.0.1:9/should-not-download/{OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz".to_string(),
+            Duration::from_secs(1),
+            test_attestation_verifier(),
+        );
+
+        let response = verifier.verify(request).await.expect("verifier runs");
+        assert!(response.is_valid, "{:?}", response.reason);
+        assert!(response.details.quote_verified);
+        assert!(response.details.event_log_verified);
+        assert!(response.details.os_image_hash_verified);
+        assert!(response.details.acpi_tables_verified);
+        assert_eq!(
+            response.details.tee_variant,
+            Some(ra_tls::attestation::TeeVariant::DstackTdx)
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !image_cache_dir.exists(),
+            "TDX lite verification must not download or cache OS images"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The captured VM ran 2 vCPUs; a VM shape that disagrees with the quote
+    /// must not reproduce its ACPI digests, which is what makes the recomputed
+    /// digests worth comparing in the first place.
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_lite_acpi_hashes_depend_on_the_reported_vm_shape() {
+        let fixture: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../fixtures/tdx-lite-getquote.json"))
+                .expect("TDX lite getquote fixture parses");
+        let mut vm_config: VmConfig = serde_json::from_str(
+            fixture["vm_config"]
+                .as_str()
+                .expect("vm_config is a string"),
+        )
+        .expect("fixture vm_config parses");
+        let event_log: Vec<TdxEvent> = serde_json::from_str(
+            fixture["event_log"]
+                .as_str()
+                .expect("event_log is a string"),
+        )
+        .expect("fixture event log parses");
+        let ovmf_variant = vm_config.ovmf_variant.unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let reported = CvmVerifier::tdx_acpi_hashes_from_event_log(&event_log)
+            .expect("fixture carries named ACPI digests");
+        let expected = dstack_mr::tdx::expected_rtmr0_acpi_hashes(&vm_config, ovmf_variant)
+            .expect("ACPI tables are generated for the fixture VM shape");
+        CvmVerifier::assert_tdx_acpi_hashes_match(&expected, &reported)
+            .expect("recomputed digests match the captured CVM");
+
+        vm_config.cpu_count += 1;
+        let expected = dstack_mr::tdx::expected_rtmr0_acpi_hashes(&vm_config, ovmf_variant)
+            .expect("ACPI tables are generated for the altered VM shape");
+        CvmVerifier::assert_tdx_acpi_hashes_match(&expected, &reported)
+            .expect_err("an extra vCPU must change the ACPI tables");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_lite_acpi_hash_mismatch_names_the_table() {
+        let expected = TdxRtmr0AcpiHashes {
+            loader: vec![1; 48],
+            rsdp: vec![2; 48],
+            tables: vec![3; 48],
+        };
+        let mut reported = expected.clone();
+        reported.tables = vec![4; 48];
+        let err = CvmVerifier::assert_tdx_acpi_hashes_match(&expected, &reported)
+            .expect_err("mismatched tables digest is rejected");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(TDX_ACPI_TABLES_EVENT), "{err:#}");
+        assert!(CvmVerifier::assert_tdx_acpi_hashes_match(&expected, &expected).is_ok());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/verifier/test.sh b/dstack/verifier/test.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4f9554cf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/verifier/test.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -e
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+# Configuration
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+PROJECT_ROOT="$(dirname "$SCRIPT_DIR")"
+BINARY="$PROJECT_ROOT/target/debug/dstack-verifier"
+LOG_FILE="/tmp/verifier-test.log"
+FIXTURE_FILE="$SCRIPT_DIR/fixtures/quote-report.json"
+
+echo -e "${YELLOW}dstack-verifier Test Script${NC}"
+echo "=================================="
+
+# Function to cleanup on exit
+cleanup() {
+    echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Cleaning up...${NC}"
+    pkill -f dstack-verifier 2>/dev/null || true
+    sleep 1
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# Build the project
+echo -e "${YELLOW}Building dstack-verifier...${NC}"
+cd "$PROJECT_ROOT"
+cargo build --bin dstack-verifier --quiet
+
+if [ ! -f "$BINARY" ]; then
+    echo -e "${RED}Error: Binary not found at $BINARY${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Start the server
+echo -e "${YELLOW}Starting dstack-verifier server...${NC}"
+"$BINARY" >"$LOG_FILE" 2>&1 &
+SERVER_PID=$!
+
+# Wait for server to start
+echo -e "${YELLOW}Waiting for server to start...${NC}"
+for i in {1..10}; do
+    if curl -s http://localhost:8080/health >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo -e "${GREEN}Server started successfully${NC}"
+        break
+    fi
+    if [ $i -eq 10 ]; then
+        echo -e "${RED}Server failed to start${NC}"
+        echo "Server logs:"
+        cat "$LOG_FILE"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sleep 1
+done
+
+# Check if fixture file exists
+if [ ! -f "$FIXTURE_FILE" ]; then
+    echo -e "${RED}Error: Fixture file not found at $FIXTURE_FILE${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Run the verification test
+echo -e "${YELLOW}Running verification test...${NC}"
+echo "Using fixture: $FIXTURE_FILE"
+
+RESPONSE=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8080/verify \
+    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
+    -d @"$FIXTURE_FILE")
+
+# Parse and display results
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Test Results:${NC}"
+echo "============="
+
+IS_VALID=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.is_valid')
+QUOTE_VERIFIED=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.quote_verified')
+EVENT_LOG_VERIFIED=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.event_log_verified')
+OS_IMAGE_VERIFIED=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.os_image_hash_verified')
+TCB_STATUS=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.tcb_status')
+REASON=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.reason // "null"')
+
+echo -e "Overall Valid: $([ "$IS_VALID" = "true" ] && echo -e "${GREEN}✓${NC}" || echo -e "${RED}✗${NC}") $IS_VALID"
+echo -e "Quote Verified: $([ "$QUOTE_VERIFIED" = "true" ] && echo -e "${GREEN}✓${NC}" || echo -e "${RED}✗${NC}") $QUOTE_VERIFIED"
+echo -e "Event Log Verified: $([ "$EVENT_LOG_VERIFIED" = "true" ] && echo -e "${GREEN}✓${NC}" || echo -e "${RED}✗${NC}") $EVENT_LOG_VERIFIED"
+echo -e "OS Image Verified: $([ "$OS_IMAGE_VERIFIED" = "true" ] && echo -e "${GREEN}✓${NC}" || echo -e "${RED}✗${NC}") $OS_IMAGE_VERIFIED"
+echo -e "TCB Status: ${GREEN}$TCB_STATUS${NC}"
+
+if [ "$REASON" != "null" ]; then
+    echo -e "${RED}Failure Reason:${NC}"
+    echo "$REASON"
+fi
+
+# Show app info if available
+APP_ID=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.app_info.app_id // "null"')
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.app_info.os_image_hash // "null"')
+if [ "$APP_ID" != "null" ]; then
+    echo -e "\n${YELLOW}App Information:${NC}"
+    echo "App ID: $APP_ID"
+    echo "Compose Hash: $(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.app_info.compose_hash')"
+    echo "OS Image Hash: $OS_IMAGE_HASH"
+fi
+
+# Show report data
+REPORT_DATA=$(echo "$RESPONSE" | jq -r '.details.report_data // "null"')
+if [ "$REPORT_DATA" != "null" ]; then
+    echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Report Data:${NC}"
+    echo "$REPORT_DATA"
+fi
+
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Server Logs:${NC}"
+echo "============"
+tail -10 "$LOG_FILE"
+
+echo -e "\n${YELLOW}Test completed!${NC}"
+if [ "$IS_VALID" = "true" ]; then
+    echo -e "${GREEN}✓ Verification PASSED${NC}"
+    exit 0
+else
+    echo -e "${RED}✗ Verification FAILED${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/Cargo.toml b/dstack/vmm/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9fad0413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-vmm"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["mtls"] }
+rocket-vsock-listener = { workspace = true }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true, features = ["env-filter"] }
+anyhow.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+shared_child.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+uuid = { workspace = true, features = ["v4"] }
+sha2.workspace = true
+hex.workspace = true
+fs-err.workspace = true
+getrandom = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+nix = { workspace = true, features = ["fs", "process", "signal", "user"] }
+dirs.workspace = true
+which.workspace = true
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "string"] }
+humantime.workspace = true
+strip-ansi-escapes.workspace = true
+tailf.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+dstack-api-auth.workspace = true
+dstack-build-info.workspace = true
+serde_ini.workspace = true
+
+supervisor-client.workspace = true
+ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client", "rocket", "openapi"] }
+dstack-vmm-rpc.workspace = true
+dstack-kms-rpc.workspace = true
+path-absolutize.workspace = true
+host-api.workspace = true
+safe-write.workspace = true
+guest-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
+load_config.workspace = true
+key-provider-client.workspace = true
+dstack-types.workspace = true
+dstack-mr.workspace = true
+mock-attestation = { path = "../crates/mock-attestation" }
+hex_fmt.workspace = true
+lspci.workspace = true
+base64.workspace = true
+serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
+size-parser = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
+fatfs.workspace = true
+fscommon.workspace = true
+or-panic.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+flate2.workspace = true
+tar.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+wait-timeout.workspace = true
+listenfd.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+insta.workspace = true
+
+[build-dependencies]
+or-panic.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/build.rs b/dstack/vmm/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64eb90258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    env, fs,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    process::Command,
+    time::SystemTime,
+};
+
+fn main() {
+    if let Err(err) = build_console() {
+        panic!("failed to build vmm console: {err}");
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_console() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")?);
+    let ui_dir = manifest_dir.join("ui");
+    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(env::var("OUT_DIR")?);
+    let output = out_dir.join("console_v1.html");
+
+    emit_rerun_if_changed(&manifest_dir.join("build.rs"))?;
+    emit_rerun_tree(&ui_dir)?;
+
+    ensure_command("node", &["--version"], "Node.js")?;
+    ensure_command(
+        npm_cmd(),
+        &["--version"],
+        "npm (normally bundled with Node.js)",
+    )?;
+
+    if should_run_npm_ci(&ui_dir)? {
+        run(
+            npm_cmd(),
+            &["ci"],
+            &ui_dir,
+            &[],
+            "Install VMM UI dependencies with `npm ci`",
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    let output_str = output
+        .to_str()
+        .ok_or("OUT_DIR path contains non-UTF-8 characters")?;
+    run(
+        "node",
+        &["build.mjs"],
+        &ui_dir,
+        &[("DSTACK_UI_OUT", output_str)],
+        "Build VMM UI",
+    )?;
+
+    if !output.exists() {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "UI build succeeded but {} was not created",
+            output.display()
+        )
+        .into());
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn emit_rerun_tree(path: &Path) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", path.display());
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(path)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let child = entry.path();
+        if entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
+            let name = entry.file_name();
+            let name = name.to_string_lossy();
+            if matches!(name.as_ref(), "node_modules" | "build" | "dist") {
+                continue;
+            }
+            emit_rerun_tree(&child)?;
+        } else {
+            emit_rerun_if_changed(&child)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn emit_rerun_if_changed(path: &Path) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed={}", path.display());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn ensure_command(
+    program: &str,
+    args: &[&str],
+    display_name: &str,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    match Command::new(program).args(args).output() {
+        Ok(output) if output.status.success() => Ok(()),
+        Ok(output) => {
+            let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+            let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+            Err(format!(
+                "{display_name} is required to build vmm/ui. Please install it first. `{program} {}` failed. stdout: {} stderr: {}",
+                args.join(" "),
+                stdout.trim(),
+                stderr.trim(),
+            )
+            .into())
+        }
+        Err(err) => Err(format!(
+            "{display_name} is required to build vmm/ui. Please install Node.js and npm first: {err}"
+        )
+        .into()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn should_run_npm_ci(ui_dir: &Path) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let package_json = ui_dir.join("package.json");
+    let package_lock = ui_dir.join("package-lock.json");
+    let marker = ui_dir.join("node_modules/.package-lock.json");
+
+    if !marker.exists() {
+        return Ok(true);
+    }
+
+    let marker_time = modified_time(&marker)?;
+    Ok(modified_time(&package_json)? > marker_time || modified_time(&package_lock)? > marker_time)
+}
+
+fn modified_time(path: &Path) -> Result<SystemTime, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    Ok(fs::metadata(path)?.modified()?)
+}
+
+fn run(
+    program: &str,
+    args: &[&str],
+    cwd: &Path,
+    envs: &[(&str, &str)],
+    what: &str,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let mut command = Command::new(program);
+    command
+        .current_dir(cwd)
+        .args(args)
+        .envs(envs.iter().copied());
+    let status = command.status()?;
+    if !status.success() {
+        return Err(format!("{what} failed with exit status {status}").into());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn npm_cmd() -> &'static str {
+    if cfg!(windows) {
+        "npm.cmd"
+    } else {
+        "npm"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/requirements.txt b/dstack/vmm/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a4636513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+annotated-types==0.7.0
+cffi==1.17.1
+cryptography==50.0.0
+cytoolz==1.0.1
+eth-hash==0.7.1
+eth-keys==0.7.0
+eth-typing==5.2.1
+eth-utils==5.3.0
+pycparser==2.22
+pydantic==2.11.3
+pydantic_core==2.33.1
+safe-pysha3==1.0.4
+toolz==1.0.0
+typing-inspection==0.4.0
+typing_extensions==4.13.2
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/rpc/Cargo.toml b/dstack/vmm/rpc/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75f067353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/rpc/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-vmm-rpc"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+prpc.workspace = true
+prost.workspace = true
+serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json.workspace = true
+anyhow.workspace = true
+scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+
+[build-dependencies]
+prpc-build.workspace = true
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/rpc/build.rs b/dstack/vmm/rpc/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe19530a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/rpc/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+#![allow(clippy::expect_used)]
+
+fn main() {
+    prpc_build::configure()
+        .out_dir(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").expect("OUT_DIR not set"))
+        .mod_prefix("super::")
+        .build_scale_ext(false)
+        .disable_package_emission()
+        .enable_serde_extension()
+        .disable_service_name_emission()
+        .compile_dir("./proto")
+        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/rpc/proto/prpc.proto b/dstack/vmm/rpc/proto/prpc.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae9e61f9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/rpc/proto/prpc.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package prpc;
+
+/// RPC error payload returned by prpc endpoints.
+message PrpcError {
+  string message = 1;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/rpc/proto/vmm_rpc.proto b/dstack/vmm/rpc/proto/vmm_rpc.proto
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c035e64d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/rpc/proto/vmm_rpc.proto
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
+
+package vmm;
+// Aggregates runtime and provisioning state for a single CVM.
+message VmInfo {
+  // Unique identifier for the VM
+  string id = 1;
+  // Name of the VM
+  string name = 2;
+  // Current status of the VM (e.g., running, stopped)
+  string status = 3;
+  // Uptime in human-readable format
+  string uptime = 4;
+  // URL to the guest agent dashboard
+  optional string app_url = 5;
+  // App ID
+  string app_id = 6;
+  // Instance ID
+  optional string instance_id = 7;
+  // Configuration of the VM
+  VmConfiguration configuration = 8;
+  // Exit time
+  optional string exited_at = 9;
+  // Boot progress
+  string boot_progress = 10;
+  // Boot error
+  string boot_error = 11;
+  // Shutdown progress
+  string shutdown_progress = 12;
+  // Image version
+  string image_version = 13;
+  // Events
+  repeated GuestEvent events = 14;
+  // Effective network interfaces resolved against node config.
+  repeated NetworkInterfaceStatus interfaces = 15;
+}
+
+// Runtime status of a resolved VM network interface.
+message NetworkInterfaceStatus {
+  // Product-facing mode: "user", "bridge", or "custom".
+  string mode = 1;
+  // QEMU/network backend shape: "slirp", "tap_bridge", or "custom".
+  string backend = 2;
+  string mac = 3;
+  // Linux bridge name for tap_bridge backend.
+  optional string bridge_name = 4;
+  // QEMU netdev id, e.g. "net0".
+  optional string netdev_id = 5;
+}
+
+// Structured log or lifecycle event emitted by the guest or runtime.
+message GuestEvent {
+  // Event type, e.g. "boot_progress" or "shutdown".
+  string event = 1;
+  // Human readable payload describing the event.
+  string body = 2;
+  // Timestamp in milliseconds since Unix epoch
+  uint64 timestamp = 3;
+}
+
+// Wrapper around a VM identifier to keep RPC signatures consistent.
+message Id {
+  // Unique identifier for the VM
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+// Stable hash of a compose spec used to detect drift between client and VMM.
+message ComposeHash {
+  string hash = 1;
+}
+
+// Full desired state for provisioning or re-provisioning a CVM instance.
+message VmConfiguration {
+  // Name of the VM
+  string name = 1;
+  // Image to be used for the VM
+  string image = 2;
+  // Compose file to be used for the VM
+  string compose_file = 3;
+  // Number of vCPUs
+  uint32 vcpu = 4;
+  // Memory in MB
+  uint32 memory = 5;
+  // Disk size in GB
+  uint32 disk_size = 6;
+  // Port mapping
+  repeated PortMapping ports = 7;
+  // Encrypted environment variables
+  bytes encrypted_env = 8;
+  // App ID.
+  // If not provided, it assumes the app is newly created.
+  // If provided, and KMS is enabled, it assumes the app is upgraded from given app_id.
+  // If provided, and KMS is disabled, it must equal to the actual app_id computed from compose_file, or the VM will fail to start.
+  optional string app_id = 9;
+  // User config that would be put at /dstack/.user-config in the CVM.
+  string user_config = 10;
+  // Hugepages enabled
+  bool hugepages = 11;
+  // Pin NUMA enabled
+  bool pin_numa = 12;
+  // Gpu config
+  GpuConfig gpus = 13;
+  // KMS URLs
+  repeated string kms_urls = 14;
+  // Gateway URLs
+  repeated string gateway_urls = 15;
+  // The VM is stopped
+  bool stopped = 16;
+  // Disable confidential computing (fallback to non-TEE VM).
+  bool no_tee = 17;
+  // Per-VM networking mode override (if unset, uses global cvm.networking).
+  optional NetworkingConfig networking = 18;
+  // Per-VM networking overrides. If set, wins over singular networking.
+  repeated NetworkingConfig networks = 19;
+  reserved 20;
+  // Development-only TEE ABI to simulate for this VM. When set, the VMM
+  // launches a non-TEE VM and provides an instance-specific simulator config.
+  optional string simulated_tee = 21;
+}
+
+// Per-VM networking configuration.
+message NetworkingConfig {
+  // Networking mode: "bridge", "user", "macvtap"
+  string mode = 1;
+  // Per-VM bridge interface name. Empty = node default bridge.
+  string bridge_name = 2;
+  // Parent host interface for macvtap mode.
+  string parent = 3;
+  // Effective macvtap forwarding mode in responses. Deployment requests must
+  // leave this empty because the mode is controlled by node configuration.
+  string macvtap_mode = 4;
+}
+
+// Requested GPU layout for a CVM.
+message GpuConfig {
+  // GPUs
+  repeated GpuSpec gpus = 1;
+  // Gpu attach mode
+  string attach_mode = 2;
+}
+
+// Identifies a physical GPU on the host.
+message GpuSpec {
+  string slot = 1;
+}
+
+// Describes how host ports are forwarded into the CVM network namespace.
+message PortMapping {
+  // Protocol
+  string protocol = 1;
+  // Host port
+  uint32 host_port = 2;
+  // VM port
+  uint32 vm_port = 3;
+  // Host address
+  string host_address = 4;
+}
+
+// Partial configuration used when mutating an existing VM.
+message UpdateVmRequest {
+  // ID of the VM
+  string id = 1;
+  // Compose file to be used for the VM
+  string compose_file = 2;
+  // Optional update encrypted environment variables. Leave empty to not update.
+  bytes encrypted_env = 3;
+  // Optional update user config. Leave empty to not update.
+  string user_config = 4;
+  // Optional update port mapping.
+  bool update_ports = 5;
+  // Port mapping
+  repeated PortMapping ports = 7;
+  // Optional update KMS URLs.
+  bool update_kms_urls = 8;
+  repeated string kms_urls = 9;
+  // Optional update gateway URLs.
+  bool update_gateway_urls = 10;
+  repeated string gateway_urls = 11;
+  // gpus
+  GpuConfig gpus = 13;
+  // Optional compute resource updates. Leave unset to keep current configuration.
+  optional uint32 vcpu = 14;
+  optional uint32 memory = 15;
+  optional uint32 disk_size = 16;
+  optional string image = 17;
+  // Disable or re-enable TEE for an existing VM.
+  optional bool no_tee = 18;
+  // Optional update networking.
+  bool update_networking = 19;
+  // Networking list. Empty + update_networking=true resets to node default.
+  repeated NetworkingConfig networks = 20;
+}
+
+// Parameters for listing CVMs with pagination and keyword filtering.
+message StatusRequest {
+  // List of VM IDs
+  repeated string ids = 1;
+  // Brief (Don't include VM configuration)
+  bool brief = 2;
+  // Filter by keyword
+  string keyword = 3;
+  // Page number
+  uint32 page = 4;
+  // Page size
+  uint32 page_size = 5;
+}
+
+// Summary of the current fleet status.
+message StatusResponse {
+  // List of VMs
+  repeated VmInfo vms = 1;
+  // Port mapping enabled
+  bool port_mapping_enabled = 2;
+  // Total number of VMs
+  uint32 total = 3;
+}
+
+// Available base images for the VMM to launch.
+message ImageListResponse {
+  repeated ImageInfo images = 1;
+}
+
+// Metadata describing an OCI image published to the cluster.
+message ImageInfo {
+  string name = 1;
+  string description = 2;
+  string version = 3;
+  bool is_dev = 4;
+}
+
+// App identifier used for encrypting env vars and routing telemetry.
+message AppId {
+  bytes app_id = 1;
+}
+
+// Response with the KMS-backed public key used for env encryption plus audit signature.
+message PublicKeyResponse {
+  bytes public_key = 1;
+  // Legacy signature without timestamp (for backward compatibility).
+  // Signs: Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + public_key)
+  bytes signature = 2;
+  // Unix timestamp in seconds when the response was generated.
+  uint64 timestamp = 3;
+  // New signature with timestamp to prevent replay attacks.
+  // Signs: Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + timestamp_be_bytes + public_key)
+  bytes signature_v1 = 4;
+}
+
+// Optional VM info payload returned by GetInfo.
+message GetInfoResponse {
+  bool found = 1;
+  optional VmInfo info = 2;
+}
+
+// Input used when resizing compute or storage for a VM.
+message ResizeVmRequest {
+  // Unique identifier for the VM
+  string id = 1;
+  // Number of vCPUs
+  optional uint32 vcpu = 2;
+  // Memory in MB
+  optional uint32 memory = 3;
+  // Disk size in GB
+  optional uint32 disk_size = 4;
+  // Image name
+  optional string image = 5;
+}
+
+// Tunables for the KMS integration.
+message KmsSettings {
+  string url = 1;
+  repeated string urls = 2;
+}
+
+// Details about the HTTP gateway that fronts the CVMs.
+message GatewaySettings {
+  string url = 1;
+  string base_domain = 2;
+  uint32 port = 3;
+  uint32 agent_port = 4;
+  repeated string urls = 5;
+}
+
+// Capacity caps enforced by the scheduler.
+message ResourcesSettings {
+  uint32 max_cvm_number = 1; // equals to the cid pool size.
+  uint32 max_allocable_vcpu = 2;
+  uint32 max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 3; // in MB.
+}
+
+message NetworkingCapabilities {
+  repeated string supported_modes = 1;
+  string default_mode = 2;
+  reserved 3;
+  reserved "forward_service_enabled";
+  // Default bridge configured in vmm.toml [cvm.networking].bridge.
+  string default_bridge = 4;
+}
+
+// Aggregated metadata exposed through GetMeta.
+message GetMetaResponse {
+  KmsSettings kms = 1;
+  GatewaySettings gateway = 2;
+  ResourcesSettings resources = 3;
+  NetworkingCapabilities networking = 4;
+}
+
+// Build information for the running VMM binary.
+message VersionResponse {
+  string version = 1;
+  string rev = 2;
+}
+
+// Available GPUs and policy flags.
+message ListGpusResponse {
+  repeated GpuInfo gpus = 1;
+  bool allow_attach_all = 2;
+}
+
+// Counts applied when reloading persistent VM state from disk.
+message ReloadVmsResponse {
+  uint32 loaded = 1;      // Number of VMs that were loaded
+  uint32 updated = 2;     // Number of VMs that were updated
+  uint32 removed = 3;     // Number of VMs that were removed
+}
+
+// Metadata for a single GPU discovered on the host.
+message GpuInfo {
+  string slot = 1;
+  string product_id = 2;
+  string description = 3;
+  bool is_free = 4;
+}
+
+// Exposes lifecycle and metadata management RPCs for dstack-vmm.
+service Vmm {
+  // RPC to create a VM
+  rpc CreateVm(VmConfiguration) returns (Id);
+  // RPC to start a VM
+  rpc StartVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // RPC to stop a VM
+  rpc StopVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // RPC to remove a VM
+  rpc RemoveVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // RPC to upgrade an app. Deprecated, use UpdateVm instead.
+  rpc UpgradeApp(UpdateVmRequest) returns (Id);
+  // RPC to update a VM
+  rpc UpdateVm(UpdateVmRequest) returns (Id);
+  // Shutdown a VM
+  rpc ShutdownVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // RPC to resize a VM. Deprecated, use UpdateVm instead.
+  rpc ResizeVm(ResizeVmRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // RPC to compute the compose hash, it's helpful for debugging & developing SDK.
+  rpc GetComposeHash(VmConfiguration) returns (ComposeHash);
+
+  // RPC to list all VMs
+  rpc Status(StatusRequest) returns (StatusResponse);
+  // RPC to list all available images
+  rpc ListImages(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ImageListResponse);
+
+  // Get Env encrypt public key
+  rpc GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey(AppId) returns (PublicKeyResponse);
+
+  // Get VM info by ID
+  rpc GetInfo(Id) returns (GetInfoResponse);
+
+  // Get version info of the dstack-vmm
+  rpc Version(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (VersionResponse);
+
+  // Get version info of the dstack-vmm
+  rpc GetMeta(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetMetaResponse);
+
+  // List GPUs
+  rpc ListGpus(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListGpusResponse);
+
+  // Reload VMs directory and sync with memory state
+  rpc ReloadVms(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ReloadVmsResponse);
+
+  // List all supervisor processes.
+  rpc SvList(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (SvListResponse);
+  // Stop a supervisor process by ID.
+  rpc SvStop(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // Remove a stopped supervisor process by ID.
+  rpc SvRemove(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+
+  // List images available in the configured OCI registry.
+  rpc ListRegistryImages(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (RegistryImageListResponse);
+  // Pull an image from the OCI registry to local storage.
+  rpc PullRegistryImage(PullRegistryImageRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+  // Delete a local guest image by name.
+  rpc DeleteImage(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
+}
+
+// Response containing a list of supervisor processes.
+message SvListResponse {
+  repeated SvProcessInfo processes = 1;
+}
+
+// Available images discovered from the OCI registry.
+message RegistryImageListResponse {
+  repeated RegistryImageInfo images = 1;
+}
+
+// Metadata for an image tag in the OCI registry.
+message RegistryImageInfo {
+  // Tag name (e.g., "0.5.8", "nvidia-0.5.8")
+  string tag = 1;
+  // Whether this image is already downloaded locally
+  bool local = 2;
+  // Whether this image is currently being pulled
+  bool pulling = 3;
+  // Error message from the last failed pull attempt (empty if no error)
+  string error = 4;
+}
+
+// Request to pull an image from the OCI registry.
+message PullRegistryImageRequest {
+  // Tag to pull (e.g., "0.5.8")
+  string tag = 1;
+}
+
+// Information about a single supervisor process.
+message SvProcessInfo {
+  string id = 1;
+  string name = 2;
+  // Status: "running", "stopped", "exited(<code>)", "error(<msg>)"
+  string status = 3;
+  optional uint32 pid = 4;
+  string command = 5;
+  string note = 6;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/rpc/src/generated.rs b/dstack/vmm/rpc/src/generated.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cf98c399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/rpc/src/generated.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+
+pub const FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/file_descriptor_set.bin"));
+
+include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/vmm.rs"));
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/rpc/src/lib.rs b/dstack/vmm/rpc/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4780ac98d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/rpc/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub use generated::*;
+
+mod generated;
+
+impl GpuConfig {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        if self.attach_mode == "all" {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.gpus.is_empty()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed628db71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3019 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::{
+    config::{Config, NetworkFilterMode, Networking, NetworkingMode, ProcessAnnotation, Protocol},
+    logrotate,
+    netd::{
+        self, InterfaceIdentity, PrepareBridgeRequest, PrepareMacvtapRequest,
+        Request as NetdRequest,
+    },
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use bon::Builder;
+use dstack_kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient;
+use dstack_types::mr_config::MrConfigV3;
+use dstack_types::shared_filenames::{
+    APP_COMPOSE, ENCRYPTED_ENV, INSTANCE_INFO, SYS_CONFIG, TEE_SIMULATOR_CONFIG, USER_CONFIG,
+};
+use dstack_vmm_rpc::{
+    self as pb, GpuInfo, ReloadVmsResponse, StatusRequest, StatusResponse, VmConfiguration,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use guest_api::client::DefaultClient as GuestClient;
+use id_pool::IdPool;
+use nix::unistd::Uid;
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use ra_rpc::client::RaClient;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard};
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+use supervisor_client::SupervisorClient;
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
+
+pub use image::{Image, ImageInfo};
+pub(crate) use network::{
+    resolve_networking, resolved_networks, validate_resolved_network, validate_resolved_networks,
+};
+pub use qemu::VmConfig;
+pub use workdir::VmWorkDir;
+
+mod host_share;
+mod id_pool;
+mod image;
+mod mr_config;
+mod network;
+mod qemu;
+pub(crate) mod registry;
+mod vm_info;
+mod workdir;
+
+fn signal_pidfd(pid: u32, signal: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    // SAFETY: pidfd syscalls receive scalar arguments and a null siginfo pointer.
+    let fd = unsafe { libc::syscall(libc::SYS_pidfd_open, pid, 0) };
+    if fd < 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+    }
+    let result = unsafe {
+        libc::syscall(
+            libc::SYS_pidfd_send_signal,
+            fd,
+            signal,
+            std::ptr::null::<libc::siginfo_t>(),
+            0,
+        )
+    };
+    // SAFETY: fd was returned by pidfd_open and is owned by this function.
+    unsafe { libc::close(fd as libc::c_int) };
+    if result < 0 {
+        Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PortMapping {
+    pub address: IpAddr,
+    pub protocol: Protocol,
+    pub from: u16,
+    pub to: u16,
+}
+
+/// An extra disk attached to the VM (e.g. a pre-baked verity volume). `source`
+/// is an absolute host path already resolved and validated by the VMM against
+/// `cvm.volumes_dir`.
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct VmVolume {
+    pub source: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Clone, Builder, Debug)]
+pub struct Manifest {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub app_id: String,
+    pub vcpu: u32,
+    pub memory: u32,
+    pub disk_size: u32,
+    pub image: String,
+    pub port_map: Vec<PortMapping>,
+    pub created_at_ms: u64,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub hugepages: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pin_numa: bool,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub gpus: Option<GpuConfig>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub kms_urls: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gateway_urls: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub no_tee: bool,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub simulated_tee: Option<dstack_types::TeeVariant>,
+    /// Deployment-time decision to attach QEMU swtpm.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub swtpm: bool,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub networks: Vec<Networking>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub volumes: Vec<VmVolume>,
+}
+
+impl Manifest {
+    pub fn from_json(value: serde_json::Value) -> serde_json::Result<Self> {
+        let mut map = value;
+        if let Some(obj) = map.as_object_mut() {
+            if !obj.contains_key("networks")
+                || obj["networks"].as_array().is_some_and(|a| a.is_empty())
+            {
+                if let Some(legacy) = obj.remove("networking") {
+                    obj.insert("networks".into(), serde_json::Value::Array(vec![legacy]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        serde_json::from_value(map)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum AttachMode {
+    All,
+    #[default]
+    Listed,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for AttachMode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            AttachMode::All => write!(f, "all"),
+            AttachMode::Listed => write!(f, "listed"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AttachMode {
+    pub fn is_all(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, AttachMode::All)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct GpuConfig {
+    pub attach_mode: AttachMode,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gpus: Vec<GpuSpec>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub bridges: Vec<GpuSpec>,
+}
+
+impl GpuConfig {
+    pub fn has_gpus(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.gpus.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        if self.attach_mode.is_all() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.gpus.is_empty() && self.bridges.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Round up a value to the nearest multiple of another value.
+/// If the value is already a multiple, it remains unchanged.
+pub(crate) fn round_up(value: u32, multiple: u32) -> u32 {
+    if multiple <= 1 {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    let remainder = value % multiple;
+    if remainder == 0 {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    value + (multiple - remainder)
+}
+
+/// Get the NUMA node associated with a PCI device.
+pub(crate) fn pci_numa_node(device: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    // Ensure the device string only contains valid hexadecimal characters and colons.
+    if !device
+        .chars()
+        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit() || c == ':' || c == '.')
+    {
+        bail!("Invalid device string");
+    }
+
+    let numa_node_path = format!("/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:{device}/numa_node");
+    let numa_node = fs::read_to_string(&numa_node_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read NUMA node from {numa_node_path}"))?
+        .trim()
+        .to_string();
+
+    // If the NUMA node is -1, default to 0.
+    if numa_node == "-1" {
+        return Ok("0".to_string());
+    }
+
+    Ok(numa_node)
+}
+
+/// NUMA nodes used by the QEMU hugepage layout.
+///
+/// This mirrors the launch path: only GPU devices determine the split, while
+/// bridges/NVSwitches are attached after the NUMA topology is constructed.  If
+/// no GPU is attached, QEMU still creates a single node (node 0).
+pub(crate) fn hugepage_numa_nodes(gpus: &GpuConfig) -> Result<HashMap<String, u32>> {
+    let mut numa_nodes = HashMap::new();
+
+    for device in &gpus.gpus {
+        let node = pci_numa_node(&device.slot)?;
+        *numa_nodes.entry(node).or_insert(0) += 1;
+    }
+
+    if numa_nodes.is_empty() {
+        numa_nodes.insert("0".to_string(), 0);
+    }
+
+    Ok(numa_nodes)
+}
+
+/// Effective vCPU count used for both QEMU `-smp` and SNP launch measurement.
+///
+/// QEMU launches at least one vCPU and, with hugepage NUMA layout enabled,
+/// rounds the vCPU count up so it can be split evenly across NUMA nodes.  The
+/// SEV-SNP launch measurement includes one measured VMSA page per vCPU, so the
+/// measurement input must use this same effective count rather than the raw
+/// manifest value.
+pub(crate) fn effective_vcpu_count(
+    requested_vcpu: u32,
+    hugepage_numa_node_count: Option<u32>,
+) -> u32 {
+    let vcpus = requested_vcpu.max(1);
+    match hugepage_numa_node_count {
+        Some(numa_nodes) => round_up(vcpus, numa_nodes.max(1)),
+        None => vcpus,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn effective_vcpu_count_for_manifest(
+    manifest: &Manifest,
+    gpus: &GpuConfig,
+) -> Result<u32> {
+    let numa_node_count = if manifest.hugepages {
+        Some(hugepage_numa_nodes(gpus)?.len() as u32)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    Ok(effective_vcpu_count(manifest.vcpu, numa_node_count))
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GpuSpec {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub slot: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum PullStatus {
+    Pulling,
+    Failed(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct App {
+    pub config: Arc<Config>,
+    pub supervisor: SupervisorClient,
+    state: Arc<Mutex<AppState>>,
+    /// Pull status for registry images: tag → status.
+    pub(crate) pull_status: Arc<Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<String, PullStatus>>>,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<'_, AppState> {
+        self.state.lock().or_panic("mutex poisoned")
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vm_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.config.run_path.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn work_dir(&self, id: &str) -> Result<VmWorkDir> {
+        validate_vm_id(id)?;
+        Ok(VmWorkDir::new(self.config.run_path.join(id)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn new(config: Config, supervisor: SupervisorClient) -> Self {
+        let cid_start = config.cvm.cid_start;
+        let cid_end = cid_start.saturating_add(config.cvm.cid_pool_size);
+        let cid_pool = IdPool::new(cid_start, cid_end);
+        Self {
+            supervisor: supervisor.clone(),
+            state: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AppState {
+                cid_pool,
+                vms: HashMap::new(),
+            })),
+            config: Arc::new(config),
+            pull_status: Arc::new(Mutex::new(std::collections::HashMap::new())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn load_vm(
+        &self,
+        work_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        cids_assigned: &HashMap<String, u32>,
+        auto_start: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let vm_work_dir = VmWorkDir::new(work_dir.as_ref());
+        let manifest = vm_work_dir.manifest().context("Failed to read manifest")?;
+        if manifest.image.len() > 64
+            || manifest.image.contains("..")
+            || !manifest
+                .image
+                .chars()
+                .all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' || c == '-' || c == '.')
+        {
+            bail!("Invalid image name");
+        }
+        let image_path = self.config.image.path.join(&manifest.image);
+        let image = Image::load(&image_path).context("Failed to load image")?;
+        let vm_id = manifest.id.clone();
+        let mut runtime_networks = vm_work_dir.runtime_networks();
+        if runtime_networks.is_empty() && cids_assigned.contains_key(&vm_id) {
+            runtime_networks = resolved_networks(&manifest, &self.config.cvm);
+            if let Err(err) = vm_work_dir.set_runtime_networks(&runtime_networks) {
+                warn!(id = %vm_id, "failed to persist inferred runtime networks: {err}");
+            }
+        }
+        let app_compose = vm_work_dir
+            .app_compose()
+            .context("Failed to read compose file")?;
+        {
+            let mut states = self.lock();
+            let cid = states
+                .get(&vm_id)
+                .map(|vm| vm.config.cid)
+                .or_else(|| cids_assigned.get(&vm_id).cloned())
+                .or_else(|| states.cid_pool.allocate())
+                .context("CID pool exhausted")?;
+            let vm_config = VmConfig {
+                manifest,
+                image,
+                cid,
+                workdir: vm_work_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+                gateway_enabled: app_compose.gateway_enabled(),
+            };
+            match states.get_mut(&vm_id) {
+                Some(vm) => {
+                    vm.config = vm_config.into();
+                    vm.state.runtime_networks = runtime_networks;
+                }
+                None => {
+                    let mut vm_state = VmState::new(vm_config);
+                    vm_state.state.runtime_networks = runtime_networks;
+                    states.add(vm_state);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        if auto_start && vm_work_dir.started().unwrap_or_default() {
+            self.start_vm(&vm_id).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn start_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_vm_with_restart_policy(id, true).await
+    }
+
+    async fn start_vm_with_restart_policy(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        reset_restart_policy: bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if reset_restart_policy {
+            if let Some(vm) = self.lock().get_mut(id) {
+                vm.state.auto_restart.reset();
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            let state = self.lock();
+            if let Some(vm) = state.get(id) {
+                if vm.state.removing {
+                    bail!("VM is being removed");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.sync_dynamic_config(id)?;
+        let is_running = self
+            .supervisor
+            .info(id)
+            .await?
+            .is_some_and(|info| info.state.status.is_running());
+        self.set_started(id, true)?;
+        let vm_config = {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            let vm_state = state.get_mut(id).context("VM not found")?;
+            // Older images does not support for progress reporting
+            if vm_state.config.image.info.shared_ro {
+                vm_state.state.start(is_running);
+            } else {
+                vm_state.state.reset_na();
+            }
+            vm_state.config.clone()
+        };
+        if !is_running {
+            let work_dir = self.work_dir(id)?;
+            for path in [work_dir.serial_pty(), work_dir.qmp_socket()] {
+                if path.symlink_metadata().is_ok() {
+                    fs::remove_file(path)?;
+                }
+            }
+            // Archive the previous boot into segments, which also clears the
+            // live logs for this boot. QEMU runs with logappend=on and no
+            // longer truncates serial.log on open, so a boot is simply another
+            // rotation trigger and boot boundaries land on segment boundaries.
+            for path in rotatable_logs(&work_dir, true) {
+                rotate_log(&path, self.config.cvm.log.max_backups);
+                // The logs are opened in append mode, so this marks the start
+                // of the new boot rather than replacing anything.
+                append_boot_separator(&path);
+            }
+
+            let mut runtime_networks = resolved_networks(&vm_config.manifest, &self.config.cvm);
+            let devices = self.try_allocate_gpus(&vm_config.manifest)?;
+            let gpu_host_config = self.config.cvm.gpu.clone();
+            let devices_to_sanitize = devices.clone();
+            tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+                crate::gpu_reset::sanitize_on_attach(&gpu_host_config, &devices_to_sanitize)
+            })
+            .await
+            .context("GPU sanitization task failed")??;
+            if let Err(error) = self
+                .prepare_filtered_networks(&vm_config, &mut runtime_networks)
+                .await
+            {
+                let _ = work_dir.clear_runtime_networks();
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+            let processes = match vm_config.config_qemu(
+                &work_dir,
+                &self.config.cvm,
+                &devices,
+                &runtime_networks,
+            ) {
+                Ok(processes) => processes,
+                Err(error) => {
+                    let _ = self
+                        .remove_filtered_networks(&vm_config.manifest.id, &runtime_networks)
+                        .await;
+                    return Err(error);
+                }
+            };
+            if let Err(error) = work_dir.set_runtime_networks(&runtime_networks) {
+                let _ = self
+                    .remove_filtered_networks(&vm_config.manifest.id, &runtime_networks)
+                    .await;
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+            {
+                let mut state = self.lock();
+                let vm_state = state.get_mut(id).context("VM not found")?;
+                vm_state.state.runtime_networks = runtime_networks.clone();
+            }
+            for process in processes {
+                if let Err(err) = self.supervisor.deploy(&process).await {
+                    if let Err(cleanup_error) = self
+                        .remove_filtered_networks(&vm_config.manifest.id, &runtime_networks)
+                        .await
+                    {
+                        warn!(id, %cleanup_error, "failed to roll back filtered networking");
+                    }
+                    if let Err(clear_err) = work_dir.clear_runtime_networks() {
+                        warn!(
+                            id,
+                            "failed to clear runtime networks after start failure: {clear_err}"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if let Some(vm_state) = self.lock().get_mut(id) {
+                        vm_state.state.runtime_networks.clear();
+                    }
+                    return Err(err)
+                        .with_context(|| format!("failed to start process {}", process.id));
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            let vm_state = state.get_mut(id).context("VM not found")?;
+            vm_state.state.devices = devices;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn set_started(&self, id: &str, started: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id)?;
+        work_dir
+            .set_started(started)
+            .context("Failed to set started")
+    }
+
+    pub async fn stop_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        if let Some(vm) = self.lock().get_mut(id) {
+            vm.state.auto_restart.reset();
+        }
+        self.set_started(id, false)?;
+        self.stop_vm_process(id).await?;
+        let networks = self.work_dir(id)?.runtime_networks();
+        self.remove_filtered_networks(id, &networks).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn prepare_filtered_networks(
+        &self,
+        vm: &VmConfig,
+        networks: &mut [Networking],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.config.cvm.network_filter.mode == NetworkFilterMode::None
+            && !networks
+                .iter()
+                .any(|network| network.mode == NetworkingMode::Macvtap)
+        {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let qemu_uid = Uid::effective().as_raw();
+        let mut prepared = Vec::new();
+        for (nic_index, network) in networks.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            if network.mode == NetworkingMode::Bridge
+                && self.config.cvm.network_filter.mode == NetworkFilterMode::None
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let identity = InterfaceIdentity {
+                instance_id: self.config.cvm.instance_id.clone(),
+                vm_id: vm.manifest.id.clone(),
+                nic_index,
+            };
+            let mac = network::mac_address_for_vm_index(
+                &vm.manifest.id,
+                &network.mac_prefix_bytes(),
+                nic_index,
+            );
+            let request = match network.mode {
+                NetworkingMode::Bridge => NetdRequest::PrepareBridge(PrepareBridgeRequest {
+                    identity: identity.clone(),
+                    bridge: network.bridge.clone(),
+                    mac,
+                    qemu_uid,
+                    filter: self.config.cvm.network_filter.filter.clone(),
+                    parameters: self.config.cvm.network_filter.parameters.clone(),
+                }),
+                NetworkingMode::Macvtap => NetdRequest::PrepareMacvtap(PrepareMacvtapRequest {
+                    identity: identity.clone(),
+                    parent: network.parent.clone(),
+                    mac,
+                    qemu_uid,
+                    mode: network.macvtap_mode.clone(),
+                }),
+                NetworkingMode::User | NetworkingMode::Custom => continue,
+            };
+            let response = match netd::request(&self.config.netd.socket, &request).await {
+                Ok(response) => response,
+                Err(error) => {
+                    // The client may have timed out while netd was still finishing
+                    // this Prepare. Remove the in-flight identity first; netd's
+                    // serialized accept loop processes it after Prepare completes.
+                    if let Err(cleanup_error) = netd::request(
+                        &self.config.netd.socket,
+                        &NetdRequest::Remove {
+                            identity: identity.clone(),
+                        },
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    {
+                        warn!(%cleanup_error, "failed to roll back in-flight filtered network");
+                    }
+                    for identity in prepared.into_iter().rev() {
+                        if let Err(cleanup_error) = netd::request(
+                            &self.config.netd.socket,
+                            &NetdRequest::Remove { identity },
+                        )
+                        .await
+                        {
+                            warn!(%cleanup_error, "failed to roll back prepared filtered network");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return Err(error).context("failed to prepare libvirt-filtered networking");
+                }
+            };
+            if network.mode == NetworkingMode::Macvtap {
+                network.device = response
+                    .device
+                    .context("netd response omitted macvtap device")?;
+            }
+            prepared.push(identity);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn remove_filtered_networks(
+        &self,
+        vm_id: &str,
+        networks: &[Networking],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.config.cvm.network_filter.mode == NetworkFilterMode::None
+            && !networks
+                .iter()
+                .any(|network| network.mode == NetworkingMode::Macvtap)
+        {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let mut first_error = None;
+        for (nic_index, network) in networks.iter().enumerate().rev() {
+            if network.mode == NetworkingMode::Bridge
+                && self.config.cvm.network_filter.mode == NetworkFilterMode::None
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !matches!(
+                network.mode,
+                NetworkingMode::Bridge | NetworkingMode::Macvtap
+            ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let identity = InterfaceIdentity {
+                instance_id: self.config.cvm.instance_id.clone(),
+                vm_id: vm_id.to_string(),
+                nic_index,
+            };
+            if let Err(error) =
+                netd::request(&self.config.netd.socket, &NetdRequest::Remove { identity }).await
+            {
+                first_error.get_or_insert(error);
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(error) = first_error {
+            return Err(error).context("failed to remove libvirt-filtered networking");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn stop_vm_process(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(info) = self.supervisor.info(id).await? else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        // Non-TPM VMs run QEMU directly and keep the existing Supervisor stop
+        // path. Only the TPM launcher's hidden subcommand implements graceful
+        // child-process shutdown.
+        if info.config.args.first().map(String::as_str) != Some("vm-launcher") {
+            return self.supervisor.stop(id).await;
+        }
+        if info.state.status.is_running() {
+            let pid = info.state.pid.context("running VM launcher has no PID")?;
+            if let Err(error) = signal_pidfd(pid, libc::SIGTERM) {
+                warn!(id, %pid, %error, "failed to signal VM launcher gracefully; forcing shutdown");
+                return self.supervisor.stop(id).await;
+            }
+            for _ in 0..150 {
+                tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+                let running = self
+                    .supervisor
+                    .info(id)
+                    .await?
+                    .is_some_and(|info| info.state.status.is_running());
+                if !running {
+                    // Synchronize Supervisor's `started` flag after the launcher
+                    // completed its graceful child cleanup.
+                    return self.supervisor.stop(id).await;
+                }
+            }
+            warn!(id, "VM launcher did not stop gracefully; forcing shutdown");
+        }
+        self.supervisor.stop(id).await
+    }
+
+    pub async fn remove_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            let vm = state.get_mut(id).context("VM not found")?;
+            if vm.state.removing {
+                // Already being removed — idempotent
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            vm.state.removing = true;
+        }
+
+        // Persist the removing marker so crash recovery can resume
+        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id)?;
+        if let Err(err) = work_dir.set_removing() {
+            warn!("failed to write .removing marker for {id}: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        // User-initiated removal always deletes the workdir
+        let app = self.clone();
+        let id = id.to_string();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            if let Err(err) = app.finish_remove_vm(&id, true).await {
+                error!("Background cleanup failed for {id}: {err:?}");
+            }
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Background cleanup: stop supervisor process, wait for it to exit,
+    /// remove from supervisor, optionally delete workdir, and free CID.
+    ///
+    /// `delete_workdir`: true for user-initiated removal, false for orphan cleanup.
+    async fn finish_remove_vm(&self, id: &str, delete_workdir: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        // Stop the supervisor process (idempotent if already stopped)
+        if let Err(err) = self.stop_vm_process(id).await {
+            debug!("graceful VM stop during removal failed: {err:?}");
+        }
+
+        // Poll until the process is no longer running, then remove it.
+        // Some VMs take a long time to stop (e.g. 2+ hours), so we wait indefinitely.
+        let mut poll_count: u64 = 0;
+        loop {
+            match self.supervisor.info(id).await {
+                Ok(Some(info)) if info.state.status.is_running() => {
+                    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
+                    poll_count += 1;
+                    if poll_count.is_multiple_of(30) {
+                        info!(
+                            "VM {id} still running after {}m during removal, waiting...",
+                            poll_count * 2 / 60
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(Some(_)) => {
+                    // Not running — remove from supervisor
+                    if let Err(err) = self.supervisor.remove(id).await {
+                        warn!("supervisor.remove({id}) failed: {err:?}");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                Ok(None) => {
+                    // Already gone from supervisor
+                    break;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    warn!("supervisor.info({id}) failed during removal: {err:?}");
+                    tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let runtime_networks = self.work_dir(id)?.runtime_networks();
+        if let Err(error) = self.remove_filtered_networks(id, &runtime_networks).await {
+            warn!(id, %error, "failed to remove filtered networking during VM removal");
+        }
+
+        // Only delete the workdir for user-initiated removal or if .removing marker exists.
+        // Orphaned supervisor processes without the marker keep their data intact.
+        let vm_path = self.work_dir(id)?;
+        if delete_workdir || vm_path.is_removing() {
+            if vm_path.path().exists() {
+                if let Err(err) = fs::remove_dir_all(&vm_path) {
+                    error!("failed to remove VM directory for {id}: {err:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        } else if vm_path.path().exists() {
+            info!(
+                "VM {id} workdir preserved (orphan cleanup): {}",
+                vm_path.path().display()
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Free CID and remove from memory (last step)
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            if let Some(vm_state) = state.remove(id) {
+                state.cid_pool.free(vm_state.config.cid);
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!("VM {id} removed successfully");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Spawn a background task to clean up a VM (stop + remove from supervisor).
+    /// Workdir deletion is based on the `.removing` marker (only present for user-initiated removal).
+    /// Returns false if a cleanup task is already running for this VM.
+    fn spawn_finish_remove(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            if let Some(vm) = state.get_mut(id) {
+                if vm.state.removing {
+                    // Already being cleaned up — skip
+                    return false;
+                }
+                vm.state.removing = true;
+            }
+            // If VM is not in memory (e.g. orphaned supervisor process), no entry to guard
+            // but we still need to clean up the supervisor process.
+        }
+        let app = self.clone();
+        let id = id.to_string();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            // Don't pass delete_workdir=true; rely on .removing marker check inside
+            if let Err(err) = app.finish_remove_vm(&id, false).await {
+                error!("Background cleanup failed for {id}: {err:?}");
+            }
+        });
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub async fn reload_vms(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let vm_path = self.vm_dir();
+        let running_vms = self.supervisor.list().await.context("Failed to list VMs")?;
+        let running_vms: Vec<(ProcessAnnotation, _)> = running_vms
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| (serde_json::from_str(&p.config.note).unwrap_or_default(), p))
+            .collect();
+        let occupied_cids = running_vms
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(note, _)| note.is_cvm())
+            .flat_map(|(_, p)| p.config.cid.map(|cid| (p.config.id.clone(), cid)))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            for (vm_id, cid) in occupied_cids.iter() {
+                // These CIDs come from processes that are already running, not
+                // from the pool, so a CID left over from an earlier cid_start /
+                // cid_pool_size must not stop the VMM from starting.
+                if let Err(err) = state.cid_pool.occupy(*cid) {
+                    warn!(id = %vm_id, "not tracking cid {cid} in the pool: {err}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Track VMs with .removing marker — load them but resume cleanup
+        let mut removing_ids = Vec::new();
+
+        if vm_path.exists() {
+            for entry in fs::read_dir(&vm_path).context("Failed to read VM directory")? {
+                let entry = entry.context("Failed to read directory entry")?;
+                let vm_path = entry.path();
+                if vm_path.is_dir() {
+                    let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(&vm_path);
+                    let is_removing = workdir.is_removing();
+                    // Load all VMs into memory (including removing ones, so they show in UI)
+                    if let Err(err) = self.load_vm(&vm_path, &occupied_cids, !is_removing).await {
+                        error!("Failed to load VM: {err:?}");
+                    }
+                    if is_removing {
+                        if let Some(id) = vm_path.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()) {
+                            info!("Found VM {id} with .removing marker, resuming cleanup");
+                            removing_ids.push(id.to_string());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Resume cleanup for VMs with .removing marker
+        for id in removing_ids {
+            self.spawn_finish_remove(&id);
+        }
+
+        // Clean up orphaned supervisor processes (in supervisor but not loaded as VMs)
+        let loaded_vm_ids: HashSet<String> = self.lock().vms.keys().cloned().collect();
+        for (_, process) in &running_vms {
+            if !loaded_vm_ids.contains(&process.config.id) {
+                info!(
+                    "Cleaning up orphaned supervisor process: {}",
+                    process.config.id
+                );
+                self.spawn_finish_remove(&process.config.id);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Reload VMs directory and sync with memory state while preserving statistics
+    pub async fn reload_vms_sync(&self) -> Result<ReloadVmsResponse> {
+        let vm_path = self.vm_dir();
+        let mut loaded = 0u32;
+        let mut updated = 0u32;
+        let mut removed = 0u32;
+
+        // Get running VMs to preserve CIDs and process info
+        let running_vms = self.supervisor.list().await.context("Failed to list VMs")?;
+        let running_vms_map: HashMap<String, _> = running_vms
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| (p.config.id.clone(), p))
+            .collect();
+        let occupied_cids = running_vms_map
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, p)| {
+                serde_json::from_str::<ProcessAnnotation>(&p.config.note)
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
+                    .is_cvm()
+            })
+            .flat_map(|(id, p)| p.config.cid.map(|cid| (id.clone(), cid)))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+
+        // Rebuild the CID pool from every CID that is still spoken for
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            let reserved = cids_to_reserve(
+                &occupied_cids,
+                state.vms.iter().map(|(id, vm)| (id.clone(), vm.config.cid)),
+            );
+            state.cid_pool.clear();
+            for (cid, vm_id) in reserved {
+                // Same as in reload_vms(): an out-of-range CID from an earlier
+                // configuration is reported, not fatal.
+                if let Err(err) = state.cid_pool.occupy(cid) {
+                    warn!(id = %vm_id, "not tracking cid {cid} in the pool: {err}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get VM IDs from filesystem
+        let mut fs_vm_ids = HashSet::new();
+        if vm_path.exists() {
+            for entry in fs::read_dir(&vm_path).context("Failed to read VM directory")? {
+                let entry = entry.context("Failed to read directory entry")?;
+                let vm_dir_path = entry.path();
+                if vm_dir_path.is_dir() {
+                    // Try to get VM ID from directory name or manifest
+                    if let Some(vm_id) = vm_dir_path.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()) {
+                        fs_vm_ids.insert(vm_id.to_string());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get VM IDs currently in memory and their CIDs
+        let (memory_vm_ids, existing_cids): (HashSet<String>, HashSet<u32>) = {
+            let state = self.lock();
+            (
+                state.vms.keys().cloned().collect(),
+                state.vms.values().map(|vm| vm.config.cid).collect(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        // Remove VMs that no longer exist in filesystem
+        let to_remove: Vec<String> = memory_vm_ids.difference(&fs_vm_ids).cloned().collect();
+        for vm_id in &to_remove {
+            if self.spawn_finish_remove(vm_id) {
+                removed += 1;
+                info!("VM {vm_id} scheduled for removal (directory no longer exists)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Load or update VMs from filesystem
+        let mut removing_ids = Vec::new();
+        if vm_path.exists() {
+            for entry in fs::read_dir(vm_path).context("Failed to read VM directory")? {
+                let entry = entry.context("Failed to read directory entry")?;
+                let vm_path = entry.path();
+                if vm_path.is_dir() {
+                    let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(&vm_path);
+                    let is_removing = workdir.is_removing();
+                    // Load all VMs (including removing ones, so they show in UI)
+                    match self
+                        .load_or_update_vm(&vm_path, &occupied_cids, !is_removing)
+                        .await
+                    {
+                        Ok(is_new) => {
+                            if is_new {
+                                loaded += 1;
+                            } else {
+                                updated += 1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            error!("Failed to load or update VM: {err:?}");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if is_removing {
+                        if let Some(id) = vm_path.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()) {
+                            removing_ids.push(id.to_string());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for id in &removing_ids {
+            if self.spawn_finish_remove(id) {
+                info!("Resuming cleanup for VM {id} (.removing marker)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clean up any orphaned CIDs that aren't being used
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            let used_cids: HashSet<u32> = state.vms.values().map(|vm| vm.config.cid).collect();
+            let orphaned_cids: Vec<u32> = existing_cids.difference(&used_cids).cloned().collect();
+            for cid in orphaned_cids {
+                state.cid_pool.free(cid);
+                info!("Released orphaned CID {cid}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(ReloadVmsResponse {
+            loaded,
+            updated,
+            removed,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Load or update a VM, preserving existing statistics
+    async fn load_or_update_vm(
+        &self,
+        work_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        cids_assigned: &HashMap<String, u32>,
+        auto_start: bool,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        let vm_work_dir = VmWorkDir::new(work_dir.as_ref());
+        let manifest = vm_work_dir.manifest().context("Failed to read manifest")?;
+        if manifest.image.len() > 64
+            || manifest.image.contains("..")
+            || !manifest
+                .image
+                .chars()
+                .all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' || c == '-' || c == '.')
+        {
+            bail!("Invalid image name");
+        }
+        let image_path = self.config.image.path.join(&manifest.image);
+        let image = Image::load(&image_path).context("Failed to load image")?;
+        let vm_id = manifest.id.clone();
+        let already_running = cids_assigned.contains_key(&vm_id);
+        let mut runtime_networks = vm_work_dir.runtime_networks();
+        if runtime_networks.is_empty() && already_running {
+            runtime_networks = resolved_networks(&manifest, &self.config.cvm);
+            if let Err(err) = vm_work_dir.set_runtime_networks(&runtime_networks) {
+                warn!(id = %vm_id, "failed to persist inferred runtime networks: {err}");
+            }
+        }
+        let app_compose = vm_work_dir
+            .app_compose()
+            .context("Failed to read compose file")?;
+
+        let mut is_new = false;
+        {
+            let mut states = self.lock();
+
+            // For existing VMs, keep their current CID
+            // For new VMs, try to use assigned CID or allocate a new one
+            let cid = if let Some(existing_vm) = states.get(&vm_id) {
+                // Keep existing CID
+                existing_vm.config.cid
+            } else if let Some(assigned_cid) = cids_assigned.get(&vm_id) {
+                // Use assigned CID from running processes
+                *assigned_cid
+            } else {
+                // Allocate new CID only for truly new VMs
+                states.cid_pool.allocate().context("CID pool exhausted")?
+            };
+
+            let vm_config = VmConfig {
+                manifest,
+                image,
+                cid,
+                workdir: vm_work_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
+                gateway_enabled: app_compose.gateway_enabled(),
+            };
+
+            match states.get_mut(&vm_id) {
+                Some(vm) => {
+                    // Update existing VM but preserve statistics and CID
+                    let mut old_state = vm.state.clone();
+                    if old_state.runtime_networks.is_empty() {
+                        old_state.runtime_networks = runtime_networks;
+                    }
+                    vm.config = vm_config.into();
+                    vm.state = old_state; // Preserve the existing state with statistics
+                }
+                None => {
+                    // Assigned CIDs were occupied above, while allocate() reserves a new CID.
+                    let mut vm_state = VmState::new(vm_config);
+                    vm_state.state.runtime_networks = runtime_networks;
+                    states.add(vm_state);
+                    is_new = true;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        if auto_start && vm_work_dir.started().unwrap_or_default() {
+            if already_running {
+                info!("Skipping, {vm_id} is already running");
+            } else {
+                self.start_vm(&vm_id).await?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(is_new)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn list_vms(&self, request: StatusRequest) -> Result<StatusResponse> {
+        let vms = self
+            .supervisor
+            .list()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to list VMs")?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| (p.config.id.clone(), p))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+
+        let mut infos = self
+            .lock()
+            .iter_vms()
+            .filter(|vm| {
+                if !request.ids.is_empty() && !request.ids.contains(&vm.config.manifest.id) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if request.keyword.is_empty() {
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    vm.config.manifest.name.contains(&request.keyword)
+                        || vm.config.manifest.id.contains(&request.keyword)
+                        || vm.config.manifest.app_id.contains(&request.keyword)
+                        || vm.config.manifest.image.contains(&request.keyword)
+                }
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        infos.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            a.config
+                .manifest
+                .created_at_ms
+                .cmp(&b.config.manifest.created_at_ms)
+        });
+
+        let total = infos.len() as u32;
+        let vms = paginate(infos, request.page, request.page_size)
+            .map(|vm| {
+                let work_dir = self.work_dir(&vm.config.manifest.id)?;
+                let info = vm.merged_info(vms.get(&vm.config.manifest.id), &work_dir);
+                Ok(info.to_pb(&self.config.gateway, &self.config.cvm, request.brief))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+        Ok(StatusResponse {
+            vms,
+            port_mapping_enabled: self.config.cvm.port_mapping.enabled,
+            total,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn list_images(&self) -> Result<Vec<(String, ImageInfo)>> {
+        let image_path = self.config.image.path.clone();
+        let images = fs::read_dir(image_path).context("Failed to read image directory")?;
+        Ok(images
+            .flat_map(|entry| {
+                let path = entry.ok()?.path();
+                let img = Image::load(&path).ok()?;
+                Some((path.file_name()?.to_string_lossy().to_string(), img.info))
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    pub async fn vm_info(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<pb::VmInfo>> {
+        let proc_state = self.supervisor.info(id).await?;
+        let state = self.lock();
+        let Some(vm_state) = state.get(id) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        let info = vm_state
+            .merged_info(proc_state.as_ref(), &self.work_dir(id)?)
+            .to_pb(&self.config.gateway, &self.config.cvm, false);
+        Ok(Some(info))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vm_event_report(&self, cid: u32, event: &str, body: String) -> Result<()> {
+        info!(cid, event, "VM event");
+        if body.len() > 1024 * 4 {
+            error!("Event body too large, skipping");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let mut state = self.lock();
+        let Some(vm) = state.vms.values_mut().find(|vm| vm.config.cid == cid) else {
+            bail!("VM not found");
+        };
+        vm.state.events.push_back(pb::GuestEvent {
+            event: event.into(),
+            body: body.clone(),
+            timestamp: SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .as_millis() as u64,
+        });
+        while vm.state.events.len() > self.config.event_buffer_size {
+            vm.state.events.pop_front();
+        }
+        match event {
+            "boot.progress" => {
+                vm.state.boot_progress = body;
+            }
+            "boot.error" => {
+                vm.state.boot_error = body;
+            }
+            "shutdown.progress" => {
+                if body == "powering off" {
+                    self.set_started(&vm.config.manifest.id, false)?;
+                }
+                vm.state.shutdown_progress = body;
+            }
+            "instance.info" => {
+                let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(vm.config.workdir.clone());
+                let instancd_info_path = workdir.instance_info_path();
+                safe_write::safe_write(&instancd_info_path, &body)?;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                error!("Guest reported unknown event: {event}");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn compose_file_path(&self, id: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        Ok(self.shared_dir(id)?.join(APP_COMPOSE))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn encrypted_env_path(&self, id: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        Ok(self.shared_dir(id)?.join(ENCRYPTED_ENV))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn user_config_path(&self, id: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        Ok(self.shared_dir(id)?.join(USER_CONFIG))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn shared_dir(&self, id: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        validate_vm_id(id)?;
+        Ok(self.config.run_path.join(id).join("shared"))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn prepare_work_dir(
+        &self,
+        id: &str,
+        req: &VmConfiguration,
+        app_id: &str,
+    ) -> Result<VmWorkDir> {
+        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id)?;
+        let shared_dir = work_dir.join("shared");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&shared_dir).context("Failed to create shared directory")?;
+        fs::write(shared_dir.join(APP_COMPOSE), &req.compose_file)
+            .context("Failed to write compose file")?;
+        if !req.encrypted_env.is_empty() {
+            fs::write(shared_dir.join(ENCRYPTED_ENV), &req.encrypted_env)
+                .context("Failed to write encrypted env")?;
+        }
+        if !req.user_config.is_empty() {
+            fs::write(shared_dir.join(USER_CONFIG), &req.user_config)
+                .context("Failed to write user config")?;
+        }
+        if !app_id.is_empty() {
+            let instance_info = json!({
+                "app_id": app_id,
+            });
+            fs::write(
+                shared_dir.join(INSTANCE_INFO),
+                serde_json::to_string(&instance_info)?,
+            )
+            .context("Failed to write vm config")?;
+        }
+        Ok(work_dir)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn sync_dynamic_config(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id)?;
+        let shared_dir = self.shared_dir(id)?;
+        let manifest = work_dir.manifest().context("Failed to read manifest")?;
+        let cfg = &self.config;
+        let compose_hash = sha256_file(shared_dir.join(APP_COMPOSE))?;
+        let app_compose = work_dir
+            .app_compose()
+            .context("Failed to get app compose")?;
+        let mr_config = work_dir
+            .prepare_mr_config(&manifest, &cfg.cvm, &app_compose)
+            .context("Failed to prepare mr_config")?;
+        let sys_config_str = make_sys_config(
+            cfg,
+            &manifest,
+            &hex::encode(compose_hash),
+            mr_config,
+            app_compose.requirements.as_ref(),
+        )?;
+        fs::write(shared_dir.join(SYS_CONFIG), &sys_config_str)
+            .context("Failed to write vm config")?;
+        let simulator_config = simulator_config_for_manifest(&self.config.cvm, &manifest)?;
+        sync_tee_simulator_config(&shared_dir, simulator_config.as_ref(), &sys_config_str)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn kms_client(&self) -> Result<KmsClient<RaClient>> {
+        if self.config.kms_url.is_empty() {
+            bail!("KMS is not configured");
+        }
+        let url = format!("{}/prpc", self.config.kms_url);
+        let prpc_client = RaClient::new(url, true)?;
+        Ok(KmsClient::new(prpc_client))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn guest_agent_client(&self, id: &str) -> Result<GuestClient> {
+        let cid = self.lock().get(id).context("vm not found")?.config.cid;
+        Ok(guest_api::client::new_client(format!(
+            "vsock://{cid}:8000/api"
+        )))
+    }
+
+    fn try_allocate_gpus(&self, manifest: &Manifest) -> Result<GpuConfig> {
+        if !self.config.cvm.gpu.enabled {
+            return Ok(GpuConfig::default());
+        }
+        Ok(manifest.gpus.clone().unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn list_gpus(&self) -> Result<Vec<GpuInfo>> {
+        if !self.config.cvm.gpu.enabled {
+            return Ok(Vec::new());
+        }
+        let gpus = self
+            .config
+            .cvm
+            .gpu
+            .list_devices()?
+            .iter()
+            .map(|dev| GpuInfo {
+                slot: dev.slot.clone(),
+                product_id: dev.full_product_id().clone(),
+                description: dev.description.clone(),
+                is_free: !dev.in_use(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(gpus)
+    }
+
+    /// Rotate any live log that has grown past the configured cap.
+    pub(crate) async fn rotate_oversized_logs(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let max_bytes = self.config.cvm.log.max_bytes;
+        if max_bytes == 0 {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let max_backups = self.config.cvm.log.max_backups;
+        let running = self
+            .supervisor
+            .list()
+            .await
+            .context("failed to list VMs")?
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|process| process.state.status.is_running());
+        for process in running {
+            let Ok(work_dir) = self.work_dir(&process.config.id) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let serial = serial_log_is_rotatable(&process.config.note);
+            for path in rotatable_logs(&work_dir, serial) {
+                if let Some(rotated) = logrotate::rotate_if_oversized(&path, max_bytes, max_backups)
+                {
+                    logrotate::append_rotation_note(&path, &rotated);
+                    info!(
+                        id = process.config.id,
+                        log = %path.display(),
+                        bytes = rotated.bytes,
+                        "rotated oversized log"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn try_restart_exited_vms(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let running_vms = self
+            .supervisor
+            .list()
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to list VMs")?
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|v| v.state.status.is_running())
+            .map(|v| v.config.id.clone())
+            .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+        let now = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut restart_vms = Vec::new();
+        {
+            let mut state = self.lock();
+            for vm in state.vms.values_mut() {
+                let id = &vm.config.manifest.id;
+                if vm.state.removing {
+                    vm.state.auto_restart.reset();
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if running_vms.contains(id) {
+                    if vm
+                        .state
+                        .auto_restart
+                        .observe_running(now, self.config.cvm.auto_restart.reset_window)
+                    {
+                        info!(
+                            id,
+                            "automatic restart retry budget reset after healthy window"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let Ok(workdir) = self.work_dir(id) else {
+                    warn!(id, "skipping restart: invalid VM id");
+                    vm.state.auto_restart.reset();
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let started = workdir.started().unwrap_or(false);
+                if !started {
+                    vm.state.auto_restart.reset();
+                    continue;
+                }
+                match vm
+                    .state
+                    .auto_restart
+                    .observe_exited(now, &self.config.cvm.auto_restart)
+                {
+                    AutoRestartDecision::Scheduled { delay_secs } => {
+                        info!(id, delay_secs, "automatic restart scheduled");
+                    }
+                    AutoRestartDecision::Restart {
+                        attempt,
+                        next_delay_secs,
+                    } => {
+                        info!(id, attempt, next_delay_secs, "automatic restart attempt");
+                        restart_vms.push(id.clone());
+                    }
+                    AutoRestartDecision::Exhausted { attempts } => {
+                        warn!(id, attempts, "automatic restart retry limit exhausted");
+                        vm.state.events.push_back(pb::GuestEvent {
+                            event: "vmm.auto_restart.exhausted".into(),
+                            body: format!(
+                                "Automatic restart stopped after {attempts} failed attempts"
+                            ),
+                            timestamp: SystemTime::now()
+                                .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                                .unwrap_or_default()
+                                .as_millis() as u64,
+                        });
+                        while vm.state.events.len() > self.config.event_buffer_size {
+                            vm.state.events.pop_front();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    AutoRestartDecision::Wait => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for id in restart_vms {
+            // A manual stop may have landed after the restart decision was made.
+            let Ok(workdir) = self.work_dir(&id) else {
+                warn!(id, "skipping restart: invalid VM id");
+                continue;
+            };
+            if !workdir.started().unwrap_or(false) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Err(error) = self.start_vm_with_restart_policy(&id, false).await {
+                warn!(id, %error, "automatic restart attempt failed");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Leading bytes of the separator written by [`append_boot_separator`].
+///
+/// Written to stdout, stderr and the serial log at each boot so a log read in
+/// isolation still shows where a boot began.
+const BOOT_SEPARATOR_PREFIX: &str = "\n===== boot @ ";
+
+/// Append a boot separator line with timestamp to an append-mode log file.
+fn append_boot_separator(path: &std::path::Path) {
+    use std::io::Write;
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Ok(mut file) = fs::OpenOptions::new().append(true).open(path) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let timestamp = humantime::format_rfc3339_seconds(std::time::SystemTime::now());
+    let _ = writeln!(file, "{BOOT_SEPARATOR_PREFIX}{timestamp} =====\n");
+}
+
+/// Logs a CVM writes into its work directory, subject to retention.
+///
+/// stdout and stderr are written by the supervisor, which always opens them
+/// with `append(true)` and reopens them when they change, so they satisfy
+/// [`crate::logrotate`]'s contract no matter which VMM launched the VM.
+/// serial.log is written by QEMU, whose fd only appends when *we* passed
+/// `logappend=on`, so it is included only when `serial` says so.
+fn rotatable_logs(work_dir: &VmWorkDir, serial: bool) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    let mut paths = vec![work_dir.stdout_file(), work_dir.stderr_file()];
+    if serial {
+        paths.push(work_dir.serial_file());
+    }
+    paths
+}
+
+/// Rotate a log and record where its output went.
+///
+/// The rotation itself is generic (see [`crate::logrotate`]); the note is here
+/// because the VMM log API serves only the live file.
+fn rotate_log(path: &Path, max_backups: usize) {
+    if let Some(rotated) = logrotate::rotate(path, max_backups) {
+        logrotate::append_rotation_note(path, &rotated);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a supervised process's serial log may be rotated in place.
+///
+/// Rotation truncates the log while QEMU holds it open, which only works when
+/// QEMU opened it with `logappend=on`. Anything we cannot positively confirm —
+/// an annotation from an older VMM, an unparseable note — answers `false`.
+fn serial_log_is_rotatable(note: &str) -> bool {
+    serde_json::from_str::<ProcessAnnotation>(note)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .serial_logappend
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn simulator_config_for_manifest(
+    cvm: &crate::config::CvmConfig,
+    manifest: &Manifest,
+) -> Result<Option<dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig>> {
+    let Some(platform) = manifest.simulated_tee else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let mut config = cvm
+        .tee_simulator
+        .clone()
+        .context("tee simulator credentials are not configured on this VMM")?;
+    config.platform = platform;
+    Ok(Some(config))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn sync_tee_simulator_config(
+    shared_dir: &Path,
+    simulator_config: Option<&dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig>,
+    sys_config: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let path = shared_dir.join(TEE_SIMULATOR_CONFIG);
+    let Some(simulator_config) = simulator_config else {
+        if path.exists() {
+            fs::remove_file(&path).context("failed to remove stale TEE simulator config")?;
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+
+    let sys_config: dstack_types::SysConfig = serde_json::from_str(sys_config)?;
+    let mut simulator_config = simulator_config.clone();
+    simulator_config.mr_config = sys_config.mr_config;
+    let vm_config_value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&sys_config.vm_config)?;
+    simulator_config.aws_pcr_replay = vm_config_value
+        .get("aws_pcr_replay")
+        .cloned()
+        .map(serde_json::from_value)
+        .transpose()
+        .context("invalid aws_pcr_replay in vm_config")?;
+    simulator_config.gcp_tpm_replay = vm_config_value
+        .get("gcp_tpm_replay")
+        .cloned()
+        .map(serde_json::from_value)
+        .transpose()
+        .context("invalid gcp_tpm_replay in vm_config")?;
+    simulator_config.vm_config = Some(sys_config.vm_config);
+    fs::write(path, serde_json::to_vec(&simulator_config)?)
+        .context("failed to write TEE simulator config")
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn make_sys_config(
+    cfg: &Config,
+    manifest: &Manifest,
+    compose_hash: &str,
+    mr_config: Option<String>,
+    requirements: Option<&dstack_types::Requirements>,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    let image_path = cfg.image.path.join(&manifest.image);
+    let image = Image::load(image_path).context("Failed to load image info")?;
+    let img_ver = image.info.version_tuple().unwrap_or((0, 0, 0));
+    let kms_urls = if manifest.kms_urls.is_empty() {
+        cfg.cvm.kms_urls.clone()
+    } else {
+        manifest.kms_urls.clone()
+    };
+    let gateway_urls = if manifest.gateway_urls.is_empty() {
+        cfg.cvm.gateway_urls.clone()
+    } else {
+        manifest.gateway_urls.clone()
+    };
+    let gateway_clusters = cfg.cvm.gateway_clusters.clone();
+    if img_ver < (0, 5, 0) {
+        bail!("Unsupported image version: {img_ver:?}");
+    }
+
+    let vm_config = make_vm_config(
+        cfg,
+        manifest,
+        &image,
+        compose_hash,
+        mr_config.clone(),
+        requirements,
+    )?;
+    let mut sys_config = json!({
+        "kms_urls": kms_urls,
+        "gateway_urls": gateway_urls,
+        "gateway_clusters": gateway_clusters,
+        "pccs_url": cfg.cvm.pccs_url,
+        "collateral_urls": { "pccs": cfg.cvm.pccs_url },
+        "nvidia_attestation_proxy_url": cfg.cvm.nvidia_attestation_proxy_url,
+        "docker_registry": cfg.cvm.docker_registry,
+        "host_api_url": format!("vsock://2:{}/api", cfg.host_api.port),
+        "vm_config": serde_json::to_string(&vm_config)?,
+    });
+    // No attestation trust anchor is ever written here. Simulated deployments
+    // receive only the development seed through `.tee-simulator.json`; the
+    // in-guest simulator derives the matching roots itself and publishes them
+    // to the guest verifier. A host cannot be allowed to choose the root that
+    // authenticates the guest's key provider.
+    if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config {
+        MrConfigV3::from_document(&mr_config).context("Invalid mr_config document")?;
+        sys_config["mr_config"] = serde_json::to_value(mr_config)?;
+    } else if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config_from_vm_config(&sys_config)? {
+        sys_config["mr_config"] = serde_json::to_value(mr_config)?;
+    }
+    let sys_config_str =
+        serde_json::to_string(&sys_config).context("Failed to serialize vm config")?;
+    Ok(sys_config_str)
+}
+
+fn mr_config_from_vm_config(sys_config: &serde_json::Value) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let Some(vm_config) = sys_config.get("vm_config").and_then(|value| value.as_str()) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let vm_config: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(vm_config)?;
+    let Some(mr_config) = vm_config.get("mr_config") else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let mr_config = mr_config
+        .as_str()
+        .context("mr_config must be a JSON string")?;
+    MrConfigV3::from_document(mr_config).context("Invalid mr_config document")?;
+    Ok(Some(mr_config.to_string()))
+}
+
+fn sha256_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+    let data = fs::read(path).context("Failed to read file for sha256")?;
+    let mut out = [0u8; 32];
+    out.copy_from_slice(&Sha256::digest(data));
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn image_supports_tdx_lite(image: &Image) -> bool {
+    image
+        .digest
+        .as_deref()
+        .is_some_and(|d| !d.trim().is_empty())
+        && image.tdx_measurement.is_some()
+}
+
+fn tdx_attestation_variant_from_requirements(
+    requirements: Option<&dstack_types::Requirements>,
+) -> Option<dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant> {
+    requirements
+        .and_then(|requirements| requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables)
+        .map(|measure_acpi_tables| {
+            if measure_acpi_tables {
+                dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant::Legacy
+            } else {
+                dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant::Lite
+            }
+        })
+}
+
+fn make_vm_config(
+    cfg: &Config,
+    manifest: &Manifest,
+    image: &Image,
+    _compose_hash: &str,
+    mr_config: Option<String>,
+    requirements: Option<&dstack_types::Requirements>,
+) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+    let platform = cfg.cvm.resolved_platform();
+    let is_amd_sev_snp = platform == crate::config::CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp && !manifest.no_tee;
+    let is_tdx = platform == crate::config::CvmPlatform::Tdx && !manifest.no_tee;
+    let is_gcp_tdx = manifest.simulated_tee == Some(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx);
+    let is_aws_nitro_tpm =
+        manifest.simulated_tee == Some(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm);
+    let tdx_attestation_variant = if is_tdx {
+        tdx_attestation_variant_from_requirements(requirements).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            cfg.cvm
+                .tdx_attestation_variant
+                .resolve(manifest.memory, image_supports_tdx_lite(image))
+        })
+    } else {
+        dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant::Legacy
+    };
+    // All dstack OS-image verification modes use the same public image
+    // identity: digest.txt = sha256(sha256sum.txt). Lite TDX/SNP carry extra
+    // split CBOR measurement material, but that material is committed by
+    // sha256sum.txt instead of defining a second image hash.
+    let os_image_hash = image
+        .digest
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|d| hex::decode(d).ok())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    // Attach the lite measurement material whenever the image provides it,
+    // regardless of the resolved attestation variant, so the config shape stays
+    // uniform across images. It does not widen how the boot is verified:
+    // verifiers select the path from `tdx_attestation_variant` alone, and a
+    // legacy-resolved boot is verified through the image download even with the
+    // document attached. `tdx_attestation_variant` keeps its original meaning of
+    // "the scheme the VMM/KMS resolved for this boot".
+    let tdx_measurement = if is_tdx {
+        if tdx_attestation_variant.is_lite() {
+            Some(image.tdx_measurement.clone().context(
+                "tdx lite attestation requested but image is missing \
+                 measurement.tdx.cbor/sha256sum.txt measurement material",
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            image.tdx_measurement.clone()
+        }
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let gpus = if cfg.cvm.gpu.enabled {
+        manifest.gpus.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+    } else {
+        GpuConfig::default()
+    };
+    let effective_vcpus = effective_vcpu_count_for_manifest(manifest, &gpus)?;
+    // Each resolved network interface becomes one virtio-net-pci device in the
+    // QEMU command (see `VmConfig::config_qemu`), which changes the guest's
+    // ACPI/DSDT layout and therefore RTMR0. Measure the interface count so the
+    // verifier reconstructs the exact device layout.
+    let num_nics = resolved_networks(manifest, &cfg.cvm).len() as u32;
+    let num_verity_volumes = manifest.volumes.len() as u32;
+    let swtpm = manifest.swtpm;
+    let gcp_measurement = if is_gcp_tdx {
+        Some(
+            image
+                .gcp_measurement
+                .clone()
+                .context("GCP TDX image is missing measurement.gcp.cbor measurement material")?,
+        )
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let aws_measurement =
+        if is_aws_nitro_tpm {
+            Some(image.aws_measurement.clone().context(
+                "AWS NitroTPM image is missing measurement.aws.cbor measurement material",
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+    let mut config = serde_json::to_value(dstack_types::VmConfig {
+        os_image_hash,
+        cpu_count: effective_vcpus,
+        memory_size: manifest.memory as u64 * 1024 * 1024,
+        qemu_single_pass_add_pages: cfg.cvm.qemu_single_pass_add_pages,
+        pic: cfg.cvm.qemu_pic,
+        qemu_version: cfg.cvm.qemu_version.clone(),
+        pci_hole64_size: cfg.cvm.qemu_pci_hole64_size,
+        hugepages: manifest.hugepages,
+        num_gpus: gpus.gpus.len() as u32,
+        num_nvswitches: gpus.bridges.len() as u32,
+        num_nics,
+        num_verity_volumes,
+        swtpm,
+        host_share_mode: cfg.cvm.host_share_mode.clone(),
+        hotplug_off: cfg.cvm.qemu_hotplug_off,
+        image: Some(manifest.image.clone()),
+        ovmf_variant: image.info.ovmf_variant,
+        tdx_attestation_variant,
+        tdx_measurement,
+        gcp_measurement,
+        aws_measurement,
+    })?;
+    // For backward compatibility
+    config["spec_version"] = serde_json::Value::from(1);
+    if is_aws_nitro_tpm {
+        let replay = image
+            .aws_pcr_replay
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("AWS NitroTPM simulation requires measurement.aws.replay.json")?;
+        let replay_measurement = dstack_types::AwsOsImageMeasurement::from_boot_pcrs(
+            &replay.pcr4,
+            &replay.pcr7,
+            &replay.pcr12,
+        )
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        let image_measurement = image
+            .aws_measurement
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("AWS NitroTPM image is missing measurement.aws.cbor")?
+            .decode_measurement()
+            .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            replay_measurement == image_measurement,
+            "measurement.aws.replay.json does not match measurement.aws.cbor"
+        );
+        config["aws_pcr_replay"] = serde_json::to_value(replay)?;
+    }
+    if is_gcp_tdx {
+        config["gcp_tpm_replay"] = serde_json::to_value(
+            image
+                .gcp_tpm_replay
+                .as_ref()
+                .context("GCP TDX simulation requires measurement.gcp.eventlog.bin")?,
+        )?;
+    }
+    if is_amd_sev_snp {
+        if let Some(mr_config) = mr_config {
+            MrConfigV3::from_document(&mr_config).context("Invalid mr_config document")?;
+            config["mr_config"] = serde_json::Value::String(mr_config);
+        }
+        let image_measurement = image.sev_measurement.as_ref().context(
+            "amd sev-snp image is missing measurement.snp.cbor/sha256sum.txt measurement material",
+        )?;
+        let measurement = dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument {
+            checksum_file: image_measurement.checksum_file.clone(),
+            measurement: image_measurement.measurement.clone(),
+            vcpus: effective_vcpus,
+            vcpu_type: Some("EPYC-v4".to_string()),
+            guest_features: 1,
+        };
+        config["sev_snp_measurement"] = serde_json::Value::String(
+            serde_json::to_string(&measurement)
+                .context("Failed to serialize amd sev-snp measurement input")?,
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(config)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn needs_swtpm(
+    key_provider: dstack_types::KeyProviderKind,
+    simulated_tee: Option<dstack_types::TeeVariant>,
+) -> bool {
+    matches!(key_provider, dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::Tpm)
+        && !simulated_tee.is_some_and(mock_attestation::platform_provides_tpm)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::mr_config::{mr_config_version, MrConfigVersion};
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accepts_server_generated_ids() {
+        validate_vm_id(&uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()).unwrap();
+        validate_vm_id("3f2504e0-4f89-41d3-9a0c-0305e82c3301").unwrap();
+        validate_vm_id("vm_1-A").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_ids_that_would_escape_run_path() {
+        for id in [
+            "",
+            "..",
+            "../../etc",
+            "/etc/passwd",
+            "a/b",
+            "a\\b",
+            "vm id",
+            ".",
+            "\0",
+            "café",
+        ] {
+            assert!(validate_vm_id(id).is_err(), "should reject {id:?}");
+        }
+        assert!(validate_vm_id(&"a".repeat(65)).is_err());
+    }
+
+    use crate::config::{
+        load_config_figment, CvmPlatform, Networking, NetworkingMode, TdxAttestationVariantConfig,
+    };
+    use dstack_types::{
+        TdxImageMeasurement, TdxMrtdCandidates, TdxOsImageMeasurement,
+        TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument, TdxTdvfMeasurement,
+    };
+    use rocket::figment::Figment;
+    use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;
+
+    fn reserve(running: &[(&str, u32)], in_memory: &[(&str, u32)]) -> Vec<(u32, String)> {
+        let running: HashMap<String, u32> = running
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(id, cid)| (id.to_string(), *cid))
+            .collect();
+        cids_to_reserve(
+            &running,
+            in_memory.iter().map(|(id, cid)| (id.to_string(), *cid)),
+        )
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stopped_vms_keep_their_cid_reserved_across_a_reload() {
+        // "running" comes from the supervisor, so a stopped VM appears only in
+        // memory. Reserving just the running set would free 1001 and let the
+        // next allocate() hand it to a new VM.
+        let reserved = reserve(
+            &[("running-vm", 1000)],
+            &[("running-vm", 1000), ("stopped-vm", 1001)],
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            reserved,
+            vec![
+                (1000, "running-vm".to_string()),
+                (1001, "stopped-vm".to_string()),
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_vm_both_running_and_in_memory_is_reserved_once() {
+        let reserved = reserve(&[("vm-a", 1000)], &[("vm-a", 1000)]);
+        assert_eq!(reserved, vec![(1000, "vm-a".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn running_state_wins_when_memory_disagrees_about_the_owner() {
+        // The supervisor knows who actually holds the CID right now.
+        let reserved = reserve(&[("live-owner", 1000)], &[("stale-owner", 1000)]);
+        assert_eq!(reserved, vec![(1000, "live-owner".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nothing_is_reserved_when_no_vm_holds_a_cid() {
+        assert!(reserve(&[], &[]).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    fn hex_of(byte: u8, len: usize) -> String {
+        hex::encode(vec![byte; len])
+    }
+    fn restart_config() -> crate::config::AutoRestartConfig {
+        crate::config::AutoRestartConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            interval: 1,
+            max_retries: 3,
+            initial_backoff: 2,
+            max_backoff: 5,
+            reset_window: 10,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn serial_log_is_rotatable_only_when_the_annotation_confirms_it() {
+        // A VM launched by the current binary.
+        let current = serde_json::to_string(&ProcessAnnotation {
+            kind: "cvm".into(),
+            live_for: None,
+            serial_logappend: true,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(serial_log_is_rotatable(&current));
+
+        // A VM inherited from a VMM that predates the option: its QEMU holds
+        // the log without O_APPEND, so truncating it would punch a sparse hole
+        // and the file would spring straight back over the cap.
+        assert!(!serial_log_is_rotatable(r#"{"kind":"cvm"}"#));
+        assert!(!serial_log_is_rotatable(
+            r#"{"kind":"cvm","live_for":null}"#
+        ));
+
+        // Anything we cannot read must answer conservatively.
+        assert!(!serial_log_is_rotatable(""));
+        assert!(!serial_log_is_rotatable("not json"));
+        assert!(!serial_log_is_rotatable(r#"{"serial_logappend":"yes"}"#));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cvm_annotation_marks_the_serial_log_rotatable() {
+        // The flag must survive the round trip the supervisor performs, and
+        // must not disturb how existing consumers classify the process.
+        let note = serde_json::to_string(&ProcessAnnotation {
+            kind: "cvm".into(),
+            live_for: None,
+            serial_logappend: true,
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let parsed: ProcessAnnotation = serde_json::from_str(&note).unwrap();
+        assert!(parsed.serial_logappend);
+        assert!(parsed.is_cvm());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotatable_logs_always_include_supervisor_written_logs() -> Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(temp.path());
+
+        // A VM inherited from an older VMM: QEMU holds serial.log without
+        // O_APPEND, so rotating it would punch a sparse hole. stdout and stderr
+        // are the supervisor's, always opened with append(true), so they stay
+        // eligible and keep their cap across a VMM upgrade.
+        let inherited = rotatable_logs(&workdir, false);
+        assert_eq!(
+            inherited,
+            vec![workdir.stdout_file(), workdir.stderr_file()]
+        );
+
+        let launched = rotatable_logs(&workdir, true);
+        assert_eq!(
+            launched,
+            vec![
+                workdir.stdout_file(),
+                workdir.stderr_file(),
+                workdir.serial_file()
+            ]
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn log_retention_defaults() -> Result<()> {
+        // These come from the shipped vmm.toml, not from serde defaults, so
+        // this also pins that the values there parse into what they read as.
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        assert_eq!(config.cvm.log.max_bytes, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(config.cvm.log.max_backups, 3);
+        assert_eq!(config.cvm.log.check_interval_secs, 5);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_restart_policy_backs_off_caps_and_exhausts_once() {
+        let config = restart_config();
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut state = AutoRestartState::default();
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start, &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Scheduled { delay_secs: 2 }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(1), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Wait
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Restart {
+                attempt: 1,
+                next_delay_secs: 4
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(6), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Restart {
+                attempt: 2,
+                next_delay_secs: 5
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(11), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Restart {
+                attempt: 3,
+                next_delay_secs: 5
+            }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(12), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Exhausted { attempts: 3 }
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(20), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Wait
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_restart_policy_resets_only_after_healthy_window() {
+        let config = restart_config();
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut state = AutoRestartState::default();
+        state.observe_exited(start, &config);
+        state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), &config);
+        assert!(!state.observe_running(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(3), 10));
+        assert!(!state.observe_running(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(12), 10));
+        assert!(state.observe_running(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(13), 10));
+        assert_eq!(state.attempts, 0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.observe_exited(start + std::time::Duration::from_secs(14), &config),
+            AutoRestartDecision::Scheduled { delay_secs: 2 }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simulator_config_is_written_separately_with_measurement_inputs() -> Result<()> {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let config = dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig {
+            platform: dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp,
+            mock_attestation_seed: Some("11".repeat(32)),
+            collateral_base_url: Some("http://127.0.0.1:18088".into()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mr_config = r#"{"version":3}"#;
+        let vm_config = format!(
+            r#"{{"image":"dev","aws_pcr_replay":{{"version":1,"events":[],"pcr4":"{zero}","pcr7":"{zero}","pcr12":"{zero}"}},"gcp_tpm_replay":{{"event_log":"AQID"}}}}"#,
+            zero = "00".repeat(48)
+        );
+        let sys_config = serde_json::json!({
+            "kms_urls": [],
+            "gateway_urls": [],
+            "vm_config": vm_config,
+            "mr_config": mr_config,
+        })
+        .to_string();
+
+        sync_tee_simulator_config(dir.path(), Some(&config), &sys_config)?;
+
+        let written: dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&fs::read(dir.path().join(TEE_SIMULATOR_CONFIG))?)?;
+        assert_eq!(written.platform, config.platform);
+        assert_eq!(written.mock_attestation_seed, config.mock_attestation_seed);
+        assert_eq!(written.collateral_base_url, config.collateral_base_url);
+        assert_eq!(written.mr_config.as_deref(), Some(mr_config));
+        assert_eq!(written.vm_config.as_deref(), Some(vm_config.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            written.aws_pcr_replay.as_ref().map(|replay| replay.version),
+            Some(1)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            written
+                .gcp_tpm_replay
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|replay| replay.event_log.as_slice()),
+            Some([1, 2, 3].as_slice())
+        );
+
+        sync_tee_simulator_config(dir.path(), None, &sys_config)?;
+        assert!(!dir.path().join(TEE_SIMULATOR_CONFIG).exists());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn instance_platform_overrides_node_simulator_template() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        config.cvm.tee_simulator = Some(dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig {
+            platform: dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackTdx,
+            mock_attestation_seed: Some("11".repeat(32)),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        let mut manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        assert!(simulator_config_for_manifest(&config.cvm, &manifest)?.is_none());
+        manifest.simulated_tee = Some(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave);
+
+        let resolved = simulator_config_for_manifest(&config.cvm, &manifest)?
+            .context("simulator config should be enabled")?;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolved.platform,
+            dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackNitroEnclave
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gpu_config_has_gpus_only_when_resolved_gpu_list_is_non_empty() {
+        assert!(!GpuConfig::default().has_gpus());
+        assert!(!GpuConfig {
+            attach_mode: AttachMode::All,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .has_gpus());
+        assert!(!GpuConfig {
+            bridges: vec![GpuSpec {
+                slot: "0000:01:00.0".into(),
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .has_gpus());
+        assert!(GpuConfig {
+            gpus: vec![GpuSpec {
+                slot: "0000:02:00.0".into(),
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+        .has_gpus());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn put_manifest_keeps_legacy_networking_for_rollback() -> Result<()> {
+        let temp = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dstack-vmm-manifest-test-{}",
+            SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?.as_nanos()
+        ));
+        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(&temp);
+        let mut manifest = test_manifest(1024);
+        manifest.networks = vec![Networking {
+            mode: NetworkingMode::Bridge,
+            bridge: "dstack-br0".to_string(),
+            parent: String::new(),
+            macvtap_mode: String::new(),
+            device: String::new(),
+            mac_prefix: String::new(),
+            net: String::new(),
+            dhcp_start: String::new(),
+            restrict: false,
+            netdev: String::new(),
+        }];
+
+        workdir.put_manifest(&manifest)?;
+        let raw = fs::read_to_string(workdir.manifest_path())?;
+        let value: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&raw)?;
+        assert_eq!(value["networks"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(value["networking"]["mode"], "bridge");
+        fs::remove_dir_all(temp)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_deserializes_legacy_singular_networking_as_networks() {
+        let manifest: Manifest = Manifest::from_json(serde_json::json!({
+            "id": "vm-1",
+            "name": "vm-1",
+            "app_id": "app-1",
+            "vcpu": 1,
+            "memory": 1024,
+            "disk_size": 10,
+            "image": "dstack-test",
+            "port_map": [],
+            "created_at_ms": 0,
+            "networking": { "mode": "bridge", "bridge": "dstack-br0" }
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.networks.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(manifest.networks[0].mode, NetworkingMode::Bridge);
+        assert_eq!(manifest.networks[0].bridge, "dstack-br0");
+    }
+
+    fn write_u16_le_at(buf: &mut [u8], off: usize, value: u16) {
+        buf[off..off + 2].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn write_u32_le_at(buf: &mut [u8], off: usize, value: u32) {
+        buf[off..off + 4].copy_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn ovmf_footer_entry(data: &[u8], guid: &[u8; 16]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut entry = data.to_vec();
+        entry.extend_from_slice(&((data.len() + 18) as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        entry.extend_from_slice(guid);
+        entry
+    }
+
+    fn synthetic_snp_ovmf() -> Vec<u8> {
+        const GUID_FOOTER_TABLE: [u8; 16] = [
+            0xde, 0x82, 0xb5, 0x96, 0xb2, 0x1f, 0xf7, 0x45, 0xba, 0xea, 0xa3, 0x66, 0xc5, 0x5a,
+            0x08, 0x2d,
+        ];
+        const GUID_SEV_HASH_TABLE_RV: [u8; 16] = [
+            0x1f, 0x37, 0x55, 0x72, 0x3b, 0x3a, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x92, 0x7b, 0x1d, 0xa6, 0xef, 0xa8,
+            0xd4, 0x54,
+        ];
+        const GUID_SEV_ES_RESET_BLK: [u8; 16] = [
+            0xde, 0x71, 0xf7, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x1a, 0xcb, 0x4f, 0x89, 0x0e, 0x68, 0xc7, 0x7e, 0x2f,
+            0xb4, 0x4e,
+        ];
+        const GUID_SEV_META_DATA: [u8; 16] = [
+            0x66, 0x65, 0x88, 0xdc, 0x4a, 0x98, 0x98, 0x47, 0xa7, 0x5e, 0x55, 0x85, 0xa7, 0xbf,
+            0x67, 0xcc,
+        ];
+
+        let mut ovmf = vec![0u8; 4096];
+        let meta_start = 512usize;
+        ovmf[meta_start..meta_start + 4].copy_from_slice(b"ASEV");
+        write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, meta_start + 8, 1);
+        write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, meta_start + 12, 4);
+        let sections = [
+            (0x1000u32, 0x1000u32, 1u32),
+            (0x2000u32, 0x1000u32, 2u32),
+            (0x3000u32, 0x1000u32, 3u32),
+            (0x4000u32, 0x1000u32, 0x10u32),
+        ];
+        for (i, (gpa, size, section_type)) in sections.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let off = meta_start + 16 + i * 12;
+            write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, off, gpa);
+            write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, off + 4, size);
+            write_u32_le_at(&mut ovmf, off + 8, section_type);
+        }
+
+        let mut table = Vec::new();
+        table.extend(ovmf_footer_entry(
+            &0x4000u32.to_le_bytes(),
+            &GUID_SEV_HASH_TABLE_RV,
+        ));
+        table.extend(ovmf_footer_entry(
+            &0xffff_fff0u32.to_le_bytes(),
+            &GUID_SEV_ES_RESET_BLK,
+        ));
+        table.extend(ovmf_footer_entry(
+            &((ovmf.len() - meta_start) as u32).to_le_bytes(),
+            &GUID_SEV_META_DATA,
+        ));
+
+        let footer_off = ovmf.len() - 32 - 18;
+        let table_start = footer_off - table.len();
+        ovmf[table_start..footer_off].copy_from_slice(&table);
+        write_u16_le_at(&mut ovmf, footer_off, (table.len() + 18) as u16);
+        ovmf[footer_off + 2..footer_off + 18].copy_from_slice(&GUID_FOOTER_TABLE);
+        ovmf
+    }
+
+    fn test_manifest(memory: u32) -> Manifest {
+        Manifest {
+            id: "tdx-test".to_string(),
+            name: "tdx-test".to_string(),
+            app_id: hex_of(0x11, 20),
+            vcpu: 2,
+            memory,
+            disk_size: 1024,
+            image: "dstack-test".to_string(),
+            port_map: vec![],
+            created_at_ms: 0,
+            hugepages: false,
+            pin_numa: false,
+            gpus: None,
+            kms_urls: vec![],
+            gateway_urls: vec![],
+            no_tee: false,
+            simulated_tee: None,
+            swtpm: false,
+            networks: vec![],
+            volumes: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selects_mr_config_version_for_each_tee_mode() -> Result<()> {
+        let manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&manifest, CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp, false, false)?,
+            Some(MrConfigVersion::V3)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&manifest, CvmPlatform::Tdx, false, false)?,
+            None
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&manifest, CvmPlatform::Tdx, true, false)?,
+            Some(MrConfigVersion::V1)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&manifest, CvmPlatform::Tdx, true, true)?,
+            Some(MrConfigVersion::V3)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&manifest, CvmPlatform::Tdx, false, true)
+                .err()
+                .map(|error| error.to_string()),
+            Some("key provider ID requires MrConfigV3, but use_mrconfigid is disabled".to_string())
+        );
+
+        let mut no_tee = manifest.clone();
+        no_tee.no_tee = true;
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&no_tee, CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp, true, true)?,
+            None
+        );
+
+        no_tee.simulated_tee = Some(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp);
+        assert_eq!(
+            mr_config_version(&no_tee, CvmPlatform::Tdx, false, false)?,
+            Some(MrConfigVersion::V3)
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn dummy_tdx_measurement_document() -> TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument {
+        let measurement = TdxOsImageMeasurement {
+            image: TdxImageMeasurement {
+                kernel_cmdline_sha384: vec![0x10; 48],
+                kernel_authenticode: vec![0x20; 48],
+                initrd_sha384: vec![0x30; 48],
+            },
+            tdvf: TdxTdvfMeasurement {
+                ovmf_variant: Default::default(),
+                mrtd: TdxMrtdCandidates {
+                    single_pass: vec![0x40; 48],
+                    two_pass: vec![0x50; 48],
+                },
+                td_hob_witness: vec![0x60; 16],
+            },
+        };
+        let measurement = measurement.to_cbor_vec();
+        let sha256sum = format!(
+            "{}  {}\n",
+            hex::encode(Sha256::digest(&measurement)),
+            dstack_types::TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME
+        )
+        .into_bytes();
+        TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(sha256sum, measurement)
+    }
+
+    fn test_tdx_image(supports_lite: bool) -> Image {
+        let tdx_measurement = supports_lite.then(dummy_tdx_measurement_document);
+        Image {
+            info: ImageInfo {
+                cmdline: None,
+                kernel: "kernel".to_string(),
+                initrd: "initrd".to_string(),
+                hda: None,
+                rootfs: None,
+                bios: None,
+                bios_sev: None,
+                rootfs_hash: None,
+                shared_ro: false,
+                version: "0.6.0".to_string(),
+                is_dev: false,
+                ovmf_variant: None,
+            },
+            initrd: PathBuf::from("initrd"),
+            kernel: PathBuf::from("kernel"),
+            hda: None,
+            rootfs: None,
+            bios: None,
+            bios_sev: None,
+            digest: Some(hex_of(0xaa, 32)),
+            tdx_measurement,
+            sev_measurement: None,
+            gcp_measurement: None,
+            aws_measurement: None,
+            aws_pcr_replay: None,
+            gcp_tpm_replay: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn test_tdx_config() -> Result<Config> {
+        let mut config: Config = Figment::from(load_config_figment(None)).extract()?;
+        config.cvm.platform = Some(CvmPlatform::Tdx);
+        config.cvm.tdx_attestation_variant = TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto;
+        Ok(config)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_vcpu_count_clamps_zero_to_one() {
+        assert_eq!(effective_vcpu_count(0, None), 1);
+        assert_eq!(effective_vcpu_count(0, Some(1)), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_vcpu_count_rounds_for_hugepage_numa_split() {
+        assert_eq!(effective_vcpu_count(3, Some(2)), 4);
+        assert_eq!(effective_vcpu_count(4, Some(2)), 4);
+        assert_eq!(effective_vcpu_count(3, Some(0)), 3);
+        assert_eq!(effective_vcpu_count(3, None), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vm_measurement_config_ignores_networking_changes() -> Result<()> {
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        let mut bridge_manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        bridge_manifest.networks = vec![Networking {
+            mode: NetworkingMode::Bridge,
+            bridge: "dstack-br0".to_string(),
+            parent: String::new(),
+            macvtap_mode: String::new(),
+            device: String::new(),
+            mac_prefix: "02:aa:bb".to_string(),
+            net: String::new(),
+            dhcp_start: String::new(),
+            restrict: false,
+            netdev: String::new(),
+        }];
+        let user_manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        let image = test_tdx_image(true);
+        let compose_hash = hex_of(0x22, 32);
+
+        let bridge_config =
+            make_vm_config(&config, &bridge_manifest, &image, &compose_hash, None, None)?;
+        let user_config =
+            make_vm_config(&config, &user_manifest, &image, &compose_hash, None, None)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(bridge_config, user_config);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vm_measurement_config_includes_verity_volume_count() -> Result<()> {
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        let mut manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        manifest.volumes = vec![
+            VmVolume {
+                source: "/volumes/a.img".into(),
+            },
+            VmVolume {
+                source: "/volumes/b.img".into(),
+            },
+        ];
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(
+            &config,
+            &manifest,
+            &test_tdx_image(true),
+            &hex_of(0x22, 32),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )?;
+
+        assert_eq!(vm_config["num_verity_volumes"], 2);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vm_measurement_config_includes_swtpm() -> Result<()> {
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        let mut manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        manifest.swtpm = true;
+
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(
+            &config,
+            &manifest,
+            &test_tdx_image(true),
+            &hex_of(0x22, 32),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )?;
+
+        assert_eq!(vm_config["swtpm"], true);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_auto_variant_uses_legacy_for_low_non_2g_memory() -> Result<()> {
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        let manifest = test_manifest(1024);
+        let image = test_tdx_image(true);
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(&config, &manifest, &image, &hex_of(0x22, 32), None, None)?;
+
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_attestation_variant").is_none());
+        // tdx_measurement is attached whenever the image supports it, even
+        // when the resolved variant is legacy, so a verifier can still
+        // choose lite verification for this boot.
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_measurement").is_some());
+        assert_eq!(
+            vm_config["os_image_hash"]
+                .as_str()
+                .context("os_image_hash must be a string")?,
+            hex_of(0xaa, 32)
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_auto_variant_uses_lite_for_2g_supported_image() -> Result<()> {
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        let manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        let image = test_tdx_image(true);
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(&config, &manifest, &image, &hex_of(0x22, 32), None, None)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(vm_config["tdx_attestation_variant"], "lite");
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_measurement").is_some());
+        assert_eq!(
+            vm_config["os_image_hash"]
+                .as_str()
+                .context("os_image_hash must be a string")?,
+            hex_of(0xaa, 32)
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_auto_variant_falls_back_to_legacy_when_image_lacks_lite_support() -> Result<()> {
+        let config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        let manifest = test_manifest(3072);
+        let image = test_tdx_image(false);
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(&config, &manifest, &image, &hex_of(0x22, 32), None, None)?;
+
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_attestation_variant").is_none());
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_measurement").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(
+            vm_config["os_image_hash"]
+                .as_str()
+                .context("os_image_hash must be a string")?,
+            hex_of(0xaa, 32)
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_requirements_measure_acpi_tables_overrides_lite_to_legacy() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        config.cvm.tdx_attestation_variant = TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Lite;
+        let manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        let image = test_tdx_image(true);
+        let requirements = dstack_types::Requirements {
+            tdx_measure_acpi_tables: Some(true),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(
+            &config,
+            &manifest,
+            &image,
+            &hex_of(0x22, 32),
+            None,
+            Some(&requirements),
+        )?;
+
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_attestation_variant").is_none());
+        // Still attached even though the requirement forced this boot to
+        // legacy: a verifier can independently choose lite for it.
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_measurement").is_some());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_requirements_skip_acpi_tables_overrides_legacy_to_lite() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut config = test_tdx_config()?;
+        config.cvm.tdx_attestation_variant = TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Legacy;
+        let manifest = test_manifest(2048);
+        let image = test_tdx_image(true);
+        let requirements = dstack_types::Requirements {
+            tdx_measure_acpi_tables: Some(false),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let vm_config = make_vm_config(
+            &config,
+            &manifest,
+            &image,
+            &hex_of(0x22, 32),
+            None,
+            Some(&requirements),
+        )?;
+
+        assert_eq!(vm_config["tdx_attestation_variant"], "lite");
+        assert!(vm_config.get("tdx_measurement").is_some());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_sev_snp_sys_config_includes_measurement_input_and_mr_config() -> Result<()> {
+        let temp = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dstack-vmm-snp-test-{}",
+            SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?.as_nanos()
+        ));
+        let temp = temp.as_path();
+        let image_root = temp.join("images");
+        let image_dir = image_root.join("dstack-test");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&image_dir)?;
+        fs::write(image_dir.join("kernel"), b"snp-test-kernel")?;
+        fs::write(image_dir.join("initrd"), b"snp-test-initrd")?;
+        fs::write(image_dir.join("rootfs"), b"snp-test-rootfs")?;
+        fs::write(image_dir.join("ovmf.fd"), synthetic_snp_ovmf())?;
+        fs::write(
+            image_dir.join("metadata.json"),
+            serde_json::json!({
+                "cmdline": format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={}", hex_of(0x33, 32)),
+                "kernel": "kernel",
+                "initrd": "initrd",
+                "rootfs": "rootfs",
+                "bios": "ovmf.fd",
+                "version": "0.5.11"
+            })
+            .to_string(),
+        )?;
+
+        let mut config: Config = Figment::from(load_config_figment(None)).extract()?;
+        config.image.path = image_root;
+        config.cvm.platform = Some(CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp);
+        config.cvm.nvidia_attestation_proxy_url = Some("http://10.0.2.2:8090".to_string());
+        let compose_hash = hex_of(0x22, 32);
+        let manifest = Manifest {
+            id: "snp-test".to_string(),
+            name: "snp-test".to_string(),
+            app_id: hex_of(0x11, 20),
+            vcpu: 2,
+            memory: 1024,
+            disk_size: 1024,
+            image: "dstack-test".to_string(),
+            port_map: vec![],
+            created_at_ms: 0,
+            hugepages: false,
+            pin_numa: false,
+            gpus: None,
+            kms_urls: vec![],
+            gateway_urls: vec![],
+            no_tee: false,
+            simulated_tee: None,
+            swtpm: false,
+            networks: vec![],
+            volumes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let mr_config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None,
+            vec![],
+            vec![0x44; 20],
+        )
+        .to_canonical_json();
+
+        // The image build emits split SNP measurement CBOR, includes it in
+        // sha256sum.txt, and keeps digest.txt as sha256(sha256sum.txt).
+        let snp_cbor = dstack_mr::sev::sev_os_image_measurement_cbor_for_image_dir(&image_dir)?;
+        fs::write(
+            image_dir.join(dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME),
+            &snp_cbor,
+        )?;
+        let mut sha256sum = String::new();
+        for name in [
+            "ovmf.fd",
+            "kernel",
+            "initrd",
+            "metadata.json",
+            dstack_types::SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+        ] {
+            sha256sum.push_str(&format!(
+                "{}  {}\n",
+                hex::encode(Sha256::digest(fs::read(image_dir.join(name))?)),
+                name
+            ));
+        }
+        fs::write(image_dir.join("sha256sum.txt"), &sha256sum)?;
+        let build_hash = Sha256::digest(sha256sum.as_bytes()).to_vec();
+        fs::write(image_dir.join("digest.txt"), hex::encode(&build_hash))?;
+
+        let sys_config_document =
+            make_sys_config(&config, &manifest, &compose_hash, Some(mr_config), None)?;
+        let sys_config: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&sys_config_document)?;
+        assert!(sys_config.get("tee_simulator").is_none());
+        // A host must never nominate the trust anchor that authenticates its
+        // guest's key provider, in any deployment mode. Simulated guests derive
+        // their own roots from the seed in `.tee-simulator.json` instead.
+        for key in sys_config
+            .as_object()
+            .context("sys-config must be an object")?
+            .keys()
+        {
+            assert!(
+                !key.contains("root_ca") && !key.contains("trust_anchor"),
+                "sys-config must not carry an attestation trust anchor: {key}"
+            );
+        }
+        assert_eq!(sys_config["pccs_url"], config.cvm.pccs_url);
+        assert_eq!(sys_config["collateral_urls"]["pccs"], config.cvm.pccs_url);
+        let vm_config: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(
+            sys_config["vm_config"]
+                .as_str()
+                .context("vm_config must be a string")?,
+        )?;
+        let measurement_document = vm_config["sev_snp_measurement"]
+            .as_str()
+            .context("sev_snp_measurement must be a string")?;
+        let measurement: dstack_mr::sev::SnpMeasurementDocument =
+            serde_json::from_str(measurement_document)?;
+        let image_measurement =
+            dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurement::from_cbor_slice(&measurement.measurement)
+                .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        let mr_config_document = sys_config["mr_config"]
+            .as_str()
+            .context("mr_config must be a string")?;
+        let parsed_mr_config = MrConfigV3::from_document(mr_config_document)?;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            sys_config["nvidia_attestation_proxy_url"],
+            "http://10.0.2.2:8090"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(parsed_mr_config.app_id, Some(vec![0x11; 20]));
+        assert_eq!(parsed_mr_config.compose_hash, vec![0x22; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(parsed_mr_config.gpu_policy_hash, None);
+        assert_eq!(vm_config["mr_config"], sys_config["mr_config"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            vm_config["os_image_hash"]
+                .as_str()
+                .context("os_image_hash must be a string")?,
+            hex::encode(&build_hash),
+            "vm_config os_image_hash must come from digest.txt"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            image_measurement.base_cmdline,
+            format!("console=ttyS0 dstack.rootfs_hash={}", hex_of(0x33, 32))
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            image_measurement.kernel_hash,
+            Sha256::digest(b"snp-test-kernel").to_vec()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            image_measurement.initrd_hash,
+            Sha256::digest(b"snp-test-initrd").to_vec()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(measurement.vcpus, 2);
+        assert_eq!(measurement.vcpu_type.as_deref(), Some("EPYC-v4"));
+        assert_eq!(measurement.guest_features, 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            image_measurement.ovmf_hash.len(),
+            48,
+            "ovmf_hash must be 48 bytes"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(image_measurement.sev_hashes_table_gpa, 0x4000);
+        assert_eq!(image_measurement.sev_es_reset_eip, 0xffff_fff0u32);
+        assert_eq!(image_measurement.ovmf_sections.len(), 4);
+        dstack_types::SevOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+            measurement.checksum_file,
+            measurement.measurement,
+        )
+        .verify(&build_hash)
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// CIDs that must survive a pool rebuild, mapped to the VM that owns each one.
+///
+/// Running processes are the authoritative source for CIDs currently on the
+/// wire, but they are not the whole picture: a stopped VM still records its CID
+/// in `vm.config.cid` and keeps it on restart, so it has to stay reserved too.
+/// Reserving only the running set would let `allocate()` hand the same CID to a
+/// new VM, and the two would collide the moment the stopped one starts.
+///
+/// Keyed by CID so a VM that is both running and in memory is reserved once.
+fn cids_to_reserve(
+    running: &HashMap<String, u32>,
+    in_memory: impl Iterator<Item = (String, u32)>,
+) -> BTreeMap<u32, String> {
+    let mut reserved: BTreeMap<u32, String> = in_memory.map(|(id, cid)| (cid, id)).collect();
+    reserved.extend(running.iter().map(|(id, cid)| (*cid, id.clone())));
+    reserved
+}
+
+fn paginate<T>(items: Vec<T>, page: u32, page_size: u32) -> impl Iterator<Item = T> {
+    let skip;
+    let take;
+    if page == 0 || page_size == 0 {
+        skip = 0;
+        take = items.len();
+    } else {
+        let page = page - 1;
+        let start = page * page_size;
+        skip = start as usize;
+        take = page_size as usize;
+    }
+    items.into_iter().skip(skip).take(take)
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct VmState {
+    pub(crate) config: Arc<VmConfig>,
+    state: VmStateMut,
+}
+
+/// Per-process retry bookkeeping; intentionally reset whenever the VMM restarts.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+struct AutoRestartState {
+    attempts: u32,
+    next_retry: Option<std::time::Instant>,
+    healthy_since: Option<std::time::Instant>,
+    exhausted_reported: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum AutoRestartDecision {
+    Wait,
+    Scheduled { delay_secs: u64 },
+    Restart { attempt: u32, next_delay_secs: u64 },
+    Exhausted { attempts: u32 },
+}
+
+impl AutoRestartState {
+    fn reset(&mut self) {
+        *self = Self::default();
+    }
+
+    fn observe_running(&mut self, now: std::time::Instant, reset_window: u64) -> bool {
+        let healthy_since = self.healthy_since.get_or_insert(now);
+        if self.attempts > 0
+            && now.duration_since(*healthy_since) >= std::time::Duration::from_secs(reset_window)
+        {
+            self.reset();
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn observe_exited(
+        &mut self,
+        now: std::time::Instant,
+        config: &crate::config::AutoRestartConfig,
+    ) -> AutoRestartDecision {
+        self.healthy_since = None;
+        if self.attempts >= config.max_retries {
+            if self.exhausted_reported {
+                return AutoRestartDecision::Wait;
+            }
+            self.exhausted_reported = true;
+            return AutoRestartDecision::Exhausted {
+                attempts: self.attempts,
+            };
+        }
+        let Some(next_retry) = self.next_retry else {
+            self.next_retry = Some(now + std::time::Duration::from_secs(config.initial_backoff));
+            return AutoRestartDecision::Scheduled {
+                delay_secs: config.initial_backoff,
+            };
+        };
+        if now < next_retry {
+            return AutoRestartDecision::Wait;
+        }
+        self.attempts += 1;
+        let shift = self.attempts.min(63);
+        let delay_secs = config
+            .initial_backoff
+            .saturating_mul(1u64 << shift)
+            .min(config.max_backoff);
+        self.next_retry = Some(now + std::time::Duration::from_secs(delay_secs));
+        AutoRestartDecision::Restart {
+            attempt: self.attempts,
+            next_delay_secs: delay_secs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+struct VmStateMut {
+    boot_progress: String,
+    boot_error: String,
+    shutdown_progress: String,
+    runtime_networks: Vec<Networking>,
+    devices: GpuConfig,
+    events: VecDeque<pb::GuestEvent>,
+    auto_restart: AutoRestartState,
+    /// True when the VM is being removed (cleanup in progress).
+    removing: bool,
+}
+
+impl VmStateMut {
+    pub fn start(&mut self, already_running: bool) {
+        self.boot_progress = if already_running {
+            "running".to_string()
+        } else {
+            "booting".to_string()
+        };
+        self.boot_error.clear();
+        self.shutdown_progress.clear();
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_na(&mut self) {
+        self.boot_progress = "N/A".to_string();
+        self.shutdown_progress = "N/A".to_string();
+        self.boot_error.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+impl VmState {
+    pub fn new(config: VmConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            config: Arc::new(config),
+            state: VmStateMut::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct AppState {
+    cid_pool: IdPool<u32>,
+    vms: HashMap<String, VmState>,
+}
+
+impl AppState {
+    pub fn add(&mut self, vm: VmState) {
+        self.vms.insert(vm.config.manifest.id.clone(), vm);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&VmState> {
+        self.vms.get(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<&mut VmState> {
+        self.vms.get_mut(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<VmState> {
+        self.vms.remove(id)
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter_vms(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &VmState> {
+        self.vms.values()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reject VM ids that would escape `run_path` once joined into a filesystem
+/// path. Ids are server-generated UUIDs, so hex digits plus `-` covers every
+/// legitimate value; `Path::join` replaces the base outright on an absolute
+/// path, and `..` walks out of it, so neither may reach the join.
+pub(crate) fn validate_vm_id(id: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if id.is_empty()
+        || id.len() > 64
+        || !id
+            .chars()
+            .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '-' || c == '_')
+    {
+        bail!("invalid VM id");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/host_share.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/host_share.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..027837edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/host_share.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Host-to-guest shared-file disk creation.
+
+use std::io::{Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+use std::{fs::Permissions, os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt, path::Path};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::shared_filenames::HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL;
+use fatfs::{FileSystem, FormatVolumeOptions, FsOptions};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
+
+/// Creates a FAT32 disk image containing the files in `shared_dir`.
+pub(super) fn create_shared_disk(
+    disk_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    shared_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let disk_path = disk_path.as_ref();
+    let shared_dir = shared_dir.as_ref();
+    let parent = disk_path.parent().unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new("."));
+    let mut temporary = NamedTempFile::new_in(parent).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to create temporary disk image in {}",
+            parent.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+    temporary
+        .as_file()
+        .set_permissions(Permissions::from_mode(0o644))
+        .context("failed to set disk image permissions")?;
+
+    // Must be large enough to hold all host-shared files (app-compose.json and
+    // .user-config can each be up to 50 MiB, see HostShared::copy) plus FAT32 overhead.
+    const DISK_SIZE: u64 = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+    // Back the image by a file (sparse until written) and stream files into it so
+    // peak memory stays bounded regardless of DISK_SIZE or input file sizes.
+    let image = temporary.as_file_mut();
+    image
+        .set_len(DISK_SIZE)
+        .context("failed to size disk image")?;
+
+    {
+        let mut label_bytes = [b' '; 11];
+        let label = HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL.as_bytes();
+        let copy_len = label.len().min(label_bytes.len());
+        label_bytes[..copy_len].copy_from_slice(&label[..copy_len]);
+        let format_opts = FormatVolumeOptions::new()
+            .fat_type(fatfs::FatType::Fat32)
+            .volume_label(label_bytes);
+        fatfs::format_volume(&mut *image, format_opts).context("failed to format disk as FAT32")?;
+    }
+
+    image
+        .seek(SeekFrom::Start(0))
+        .context("failed to seek to start")?;
+    let filesystem = FileSystem::new(&mut *image, FsOptions::new())
+        .context("failed to open FAT32 filesystem")?;
+    let root_dir = filesystem.root_dir();
+
+    for entry in fs::read_dir(shared_dir).context("failed to read shared directory")? {
+        let entry = entry.context("failed to read directory entry")?;
+        let path = entry.path();
+        let file_type = entry
+            .file_type()
+            .context("failed to inspect shared entry")?;
+        if !file_type.is_file() {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let filename = entry.file_name();
+        let filename = filename.to_string_lossy();
+        let mut source = fs::File::open(&path)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to open file {}", path.display()))?;
+        let mut destination = root_dir
+            .create_file(&filename)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to create file {filename} in FAT32"))?;
+        std::io::copy(&mut source, &mut destination)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to write file {filename} to FAT32"))?;
+        destination.flush().context("failed to flush FAT32 file")?;
+    }
+
+    drop(root_dir);
+    drop(filesystem);
+    temporary
+        .as_file()
+        .sync_all()
+        .context("failed to sync temporary disk image")?;
+    temporary
+        .persist(disk_path)
+        .map_err(|error| error.error)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to publish disk image at {}", disk_path.display()))?;
+    fs::File::open(parent)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open disk image directory {}", parent.display()))?
+        .sync_all()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to sync disk image directory {}", parent.display()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::create_shared_disk;
+    use fatfs::{FileSystem, FsOptions};
+    use std::{fs, io::Read, os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt, sync::Arc, thread};
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+    fn read_file(disk: &std::path::Path, name: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut image = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .open(disk)
+            .unwrap();
+        let filesystem = FileSystem::new(&mut image, FsOptions::new()).unwrap();
+        let mut file = filesystem.root_dir().open_file(name).unwrap();
+        let mut contents = Vec::new();
+        file.read_to_end(&mut contents).unwrap();
+        contents
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn creates_fixed_size_disk_with_exact_regular_file_contents() {
+        let root = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let shared = root.path().join("shared");
+        fs::create_dir(&shared).unwrap();
+        fs::write(shared.join("app-compose.json"), b"compose").unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir(shared.join("ignored-directory")).unwrap();
+        let disk = root.path().join("host-shared.img");
+        create_shared_disk(&disk, &shared).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(fs::metadata(&disk).unwrap().len(), 128 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert_eq!(
+            fs::metadata(&disk).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777,
+            0o644
+        );
+        assert_eq!(read_file(&disk, "app-compose.json"), b"compose");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_or_oversized_sources_never_publish_partial_disk() {
+        let root = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let missing_disk = root.path().join("missing.img");
+        assert!(create_shared_disk(&missing_disk, root.path().join("absent")).is_err());
+        assert!(!missing_disk.exists());
+
+        let shared = root.path().join("oversized");
+        fs::create_dir(&shared).unwrap();
+        let source = fs::File::create(shared.join("too-large")).unwrap();
+        source.set_len(129 * 1024 * 1024).unwrap();
+        let oversized_disk = root.path().join("oversized.img");
+        assert!(create_shared_disk(&oversized_disk, &shared).is_err());
+        assert!(!oversized_disk.exists());
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn symlinked_sources_cannot_escape_shared_root() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+        let root = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let shared = root.path().join("shared");
+        fs::create_dir(&shared).unwrap();
+        fs::write(root.path().join("outside-secret"), b"must-not-copy").unwrap();
+        fs::write(shared.join("regular"), b"regular").unwrap();
+        symlink(root.path().join("outside-secret"), shared.join("escape")).unwrap();
+        let disk = root.path().join("host-shared.img");
+        create_shared_disk(&disk, &shared).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(read_file(&disk, "regular"), b"regular");
+        let mut image = fs::OpenOptions::new()
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .open(disk)
+            .unwrap();
+        let filesystem = FileSystem::new(&mut image, FsOptions::new()).unwrap();
+        assert!(filesystem.root_dir().open_file("escape").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn concurrent_publication_never_exposes_partial_image() {
+        let root = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let shared = root.path().join("shared");
+        fs::create_dir(&shared).unwrap();
+        fs::write(shared.join("payload"), vec![7_u8; 1024 * 1024]).unwrap();
+        let disk = Arc::new(root.path().join("host-shared.img"));
+        let shared = Arc::new(shared);
+        let workers: Vec<_> = (0..2)
+            .map(|_| {
+                let disk = Arc::clone(&disk);
+                let shared = Arc::clone(&shared);
+                thread::spawn(move || create_shared_disk(disk.as_path(), shared.as_path()))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for worker in workers {
+            worker.join().unwrap().unwrap();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(read_file(&disk, "payload"), vec![7_u8; 1024 * 1024]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/id_pool.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/id_pool.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f11b790ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/id_pool.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::fmt::Display;
+
+use anyhow::bail;
+
+macro_rules! impl_numbers {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+        $(impl Number for $t {
+            fn next(&self) -> Option<Self> {
+                (*self).checked_add(1)
+            }
+        })*
+    };
+}
+pub trait Number: Ord + Sized + Clone + Display {
+    fn next(&self) -> Option<Self>;
+}
+impl_numbers!(u8, u16, u32, u64, u128);
+impl_numbers!(i8, i16, i32, i64, i128);
+
+/// A pool of ids over the half-open interval `[start, end)`.
+///
+/// `start >= end` is a valid but permanently empty pool.
+pub struct IdPool<T: Ord = u32> {
+    start: T,
+    end: T,
+    allocated: BTreeSet<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Number> IdPool<T> {
+    pub fn new(start: T, end: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            start,
+            end,
+            allocated: BTreeSet::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mark `id` as in use. Fails if `id` falls outside `[start, end)` or is
+    /// already taken.
+    ///
+    /// Callers reconstructing state from ids this pool did not hand out (e.g.
+    /// CIDs of processes started under an earlier configuration) should treat
+    /// the out-of-range error as a warning rather than a hard failure.
+    pub fn occupy(&mut self, id: T) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        if id < self.start || id >= self.end {
+            bail!("id {id} outside pool range [{}, {})", self.start, self.end);
+        }
+        if !self.allocated.insert(id.clone()) {
+            bail!("id {id} already occupied");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn allocate(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        let mut id = self.start.clone();
+        loop {
+            if id >= self.end {
+                return None;
+            }
+            if !self.allocated.contains(&id) {
+                self.allocated.insert(id.clone());
+                return Some(id);
+            }
+            id = id.next()?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn free(&mut self, id: T) {
+        self.allocated.remove(&id);
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.allocated.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::IdPool;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allocation_is_start_inclusive_and_end_exclusive() {
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(10_u8, 13);
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(10));
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(11));
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(12));
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn occupied_ids_are_unique_range_bounded_and_reusable() {
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(10_u8, 13);
+        assert!(pool.occupy(9).is_err());
+        assert!(pool.occupy(13).is_err());
+        pool.occupy(10).unwrap();
+        assert!(pool.occupy(10).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(11));
+        pool.free(10);
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(10));
+        pool.clear();
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(10));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn repeated_allocation_never_hands_out_a_duplicate() {
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(20_u8, 28);
+        let mut allocated: Vec<_> = std::iter::from_fn(|| pool.allocate()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), None);
+        allocated.sort_unstable();
+        assert_eq!(allocated, (20_u8..28).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reconstruction_from_occupied_ids_preserves_uniqueness() {
+        // mirrors reload_vms(): rebuild the pool from the ids of processes
+        // already running, then keep allocating from what is left.
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(20_u8, 28);
+        for id in 20_u8..28 {
+            pool.occupy(id).unwrap();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), None);
+        assert!(pool.occupy(20).is_err());
+        pool.free(23);
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(23));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn exhaustion_at_the_numeric_maximum_returns_none() {
+        // end == T::MAX, so the last allocatable id is MAX - 1 and the walk
+        // stops on the range check before `next()` can overflow.
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(u8::MAX - 1, u8::MAX);
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), Some(u8::MAX - 1));
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), None);
+        assert!(pool.occupy(u8::MAX).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_empty_range_allocates_nothing() {
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(u8::MAX, u8::MAX);
+        assert_eq!(pool.allocate(), None);
+        assert!(pool.occupy(u8::MAX).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn out_of_range_error_names_the_id_and_the_bounds() {
+        let mut pool = IdPool::new(10_u8, 13);
+        let err = pool.occupy(13).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert_eq!(err, "id 13 outside pool range [10, 13)");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/image.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/image.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f35d07d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/image.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use fs_err as fs;
+use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::{
+    AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument, AwsPcrReplay, GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument, GcpTpmReplay,
+    SevOsImageMeasurementDocument, TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument, GCP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+    SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME, TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+const AWS_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME: &str = "measurement.aws.cbor";
+const AWS_PCR_REPLAY_FILENAME: &str = "measurement.aws.replay.json";
+const GCP_TPM_EVENT_LOG_FILENAME: &str = "measurement.gcp.eventlog.bin";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ImageInfo {
+    pub cmdline: Option<String>,
+    pub kernel: String,
+    pub initrd: String,
+    pub hda: Option<String>,
+    pub rootfs: Option<String>,
+    pub bios: Option<String>,
+    /// AMD SEV firmware (e.g. ovmf-sev.fd). Present on unified TDX+SEV images;
+    /// used instead of `bios` when launching as an AMD SEV-SNP guest.
+    #[serde(default, rename = "bios-sev")]
+    pub bios_sev: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub rootfs_hash: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub shared_ro: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub version: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub is_dev: bool,
+    /// OVMF measurement layout declared by the image. Older metadata.json files
+    /// do not have this — verifiers fall back to version-based heuristics when
+    /// it's missing.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub ovmf_variant: Option<dstack_types::OvmfVariant>,
+}
+
+impl ImageInfo {
+    pub fn version_tuple(&self) -> Option<(u16, u16, u16)> {
+        let version = self
+            .version
+            .split('.')
+            .take(3)
+            .map(|v| v.parse::<u16>())
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+            .ok()?;
+        if version.len() < 3 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some((version[0], version[1], version[2]))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ImageInfo {
+    pub fn load(filename: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let file = fs::File::open(filename.as_ref()).context("failed to open image info")?;
+        let info: ImageInfo =
+            serde_json::from_reader(file).context("failed to parse image info")?;
+        Ok(info)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Image {
+    pub info: ImageInfo,
+    pub initrd: PathBuf,
+    pub kernel: PathBuf,
+    pub hda: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub rootfs: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub bios: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub bios_sev: Option<PathBuf>,
+    pub digest: Option<String>,
+    /// TDX no-image-download measurement material.
+    pub tdx_measurement: Option<TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    /// AMD SEV-SNP no-image-download measurement material.
+    pub sev_measurement: Option<SevOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    /// GCP TDX no-image-download measurement material.
+    pub gcp_measurement: Option<GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    /// AWS NitroTPM no-image-download measurement material.
+    pub aws_measurement: Option<AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument>,
+    /// AWS boot events consumed only by the development NitroTPM simulator.
+    pub aws_pcr_replay: Option<AwsPcrReplay>,
+    /// GCP TPM event log consumed only by the development simulator.
+    pub gcp_tpm_replay: Option<GcpTpmReplay>,
+}
+
+impl Image {
+    /// Firmware blob to launch with, given whether this is an AMD SEV-SNP guest.
+    /// SEV-SNP prefers the dedicated SEV firmware (`bios_sev`) and falls back to
+    /// the generic `bios`; TDX always uses `bios`.
+    pub fn firmware(&self, is_amd_sev_snp: bool) -> Option<&PathBuf> {
+        if is_amd_sev_snp {
+            self.bios_sev.as_ref().or(self.bios.as_ref())
+        } else {
+            self.bios.as_ref()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Image {
+    pub fn load(base_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let base_path = base_path
+            .as_ref()
+            .absolutize()?
+            .canonicalize()
+            .context("failed to resolve image directory")?;
+        let mut info = ImageInfo::load(base_path.join("metadata.json"))?;
+        let initrd = resolve_artifact(&base_path, &info.initrd, "Initrd")?;
+        let kernel = resolve_artifact(&base_path, &info.kernel, "Kernel")?;
+        let hda = resolve_optional_artifact(&base_path, info.hda.as_deref(), "Hda")?;
+        let rootfs = resolve_optional_artifact(&base_path, info.rootfs.as_deref(), "Rootfs")?;
+        let bios = resolve_optional_artifact(&base_path, info.bios.as_deref(), "Bios")?;
+        let bios_sev = resolve_optional_artifact(&base_path, info.bios_sev.as_deref(), "SEV bios")?;
+        let digest = fs::read_to_string(base_path.join("digest.txt"))
+            .ok()
+            .map(|s| s.trim().to_string());
+        let sha256sum_path = base_path.join("sha256sum.txt");
+        let sha256sum = if sha256sum_path.exists() {
+            Some(
+                fs::read(&sha256sum_path)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", sha256sum_path.display()))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let tdx_path = base_path.join(TDX_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME);
+        let tdx_cbor = if tdx_path.exists() {
+            Some(
+                fs::read(&tdx_path)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", tdx_path.display()))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let tdx_measurement = match (&sha256sum, tdx_cbor) {
+            (Some(sha256sum), Some(measurement)) => Some(TdxOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+                sha256sum.clone(),
+                measurement,
+            )),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let snp_path = base_path.join(SNP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME);
+        let snp_cbor = if snp_path.exists() {
+            Some(
+                fs::read(&snp_path)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", snp_path.display()))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let sev_measurement = match (&sha256sum, snp_cbor) {
+            (Some(sha256sum), Some(measurement)) => Some(SevOsImageMeasurementDocument::new(
+                sha256sum.clone(),
+                measurement,
+            )),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let gcp_measurement = load_measurement_document(
+            &base_path,
+            &sha256sum,
+            GCP_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+            GcpOsImageMeasurementDocument::new,
+        )?;
+        let aws_measurement = load_measurement_document(
+            &base_path,
+            &sha256sum,
+            AWS_MEASUREMENT_FILENAME,
+            AwsOsImageMeasurementDocument::new,
+        )?;
+        let aws_pcr_replay_path = base_path.join(AWS_PCR_REPLAY_FILENAME);
+        let aws_pcr_replay = if aws_pcr_replay_path.exists() {
+            Some(
+                serde_json::from_slice(&fs::read(&aws_pcr_replay_path).with_context(|| {
+                    format!("failed to read {}", aws_pcr_replay_path.display())
+                })?)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to parse {}", aws_pcr_replay_path.display()))?,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let gcp_event_log_path = base_path.join(GCP_TPM_EVENT_LOG_FILENAME);
+        let gcp_tpm_replay = if gcp_event_log_path.exists() {
+            Some(GcpTpmReplay {
+                event_log: fs::read(&gcp_event_log_path)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", gcp_event_log_path.display()))?,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        if info.version.is_empty() {
+            // Older images does not have version field. Fallback to the version of the image folder name
+            info.version = guess_version(&base_path).unwrap_or_default();
+        }
+        Self {
+            info,
+            hda,
+            initrd,
+            kernel,
+            rootfs,
+            bios,
+            bios_sev,
+            digest,
+            tdx_measurement,
+            sev_measurement,
+            gcp_measurement,
+            aws_measurement,
+            aws_pcr_replay,
+            gcp_tpm_replay,
+        }
+        .ensure_exists()
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_exists(self) -> Result<Self> {
+        if !self.initrd.exists() {
+            bail!("Initrd does not exist: {}", self.initrd.display());
+        }
+        if !self.kernel.exists() {
+            bail!("Kernel does not exist: {}", self.kernel.display());
+        }
+        if let Some(hda) = &self.hda {
+            if !hda.exists() {
+                bail!("Hda does not exist: {}", hda.display());
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(rootfs) = &self.rootfs {
+            if !rootfs.exists() {
+                bail!("Rootfs does not exist: {}", rootfs.display());
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(bios) = &self.bios {
+            if !bios.exists() {
+                bail!("Bios does not exist: {}", bios.display());
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(bios_sev) = &self.bios_sev {
+            if !bios_sev.exists() {
+                bail!("SEV bios does not exist: {}", bios_sev.display());
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+}
+
+fn resolve_artifact(base_path: &Path, value: &str, label: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let candidate = base_path.join(value);
+    let resolved = candidate
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("{label} does not exist: {}", candidate.display()))?;
+    if !resolved.starts_with(base_path) {
+        bail!("{label} escapes image directory: {}", candidate.display());
+    }
+    if !resolved.is_file() {
+        bail!("{label} is not a file: {}", candidate.display());
+    }
+    Ok(resolved)
+}
+
+fn resolve_optional_artifact(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    value: Option<&str>,
+    label: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    value
+        .map(|value| resolve_artifact(base_path, value, label))
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+fn load_measurement_document<T>(
+    base_path: &Path,
+    checksum_file: &Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    filename: &str,
+    constructor: impl FnOnce(Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>) -> T,
+) -> Result<Option<T>> {
+    let path = base_path.join(filename);
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let Some(checksum_file) = checksum_file else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let measurement =
+        fs::read(&path).with_context(|| format!("failed to read {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(Some(constructor(checksum_file.clone(), measurement)))
+}
+
+fn guess_version(base_path: &Path) -> Option<String> {
+    // name pattern: dstack-dev-0.2.3 or dstack-0.2.3
+    let basename = base_path.file_name()?.to_str()?.to_string();
+    let version = if basename.starts_with("dstack-dev-") {
+        basename.strip_prefix("dstack-dev-")?
+    } else if basename.starts_with("dstack-") {
+        basename.strip_prefix("dstack-")?
+    } else {
+        return None;
+    };
+    Some(version.to_string())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{Image, ImageInfo};
+    use std::{fs, sync::Arc, thread};
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+    fn fixture(name: &str, kernel: &str) -> (TempDir, std::path::PathBuf) {
+        let root = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let image = root.path().join(name);
+        fs::create_dir(&image).unwrap();
+        let metadata = format!(
+            r#"{{"cmdline":null,"kernel":"{kernel}","initrd":"initrd","hda":null,"rootfs":null,"bios":null}}"#
+        );
+        fs::write(image.join("metadata.json"), metadata).unwrap();
+        fs::write(image.join("initrd"), b"initrd").unwrap();
+        (root, image)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn loads_minimal_metadata_and_guesses_legacy_version() {
+        let (_root, image) = fixture("dstack-dev-1.2.3", "vmlinuz");
+        fs::write(image.join("vmlinuz"), b"kernel").unwrap();
+        let loaded = Image::load(&image).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded.info.version, "1.2.3");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.info.version_tuple(), Some((1, 2, 3)));
+        assert!(!loaded.info.shared_ro);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_version_boundaries_and_rejects_missing_artifact() {
+        for (version, expected) in [
+            ("0.0.0", Some((0, 0, 0))),
+            ("65535.1.2", Some((u16::MAX, 1, 2))),
+            ("1.2", None),
+            ("1.2.invalid", None),
+            ("65536.1.2", None),
+        ] {
+            let json = format!(
+                r#"{{"cmdline":null,"kernel":"k","initrd":"i","hda":null,"rootfs":null,"bios":null,"version":"{version}"}}"#
+            );
+            let info: ImageInfo = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(info.version_tuple(), expected);
+        }
+        let (_root, image) = fixture("missing", "missing");
+        assert!(Image::load(image).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_parent_traversal_artifact() {
+        let (root, image) = fixture("escaped", "../outside");
+        fs::write(root.path().join("outside"), b"outside").unwrap();
+        assert!(Image::load(image).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_symlink_escape_and_concurrent_reads_converge() {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+        let (root, image) = fixture("candidate", "kernel-link");
+        fs::write(root.path().join("outside"), b"outside").unwrap();
+        symlink(root.path().join("outside"), image.join("kernel-link")).unwrap();
+        assert!(Image::load(&image).is_err());
+        fs::remove_file(image.join("kernel-link")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(image.join("kernel-link"), b"kernel").unwrap();
+        let image = Arc::new(image);
+        let workers: Vec<_> = (0..4)
+            .map(|_| {
+                let image = Arc::clone(&image);
+                thread::spawn(move || Image::load(image.as_path()).unwrap().info.version)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for worker in workers {
+            assert_eq!(worker.join().unwrap(), "");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/mr_config.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/mr_config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9aa83539
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/mr_config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Application identity and VM measurement-configuration derivation.
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use base64::prelude::*;
+use dstack_types::mr_config::{MrConfig, MrConfigV3};
+use dstack_types::{gpu_policy_hash, AppCompose};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+use super::{GpuConfig, Manifest, VmWorkDir};
+use crate::config::{CvmConfig, CvmPlatform};
+
+fn bind_init_script_hashes(mut mr_config: MrConfigV3, app_compose: &AppCompose) -> MrConfigV3 {
+    if app_compose.manifest_version_u32().unwrap_or_default() >= 3 {
+        let hashes = app_compose
+            .init_script
+            .iter()
+            .map(|script| Sha256::digest(script.as_bytes()).to_vec())
+            .collect();
+        mr_config = mr_config.with_init_script_hashes(hashes);
+    }
+    mr_config
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) enum MrConfigVersion {
+    V1,
+    V3,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn mr_config_version(
+    manifest: &Manifest,
+    platform: CvmPlatform,
+    use_mrconfigid: bool,
+    has_key_provider_id: bool,
+) -> Result<Option<MrConfigVersion>> {
+    if manifest.simulated_tee == Some(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp) {
+        return Ok(Some(MrConfigVersion::V3));
+    }
+    if manifest.no_tee {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    match platform {
+        CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp => Ok(Some(MrConfigVersion::V3)),
+        CvmPlatform::Tdx if has_key_provider_id && !use_mrconfigid => {
+            bail!("key provider ID requires MrConfigV3, but use_mrconfigid is disabled")
+        }
+        CvmPlatform::Tdx if !use_mrconfigid => Ok(None),
+        CvmPlatform::Tdx if has_key_provider_id => Ok(Some(MrConfigVersion::V3)),
+        CvmPlatform::Tdx => Ok(Some(MrConfigVersion::V1)),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn tdx_mr_config_id(workdir: &VmWorkDir, app_compose: &AppCompose) -> Result<String> {
+    if let Some(document) = workdir
+        .sys_config()
+        .context("failed to read sys config for tdx mrconfigid")?
+        .mr_config
+    {
+        MrConfigV3::from_document(&document).context("invalid mr_config document")?;
+        return Ok(BASE64_STANDARD.encode(MrConfigV3::tdx_mr_config_id_from_document(&document)));
+    }
+
+    let compose_hash = workdir
+        .app_compose_hash()
+        .context("failed to get compose hash")?;
+    let mr_config = if app_compose.key_provider_id.is_empty() {
+        MrConfig::V1 {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+        }
+    } else {
+        let instance_info = workdir
+            .instance_info()
+            .context("failed to get instance info")?;
+        let app_id = if instance_info.app_id.is_empty() {
+            &compose_hash[..20]
+        } else {
+            &instance_info.app_id
+        };
+        MrConfig::V2 {
+            compose_hash: &compose_hash,
+            app_id: &app_id.try_into().context("invalid app ID")?,
+            key_provider: app_compose.key_provider(),
+            key_provider_id: &app_compose.key_provider_id,
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(BASE64_STANDARD.encode(mr_config.to_mr_config_id()))
+}
+
+pub(super) fn snp_host_data(workdir: &VmWorkDir) -> Result<String> {
+    let document = workdir
+        .sys_config()
+        .context("failed to read sys config for amd sev-snp host-data")?
+        .mr_config
+        .context("mr_config is required for amd sev-snp host-data")?;
+    MrConfigV3::from_document(&document).context("invalid mr_config document")?;
+    Ok(BASE64_STANDARD.encode(MrConfigV3::snp_host_data_from_document(&document)))
+}
+
+impl VmWorkDir {
+    pub(crate) fn prepare_mr_config(
+        &self,
+        manifest: &Manifest,
+        config: &CvmConfig,
+        app_compose: &AppCompose,
+    ) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        let version = mr_config_version(
+            manifest,
+            config.resolved_platform(),
+            config.use_mrconfigid,
+            !app_compose.key_provider_id.is_empty(),
+        )?;
+        match version {
+            Some(MrConfigVersion::V3) => self
+                .prepare_mr_config_v3(
+                    app_compose,
+                    manifest.gpus.as_ref().is_some_and(GpuConfig::has_gpus),
+                )
+                .map(Some),
+            Some(MrConfigVersion::V1) | None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn prepare_mr_config_v3(&self, app_compose: &AppCompose, has_gpus: bool) -> Result<String> {
+        let compose_hash = self
+            .app_compose_hash()
+            .context("failed to get compose hash")?;
+        let gpu_policy_hash = if has_gpus {
+            let compose_json = fs::read(self.app_compose_path())
+                .context("failed to read app compose for GPU policy hash")?;
+            Some(
+                gpu_policy_hash(&compose_json)
+                    .context("failed to hash raw GPU policy")?
+                    .to_vec(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let mut instance_info = self
+            .instance_info_or_default()
+            .context("failed to get instance info")?;
+        let app_id = if instance_info.app_id.is_empty() {
+            compose_hash[..20].to_vec()
+        } else {
+            instance_info.app_id.clone()
+        };
+        if app_id.len() != 20 {
+            bail!(
+                "invalid app ID length: expected 20 bytes, got {}",
+                app_id.len()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let disk_reusable = !app_compose.key_provider().is_none();
+        if !disk_reusable || instance_info.instance_id_seed.is_empty() {
+            instance_info.instance_id_seed = {
+                let mut seed = vec![0_u8; 20];
+                getrandom::fill(&mut seed).context("failed to generate instance ID seed")?;
+                seed
+            };
+        }
+
+        let instance_id = if app_compose.no_instance_id {
+            Vec::new()
+        } else {
+            let mut id_path = instance_info.instance_id_seed.clone();
+            id_path.extend_from_slice(&app_id);
+            Sha256::digest(id_path)[..20].to_vec()
+        };
+        instance_info.app_id = app_id.clone();
+        instance_info.instance_id = instance_id.clone();
+        fs::write(
+            self.instance_info_path(),
+            serde_json::to_string(&instance_info).context("failed to serialize instance info")?,
+        )
+        .context("failed to write instance info")?;
+
+        // Manifest v3 is the fail-closed capability signal: older guests
+        // reject its string version instead of seeing an unknown MrConfigV3
+        // field generated by a newer VMM.
+        let mr_config = MrConfigV3::new(
+            app_id,
+            compose_hash.to_vec(),
+            gpu_policy_hash,
+            app_compose.key_provider(),
+            app_compose.key_provider_id.clone(),
+            instance_id,
+        );
+        Ok(bind_init_script_hashes(mr_config, app_compose).to_canonical_json())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use dstack_types::KeyProviderKind;
+
+    fn app_compose(manifest_version: serde_json::Value) -> AppCompose {
+        serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "manifest_version": manifest_version,
+            "name": "test",
+            "runner": "docker-compose"
+        }))
+        .unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn base_mr_config() -> MrConfigV3 {
+        MrConfigV3::new(
+            vec![0x11; 20],
+            vec![0x22; 32],
+            None,
+            KeyProviderKind::None,
+            Vec::new(),
+            vec![0x33; 20],
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_v2_omits_init_script_hashes() {
+        let document =
+            bind_init_script_hashes(base_mr_config(), &app_compose(serde_json::json!(2)))
+                .to_canonical_json();
+        let document: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&document).unwrap();
+        assert!(document.get("init_script_hashes").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manifest_v3_includes_empty_init_script_hashes() {
+        let document =
+            bind_init_script_hashes(base_mr_config(), &app_compose(serde_json::json!("3")))
+                .to_canonical_json();
+        let document: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&document).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(document["init_script_hashes"], serde_json::json!([]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/network.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/network.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b840154f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/network.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! VM network resolution, validation, and interface identity.
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+use super::Manifest;
+use crate::config::{CvmConfig, Networking, NetworkingMode};
+
+pub(crate) fn resolve_networking(networking: &Networking, cfg: &CvmConfig) -> Networking {
+    let mut resolved = cfg.networking.clone();
+    resolved.mode = networking.mode;
+    resolved.restrict = cfg.networking.restrict || networking.restrict;
+    if !networking.bridge.is_empty() {
+        resolved.bridge = networking.bridge.clone();
+    }
+    if !networking.parent.is_empty() {
+        resolved.parent = networking.parent.clone();
+    }
+    if !networking.mac_prefix.is_empty() {
+        resolved.mac_prefix = networking.mac_prefix.clone();
+    }
+    if !networking.net.is_empty() {
+        resolved.net = networking.net.clone();
+    }
+    if !networking.dhcp_start.is_empty() {
+        resolved.dhcp_start = networking.dhcp_start.clone();
+    }
+    if !networking.netdev.is_empty() {
+        resolved.netdev = networking.netdev.clone();
+    }
+    resolved
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn resolved_networks(manifest: &Manifest, cfg: &CvmConfig) -> Vec<Networking> {
+    if manifest.networks.is_empty() {
+        vec![cfg.networking.clone()]
+    } else {
+        manifest
+            .networks
+            .iter()
+            .map(|networking| resolve_networking(networking, cfg))
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_resolved_network(networking: &Networking) -> Result<()> {
+    if networking.mode != NetworkingMode::Bridge {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if networking.bridge.is_empty() {
+        bail!("bridge networking requested but no bridge is configured");
+    }
+    if !Path::new("/sys/class/net")
+        .join(&networking.bridge)
+        .exists()
+    {
+        bail!("bridge interface '{}' does not exist", networking.bridge);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn validate_resolved_networks(networks: &[Networking]) -> Result<()> {
+    for networking in networks {
+        validate_resolved_network(networking)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Derives a deterministic, locally administered unicast MAC address.
+///
+/// Index zero preserves the legacy single-NIC derivation. Later interfaces
+/// hash `vm_id:index`, preventing an upgrade from changing the primary NIC.
+pub(crate) fn mac_address_for_vm_index(vm_id: &str, prefix: &[u8], index: usize) -> String {
+    let hash_input = if index == 0 {
+        vm_id.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{vm_id}:{index}")
+    };
+    let hash = Sha256::digest(hash_input.as_bytes());
+    let prefix_len = prefix.len().min(3);
+    let mut bytes = [0_u8; 6];
+    bytes[..prefix_len].copy_from_slice(&prefix[..prefix_len]);
+    for index in prefix_len..bytes.len() {
+        bytes[index] = hash[index - prefix_len];
+    }
+    bytes[0] = (bytes[0] & 0xfe) | 0x02;
+    format!(
+        "{:02x}:{:02x}:{:02x}:{:02x}:{:02x}:{:02x}",
+        bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3], bytes[4], bytes[5]
+    )
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::mac_address_for_vm_index;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn primary_mac_keeps_legacy_derivation_and_later_nics_are_distinct() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            mac_address_for_vm_index("vm-123", &[], 0),
+            "96:b1:d8:b9:08:e6"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            mac_address_for_vm_index("vm-123", &[], 1),
+            "c6:74:2c:65:14:b9"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/qemu.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/qemu.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a83c02b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/qemu.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1292 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! QEMU launch preparation and command construction.
+use super::{
+    effective_vcpu_count,
+    host_share::create_shared_disk,
+    hugepage_numa_nodes,
+    image::Image,
+    mr_config::{snp_host_data, tdx_mr_config_id},
+    network::{mac_address_for_vm_index, validate_resolved_networks},
+    pci_numa_node, round_up, GpuConfig, VmWorkDir,
+};
+use crate::{
+    app::Manifest,
+    config::{
+        CvmConfig, CvmPlatform, NetworkFilterMode, Networking, NetworkingMode, ProcessAnnotation,
+    },
+    netd::{tap_name, InterfaceIdentity},
+    vm_launcher::{ChildCommand, LaunchSpec, OpenFile},
+};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use bon::Builder;
+use dstack_types::shared_filenames::HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use nix::unistd::{Gid, Uid};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::{
+    io::Write,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    process::{Command, Stdio},
+};
+use supervisor_client::supervisor::ProcessConfig;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct AmdSevSnpLaunchParams {
+    cbitpos: u32,
+    reduced_phys_bits: u32,
+}
+
+fn parse_amd_sev_snp_qmp_capabilities(stdout: &[u8]) -> Result<AmdSevSnpLaunchParams> {
+    let stdout = std::str::from_utf8(stdout).context("QMP output is not valid UTF-8")?;
+    let mut qmp_error = None;
+    for line in stdout.lines() {
+        let Ok(value) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(line) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if let Some(error) = value.get("error") {
+            qmp_error = Some(error.to_string());
+        }
+        let Some(ret) = value.get("return") else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(cbitpos) = ret.get("cbitpos").and_then(|value| value.as_u64()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let Some(reduced_phys_bits) = ret
+            .get("reduced-phys-bits")
+            .and_then(|value| value.as_u64())
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        return Ok(AmdSevSnpLaunchParams {
+            cbitpos: cbitpos
+                .try_into()
+                .context("QMP cbitpos does not fit in u32")?,
+            reduced_phys_bits: reduced_phys_bits
+                .try_into()
+                .context("QMP reduced-phys-bits does not fit in u32")?,
+        });
+    }
+
+    match qmp_error {
+        Some(error) => bail!("QMP query-sev-capabilities failed: {error}"),
+        None => bail!("QMP query-sev-capabilities did not return cbitpos/reduced-phys-bits"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn detect_amd_sev_snp_qemu_capabilities(qemu_path: &Path) -> Result<AmdSevSnpLaunchParams> {
+    // QEMU's reduced-phys-bits is not the same value as CPUID Fn8000_001F
+    // EBX[11:6] on all hosts. Ask the exact QEMU binary that will launch the
+    // guest for its SEV launch parameters.
+    let mut child = Command::new(qemu_path)
+        .args([
+            "-machine",
+            "none,accel=kvm",
+            "-display",
+            "none",
+            "-nodefaults",
+            "-qmp",
+            "stdio",
+        ])
+        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+        .spawn()
+        .with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to start QEMU to query SEV capabilities: {}",
+                qemu_path.display()
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    let mut stdin = child
+        .stdin
+        .take()
+        .context("failed to open QEMU QMP stdin")?;
+    stdin
+        .write_all(
+            br#"{"execute":"qmp_capabilities"}
+{"execute":"query-sev-capabilities"}
+{"execute":"quit"}
+"#,
+        )
+        .context("failed to write QMP query-sev-capabilities commands")?;
+    drop(stdin);
+
+    let output = child
+        .wait_with_output()
+        .context("failed to wait for QEMU query-sev-capabilities")?;
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+        bail!(
+            "QEMU query-sev-capabilities exited with {}: {}",
+            output.status,
+            stderr.trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    parse_amd_sev_snp_qmp_capabilities(&output.stdout)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Builder)]
+pub struct VmConfig {
+    pub manifest: Manifest,
+    pub image: Image,
+    pub cid: u32,
+    pub workdir: PathBuf,
+    pub gateway_enabled: bool,
+}
+
+fn create_hd(
+    image_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
+    backing_file: Option<impl AsRef<Path>>,
+    size: &str,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut command = Command::new("qemu-img");
+    command.arg("create").arg("-f").arg("qcow2");
+    if let Some(backing_file) = backing_file {
+        command
+            .arg("-o")
+            .arg(format!("backing_file={}", backing_file.as_ref().display()));
+        command.arg("-o").arg("backing_fmt=qcow2");
+    }
+    command.arg(image_file.as_ref());
+    command.arg(size);
+    let output = command.output()?;
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        bail!(
+            "Failed to create disk: {}",
+            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn virtio_pci_device(device: &str, snp: bool) -> String {
+    if snp {
+        format!("{device},disable-legacy=on,iommu_platform=true")
+    } else {
+        device.to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+struct PreparedVolume {
+    source: String,
+}
+
+struct PreparedQemuLaunch {
+    workdir: VmWorkDir,
+    platform: CvmPlatform,
+    networks: Vec<Networking>,
+    volumes: Vec<PreparedVolume>,
+    hugepage_numa_nodes: Option<HashMap<String, u32>>,
+    gpu_numa_nodes: HashMap<String, String>,
+    numa_cpus: Option<String>,
+    swtpm_socket: Option<PathBuf>,
+    swtpm_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    tdx_mr_config_id: Option<String>,
+    snp_host_data: Option<String>,
+    snp_launch_params: Option<AmdSevSnpLaunchParams>,
+}
+
+impl PreparedQemuLaunch {
+    fn prepare(
+        vm: &VmConfig,
+        workdir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        cfg: &CvmConfig,
+        gpus: &GpuConfig,
+        networks: &[Networking],
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(workdir);
+        prepare_data_disk(vm, &workdir)?;
+        prepare_shared_dir(&workdir)?;
+        let app_compose = workdir.app_compose().context("failed to get app compose")?;
+        let platform = cfg.resolved_platform();
+        let networks = networks.to_vec();
+        validate_resolved_networks(&networks)?;
+        let volumes = vm
+            .manifest
+            .volumes
+            .iter()
+            .map(|volume| PreparedVolume {
+                source: volume.source.clone(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let hugepage_numa_nodes = if vm.manifest.hugepages {
+            Some(hugepage_numa_nodes(gpus)?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let gpu_numa_nodes = if vm.manifest.hugepages {
+            gpus.gpus
+                .iter()
+                .map(|gpu| Ok((gpu.slot.clone(), pci_numa_node(&gpu.slot)?)))
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?
+        } else {
+            HashMap::new()
+        };
+        let numa_cpus = if vm.manifest.pin_numa {
+            let device = gpus.gpus.first().map(|gpu| gpu.slot.clone());
+            Some(find_numa(device)?.1)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let (swtpm_socket, swtpm_path) = if vm.manifest.swtpm {
+            let swtpm_path = which::which("swtpm")
+                .context("tpm key provider requested but swtpm is not installed")?;
+            let state_dir = workdir.swtpm_state_dir();
+            fs::create_dir_all(&state_dir).context("failed to create swtpm state directory")?;
+            let socket = workdir.swtpm_socket();
+            if socket.exists() {
+                fs::remove_file(&socket).context("failed to remove stale swtpm socket")?;
+            }
+            (Some(socket), Some(swtpm_path))
+        } else {
+            (None, None)
+        };
+        prepare_shared_disk(&workdir, cfg)?;
+
+        let tee_enabled = !vm.manifest.no_tee;
+        let tdx_mr_config_id = if tee_enabled
+            && platform == CvmPlatform::Tdx
+            && cfg.use_mrconfigid
+            && vm.image.info.version_tuple().unwrap_or_default() >= (0, 5, 2)
+        {
+            Some(tdx_mr_config_id(&workdir, &app_compose)?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let (snp_host_data, snp_launch_params) =
+            if tee_enabled && platform == CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp {
+                (
+                    Some(snp_host_data(&workdir)?),
+                    Some(
+                        detect_amd_sev_snp_qemu_capabilities(&cfg.qemu_path).context(
+                            "failed to detect AMD SEV-SNP cbitpos/reduced-phys-bits from QEMU",
+                        )?,
+                    ),
+                )
+            } else {
+                (None, None)
+            };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            workdir,
+            platform,
+            networks,
+            volumes,
+            hugepage_numa_nodes,
+            gpu_numa_nodes,
+            numa_cpus,
+            swtpm_socket,
+            swtpm_path,
+            tdx_mr_config_id,
+            snp_host_data,
+            snp_launch_params,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn prepare_data_disk(vm: &VmConfig, workdir: &VmWorkDir) -> Result<()> {
+    let hda_path = workdir.hda_path();
+    if !hda_path.exists() {
+        create_hd(
+            &hda_path,
+            vm.image.hda.as_ref(),
+            &format!("{}G", vm.manifest.disk_size),
+        )?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn prepare_shared_dir(workdir: &VmWorkDir) -> Result<()> {
+    let shared_dir = workdir.shared_dir();
+    if !shared_dir.exists() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(&shared_dir)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn prepare_shared_disk(workdir: &VmWorkDir, cfg: &CvmConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    if cfg.host_share_mode != "vhd" {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let shared_dir = workdir.shared_dir();
+    let shared_disk_path = workdir.shared_disk_path();
+    if shared_disk_path.exists() {
+        fs::remove_file(&shared_disk_path).context("failed to remove shared disk")?;
+    }
+    create_shared_disk(&shared_disk_path, shared_dir).context("failed to create shared disk")
+}
+
+struct QemuCommandBuilder<'a> {
+    vm: &'a VmConfig,
+    cfg: &'a CvmConfig,
+    gpus: &'a GpuConfig,
+    prepared: &'a PreparedQemuLaunch,
+}
+
+impl VmConfig {
+    pub fn config_qemu(
+        &self,
+        workdir: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        cfg: &CvmConfig,
+        gpus: &GpuConfig,
+        networks: &[Networking],
+    ) -> Result<Vec<ProcessConfig>> {
+        let prepared = PreparedQemuLaunch::prepare(self, workdir, cfg, gpus, networks)?;
+        let process = QemuCommandBuilder {
+            vm: self,
+            cfg,
+            gpus,
+            prepared: &prepared,
+        }
+        .build()?;
+        let has_macvtap = prepared
+            .networks
+            .iter()
+            .any(|network| network.mode == NetworkingMode::Macvtap);
+        let Some(socket) = prepared.swtpm_socket.as_deref() else {
+            if has_macvtap {
+                return self.wrap_launcher(&prepared, process, None, None);
+            }
+            return Ok(vec![process]);
+        };
+        let swtpm_path = prepared
+            .swtpm_path
+            .as_ref()
+            .context("missing swtpm executable for configured socket")?;
+        let (socket_uid, socket_gid) = (Uid::effective().as_raw(), Gid::effective().as_raw());
+
+        let swtpm_args = vec![
+            "socket".into(),
+            "--tpm2".into(),
+            "--tpmstate".into(),
+            format!("dir={}", prepared.workdir.swtpm_state_dir().display()),
+            "--ctrl".into(),
+            format!(
+                "type=unixio,path={},mode=0600,uid={socket_uid},gid={socket_gid}",
+                socket.display()
+            ),
+            "--flags".into(),
+            "not-need-init,startup-clear".into(),
+        ];
+        self.wrap_launcher(
+            &prepared,
+            process,
+            Some(ChildCommand {
+                command: swtpm_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+                args: swtpm_args,
+            }),
+            Some(socket.to_path_buf()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn wrap_launcher(
+        &self,
+        prepared: &PreparedQemuLaunch,
+        process: ProcessConfig,
+        swtpm: Option<ChildCommand>,
+        swtpm_socket: Option<PathBuf>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<ProcessConfig>> {
+        let open_files = prepared
+            .networks
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|(_, network)| network.mode == NetworkingMode::Macvtap)
+            .map(|(index, network)| OpenFile {
+                fd: (3 + index) as i32,
+                path: network.device.clone().into(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: ChildCommand {
+                command: process.command,
+                args: process.args,
+            },
+            swtpm,
+            swtpm_socket,
+            open_files,
+            startup_timeout_ms: 5_000,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 10_000,
+        };
+        let spec_path = prepared.workdir.launch_spec_path();
+        safe_write::safe_write(&spec_path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&spec)?)
+            .context("failed to write VM launch specification")?;
+        let executable =
+            std::env::current_exe().context("failed to locate dstack-vmm executable")?;
+        let launcher = ProcessConfig {
+            id: self.manifest.id.clone(),
+            name: self.manifest.name.clone(),
+            command: executable.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            args: vec![
+                "vm-launcher".into(),
+                "--spec".into(),
+                spec_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            ],
+            env: process.env,
+            cwd: process.cwd,
+            stdout: process.stdout,
+            stderr: process.stderr,
+            pidfile: process.pidfile,
+            cid: process.cid,
+            note: process.note,
+        };
+        Ok(vec![launcher])
+    }
+}
+
+impl QemuCommandBuilder<'_> {
+    fn build(&self) -> Result<ProcessConfig> {
+        let mut command = self.base_command();
+        self.configure_rootfs(&mut command)?;
+        self.configure_data_disk(&mut command);
+        self.configure_volumes(&mut command);
+        self.configure_networking(&mut command)?;
+        self.vm.configure_smbios(&mut command, self.cfg);
+        self.configure_tpm_and_vsock(&mut command);
+        self.configure_host_share(&mut command)?;
+
+        let (smp, mem) = self.configure_hugepage_memory(&mut command)?;
+        self.vm
+            .configure_machine(&mut command, self.cfg, self.prepared, mem)?;
+        self.configure_gpus(&mut command)?;
+        command.arg("-smp").arg(smp.to_string());
+        command.arg("-m").arg(format!("{mem}M"));
+
+        // SNP app identity is bound through HOST_DATA, so the measured cmdline
+        // remains the image-provided cmdline.
+        if let Some(cmdline) = &self.vm.image.info.cmdline {
+            command.arg("-append").arg(cmdline);
+        }
+        self.process_config(command)
+    }
+
+    fn is_amd_sev_snp(&self) -> bool {
+        self.prepared.platform == CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp && !self.vm.manifest.no_tee
+    }
+
+    fn base_command(&self) -> Command {
+        let workdir = &self.prepared.workdir;
+        let mut command = Command::new(&self.cfg.qemu_path);
+        command.arg("-accel").arg("kvm");
+        command.arg("-cpu").arg(if self.is_amd_sev_snp() {
+            "EPYC-v4"
+        } else {
+            "host"
+        });
+        command.arg("-nographic");
+        command.arg("-nodefaults");
+        // logappend=on stops QEMU from truncating the log when it opens the
+        // chardev, which is what makes in-place rotation safe: the fd is
+        // O_APPEND, so writes resume at the end of file after we truncate.
+        // Without it QEMU keeps writing at its old offset and punches a sparse
+        // hole instead, leaving the file as large as it was.
+        command.arg("-chardev").arg(format!(
+            "pty,id=com0,path={},logfile={},logappend=on",
+            workdir.serial_pty().display(),
+            workdir.serial_file().display()
+        ));
+        command.arg("-serial").arg("chardev:com0");
+        if self.cfg.qmp_socket {
+            command.arg("-qmp").arg(format!(
+                "unix:{},server,wait=off",
+                workdir.qmp_socket().display()
+            ));
+        }
+        if let Some(bios) = self.vm.image.firmware(self.is_amd_sev_snp()) {
+            command.arg("-bios").arg(bios);
+        }
+        command.arg("-kernel").arg(&self.vm.image.kernel);
+        command.arg("-initrd").arg(&self.vm.image.initrd);
+        if self.cfg.qemu_hotplug_off {
+            command.args([
+                "-global",
+                "ICH9-LPC.acpi-pci-hotplug-with-bridge-support=off",
+            ]);
+        }
+        if self.cfg.qemu_pci_hole64_size > 0 {
+            command.args([
+                "-global",
+                &format!(
+                    "q35-pcihost.pci-hole64-size=0x{:x}",
+                    self.cfg.qemu_pci_hole64_size
+                ),
+            ]);
+        }
+        command
+    }
+
+    fn configure_rootfs(&self, command: &mut Command) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(rootfs) = &self.vm.image.rootfs else {
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let image_version = self.vm.image.info.version_tuple().unwrap_or_default();
+        let extension = rootfs
+            .extension()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .to_str()
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        match extension {
+            "iso" => {
+                if image_version >= (0, 5, 0) {
+                    bail!(
+                        "Unsupported rootfs type: {extension}. Image versions >= 0.5.0 must use verity rootfs"
+                    );
+                }
+                command.arg("-cdrom").arg(rootfs);
+            }
+            "verity" => {
+                command.arg("-drive").arg(format!(
+                    "file={},if=none,id=hd0,format=raw,readonly=on",
+                    rootfs.display()
+                ));
+                command.arg("-device").arg(virtio_pci_device(
+                    "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0",
+                    self.is_amd_sev_snp(),
+                ));
+            }
+            _ => bail!("Unsupported rootfs type: {extension}"),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn configure_data_disk(&self, command: &mut Command) {
+        command
+            .arg("-drive")
+            .arg(format!(
+                "file={},if=none,id=hd1",
+                self.prepared.workdir.hda_path().display()
+            ))
+            .arg("-device")
+            .arg(virtio_pci_device(
+                "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd1",
+                self.is_amd_sev_snp(),
+            ));
+    }
+
+    fn configure_volumes(&self, command: &mut Command) {
+        // Sources are host paths already validated by the VMM. Attach extra
+        // volumes after the data disk and before networking, matching the
+        // established device order.
+        for (index, volume) in self.prepared.volumes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let id = format!("vol{index}");
+            let drive = format!(
+                "file={},if=none,id={id},format=raw,readonly=on",
+                volume.source
+            );
+
+            let device = format!("virtio-blk-pci,drive={id}");
+            command
+                .arg("-drive")
+                .arg(drive)
+                .arg("-device")
+                .arg(virtio_pci_device(&device, self.is_amd_sev_snp()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn configure_networking(&self, command: &mut Command) -> Result<()> {
+        let hostfwd_index = self
+            .prepared
+            .networks
+            .iter()
+            .position(|networking| networking.mode == NetworkingMode::User);
+        for (index, networking) in self.prepared.networks.iter().enumerate() {
+            let net_id = format!("net{index}");
+            let mac = mac_address_for_vm_index(
+                &self.vm.manifest.id,
+                &networking.mac_prefix_bytes(),
+                index,
+            );
+            let net_device = virtio_pci_device(
+                &format!("virtio-net-pci,netdev={net_id},mac={mac}"),
+                self.is_amd_sev_snp(),
+            );
+            let netdev = match networking.mode {
+                NetworkingMode::User => {
+                    let mut netdev = format!(
+                        "user,id={net_id},net={},dhcpstart={},restrict={}",
+                        networking.net,
+                        networking.dhcp_start,
+                        if networking.restrict { "yes" } else { "no" }
+                    );
+                    if hostfwd_index == Some(index) {
+                        for mapping in &self.vm.manifest.port_map {
+                            netdev.push_str(&format!(
+                                ",hostfwd={}:{}:{}-:{}",
+                                mapping.protocol.as_str(),
+                                mapping.address,
+                                mapping.from,
+                                mapping.to
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    netdev
+                }
+                NetworkingMode::Bridge => {
+                    tracing::info!("bridge networking: mac={mac} bridge={}", networking.bridge);
+                    match self.cfg.network_filter.mode {
+                        NetworkFilterMode::None => {
+                            format!("bridge,id={net_id},br={}", networking.bridge)
+                        }
+                        NetworkFilterMode::Libvirt => {
+                            let tap = tap_name(&InterfaceIdentity {
+                                instance_id: self.cfg.instance_id.clone(),
+                                vm_id: self.vm.manifest.id.clone(),
+                                nic_index: index,
+                            });
+                            // Keep the filtered backend conservative: QEMU
+                            // uses the TAP path on which libvirt installed the
+                            // nwfilter binding instead of opening vhost-net.
+                            format!(
+                                "tap,id={net_id},ifname={tap},script=no,downscript=no,vhost=off"
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                NetworkingMode::Custom => {
+                    if !networking.netdev.contains(&format!("id={net_id}")) {
+                        bail!(
+                            "custom networking netdev must contain id={net_id} for interface index {index}"
+                        );
+                    }
+                    networking.netdev.clone()
+                }
+                NetworkingMode::Macvtap => {
+                    if networking.device.is_empty() {
+                        bail!("macvtap interface {index} has not been prepared by netd");
+                    }
+                    format!("tap,id={net_id},fd={},vhost=off", 3 + index)
+                }
+            };
+            command.arg("-netdev").arg(netdev);
+            command.arg("-device").arg(net_device);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn configure_tpm_and_vsock(&self, command: &mut Command) {
+        if let Some(socket) = &self.prepared.swtpm_socket {
+            command
+                .arg("-chardev")
+                .arg(format!("socket,id=chrtpm,path={}", socket.display()))
+                .arg("-tpmdev")
+                .arg("emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm")
+                .arg("-device")
+                .arg("tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0");
+        }
+        command.arg("-device").arg(virtio_pci_device(
+            &format!("vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid={}", self.vm.cid),
+            self.is_amd_sev_snp(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    fn configure_host_share(&self, command: &mut Command) -> Result<()> {
+        let workdir = &self.prepared.workdir;
+        match self.cfg.host_share_mode.as_str() {
+            "9p" => {
+                let read_only = if self.vm.image.info.shared_ro {
+                    "on"
+                } else {
+                    "off"
+                };
+                command.arg("-virtfs").arg(format!(
+                    "local,path={},mount_tag=host-shared,readonly={read_only},security_model=mapped,id=virtfs0",
+                    workdir.shared_dir().display(),
+                ));
+            }
+            "vvfat" => {
+                command
+                    .arg("-blockdev")
+                    .arg(format!(
+                        "driver=vvfat,node-name=vvfat0,read-only=on,dir={},label={}",
+                        workdir.shared_dir().display(),
+                        HOST_SHARED_DISK_LABEL
+                    ))
+                    .arg("-device")
+                    .arg(virtio_pci_device(
+                        "virtio-blk-pci,drive=vvfat0",
+                        self.is_amd_sev_snp(),
+                    ));
+            }
+            "vhd" => {
+                command
+                    .arg("-drive")
+                    .arg(format!(
+                        "file={},if=none,id=hd2,format=raw,readonly=on",
+                        workdir.shared_disk_path().display()
+                    ))
+                    .arg("-device")
+                    .arg(virtio_pci_device(
+                        "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd2",
+                        self.is_amd_sev_snp(),
+                    ));
+            }
+            _ => bail!("Invalid host sharing mode: {}", self.cfg.host_share_mode),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn configure_hugepage_memory(&self, command: &mut Command) -> Result<(u32, u32)> {
+        let numa_nodes = self.prepared.hugepage_numa_nodes.as_ref();
+        let smp = effective_vcpu_count(
+            self.vm.manifest.vcpu,
+            numa_nodes.map(|nodes| nodes.len() as u32),
+        );
+        if !self.vm.manifest.hugepages {
+            return Ok((smp, self.vm.manifest.memory));
+        }
+
+        let numa_nodes = numa_nodes
+            .context("hugepage NUMA nodes should be computed during launch preparation")?;
+        let numa_count = numa_nodes.len() as u32;
+        let memory_gib = round_up(self.vm.manifest.memory / 1024, numa_count);
+        let vcpus_per_node = smp / numa_count;
+        let memory_per_node = memory_gib / numa_count;
+        let mut bus_number = 5_u32;
+        for (index, (node, device_count)) in numa_nodes.iter().enumerate() {
+            let index = index as u32;
+            let cpu_start = index * vcpus_per_node;
+            let cpu_end = (index + 1) * vcpus_per_node - 1;
+            command.arg("-numa").arg(format!(
+                "node,nodeid={index},cpus={cpu_start}-{cpu_end},memdev=mem{index}",
+            ));
+            command.arg("-object").arg(format!(
+                "memory-backend-file,id=mem{index},size={memory_per_node}G,mem-path=/dev/hugepages,share=on,prealloc=yes,host-nodes={node},policy=bind",
+            ));
+            let address = 0xa + index;
+            command.arg("-device").arg(format!(
+                "pxb-pcie,id=pcie.node{node},bus=pcie.0,addr={address},numa_node={index},bus_nr={bus_number}",
+            ));
+            bus_number += device_count + 1;
+        }
+        Ok((smp, memory_gib * 1024))
+    }
+
+    fn configure_gpus(&self, command: &mut Command) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.gpus.gpus.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        command.arg("-object").arg("iommufd,id=iommufd0");
+        let mut device_number = 1;
+        for device in &self.gpus.gpus {
+            let slot = &device.slot;
+            let bus = if self.vm.manifest.hugepages {
+                let node = self
+                    .prepared
+                    .gpu_numa_nodes
+                    .get(slot)
+                    .context("gpu NUMA node should be computed during launch preparation")?;
+                format!("pcie.node{node}")
+            } else {
+                "pcie.0".into()
+            };
+            command.arg("-device").arg(format!(
+                "pcie-root-port,id=pci.{device_number},bus={bus},chassis={device_number}",
+            ));
+            command.arg("-device").arg(format!(
+                "vfio-pci,host={slot},bus=pci.{device_number},iommufd=iommufd0",
+            ));
+            device_number += 1;
+        }
+        for bridge in &self.gpus.bridges {
+            let slot = &bridge.slot;
+            command.arg("-device").arg(format!(
+                "pcie-root-port,id=pci.{device_number},bus=pcie.0,chassis={device_number}",
+            ));
+            command.arg("-device").arg(format!(
+                "vfio-pci,host={slot},bus=pci.{device_number},iommufd=iommufd0",
+            ));
+            device_number += 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn process_config(&self, command: Command) -> Result<ProcessConfig> {
+        let workdir = &self.prepared.workdir;
+        let mut arguments = vec![self.cfg.qemu_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()];
+        arguments.extend(
+            command
+                .get_args()
+                .map(|argument| argument.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
+        );
+        if let Some(cpus) = &self.prepared.numa_cpus {
+            arguments.splice(0..0, ["taskset", "-c", cpus].into_iter().map(String::from));
+        }
+
+        let command = arguments.remove(0);
+        let note = serde_json::to_string(&ProcessAnnotation {
+            kind: "cvm".to_string(),
+            live_for: None,
+            // Recorded on the process rather than tracked in VMM memory, so it
+            // survives a VMM restart and describes the QEMU that is actually
+            // running. The vm-launcher wrapper copies this note verbatim, so
+            // TPM-backed VMs carry it too.
+            serial_logappend: true,
+        })?;
+        Ok(ProcessConfig {
+            id: self.vm.manifest.id.clone(),
+            args: arguments,
+            name: self.vm.manifest.name.clone(),
+            command,
+            env: Default::default(),
+            cwd: workdir.path().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            stdout: workdir.stdout_file().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            stderr: workdir.stderr_file().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            pidfile: workdir.pid_file().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            cid: Some(self.vm.cid),
+            note,
+        })
+    }
+}
+impl VmConfig {
+    fn configure_machine(
+        &self,
+        command: &mut Command,
+        cfg: &CvmConfig,
+        prepared: &PreparedQemuLaunch,
+        mem: u32,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.manifest.no_tee {
+            command
+                .arg("-machine")
+                .arg("q35,kernel-irqchip=split,hpet=off");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        match prepared.platform {
+            CvmPlatform::Tdx => {
+                command
+                    .arg("-machine")
+                    .arg("q35,kernel-irqchip=split,confidential-guest-support=tdx,hpet=off");
+                self.configure_tdx_guest(command, cfg, prepared.tdx_mr_config_id.as_deref())?;
+            }
+            CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp => {
+                let host_data = prepared
+                    .snp_host_data
+                    .as_deref()
+                    .context("snp host data should be computed during launch preparation")?;
+                let launch_params = prepared.snp_launch_params.context(
+                    "snp launch parameters should be detected during launch preparation",
+                )?;
+                self.configure_amd_sev_snp_guest(command, cfg, mem, host_data, launch_params);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn configure_tdx_guest(
+        &self,
+        command: &mut Command,
+        cfg: &CvmConfig,
+        mrconfigid: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        // Build tdx-guest object with optional quote-generation-socket for kernel-level TSM support
+        #[derive(Serialize)]
+        struct QgsSocket {
+            r#type: &'static str,
+            cid: &'static str,
+            port: String,
+        }
+
+        #[derive(Serialize)]
+        struct TdxGuestObject {
+            #[serde(rename = "qom-type")]
+            qom_type: &'static str,
+            id: &'static str,
+            #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+            mrconfigid: Option<String>,
+            #[serde(
+                rename = "quote-generation-socket",
+                skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none"
+            )]
+            quote_generation_socket: Option<QgsSocket>,
+        }
+
+        let tdx_object = TdxGuestObject {
+            qom_type: "tdx-guest",
+            id: "tdx",
+            mrconfigid: mrconfigid.map(str::to_string),
+            quote_generation_socket: cfg.qgs_port.map(|port| QgsSocket {
+                r#type: "vsock",
+                cid: "2",
+                port: port.to_string(),
+            }),
+        };
+
+        // Use JSON format when quote-generation-socket is needed, otherwise use simple format
+        let tdx_object_arg =
+            serde_json::to_string(&tdx_object).context("failed to serialize tdx-guest object")?;
+        command.arg("-object").arg(tdx_object_arg);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn configure_amd_sev_snp_guest(
+        &self,
+        command: &mut Command,
+        cfg: &CvmConfig,
+        mem: u32,
+        host_data: &str,
+        snp_params: AmdSevSnpLaunchParams,
+    ) {
+        command
+            .arg("-object")
+            .arg(amd_sev_snp_memory_backend_arg(mem));
+        command.arg("-object").arg(format!(
+            "sev-snp-guest,id=sev0,policy=0x30000,sev-device=/dev/sev,kernel-hashes=on,host-data={host_data},cbitpos={},reduced-phys-bits={}",
+            snp_params.cbitpos, snp_params.reduced_phys_bits
+        ));
+        command.arg("-machine").arg(
+            "q35,kernel-irqchip=split,confidential-guest-support=sev0,memory-backend=ram1,hpet=off",
+        );
+        if cfg.qgs_port.is_some() {
+            tracing::warn!("qgs_port is ignored for amd sev-snp guests");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn configure_smbios(&self, command: &mut Command, cfg: &CvmConfig) {
+        let p = &cfg.product;
+
+        fn cfg_if(ty: &mut Vec<String>, name: &str, v: &Option<String>) {
+            if let Some(v) = v {
+                ty.push(format!("{name}={v}"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut types = [const { Vec::new() }; 4];
+        // SMBIOS type=0 (BIOS Information)
+        cfg_if(&mut types[0], "vendor", &p.bios_vendor);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[0], "version", &p.bios_version);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[0], "date", &p.bios_date);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[0], "release", &p.bios_release);
+        // SMBIOS type=1 (System Information)
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "manufacturer", &p.sys_vendor);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "product", &p.product_name);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "version", &p.product_version);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "serial", &p.product_serial);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "uuid", &p.product_uuid);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "family", &p.product_family);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[1], "sku", &p.product_sku);
+        // SMBIOS type=2 (Baseboard Information)
+        cfg_if(&mut types[2], "manufacturer", &p.board_vendor);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[2], "product", &p.board_name);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[2], "version", &p.board_version);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[2], "serial", &p.board_serial);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[2], "asset", &p.board_asset_tag);
+        // SMBIOS type=3 (Chassis Information)
+        cfg_if(&mut types[3], "manufacturer", &p.chassis_vendor);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[3], "version", &p.chassis_version);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[3], "serial", &p.chassis_serial);
+        cfg_if(&mut types[3], "asset", &p.chassis_asset_tag);
+
+        for (i, t) in types.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !t.is_empty() {
+                command
+                    .arg("-smbios")
+                    .arg(format!("type={i},{}", t.join(",")));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn amd_sev_snp_memory_backend_arg(mem: u32) -> String {
+    format!("memory-backend-memfd,id=ram1,size={mem}M,share=true,prealloc=false")
+}
+
+fn find_numa(device: Option<String>) -> Result<(String, String)> {
+    let numa_node = match device {
+        Some(device) => pci_numa_node(&device)?,
+        None => "0".into(),
+    };
+    // Get the CPU list for this NUMA node
+    let cpus_path = format!("/sys/devices/system/node/node{numa_node}/cpulist");
+    let cpus = fs::read_to_string(&cpus_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read CPU list from {}", cpus_path))?
+        .trim()
+        .to_string();
+    Ok((numa_node, cpus))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    use rocket::figment::{
+        providers::{Format, Toml},
+        Figment,
+    };
+
+    use super::{
+        amd_sev_snp_memory_backend_arg, parse_amd_sev_snp_qmp_capabilities, virtio_pci_device,
+        PreparedQemuLaunch, PreparedVolume, QemuCommandBuilder, VmConfig,
+    };
+    use crate::app::image::{Image, ImageInfo};
+    use crate::app::{needs_swtpm, GpuConfig, Manifest, PortMapping, VmVolume, VmWorkDir};
+    use crate::config::{
+        Config, CvmPlatform, NetworkFilterMode, NetworkingMode, Protocol, DEFAULT_CONFIG,
+    };
+    use crate::netd::{tap_name, InterfaceIdentity};
+    use dstack_types::{KeyProviderKind, TeeVariant};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swtpm_is_omitted_when_simulator_provides_the_tpm() {
+        for platform in [TeeVariant::DstackGcpTdx, TeeVariant::DstackAwsNitroTpm] {
+            assert!(!needs_swtpm(KeyProviderKind::Tpm, Some(platform)));
+            assert!(!needs_swtpm(KeyProviderKind::Kms, Some(platform)));
+        }
+
+        assert!(needs_swtpm(
+            KeyProviderKind::Tpm,
+            Some(TeeVariant::DstackTdx)
+        ));
+        assert!(needs_swtpm(KeyProviderKind::Tpm, None));
+        assert!(!needs_swtpm(KeyProviderKind::Kms, None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_sev_snp_memory_backend_arg_uses_passed_final_memory_size() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            amd_sev_snp_memory_backend_arg(4096),
+            "memory-backend-memfd,id=ram1,size=4096M,share=true,prealloc=false"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_sev_snp_qmp_capabilities_extracts_launch_params() {
+        let stdout = br#"{"QMP":{"version":{"qemu":{"major":10,"minor":0,"micro":2}}}}
+{"return":{}}
+{"return":{"reduced-phys-bits":1,"cbitpos":51,"cert-chain":"ignored","pdh":"ignored","cpu0-id":"ignored"}}
+{"return":{}}
+"#;
+        let params = parse_amd_sev_snp_qmp_capabilities(stdout).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(params.cbitpos, 51);
+        assert_eq!(params.reduced_phys_bits, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn amd_sev_snp_uses_confidential_virtio_pci_options() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            virtio_pci_device("virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0", true),
+            "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0,disable-legacy=on,iommu_platform=true"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            virtio_pci_device("virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0", false),
+            "virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn qemu_command_builder_does_not_require_prepared_paths_to_exist() {
+        let mut config: Config = Figment::from(Toml::string(DEFAULT_CONFIG))
+            .extract()
+            .unwrap();
+        config.cvm.platform = Some(CvmPlatform::Tdx);
+        config.cvm.qemu_path = PathBuf::from("/not-installed/qemu-system-x86_64");
+        config.cvm.qgs_port = None;
+
+        let vm = VmConfig {
+            manifest: Manifest {
+                id: "vm-1".into(),
+                name: "test-vm".into(),
+                app_id: "app-1".into(),
+                vcpu: 2,
+                memory: 2048,
+                disk_size: 10,
+                image: "test-image".into(),
+                port_map: vec![PortMapping {
+                    address: "127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap(),
+                    protocol: Protocol::Tcp,
+                    from: 18080,
+                    to: 8080,
+                }],
+                created_at_ms: 0,
+                hugepages: false,
+                pin_numa: false,
+                gpus: None,
+                kms_urls: vec![],
+                gateway_urls: vec![],
+                no_tee: true,
+                simulated_tee: None,
+                swtpm: false,
+                networks: vec![],
+                volumes: vec![VmVolume {
+                    source: "/does-not-exist/volume.img".into(),
+                }],
+            },
+            image: Image {
+                info: ImageInfo {
+                    cmdline: Some("console=hvc0".into()),
+                    kernel: "kernel".into(),
+                    initrd: "initrd".into(),
+                    hda: None,
+                    rootfs: None,
+                    bios: None,
+                    bios_sev: None,
+                    rootfs_hash: None,
+                    shared_ro: false,
+                    version: "0.5.4".into(),
+                    is_dev: false,
+                    ovmf_variant: None,
+                },
+                initrd: PathBuf::from("/does-not-exist/initrd"),
+                kernel: PathBuf::from("/does-not-exist/kernel"),
+                hda: None,
+                rootfs: None,
+                bios: None,
+                bios_sev: None,
+                digest: None,
+                tdx_measurement: None,
+                sev_measurement: None,
+                gcp_measurement: None,
+                aws_measurement: None,
+                aws_pcr_replay: None,
+                gcp_tpm_replay: None,
+            },
+            cid: 100,
+            workdir: PathBuf::from("/does-not-exist/vm-1"),
+            gateway_enabled: false,
+        };
+        let mut prepared = PreparedQemuLaunch {
+            workdir: VmWorkDir::new("/does-not-exist/vm-1"),
+            platform: CvmPlatform::Tdx,
+            networks: vec![config.cvm.networking.clone(), config.cvm.networking.clone()],
+            volumes: vec![PreparedVolume {
+                source: "/does-not-exist/volume.img".into(),
+            }],
+            hugepage_numa_nodes: None,
+            gpu_numa_nodes: HashMap::new(),
+            numa_cpus: None,
+            swtpm_socket: None,
+            swtpm_path: None,
+            tdx_mr_config_id: None,
+            snp_host_data: None,
+            snp_launch_params: None,
+        };
+
+        let process = QemuCommandBuilder {
+            vm: &vm,
+            cfg: &config.cvm,
+            gpus: &GpuConfig::default(),
+            prepared: &prepared,
+        }
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(process.command, "/not-installed/qemu-system-x86_64");
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .windows(2)
+            .any(|args| args == ["-machine", "q35,kernel-irqchip=split,hpet=off"]));
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .windows(2)
+            .any(|args| args == ["-kernel", "/does-not-exist/kernel"]));
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .windows(2)
+            .any(|args| args == ["-append", "console=hvc0"]));
+        assert!(process.args.windows(2).any(|args| {
+            args == [
+                "-drive",
+                "file=/does-not-exist/volume.img,if=none,id=vol0,format=raw,readonly=on",
+            ]
+        }));
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .any(|arg| { arg == "virtio-blk-pci,drive=vol0" }));
+        let volume_position = process
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .position(|arg| arg.contains("id=vol0"))
+            .unwrap();
+        let network_position = process
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .position(|arg| arg == "-netdev")
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(volume_position < network_position);
+        let netdevs = process
+            .args
+            .windows(2)
+            .filter(|args| args[0] == "-netdev")
+            .map(|args| args[1].as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(netdevs.len(), 2);
+        assert!(netdevs[0].contains("user,id=net0"));
+        assert!(netdevs[0].contains("hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:18080-:8080"));
+        assert!(netdevs[1].contains("user,id=net1"));
+        assert!(!netdevs[1].contains("hostfwd="));
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .any(|arg| arg.contains("virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0")));
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .any(|arg| arg.contains("virtio-net-pci,netdev=net1")));
+
+        for network in &mut prepared.networks {
+            network.mode = NetworkingMode::Bridge;
+            network.bridge = "br0".into();
+        }
+        let process = QemuCommandBuilder {
+            vm: &vm,
+            cfg: &config.cvm,
+            gpus: &GpuConfig::default(),
+            prepared: &prepared,
+        }
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .iter()
+            .any(|arg| arg == "bridge,id=net0,br=br0"));
+
+        config.cvm.instance_id = "vmm-a".into();
+        config.cvm.network_filter.mode = NetworkFilterMode::Libvirt;
+        let process = QemuCommandBuilder {
+            vm: &vm,
+            cfg: &config.cvm,
+            gpus: &GpuConfig::default(),
+            prepared: &prepared,
+        }
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+        let expected_tap = tap_name(&InterfaceIdentity {
+            instance_id: "vmm-a".into(),
+            vm_id: "vm-1".into(),
+            nic_index: 0,
+        });
+        assert!(process.args.iter().any(|arg| {
+            arg == &format!("tap,id=net0,ifname={expected_tap},script=no,downscript=no,vhost=off")
+        }));
+
+        prepared.swtpm_socket = Some(PathBuf::from("/does-not-exist/vm-1/swtpm/swtpm.sock"));
+        let process = QemuCommandBuilder {
+            vm: &vm,
+            cfg: &config.cvm,
+            gpus: &GpuConfig::default(),
+            prepared: &prepared,
+        }
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(process.args.windows(2).any(|args| {
+            args == [
+                "-chardev",
+                "socket,id=chrtpm,path=/does-not-exist/vm-1/swtpm/swtpm.sock",
+            ]
+        }));
+        assert!(process
+            .args
+            .windows(2)
+            .any(|args| args == ["-tpmdev", "emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm"]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/registry.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dbd763f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! OCI Distribution API client for pulling dstack guest images directly from
+//! a container registry without requiring a local Docker daemon.
+
+use std::{io::Read, path::Path};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tracing::info;
+
+fn build_client() -> Result<Client> {
+    Ok(Client::builder()
+        .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(600))
+        .build()?)
+}
+
+// ─── Tag listing ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// List tags from a Docker Registry HTTP API v2 endpoint.
+///
+/// `image_ref` is in the form `registry.example.com/repo/name`.
+pub async fn list_registry_tags(image_ref: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    let (registry, repo) = parse_image_ref(image_ref)?;
+    let client = build_client()?;
+
+    let url = format!("https://{registry}/v2/{repo}/tags/list");
+    info!("fetching registry tags from {url}");
+
+    let response = client
+        .get(&url)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to fetch registry tags")?;
+
+    if response.status() == reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED {
+        return list_tags_with_token(&client, &registry, &repo).await;
+    }
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        bail!(
+            "registry returned HTTP {}: {}",
+            response.status(),
+            response.text().await.unwrap_or_default()
+        );
+    }
+
+    let tag_list: TagList = response
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to parse registry tag list")?;
+
+    Ok(tag_list.tags.unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
+/// Handle token-based auth (Docker Hub / registries requiring Bearer token).
+async fn list_tags_with_token(client: &Client, registry: &str, repo: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    let token = fetch_token(client, registry, repo).await?;
+    let url = format!("https://{registry}/v2/{repo}/tags/list");
+    let response = client
+        .get(&url)
+        .bearer_auth(&token)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to fetch registry tags with token")?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        bail!(
+            "registry returned HTTP {} after auth: {}",
+            response.status(),
+            response.text().await.unwrap_or_default()
+        );
+    }
+
+    let tag_list: TagList = response
+        .json()
+        .await
+        .context("failed to parse registry tag list")?;
+
+    Ok(tag_list.tags.unwrap_or_default())
+}
+
+// ─── Image pulling ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Pull an image from registry and extract to the local image directory.
+///
+/// Fetches the OCI manifest, downloads each layer blob, and extracts
+/// the tar (gzipped) contents into a flat directory.
+pub async fn pull_and_extract(image_ref: &str, tag: &str, image_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_registry_tag(tag)?;
+    let (registry, repo) = parse_image_ref(image_ref)?;
+    let client = build_client()?;
+
+    info!("pulling image {image_ref}:{tag}");
+
+    // Resolve authentication
+    let token = try_fetch_token(&client, &registry, &repo).await;
+
+    // Fetch manifest
+    let manifest = fetch_manifest(&client, &registry, &repo, tag, token.as_deref()).await?;
+
+    // Determine output directory
+    let output_dir = determine_output_dir(tag, image_path);
+    if output_dir.exists() {
+        bail!("image directory already exists: {}", output_dir.display());
+    }
+
+    // Extract into temp dir first, then rename atomically
+    let tmp_dir = image_path.join(format!(".tmp-pull-{tag}"));
+    if tmp_dir.exists() {
+        fs_err::remove_dir_all(&tmp_dir).context("failed to clean up stale temp dir")?;
+    }
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&tmp_dir)?;
+
+    let result = download_and_extract_layers(
+        &client,
+        &registry,
+        &repo,
+        &manifest,
+        token.as_deref(),
+        &tmp_dir,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    if let Err(e) = &result {
+        tracing::error!("pull failed, cleaning up temp dir: {e:#}");
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir_all(&tmp_dir);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    // Verify metadata.json exists
+    if !tmp_dir.join("metadata.json").exists() {
+        let _ = fs_err::remove_dir_all(&tmp_dir);
+        bail!("pulled image does not contain metadata.json - not a valid dstack guest image");
+    }
+
+    // Move to final location
+    fs_err::rename(&tmp_dir, &output_dir).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "failed to rename {} to {}",
+            tmp_dir.display(),
+            output_dir.display()
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    info!("image extracted to {}", output_dir.display());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Fetch OCI image manifest.
+fn fetch_manifest<'a>(
+    client: &'a Client,
+    registry: &'a str,
+    repo: &'a str,
+    tag: &'a str,
+    token: Option<&'a str>,
+) -> std::pin::Pin<Box<dyn std::future::Future<Output = Result<OciManifest>> + Send + 'a>> {
+    Box::pin(async move { fetch_manifest_inner(client, registry, repo, tag, token).await })
+}
+
+async fn fetch_manifest_inner(
+    client: &Client,
+    registry: &str,
+    repo: &str,
+    tag: &str,
+    token: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<OciManifest> {
+    let url = format!("https://{registry}/v2/{repo}/manifests/{tag}");
+
+    let mut req = client.get(&url).header(
+        "Accept",
+        "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json, application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json, application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json, application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json",
+    );
+    if let Some(t) = token {
+        req = req.bearer_auth(t);
+    }
+
+    let response = req.send().await.context("failed to fetch manifest")?;
+
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        bail!(
+            "failed to fetch manifest: HTTP {} {}",
+            response.status(),
+            response.text().await.unwrap_or_default()
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Try to parse as a single manifest first
+    let body = response.text().await?;
+    if let Ok(manifest) = serde_json::from_str::<OciManifest>(&body) {
+        if !manifest.layers.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(manifest);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Might be an index/manifest list — pick the first manifest
+    if let Ok(index) = serde_json::from_str::<OciIndex>(&body) {
+        if let Some(first) = index.manifests.into_iter().find(|m| {
+            // Prefer the non-attestation manifest
+            !m.media_type
+                .as_deref()
+                .is_some_and(|mt| mt.contains("attestation"))
+        }) {
+            return fetch_manifest(client, registry, repo, &first.digest, token).await;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bail!("unsupported manifest format");
+}
+
+/// Download and extract all layer blobs into `dest`.
+async fn download_and_extract_layers(
+    client: &Client,
+    registry: &str,
+    repo: &str,
+    manifest: &OciManifest,
+    token: Option<&str>,
+    dest: &Path,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    for (i, layer) in manifest.layers.iter().enumerate() {
+        let size_mb = layer.size as f64 / 1_048_576.0;
+        info!(
+            "downloading layer {}/{}: {} ({:.1} MB)",
+            i + 1,
+            manifest.layers.len(),
+            &layer.digest[..19.min(layer.digest.len())],
+            size_mb,
+        );
+
+        let url = format!("https://{registry}/v2/{repo}/blobs/{}", layer.digest);
+        let mut req = client.get(&url);
+        if let Some(t) = token {
+            req = req.bearer_auth(t);
+        }
+
+        let response = req
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to download layer {}", layer.digest))?;
+
+        if !response.status().is_success() {
+            bail!(
+                "failed to download blob {}: HTTP {}",
+                layer.digest,
+                response.status()
+            );
+        }
+
+        let bytes = response.bytes().await.context("failed to read blob body")?;
+        if bytes.len() as u64 != layer.size {
+            bail!(
+                "blob {} size mismatch: expected {}, received {}",
+                layer.digest,
+                layer.size,
+                bytes.len()
+            );
+        }
+        let actual_digest = format!("sha256:{:x}", Sha256::digest(&bytes));
+        if actual_digest != layer.digest {
+            bail!(
+                "blob digest mismatch: expected {}, received {}",
+                layer.digest,
+                actual_digest
+            );
+        }
+        extract_layer(&bytes, &layer.media_type, dest)?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Extract a single layer (tar+gzip or tar) into `dest`.
+fn extract_layer(data: &[u8], media_type: &str, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let is_gzip = media_type.contains("gzip")
+        || media_type.contains("tar+gzip")
+        || (data.len() >= 2 && data[0] == 0x1f && data[1] == 0x8b);
+
+    if is_gzip {
+        let decoder = GzDecoder::new(data);
+        let mut archive = tar::Archive::new(decoder);
+        unpack_archive(&mut archive, dest).context("failed to extract gzipped tar layer")?;
+    } else {
+        let mut archive = tar::Archive::new(data);
+        unpack_archive(&mut archive, dest).context("failed to extract tar layer")?;
+    }
+
+    // Remove docker/OCI artifact directories that may appear in layers
+    for dir in &["dev", "etc", "proc", "sys"] {
+        let d = dest.join(dir);
+        if d.is_dir() {
+            let _ = fs_err::remove_dir(&d);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn unpack_archive<R: Read>(archive: &mut tar::Archive<R>, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    for entry in archive.entries().context("failed to read tar entries")? {
+        let mut entry = entry.context("failed to read tar entry")?;
+        if !entry
+            .unpack_in(dest)
+            .context("failed to unpack tar entry")?
+        {
+            bail!("archive entry escapes destination");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ─── Token auth ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Try to fetch a Bearer token. Returns None if the registry doesn't need one.
+async fn try_fetch_token(client: &Client, registry: &str, repo: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    // Probe the /v2/ endpoint to check if auth is needed
+    let probe = client
+        .get(format!("https://{registry}/v2/"))
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .ok()?;
+
+    if probe.status() != reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Parse WWW-Authenticate header for realm and service
+    let www_auth = probe
+        .headers()
+        .get("www-authenticate")
+        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+        .unwrap_or("");
+
+    let (realm, service) = parse_www_authenticate(www_auth);
+
+    let token_url = if !realm.is_empty() {
+        format!("{realm}?service={service}&scope=repository:{repo}:pull")
+    } else {
+        format!("https://{registry}/v2/token?service={registry}&scope=repository:{repo}:pull")
+    };
+
+    let resp = client.get(&token_url).send().await.ok()?;
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let token_data: TokenResponse = resp.json().await.ok()?;
+    Some(token_data.token)
+}
+
+async fn fetch_token(client: &Client, registry: &str, repo: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    try_fetch_token(client, registry, repo)
+        .await
+        .context("registry requires authentication but token exchange failed")
+}
+
+/// Extract realm and service from a WWW-Authenticate: Bearer header.
+fn parse_www_authenticate(header: &str) -> (String, String) {
+    let mut realm = String::new();
+    let mut service = String::new();
+
+    for part in header.split(',') {
+        let part = part.trim();
+        if let Some(v) = part
+            .strip_prefix("Bearer realm=\"")
+            .or_else(|| part.strip_prefix("realm=\""))
+        {
+            realm = v.trim_end_matches('"').to_string();
+        } else if let Some(v) = part.strip_prefix("service=\"") {
+            service = v.trim_end_matches('"').to_string();
+        }
+    }
+
+    (realm, service)
+}
+
+// ─── Helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+fn validate_registry_tag(tag: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if tag.is_empty()
+        || tag == "."
+        || tag == ".."
+        || tag.contains('/')
+        || tag.contains('\\')
+        || !tag
+            .bytes()
+            .all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(byte, b'.' | b'_' | b'-'))
+    {
+        bail!("invalid registry tag");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn determine_output_dir(tag: &str, image_path: &Path) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    let dir_name = if tag.starts_with("dstack-") {
+        tag.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("dstack-{tag}")
+    };
+    image_path.join(dir_name)
+}
+
+/// Parse "registry.example.com/repo/name" into ("registry.example.com", "repo/name").
+///
+/// For Docker Hub short names like "dstacktee/guest-image" (no dots in the
+/// first component), automatically expands to "registry-1.docker.io/dstacktee/guest-image".
+fn parse_image_ref(image_ref: &str) -> Result<(String, String)> {
+    let trimmed = image_ref
+        .trim_start_matches("https://")
+        .trim_start_matches("http://");
+
+    let first_slash = trimmed
+        .find('/')
+        .context("invalid image reference: no repository path")?;
+
+    let first_component = &trimmed[..first_slash];
+    let repo = &trimmed[first_slash + 1..];
+
+    if repo.is_empty() {
+        bail!("invalid image reference: empty repository");
+    }
+
+    // Docker Hub short names don't contain dots or colons
+    let registry = if first_component.contains('.') || first_component.contains(':') {
+        first_component.to_string()
+    } else {
+        // Docker Hub: "user/repo" → "registry-1.docker.io"
+        // and the repo needs "library/" prefix for official images
+        return Ok((
+            "registry-1.docker.io".to_string(),
+            format!("{first_component}/{repo}"),
+        ));
+    };
+
+    Ok((registry, repo.to_string()))
+}
+
+// ─── OCI types ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct TagList {
+    tags: Option<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct TokenResponse {
+    token: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct OciManifest {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    layers: Vec<OciLayer>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct OciLayer {
+    #[serde(rename = "mediaType", default)]
+    media_type: String,
+    digest: String,
+    size: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct OciIndex {
+    manifests: Vec<OciIndexEntry>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct OciIndexEntry {
+    #[serde(rename = "mediaType")]
+    media_type: Option<String>,
+    digest: String,
+}
+
+// ─── Tests ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_tag_is_confined_to_one_image_store_entry() {
+        for valid in ["v0.6.0", "dstack-fixture_1", "sha256-deadbeef"] {
+            validate_registry_tag(valid).unwrap();
+        }
+        for invalid in [
+            "",
+            ".",
+            "..",
+            "../escape",
+            "dstack-../../escape",
+            "nested/tag",
+            r"nested\tag",
+            "tag,option",
+            "tag=value",
+        ] {
+            assert!(validate_registry_tag(invalid).is_err(), "{invalid}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_image_ref_private_registry() {
+        let (reg, repo) = parse_image_ref("cr.kvin.wang/dstack/guest-image").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reg, "cr.kvin.wang");
+        assert_eq!(repo, "dstack/guest-image");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_image_ref_docker_hub() {
+        let (reg, repo) = parse_image_ref("dstacktee/guest-image").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reg, "registry-1.docker.io");
+        assert_eq!(repo, "dstacktee/guest-image");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_image_ref_with_scheme() {
+        let (reg, repo) = parse_image_ref("https://ghcr.io/dstack-tee/guest-image").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reg, "ghcr.io");
+        assert_eq!(repo, "dstack-tee/guest-image");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_www_authenticate() {
+        let (realm, service) = parse_www_authenticate(
+            r#"Bearer realm="https://auth.docker.io/token",service="registry.docker.io""#,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(realm, "https://auth.docker.io/token");
+        assert_eq!(service, "registry.docker.io");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/vm_info.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/vm_info.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eab200244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/vm_info.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! VM runtime-state aggregation and RPC presentation.
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use dstack_vmm_rpc as pb;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use supervisor_client::supervisor::ProcessInfo;
+
+use super::{
+    network::{mac_address_for_vm_index, resolved_networks},
+    Manifest, VmState, VmWorkDir,
+};
+use crate::config::{CvmConfig, GatewayConfig, Networking, NetworkingMode};
+
+pub(crate) struct VmInfo {
+    pub manifest: Manifest,
+    pub workdir: PathBuf,
+    pub status: &'static str,
+    pub uptime: String,
+    pub exited_at: Option<String>,
+    pub instance_id: Option<String>,
+    pub boot_progress: String,
+    pub boot_error: String,
+    pub shutdown_progress: String,
+    pub image_version: String,
+    pub gateway_enabled: bool,
+    pub events: Vec<pb::GuestEvent>,
+    pub runtime_networks: Vec<Networking>,
+}
+
+fn networking_mode_name(mode: NetworkingMode) -> &'static str {
+    match mode {
+        NetworkingMode::Bridge => "bridge",
+        NetworkingMode::User => "user",
+        NetworkingMode::Custom => "custom",
+        NetworkingMode::Macvtap => "macvtap",
+    }
+}
+
+fn networking_backend_name(mode: NetworkingMode) -> &'static str {
+    match mode {
+        NetworkingMode::Bridge => "tap_bridge",
+        NetworkingMode::User => "slirp",
+        NetworkingMode::Custom => "custom",
+        NetworkingMode::Macvtap => "macvtap",
+    }
+}
+
+fn networking_to_proto(networking: &Networking) -> pb::NetworkingConfig {
+    pb::NetworkingConfig {
+        mode: networking_mode_name(networking.mode).into(),
+        bridge_name: if networking.mode == NetworkingMode::Bridge {
+            networking.bridge.clone()
+        } else {
+            String::new()
+        },
+        parent: networking.parent.clone(),
+        macvtap_mode: networking.macvtap_mode.clone(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn sanitize_optional<T: AsRef<str>>(value: Option<T>) -> Option<T> {
+    value.filter(|value| !value.as_ref().trim().is_empty())
+}
+
+impl VmInfo {
+    pub fn effective_networks(&self, cvm: &CvmConfig) -> Vec<Networking> {
+        if self.runtime_networks.is_empty() {
+            resolved_networks(&self.manifest, cvm)
+        } else {
+            self.runtime_networks.clone()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_pb(&self, gateway: &GatewayConfig, cvm: &CvmConfig, brief: bool) -> pb::VmInfo {
+        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(&self.workdir);
+        let vm_config = workdir.manifest();
+        let custom_gateway_urls = vm_config
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|config| config.gateway_urls.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        let configured_networks = self
+            .manifest
+            .networks
+            .iter()
+            .map(networking_to_proto)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let configured_networking = configured_networks.first().cloned();
+        let interfaces = self
+            .effective_networks(cvm)
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(index, networking)| {
+                let mac = mac_address_for_vm_index(
+                    &self.manifest.id,
+                    &networking.mac_prefix_bytes(),
+                    index,
+                );
+                pb::NetworkInterfaceStatus {
+                    mode: networking_mode_name(networking.mode).into(),
+                    backend: networking_backend_name(networking.mode).into(),
+                    mac,
+                    bridge_name: (networking.mode == NetworkingMode::Bridge)
+                        .then(|| networking.bridge.clone()),
+                    netdev_id: Some(format!("net{index}")),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        pb::VmInfo {
+            id: self.manifest.id.clone(),
+            name: self.manifest.name.clone(),
+            status: self.status.into(),
+            uptime: self.uptime.clone(),
+            boot_progress: self.boot_progress.clone(),
+            boot_error: self.boot_error.clone(),
+            shutdown_progress: self.shutdown_progress.clone(),
+            image_version: self.image_version.clone(),
+            configuration: if brief {
+                None
+            } else {
+                let kms_urls = vm_config
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|config| config.kms_urls.clone())
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                let no_tee = vm_config
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|config| config.no_tee)
+                    .unwrap_or(self.manifest.no_tee);
+                let stopped = !workdir.started().unwrap_or(false);
+
+                Some(pb::VmConfiguration {
+                    name: self.manifest.name.clone(),
+                    image: self.manifest.image.clone(),
+                    compose_file: fs::read_to_string(workdir.app_compose_path())
+                        .unwrap_or_default(),
+                    encrypted_env: fs::read(workdir.encrypted_env_path()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    user_config: fs::read_to_string(workdir.user_config_path()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    vcpu: self.manifest.vcpu,
+                    memory: self.manifest.memory,
+                    disk_size: self.manifest.disk_size,
+                    ports: self
+                        .manifest
+                        .port_map
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|mapping| pb::PortMapping {
+                            protocol: mapping.protocol.as_str().into(),
+                            host_address: mapping.address.to_string(),
+                            host_port: mapping.from as u32,
+                            vm_port: mapping.to as u32,
+                        })
+                        .collect(),
+                    app_id: Some(self.manifest.app_id.clone()),
+                    hugepages: self.manifest.hugepages,
+                    pin_numa: self.manifest.pin_numa,
+                    gpus: self.manifest.gpus.as_ref().map(|config| pb::GpuConfig {
+                        attach_mode: config.attach_mode.to_string(),
+                        gpus: config
+                            .gpus
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|gpu| pb::GpuSpec {
+                                slot: gpu.slot.clone(),
+                            })
+                            .collect(),
+                    }),
+                    kms_urls,
+                    gateway_urls: custom_gateway_urls.clone(),
+                    stopped,
+                    no_tee,
+                    simulated_tee: self
+                        .manifest
+                        .simulated_tee
+                        .map(|platform| platform.as_str().to_string()),
+                    networking: configured_networking,
+                    networks: configured_networks,
+                })
+            },
+            app_url: self
+                .gateway_enabled
+                .then_some(self.instance_id.as_deref())
+                .flatten()
+                .and_then(|id| sanitize_optional(Some(id)))
+                .map(|id| app_url(id, &custom_gateway_urls, gateway)),
+            app_id: self.manifest.app_id.clone(),
+            instance_id: sanitize_optional(self.instance_id.clone()),
+            exited_at: self.exited_at.clone(),
+            events: self.events.clone(),
+            interfaces,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn app_url(id: &str, custom_gateway_urls: &[String], gateway: &GatewayConfig) -> String {
+    if let Some(custom_gateway_url) = custom_gateway_urls.first() {
+        if let Ok(url) = url::Url::parse(custom_gateway_url) {
+            let host = url.host_str().unwrap_or(&gateway.base_domain);
+            let port = url.port().unwrap_or(443);
+            if port == 443 {
+                return format!("https://{id}-{}.{}", gateway.agent_port, host);
+            }
+            return format!("https://{id}-{}.{}:{port}", gateway.agent_port, host);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if gateway.port == 443 {
+        format!(
+            "https://{id}-{}.{}",
+            gateway.agent_port, gateway.base_domain
+        )
+    } else {
+        format!(
+            "https://{id}-{}.{}:{}",
+            gateway.agent_port, gateway.base_domain, gateway.port
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl VmState {
+    pub fn merged_info(&self, process: Option<&ProcessInfo>, workdir: &VmWorkDir) -> VmInfo {
+        fn truncate(duration: Duration) -> Duration {
+            Duration::from_secs(duration.as_secs())
+        }
+
+        fn display_timestamp(timestamp: Option<&SystemTime>) -> String {
+            match timestamp {
+                None => "never".into(),
+                Some(timestamp) => {
+                    let elapsed = timestamp.elapsed().unwrap_or(Duration::MAX);
+                    humantime::format_duration(truncate(elapsed)).to_string()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let is_running = process.is_some_and(|info| info.state.status.is_running());
+        let started = workdir.started().unwrap_or(false);
+        let status = if self.state.removing {
+            "removing"
+        } else {
+            match (started, is_running) {
+                (true, true) => "running",
+                (true, false) => "exited",
+                (false, true) => "stopping",
+                (false, false) => "stopped",
+            }
+        };
+        let uptime = display_timestamp(process.and_then(|info| info.state.started_at.as_ref()));
+        let exited_at = display_timestamp(process.and_then(|info| info.state.stopped_at.as_ref()));
+        let instance_id = sanitize_optional(
+            workdir
+                .instance_info()
+                .ok()
+                .map(|info| hex::encode(info.instance_id)),
+        );
+
+        VmInfo {
+            manifest: self.config.manifest.clone(),
+            workdir: workdir.path().to_path_buf(),
+            instance_id,
+            status,
+            uptime,
+            exited_at: Some(exited_at),
+            boot_progress: self.state.boot_progress.clone(),
+            boot_error: self.state.boot_error.clone(),
+            shutdown_progress: self.state.shutdown_progress.clone(),
+            image_version: self.config.image.info.version.clone(),
+            gateway_enabled: self.config.gateway_enabled,
+            events: self.state.events.clone().into(),
+            runtime_networks: self.state.runtime_networks.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::sanitize_optional;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_optional_filters_empty_owned_values() {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_optional(Some(String::new())), None);
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_optional(Some("   ".to_string())), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            sanitize_optional(Some("instance-123".to_string())),
+            Some("instance-123".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sanitize_optional_filters_empty_borrowed_values() {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_optional(Some("")), None);
+        assert_eq!(sanitize_optional(Some("   ")), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            sanitize_optional(Some("instance-123")),
+            Some("instance-123")
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/app/workdir.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/app/workdir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b358229f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/app/workdir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! VM working directory layout and persisted state.
+
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::{
+    shared_filenames::{APP_COMPOSE, ENCRYPTED_ENV, INSTANCE_INFO, SYS_CONFIG, USER_CONFIG},
+    AppCompose, SysConfig,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
+
+use crate::{app::Manifest, config::Networking};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct InstanceInfo {
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub instance_id_seed: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub instance_id: Vec<u8>,
+    #[serde(default, with = "hex_bytes")]
+    pub app_id: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
+struct State {
+    started: bool,
+}
+
+pub struct VmWorkDir {
+    workdir: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl Deref for VmWorkDir {
+    type Target = PathBuf;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.workdir
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Path> for &VmWorkDir {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.workdir.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl VmWorkDir {
+    pub fn new(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            workdir: workdir.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("vm-manifest.json")
+    }
+
+    pub fn state_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("vm-state.json")
+    }
+
+    pub fn manifest(&self) -> Result<Manifest> {
+        let manifest_path = self.manifest_path();
+        let raw = fs::read_to_string(manifest_path).context("failed to read manifest")?;
+        let value: serde_json::Value =
+            serde_json::from_str(&raw).context("failed to parse manifest json")?;
+        Manifest::from_json(value).context("failed to deserialize manifest")
+    }
+
+    pub fn put_manifest(&self, manifest: &Manifest) -> Result<()> {
+        fs::create_dir_all(&self.workdir).context("failed to create workdir")?;
+        let manifest_path = self.manifest_path();
+        let mut value = serde_json::to_value(manifest)?;
+        if let Some(networking) = manifest.networks.first() {
+            value["networking"] = serde_json::to_value(networking)?;
+        }
+        fs::write(manifest_path, serde_json::to_string(&value)?).context("failed to write manifest")
+    }
+
+    pub fn started(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        let state_path = self.state_path();
+        if !state_path.exists() {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        let state: State =
+            serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(state_path).context("failed to read state")?)
+                .context("failed to parse state")?;
+        Ok(state.started)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_started(&self, started: bool) -> Result<()> {
+        let state_path = self.state_path();
+        fs::write(state_path, serde_json::to_string(&State { started })?)
+            .context("failed to write state")
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("shared")
+    }
+
+    pub fn swtpm_state_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("swtpm")
+    }
+
+    pub fn swtpm_socket(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.swtpm_state_dir().join("swtpm.sock")
+    }
+
+    pub fn launch_spec_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("launch.json")
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_compose_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.shared_dir().join(APP_COMPOSE)
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_compose_hash(&self) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
+        use sha2::Digest;
+        let compose_path = self.app_compose_path();
+        let compose = fs::read(compose_path).context("failed to read compose")?;
+        Ok(sha2::Sha256::new_with_prefix(&compose).finalize().into())
+    }
+
+    pub fn user_config_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.shared_dir().join(USER_CONFIG)
+    }
+
+    pub fn encrypted_env_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.shared_dir().join(ENCRYPTED_ENV)
+    }
+
+    pub fn instance_info_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.shared_dir().join(INSTANCE_INFO)
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_networks_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("runtime-networks.json")
+    }
+
+    pub fn runtime_networks(&self) -> Vec<Networking> {
+        fs::read_to_string(self.runtime_networks_path())
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|contents| serde_json::from_str(&contents).ok())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_runtime_networks(&self, networks: &[Networking]) -> Result<()> {
+        // A macvtap device path is valid only while its host interface exists.
+        // Keep it in memory for launch preparation, but never persist it across
+        // VMM restarts where the same /dev/tapN may identify another device.
+        let mut persistent_networks = networks.to_vec();
+        for network in &mut persistent_networks {
+            network.device.clear();
+        }
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_vec(&persistent_networks)?;
+        safe_write::safe_write(self.runtime_networks_path(), serialized)
+            .context("failed to write runtime networks")
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear_runtime_networks(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let path = self.runtime_networks_path();
+        if path.exists() {
+            fs::remove_file(path).context("failed to clear runtime networks")?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn serial_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("serial.log")
+    }
+
+    pub fn serial_pty(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("serial.pty")
+    }
+
+    pub fn stdout_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("stdout.log")
+    }
+
+    pub fn stderr_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("stderr.log")
+    }
+
+    pub fn pid_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("qemu.pid")
+    }
+
+    pub fn hda_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("hda.img")
+    }
+
+    pub fn shared_disk_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("shared.img")
+    }
+
+    pub fn qmp_socket(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join("qmp.sock")
+    }
+
+    pub fn removing_marker(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.workdir.join(".removing")
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_removing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.removing_marker().exists()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_removing(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        fs::write(self.removing_marker(), "").context("failed to write .removing marker")
+    }
+
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.workdir
+    }
+
+    pub fn instance_info(&self) -> Result<InstanceInfo> {
+        let info_file = self.instance_info_path();
+        let info: InstanceInfo = serde_json::from_slice(&fs::read(&info_file)?)?;
+        Ok(info)
+    }
+
+    pub fn instance_info_or_default(&self) -> Result<InstanceInfo> {
+        match self.instance_info() {
+            Ok(info) => Ok(info),
+            Err(err) => match err.downcast_ref::<std::io::Error>() {
+                Some(io_err) if io_err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
+                    Ok(InstanceInfo::default())
+                }
+                _ => Err(err),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn sys_config(&self) -> Result<SysConfig> {
+        let sys_config_file = self.shared_dir().join(SYS_CONFIG);
+        let sys_config: SysConfig = serde_json::from_slice(&fs::read(sys_config_file)?)?;
+        Ok(sys_config)
+    }
+
+    pub fn app_compose(&self) -> Result<AppCompose> {
+        let compose_file = self.app_compose_path();
+        let compose: AppCompose = serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(compose_file)?)?;
+        Ok(compose)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::{
+        os::unix::fs::symlink,
+        time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
+    };
+
+    use anyhow::Result;
+    use fs_err as fs;
+
+    use super::VmWorkDir;
+    use crate::config::Networking;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn runtime_networks_snapshot_replaces_target_instead_of_following_it() -> Result<()> {
+        let temp = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dstack-vmm-runtime-networks-test-{}",
+            SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?.as_nanos()
+        ));
+        fs::create_dir_all(&temp)?;
+        let external = temp.join("external.json");
+        fs::write(&external, "sentinel")?;
+        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(temp.join("vm"));
+        fs::create_dir_all(workdir.path())?;
+        symlink(&external, workdir.runtime_networks_path())?;
+
+        workdir.set_runtime_networks(&[])?;
+
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&external)?, "sentinel");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(workdir.runtime_networks_path())?, "[]");
+        fs::remove_dir_all(temp)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn runtime_networks_snapshot_omits_ephemeral_device_paths() -> Result<()> {
+        let temp = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dstack-vmm-runtime-networks-device-test-{}",
+            SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)?.as_nanos()
+        ));
+        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(temp.join("vm"));
+        fs::create_dir_all(workdir.path())?;
+        let network: Networking = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "mode": "macvtap",
+            "parent": "br0",
+            "macvtap_mode": "private",
+            "device": "/dev/tap42"
+        }))?;
+
+        workdir.set_runtime_networks(&[network])?;
+
+        let persisted = workdir.runtime_networks();
+        assert_eq!(persisted.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(persisted[0].parent, "br0");
+        assert!(persisted[0].device.is_empty());
+        assert!(!fs::read_to_string(workdir.runtime_networks_path())?.contains("/dev/tap42"));
+        fs::remove_dir_all(temp)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/config.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8a44fe6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1322 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, net::IpAddr, path::PathBuf, process::Command, str::FromStr};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use load_config::load_config;
+use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
+use rocket::figment::Figment;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant;
+use lspci::{lspci_filtered, Device};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../vmm.toml");
+
+fn detect_qemu_version(qemu_path: &PathBuf) -> Result<String> {
+    let output = Command::new(qemu_path)
+        .arg("--version")
+        .output()
+        .context("Failed to execute qemu --version")?;
+
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        bail!("QEMU version command failed with status: {}", output.status);
+    }
+
+    let version_output =
+        String::from_utf8(output.stdout).context("QEMU version output is not valid UTF-8")?;
+
+    parse_qemu_version_from_output(&version_output)
+        .context("Could not parse QEMU version from output")
+}
+
+fn parse_qemu_version_from_output(output: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    // Parse version from output like:
+    // "QEMU emulator version 8.2.2 (Debian 2:8.2.2+ds-0ubuntu1.4+tdx1.0)"
+    // "QEMU emulator version 9.1.0"
+    let version = output
+        .lines()
+        .next()
+        .and_then(|line| {
+            let words: Vec<&str> = line.split_whitespace().collect();
+
+            // First try: Look for "version" keyword and get the next word (only if it looks like a version)
+            if let Some(version_idx) = words.iter().position(|&word| word == "version") {
+                if let Some(next_word) = words.get(version_idx + 1) {
+                    // Only use the word after "version" if it looks like a version number
+                    if next_word.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
+                        && (next_word.contains('.')
+                            || next_word.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit() || c == '-'))
+                    {
+                        return Some(*next_word);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Fallback: find first word that looks like a version number
+            words
+                .iter()
+                .find(|word| {
+                    // Check if word starts with digit and contains dots (version-like)
+                    word.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
+                        && (word.contains('.')
+                            || word.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit() || c == '-'))
+                })
+                .copied()
+        })
+        .context("Could not parse QEMU version from output")?;
+
+    // Extract just the version number (e.g., "8.2.2" from "8.2.2+ds-0ubuntu1.4+tdx1.0")
+    let clean_version = version.split('+').next().unwrap_or(version).to_string();
+
+    Ok(clean_version)
+}
+
+pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
+    load_config("vmm", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, false)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum Protocol {
+    Tcp,
+    Udp,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Protocol {
+    type Err = anyhow::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Ok(match s {
+            "tcp" => Protocol::Tcp,
+            "udp" => Protocol::Udp,
+            _ => bail!("Invalid protocol: {s}"),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Protocol {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Protocol::Tcp => "tcp",
+            Protocol::Udp => "udp",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+pub enum CvmPlatform {
+    Tdx,
+    AmdSevSnp,
+}
+
+impl CvmPlatform {
+    /// Detect the host TEE platform from /proc/cpuinfo. Used when the operator
+    /// did not pin a platform in the config (`platform` omitted, or `auto`).
+    pub fn detect() -> Self {
+        Self::resolve_from_cpuinfo(&fs_err::read_to_string("/proc/cpuinfo").unwrap_or_default())
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolve_from_cpuinfo(cpuinfo: &str) -> Self {
+        // Detect the host TEE from /proc/cpuinfo CPU flags:
+        //   - AMD SEV-SNP hosts advertise the `sev_snp` flag
+        //   - Intel TDX hosts advertise the `tdx_host_platform` flag
+        // These flags are vendor-exclusive, so the flag alone is unambiguous.
+        // Anything else falls back to TDX (the conservative default; the VMM is
+        // expected to run on a TEE host). Operators can always override the
+        // detection with an explicit `platform = "tdx" | "amd-sev-snp"`.
+        let has_flag = |flag: &str| {
+            cpuinfo
+                .lines()
+                .filter(|line| line.starts_with("flags") || line.starts_with("Features"))
+                .any(|line| line.split_whitespace().any(|f| f == flag))
+        };
+        if has_flag("sev_snp") {
+            Self::AmdSevSnp
+        } else {
+            Self::Tdx
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct PortRange {
+    pub protocol: Protocol,
+    pub from: u16,
+    pub to: u16,
+}
+
+impl PortRange {
+    pub fn contains(&self, protocol: &str, port: u16) -> bool {
+        self.protocol.as_str() == protocol && port >= self.from && port <= self.to
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PortMappingConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub address: IpAddr,
+    pub range: Vec<PortRange>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AutoRestartConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// How often the supervisor state is sampled.
+    pub interval: u64,
+    /// Maximum consecutive automatic restart attempts before intervention.
+    pub max_retries: u32,
+    /// Delay before the first retry. Later retries use exponential backoff.
+    pub initial_backoff: u64,
+    /// Upper bound for the exponential retry delay.
+    pub max_backoff: u64,
+    /// Continuous healthy runtime required to reset the retry budget.
+    pub reset_window: u64,
+}
+
+/// Retention for the logs a CVM writes into its work directory.
+///
+/// Currently governs serial.log. The caps are deliberately not named after it,
+/// because rotation itself is generic (see `crate::logrotate`) and stdout/stderr
+/// are the obvious next call sites.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LogConfig {
+    /// Max size of a live log. QEMU appends to serial.log for the whole life of
+    /// a boot, so without a cap a chatty guest can fill the host disk. Past
+    /// this size the log is rotated and truncated in place. 0 disables
+    /// rotation.
+    #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+    pub max_bytes: u64,
+
+    /// Rotated segments to keep. Follows logrotate semantics: the oldest is
+    /// discarded.
+    pub max_backups: usize,
+
+    /// How often a live log is checked against `max_bytes`, in seconds.
+    pub check_interval_secs: u64,
+}
+
+impl AutoRestartConfig {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        if self.enabled {
+            if self.interval == 0 {
+                bail!("cvm.auto_restart.interval must be greater than zero when enabled");
+            }
+            if self.initial_backoff == 0 {
+                bail!("cvm.auto_restart.initial_backoff must be greater than zero when enabled");
+            }
+            if self.initial_backoff > self.max_backoff {
+                bail!("cvm.auto_restart.initial_backoff must not exceed max_backoff");
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PortMappingConfig {
+    pub fn is_allowed(&self, protocol: &str, port: u16) -> bool {
+        if !self.enabled {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.range.iter().any(|r| r.contains(protocol, port))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Deserialize the optional `platform` config field. `None` (field omitted, or
+/// the legacy literal `auto`) means "detect the host TEE"; `tdx` / `amd-sev-snp`
+/// pin a platform. Keeping `auto` accepted preserves existing vmm.toml configs.
+fn deserialize_platform<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<CvmPlatform>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(rename_all = "kebab-case")]
+    enum PlatformSetting {
+        Auto,
+        Tdx,
+        AmdSevSnp,
+    }
+    Ok(
+        match Option::<PlatformSetting>::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+            None | Some(PlatformSetting::Auto) => None,
+            Some(PlatformSetting::Tdx) => Some(CvmPlatform::Tdx),
+            Some(PlatformSetting::AmdSevSnp) => Some(CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp),
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+impl CvmConfig {
+    /// The effective TEE platform: the configured one, or host auto-detection
+    /// when left unset (`platform` omitted / `auto`).
+    pub fn resolved_platform(&self) -> CvmPlatform {
+        self.platform.unwrap_or_else(CvmPlatform::detect)
+    }
+}
+
+/// VMM-side policy for selecting the TDX attestation/hash scheme.
+///
+/// This is intentionally separate from `dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant`:
+/// the VM config shared with KMS/verifier must contain the resolved runtime
+/// variant (`legacy` or `lite`), never the VMM-only `auto` policy.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize, Serialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum TdxAttestationVariantConfig {
+    Legacy,
+    Lite,
+    #[default]
+    Auto,
+}
+
+impl TdxAttestationVariantConfig {
+    const TWO_GIB_MIB: u32 = 2 * 1024;
+    const THREE_GIB_MIB: u32 = 3 * 1024;
+
+    pub fn resolve(self, memory_mib: u32, image_supports_lite: bool) -> TdxAttestationVariant {
+        match self {
+            Self::Legacy => TdxAttestationVariant::Legacy,
+            Self::Lite => TdxAttestationVariant::Lite,
+            Self::Auto => {
+                if memory_mib < Self::THREE_GIB_MIB && memory_mib != Self::TWO_GIB_MIB {
+                    TdxAttestationVariant::Legacy
+                } else if image_supports_lite {
+                    TdxAttestationVariant::Lite
+                } else {
+                    TdxAttestationVariant::Legacy
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct CvmConfig {
+    /// TEE platform to use when launching CVMs. Omit (or set `auto`) to detect
+    /// the host TEE from /proc/cpuinfo (AMD SEV-SNP vs Intel TDX); set `tdx` or
+    /// `amd-sev-snp` to force a platform.
+    #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_platform")]
+    pub platform: Option<CvmPlatform>,
+    pub qemu_path: PathBuf,
+    /// The URL of the KMS server
+    pub kms_urls: Vec<String>,
+    /// The URL of the dstack-gateway server
+    #[serde(alias = "tproxy_urls")]
+    pub gateway_urls: Vec<String>,
+    /// Independently operated gateway clusters. URLs in each entry are
+    /// failover endpoints for that cluster.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gateway_clusters: Vec<dstack_types::GatewayClusterConfig>,
+    /// The URL of the PCCS server
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pccs_url: String,
+    /// Node-local credentials and collateral settings used when an individual
+    /// VM requests a simulated TEE platform.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tee_simulator: Option<dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig>,
+    /// Optional NVIDIA OCSP/RIM cache passed to guests in sys-config.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub nvidia_attestation_proxy_url: Option<String>,
+    /// The URL of the Docker registry
+    pub docker_registry: String,
+    /// The start of the CID pool that allocates CIDs to VMs
+    pub cid_start: u32,
+    /// The size of the CID pool that allocates CIDs to VMs
+    pub cid_pool_size: u32,
+    /// Port mapping configuration
+    pub port_mapping: PortMappingConfig,
+    /// Max allocable resources. Not yet implement fully, only for inspect API `GetMeta`
+    pub max_allocable_vcpu: u32,
+    pub max_allocable_memory_in_mb: u32,
+    /// Enable qmp socket
+    pub qmp_socket: bool,
+    /// GPU configuration
+    pub gpu: GpuConfig,
+    /// Auto restart configuration
+    pub auto_restart: AutoRestartConfig,
+
+    /// Use mrconfigid instead of compose hash
+    pub use_mrconfigid: bool,
+
+    /// QEMU single pass add page
+    pub qemu_single_pass_add_pages: Option<bool>,
+    /// QEMU pic
+    pub qemu_pic: Option<bool>,
+    /// QEMU qemu_version
+    pub qemu_version: Option<String>,
+    /// QEMU pci_hole64_size
+    #[serde(with = "size_parser::human_size")]
+    pub qemu_pci_hole64_size: u64,
+    /// QEMU hotplug_off
+    pub qemu_hotplug_off: bool,
+
+    /// TDX attestation/hash scheme policy. `legacy` keeps the existing
+    /// digest.txt measurement path; `lite` opts into split measurement CBOR;
+    /// `auto` selects `legacy` for
+    /// CVMs below 3 GiB except exactly 2 GiB, otherwise uses `lite` when the
+    /// image carries TDX measurement material and falls back to `legacy`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tdx_attestation_variant: TdxAttestationVariantConfig,
+
+    /// Networking configuration
+    pub networking: Networking,
+
+    /// Network backends that deployment RPC callers may request explicitly.
+    /// The node default is still used when a request omits networking.
+    #[serde(default = "default_allowed_network_modes")]
+    pub allowed_network_modes: Vec<NetworkingMode>,
+
+    /// Host bridges that deployment RPC callers may select explicitly.
+    /// An empty list permits only the node's default bridge.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub allowed_bridges: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// Host interfaces that deployment RPC callers may select explicitly as
+    /// macvtap parents. An empty list permits only the node default parent.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub allowed_macvtap_parents: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// Optional host-side filtering for bridge interfaces. This filter does
+    /// not apply to macvtap interfaces.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub network_filter: NetworkFilterConfig,
+
+    /// Stable namespace for TAP names when several VMMs share one host.
+    /// An empty value is derived from the absolute run directory.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub instance_id: String,
+
+    /// Host sharing mode. (9p, vhd, vvfat)
+    pub host_share_mode: String,
+
+    /// QGS (Quote Generation Service) vsock port for kernel-level TSM support.
+    /// When set, QEMU will pass this port to tdx-guest for configfs-tsm quote generation.
+    /// The guest kernel will use this vsock port to communicate with the host QGS.
+    /// Default is None (disabled), common value is 4050.
+    pub qgs_port: Option<u32>,
+
+    /// SMBIOS product information for cloud environment detection
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub product: ProductConfig,
+
+    /// Guest log retention.
+    pub log: LogConfig,
+
+    /// Directory holding attachable volume images (e.g. pre-baked verity
+    /// volumes). A deploy may only attach files under this directory, referenced
+    /// by bare file name. Empty (the default) disables volume attachment.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub volumes_dir: String,
+}
+
+/// SMBIOS product information configuration.
+/// Field names correspond to /sys/class/dmi/id/ entries in guest.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ProductConfig {
+    // SMBIOS type=0 (BIOS Information)
+    pub bios_vendor: Option<String>,
+    pub bios_version: Option<String>,
+    pub bios_date: Option<String>,
+    pub bios_release: Option<String>,
+
+    // SMBIOS type=1 (System Information)
+    pub sys_vendor: Option<String>,
+    pub product_name: Option<String>,
+    pub product_version: Option<String>,
+    pub product_serial: Option<String>,
+    pub product_uuid: Option<String>,
+    pub product_family: Option<String>,
+    pub product_sku: Option<String>,
+
+    // SMBIOS type=2 (Baseboard Information)
+    pub board_vendor: Option<String>,
+    pub board_name: Option<String>,
+    pub board_version: Option<String>,
+    pub board_serial: Option<String>,
+    pub board_asset_tag: Option<String>,
+
+    // SMBIOS type=3 (Chassis Information)
+    pub chassis_vendor: Option<String>,
+    pub chassis_version: Option<String>,
+    pub chassis_serial: Option<String>,
+    pub chassis_asset_tag: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GpuConfig {
+    /// Whether to enable GPU passthrough
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// The product IDs of the GPUs to discover
+    pub listing: Vec<String>,
+    /// The PCI addresses to exclude from passthrough
+    pub exclude: Vec<String>,
+    /// The PCI addresses to include in passthrough
+    pub include: Vec<String>,
+    /// Allow attach all GPUs
+    pub allow_attach_all: bool,
+    /// Reset each GPU's dedicated upstream PCIe bus before QEMU attaches it.
+    pub sanitize_on_attach: bool,
+    /// Shared deadline for all GPUs to become VFIO-ready after SBR.
+    pub sbr_timeout_ms: u64,
+}
+
+impl GpuConfig {
+    pub(crate) fn list_devices(&self) -> Result<Vec<Device>> {
+        let devices = lspci_filtered(|dev| {
+            if !self.listing.contains(&dev.full_product_id()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if self.exclude.contains(&dev.slot) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if !self.include.is_empty() && !self.include.contains(&dev.slot) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            true
+        })
+        .context("Failed to list GPU devices")?;
+
+        info!(
+            "Found {} GPUs, {} in use",
+            devices.len(),
+            devices.iter().filter(|d| d.in_use()).count()
+        );
+        Ok(devices)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AuthConfig {
+    /// Whether to enable API token authentication
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// The API tokens
+    pub tokens: Vec<String>,
+    /// Optional Apache htpasswd file for HTTP Basic authentication.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub htpasswd_file: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
+pub struct SupervisorConfig {
+    pub exe: String,
+    pub sock: String,
+    pub pid_file: String,
+    pub log_file: String,
+    pub detached: bool,
+    pub auto_start: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GatewayConfig {
+    pub base_domain: String,
+    pub port: u16,
+    pub agent_port: u16,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Default)]
+pub struct ImageConfig {
+    /// Path to guest image directory
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+    /// OCI image registry for guest images (e.g., "dstacktee/guest-image")
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub registry: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Config {
+    /// Deprecated: use `[image] path` instead. Kept for backward compatibility.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    image_path: PathBuf,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub run_path: PathBuf,
+    /// The URL of the KMS server
+    pub kms_url: String,
+
+    /// Node name (optional, used as prefix in UI title)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub node_name: String,
+
+    /// Image configuration
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub image: ImageConfig,
+
+    /// The buffer size in VMM process for guest events
+    pub event_buffer_size: usize,
+
+    /// CVM configuration
+    pub cvm: CvmConfig,
+
+    /// Privileged host networking service configuration.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub netd: NetdConfig,
+    /// Gateway configuration
+    pub gateway: GatewayConfig,
+
+    /// Authentication configuration
+    pub auth: AuthConfig,
+
+    /// Supervisor configuration
+    pub supervisor: SupervisorConfig,
+
+    /// Host API configuration
+    pub host_api: HostApiConfig,
+
+    /// Key provider configuration
+    pub key_provider: KeyProviderConfig,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum NetworkFilterMode {
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    Libvirt,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct NetworkFilterConfig {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub mode: NetworkFilterMode,
+    #[serde(default = "default_libvirt_filter")]
+    pub filter: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parameters: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+impl Default for NetworkFilterConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            mode: NetworkFilterMode::None,
+            filter: default_libvirt_filter(),
+            parameters: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_libvirt_filter() -> String {
+    "clean-traffic".to_string()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct NetdConfig {
+    #[serde(default = "default_netd_socket")]
+    pub socket: PathBuf,
+    /// Filesystem permissions applied when netd creates its own socket.
+    /// Systemd-activated sockets use `SocketMode` from the socket unit.
+    pub socket_mode: u32,
+    #[serde(default = "default_libvirt_uri")]
+    pub libvirt_uri: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for NetdConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            socket: default_netd_socket(),
+            socket_mode: 0o660,
+            libvirt_uri: default_libvirt_uri(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl NetdConfig {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            self.socket_mode & !0o777 == 0,
+            "netd.socket_mode must contain only Unix permission bits"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_netd_socket() -> PathBuf {
+    PathBuf::from("/run/dstack/netd.sock")
+}
+
+fn default_libvirt_uri() -> String {
+    "qemu:///system".to_string()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct ProcessAnnotation {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub kind: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub live_for: Option<String>,
+    /// Whether this process's serial chardev log was opened with
+    /// `logappend=on`, which is what makes rotating it in place safe.
+    ///
+    /// Absent for processes launched before this option existed, and `default`
+    /// makes those deserialize to `false` — the conservative answer.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub serial_logappend: bool,
+}
+
+impl ProcessAnnotation {
+    pub fn is_cvm(&self) -> bool {
+        if self.live_for.is_some() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.kind.is_empty() || self.kind == "cvm"
+    }
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    pub fn abs_path(mut self) -> Result<Self> {
+        self.image.path = self.image.path.absolutize()?.to_path_buf();
+        self.run_path = self.run_path.absolutize()?.to_path_buf();
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Validate configuration invariants that do not require starting services
+    /// or modifying host state.
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.host_api
+            .validate()
+            .context("Invalid host_api configuration")?;
+
+        self.netd.validate()?;
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(self.cvm.cid_start >= 3, "cvm.cid_start must be at least 3");
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            self.cvm.cid_pool_size > 0,
+            "cvm.cid_pool_size must be greater than zero"
+        );
+        self.cvm
+            .cid_start
+            .checked_add(self.cvm.cid_pool_size)
+            .context("cvm CID pool overflows u32")?;
+
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            matches!(self.cvm.host_share_mode.as_str(), "9p" | "vhd" | "vvfat"),
+            "cvm.host_share_mode must be one of: 9p, vhd, vvfat"
+        );
+        if self.cvm.auto_restart.enabled {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                self.cvm.auto_restart.interval > 0,
+                "cvm.auto_restart.interval must be greater than zero when enabled"
+            );
+        }
+        for range in &self.cvm.port_mapping.range {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                range.from <= range.to,
+                "cvm.port_mapping range start {} exceeds end {}",
+                range.from,
+                range.to
+            );
+        }
+
+        validate_networking(&self.cvm.networking)?;
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            !self
+                .cvm
+                .allowed_network_modes
+                .contains(&NetworkingMode::Custom),
+            "cvm.allowed_network_modes cannot contain custom"
+        );
+        for (name, values) in [
+            ("cvm.allowed_bridges", &self.cvm.allowed_bridges),
+            (
+                "cvm.allowed_macvtap_parents",
+                &self.cvm.allowed_macvtap_parents,
+            ),
+        ] {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                values.iter().all(|value| !value.trim().is_empty()),
+                "{name} cannot contain empty interface names"
+            );
+        }
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            !self.supervisor.sock.trim().is_empty(),
+            "supervisor.sock must not be empty"
+        );
+        if self.supervisor.auto_start {
+            for (name, value) in [
+                ("supervisor.exe", self.supervisor.exe.as_str()),
+                ("supervisor.pid_file", self.supervisor.pid_file.as_str()),
+                ("supervisor.log_file", self.supervisor.log_file.as_str()),
+            ] {
+                anyhow::ensure!(
+                    !value.trim().is_empty(),
+                    "{name} must not be empty when supervisor.auto_start is enabled"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (name, values) in [
+            ("cvm.kms_urls", self.cvm.kms_urls.as_slice()),
+            ("cvm.gateway_urls", self.cvm.gateway_urls.as_slice()),
+        ] {
+            for value in values {
+                validate_http_url(name, value)?;
+            }
+        }
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            self.cvm.gateway_urls.is_empty() || self.cvm.gateway_clusters.is_empty(),
+            "cvm.gateway_urls and cvm.gateway_clusters cannot both be configured"
+        );
+        let mut cluster_names = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for cluster in &self.cvm.gateway_clusters {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                !cluster.name.is_empty()
+                    && cluster
+                        .name
+                        .bytes()
+                        .all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == b'-' || c == b'_'),
+                "invalid cvm.gateway_clusters name: {}",
+                cluster.name
+            );
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                cluster_names.insert(cluster.name.as_str()),
+                "duplicate cvm.gateway_clusters name: {}",
+                cluster.name
+            );
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                !cluster.urls.is_empty(),
+                "cvm.gateway_clusters.{} must contain at least one URL",
+                cluster.name
+            );
+            for url in &cluster.urls {
+                validate_http_url("cvm.gateway_clusters.urls", url)?;
+            }
+        }
+        for (name, value) in [
+            ("cvm.pccs_url", Some(self.cvm.pccs_url.as_str())),
+            (
+                "cvm.nvidia_attestation_proxy_url",
+                self.cvm.nvidia_attestation_proxy_url.as_deref(),
+            ),
+        ] {
+            if let Some(value) = value.filter(|value| !value.is_empty()) {
+                validate_http_url(name, value)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_http_url(name: &str, value: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let url = url::Url::parse(value).with_context(|| format!("{name} contains an invalid URL"))?;
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        matches!(url.scheme(), "http" | "https"),
+        "{name} URL must use http or https: {value}"
+    );
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        url.host().is_some(),
+        "{name} URL must include a host: {value}"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_networking(networking: &Networking) -> Result<()> {
+    let prefix = networking.mac_prefix.as_str();
+    if !prefix.is_empty() {
+        let bytes = prefix.split(':').collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        anyhow::ensure!(
+            bytes.len() <= 3
+                && bytes
+                    .iter()
+                    .all(|byte| byte.len() == 2 && u8::from_str_radix(byte, 16).is_ok()),
+            "cvm.networking.mac_prefix must contain 1 to 3 two-digit hexadecimal bytes"
+        );
+    }
+    match networking.mode {
+        NetworkingMode::Bridge => anyhow::ensure!(
+            !networking.bridge.trim().is_empty(),
+            "cvm.networking.bridge must not be empty in bridge mode"
+        ),
+        NetworkingMode::Custom => anyhow::ensure!(
+            !networking.netdev.trim().is_empty(),
+            "cvm.networking.netdev must not be empty in custom mode"
+        ),
+        NetworkingMode::Macvtap => {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                !networking.parent.trim().is_empty(),
+                "cvm.networking.parent must not be empty in macvtap mode"
+            );
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                matches!(
+                    networking.macvtap_mode.as_str(),
+                    "" | "private" | "bridge" | "vepa" | "passthru"
+                ),
+                "cvm.networking.macvtap_mode must be private, bridge, vepa, or passthru"
+            );
+        }
+        NetworkingMode::User => {}
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn default_allowed_network_modes() -> Vec<NetworkingMode> {
+    vec![NetworkingMode::User, NetworkingMode::Bridge]
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum NetworkingMode {
+    User,
+    Bridge,
+    Custom,
+    Macvtap,
+}
+
+/// Flat networking configuration. The `mode` field selects which backend is
+/// active; the remaining fields are only relevant for their respective mode
+/// and carry serde defaults so they can be omitted in the config file.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct Networking {
+    pub mode: NetworkingMode,
+
+    // ── Bridge fields ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+    /// Bridge interface to attach TAP device to (e.g., "virbr0")
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub bridge: String,
+
+    // ── Macvtap fields ────────────────────────────────────────────
+    /// Parent host interface for macvtap (e.g., "eth0").
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parent: String,
+    /// macvtap forwarding mode. Empty selects "private".
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub macvtap_mode: String,
+    /// Runtime-only character device returned by netd.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "String::is_empty")]
+    pub device: String,
+
+    // ── MAC prefix ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    /// Fixed MAC address prefix (0-3 colon-separated hex bytes, e.g. "02:ab:cd").
+    /// Remaining bytes are derived from the VM ID hash.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub mac_prefix: String,
+
+    // ── User-mode fields ───────────────────────────────────────────
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub net: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub dhcp_start: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub restrict: bool,
+
+    // ── Custom fields ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub netdev: String,
+}
+
+impl Networking {
+    pub fn is_bridge(&self) -> bool {
+        self.mode == NetworkingMode::Bridge
+    }
+
+    /// Parse the mac_prefix into bytes. Returns 0-3 bytes.
+    pub fn mac_prefix_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        if self.mac_prefix.is_empty() {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+        self.mac_prefix
+            .split(':')
+            .filter_map(|s| u8::from_str_radix(s, 16).ok())
+            .take(3)
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct HostApiConfig {
+    pub address: String,
+    pub port: u32,
+}
+
+impl HostApiConfig {
+    /// Validate that the host API address is a vsock address.
+    /// The host API must only listen on vsock for security reasons.
+    /// TCP/Unix socket listening is not supported.
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let cid = self.address.strip_prefix("vsock:").with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "Host API address must be a vsock address (e.g., 'vsock:2'), got: '{}'. \
+                 TCP/Unix socket listening is not supported for the host API.",
+                self.address
+            )
+        })?;
+        if let Some(cid) = cid.strip_prefix("0x") {
+            u32::from_str_radix(cid, 16).context("Host API address contains an invalid CID")?;
+        } else {
+            cid.parse::<u32>()
+                .context("Host API address contains an invalid CID")?;
+        }
+        anyhow::ensure!(self.port > 0, "Host API port must be greater than zero");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
+pub struct KeyProviderConfig {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub address: IpAddr,
+    pub port: u16,
+}
+
+const CLIENT_CONF_PATH: &str = "/etc/dstack/client.conf";
+fn read_qemu_path_from_client_conf() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+    struct ClientQemuSection {
+        path: Option<String>,
+    }
+    #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+    struct ClientIniConfig {
+        qemu: Option<ClientQemuSection>,
+    }
+
+    let raw = fs_err::read_to_string(CLIENT_CONF_PATH).ok()?;
+    let parsed: ClientIniConfig = serde_ini::from_str(&raw).ok()?;
+    let path = parsed.qemu?.path?;
+    let path = path.trim().trim_matches('"').trim_matches('\'');
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let path = PathBuf::from(path);
+    if path.exists() {
+        Some(path)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    pub fn extract_or_default(figment: &Figment) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut me: Self = figment.extract()?;
+        {
+            let home = dirs::home_dir().context("Failed to get home directory")?;
+            let app_home = home.join(".dstack-vmm");
+            // Migrate deprecated top-level `image_path` to `[image] path`
+            if me.image_path != PathBuf::default() {
+                if me.image.path == PathBuf::default() {
+                    warn!(
+                        "config: top-level `image_path` is deprecated, use `[image] path` instead"
+                    );
+                    me.image.path = me.image_path.clone();
+                } else {
+                    warn!("config: both `image_path` and `[image] path` are set, using `[image] path`");
+                }
+                me.image_path = PathBuf::default();
+            }
+            if me.image.path == PathBuf::default() {
+                me.image.path = app_home.join("image");
+            }
+            if me.run_path == PathBuf::default() {
+                me.run_path = app_home.join("vm");
+            }
+            if me.cvm.qemu_path == PathBuf::default() {
+                // Prefer the path from dstack client config if present
+                if let Some(qemu_path) = read_qemu_path_from_client_conf() {
+                    info!("Found QEMU path from client config: {CLIENT_CONF_PATH:?}");
+                    me.cvm.qemu_path = qemu_path;
+                } else {
+                    let cpu_arch = std::env::consts::ARCH;
+                    let qemu_path = which::which(format!("qemu-system-{}", cpu_arch))
+                        .context("Failed to find qemu executable")?;
+                    me.cvm.qemu_path = qemu_path;
+                }
+            }
+            info!("QEMU path: {}", me.cvm.qemu_path.display());
+
+            // Detect QEMU version if not already set
+            match &me.cvm.qemu_version {
+                None => match detect_qemu_version(&me.cvm.qemu_path) {
+                    Ok(version) => {
+                        info!("Detected QEMU version: {version}");
+                        me.cvm.qemu_version = Some(version);
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!("Failed to detect QEMU version: {e}");
+                        // Continue without version - the system will use defaults
+                    }
+                },
+                Some(version) => info!("Configured QEMU version: {version}"),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(me)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_restart_config_rejects_hot_loop_and_inverted_backoff() {
+        let mut config = AutoRestartConfig {
+            enabled: true,
+            interval: 0,
+            max_retries: 3,
+            initial_backoff: 2,
+            max_backoff: 5,
+            reset_window: 10,
+        };
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("interval"));
+        config.interval = 1;
+        config.initial_backoff = 0;
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("initial_backoff"));
+        config.initial_backoff = 6;
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("max_backoff"));
+        config.max_backoff = 6;
+        assert!(config.validate().is_ok());
+
+        config.enabled = false;
+        config.interval = 0;
+        config.initial_backoff = 7;
+        assert!(config.validate().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qemu_version_debian_format() {
+        let output = "QEMU emulator version 8.2.2 (Debian 2:8.2.2+ds-0ubuntu1.4+tdx1.0)\nCopyright (c) 2003-2023 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers";
+        let version = parse_qemu_version_from_output(output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(version, "8.2.2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qemu_version_simple_format() {
+        let output = "QEMU emulator version 9.1.0\nCopyright (c) 2003-2024 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers";
+        let version = parse_qemu_version_from_output(output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(version, "9.1.0");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qemu_version_old_debian_format() {
+        let output = "QEMU emulator version 8.2.2 (Debian 1:8.2.2+ds-0ubuntu1.2)\nCopyright (c) 2003-2023 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers";
+        let version = parse_qemu_version_from_output(output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(version, "8.2.2");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qemu_version_with_rc() {
+        let output = "QEMU emulator version 9.0.0-rc1\nCopyright (c) 2003-2024 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers";
+        let version = parse_qemu_version_from_output(output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(version, "9.0.0-rc1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qemu_version_fallback() {
+        let output = "Some unusual format 8.1.5 with version info";
+        let version = parse_qemu_version_from_output(output).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(version, "8.1.5");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_qemu_version_invalid() {
+        let output = "No version information here";
+        let result = parse_qemu_version_from_output(output);
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tee_platform_deserializes_amd_sev_snp() {
+        let platform: CvmPlatform = serde_json::from_str("\"amd-sev-snp\"").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(platform, CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn platform_config_maps_auto_and_omitted_to_none() {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct Wrap {
+            #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "deserialize_platform")]
+            platform: Option<CvmPlatform>,
+        }
+        let parse = |s: &str| serde_json::from_str::<Wrap>(s).unwrap().platform;
+        // Omitted and the legacy `auto` literal both mean "auto-detect" (None).
+        assert_eq!(parse("{}"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#"{"platform":"auto"}"#), None);
+        // Explicit platforms are pinned.
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#"{"platform":"tdx"}"#), Some(CvmPlatform::Tdx));
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse(r#"{"platform":"amd-sev-snp"}"#),
+            Some(CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tdx_attestation_variant_config_accepts_auto_and_resolves() {
+        let parse = |s: &str| serde_json::from_str::<TdxAttestationVariantConfig>(s).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#""legacy""#), TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Legacy);
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#""lite""#), TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Lite);
+        assert_eq!(parse(r#""auto""#), TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto);
+
+        use dstack_types::TdxAttestationVariant::{Legacy, Lite};
+
+        // Explicit settings bypass auto heuristics.
+        assert_eq!(
+            TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Legacy.resolve(2048, true),
+            Legacy
+        );
+        assert_eq!(TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Lite.resolve(1024, false), Lite);
+
+        // Auto avoids lite for sub-3 GiB memory sizes except exactly 2 GiB.
+        assert_eq!(
+            TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto.resolve(1024, true),
+            Legacy
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto.resolve(2816, true),
+            Legacy
+        );
+        assert_eq!(TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto.resolve(2048, true), Lite);
+
+        // At 3 GiB and above, auto follows image support.
+        assert_eq!(TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto.resolve(3072, true), Lite);
+        assert_eq!(
+            TdxAttestationVariantConfig::Auto.resolve(3072, false),
+            Legacy
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn default_config() -> Config {
+        use rocket::figment::providers::{Format, Toml};
+
+        Figment::from(Toml::string(DEFAULT_CONFIG))
+            .extract()
+            .expect("default VMM config should parse")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_validation_accepts_defaults() {
+        let config = default_config();
+        assert_eq!(config.netd.socket_mode, 0o660);
+        config.validate().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_validation_rejects_invalid_static_invariants() {
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.netd.socket_mode = 0o1660;
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("socket_mode"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.cid_pool_size = 0;
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("cid_pool_size"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.port_mapping.range[0].from = 200;
+        config.cvm.port_mapping.range[0].to = 100;
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("range start"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.networking.mac_prefix = "02:not-hex".into();
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("mac_prefix"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.host_share_mode = "unknown".into();
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("host_share_mode"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_validation_rejects_invalid_endpoints() {
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.kms_urls = vec!["not a URL".into()];
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("kms_urls"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.supervisor.sock.clear();
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("supervisor.sock"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.networking.mode = NetworkingMode::Bridge;
+        config.cvm.networking.bridge.clear();
+        assert!(config
+            .validate()
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("networking.bridge"));
+
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.host_api.address = "vsock:not-a-cid".into();
+        assert!(format!("{:#}", config.validate().unwrap_err()).contains("invalid CID"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_validation_rejects_mixed_gateway_syntax() {
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.cvm.gateway_urls = vec!["https://legacy-gateway.example.com".into()];
+        config.cvm.gateway_clusters = vec![dstack_types::GatewayClusterConfig {
+            name: "primary".into(),
+            urls: vec!["https://gateway.example.com".into()],
+        }];
+        let error = config.validate().unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("gateway_urls and cvm.gateway_clusters cannot both"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn config_validation_does_not_require_supervisor_startup_paths_when_disabled() {
+        let mut config = default_config();
+        config.supervisor.auto_start = false;
+        config.supervisor.exe.clear();
+        config.supervisor.pid_file.clear();
+        config.supervisor.log_file.clear();
+        config.validate().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tee_platform_auto_detects_amd_sev_snp_from_flag() {
+        let cpuinfo = "flags : fpu svm sev sev_es sev_snp debug_swap";
+        assert_eq!(
+            CvmPlatform::resolve_from_cpuinfo(cpuinfo),
+            CvmPlatform::AmdSevSnp
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tee_platform_auto_detects_tdx_host() {
+        let cpuinfo = "flags : fpu vmx tdx_host_platform";
+        assert_eq!(CvmPlatform::resolve_from_cpuinfo(cpuinfo), CvmPlatform::Tdx);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tee_platform_auto_falls_back_to_tdx_without_tee_flag() {
+        let cpuinfo = "flags : fpu vmx";
+        assert_eq!(CvmPlatform::resolve_from_cpuinfo(cpuinfo), CvmPlatform::Tdx);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/discovery.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/discovery.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..181e7da52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/discovery.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! VMM instance discovery via registration files.
+//!
+//! On startup each `dstack-vmm` process writes a JSON file to a well-known
+//! directory so that CLI tools can discover all running instances on the host.
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+/// Returns the discovery directory path under $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/dstack-vmm.
+/// Falls back to /run/user/<uid>/dstack-vmm if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not set.
+fn discovery_dir() -> PathBuf {
+    if let Ok(xdg) = std::env::var("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR") {
+        return PathBuf::from(xdg).join("dstack-vmm");
+    }
+    let uid = nix::unistd::getuid();
+    PathBuf::from(format!("/run/user/{uid}/dstack-vmm"))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VmmInstanceInfo {
+    /// Unique identifier for this VMM instance (random UUID).
+    pub id: String,
+    /// Process ID.
+    pub pid: u32,
+    /// Address the external API listens on (e.g. "unix:./vmm.sock" or "0.0.0.0:9080").
+    pub address: String,
+    /// Working directory of the VMM process.
+    pub working_dir: String,
+    /// Path to the configuration file (if provided via -c).
+    pub config_file: Option<String>,
+    /// Path where VM images are stored.
+    pub image_path: String,
+    /// Path where VM runtime data is stored.
+    pub run_path: String,
+    /// Node name from configuration.
+    pub node_name: String,
+    /// VMM version string.
+    pub version: String,
+    /// Unix timestamp (seconds) when the instance started.
+    pub started_at: u64,
+}
+
+/// Handle that manages the lifecycle of a discovery registration file.
+/// The file is removed when this handle is dropped.
+pub struct DiscoveryRegistration {
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl DiscoveryRegistration {
+    /// Register a new VMM instance. Creates the discovery directory if needed
+    /// and writes the instance info JSON file.
+    pub fn register(
+        listen_address: &str,
+        config_file: Option<&str>,
+        image_path: &Path,
+        run_path: &Path,
+        node_name: &str,
+        version: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let dir = discovery_dir();
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(&dir).context("failed to create discovery directory")?;
+
+        let id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        let path = dir.join(format!("{id}.json"));
+
+        let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("failed to get current directory")?;
+
+        let info = VmmInstanceInfo {
+            id: id.clone(),
+            pid: std::process::id(),
+            address: listen_address.to_string(),
+            working_dir: cwd.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            config_file: config_file.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+            image_path: image_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            run_path: run_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
+            node_name: node_name.to_string(),
+            version: version.to_string(),
+            started_at: std::time::SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .as_secs(),
+        };
+
+        let json =
+            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&info).context("failed to serialize instance info")?;
+        fs_err::write(&path, &json).context("failed to write discovery file")?;
+
+        info!("registered VMM instance {id} at {}", path.display());
+        Ok(Self { path })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for DiscoveryRegistration {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        match fs::remove_file(&self.path) {
+            Ok(()) => info!("unregistered VMM instance at {}", self.path.display()),
+            Err(e) => warn!(
+                "failed to remove discovery file {}: {e}",
+                self.path.display()
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Clean up stale discovery files from dead processes.
+pub fn cleanup_stale_registrations() {
+    let dir = discovery_dir();
+    let entries = match fs::read_dir(dir) {
+        Ok(e) => e,
+        Err(_) => return,
+    };
+
+    for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()) != Some("json") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let content = match fs::read_to_string(&path) {
+            Ok(c) => c,
+            Err(_) => continue,
+        };
+        let info: VmmInstanceInfo = match serde_json::from_str(&content) {
+            Ok(i) => i,
+            Err(_) => continue,
+        };
+        // Check if the process is still alive
+        let alive = Path::new(&format!("/proc/{}", info.pid)).exists();
+        if !alive {
+            info!(
+                "removing stale discovery file for pid {} at {}",
+                info.pid,
+                path.display()
+            );
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(&path);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/gpu_reset.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/gpu_reset.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e58876b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/gpu_reset.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    fs::{File, OpenOptions},
+    os::unix::fs::FileExt,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    thread,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use tracing::info;
+
+use crate::{app::GpuConfig, config::GpuConfig as HostGpuConfig};
+
+const PCI_SYSFS_DEVICES: &str = "/sys/bus/pci/devices";
+const PCI_BRIDGE_CLASS: u32 = 0x0604;
+const PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL: u64 = 0x3e;
+const PCI_BRIDGE_CTL_BUS_RESET: u16 = 1 << 6;
+const SBR_ASSERT_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+const SBR_POLL_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+const SBR_STABLE_TIME: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);
+
+/// Clears device-internal state that can survive VFIO's attach-time FLR.
+///
+/// Each selected GPU must sit alone behind a dedicated PCIe bridge. Resetting
+/// a shared bridge could disrupt unrelated devices, so that topology is
+/// rejected rather than guessed at.
+pub fn sanitize_on_attach(host: &HostGpuConfig, devices: &GpuConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    if !host.enabled || !host.sanitize_on_attach || devices.gpus.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    sanitize_at(
+        Path::new(PCI_SYSFS_DEVICES),
+        devices,
+        Duration::from_millis(host.sbr_timeout_ms),
+    )
+}
+
+fn sanitize_at(sysfs_devices: &Path, devices: &GpuConfig, timeout: Duration) -> Result<()> {
+    let selected = devices
+        .gpus
+        .iter()
+        .map(|gpu| normalize_slot(&gpu.slot))
+        .collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+    let mut bridges = BTreeSet::new();
+
+    for gpu in &selected {
+        let bridge = upstream_bridge(sysfs_devices, gpu)?;
+        ensure_dedicated_bridge(&bridge, gpu)?;
+        bridges.insert(bridge);
+    }
+
+    for bridge in bridges {
+        info!(bridge = %bridge.display(), "sanitizing GPU with PCIe Secondary Bus Reset");
+        secondary_bus_reset(&bridge)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to sanitize GPU using bridge {}", bridge.display()))?;
+    }
+    wait_for_vfio_ready(sysfs_devices, &selected, timeout)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn wait_for_vfio_ready(
+    sysfs_devices: &Path,
+    devices: &BTreeSet<String>,
+    timeout: Duration,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let drivers_probe = sysfs_devices
+        .parent()
+        .context("PCI sysfs devices directory has no parent")?
+        .join("drivers_probe");
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + timeout;
+    let mut stable_since = None;
+    loop {
+        let not_ready = devices
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|slot| {
+                let device = sysfs_devices.join(slot);
+                if !driver_is_vfio(&device) {
+                    let _ = fs_err::write(&drivers_probe, format!("{slot}\n"));
+                }
+                !is_vfio_ready(&device)
+            })
+            .cloned()
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if not_ready.is_empty() {
+            let since = *stable_since.get_or_insert_with(Instant::now);
+            if since.elapsed() >= SBR_STABLE_TIME {
+                info!(count = devices.len(), "all sanitized GPUs are VFIO-ready");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+        } else {
+            stable_since = None;
+        }
+        if Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            bail!(
+                "timed out after {} ms waiting for sanitized GPUs to become VFIO-ready: {}",
+                timeout.as_millis(),
+                not_ready.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+        thread::sleep(SBR_POLL_INTERVAL);
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_vfio_ready(device: &Path) -> bool {
+    let Ok(device) = device.canonicalize() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Ok(config) = File::open(device.join("config")) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Ok(vendor) = read_u16(&config, 0) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if matches!(vendor, 0 | 0xffff) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    driver_is_vfio(&device)
+        && device.join("iommu_group").canonicalize().is_ok()
+        && fs_err::read_dir(device.join("vfio-dev"))
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|mut entries| entries.next())
+            .is_some()
+}
+
+fn driver_is_vfio(device: &Path) -> bool {
+    device
+        .join("driver")
+        .canonicalize()
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|path| path.file_name().map(|name| name == "vfio-pci"))
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn normalize_slot(slot: &str) -> String {
+    if slot.matches(':').count() == 1 {
+        format!("0000:{slot}")
+    } else {
+        slot.to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+fn upstream_bridge(sysfs_devices: &Path, slot: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let device_link = sysfs_devices.join(slot);
+    let device = device_link
+        .canonicalize()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to resolve PCI device {slot}"))?;
+    let bridge = device
+        .parent()
+        .context("PCI device has no upstream bridge")?
+        .to_path_buf();
+    let class = fs_err::read_to_string(bridge.join("class"))
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read class of bridge {}", bridge.display()))?;
+    let class = u32::from_str_radix(class.trim().trim_start_matches("0x"), 16)
+        .context("invalid PCI bridge class")?;
+    if class >> 8 != PCI_BRIDGE_CLASS {
+        bail!("GPU {slot} is not directly behind a PCI bridge (parent class {class:#08x})");
+    }
+    Ok(bridge)
+}
+
+fn ensure_dedicated_bridge(bridge: &Path, gpu: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut downstream = Vec::new();
+    for entry in fs_err::read_dir(bridge)? {
+        let entry = entry?;
+        let name = entry.file_name();
+        let name = name.to_string_lossy();
+        if name != gpu && is_pci_slot(&name) && entry.file_type()?.is_dir() {
+            downstream.push(name.into_owned());
+        }
+    }
+    if !downstream.is_empty() {
+        bail!(
+            "refusing to reset shared bridge {} for GPU {gpu}; other downstream PCI devices: {}",
+            bridge.display(),
+            downstream.join(", ")
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_pci_slot(name: &str) -> bool {
+    name.len() == 12
+        && name.as_bytes()[4] == b':'
+        && name.as_bytes()[7] == b':'
+        && name.as_bytes()[10] == b'.'
+        && name
+            .chars()
+            .enumerate()
+            .all(|(i, c)| matches!(i, 4 | 7 | 10) || c.is_ascii_hexdigit())
+}
+
+fn secondary_bus_reset(bridge: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let config_path = bridge.join("config");
+    let config = OpenOptions::new()
+        .read(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(&config_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to open {}", config_path.display()))?;
+    let original = read_u16(&config, PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL)?;
+    write_u16(
+        &config,
+        PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL,
+        original | PCI_BRIDGE_CTL_BUS_RESET,
+    )?;
+    thread::sleep(SBR_ASSERT_TIME);
+    write_u16(
+        &config,
+        PCI_BRIDGE_CONTROL,
+        original & !PCI_BRIDGE_CTL_BUS_RESET,
+    )?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn read_u16(file: &File, offset: u64) -> Result<u16> {
+    let mut value = [0_u8; 2];
+    file.read_exact_at(&mut value, offset)?;
+    Ok(u16::from_le_bytes(value))
+}
+
+fn write_u16(file: &File, offset: u64, value: u16) -> Result<()> {
+    file.write_all_at(&value.to_le_bytes(), offset)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+
+    use crate::app::{AttachMode, GpuSpec};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalizes_short_pci_slots() {
+        assert_eq!(normalize_slot("0f:00.0"), "0000:0f:00.0");
+        assert_eq!(normalize_slot("0001:0f:00.0"), "0001:0f:00.0");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn recognizes_pci_slots() {
+        assert!(is_pci_slot("0000:0f:00.0"));
+        assert!(!is_pci_slot("class"));
+        assert!(!is_pci_slot("0000:0g:00.0"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn skips_sanitization_when_gpu_passthrough_is_disabled() {
+        let host = HostGpuConfig {
+            enabled: false,
+            listing: Vec::new(),
+            exclude: Vec::new(),
+            include: Vec::new(),
+            allow_attach_all: true,
+            sanitize_on_attach: true,
+            sbr_timeout_ms: 10_000,
+        };
+        let devices = GpuConfig {
+            attach_mode: AttachMode::Listed,
+            gpus: vec![GpuSpec {
+                slot: "ff:00.0".into(),
+            }],
+            bridges: Vec::new(),
+        };
+
+        sanitize_on_attach(&host, &devices).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn finds_a_dedicated_upstream_bridge() {
+        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let bridge = root.path().join("tree/0000:00:01.0");
+        let gpu = bridge.join("0000:01:00.0");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(&gpu).unwrap();
+        fs_err::write(bridge.join("class"), "0x060400\n").unwrap();
+        let devices = root.path().join("devices");
+        fs_err::create_dir(&devices).unwrap();
+        symlink(&gpu, devices.join("0000:01:00.0")).unwrap();
+
+        let found = upstream_bridge(&devices, "0000:01:00.0").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(found, bridge.canonicalize().unwrap());
+        ensure_dedicated_bridge(&found, "0000:01:00.0").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_a_bridge_shared_with_another_device() {
+        let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let bridge = root.path().join("0000:00:01.0");
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(bridge.join("0000:01:00.0")).unwrap();
+        fs_err::create_dir_all(bridge.join("0000:01:00.1")).unwrap();
+
+        let error = ensure_dedicated_bridge(&bridge, "0000:01:00.0").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("shared bridge"));
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("0000:01:00.1"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/guest_api_service.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/guest_api_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1fc089f8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/guest_api_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::App as AppState;
+use anyhow::Result;
+use guest_api::{
+    proxied_guest_api_server::{ProxiedGuestApiRpc, ProxiedGuestApiServer},
+    GuestInfo, Id, ListContainersResponse, NetworkInformation, SystemInfo,
+};
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+pub struct GuestApiHandler {
+    state: AppState,
+}
+
+impl Deref for GuestApiHandler {
+    type Target = AppState;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.state
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<AppState> for GuestApiHandler {
+    type PrpcService = ProxiedGuestApiServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            state: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl ProxiedGuestApiRpc for GuestApiHandler {
+    async fn info(self, request: Id) -> Result<GuestInfo> {
+        self.guest_agent_client(&request.id)?.info().await
+    }
+
+    async fn sys_info(self, request: Id) -> Result<SystemInfo> {
+        self.guest_agent_client(&request.id)?.sys_info().await
+    }
+
+    async fn network_info(self, request: Id) -> Result<NetworkInformation> {
+        self.guest_agent_client(&request.id)?.network_info().await
+    }
+
+    async fn list_containers(self, request: Id) -> Result<ListContainersResponse> {
+        self.guest_agent_client(&request.id)?
+            .list_containers()
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn shutdown(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        self.guest_agent_client(&request.id)?.shutdown().await
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/host_api_service.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/host_api_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc4dcc704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/host_api_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use host_api::{
+    host_api_server::{HostApiRpc, HostApiServer},
+    GetSealingKeyRequest, GetSealingKeyResponse, HostInfo, Notification,
+};
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RemoteEndpoint, RpcCall};
+use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockEndpoint;
+
+use crate::app::App;
+use key_provider_client::host::get_key;
+
+pub struct HostApiHandler {
+    endpoint: VsockEndpoint,
+    app: App,
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<App> for HostApiHandler {
+    type PrpcService = HostApiServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, App>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let Some(RemoteEndpoint::Vsock { cid, port }) = context.remote_endpoint else {
+            bail!("invalid remote endpoint: {:?}", context.remote_endpoint);
+        };
+        Ok(Self {
+            endpoint: VsockEndpoint { cid, port },
+            app: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl HostApiRpc for HostApiHandler {
+    async fn info(self) -> Result<HostInfo> {
+        let host_info = HostInfo {
+            name: "dstack VMM".to_string(),
+            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
+        };
+        Ok(host_info)
+    }
+
+    async fn notify(self, request: Notification) -> Result<()> {
+        self.app
+            .vm_event_report(self.endpoint.cid, &request.event, request.payload)
+    }
+
+    async fn get_sealing_key(self, request: GetSealingKeyRequest) -> Result<GetSealingKeyResponse> {
+        let key_provider = &self.app.config.key_provider;
+        if !key_provider.enabled {
+            bail!("Key provider is not enabled");
+        }
+        let response = get_key(request.quote, key_provider.address, key_provider.port)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to get sealing key from key provider")?;
+
+        Ok(GetSealingKeyResponse {
+            encrypted_key: response.encrypted_key,
+            provider_quote: response.provider_quote,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/logrotate.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/logrotate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb004109c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/logrotate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Logrotate-style rotation for files a live process holds open.
+//!
+//! Like the logrotate(8) this is modelled on, rotation works on a path and does
+//! not care what the log contains or who writes it: `<path>.N-1` becomes
+//! `<path>.N`, `<path>` is archived as `<path>.1`, and the oldest segment is
+//! discarded.
+//!
+//! # The one requirement on callers
+//!
+//! The writer must hold the file open with `O_APPEND`.
+//!
+//! Rotation truncates the live file in place rather than renaming it. Renaming
+//! would leave the writer appending into an unlinked inode, so its output would
+//! vanish silently. Truncating keeps the writer's fd valid — but only under
+//! `O_APPEND`, which forces every write to the current end of file. A writer
+//! without it keeps writing at its stale offset, so the truncation punches a
+//! sparse hole and the file springs straight back to its previous size. The cap
+//! then never holds and every later check rotates again.
+//!
+//! For QEMU chardev logs that means `logappend=on`; for a process's stdout or
+//! stderr, an `OpenOptions::append(true)` sink.
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use fs_err as fs;
+use tracing::warn;
+
+/// Outcome of a rotation.
+pub struct Rotated {
+    /// Bytes removed from the live log.
+    pub bytes: u64,
+    /// Where those bytes were kept, or `None` if they were discarded because
+    /// no backups are retained.
+    pub archived: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+/// Path of rotated segment `index`, `1` being the most recent.
+pub fn segment_path(path: &Path, index: usize) -> PathBuf {
+    let mut name = path.as_os_str().to_os_string();
+    name.push(format!(".{index}"));
+    PathBuf::from(name)
+}
+
+/// Empty `path` in place, keeping the writer's open fd valid.
+///
+/// Missing files are not an error: callers use this to guarantee a log starts
+/// empty without having to care whether it exists yet.
+pub fn truncate(path: &Path) {
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Err(err) = fs::write(path, b"") {
+        warn!("failed to truncate {}: {err}", path.display());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rotate `path`, discarding the oldest of `max_backups` segments.
+///
+/// Returns `None` when there was nothing to rotate, which includes an empty or
+/// missing log — rotating those would spend a segment slot on an empty file and
+/// push a segment that still has content off the end.
+pub fn rotate(path: &Path, max_backups: usize) -> Option<Rotated> {
+    let bytes = match fs::metadata(path) {
+        Ok(meta) if meta.len() > 0 => meta.len(),
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    if max_backups == 0 {
+        truncate(path);
+        return Some(Rotated {
+            bytes,
+            archived: None,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let oldest = segment_path(path, max_backups);
+    if oldest.exists() {
+        if let Err(err) = fs::remove_file(&oldest) {
+            warn!(
+                "failed to remove oldest segment {}: {err}",
+                oldest.display()
+            );
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+    for index in (1..max_backups).rev() {
+        let from = segment_path(path, index);
+        if !from.exists() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Err(err) = fs::rename(&from, segment_path(path, index + 1)) {
+            warn!("failed to shift segment {}: {err}", from.display());
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Copy rather than rename: the writer holds an open fd on the live log.
+    let archived = segment_path(path, 1);
+    if let Err(err) = fs::copy(path, &archived) {
+        warn!("failed to archive {}: {err}", path.display());
+        return None;
+    }
+    truncate(path);
+    Some(Rotated {
+        bytes,
+        archived: Some(archived),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Rotate `path` if it has grown past `max_bytes`. `max_bytes == 0` disables
+/// rotation entirely.
+pub fn rotate_if_oversized(path: &Path, max_bytes: u64, max_backups: usize) -> Option<Rotated> {
+    if max_bytes == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match fs::metadata(path) {
+        Ok(meta) if meta.len() > max_bytes => {}
+        _ => return None,
+    }
+    rotate(path, max_backups)
+}
+
+/// Record in the freshly emptied log where its previous content went.
+///
+/// A reader that only ever sees the live file — as the VMM log API does — would
+/// otherwise find it empty with no explanation. This does not make the segments
+/// readable; it makes their absence self-explanatory.
+pub fn append_rotation_note(path: &Path, rotated: &Rotated) {
+    use std::io::Write;
+
+    let Ok(mut file) = fs::OpenOptions::new().append(true).open(path) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let timestamp = humantime::format_rfc3339_seconds(std::time::SystemTime::now());
+    let bytes = rotated.bytes;
+    let _ = match &rotated.archived {
+        Some(archived) => {
+            let name = archived
+                .file_name()
+                .map(|name| name.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| archived.display().to_string());
+            writeln!(
+                file,
+                "\n===== rotated {bytes} bytes to {name} @ {timestamp} =====\n"
+            )
+        }
+        None => writeln!(
+            file,
+            "\n===== discarded {bytes} bytes @ {timestamp} =====\n"
+        ),
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn segment_path_appends_the_index_to_the_whole_name() {
+        // Suffixing the full name rather than replacing an extension keeps
+        // `serial.log.1` readable and works for files with no extension.
+        assert_eq!(
+            segment_path(Path::new("/run/serial.log"), 1).to_str(),
+            Some("/run/serial.log.1")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            segment_path(Path::new("/run/stdout"), 12).to_str(),
+            Some("/run/stdout.12")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotate_shifts_and_drops_the_oldest() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("app.log");
+
+        for marker in ["first", "second", "third", "fourth"] {
+            fs::write(&log, format!("{marker}\n"))?;
+            assert!(rotate(&log, 3).is_some());
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(segment_path(&log, 1))?, b"fourth\n");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(segment_path(&log, 2))?, b"third\n");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(segment_path(&log, 3))?, b"second\n");
+        assert!(!segment_path(&log, 4).exists());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotate_keeps_the_live_file_inode() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("app.log");
+
+        fs::write(&log, b"before\n")?;
+        let before = fs::metadata(&log)?.ino();
+        rotate(&log, 3);
+
+        // Renaming the live file would leave the writer appending into an
+        // unlinked inode, losing every later line without an error.
+        assert_eq!(fs::metadata(&log)?.ino(), before);
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&log)?.len(), 0);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotate_skips_an_empty_or_missing_log() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("app.log");
+
+        // Missing: must not create anything.
+        assert!(rotate(&log, 3).is_none());
+        assert!(!segment_path(&log, 1).exists());
+
+        // Empty: spending a slot here would push a segment that still has
+        // content off the end.
+        fs::write(&log, b"")?;
+        assert!(rotate(&log, 3).is_none());
+        assert!(!segment_path(&log, 1).exists());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotate_without_backups_discards_instead_of_archiving() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("app.log");
+
+        fs::write(&log, b"discarded\n")?;
+        let rotated = rotate(&log, 0).expect("rotated");
+
+        assert_eq!(rotated.bytes, 10);
+        assert!(rotated.archived.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&log)?.len(), 0);
+        assert!(!segment_path(&log, 1).exists());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotate_if_oversized_respects_the_cap() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("app.log");
+
+        fs::write(&log, vec![b'x'; 100])?;
+        assert!(rotate_if_oversized(&log, 4096, 3).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&log)?.len(), 100);
+
+        fs::write(&log, vec![b'x'; 8192])?;
+        assert!(rotate_if_oversized(&log, 4096, 3).is_some());
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&log)?.len(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(segment_path(&log, 1))?.len(), 8192);
+
+        // A zero cap disables rotation entirely.
+        fs::write(&log, vec![b'x'; 8192])?;
+        assert!(rotate_if_oversized(&log, 0, 3).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&log)?.len(), 8192);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncate_is_unconditional_and_tolerates_a_missing_file() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("app.log");
+
+        truncate(&log);
+        assert!(!log.exists(), "truncate must not create the file");
+
+        fs::write(&log, b"stale output\n")?;
+        truncate(&log);
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&log)?.len(), 0);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotation_note_says_where_the_output_went() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("serial.log");
+
+        fs::write(&log, vec![b'x'; 8192])?;
+        let rotated = rotate(&log, 3).expect("rotated");
+        append_rotation_note(&log, &rotated);
+
+        let note = String::from_utf8_lossy(&fs::read(&log)?).into_owned();
+        assert!(
+            note.contains("rotated 8192 bytes to serial.log.1"),
+            "{note:?}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rotation_note_does_not_claim_an_archive_that_was_discarded() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+        let temp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let log = temp.path().join("serial.log");
+
+        fs::write(&log, vec![b'x'; 8192])?;
+        let rotated = rotate(&log, 0).expect("rotated");
+        append_rotation_note(&log, &rotated);
+
+        let note = String::from_utf8_lossy(&fs::read(&log)?).into_owned();
+        assert!(note.contains("discarded 8192 bytes"), "{note:?}");
+        assert!(!note.contains("serial.log.1"), "{note:?}");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/main.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55099e81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::{path::Path, time::Duration};
+
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
+use app::App;
+use clap::{Args as ClapArgs, Parser, Subcommand};
+use config::{Config, NetdConfig};
+use dstack_api_auth::{Authenticator, HttpAuthConfig, HttpAuthFairing};
+use guest_api_service::GuestApiHandler;
+use host_api_service::HostApiHandler;
+use main_service::RpcHandler;
+use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
+use rocket::{
+    fairing::AdHoc,
+    figment::{providers::Serialized, Figment},
+};
+use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockListener;
+use supervisor_client::SupervisorClient;
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+mod app;
+mod config;
+mod discovery;
+mod gpu_reset;
+mod guest_api_service;
+mod host_api_service;
+mod logrotate;
+mod main_routes;
+mod main_service;
+mod netd;
+mod one_shot;
+mod openapi;
+mod vm_launcher;
+
+const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+const GIT_REV: &str = dstack_build_info::git_revision!();
+
+fn app_version() -> String {
+    dstack_build_info::app_version!()
+}
+
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
+struct Args {
+    /// Path to the configuration file
+    #[arg(short, long)]
+    config: Option<String>,
+    /// Override the netd socket used by the VMM (useful without systemd).
+    #[arg(long, global = true)]
+    netd_socket: Option<String>,
+    /// Subcommand to run
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Option<Command>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Subcommand)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Start the VMM server (default mode)
+    #[default]
+    Serve,
+    /// Validate the effective server configuration without starting services.
+    CheckConfig,
+    /// One-shot VM execution mode for debugging
+    Run(RunArgs),
+    /// Run the privileged TAP and libvirt nwfilter broker.
+    Netd(NetdArgs),
+    /// Internal per-VM QEMU/swtpm launcher.
+    #[command(hide = true)]
+    VmLauncher(VmLauncherArgs),
+}
+
+#[derive(ClapArgs)]
+struct NetdArgs {
+    /// Override the Unix socket configured in [netd].
+    #[arg(long)]
+    socket: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(ClapArgs)]
+struct RunArgs {
+    /// VM configuration file path
+    vm_config: String,
+    /// Working directory for one-shot mode (default: create in current directory)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    workdir: Option<String>,
+    /// Dry run: only output QEMU command without executing
+    #[arg(long)]
+    dry_run: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(ClapArgs)]
+struct VmLauncherArgs {
+    /// Path to the generated VM launch specification.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    spec: String,
+}
+
+async fn run_external_api(app: App, figment: Figment, api_auth: Authenticator) -> Result<()> {
+    let version = app_version();
+    let openapi_doc = openapi::build_openapi_doc(&version)?;
+
+    let external_api = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/", main_routes::routes())
+        .mount("/guest", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, GuestApiHandler))
+        .mount(
+            "/prpc",
+            ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, RpcHandler, trim: "Teepod."),
+        )
+        .manage(app)
+        .attach(HttpAuthFairing::new(
+            api_auth,
+            HttpAuthConfig {
+                realm: "dstack-vmm API".into(),
+                token_header: Some("X-Admin-Token".into()),
+                allow_get_query_token: true,
+            },
+        ))
+        .mount("/", dstack_api_auth::routes())
+        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app rev header", |_req, res| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
+            })
+        }))
+        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Disable buffering", |_req, res| {
+            Box::pin(async move {
+                res.set_raw_header("X-Accel-Buffering", "no");
+            })
+        }));
+    let external_api =
+        ra_rpc::rocket_helper::mount_openapi_docs(external_api, openapi_doc, "/api-docs");
+
+    let _ = external_api
+        .launch()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn run_host_api(app: App, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
+    let figment = figment
+        .clone()
+        .merge(Serialized::defaults(figment.find_value("host_api")?));
+    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
+        .mount("/api", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, HostApiHandler))
+        .manage(app);
+    let ignite = rocket
+        .ignite()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
+    // Host API only supports vsock listener (validated at startup)
+    let listener = VsockListener::bind_rocket(&ignite)
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind host API: {err}"))?;
+    ignite
+        .launch_on(listener)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn auto_restart_task(app: App) {
+    if !app.config.cvm.auto_restart.enabled {
+        info!("Auto restart CVMs is disabled");
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut interval =
+        tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(app.config.cvm.auto_restart.interval));
+    loop {
+        interval.tick().await;
+        info!("Checking for exited VMs");
+        if let Err(err) = app.try_restart_exited_vms().await {
+            error!("Failed to restart exited VMs: {err:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn log_rotation_task(app: App) {
+    if app.config.cvm.log.max_bytes == 0 {
+        info!("Log rotation is disabled");
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(
+        app.config.cvm.log.check_interval_secs.max(1),
+    ));
+    loop {
+        interval.tick().await;
+        if let Err(err) = app.rotate_oversized_logs().await {
+            error!("Failed to rotate logs: {err:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[rocket::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    {
+        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
+        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_ansi(false).init();
+    }
+
+    let args = Args::parse();
+
+    // The per-VM launcher must stay minimal: do not load or validate the VMM
+    // server configuration in this mode.
+    if let Some(Command::VmLauncher(launcher_args)) = &args.command {
+        return vm_launcher::run(Path::new(&launcher_args.spec)).await;
+    }
+
+    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
+    if let Some(Command::Netd(netd_args)) = &args.command {
+        let mut netd_config: NetdConfig = figment
+            .extract_inner("netd")
+            .context("failed to load [netd] configuration")?;
+        if let Some(socket) = args.netd_socket.as_deref() {
+            netd_config.socket = socket.into();
+        }
+        if let Some(socket) = netd_args.socket.as_deref() {
+            netd_config.socket = socket.into();
+        }
+        return netd::serve(netd_config).await;
+    }
+
+    let mut config = Config::extract_or_default(&figment)?.abs_path()?;
+    config.cvm.instance_id = netd::instance_id(&config.cvm.instance_id, config.run_path.as_path());
+    if let Some(socket) = args.netd_socket.as_deref() {
+        config.netd.socket = socket.into();
+    }
+
+    // Preserve the existing startup validation. The broader static checks are
+    // opt-in through `check-config` until they have seen wider deployment use.
+    config
+        .host_api
+        .validate()
+        .context("Invalid host_api configuration")?;
+    config
+        .cvm
+        .auto_restart
+        .validate()
+        .context("Invalid cvm.auto_restart configuration")?;
+
+    // Handle commands
+    match args.command.unwrap_or_default() {
+        Command::VmLauncher(_) => unreachable!("launcher mode handled before config loading"),
+        Command::CheckConfig => {
+            config.validate()?;
+            let _: rocket::listener::Endpoint = figment
+                .extract_inner("address")
+                .context("Invalid management API address")?;
+            let _: u16 = figment
+                .extract_inner("port")
+                .context("Invalid management API port")?;
+            println!("configuration is valid");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        Command::Netd(_) => unreachable!("netd mode handled before server startup"),
+        Command::Run(run_args) => {
+            // One-shot VM execution mode
+            return one_shot::run_one_shot(
+                &run_args.vm_config,
+                config,
+                run_args.workdir,
+                run_args.dry_run,
+            )
+            .await;
+        }
+        Command::Serve => {
+            // Default server mode - continue to main server logic
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Register this VMM instance for local discovery
+    discovery::cleanup_stale_registrations();
+    // whether the management API binds a TCP address reachable beyond the local
+    // host (i.e. not a Unix socket and not a loopback IP). Used to warn when the
+    // surface is exposed without authentication.
+    let mut listen_tcp_public = false;
+    let listen_address = {
+        // Use Rocket's Endpoint type to parse the address exactly as Rocket would,
+        // then override the port with the figment's port value (matching Rocket's behavior).
+        let endpoint: rocket::listener::Endpoint =
+            figment.extract_inner("address").unwrap_or_default();
+        match endpoint.tcp() {
+            Some(addr) => {
+                let port: u16 = figment.extract_inner("port").unwrap_or(addr.port());
+                listen_tcp_public = !addr.ip().is_loopback();
+                format!("{}:{port}", addr.ip())
+            }
+            None => endpoint.to_string(),
+        }
+    };
+    let _discovery_reg = match discovery::DiscoveryRegistration::register(
+        &listen_address,
+        args.config.as_deref(),
+        &config.image.path,
+        &config.run_path,
+        &config.node_name,
+        &app_version(),
+    ) {
+        Ok(registration) => Some(registration),
+        Err(err) => {
+            warn!("failed to register VMM instance for discovery: {err:#}");
+            None
+        }
+    };
+
+    let mut api_auth = if config.auth.enabled {
+        Authenticator::from_tokens(config.auth.tokens.clone())
+    } else {
+        Authenticator::disabled()
+    };
+    if config.auth.enabled && !config.auth.htpasswd_file.as_os_str().is_empty() {
+        api_auth = api_auth.with_htpasswd_file(&config.auth.htpasswd_file)?;
+    }
+    if !config.auth.enabled && listen_tcp_public {
+        warn!(
+            "the management API is bound to a non-loopback address ({listen_address}) with \
+             `[auth] enabled = false`: the entire VMM control surface (create/stop VM, UI, \
+             pRPC) is exposed WITHOUT authentication. set `[auth] enabled = true` with a \
+             token, or bind `address` to localhost / a Unix socket."
+        );
+    }
+    let supervisor = {
+        let cfg = &config.supervisor;
+        let abs_exe = Path::new(&cfg.exe).absolutize()?;
+        SupervisorClient::start_and_connect_uds(
+            &abs_exe,
+            &cfg.sock,
+            &cfg.pid_file,
+            &cfg.log_file,
+            cfg.detached,
+            cfg.auto_start,
+        )
+        .await
+        .context("Failed to connect to supervisor")?
+    };
+    let state = app::App::new(config, supervisor);
+    state.reload_vms().await.context("Failed to reload VMs")?;
+    tokio::spawn(auto_restart_task(state.clone()));
+    tokio::spawn(log_rotation_task(state.clone()));
+
+    tokio::select! {
+        result = run_external_api(state.clone(), figment.clone(), api_auth) => {
+            result.context("Failed to run external API")?;
+        }
+        result = run_host_api(state, figment) => {
+            result.context("Failed to run host API")?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/main_routes.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/main_routes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad6219740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/main_routes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::app::App;
+use fs_err as fs;
+use rocket::{
+    get,
+    http::ContentType,
+    response::{status::Custom, stream::TextStream},
+    routes, Route, State,
+};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio::time::timeout;
+use tracing::{debug, info};
+
+const CONSOLE_V1: &str = include_str!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/console_v1.html"));
+
+macro_rules! file_or_include_str {
+    ($path:literal) => {
+        fs::metadata($path)
+            .is_ok()
+            .then(|| fs::read_to_string($path).ok())
+            .flatten()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| include_str!($path).to_string())
+    };
+}
+
+fn replace_title(app: &App, html: &str) -> String {
+    let title = if app.config.node_name.is_empty() {
+        "dstack-vmm".to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{} | dstack-vmm", app.config.node_name)
+    };
+    html.replace("{{TITLE}}", &title)
+}
+
+fn render_console(html: String, app: &State<App>) -> (ContentType, String) {
+    let html = replace_title(app, &html);
+    (ContentType::HTML, html)
+}
+
+#[get("/")]
+async fn index(app: &State<App>) -> (ContentType, String) {
+    render_console(CONSOLE_V1.to_string(), app)
+}
+
+#[get("/v1")]
+async fn v1(app: &State<App>) -> (ContentType, String) {
+    index(app).await
+}
+
+#[get("/beta")]
+async fn beta(app: &State<App>) -> (ContentType, String) {
+    index(app).await
+}
+
+#[get("/res/<path>")]
+async fn res(path: &str) -> Result<(ContentType, String), Custom<String>> {
+    match path {
+        "x25519.js" => Ok((ContentType::JavaScript, file_or_include_str!("x25519.js"))),
+        _ => Err(Custom(
+            rocket::http::Status::NotFound,
+            "Not found".to_string(),
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+static STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+static STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+struct StreamCounter {
+    id: usize,
+}
+
+impl StreamCounter {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        let id = STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        info!(
+            "Stream {id} created, created: {}, dropped: {}",
+            STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+        );
+        Self { id }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for StreamCounter {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        info!(
+            "Stream {} dropped, created: {}, dropped: {}",
+            self.id,
+            STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[get("/logs?<id>&<follow>&<ansi>&<lines>&<ch>")]
+fn vm_logs(
+    app: &State<App>,
+    id: String,
+    follow: bool,
+    ansi: bool,
+    lines: Option<usize>,
+    ch: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<TextStream![String], Custom<String>> {
+    // Resolve only an inventory-owned VM before deriving a filesystem path.
+    // This keeps arbitrary IDs (including traversal strings) outside run_path.
+    if app.lock().get(&id).is_none() {
+        return Err(Custom(
+            rocket::http::Status::NotFound,
+            "VM not found".to_string(),
+        ));
+    }
+    let workdir = app
+        .work_dir(&id)
+        .map_err(|err| Custom(rocket::http::Status::BadRequest, err.to_string()))?;
+    let log_file = match ch.unwrap_or("serial") {
+        "serial" => workdir.serial_file(),
+        "stdout" => workdir.stdout_file(),
+        "stderr" => workdir.stderr_file(),
+        channel => {
+            return Err(Custom(
+                rocket::http::Status::BadRequest,
+                format!("Unknown channel {channel}"),
+            ));
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(TextStream! {
+        let counter = StreamCounter::new();
+
+        const DEFAULT_TAIL_LINES: usize = 10000;
+        let tailer_result = tailf::Options::builder()
+            .num_lines(lines.or(Some(DEFAULT_TAIL_LINES)))
+            .follow(follow)
+            .build()
+            .tail(log_file);
+        let mut tailer = match tailer_result {
+            Err(err) => {
+                yield format!("{err:?}");
+                return;
+            }
+            Ok(tailer) => tailer,
+        };
+
+        loop {
+            // This is a workaround for https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket/issues/2888
+            // However, If is is accessed via vscode's port forwarding, it will still get trouble:
+            // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-remote-release/issues/3561
+            let next = match timeout(Duration::from_secs(60), tailer.next()).await {
+                Ok(next) => next,
+                Err(_) => {
+                    yield format!("[vmm heartbeat]\n");
+                    let created = STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    let dropped = STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    let diff = created.saturating_sub(dropped);
+                    debug!(
+                        "Stream {} heartbeat, created: {created}, dropped: {dropped}, diff: {diff}",
+                        counter.id,
+                    );
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            match next {
+                Ok(Some(line)) => {
+                    let line_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&line);
+                    if ansi {
+                        yield line_str.to_string();
+                    } else {
+                        yield strip_ansi_escapes::strip_str(&line_str);
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(None) => break,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    yield format!("<failed to read line: {err}>");
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
+    routes![index, v1, beta, res, vm_logs]
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/main_service.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/main_service.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52ffe5fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/main_service.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1498 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use dstack_types::AppCompose;
+use dstack_vmm_rpc as rpc;
+use dstack_vmm_rpc::vmm_server::{VmmRpc, VmmServer};
+use dstack_vmm_rpc::{
+    AppId, ComposeHash as RpcComposeHash, GatewaySettings, GetInfoResponse, GetMetaResponse, Id,
+    ImageInfo as RpcImageInfo, ImageListResponse, KmsSettings, ListGpusResponse, PublicKeyResponse,
+    PullRegistryImageRequest, RegistryImageInfo, RegistryImageListResponse, ReloadVmsResponse,
+    ResizeVmRequest, ResourcesSettings, StatusRequest, StatusResponse, SvListResponse,
+    SvProcessInfo, UpdateVmRequest, VersionResponse, VmConfiguration,
+};
+use fs_err as fs;
+use or_panic::ResultOrPanic;
+use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
+use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use crate::app::{
+    needs_swtpm, resolve_networking, validate_resolved_network, validate_resolved_networks, App,
+    AttachMode, GpuConfig, GpuSpec, Manifest, PortMapping, VmWorkDir,
+};
+use crate::config::{CvmConfig, Networking, NetworkingMode};
+
+fn hex_sha256(data: &str) -> String {
+    use sha2::Digest;
+    let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+    hasher.update(data);
+    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+}
+
+pub struct RpcHandler {
+    app: App,
+}
+
+impl Deref for RpcHandler {
+    type Target = App;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.app
+    }
+}
+
+fn app_id_of(compose_file: &str) -> String {
+    fn truncate40(s: &str) -> &str {
+        if s.len() > 40 {
+            &s[..40]
+        } else {
+            s
+        }
+    }
+    truncate40(&hex_sha256(compose_file)).to_string()
+}
+
+fn key_provider_from_compose(compose_file: &str) -> Result<dstack_types::KeyProviderKind> {
+    let compose: serde_json::Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(compose_file).context("invalid app compose JSON")?;
+    if let Some(provider) = compose.get("key_provider").filter(|value| !value.is_null()) {
+        return serde_json::from_value(provider.clone()).context("invalid key_provider");
+    }
+    if compose
+        .get("kms_enabled")
+        .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_bool)
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+    {
+        return Ok(dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::Kms);
+    }
+    if compose
+        .get("local_key_provider_enabled")
+        .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_bool)
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+    {
+        return Ok(dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::Local);
+    }
+    Ok(dstack_types::KeyProviderKind::None)
+}
+
+/// Validate the VM label, restricting it to a safe character set to prevent injection vectors.
+fn validate_label(label: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    fn is_valid_label_char(c: char) -> bool {
+        c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()
+            || matches!(
+                c,
+                '-' | '_' | '.' | ' ' | '@' | '~' | '!' | '$' | '^' | '(' | ')'
+            )
+    }
+    if !label.chars().all(is_valid_label_char) {
+        bail!("Invalid name: {label}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_gpus_with_config(
+    gpu_cfg: &rpc::GpuConfig,
+    cvm_config: &crate::config::CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<GpuConfig> {
+    if !cvm_config.gpu.enabled && !gpu_cfg.is_empty() {
+        bail!("GPU is not enabled");
+    }
+    let gpus = resolve_gpus(gpu_cfg)?;
+    if !cvm_config.gpu.allow_attach_all && gpus.attach_mode.is_all() {
+        bail!("Attaching all GPUs is not allowed");
+    }
+    Ok(gpus)
+}
+
+pub fn resolve_gpus(gpu_cfg: &rpc::GpuConfig) -> Result<GpuConfig> {
+    // Check the attach mode to determine how to handle GPUs
+    match gpu_cfg.attach_mode.as_str() {
+        "listed" => {
+            // If the mode is "listed", use the GPUs specified in the request
+            let gpus = gpu_cfg
+                .gpus
+                .iter()
+                .map(|g| GpuSpec {
+                    slot: g.slot.clone(),
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            Ok(GpuConfig {
+                attach_mode: AttachMode::Listed,
+                gpus,
+                bridges: Vec::new(),
+            })
+        }
+        "all" => {
+            // If the mode is "all", find all NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches
+            let devices = lspci::lspci_filtered(|dev| {
+                // Check if it's an NVIDIA device (vendor ID 10de)
+                dev.vendor_id == "10de"
+            })
+            .context("Failed to list PCI devices")?;
+
+            let mut gpus = Vec::new();
+            let mut bridges = Vec::new();
+
+            for dev in devices {
+                // Check if it's a GPU (3D controller) or NVSwitch (Bridge)
+                if dev.class.contains("3D controller") {
+                    gpus.push(GpuSpec { slot: dev.slot });
+                } else if dev.class.contains("Bridge") {
+                    bridges.push(GpuSpec { slot: dev.slot });
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(GpuConfig {
+                attach_mode: AttachMode::All,
+                gpus,
+                bridges,
+            })
+        }
+        _ => bail!("Invalid GPU attach mode: {}", gpu_cfg.attach_mode),
+    }
+}
+
+fn port_mappings_conflict(left: &PortMapping, right: &PortMapping) -> bool {
+    left.protocol.as_str() == right.protocol.as_str()
+        && left.from == right.from
+        && (left.address == right.address
+            || left.address.is_unspecified()
+            || right.address.is_unspecified())
+}
+
+fn validate_unique_port_mappings(mappings: &[PortMapping]) -> Result<()> {
+    for (index, mapping) in mappings.iter().enumerate() {
+        if mappings[..index]
+            .iter()
+            .any(|other| port_mappings_conflict(mapping, other))
+        {
+            bail!(
+                "duplicate host port mapping: {} {}:{}",
+                mapping.protocol.as_str(),
+                mapping.address,
+                mapping.from
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// Shared function to create manifest from VM configuration
+pub fn create_manifest_from_vm_config(
+    request: VmConfiguration,
+    cvm_config: &crate::config::CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Manifest> {
+    validate_label(&request.name)?;
+
+    let pm_cfg = &cvm_config.port_mapping;
+    if !(request.ports.is_empty() || pm_cfg.enabled) {
+        bail!("Port mapping is disabled");
+    }
+    let port_map = request
+        .ports
+        .iter()
+        .map(|p| {
+            let from = p.host_port.try_into().context("Invalid host port")?;
+            let to = p.vm_port.try_into().context("Invalid vm port")?;
+            if !pm_cfg.is_allowed(&p.protocol, from) {
+                bail!("Port mapping is not allowed for {}:{}", p.protocol, from);
+            }
+            let protocol = p.protocol.parse().context("Invalid protocol")?;
+            let address = if !p.host_address.is_empty() {
+                p.host_address.parse().context("Invalid host address")?
+            } else {
+                pm_cfg.address
+            };
+            Ok(PortMapping {
+                address,
+                protocol,
+                from,
+                to,
+            })
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    validate_unique_port_mappings(&port_map)?;
+
+    let app_id = match &request.app_id {
+        Some(id) => id.strip_prefix("0x").unwrap_or(id).to_lowercase(),
+        None => app_id_of(&request.compose_file),
+    };
+    let id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .as_millis() as u64;
+    let gpus = match &request.gpus {
+        Some(gpus) => resolve_gpus_with_config(gpus, cvm_config)?,
+        None => GpuConfig::default(),
+    };
+    let verity_volumes = extract_verity_volumes(&request.compose_file)?;
+    dstack_types::validate_verity_volumes(&verity_volumes).map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+    let volumes = resolve_volumes(&verity_volumes, cvm_config)?;
+
+    let simulated_tee = request
+        .simulated_tee
+        .as_deref()
+        .map(str::parse)
+        .transpose()
+        .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+    if simulated_tee.is_some() && cvm_config.tee_simulator.is_none() {
+        bail!("tee simulator credentials are not configured on this VMM");
+    }
+    let key_provider = key_provider_from_compose(&request.compose_file)?;
+    let swtpm = needs_swtpm(key_provider, simulated_tee);
+
+    Ok(Manifest {
+        id,
+        name: request.name.clone(),
+        app_id,
+        vcpu: request.vcpu,
+        memory: request.memory,
+        disk_size: request.disk_size,
+        image: request.image.clone(),
+        port_map,
+        created_at_ms: now,
+        hugepages: request.hugepages,
+        pin_numa: request.pin_numa,
+        gpus: Some(gpus),
+        kms_urls: request.kms_urls.clone(),
+        gateway_urls: request.gateway_urls.clone(),
+        no_tee: request.no_tee || simulated_tee.is_some(),
+        simulated_tee,
+        swtpm,
+        networks: networks_from_vm_config(&request, cvm_config)?,
+        volumes,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Extract only the field understood by this VMM. Keep every other app-compose
+/// field opaque so newer guest schemas and legacy third-party clients remain
+/// compatible with older VMMs.
+fn extract_verity_volumes(compose: &str) -> Result<Vec<dstack_types::VerityVolume>> {
+    let Ok(compose) = serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(compose) else {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    };
+    let Some(volumes) = compose.get("verity_volumes") else {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    };
+    serde_json::from_value(volumes.clone()).context("invalid verity_volumes in app-compose")
+}
+
+/// Resolve requested volumes against `cvm.volumes_dir`. Each `source` must be a
+/// bare file name under that directory; the host attaches the bytes, and the
+/// guest verifies content against the measured `verity_root`.
+fn resolve_volumes(
+    reqs: &[dstack_types::VerityVolume],
+    cvm_config: &crate::config::CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Vec<crate::app::VmVolume>> {
+    if reqs.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    }
+    let dir = cvm_config.volumes_dir.trim();
+    if dir.is_empty() {
+        bail!("volumes requested but cvm.volumes_dir is not configured");
+    }
+    let base = fs::canonicalize(dir)?;
+    let mut roots = HashSet::new();
+    reqs.iter()
+        .filter(|volume| {
+            let first = roots.insert(volume.verity_root);
+            if !first {
+                warn!(
+                    root = %hex::encode(volume.verity_root),
+                    source = volume.source,
+                    "not attaching duplicate verity root"
+                );
+            }
+            first
+        })
+        .map(|v| {
+            let real = resolve_volume_source(&base, &v.source)?;
+            Ok(crate::app::VmVolume {
+                source: real.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn resolve_volume_source(base: &Path, source: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    if source.is_empty() {
+        bail!("invalid volume source: empty path");
+    }
+
+    let source_path = Path::new(source);
+    let mut components = source_path.components();
+    if !matches!(components.next(), Some(Component::Normal(_))) || components.next().is_some() {
+        bail!("invalid volume source '{source}': must be a bare file name");
+    }
+
+    let real = fs::canonicalize(base.join(source_path))?;
+    real.absolutize_virtually(base)
+        .with_context(|| format!("volume '{source}' escapes volumes_dir"))?;
+
+    // QEMU's -drive parser treats ',' as an option separator and '=' as an
+    // option key/value delimiter. Keep this guard while volumes are attached
+    // through `-drive file=...`.
+    let real_str = real.to_string_lossy();
+    if real_str.contains(',') || real_str.contains('=') {
+        bail!("volume '{source}' resolves to a path with ',' or '='");
+    }
+
+    Ok(real)
+}
+
+fn networking_from_proto(
+    proto: &rpc::NetworkingConfig,
+    cvm_config: &CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Option<Networking>> {
+    let bridge = proto.bridge_name.trim().to_string();
+    let mode = match proto.mode.as_str() {
+        "bridge" => NetworkingMode::Bridge,
+        "user" => NetworkingMode::User,
+        "macvtap" => NetworkingMode::Macvtap,
+        "" if bridge.is_empty() => return Ok(None),
+        "" => bail!("networking mode is required when bridge is set"),
+        "custom" => bail!("custom networking mode is manifest-only"),
+        other => bail!("unsupported networking mode '{other}'"),
+    };
+    if !cvm_config.allowed_network_modes.contains(&mode) {
+        bail!(
+            "networking mode '{}' is not allowed by node policy",
+            proto.mode
+        );
+    }
+    if mode != NetworkingMode::Bridge && !bridge.is_empty() {
+        bail!("bridge_name is only valid for bridge networking mode");
+    }
+    if mode != NetworkingMode::Macvtap && !proto.parent.trim().is_empty() {
+        bail!("parent is only valid for macvtap networking mode");
+    }
+    if !proto.macvtap_mode.trim().is_empty() {
+        bail!("macvtap_mode is node-controlled and cannot be set by deployment RPCs");
+    }
+    if !bridge.is_empty() && !cvm_config.allowed_bridges.contains(&bridge) {
+        bail!("bridge_name '{bridge}' is not allowed by node policy");
+    }
+    let parent = proto.parent.trim().to_string();
+    if !parent.is_empty() && !cvm_config.allowed_macvtap_parents.contains(&parent) {
+        bail!("macvtap parent '{parent}' is not allowed by node policy");
+    }
+    Ok(Some(Networking {
+        mode,
+        bridge,
+        parent,
+        // The forwarding mode is always inherited from node configuration.
+        macvtap_mode: String::new(),
+        device: String::new(),
+        mac_prefix: String::new(),
+        net: String::new(),
+        dhcp_start: String::new(),
+        restrict: false,
+        netdev: String::new(),
+    }))
+}
+
+fn network_from_required_proto(
+    proto: &rpc::NetworkingConfig,
+    cvm_config: &CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Networking> {
+    networking_from_proto(proto, cvm_config)?.context("networking mode is required")
+}
+
+fn networks_from_proto(
+    networks: &[rpc::NetworkingConfig],
+    cvm_config: &CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Vec<Networking>> {
+    networks
+        .iter()
+        .map(|network| network_from_required_proto(network, cvm_config))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn validate_default_network(cvm_config: &CvmConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_resolved_network(&cvm_config.networking)
+}
+
+fn resolve_requested_networks(
+    networks: &[Networking],
+    cvm_config: &CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Vec<Networking>> {
+    let resolved = networks
+        .iter()
+        .map(|networking| resolve_networking(networking, cvm_config))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    validate_resolved_networks(&resolved)?;
+    Ok(resolved)
+}
+
+fn has_host_bridge_interface() -> bool {
+    let Ok(entries) = fs::read_dir("/sys/class/net") else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    entries
+        .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
+        .any(|entry| entry.path().join("bridge").exists())
+}
+
+fn networks_from_vm_config(
+    request: &VmConfiguration,
+    cvm_config: &CvmConfig,
+) -> Result<Vec<Networking>> {
+    if !request.networks.is_empty() {
+        let networks = networks_from_proto(&request.networks, cvm_config)?;
+        resolve_requested_networks(&networks, cvm_config)
+    } else if let Some(networking) = request.networking.as_ref() {
+        match networking_from_proto(networking, cvm_config)? {
+            Some(networking) => resolve_requested_networks(&[networking], cvm_config),
+            None => Ok(vec![]),
+        }
+    } else {
+        Ok(vec![])
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_resize_request(request: &ResizeVmRequest) -> Result<()> {
+    if request.vcpu.is_none()
+        && request.memory.is_none()
+        && request.disk_size.is_none()
+        && request.image.is_none()
+    {
+        bail!("resize request contains no updates");
+    }
+    if request.vcpu == Some(0) {
+        bail!("vcpu must be greater than zero");
+    }
+    if request.memory == Some(0) {
+        bail!("memory must be greater than zero");
+    }
+    if request.disk_size == Some(0) {
+        bail!("disk_size must be greater than zero");
+    }
+    if request.image.as_deref() == Some("") {
+        bail!("image must not be empty");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl RpcHandler {
+    fn validate_port_mapping_conflicts(
+        &self,
+        vm_id: Option<&str>,
+        mappings: &[PortMapping],
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        validate_unique_port_mappings(mappings)?;
+        let state = self.app.lock();
+        for vm in state.iter_vms() {
+            if vm_id == Some(vm.config.manifest.id.as_str()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for mapping in mappings {
+                if vm
+                    .config
+                    .manifest
+                    .port_map
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|existing| port_mappings_conflict(mapping, existing))
+                {
+                    bail!(
+                        "host port mapping conflicts with VM {}: {} {}:{}",
+                        vm.config.manifest.id,
+                        mapping.protocol.as_str(),
+                        mapping.address,
+                        mapping.from
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_gpus(&self, gpu_cfg: &rpc::GpuConfig) -> Result<GpuConfig> {
+        resolve_gpus_with_config(gpu_cfg, &self.app.config.cvm)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    async fn apply_resource_updates(
+        &self,
+        vm_id: &str,
+        manifest: &mut Manifest,
+        vm_work_dir: &VmWorkDir,
+        vcpu: Option<u32>,
+        memory: Option<u32>,
+        disk_size: Option<u32>,
+        image: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        let has_updates =
+            vcpu.is_some() || memory.is_some() || disk_size.is_some() || image.is_some();
+        if !has_updates {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        let vm = self.app.vm_info(vm_id).await?.context("vm not found")?;
+        if !["stopped", "exited"].contains(&vm.status.as_str()) {
+            bail!("vm should be stopped before resize: {}", vm_id);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(vcpu) = vcpu {
+            manifest.vcpu = vcpu;
+        }
+        if let Some(memory) = memory {
+            manifest.memory = memory;
+        }
+        if let Some(image) = image {
+            manifest.image = image.to_string();
+        }
+        if let Some(disk_size) = disk_size {
+            if disk_size < manifest.disk_size {
+                bail!("Cannot shrink disk size");
+            }
+            if disk_size > manifest.disk_size {
+                let hda_path = vm_work_dir.hda_path();
+                if hda_path.exists() {
+                    info!("Resizing disk to {}GB", disk_size);
+                    let new_size_str = format!("{}G", disk_size);
+                    let output = std::process::Command::new("qemu-img")
+                        .args(["resize", &hda_path.display().to_string(), &new_size_str])
+                        .output()
+                        .context("Failed to resize disk")?;
+                    if !output.status.success() {
+                        bail!(
+                            "Failed to resize disk: {}",
+                            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+                        );
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // A never-started stopped VM has no data disk yet. Its
+                    // first launch creates hda.img from manifest.disk_size.
+                    info!("Recording {}GB disk size for uninitialized VM", disk_size);
+                }
+                manifest.disk_size = disk_size;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+}
+
+impl VmmRpc for RpcHandler {
+    async fn create_vm(self, request: VmConfiguration) -> Result<Id> {
+        let manifest = create_manifest_from_vm_config(request.clone(), &self.app.config.cvm)?;
+        self.validate_port_mapping_conflicts(None, &manifest.port_map)?;
+        let id = manifest.id.clone();
+        let app_id = manifest.app_id.clone();
+        let vm_work_dir = self.app.work_dir(&id)?;
+        vm_work_dir
+            .put_manifest(&manifest)
+            .context("Failed to write manifest")?;
+        let work_dir = self.prepare_work_dir(&id, &request, &app_id)?;
+        if let Err(err) = vm_work_dir.set_started(!request.stopped) {
+            warn!("Failed to set started: {}", err);
+        }
+
+        let result = self
+            .app
+            .load_vm(&work_dir, &Default::default(), false)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to load VM");
+        let result = match result {
+            Ok(()) => {
+                if !request.stopped {
+                    self.app.start_vm(&id).await
+                } else {
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }
+            Err(err) => Err(err),
+        };
+        if let Err(err) = result {
+            if let Err(err) = fs::remove_dir_all(&work_dir) {
+                warn!("Failed to remove work dir: {}", err);
+            }
+            return Err(err);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Id { id })
+    }
+
+    async fn start_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        self.app
+            .start_vm(&request.id)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to start VM")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn stop_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        self.app
+            .stop_vm(&request.id)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to stop VM")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn remove_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        self.app
+            .remove_vm(&request.id)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to remove VM")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn status(self, request: StatusRequest) -> Result<StatusResponse> {
+        self.app.list_vms(request).await
+    }
+
+    async fn list_images(self) -> Result<ImageListResponse> {
+        Ok(ImageListResponse {
+            images: self
+                .app
+                .list_images()?
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(name, info)| RpcImageInfo {
+                    name,
+                    description: serde_json::to_string(&info).unwrap_or_default(),
+                    version: info.version,
+                    is_dev: info.is_dev,
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn upgrade_app(self, request: UpdateVmRequest) -> Result<Id> {
+        self.update_vm(request).await
+    }
+
+    async fn update_vm(self, request: UpdateVmRequest) -> Result<Id> {
+        let new_id = if !request.compose_file.is_empty() {
+            // check the compose file is valid
+            let _app_compose: AppCompose =
+                serde_json::from_str(&request.compose_file).context("Invalid compose file")?;
+            let compose_file_path = self.compose_file_path(&request.id)?;
+            if !compose_file_path.exists() {
+                bail!("The instance {} not found", request.id);
+            }
+            fs::write(compose_file_path, &request.compose_file)
+                .context("Failed to write compose file")?;
+
+            app_id_of(&request.compose_file)
+        } else {
+            Default::default()
+        };
+        if !request.encrypted_env.is_empty() {
+            let encrypted_env_path = self.encrypted_env_path(&request.id)?;
+            fs::write(encrypted_env_path, &request.encrypted_env)
+                .context("Failed to write encrypted env")?;
+        }
+        if !request.user_config.is_empty() {
+            let user_config_path = self.user_config_path(&request.id)?;
+            fs::write(user_config_path, &request.user_config)
+                .context("Failed to write user config")?;
+        }
+        let vm_work_dir = self.app.work_dir(&request.id)?;
+        let mut manifest = vm_work_dir.manifest().context("Failed to read manifest")?;
+        self.apply_resource_updates(
+            &request.id,
+            &mut manifest,
+            &vm_work_dir,
+            request.vcpu,
+            request.memory,
+            request.disk_size,
+            request.image.as_deref(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+        if let Some(gpus) = request.gpus {
+            manifest.gpus = Some(self.resolve_gpus(&gpus)?);
+        }
+        if let Some(no_tee) = request.no_tee {
+            manifest.no_tee = no_tee;
+        }
+        if request.update_ports {
+            let port_map = request
+                .ports
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| {
+                    Ok(PortMapping {
+                        address: p.host_address.parse().context("Invalid host address")?,
+                        protocol: p.protocol.parse().context("Invalid protocol")?,
+                        from: p.host_port.try_into().context("Invalid host port")?,
+                        to: p.vm_port.try_into().context("Invalid vm port")?,
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+            self.validate_port_mapping_conflicts(Some(&request.id), &port_map)?;
+            manifest.port_map = port_map;
+        }
+        if request.update_kms_urls {
+            manifest.kms_urls = request.kms_urls.clone();
+        }
+        if request.update_gateway_urls {
+            manifest.gateway_urls = request.gateway_urls.clone();
+        }
+        if request.update_networking {
+            let networks = if request.networks.is_empty() {
+                validate_default_network(&self.app.config.cvm)?;
+                vec![]
+            } else {
+                let networks = networks_from_proto(&request.networks, &self.app.config.cvm)?;
+                resolve_requested_networks(&networks, &self.app.config.cvm)?
+            };
+            let is_running = self
+                .app
+                .supervisor
+                .info(&request.id)
+                .await?
+                .is_some_and(|info| info.state.status.is_running());
+            if !is_running {
+                let runtime_networks = vm_work_dir.runtime_networks();
+                self.app
+                    .remove_filtered_networks(&request.id, &runtime_networks)
+                    .await
+                    .context("failed to remove previous filtered networking")?;
+                vm_work_dir.clear_runtime_networks()?;
+            }
+            manifest.networks = networks;
+        }
+        let compose_file = fs::read_to_string(vm_work_dir.app_compose_path())
+            .context("failed to read app compose for swtpm decision")?;
+        manifest.swtpm = needs_swtpm(
+            key_provider_from_compose(&compose_file)?,
+            manifest.simulated_tee,
+        );
+        vm_work_dir
+            .put_manifest(&manifest)
+            .context("Failed to put manifest")?;
+
+        self.app
+            .load_vm(&vm_work_dir, &Default::default(), false)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to load VM")?;
+        Ok(Id { id: new_id })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(self, request: AppId) -> Result<PublicKeyResponse> {
+        let kms = self.kms_client()?;
+        let response = kms
+            .get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(dstack_kms_rpc::AppId {
+                app_id: request.app_id,
+            })
+            .await?;
+        Ok(PublicKeyResponse {
+            public_key: response.public_key,
+            signature: response.signature,
+            timestamp: response.timestamp,
+            signature_v1: response.signature_v1,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_info(self, request: Id) -> Result<GetInfoResponse> {
+        if let Some(vm) = self.app.vm_info(&request.id).await? {
+            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
+                found: true,
+                info: Some(vm),
+            })
+        } else {
+            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
+                found: false,
+                info: None,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tracing::instrument(skip(self, request), fields(id = request.id))]
+    async fn resize_vm(self, request: ResizeVmRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        info!("Resizing VM: {:?}", request);
+        validate_resize_request(&request)?;
+        let vm_work_dir = self.app.work_dir(&request.id)?;
+        let mut manifest = vm_work_dir.manifest().context("failed to read manifest")?;
+        self.apply_resource_updates(
+            &request.id,
+            &mut manifest,
+            &vm_work_dir,
+            request.vcpu,
+            request.memory,
+            request.disk_size,
+            request.image.as_deref(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+        vm_work_dir
+            .put_manifest(&manifest)
+            .context("failed to update manifest")?;
+        self.app
+            .load_vm(vm_work_dir.path(), &Default::default(), false)
+            .await
+            .context("Failed to load VM")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn shutdown_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        self.guest_agent_client(&request.id)?.shutdown().await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn version(self) -> Result<VersionResponse> {
+        Ok(VersionResponse {
+            version: crate::CARGO_PKG_VERSION.to_string(),
+            rev: crate::GIT_REV.to_string(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_meta(self) -> Result<GetMetaResponse> {
+        let mut supported_modes = vec!["user".to_string()];
+        let default_networking = &self.app.config.cvm.networking;
+        let mut bridge_networking = default_networking.clone();
+        bridge_networking.mode = NetworkingMode::Bridge;
+        if validate_resolved_network(&bridge_networking).is_ok() || has_host_bridge_interface() {
+            supported_modes.push("bridge".to_string());
+        }
+        supported_modes.push("macvtap".to_string());
+        Ok(GetMetaResponse {
+            kms: Some(KmsSettings {
+                url: self
+                    .app
+                    .config
+                    .cvm
+                    .kms_urls
+                    .first()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                urls: self.app.config.cvm.kms_urls.clone(),
+            }),
+            gateway: Some(GatewaySettings {
+                url: self
+                    .app
+                    .config
+                    .cvm
+                    .gateway_urls
+                    .first()
+                    .cloned()
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
+                urls: self.app.config.cvm.gateway_urls.clone(),
+                base_domain: self.app.config.gateway.base_domain.clone(),
+                port: self.app.config.gateway.port.into(),
+                agent_port: self.app.config.gateway.agent_port.into(),
+            }),
+            resources: Some(ResourcesSettings {
+                max_cvm_number: self.app.config.cvm.cid_pool_size,
+                max_allocable_vcpu: self.app.config.cvm.max_allocable_vcpu,
+                max_allocable_memory_in_mb: self.app.config.cvm.max_allocable_memory_in_mb,
+            }),
+            networking: Some(rpc::NetworkingCapabilities {
+                supported_modes,
+                default_mode: match default_networking.mode {
+                    NetworkingMode::User => "user".to_string(),
+                    NetworkingMode::Bridge => "bridge".to_string(),
+                    NetworkingMode::Custom => String::new(),
+                    NetworkingMode::Macvtap => "macvtap".to_string(),
+                },
+                default_bridge: default_networking.bridge.clone(),
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn list_gpus(self) -> Result<ListGpusResponse> {
+        let gpus = self.app.list_gpus().await?;
+        let allow_attach_all = self.app.config.cvm.gpu.allow_attach_all;
+        Ok(ListGpusResponse {
+            gpus,
+            allow_attach_all,
+        })
+    }
+
+    async fn get_compose_hash(self, request: VmConfiguration) -> Result<RpcComposeHash> {
+        validate_label(&request.name)?;
+        // check the compose file is valid
+        let _app_compose: AppCompose =
+            serde_json::from_str(&request.compose_file).context("Invalid compose file")?;
+        let hash = hex_sha256(&request.compose_file);
+        Ok(RpcComposeHash { hash })
+    }
+
+    async fn reload_vms(self) -> Result<ReloadVmsResponse> {
+        info!("Reloading VMs directory and syncing with memory state");
+        self.app.reload_vms_sync().await
+    }
+
+    async fn sv_list(self) -> Result<SvListResponse> {
+        use supervisor_client::supervisor::ProcessStatus;
+        let list = self.app.supervisor.list().await?;
+        let processes = list
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|p| {
+                let status = match &p.state.status {
+                    ProcessStatus::Running => "running".into(),
+                    ProcessStatus::Stopped => "stopped".into(),
+                    ProcessStatus::Exited(code) => format!("exited({code})"),
+                    ProcessStatus::Error(msg) => format!("error({msg})"),
+                };
+                SvProcessInfo {
+                    id: p.config.id,
+                    name: p.config.name,
+                    status,
+                    pid: p.state.pid,
+                    command: p.config.command,
+                    note: p.config.note,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(SvListResponse { processes })
+    }
+
+    async fn sv_stop(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        // VM launcher processes own QEMU and swtpm children. Route them through
+        // the VM-aware stop path so the launcher can reap those children; the
+        // same helper preserves generic Supervisor stop semantics for every
+        // other process type.
+        self.app
+            .supervisor
+            .info(&request.id)
+            .await?
+            .context("Supervisor process not found")?;
+        self.app.stop_vm_process(&request.id).await
+    }
+
+    async fn sv_remove(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        self.app.supervisor.remove(&request.id).await?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn list_registry_images(self) -> Result<RegistryImageListResponse> {
+        let registry = &self.app.config.image.registry;
+        if registry.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(RegistryImageListResponse { images: vec![] });
+        }
+
+        let tags = crate::app::registry::list_registry_tags(registry)
+            .await
+            .context("failed to list registry tags")?;
+
+        // Get local images to mark which are already downloaded
+        let local_images = self.app.list_images()?;
+        let local_names: std::collections::HashSet<String> =
+            local_images.into_iter().map(|(name, _)| name).collect();
+
+        let pull_status = self.app.pull_status.lock().or_panic("mutex poisoned");
+
+        // Filter to version-like tags (skip sha256-* hash tags)
+        let images = tags
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|tag| !tag.starts_with("sha256-"))
+            .map(|tag| {
+                let local_name = if tag.starts_with("dstack-") {
+                    tag.clone()
+                } else {
+                    format!("dstack-{tag}")
+                };
+                let is_local = local_names.contains(&local_name);
+                let (is_pulling, error) = match pull_status.get(&tag) {
+                    Some(crate::app::PullStatus::Pulling) => (true, String::new()),
+                    Some(crate::app::PullStatus::Failed(msg)) => (false, msg.clone()),
+                    None => (false, String::new()),
+                };
+                RegistryImageInfo {
+                    tag,
+                    local: is_local,
+                    pulling: is_pulling,
+                    error,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(RegistryImageListResponse { images })
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_image(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
+        let name = &request.id;
+        if name.is_empty() || name.contains("..") || name.contains('/') {
+            bail!("invalid image name");
+        }
+
+        // Check no VM uses this image
+        {
+            let state = self.app.lock();
+            for vm in state.iter_vms() {
+                if vm.config.manifest.image == *name {
+                    bail!(
+                        "cannot delete image '{}': in use by VM '{}'",
+                        name,
+                        vm.config.manifest.name,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let image_dir = self.app.config.image.path.join(name);
+        if !image_dir.exists() {
+            bail!("image '{}' not found", name);
+        }
+
+        fs_err::remove_dir_all(&image_dir).with_context(|| {
+            format!("failed to delete image directory: {}", image_dir.display())
+        })?;
+
+        info!("deleted local image: {name}");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn pull_registry_image(self, request: PullRegistryImageRequest) -> Result<()> {
+        let registry = &self.app.config.image.registry;
+        if registry.is_empty() {
+            bail!("image registry is not configured");
+        }
+
+        // Check if already pulling
+        {
+            let mut status = self.app.pull_status.lock().or_panic("mutex poisoned");
+            if matches!(
+                status.get(&request.tag),
+                Some(crate::app::PullStatus::Pulling)
+            ) {
+                bail!("image {} is already being pulled", request.tag);
+            }
+            status.insert(request.tag.clone(), crate::app::PullStatus::Pulling);
+        }
+
+        // Spawn background task
+        let tag = request.tag.clone();
+        let registry = registry.clone();
+        let image_path = self.app.config.image.path.clone();
+        let pull_status = self.app.pull_status.clone();
+
+        info!("starting background pull for {tag}");
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let result = crate::app::registry::pull_and_extract(&registry, &tag, &image_path).await;
+
+            let mut status = pull_status.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+            match result {
+                Ok(()) => {
+                    status.remove(&tag);
+                    info!("registry image {tag} pulled successfully");
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let msg = format!("{e:#}");
+                    tracing::error!("failed to pull registry image {tag}: {msg}");
+                    status.insert(tag, crate::app::PullStatus::Failed(msg));
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl RpcCall<App> for RpcHandler {
+    type PrpcService = VmmServer<Self>;
+
+    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, App>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(RpcHandler {
+            app: context.state.clone(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rocket::figment::Figment;
+
+    fn test_cvm_config() -> CvmConfig {
+        let config: crate::config::Config = Figment::from(crate::config::load_config_figment(None))
+            .extract()
+            .unwrap();
+        config.cvm
+    }
+
+    fn test_vm_configuration() -> VmConfiguration {
+        VmConfiguration {
+            name: "vm-test".to_string(),
+            image: "dstack-test".to_string(),
+            compose_file: "{}".to_string(),
+            vcpu: 1,
+            memory: 1024,
+            disk_size: 10,
+            ports: vec![],
+            encrypted_env: vec![],
+            app_id: None,
+            user_config: String::new(),
+            hugepages: false,
+            pin_numa: false,
+            gpus: None,
+            kms_urls: vec![],
+            gateway_urls: vec![],
+            stopped: false,
+            no_tee: false,
+            simulated_tee: None,
+            networking: None,
+            networks: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn create_without_networking_persists_following_default() {
+        let manifest =
+            create_manifest_from_vm_config(test_vm_configuration(), &test_cvm_config()).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(manifest.networks.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resize_request_rejects_empty_zero_and_empty_image_updates() {
+        let mut request = ResizeVmRequest {
+            id: "vm-1".into(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(validate_resize_request(&request).is_err());
+
+        request.vcpu = Some(0);
+        assert!(validate_resize_request(&request).is_err());
+        request.vcpu = Some(1);
+        assert!(validate_resize_request(&request).is_ok());
+
+        request.vcpu = None;
+        request.memory = Some(0);
+        assert!(validate_resize_request(&request).is_err());
+        request.memory = None;
+        request.disk_size = Some(0);
+        assert!(validate_resize_request(&request).is_err());
+        request.disk_size = None;
+        request.image = Some(String::new());
+        assert!(validate_resize_request(&request).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simulated_tee_is_selected_per_instance_and_implies_no_tee() {
+        let mut request = test_vm_configuration();
+        request.simulated_tee = Some("dstack-amd-sev-snp".into());
+        let mut config = test_cvm_config();
+        config.tee_simulator = Some(dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig {
+            mock_attestation_seed: Some("11".repeat(32)),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let manifest = create_manifest_from_vm_config(request, &config).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            manifest.simulated_tee,
+            Some(dstack_types::TeeVariant::DstackAmdSevSnp)
+        );
+        assert!(manifest.no_tee);
+        assert!(!manifest.swtpm);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swtpm_is_decided_at_deployment_from_key_provider_and_simulator() {
+        let cases = [
+            (None, "tpm", true),
+            (Some("dstack-tdx"), "tpm", true),
+            (Some("dstack-gcp-tdx"), "tpm", false),
+            (Some("dstack-aws-nitro-tpm"), "tpm", false),
+            (Some("dstack-tdx"), "kms", false),
+        ];
+        let mut config = test_cvm_config();
+        config.tee_simulator = Some(dstack_types::TeeSimulatorConfig {
+            mock_attestation_seed: Some("11".repeat(32)),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        for (simulated_tee, key_provider, expected) in cases {
+            let mut request = test_vm_configuration();
+            request.simulated_tee = simulated_tee.map(str::to_string);
+            request.compose_file = serde_json::json!({ "key_provider": key_provider }).to_string();
+
+            let manifest = create_manifest_from_vm_config(request, &config).unwrap();
+
+            assert_eq!(manifest.swtpm, expected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn simulated_tee_requires_node_credentials() {
+        let mut request = test_vm_configuration();
+        request.simulated_tee = Some("dstack-tdx".into());
+
+        let err = create_manifest_from_vm_config(request, &test_cvm_config()).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err
+            .to_string()
+            .contains("tee simulator credentials are not configured"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_simulated_tee_is_rejected() {
+        let mut request = test_vm_configuration();
+        request.simulated_tee = Some("not-a-platform".into());
+
+        let err = create_manifest_from_vm_config(request, &test_cvm_config()).unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unsupported TEE variant"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn volume_extraction_keeps_other_compose_fields_opaque() -> Result<()> {
+        assert!(extract_verity_volumes("not json")?.is_empty());
+        assert!(extract_verity_volumes(r#"{"future_manifest":true}"#)?.is_empty());
+
+        let compose = serde_json::json!({
+            "unknown_future_field": { "anything": true },
+            "verity_volumes": [{
+                "source": "volume.img",
+                "verity_root": "11".repeat(32),
+                "target": "/run/volume"
+            }]
+        });
+        let volumes = extract_verity_volumes(&compose.to_string())?;
+        assert_eq!(volumes.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(volumes[0].verity_root, [0x11; 32]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_user_networking_is_resolved_before_persist() {
+        let mut request = test_vm_configuration();
+        request.networks = vec![rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+            mode: "user".to_string(),
+            bridge_name: String::new(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+
+        let manifest = create_manifest_from_vm_config(request, &test_cvm_config()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.networks.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(manifest.networks[0].mode, NetworkingMode::User);
+        assert!(!manifest.networks[0].net.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn authorized_macvtap_preserves_parent_and_inherits_forwarding_mode() {
+        let mut cvm_config = test_cvm_config();
+        cvm_config
+            .allowed_network_modes
+            .push(NetworkingMode::Macvtap);
+        cvm_config.allowed_macvtap_parents.push("eth0".to_string());
+        cvm_config.networking.parent = "node-default".to_string();
+        cvm_config.networking.macvtap_mode = "private".to_string();
+        let networks = networks_from_proto(
+            &[rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+                mode: "macvtap".to_string(),
+                parent: "eth0".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            &cvm_config,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(networks[0].mode, NetworkingMode::Macvtap);
+        assert_eq!(networks[0].parent, "eth0");
+        assert!(networks[0].macvtap_mode.is_empty());
+
+        let resolved = resolve_requested_networks(&networks, &cvm_config).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(resolved[0].parent, "eth0");
+        assert_eq!(resolved[0].macvtap_mode, "private");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn macvtap_is_denied_by_default_rpc_policy() {
+        let err = networks_from_proto(
+            &[rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+                mode: "macvtap".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            &test_cvm_config(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not allowed by node policy"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bridge_override_requires_allowlist_entry() {
+        let request = [rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+            mode: "bridge".to_string(),
+            bridge_name: "tenant-br0".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+        let mut cvm_config = test_cvm_config();
+
+        let err = networks_from_proto(&request, &cvm_config).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("bridge_name 'tenant-br0'"));
+
+        cvm_config.allowed_bridges.push("tenant-br0".to_string());
+        let networks = networks_from_proto(&request, &cvm_config).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(networks[0].bridge, "tenant-br0");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn macvtap_parent_requires_allowlist_entry() {
+        let request = [rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+            mode: "macvtap".to_string(),
+            parent: "eth1".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }];
+        let mut cvm_config = test_cvm_config();
+        cvm_config
+            .allowed_network_modes
+            .push(NetworkingMode::Macvtap);
+
+        let err = networks_from_proto(&request, &cvm_config).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("macvtap parent 'eth1'"));
+
+        cvm_config.allowed_macvtap_parents.push("eth1".to_string());
+        let networks = networks_from_proto(&request, &cvm_config).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(networks[0].parent, "eth1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deployment_rpc_cannot_select_macvtap_forwarding_mode() {
+        let mut cvm_config = test_cvm_config();
+        cvm_config
+            .allowed_network_modes
+            .push(NetworkingMode::Macvtap);
+        let err = networks_from_proto(
+            &[rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+                mode: "macvtap".to_string(),
+                macvtap_mode: "passthru".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            &cvm_config,
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("node-controlled"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bridge_name_is_rejected_for_user_mode() {
+        let err = networks_from_proto(
+            &[rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+                mode: "user".to_string(),
+                bridge_name: "dstack-br0".to_string(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            &test_cvm_config(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("bridge_name is only valid"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn repeated_networks_rejects_empty_entries() {
+        let err = networks_from_proto(
+            &[rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+                mode: String::new(),
+                bridge_name: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            &test_cvm_config(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("networking mode is required"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn repeated_networks_rejects_custom_entries() {
+        let err = networks_from_proto(
+            &[rpc::NetworkingConfig {
+                mode: "custom".to_string(),
+                bridge_name: String::new(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            &test_cvm_config(),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("custom networking mode"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_volume_source_rejects_escape_symlink_and_qemu_metachars() -> Result<()> {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let volumes = tmp.path().join("volumes");
+        fs::create_dir_all(&volumes)?;
+        fs::write(volumes.join("ok.img"), b"ok")?;
+        let base = fs::canonicalize(&volumes)?;
+
+        let ok = resolve_volume_source(&base, "ok.img")?;
+        assert_eq!(ok, base.join("ok.img"));
+
+        let err = resolve_volume_source(&base, "../ok.img").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("must be a bare file name"));
+
+        fs::write(tmp.path().join("outside.img"), b"outside")?;
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink(tmp.path().join("outside.img"), volumes.join("link.img"))?;
+        let err = resolve_volume_source(&base, "link.img").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("escapes volumes_dir"));
+
+        fs::write(volumes.join("bad,readonly=off"), b"bad")?;
+        let err = resolve_volume_source(&base, "bad,readonly=off").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(format!("{err:#}").contains("',' or '='"));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_volumes_resolves_measured_source() -> Result<()> {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        fs::write(tmp.path().join("volume.img"), b"volume")?;
+        let mut cvm_config = test_cvm_config();
+        cvm_config.volumes_dir = tmp.path().to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+
+        let volumes = resolve_volumes(
+            &[dstack_types::VerityVolume {
+                source: "volume.img".into(),
+                verity_root: [0; 32],
+                target: "/run/volume".into(),
+            }],
+            &cvm_config,
+        )?;
+
+        assert_eq!(volumes.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            volumes[0].source,
+            tmp.path().join("volume.img").display().to_string()
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_volumes_attaches_duplicate_root_once() -> Result<()> {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        fs::write(tmp.path().join("first.img"), b"volume")?;
+        let mut cvm_config = test_cvm_config();
+        cvm_config.volumes_dir = tmp.path().to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        let root = [7; 32];
+
+        let volumes = resolve_volumes(
+            &[
+                dstack_types::VerityVolume {
+                    source: "first.img".into(),
+                    verity_root: root,
+                    target: "/run/first".into(),
+                },
+                dstack_types::VerityVolume {
+                    // This source deliberately does not exist: the first entry
+                    // owns the single attachment for this content root.
+                    source: "duplicate.img".into(),
+                    verity_root: root,
+                    target: "/run/second".into(),
+                },
+            ],
+            &cvm_config,
+        )?;
+
+        assert_eq!(volumes.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            volumes[0].source,
+            tmp.path().join("first.img").display().to_string()
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/netd.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/netd.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7a946133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/netd.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Small privileged broker for TAP creation and libvirt nwfilter bindings.
+
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeMap,
+    fs::{File, OpenOptions, Permissions},
+    io::Write as _,
+    os::{
+        fd::AsRawFd,
+        unix::{
+            fs::{FileTypeExt, PermissionsExt},
+            net::UnixStream as StdUnixStream,
+        },
+    },
+    path::Path,
+    process::{Command, Stdio},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use listenfd::ListenFd;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tokio::{
+    io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt},
+    net::{UnixListener, UnixStream},
+    time::timeout,
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use wait_timeout::ChildExt;
+
+use crate::config::NetdConfig;
+
+const MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE: u64 = 64 * 1024;
+const CONNECTION_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(35);
+const COMMAND_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
+const IP_PATH: &str = "/usr/sbin/ip";
+const VIRSH_PATH: &str = "/usr/bin/virsh";
+const LOCK_PATH: &str = "/run/lock/dstack-netd.lock";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct InterfaceIdentity {
+    pub instance_id: String,
+    pub vm_id: String,
+    pub nic_index: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PrepareBridgeRequest {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub identity: InterfaceIdentity,
+    pub bridge: String,
+    pub mac: String,
+    pub qemu_uid: u32,
+    pub filter: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub parameters: BTreeMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PrepareMacvtapRequest {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub identity: InterfaceIdentity,
+    pub parent: String,
+    pub mac: String,
+    pub qemu_uid: u32,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub mode: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "operation", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum Request {
+    PrepareBridge(PrepareBridgeRequest),
+    PrepareMacvtap(PrepareMacvtapRequest),
+    Remove {
+        #[serde(flatten)]
+        identity: InterfaceIdentity,
+    },
+    /// Verify a deterministic TAP and binding for operations and integration
+    /// diagnostics. The VMM startup path uses Prepare rather than Check.
+    Check {
+        #[serde(flatten)]
+        identity: InterfaceIdentity,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct Response {
+    ok: bool,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    tap: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    device: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub fn tap_name(identity: &InterfaceIdentity) -> String {
+    let input = format!(
+        "{}\0{}\0{}",
+        identity.instance_id, identity.vm_id, identity.nic_index
+    );
+    let digest = Sha256::digest(input.as_bytes());
+    format!("dt{}", hex::encode(&digest[..6]))
+}
+
+pub fn instance_id(configured: &str, run_path: &Path) -> String {
+    if !configured.trim().is_empty() {
+        return configured.trim().to_string();
+    }
+    let digest = Sha256::digest(run_path.as_os_str().as_encoded_bytes());
+    format!("path-{}", hex::encode(&digest[..8]))
+}
+
+pub struct PreparedInterface {
+    pub device: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub async fn request(socket: &Path, request: &Request) -> Result<PreparedInterface> {
+    let operation = match request {
+        Request::PrepareBridge(_) => "prepare_bridge",
+        Request::PrepareMacvtap(_) => "prepare_macvtap",
+        Request::Remove { .. } => "remove",
+        Request::Check { .. } => "check",
+    };
+    let exchange = async {
+        let mut stream = UnixStream::connect(socket)
+            .await
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to connect to netd at {}", socket.display()))?;
+        let message = serde_json::to_vec(request)?;
+        if message.len() as u64 > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
+            bail!("netd request is too large");
+        }
+        stream.write_all(&message).await?;
+        stream.shutdown().await?;
+        let mut response = Vec::new();
+        stream
+            .take(MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE + 1)
+            .read_to_end(&mut response)
+            .await?;
+        if response.len() as u64 > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
+            bail!("netd response is too large");
+        }
+        let response: Response =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&response).context("failed to decode netd response")?;
+        if !response.ok {
+            bail!(
+                "netd {operation} failed: {}",
+                response.error.as_deref().unwrap_or("unknown error")
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(PreparedInterface {
+            device: {
+                response.tap.context("netd response omitted TAP name")?;
+                response.device
+            },
+        })
+    };
+    timeout(Duration::from_secs(30), exchange)
+        .await
+        .context("timed out waiting for netd")?
+}
+
+pub async fn serve(config: NetdConfig) -> Result<()> {
+    if !nix::unistd::Uid::effective().is_root() {
+        bail!("netd must run as root");
+    }
+    config.validate()?;
+    require_executable(IP_PATH)?;
+    require_executable(VIRSH_PATH)?;
+    let listener = match activated_listener()? {
+        Some(listener) => listener,
+        None => bind_listener(&config)?,
+    };
+    info!(address = ?listener.local_addr()?, "netd listening");
+    loop {
+        let (mut stream, _) = listener.accept().await?;
+        // This timeout bounds async socket reads and writes. handle_request is
+        // synchronous, so helper execution is bounded separately by
+        // COMMAND_TIMEOUT rather than preempted by this future timeout.
+        match timeout(CONNECTION_TIMEOUT, serve_connection(&config, &mut stream)).await {
+            Ok(Ok(())) => {}
+            Ok(Err(error)) => warn!(%error, "netd connection failed"),
+            Err(_) => warn!("netd connection timed out"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn activated_listener() -> Result<Option<UnixListener>> {
+    let mut listenfd = ListenFd::from_env();
+    if listenfd.len() == 0 {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    if listenfd.len() != 1 {
+        bail!(
+            "netd requires exactly one systemd-activated socket, received {}",
+            listenfd.len()
+        );
+    }
+    let listener = listenfd
+        .take_unix_listener(0)
+        .context("systemd fd 0 is not a Unix stream listener")?
+        .context("systemd did not provide fd 0")?;
+    listener.set_nonblocking(true)?;
+    info!("using systemd-activated socket");
+    Ok(Some(UnixListener::from_std(listener)?))
+}
+
+fn bind_listener(config: &NetdConfig) -> Result<UnixListener> {
+    let listener = {
+        let _lock = OperationLock::acquire()?;
+        prepare_socket_path(&config.socket)?;
+        UnixListener::bind(&config.socket)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to bind netd socket {}", config.socket.display()))?
+    };
+    std::fs::set_permissions(&config.socket, Permissions::from_mode(config.socket_mode))?;
+    Ok(listener)
+}
+
+async fn serve_connection(config: &NetdConfig, stream: &mut UnixStream) -> Result<()> {
+    // Access is authorized by the Unix socket's owner, group, and mode. Any
+    // process that can connect is trusted with the complete netd protocol.
+    let response = match read_request(stream)
+        .await
+        .and_then(|request| handle_request(&config.libvirt_uri, request))
+    {
+        Ok((tap, device)) => Response {
+            ok: true,
+            tap: Some(tap),
+            device,
+            error: None,
+        },
+        Err(error) => {
+            warn!(%error, "netd request failed");
+            Response {
+                ok: false,
+                tap: None,
+                device: None,
+                error: Some(format!("{error:#}")),
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let encoded = serde_json::to_vec(&response)?;
+    stream.write_all(&encoded).await?;
+    stream.shutdown().await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn read_request(stream: &mut UnixStream) -> Result<Request> {
+    let mut message = Vec::new();
+    stream
+        .take(MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE + 1)
+        .read_to_end(&mut message)
+        .await?;
+    if message.len() as u64 > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
+        bail!("request exceeds {MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE} bytes");
+    }
+    serde_json::from_slice(&message).context("invalid netd request")
+}
+
+fn handle_request(libvirt_uri: &str, request: Request) -> Result<(String, Option<String>)> {
+    let _lock = OperationLock::acquire()?;
+    match request {
+        Request::PrepareBridge(request) => {
+            prepare_bridge(libvirt_uri, &request).map(|tap| (tap, None))
+        }
+        Request::PrepareMacvtap(request) => prepare_macvtap(
+            libvirt_uri,
+            &request.identity,
+            &request.parent,
+            &request.mac,
+            request.qemu_uid,
+            &request.mode,
+        )
+        .map(|(tap, device)| (tap, Some(device))),
+        Request::Remove { identity } => {
+            validate_identity(&identity)?;
+            let tap = tap_name(&identity);
+            remove_interface(libvirt_uri, &tap)?;
+            Ok((tap, None))
+        }
+        Request::Check { identity } => {
+            validate_identity(&identity)?;
+            let tap = tap_name(&identity);
+            if !Path::new("/sys/class/net").join(&tap).exists() {
+                bail!("TAP {tap} does not exist");
+            }
+            if !is_macvtap(&tap) {
+                virsh(libvirt_uri, &["nwfilter-binding-dumpxml", &tap], None)?;
+            }
+            Ok((tap, None))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn prepare_macvtap(
+    libvirt_uri: &str,
+    identity: &InterfaceIdentity,
+    parent: &str,
+    mac: &str,
+    qemu_uid: u32,
+    mode: &str,
+) -> Result<(String, String)> {
+    validate_identity(identity)?;
+    validate_name("parent", parent, 15, "_.-")?;
+    if !Path::new("/sys/class/net").join(parent).exists() {
+        bail!("parent interface {parent} does not exist");
+    }
+    validate_mac(mac)?;
+    let mode = if mode.is_empty() { "private" } else { mode };
+    if !matches!(mode, "private" | "bridge" | "vepa" | "passthru") {
+        bail!("invalid macvtap mode");
+    }
+    let tap = tap_name(identity);
+    remove_interface(libvirt_uri, &tap)?;
+    ip(&[
+        "link", "add", "link", parent, "name", &tap, "address", mac, "type", "macvtap", "mode",
+        mode,
+    ])?;
+    let result = (|| {
+        let ifindex =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(Path::new("/sys/class/net").join(&tap).join("ifindex"))
+                .context("failed to read macvtap ifindex")?;
+        let device = format!("/dev/tap{}", ifindex.trim());
+        let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(5);
+        while !Path::new(&device).exists() {
+            if std::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+                bail!("timed out waiting for macvtap device {device}");
+            }
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(25));
+        }
+        let metadata = std::fs::symlink_metadata(&device)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to inspect macvtap device {device}"))?;
+        if !metadata.file_type().is_char_device() {
+            bail!("macvtap device {device} is not a character device");
+        }
+        std::os::unix::fs::chown(&device, Some(qemu_uid), None)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to set owner of macvtap device {device}"))?;
+        ip(&["link", "set", "dev", &tap, "up"])?;
+        Ok(device)
+    })();
+    match result {
+        Ok(device) => {
+            info!(%tap, %parent, %mode, %device, "prepared macvtap");
+            Ok((tap, device))
+        }
+        Err(error) => {
+            let _ = remove_interface(libvirt_uri, &tap);
+            Err(error)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct OperationLock(File);
+
+impl OperationLock {
+    fn acquire() -> Result<Self> {
+        let file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .create(true)
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .truncate(false)
+            .open(LOCK_PATH)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to open {LOCK_PATH}"))?;
+        // SAFETY: flock only acts on the valid file descriptor owned by file.
+        if unsafe { libc::flock(file.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_EX) } != 0 {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error()).context("failed to lock netd operations");
+        }
+        Ok(Self(file))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for OperationLock {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: the file remains alive until after Drop returns.
+        unsafe {
+            libc::flock(self.0.as_raw_fd(), libc::LOCK_UN);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn prepare_bridge(libvirt_uri: &str, request: &PrepareBridgeRequest) -> Result<String> {
+    validate_prepare_bridge(request)?;
+    let tap = tap_name(&request.identity);
+    // A failed VMM start may leave a deterministic resource behind. Replacing
+    // it makes prepare idempotent without accepting a caller-selected TAP.
+    remove_interface(libvirt_uri, &tap)?;
+
+    let uid = request.qemu_uid.to_string();
+    ip(&["tuntap", "add", "dev", &tap, "mode", "tap", "user", &uid])?;
+    let result = (|| {
+        ip(&["link", "set", "dev", &tap, "master", &request.bridge])?;
+        let xml = binding_xml(request, &tap);
+        virsh(
+            libvirt_uri,
+            &["nwfilter-binding-create", "--validate", "/dev/stdin"],
+            Some(xml.as_bytes()),
+        )?;
+        ip(&["link", "set", "dev", &tap, "up"])?;
+        Ok(())
+    })();
+    if let Err(error) = result {
+        let _ = remove_interface(libvirt_uri, &tap);
+        return Err(error);
+    }
+    info!(%tap, bridge = %request.bridge, filter = %request.filter, "prepared filtered TAP");
+    Ok(tap)
+}
+
+fn remove_interface(libvirt_uri: &str, tap: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let macvtap = is_macvtap(tap);
+    if Path::new("/sys/class/net").join(tap).exists() {
+        let _ = ip(&["link", "set", "dev", tap, "down"]);
+    }
+    if !macvtap {
+        delete_binding(libvirt_uri, tap)?;
+    }
+    if Path::new("/sys/class/net").join(tap).exists() {
+        ip(&["link", "delete", "dev", tap])?;
+        info!(%tap, "removed managed network interface");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn is_macvtap(interface: &str) -> bool {
+    Path::new("/sys/class/net")
+        .join(interface)
+        .join("macvtap")
+        .exists()
+}
+
+fn delete_binding(uri: &str, tap: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let output = Command::new(VIRSH_PATH)
+        .args(["--connect", uri, "nwfilter-binding-delete", tap])
+        .stdin(Stdio::null())
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+        .output()
+        .context("failed to execute virsh")?;
+    if output.status.success() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+    if error.contains("Network filter binding not found") {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    bail!("virsh failed to delete binding {tap}: {}", error.trim())
+}
+
+fn binding_xml(request: &PrepareBridgeRequest, tap: &str) -> String {
+    let owner_uuid = stable_uuid(&request.identity);
+    let owner_name = format!(
+        "dstack:{}:{}:{}",
+        request.identity.instance_id, request.identity.vm_id, request.identity.nic_index
+    );
+    let mut parameters = String::new();
+    for (name, value) in &request.parameters {
+        parameters.push_str(&format!(
+            "<parameter name='{}' value='{}'/>",
+            xml_escape(name),
+            xml_escape(value)
+        ));
+    }
+    format!(
+        "<filterbinding><owner><name>{}</name><uuid>{}</uuid></owner>\
+         <portdev name='{}'/><mac address='{}'/>\
+         <filterref filter='{}'>{}</filterref></filterbinding>",
+        xml_escape(&owner_name),
+        owner_uuid,
+        xml_escape(tap),
+        xml_escape(&request.mac),
+        xml_escape(&request.filter),
+        parameters
+    )
+}
+
+fn stable_uuid(identity: &InterfaceIdentity) -> Uuid {
+    let digest = Sha256::digest(
+        format!(
+            "{}\0{}\0{}",
+            identity.instance_id, identity.vm_id, identity.nic_index
+        )
+        .as_bytes(),
+    );
+    let mut bytes = [0_u8; 16];
+    bytes.copy_from_slice(&digest[..16]);
+    bytes[6] = (bytes[6] & 0x0f) | 0x50;
+    bytes[8] = (bytes[8] & 0x3f) | 0x80;
+    Uuid::from_bytes(bytes)
+}
+
+fn validate_prepare_bridge(request: &PrepareBridgeRequest) -> Result<()> {
+    validate_identity(&request.identity)?;
+    validate_name("bridge", &request.bridge, 15, "_.-")?;
+    if !Path::new("/sys/class/net")
+        .join(&request.bridge)
+        .join("bridge")
+        .exists()
+    {
+        bail!("{} is not a host bridge", request.bridge);
+    }
+    validate_mac(&request.mac)?;
+    validate_name("filter", &request.filter, 128, "_.:-")?;
+    if request.parameters.len() > 64 {
+        bail!("too many nwfilter parameters");
+    }
+    for (name, value) in &request.parameters {
+        validate_name("parameter name", name, 64, "_")?;
+        if value.len() > 512 || value.contains('\0') {
+            bail!("invalid nwfilter parameter value");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_identity(identity: &InterfaceIdentity) -> Result<()> {
+    for (label, value) in [
+        ("instance ID", identity.instance_id.as_str()),
+        ("VM ID", identity.vm_id.as_str()),
+    ] {
+        if value.is_empty() || value.len() > 128 || value.contains('\0') {
+            bail!("invalid {label}");
+        }
+    }
+    if identity.nic_index > 255 {
+        bail!("NIC index is out of range");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_name(label: &str, value: &str, max: usize, punctuation: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if value.is_empty()
+        || value.len() > max
+        || !value
+            .chars()
+            .all(|ch| ch.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || punctuation.contains(ch))
+    {
+        bail!("invalid {label}");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn validate_mac(mac: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    let bytes = mac
+        .split(':')
+        .map(|part| {
+            if part.len() != 2 {
+                bail!("invalid MAC address");
+            }
+            u8::from_str_radix(part, 16).context("invalid MAC address")
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    if bytes.len() != 6 || bytes[0] & 1 != 0 {
+        bail!("invalid unicast MAC address");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn xml_escape(value: &str) -> String {
+    value
+        .replace('&', "&amp;")
+        .replace('<', "&lt;")
+        .replace('>', "&gt;")
+        .replace('\'', "&apos;")
+        .replace('"', "&quot;")
+}
+
+fn ip(args: &[&str]) -> Result<()> {
+    run_command(IP_PATH, args, None)
+}
+
+fn virsh(uri: &str, args: &[&str], stdin: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut full_args = vec!["--connect", uri];
+    full_args.extend_from_slice(args);
+    run_command(VIRSH_PATH, &full_args, stdin)
+}
+
+fn run_command(program: &str, args: &[&str], stdin: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<()> {
+    run_command_with_timeout(program, args, stdin, COMMAND_TIMEOUT)
+}
+
+fn run_command_with_timeout(
+    program: &str,
+    args: &[&str],
+    stdin: Option<&[u8]>,
+    command_timeout: Duration,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut child = Command::new(program)
+        .args(args)
+        .stdin(if stdin.is_some() {
+            Stdio::piped()
+        } else {
+            Stdio::null()
+        })
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+        .spawn()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to execute {program}"))?;
+    if let Some(input) = stdin {
+        child
+            .stdin
+            .take()
+            .context("missing command stdin")?
+            .write_all(input)?;
+    }
+    if child.wait_timeout(command_timeout)?.is_none() {
+        let _ = child.kill();
+        let _ = child.wait();
+        bail!(
+            "{} timed out after {command_timeout:?}",
+            Path::new(program).display()
+        );
+    }
+    let output = child.wait_with_output()?;
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+        bail!("{} failed: {}", Path::new(program).display(), error.trim());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn require_executable(path: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if !Path::new(path).is_file() {
+        bail!("required executable {path} does not exist");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn prepare_socket_path(socket: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let parent = socket.parent().context("netd socket has no parent")?;
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to create {}", parent.display()))?;
+    if socket.exists() {
+        if StdUnixStream::connect(socket).is_ok() {
+            bail!("another netd is listening at {}", socket.display());
+        }
+        std::fs::remove_file(socket)
+            .with_context(|| format!("failed to remove stale socket {}", socket.display()))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn identity(instance: &str, vm: &str, nic_index: usize) -> InterfaceIdentity {
+        InterfaceIdentity {
+            instance_id: instance.into(),
+            vm_id: vm.into(),
+            nic_index,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tap_names_are_stable_bounded_and_namespaced() {
+        let first = tap_name(&identity("one", "vm", 0));
+        assert_eq!(first, tap_name(&identity("one", "vm", 0)));
+        assert_ne!(first, tap_name(&identity("two", "vm", 0)));
+        assert_ne!(first, tap_name(&identity("one", "vm", 1)));
+        assert!(first.len() <= 15);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn binding_xml_escapes_values() {
+        let request = PrepareBridgeRequest {
+            identity: identity("instance<&", "vm", 0),
+            bridge: "br0".into(),
+            mac: "02:00:00:00:00:01".into(),
+            qemu_uid: 1000,
+            filter: "clean-traffic".into(),
+            parameters: BTreeMap::from([("IP".into(), "10.0.0.2<&".into())]),
+        };
+        let xml = binding_xml(&request, "dt123");
+        assert!(xml.contains("instance&lt;&amp;"));
+        assert!(xml.contains("10.0.0.2&lt;&amp;"));
+        assert!(!xml.contains("instance<&"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validation_rejects_injected_host_names() {
+        assert!(validate_name("bridge", "br0;id", 15, "_.-").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_name("filter", "../../filter", 128, "_.:-").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_mac("ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_protocol_keeps_identity_fields_flat() {
+        let request = Request::Remove {
+            identity: identity("instance", "vm", 2),
+        };
+        let value = serde_json::to_value(request).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(value["operation"], "remove");
+        assert_eq!(value["instance_id"], "instance");
+        assert_eq!(value["vm_id"], "vm");
+        assert_eq!(value["nic_index"], 2);
+        assert!(value.get("identity").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bridge_prepare_protocol_is_named_explicitly() {
+        let request = Request::PrepareBridge(PrepareBridgeRequest {
+            identity: identity("instance", "vm", 0),
+            bridge: "br0".into(),
+            mac: "02:00:00:00:00:01".into(),
+            qemu_uid: 1000,
+            filter: "clean-traffic".into(),
+            parameters: BTreeMap::new(),
+        });
+        let value = serde_json::to_value(request).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(value["operation"], "prepare_bridge");
+        assert_eq!(value["instance_id"], "instance");
+        assert_eq!(value["bridge"], "br0");
+        assert!(value.get("identity").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn macvtap_prepare_has_a_dedicated_operation() {
+        let request = Request::PrepareMacvtap(PrepareMacvtapRequest {
+            identity: identity("instance", "vm", 1),
+            parent: "eth0".into(),
+            mac: "02:00:00:00:00:01".into(),
+            qemu_uid: 1000,
+            mode: "private".into(),
+        });
+        let value = serde_json::to_value(request).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(value["operation"], "prepare_macvtap");
+        assert_eq!(value["instance_id"], "instance");
+        assert_eq!(value["parent"], "eth0");
+        assert!(value.get("identity").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bridge_prepare_has_a_dedicated_operation() {
+        let request = Request::PrepareBridge(PrepareBridgeRequest {
+            identity: identity("instance", "vm", 0),
+            bridge: "br0".into(),
+            mac: "02:00:00:00:00:01".into(),
+            qemu_uid: 1000,
+            filter: "clean-traffic".into(),
+            parameters: BTreeMap::new(),
+        });
+        let value = serde_json::to_value(request).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(value["operation"], "prepare_bridge");
+        assert_eq!(value["instance_id"], "instance");
+        assert_eq!(value["bridge"], "br0");
+        assert!(value.get("identity").is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn disconnected_client_is_confined_to_one_connection() {
+        let (mut server, client) = UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
+        drop(client);
+        let result = timeout(
+            Duration::from_secs(1),
+            serve_connection(&NetdConfig::default(), &mut server),
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert!(result.is_ok(), "disconnected peer blocked the handler");
+        // Either the EOF is reported while reading or the response write sees
+        // EPIPE. In both cases serve() logs this per-connection error and keeps
+        // accepting clients.
+        assert!(result.unwrap().is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn command_timeout_kills_stalled_tool() {
+        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let error = run_command_with_timeout(
+            "/bin/sh",
+            &["-c", "sleep 10"],
+            None,
+            Duration::from_millis(50),
+        )
+        .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("timed out"));
+        assert!(started.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(2));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/one_shot.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/one_shot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd7a23d79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/one_shot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::app::{
+    make_sys_config, resolved_networks, simulator_config_for_manifest, sync_tee_simulator_config,
+    Image, VmConfig, VmWorkDir,
+};
+use crate::config::{Config, NetworkFilterMode, NetworkingMode};
+use crate::main_service;
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use fs_err as fs;
+
+pub async fn run_one_shot(
+    vm_config_path: &str,
+    config: Config,
+    workdir_option: Option<String>,
+    dry_run: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    use dstack_types::AppCompose;
+    use dstack_vmm_rpc::VmConfiguration;
+    use main_service::create_manifest_from_vm_config;
+
+    // Dynamically allocate CID by scanning running QEMU processes (ps aux method)
+    let mut existing_cids = Vec::new();
+    if let Ok(output) = std::process::Command::new("ps").args(["aux"]).output() {
+        let ps_output = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+        let qemu_lines: Vec<&str> = ps_output
+            .lines()
+            .filter(|line| line.contains("qemu-system-x86_64") && line.contains("guest-cid"))
+            .collect();
+
+        for line in &qemu_lines {
+            if let Some(cid_part) = line.split("guest-cid=").nth(1) {
+                if let Some(cid_str) = cid_part.split_whitespace().next() {
+                    if let Ok(cid) = cid_str.parse::<u32>() {
+                        existing_cids.push(cid);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Allocate a free CID in the configured range
+    let mut one_shot_cid = config.cvm.cid_start;
+    while existing_cids.contains(&one_shot_cid) {
+        one_shot_cid += 1;
+        if one_shot_cid >= config.cvm.cid_start + config.cvm.cid_pool_size {
+            anyhow::bail!(
+                "CID pool exhausted - too many VMs running. Found CIDs: {:?}",
+                existing_cids
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!(
+        "# Allocated CID: {} (found {} existing QEMU VMs with CIDs: {:?})",
+        one_shot_cid,
+        existing_cids.len(),
+        existing_cids
+    );
+
+    println!("# One-shot VM execution mode");
+    println!("# Configuration: {}", vm_config_path);
+
+    // Read and parse the VM configuration file
+    let vm_config_json = fs_err::read_to_string(vm_config_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to read VM configuration file: {}", vm_config_path))?;
+
+    // Parse VM configuration
+    let vm_config: VmConfiguration = serde_json::from_str(&vm_config_json)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to parse VM configuration from: {}", vm_config_path))?;
+
+    // Calculate compose_hash using the same logic as main_service
+    let compose_hash = {
+        use sha2::Digest;
+        let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
+        hasher.update(&vm_config.compose_file);
+        hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
+    };
+
+    // Create manifest using shared logic
+    let manifest = create_manifest_from_vm_config(vm_config.clone(), &config.cvm)?;
+
+    // Load image
+    let image_path = config.image.path.join(&manifest.image);
+    let image = Image::load(&image_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("Failed to load image: {}", image_path.display()))?;
+
+    // Create or use specified workdir and setup files
+    let workdir_path = match workdir_option {
+        Some(workdir_str) => {
+            let workdir_path = std::path::PathBuf::from(workdir_str);
+            fs_err::create_dir_all(&workdir_path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to create workdir: {}", workdir_path.display()))?;
+            workdir_path
+        }
+        None => {
+            // Create a persistent directory in current working directory
+            let vm_name = &manifest.name;
+            let timestamp = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .as_secs();
+            let workdir_name = format!("dstack-oneshot-{}-{}", vm_name, timestamp);
+            let workdir_path = std::env::current_dir()?.join(workdir_name);
+            fs_err::create_dir_all(&workdir_path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to create workdir: {}", workdir_path.display()))?;
+            workdir_path
+        }
+    };
+
+    let vm_work_dir = VmWorkDir::new(&workdir_path);
+
+    vm_work_dir
+        .put_manifest(&manifest)
+        .context("Failed to write manifest")?;
+
+    // Setup shared directory and files
+    let shared_dir = vm_work_dir.shared_dir();
+    fs_err::create_dir_all(&shared_dir).context("Failed to create shared directory")?;
+
+    // Create app compose file content and parse AppCompose instance
+    let (app_compose_content, _app_compose) = if vm_config.compose_file.is_empty() {
+        // Create default compose JSON directly as string
+        let gateway_enabled = !vm_config.gateway_urls.is_empty();
+        let kms_enabled = !vm_config.kms_urls.is_empty();
+
+        let default_compose = format!(
+            r#"{{
+"manifest_version": 1,
+"name": "{}",
+"runner": "none",
+"gateway_enabled": {},
+"tproxy_enabled": false,
+"kms_enabled": {},
+"public_logs": false,
+"public_sysinfo": false,
+"public_tcbinfo": true,
+"local_key_provider_enabled": false,
+"no_instance_id": false,
+"secure_time": true,
+"features": [],
+"allowed_envs": []
+}}"#,
+            vm_config.name, gateway_enabled, kms_enabled
+        );
+
+        // Parse the default compose to get AppCompose instance for gateway_enabled() call
+        let app_compose: AppCompose =
+            serde_json::from_str(&default_compose).context("Failed to parse default AppCompose")?;
+
+        (default_compose, app_compose)
+    } else {
+        // Parse AppCompose with enhanced error handling for flatten issues
+        match serde_json::from_str::<AppCompose>(&vm_config.compose_file) {
+            Ok(compose) => (vm_config.compose_file.clone(), compose),
+            Err(e) => {
+                let error_msg = e.to_string();
+                if error_msg.contains("can only flatten structs and maps") {
+                    anyhow::bail!(
+                        "AppCompose flatten error when parsing compose_file: {}
+
+This error occurs because the AppCompose struct has a flattened field for gateway settings.
+The issue is likely in the compose_file content:
+
+Common causes:
+1. 'gateway_enabled' or 'tproxy_enabled' fields have wrong type (should be boolean)
+2. Boolean fields are provided as strings (\"true\" instead of true)
+3. Missing quotes around boolean values in JSON
+
+Example of correct compose_file structure:
+{{
+\"manifest_version\": 1,
+\"name\": \"my-app\",
+\"runner\": \"none\",
+\"gateway_enabled\": true,
+\"tproxy_enabled\": false,
+\"kms_enabled\": false
+}}
+
+Debug: Compose file content (first 200 chars):
+{}",
+                        error_msg,
+                        if vm_config.compose_file.len() > 200 {
+                            format!("{}...", &vm_config.compose_file[..200])
+                        } else {
+                            vm_config.compose_file.clone()
+                        }
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return Err(e).with_context(|| {
+                    format!(
+                        "Failed to parse compose_file as AppCompose: {}
+
+Compose file content (first 200 chars):
+{}",
+                        error_msg,
+                        if vm_config.compose_file.len() > 200 {
+                            format!("{}...", &vm_config.compose_file[..200])
+                        } else {
+                            vm_config.compose_file.clone()
+                        }
+                    )
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Write the JSON string directly (no serialization needed)
+    fs_err::write(vm_work_dir.app_compose_path(), app_compose_content)
+        .context("Failed to write app compose file")?;
+
+    // Write other files if present
+    if !vm_config.encrypted_env.is_empty() {
+        fs_err::write(vm_work_dir.encrypted_env_path(), &vm_config.encrypted_env)
+            .context("Failed to write encrypted env")?;
+    }
+
+    if !vm_config.user_config.is_empty() {
+        fs_err::write(vm_work_dir.user_config_path(), &vm_config.user_config)
+            .context("Failed to write user config")?;
+    }
+
+    // Create missing files that VMM's prepare_work_dir() and sync_dynamic_config() create
+
+    // 1. Create .instance_info (needed for mrconfigid)
+    let instance_info = serde_json::json!({
+        "instance_id_seed": "4befb40617034796ce9aad5b07b812359d8817bd", // Use a fixed seed for one-shot
+        "instance_id": "", // Empty like in the successful VM
+        "app_id": &manifest.app_id
+    });
+    fs_err::write(
+        vm_work_dir.instance_info_path(),
+        serde_json::to_string(&instance_info)?,
+    )
+    .context("Failed to write instance info")?;
+
+    // 2. Create .sys-config.json (critical for 0.5.x VMs)
+    // Use manifest URLs if available, fallback to config URLs (matching VMM's sync_dynamic_config logic)
+    let app_compose = vm_work_dir
+        .app_compose()
+        .context("Failed to get app compose")?;
+    let mr_config = vm_work_dir
+        .prepare_mr_config(&manifest, &config.cvm, &app_compose)
+        .context("Failed to prepare mr_config")?;
+    let sys_config_str = make_sys_config(
+        &config,
+        &manifest,
+        &compose_hash,
+        mr_config,
+        app_compose.requirements.as_ref(),
+    )?;
+    let sys_config_path = vm_work_dir.shared_dir().join(".sys-config.json");
+    fs_err::write(&sys_config_path, &sys_config_str).context("Failed to write sys config")?;
+    let simulator_config = simulator_config_for_manifest(&config.cvm, &manifest)?;
+    sync_tee_simulator_config(
+        &vm_work_dir.shared_dir(),
+        simulator_config.as_ref(),
+        &sys_config_str,
+    )?;
+
+    // Create vm-state.json with initial state
+    vm_work_dir
+        .set_started(false)
+        .context("Failed to create vm-state.json")?;
+
+    // Get GPU config from the manifest (already processed)
+    let gpus = manifest.gpus.as_ref().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // Build VM config and generate QEMU command
+
+    let vm_builder_config = VmConfig {
+        manifest: manifest.clone(),
+        image,
+        cid: one_shot_cid, // Avoid conflict with existing VMs
+        workdir: workdir_path.clone(),
+        gateway_enabled: app_compose.gateway_enabled(),
+    };
+
+    if !dry_run
+        && config.cvm.network_filter.mode == NetworkFilterMode::Libvirt
+        && resolved_networks(&manifest, &config.cvm)
+            .iter()
+            .any(|network| network.mode == NetworkingMode::Bridge)
+    {
+        anyhow::bail!(
+            "one-shot execution does not manage libvirt-filtered TAP lifecycle; run the VMM server directly or use --dry-run"
+        );
+    }
+
+    let runtime_networks = resolved_networks(&manifest, &config.cvm);
+    let process_configs = vm_builder_config
+        .config_qemu(&workdir_path, &config.cvm, &gpus, &runtime_networks)
+        .context("Failed to build QEMU configuration")?;
+
+    // Get the main QEMU process config (first in the list)
+    let process_config = process_configs
+        .into_iter()
+        .next()
+        .context("No QEMU process configuration generated")?;
+
+    // Build the QEMU command
+    let mut full_command = vec![process_config.command.clone()];
+    full_command.extend(process_config.args.clone());
+
+    println!("# Working directory: {}", workdir_path.display());
+    println!("# Compose hash: {}", compose_hash);
+    println!("# App ID: {}", manifest.app_id);
+    println!("# VM ID: {}", manifest.id);
+    println!("#");
+    println!("# QEMU Command:");
+    println!("{}", full_command.join(" "));
+
+    if dry_run {
+        println!("# Dry run mode - QEMU command not executed");
+        println!(
+            "# To execute, run: --one-shot {} (without --dry-run)",
+            vm_config_path
+        );
+    } else {
+        println!("# Executing QEMU...");
+
+        crate::gpu_reset::sanitize_on_attach(&config.cvm.gpu, &gpus)
+            .context("Failed to sanitize GPUs before QEMU launch")?;
+
+        let mut cmd = std::process::Command::new(&process_config.command);
+        cmd.args(&process_config.args);
+
+        // Apply environment variables from ProcessConfig
+        if !process_config.env.is_empty() {
+            cmd.envs(&process_config.env);
+        }
+
+        // Configure stdio to match supervisor behavior
+        if !process_config.stdout.is_empty() {
+            let stdout_file =
+                fs::File::create(&process_config.stdout).context("Failed to create stdout file")?;
+            cmd.stdout(stdout_file.into_file());
+        }
+        if !process_config.stderr.is_empty() {
+            let stderr_file =
+                fs::File::create(&process_config.stderr).context("Failed to create stderr file")?;
+            cmd.stderr(stderr_file.into_file());
+        }
+
+        cmd.current_dir(&workdir_path);
+        cmd.stdin(std::process::Stdio::null());
+
+        // Execute QEMU command
+        let status = cmd.status().context("Failed to execute QEMU command")?;
+
+        if status.success() {
+            println!("# QEMU execution completed successfully");
+        } else {
+            eprintln!("# QEMU exited with status: {}", status);
+
+            // Show output files if they exist
+            if !process_config.stdout.is_empty() {
+                if let Ok(stdout_content) = fs_err::read_to_string(&process_config.stdout) {
+                    if !stdout_content.trim().is_empty() {
+                        eprintln!("# QEMU stdout output:");
+                        eprintln!("{}", stdout_content);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if !process_config.stderr.is_empty() {
+                if let Ok(stderr_content) = fs_err::read_to_string(&process_config.stderr) {
+                    if !stderr_content.trim().is_empty() {
+                        eprintln!("# QEMU stderr output:");
+                        eprintln!("{}", stderr_content);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            eprintln!("# Try running with --dry-run to check the generated command");
+            anyhow::bail!("QEMU exited with status: {status}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/openapi.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/openapi.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9b01ba93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/openapi.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use ra_rpc::openapi::{
+    build_openapi_doc as build_doc, DescriptorSource, DocumentInfo, OpenApiDoc, ServiceConfig,
+    SwaggerUiConfig,
+};
+
+pub fn build_openapi_doc(app_version: &str) -> Result<OpenApiDoc> {
+    let info = DocumentInfo::new("dstack-vmm RPC", app_version.to_string())
+        .with_description(
+            "Auto-generated OpenAPI spec for the pRPC surfaces exposed by dstack-vmm.",
+        )
+        .add_server("/");
+
+    let sources = vec![
+        DescriptorSource::new(
+            dstack_vmm_rpc::FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+            vec![ServiceConfig::new("Vmm", "/prpc")],
+        ),
+        DescriptorSource::new(
+            guest_api::FILE_DESCRIPTOR_SET,
+            vec![ServiceConfig::new("ProxiedGuestApi", "/guest")],
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    let ui = SwaggerUiConfig {
+        title: "dstack-vmm RPC Explorer".to_string(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    build_doc(&sources, &info, ui).context("failed to build OpenAPI document")
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/setup-user.sh b/dstack/vmm/src/setup-user.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f8e33bbbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/setup-user.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# dstack currently runs the CVMs with qemu user networking. To prevent the VM to access 127.0.0.1, we need to
+# run the VM as a different user and setup the iptables rules to DROP the traffic to 127.0.0.1.
+
+# This script creates a sandbox user for running VMs with restricted network access.
+# It sets up iptables rules to prevent the user from accessing localhost (127.0.0.1),
+# with optional exceptions for specific ports.
+#
+# When deploying a new dstack instance, you can follow the following steps:
+# 1. Create a new sandbox user and setup the firewall rules:
+#    ```
+#    sudo ./setup-user.sh dstack-prd1 -g $(id -gn)
+#    ```
+#
+#    If you want allow the VM to access some ports such as local KMS or dstack-gateway, you can use the following command:
+#    ```
+#    sudo ./setup-user.sh dstack-prd1 -g $(id -gn) --allow-tcp 8080 --allow-udp 3000
+#    ```
+# 2. Edit the user in the `[cvm]` section of the vmm.yaml file:
+#    ```
+#    [cvm]
+#    user = "dstack-prd1"
+#    ```
+#
+set -e
+
+# Default values
+USERNAME=""
+GROUP_NAME=""
+NO_FW=false
+NO_SERVICE=false
+ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS=""
+ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS=""
+
+# Parse arguments
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
+    case "$1" in
+    --no-fw)
+        NO_FW=true
+        shift
+        ;;
+    --no-svc)
+        NO_SERVICE=true
+        shift
+        ;;
+    --allow-tcp)
+        ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS="$ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS $2"
+        shift
+        shift
+        ;;
+    --allow-udp)
+        ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS="$ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS $2"
+        shift
+        shift
+        ;;
+    -g | --group)
+        GROUP_NAME="$2"
+        shift
+        shift
+        ;;
+    -h | --help)
+        echo "Usage: $0 <username> [-g|--group] [--no-fw] [--no-svc] [--allow-tcp <port> --allow-udp <port>]"
+        echo "Options:"
+        echo "  --no-fw     Do not setup/clear firewall rules"
+        echo "  --no-svc    Do not setup/clear service rules"
+        echo "  --allow-tcp Allow the specified TCP port to be accessed"
+        echo "  --allow-udp Allow the specified UDP port to be accessed"
+        echo "  -g, --group Add the user to the specified group"
+        echo "  -h, --help  Show this help message"
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    *)
+        if [[ -z "$USERNAME" ]]; then
+            USERNAME="$1"
+        else
+            echo "Error: Unknown argument '$1'"
+            echo "Use '$0 --help' for usage information"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        shift
+        ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+# Check if username is provided
+if [[ -z "$USERNAME" ]]; then
+    echo "Error: Username is required"
+    echo "Usage: $0 <username> [-g|--group] [--no-fw] [--no-svc] [--allow-tcp <port> --allow-udp <port>]"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+CHAIN_NAME="DSTACK_SANDBOX_${USERNAME}"
+RULES_FILE="/etc/iptables/dstack-rules-${USERNAME}.v4"
+
+# Create the user if it doesn't exist
+if ! id -u $USERNAME >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Creating user $USERNAME"
+    adduser --disabled-password --gecos '' $USERNAME
+fi
+
+usermod -aG kvm $USERNAME
+
+# Add the user to specified group
+if [ -n "$GROUP_NAME" ]; then
+    echo "Adding user $USERNAME to group $GROUP_NAME"
+    usermod -aG $GROUP_NAME $USERNAME
+fi
+
+rule_nums=$(iptables -L OUTPUT --line-numbers | grep $CHAIN_NAME | awk '{print $1}' | sort -r)
+echo $rule_nums
+
+if iptables -L $CHAIN_NAME >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Removing existing firewall rules"
+    # Delete each rule (in reverse order to avoid index shifting)
+    if [ -n "$rule_nums" ]; then
+        echo "Removing rules jumping to $CHAIN_NAME from OUTPUT chain"
+        for num in $rule_nums; do
+            echo "Removing rule $num"
+            iptables -D OUTPUT $num
+        done
+        echo "All rules jumping to $CHAIN_NAME removed"
+    else
+        echo "No rules jumping to $CHAIN_NAME found in OUTPUT chain"
+    fi
+    iptables -F $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null || true
+    iptables -X $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null || true
+    echo "Removed iptables chain $CHAIN_NAME"
+fi
+
+rm -f $RULES_FILE
+
+if [ "$NO_SERVICE" = true ]; then
+    echo "Removing existing systemd service"
+    rm -f /etc/systemd/system/iptables-restore.service
+    rm -f /etc/iptables/dstack-rules-${USERNAME}.v4
+    systemctl disable iptables-restore.service || true
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    echo "Removed systemd service and rules file"
+fi
+
+if [ "$NO_FW" = true ]; then
+    echo "Skipping firewall rules setup"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Set up firewall rules
+# Use iptables with a dedicated chain
+echo "Setting up iptables firewall rules with custom chain"
+
+# Create or flush the custom chain
+if ! iptables -L $CHAIN_NAME >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    iptables -N $CHAIN_NAME
+else
+    iptables -F $CHAIN_NAME
+fi
+
+# Add rules to allow specific ports
+for port in $ALLOWED_TCP_PORTS; do
+    echo "Adding exception for TCP port $port"
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p tcp --dport $port -j ACCEPT
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p tcp --sport $port -j ACCEPT
+done
+for port in $ALLOWED_UDP_PORTS; do
+    echo "Adding exception for UDP port $port"
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p udp --dport $port -j ACCEPT
+    iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p udp --sport $port -j ACCEPT
+done
+
+# Add final DROP rule for all other traffic to localhost
+iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p udp -j DROP
+iptables -A $CHAIN_NAME -p tcp -m tcp --syn -j DROP
+
+
+# Ensure our chain is referenced from the OUTPUT chain
+if ! iptables -C OUTPUT -o lo -m owner --uid-owner $USERNAME -j $CHAIN_NAME 2>/dev/null; then
+    iptables -I OUTPUT -o lo -d 127.0.0.1 -m owner --uid-owner $USERNAME -j $CHAIN_NAME
+fi
+
+if [ "$NO_SERVICE" = true ]; then
+    echo "Skipping service rules setup"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Make iptables rules persistent
+if command -v iptables-save >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "Saving iptables rules to make them persistent"
+
+    if [ -d "/etc/iptables" ]; then
+        # Debian/Ubuntu style
+        iptables-save >$RULES_FILE
+        echo "Rules saved to $RULES_FILE"
+    else
+        # Fallback method
+        mkdir -p /etc/iptables
+        iptables-save >$RULES_FILE
+
+        # Create a systemd service to load rules at boot if it doesn't exist
+        if [ ! -f "/etc/systemd/system/iptables-restore.service" ]; then
+            cat >/etc/systemd/system/iptables-restore.service <<EOF
+[Unit]
+Description=Restore iptables firewall rules
+Before=network-pre.target
+Wants=network-pre.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/bin/bash -c 'for f in /etc/iptables/*.v4; do /sbin/iptables-restore "$f"; done'
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+EOF
+            systemctl daemon-reload
+            systemctl enable iptables-restore.service
+            echo "Created and enabled iptables-restore.service"
+        fi
+
+        echo "Rules saved to $RULES_FILE"
+    fi
+else
+    echo "Warning: iptables-save not found. Rules will not persist after reboot."
+    echo "Please install iptables-persistent package or equivalent for your distribution."
+fi
+
+echo "Setup completed for user $USERNAME"
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test-compose.sh b/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test-compose.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a87a2df98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test-compose.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2317 # cleanup is invoked through an EXIT trap
+
+# Test script for vmm-cli.py compose subcommand
+# Tests the refactored create_app_compose method that accepts args directly
+
+set -e  # Exit on any error
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+# Test directory
+TEST_DIR="/tmp/vmm-cli-compose-test"
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+VMM_CLI="$SCRIPT_DIR/../vmm-cli.py"
+
+# Test counter
+TESTS_PASSED=0
+TESTS_TOTAL=0
+
+# Helper functions
+print_test() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}[TEST $((++TESTS_TOTAL))] $1${NC}"
+}
+
+print_success() {
+    echo -e "${GREEN}✓ $1${NC}"
+    ((TESTS_PASSED++))
+}
+
+print_error() {
+    echo -e "${RED}✗ $1${NC}"
+}
+
+cleanup() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Cleaning up test files...${NC}"
+    rm -rf "$TEST_DIR"
+}
+
+setup() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Setting up test environment...${NC}"
+    mkdir -p "$TEST_DIR"
+
+    # Create test docker-compose.yml
+    cat > "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" << 'EOF'
+version: '3'
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:latest
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+    environment:
+      - NODE_ENV=production
+  redis:
+    image: redis:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "6379:6379"
+EOF
+
+    # Create test environment file
+    cat > "$TEST_DIR/test.env" << 'EOF'
+API_KEY=test123
+DEBUG=true
+PORT=8080
+DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@localhost/db
+EOF
+
+    # Create test prelaunch script
+    cat > "$TEST_DIR/prelaunch.sh" << 'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+echo "Starting application..."
+echo "Checking dependencies..."
+sleep 2
+echo "Application ready!"
+EOF
+}
+
+# Test functions
+test_basic_compose() {
+    print_test "Basic compose functionality with minimal parameters"
+
+    if python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-basic \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/basic-output.json" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+
+        if [[ -f "$TEST_DIR/basic-output.json" ]]; then
+            # Verify JSON structure
+            if jq -e '.name == "test-basic"' "$TEST_DIR/basic-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.manifest_version == 2' "$TEST_DIR/basic-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.kms_enabled == false' "$TEST_DIR/basic-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.gateway_enabled == false' "$TEST_DIR/basic-output.json" > /dev/null; then
+                print_success "Basic compose test passed - JSON structure correct"
+                return 0
+            else
+                print_error "Basic compose test failed - JSON structure incorrect"
+                return 1
+            fi
+        else
+            print_error "Basic compose test failed - output file not created"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "Basic compose test failed - command execution failed"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_full_compose() {
+    print_test "Full compose functionality with all optional parameters"
+
+    if python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-full \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --prelaunch-script "$TEST_DIR/prelaunch.sh" \
+        --env-file "$TEST_DIR/test.env" \
+        --kms \
+        --gateway \
+        --local-key-provider \
+        --key-provider-id my-test-provider \
+        --public-logs \
+        --public-sysinfo \
+        --no-instance-id \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+
+        if [[ -f "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" ]]; then
+            # Verify all options are set correctly
+            if jq -e '.name == "test-full"' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.kms_enabled == true' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.gateway_enabled == true' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.local_key_provider_enabled == true' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.key_provider_id == "my-test-provider"' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.public_logs == true' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.public_sysinfo == true' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.no_instance_id == true' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.allowed_envs | length == 4' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+               jq -e '.pre_launch_script' "$TEST_DIR/full-output.json" > /dev/null; then
+                print_success "Full compose test passed - all options set correctly"
+            else
+                print_error "Full compose test failed - options not set correctly"
+                return 1
+            fi
+        else
+            print_error "Full compose test failed - output file not created"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "Full compose test failed - command execution failed"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_env_parsing() {
+    print_test "Environment variable parsing"
+
+    python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-env \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --env-file "$TEST_DIR/test.env" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/env-output.json" > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+    # Check if all environment variables are in allowed_envs
+    if jq -e '.allowed_envs | contains(["API_KEY", "DEBUG", "PORT", "DATABASE_URL"])' "$TEST_DIR/env-output.json" > /dev/null; then
+        print_success "Environment parsing test passed - all env vars included"
+    else
+        print_error "Environment parsing test failed - env vars missing"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_docker_compose_embedding() {
+    print_test "Docker compose file embedding"
+
+    python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-docker \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/docker-output.json" > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+    # Check if docker-compose content is properly embedded
+    if jq -e '.docker_compose_file | contains("nginx:latest")' "$TEST_DIR/docker-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+       jq -e '.docker_compose_file | contains("redis:alpine")' "$TEST_DIR/docker-output.json" > /dev/null; then
+        print_success "Docker compose embedding test passed - content properly embedded"
+    else
+        print_error "Docker compose embedding test failed - content not embedded correctly"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_prelaunch_script() {
+    print_test "Prelaunch script embedding"
+
+    python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-prelaunch \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --prelaunch-script "$TEST_DIR/prelaunch.sh" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/prelaunch-output.json" > /dev/null 2>&1
+
+    # Check if prelaunch script is properly embedded
+    if jq -e '.pre_launch_script | contains("Starting application...")' "$TEST_DIR/prelaunch-output.json" > /dev/null && \
+       jq -e '.pre_launch_script | contains("#!/bin/bash")' "$TEST_DIR/prelaunch-output.json" > /dev/null; then
+        print_success "Prelaunch script test passed - script properly embedded"
+    else
+        print_error "Prelaunch script test failed - script not embedded correctly"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_error_handling() {
+    print_test "Error handling for missing files"
+
+    # Test missing docker-compose file
+    if python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-error \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/nonexistent.yml" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/error-output.json" 2>/dev/null; then
+        print_error "Error handling test failed - should have failed with missing file"
+        return 1
+    else
+        print_success "Error handling test passed - correctly failed with missing docker-compose file"
+    fi
+}
+
+test_help_command() {
+    print_test "Help command functionality"
+
+    if python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose --help > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+        print_success "Help command test passed - help displayed correctly"
+    else
+        print_error "Help command test failed - help command failed"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_hash_generation() {
+    print_test "Compose hash generation"
+
+    # Create two identical compose files
+    python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-hash-1 \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/hash1-output.json" > "$TEST_DIR/hash1.log" 2>&1
+
+    python3 "$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name test-hash-1 \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/hash2-output.json" > "$TEST_DIR/hash2.log" 2>&1
+
+    # Extract hashes from output
+    HASH1=$(grep "Compose hash:" "$TEST_DIR/hash1.log" | cut -d' ' -f3)
+    HASH2=$(grep "Compose hash:" "$TEST_DIR/hash2.log" | cut -d' ' -f3)
+
+    if [[ "$HASH1" == "$HASH2" ]] && [[ -n "$HASH1" ]]; then
+        print_success "Hash generation test passed - identical inputs produce identical hashes"
+    else
+        print_error "Hash generation test failed - hashes don't match or are empty"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Main test execution
+main() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}=== VMM-CLI Compose Subcommand Test Suite ===${NC}"
+    echo ""
+
+    # Check dependencies
+    if ! command -v jq &> /dev/null; then
+        echo -e "${RED}Error: jq is required for JSON testing but not installed${NC}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    if [[ ! -f "$VMM_CLI" ]]; then
+        echo -e "${RED}Error: VMM CLI not found at $VMM_CLI${NC}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    # Setup test environment
+    trap cleanup EXIT
+    setup
+
+    # Run tests (continue even if some fail)
+    test_help_command || true
+    test_basic_compose || true
+    test_full_compose || true
+    test_env_parsing || true
+    test_docker_compose_embedding || true
+    test_prelaunch_script || true
+    test_hash_generation || true
+    test_error_handling || true
+
+    # Results summary
+    echo ""
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}=== Test Results ===${NC}"
+    if [[ $TESTS_PASSED -eq $TESTS_TOTAL ]]; then
+        echo -e "${GREEN}All tests passed! ($TESTS_PASSED/$TESTS_TOTAL)${NC}"
+        exit 0
+    else
+        echo -e "${RED}Some tests failed. ($TESTS_PASSED/$TESTS_TOTAL passed)${NC}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Run main function
+main "$@"
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test-deployment.sh b/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test-deployment.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b7156d1f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test-deployment.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,567 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Test script for vmm-cli.py deployment functionality
+# Tests the complete compose + deploy workflow with local VMM instance
+
+set -e # Exit on any error
+
+# Colors for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+# Configuration
+export DSTACK_VMM_URL=${DSTACK_VMM_URL:-http://localhost:12000}
+VMM_CLI=${VMM_CLI:-../vmm-cli.py}
+TEST_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+
+# Test counter
+TESTS_PASSED=0
+TESTS_TOTAL=0
+
+# VM IDs for cleanup
+DEPLOYED_VMS=()
+
+# Helper functions
+print_test() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}[TEST $((++TESTS_TOTAL))] $1${NC}"
+}
+
+print_success() {
+    echo -e "${GREEN}✓ $1${NC}"
+    ((TESTS_PASSED++))
+}
+
+print_error() {
+    echo -e "${RED}✗ $1${NC}"
+}
+
+cleanup() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Cleaning up test resources...${NC}"
+
+    # Clean up any deployed VMs
+    for vm_id in "${DEPLOYED_VMS[@]}"; do
+        echo "Cleaning up VM: $vm_id"
+
+        # Stop the VM first
+        if "$VMM_CLI" stop "$vm_id" --force 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Forcefully stopped VM $vm_id"
+        else
+            echo "Failed to stop VM $vm_id (may already be stopped)"
+        fi
+
+        # Wait a moment for the stop to complete
+        sleep 1
+
+        # Remove the VM
+        if "$VMM_CLI" remove "$vm_id" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Removed VM $vm_id"
+        else
+            echo "Failed to remove VM $vm_id"
+        fi
+    done
+
+    # Clean up test files
+    rm -rf "$TEST_DIR"
+}
+
+setup() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Setting up test environment...${NC}"
+    mkdir -p "$TEST_DIR"
+
+    # Create test docker-compose.yml
+    cat >"$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" <<'EOF'
+version: '3.8'
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+    environment:
+      - NGINX_HOST=localhost
+      - NGINX_PORT=80
+      - UTF8_STR=你好
+  redis:
+    image: redis:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "6379:6379"
+EOF
+
+    # Create test environment file
+    cat >"$TEST_DIR/test.env" <<'EOF'
+API_KEY=test-deployment-key
+DEBUG=true
+ENVIRONMENT=test
+EOF
+
+    # Create test user config file
+    cat >"$TEST_DIR/user-config.json" <<'EOF'
+{
+  "timezone": "UTC",
+  "locale": "en_US.UTF-8",
+  "custom_settings": {
+    "debug_mode": false,
+    "log_level": "INFO",
+    "test_mode": true
+  },
+  "deployment_info": {
+    "deployed_by": "vmm-cli-test",
+    "deployment_time": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z"
+  }
+}
+EOF
+}
+
+# Test functions
+test_server_connectivity() {
+    print_test "VMM server connectivity"
+
+    if "$VMM_CLI" lsvm >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        print_success "Server connectivity test passed"
+        return 0
+    else
+        print_error "Server connectivity test failed - VMM server not accessible at $DSTACK_VMM_URL"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_list_images() {
+    print_test "List available images"
+
+    local output
+    output=$("$VMM_CLI" lsimage 2>/dev/null)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]] && [[ -n "$output" ]]; then
+        print_success "List images test passed - found available images"
+        return 0
+    else
+        print_error "List images test failed - no images available or command failed"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_compose_creation() {
+    print_test "App compose file creation"
+
+    local output
+    output=$("$VMM_CLI" compose \
+        --name "test-deployment-app" \
+        --docker-compose "$TEST_DIR/docker-compose.yml" \
+        --env-file "$TEST_DIR/test.env" \
+        --output "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" 2>&1)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
+        if [[ -f "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" ]] &&
+            jq -e '.name == "test-deployment-app"' "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" >/dev/null; then
+
+            # Extract and store the compose hash for later verification
+            local compose_hash
+            compose_hash=$(echo "$output" | grep "Compose hash:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+            if [[ -n "$compose_hash" ]]; then
+                echo "$compose_hash" >"$TEST_DIR/compose-hash.txt"
+                echo "Captured compose hash: $compose_hash"
+            fi
+
+            print_success "Compose creation test passed"
+            return 0
+        else
+            print_error "Compose creation test failed - invalid output file"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "Compose creation test failed - command execution failed"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_compose_hash_verification() {
+    print_test "Compose hash verification"
+
+    # Check if we have a captured compose hash from the compose creation test
+    if [[ ! -f "$TEST_DIR/compose-hash.txt" ]]; then
+        print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - no compose hash captured from previous test"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local expected_hash
+    expected_hash=$(cat "$TEST_DIR/compose-hash.txt")
+
+    if [[ -z "$expected_hash" ]]; then
+        print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - empty compose hash"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Get available image for deployment
+    local image
+    image=$("$VMM_CLI" lsimage --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.[0].name // empty')
+
+    if [[ -z "$image" ]]; then
+        print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - no suitable image found"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    # Deploy a VM to get logs with compose hash
+    local output
+    output=$("$VMM_CLI" deploy \
+        --name "test-compose-hash-vm" \
+        --image "$image" \
+        --compose "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" \
+        --vcpu 1 \
+        --memory 1G \
+        --disk 10G 2>&1)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
+        # Extract VM ID from output
+        local vm_id
+        vm_id=$(echo "$output" | grep "Created VM with ID:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+
+        if [[ -n "$vm_id" ]]; then
+            DEPLOYED_VMS+=("$vm_id")
+
+            # Stream VM logs and wait for compose_hash to appear (with 1-minute timeout)
+            echo "Waiting for compose_hash to appear in VM logs (timeout: 60s)..."
+            local timeout=60
+            local elapsed=0
+            local found_hash=false
+
+            while [[ $elapsed -lt $timeout ]] && [[ "$found_hash" == "false" ]]; do
+                local vm_logs
+                vm_logs=$("$VMM_CLI" logs -n 200 "$vm_id" 2>/dev/null)
+                if [[ -n "$vm_logs" ]]; then
+                    # Check if compose_hash appears in the logs
+                    if echo "$vm_logs" | grep -q "\"compose_hash\": \"$expected_hash\""; then
+                        print_success "Compose hash verification test passed - hash matches between CLI and VM logs"
+                        echo "Expected hash: $expected_hash"
+                        echo "Hash found in VM logs: ✓ (after ${elapsed}s)"
+                        return 0
+                    elif echo "$vm_logs" | grep -q "compose_hash"; then
+                        # Found compose_hash but not the expected one - show what we found
+                        local found_compose_hash
+                        found_compose_hash=$(echo "$vm_logs" | grep -o '"compose_hash": "[^"]*"' | head -1)
+                        print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - hash mismatch"
+                        echo "Expected hash: $expected_hash"
+                        echo "Found in logs: $found_compose_hash"
+                        return 1
+                    fi
+                fi
+
+                sleep 2
+                elapsed=$((elapsed + 2))
+                echo -n "."
+            done
+
+            echo ""
+
+            # Timeout reached - get final logs for debugging
+            local final_logs
+            final_logs=$("$VMM_CLI" logs -n 500 "$vm_id" 2>/dev/null)
+
+            if [[ -n "$final_logs" ]]; then
+                print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - timeout waiting for compose_hash"
+                echo "Expected hash: $expected_hash"
+                echo "Timeout: ${timeout}s elapsed"
+                echo "VM logs containing 'compose_hash': $(echo "$final_logs" | grep -n compose_hash || echo 'None found')"
+                echo "VM logs containing 'Measurement Report': $(echo "$final_logs" | grep -n 'Measurement Report' || echo 'None found')"
+                echo "VM logs containing 'app_id': $(echo "$final_logs" | grep -n 'app_id' || echo 'None found')"
+                echo "DEBUG: Last 1000 chars of VM logs:"
+                echo "$final_logs" | tail -c 1000
+            else
+                print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - could not retrieve VM logs after timeout"
+            fi
+
+            return 1
+        else
+            print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - could not extract VM ID"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "Compose hash verification test failed - VM deployment failed"
+        echo "$output"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_deployment() {
+    print_test "VM deployment"
+
+    # Get available image
+    local image
+    image=$("$VMM_CLI" lsimage --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.[0].name // empty')
+
+    if [[ -z "$image" ]]; then
+        print_error "Deployment test failed - no suitable image found"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local output
+    output=$("$VMM_CLI" deploy \
+        --name "test-deployment-vm" \
+        --image "$image" \
+        --compose "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" \
+        --vcpu 1 \
+        --memory 2G \
+        --disk 20G 2>&1)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
+        # Extract VM ID from output
+        local vm_id
+        vm_id=$(echo "$output" | grep "Created VM with ID:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+
+        if [[ -n "$vm_id" ]]; then
+            DEPLOYED_VMS+=("$vm_id")
+            print_success "Deployment test passed - VM created with ID: $vm_id"
+            return 0
+        else
+            print_error "Deployment test failed - could not extract VM ID"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "Deployment test failed - command execution failed"
+        echo "$output"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_vm_listing_with_gpus() {
+    print_test "VM listing with GPU information"
+
+    # Test JSON output functionality
+    local json_output
+    json_output=$("$VMM_CLI" lsvm --json 2>/dev/null)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "$json_output" | jq -e '.[] | select(.name == "test-deployment-vm")' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        # Verify JSON structure contains expected fields
+        local vm_data
+        vm_data=$(echo "$json_output" | jq -r '.[] | select(.name == "test-deployment-vm")')
+
+        if echo "$vm_data" | jq -e '.id and .name and .status and .configuration' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            print_success "VM listing with JSON output test passed - found test VM with proper structure"
+            return 0
+        else
+            print_error "VM listing test failed - JSON structure incomplete"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "VM listing test failed - could not retrieve VM data via JSON"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_vm_logs() {
+    print_test "VM logs retrieval"
+
+    if [[ ${#DEPLOYED_VMS[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+        print_error "VM logs test skipped - no deployed VMs"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local vm_id="${DEPLOYED_VMS[0]}"
+
+    # Wait a moment for VM to start
+    sleep 3
+
+    if "$VMM_CLI" logs "$vm_id" -n 5 >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        print_success "VM logs test passed"
+        return 0
+    else
+        print_error "VM logs test failed"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_vm_lifecycle() {
+    print_test "VM lifecycle management (stop/start)"
+
+    if [[ ${#DEPLOYED_VMS[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
+        print_error "VM lifecycle test skipped - no deployed VMs"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local vm_id="${DEPLOYED_VMS[0]}"
+
+    # Try to stop the VM (gracefully first, then force if needed)
+    if "$VMM_CLI" stop "$vm_id" 2>/dev/null ||
+        "$VMM_CLI" stop "$vm_id" --force 2>/dev/null; then
+
+        # Try to start it again
+        if "$VMM_CLI" start "$vm_id" 2>/dev/null; then
+            print_success "VM lifecycle test passed"
+            return 0
+        else
+            print_error "VM lifecycle test failed - could not restart VM"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "VM lifecycle test failed - could not stop VM"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_stopped_vm_deployment() {
+    print_test "VM deployment with --stopped flag"
+
+    # Get available image
+    local image
+    image=$("$VMM_CLI" lsimage --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.[0].name // empty')
+
+    if [[ -z "$image" ]]; then
+        print_error "Stopped VM deployment test failed - no suitable image found"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local output
+    output=$("$VMM_CLI" deploy \
+        --name "test-stopped-vm" \
+        --image "$image" \
+        --compose "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" \
+        --vcpu 1 \
+        --memory 2G \
+        --disk 20G \
+        --stopped 2>&1)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
+        # Extract VM ID from output
+        local vm_id
+        vm_id=$(echo "$output" | grep "Created VM with ID:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+
+        if [[ -n "$vm_id" ]]; then
+            DEPLOYED_VMS+=("$vm_id")
+
+            # Wait a moment and check VM status - should be stopped
+            sleep 2
+            local status
+            status=$("$VMM_CLI" lsvm --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r ".[] | select(.id == \"$vm_id\") | .status")
+
+            if [[ "$status" == "stopped" ]] || [[ "$status" == "exited" ]]; then
+                print_success "Stopped VM deployment test passed - VM created in stopped state with ID: $vm_id"
+                return 0
+            else
+                print_error "Stopped VM deployment test failed - VM not in stopped state (status: $status)"
+                return 1
+            fi
+        else
+            print_error "Stopped VM deployment test failed - could not extract VM ID"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "Stopped VM deployment test failed - command execution failed"
+        echo "$output"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+test_user_config_deployment() {
+    print_test "VM deployment with --user-config flag"
+
+    # Get available image
+    local image
+    image=$("$VMM_CLI" lsimage --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.[0].name // empty')
+
+    if [[ -z "$image" ]]; then
+        print_error "User config deployment test failed - no suitable image found"
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local output
+    output=$("$VMM_CLI" deploy \
+        --name "test-userconfig-vm" \
+        --image "$image" \
+        --compose "$TEST_DIR/app-compose.json" \
+        --vcpu 1 \
+        --memory 2G \
+        --disk 20G \
+        --user-config "$TEST_DIR/user-config.json" 2>&1)
+
+    if [[ $? -eq 0 ]]; then
+        # Extract VM ID from output
+        local vm_id
+        vm_id=$(echo "$output" | grep "Created VM with ID:" | awk '{print $NF}')
+
+        if [[ -n "$vm_id" ]]; then
+            DEPLOYED_VMS+=("$vm_id")
+
+            # Wait a moment for VM to be fully initialized
+            sleep 2
+
+            # Verify that the user config was actually passed to the backend
+            local vm_user_config
+            vm_user_config=$("$VMM_CLI" lsvm --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r ".[] | select(.id == \"$vm_id\") | .configuration.user_config")
+
+            if [[ -n "$vm_user_config" ]] && [[ "$vm_user_config" != "null" ]] && [[ "$vm_user_config" != "" ]]; then
+                # Check if the user config contains expected content
+                local expected_content="timezone"
+                if echo "$vm_user_config" | grep -q "$expected_content"; then
+                    print_success "User config deployment test passed - VM created with user config, ID: $vm_id"
+                    echo "User config content verified: $(echo "$vm_user_config" | jq -c . 2>/dev/null || echo "$vm_user_config")"
+                    return 0
+                else
+                    print_error "User config deployment test failed - user config content doesn't match expected format"
+                    echo "Received user config: $vm_user_config"
+                    return 1
+                fi
+            else
+                print_error "User config deployment test failed - no user config found in VM configuration"
+                echo "VM user_config field: '$vm_user_config'"
+                return 1
+            fi
+        else
+            print_error "User config deployment test failed - could not extract VM ID"
+            return 1
+        fi
+    else
+        print_error "User config deployment test failed - command execution failed"
+        echo "$output"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Main test execution
+main() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}=== VMM-CLI Deployment Test Suite ===${NC}"
+    echo "Testing against VMM server: $DSTACK_VMM_URL"
+    echo ""
+
+    # Check dependencies
+    if ! command -v jq &>/dev/null; then
+        echo -e "${RED}Error: jq is required for JSON testing but not installed${NC}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    # Setup test environment
+    trap cleanup EXIT
+    setup
+
+    # Run tests (continue even if some fail)
+    test_server_connectivity || {
+        echo "Skipping remaining tests due to connectivity issues"
+        exit 1
+    }
+    test_list_images || true
+    test_compose_creation || true
+    test_compose_hash_verification || true
+    test_deployment || true
+    test_vm_listing_with_gpus || true
+    test_vm_logs || true
+    test_vm_lifecycle || true
+    test_stopped_vm_deployment || true
+    test_user_config_deployment || true
+
+    # Results summary
+    echo ""
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}=== Test Results ===${NC}"
+    if [[ $TESTS_PASSED -eq $TESTS_TOTAL ]]; then
+        echo -e "${GREEN}All tests passed! ($TESTS_PASSED/$TESTS_TOTAL)${NC}"
+        exit 0
+    else
+        echo -e "${RED}Some tests failed. ($TESTS_PASSED/$TESTS_TOTAL passed)${NC}"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Run main function
+main "$@"
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test_vmm_cli.py b/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test_vmm_cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3c33c371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/tests/test_vmm_cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Focused regression tests for vmm-cli update request construction."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import importlib.util
+import io
+import sys
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def load_vmm_cli():
+    """Load the executable vmm-cli.py as a normal Python module."""
+    path = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1] / "vmm-cli.py"
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("dstack_vmm_cli", path)
+    if spec is None or spec.loader is None:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"cannot load {path}")
+    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    sys.modules[spec.name] = module
+    spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+    return module
+
+
+VMM_CLI = load_vmm_cli()
+
+
+class UpdateVmTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Verify update flags are not silently discarded by the CLI."""
+
+    def test_kms_urls_are_sent_to_upgrade_app(self) -> None:
+        """Send both the update flag and requested KMS URL list."""
+        cli = VMM_CLI.VmmCLI("http://127.0.0.1:8080")
+        calls: list[tuple[str, dict]] = []
+        cli.rpc_call = lambda method, params=None: calls.append((method, params)) or {}
+
+        with contextlib.redirect_stdout(io.StringIO()):
+            cli.update_vm("vm-id", kms_urls=["https://kms.example:8000"])
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            calls,
+            [
+                (
+                    "UpgradeApp",
+                    {
+                        "id": "vm-id",
+                        "update_kms_urls": True,
+                        "kms_urls": ["https://kms.example:8000"],
+                    },
+                )
+            ],
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/vm_launcher.rs b/dstack/vmm/src/vm_launcher.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..001d02018
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/vm_launcher.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, OwnedFd};
+use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use nix::{
+    errno::Errno,
+    fcntl::{fcntl, FcntlArg, FdFlag},
+    sys::{
+        prctl,
+        signal::{kill, raise, Signal},
+    },
+    unistd::{dup2, getpid, getppid, setpgid, Pid},
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::process::{Child, Command};
+use tokio::signal::unix::{signal, SignalKind};
+use tokio::time::{sleep, timeout, Instant};
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ChildCommand {
+    pub command: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub args: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LaunchSpec {
+    pub qemu: ChildCommand,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub swtpm: Option<ChildCommand>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub swtpm_socket: Option<PathBuf>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub open_files: Vec<OpenFile>,
+    #[serde(default = "default_startup_timeout_ms")]
+    pub startup_timeout_ms: u64,
+    #[serde(default = "default_shutdown_timeout_ms")]
+    pub shutdown_timeout_ms: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OpenFile {
+    pub fd: i32,
+    pub path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+fn default_startup_timeout_ms() -> u64 {
+    5_000
+}
+
+fn default_shutdown_timeout_ms() -> u64 {
+    10_000
+}
+
+struct SocketCleanup(PathBuf);
+
+impl Drop for SocketCleanup {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.0.exists() {
+            if let Err(error) = fs_err::remove_file(&self.0) {
+                warn!(path = %self.0.display(), %error, "failed to clean up swtpm socket");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl LaunchSpec {
+    fn is_single_process(&self) -> bool {
+        self.swtpm.is_none()
+    }
+}
+
+struct PreparedOpenFiles {
+    // Retain the original device handles through the fork or exec handoff;
+    // they close automatically when this prepared set leaves scope.
+    _opened: Vec<fs_err::File>,
+    // Own the collision-free source fds used by dup2. Dropping these before
+    // fork or exec would close the source fds while `mappings` still refers to them.
+    _inherited: Vec<OwnedFd>,
+    mappings: Vec<(i32, i32)>,
+}
+
+fn prepare_open_files(open_files: &[OpenFile]) -> Result<PreparedOpenFiles> {
+    let opened = open_files
+        .iter()
+        .map(|file| {
+            fs_err::OpenOptions::new()
+                .read(true)
+                .write(true)
+                .open(&file.path)
+                .with_context(|| format!("failed to open {}", file.path.display()))
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let max_target = open_files.iter().map(|file| file.fd).max().unwrap_or(2);
+    let inherited = opened
+        .iter()
+        .map(|file| {
+            let fd = fcntl(file.as_raw_fd(), FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(max_target + 1))
+                .context("failed to reserve inherited file descriptor")?;
+            // SAFETY: F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC returned a new descriptor owned by this process.
+            Ok(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd) })
+        })
+        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+    let mappings = open_files
+        .iter()
+        .zip(&inherited)
+        .map(|(file, opened)| (file.fd, opened.as_raw_fd()))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    Ok(PreparedOpenFiles {
+        _opened: opened,
+        _inherited: inherited,
+        mappings,
+    })
+}
+
+fn prepare_child(expected_parent: libc::pid_t, mappings: &[(i32, i32)]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    setpgid(Pid::from_raw(0), Pid::from_raw(0))?;
+    prctl::set_pdeathsig(Signal::SIGKILL)?;
+    if getppid().as_raw() != expected_parent {
+        raise(Signal::SIGKILL)?;
+    }
+    for &(target, source) in mappings {
+        if target < 3 {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::new(
+                std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                "open file target fd must be at least 3",
+            ));
+        }
+        if source == target {
+            fcntl(target, FcntlArg::F_SETFD(FdFlag::empty()))?;
+        } else {
+            dup2(source, target)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn spawn_child(spec: &ChildCommand, open_files: &[OpenFile]) -> Result<Child> {
+    let parent = getpid().as_raw();
+    let mut command = Command::new(&spec.command);
+    command.args(&spec.args);
+    let prepared = prepare_open_files(open_files)?;
+    let mappings = prepared.mappings.clone();
+    // SAFETY: pre_exec only invokes async-signal-safe libc operations. Checking
+    // the parent after PR_SET_PDEATHSIG closes the fork/parent-exit race.
+    unsafe {
+        command
+            .as_std_mut()
+            .pre_exec(move || prepare_child(parent, &mappings));
+    }
+    command
+        .spawn()
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to start {}", spec.command))
+}
+
+fn exec_in_place(spec: &ChildCommand, open_files: &[OpenFile]) -> Result<()> {
+    let prepared = prepare_open_files(open_files)?;
+    let parent = getppid().as_raw();
+    prepare_child(parent, &prepared.mappings).context("failed to prepare in-place QEMU exec")?;
+    let mut command = std::process::Command::new(&spec.command);
+    command.args(&spec.args);
+    let error = command.exec();
+    Err(error).with_context(|| format!("failed to exec {}", spec.command))
+}
+
+async fn stop_child(child: &mut Child, name: &str, grace: Duration) {
+    let Some(pid) = child.id() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    if let Err(error) = kill(Pid::from_raw(-(pid as libc::pid_t)), Signal::SIGTERM) {
+        if error != Errno::ESRCH {
+            warn!(%pid, %name, %error, "failed to terminate child");
+        }
+    }
+    match timeout(grace, child.wait()).await {
+        Ok(Ok(status)) => info!(%pid, %name, %status, "child stopped"),
+        Ok(Err(error)) => warn!(%pid, %name, %error, "failed to wait for child"),
+        Err(_) => {
+            warn!(%pid, %name, "child did not stop gracefully; killing");
+            if let Err(error) = kill(Pid::from_raw(-(pid as libc::pid_t)), Signal::SIGKILL) {
+                if error != Errno::ESRCH {
+                    warn!(%pid, %name, %error, "failed to kill child process group");
+                }
+            }
+            if let Err(error) = child.wait().await {
+                warn!(%pid, %name, %error, "failed to reap killed child");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_swtpm(swtpm: &mut Child, socket: &Path, deadline: Instant) -> Result<()> {
+    loop {
+        if socket.exists() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            bail!("timed out waiting for swtpm socket {}", socket.display());
+        }
+        tokio::select! {
+            status = swtpm.wait() => {
+                bail!("swtpm exited before socket was ready: {}", status?);
+            }
+            _ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)) => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn run(spec_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let raw = fs_err::read(spec_path)
+        .with_context(|| format!("failed to read launch spec {}", spec_path.display()))?;
+    let spec: LaunchSpec = serde_json::from_slice(&raw).context("failed to parse launch spec")?;
+    if spec.is_single_process() {
+        return exec_in_place(&spec.qemu, &spec.open_files);
+    }
+    let _socket_cleanup = spec.swtpm_socket.clone().map(SocketCleanup);
+    if let Some(socket) = &spec.swtpm_socket {
+        if socket.exists() {
+            fs_err::remove_file(socket).context("failed to remove stale swtpm socket")?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let grace = Duration::from_millis(spec.shutdown_timeout_ms);
+    let mut terminate = signal(SignalKind::terminate()).context("failed to watch SIGTERM")?;
+    let mut interrupt = signal(SignalKind::interrupt()).context("failed to watch SIGINT")?;
+    let mut swtpm = if let Some(command) = &spec.swtpm {
+        Some(spawn_child(command, &[])?)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    enum StartupExit {
+        Ready,
+        Error(anyhow::Error),
+        Signal,
+    }
+    let startup_exit = if let (Some(swtpm), Some(socket)) = (&mut swtpm, &spec.swtpm_socket) {
+        let startup = wait_for_swtpm(
+            swtpm,
+            socket,
+            Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(spec.startup_timeout_ms),
+        );
+        tokio::pin!(startup);
+        tokio::select! {
+            result = &mut startup => match result {
+                Ok(()) => StartupExit::Ready,
+                Err(error) => StartupExit::Error(error),
+            },
+            _ = terminate.recv() => StartupExit::Signal,
+            _ = interrupt.recv() => StartupExit::Signal,
+        }
+    } else {
+        StartupExit::Ready
+    };
+    match startup_exit {
+        StartupExit::Ready => {}
+        StartupExit::Error(error) => {
+            if let Some(child) = &mut swtpm {
+                stop_child(child, "swtpm", grace).await;
+            }
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+        StartupExit::Signal => {
+            if let Some(child) = &mut swtpm {
+                stop_child(child, "swtpm", grace).await;
+            }
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut qemu = match spawn_child(&spec.qemu, &spec.open_files) {
+        Ok(child) => child,
+        Err(error) => {
+            if let Some(child) = &mut swtpm {
+                stop_child(child, "swtpm", grace).await;
+            }
+            return Err(error);
+        }
+    };
+    info!(
+        qemu_pid = qemu.id(),
+        swtpm_pid = swtpm.as_ref().and_then(|child| child.id()),
+        "VM processes started"
+    );
+
+    enum Exit {
+        Signal,
+        Qemu(std::process::ExitStatus),
+        Swtpm(std::process::ExitStatus),
+    }
+    let exit = tokio::select! {
+        _ = terminate.recv() => Exit::Signal,
+        _ = interrupt.recv() => Exit::Signal,
+        status = qemu.wait() => Exit::Qemu(status.context("failed to wait for QEMU")?),
+        status = async {
+            match &mut swtpm {
+                Some(child) => child.wait().await,
+                None => std::future::pending().await,
+            }
+        } => Exit::Swtpm(status.context("failed to wait for swtpm")?),
+    };
+
+    match exit {
+        Exit::Signal => {
+            stop_child(&mut qemu, "qemu", grace).await;
+            if let Some(child) = &mut swtpm {
+                stop_child(child, "swtpm", grace).await;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Exit::Qemu(status) => {
+            if let Some(child) = &mut swtpm {
+                stop_child(child, "swtpm", grace).await;
+            }
+            if status.success() {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                bail!("QEMU exited with {status}")
+            }
+        }
+        Exit::Swtpm(status) => {
+            error!(%status, "swtpm exited while QEMU was running");
+            stop_child(&mut qemu, "qemu", grace).await;
+            bail!("swtpm exited with {status}")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::os::unix::net::UnixListener;
+
+    fn shell(script: String) -> ChildCommand {
+        ChildCommand {
+            command: "/bin/sh".into(),
+            args: vec!["-c".into(), script],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn process_is_gone(pid: libc::pid_t) -> bool {
+        matches!(kill(Pid::from_raw(pid), None), Err(Errno::ESRCH))
+    }
+
+    async fn create_fake_socket(path: PathBuf) {
+        sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let _listener = UnixListener::bind(path).unwrap();
+        sleep(Duration::from_secs(5)).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn passes_open_file_to_child() -> Result<()> {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+        let input = dir.path().join("input");
+        let output = dir.path().join("output");
+        fs_err::write(&input, b"macvtap-fd")?;
+        let command = shell(format!("cat <&3 > {}", output.display()));
+        let open_files = vec![OpenFile { fd: 3, path: input }];
+        let mut child = spawn_child(&command, &open_files)?;
+        assert!(child.wait().await?.success());
+
+        assert_eq!(fs_err::read(output)?, b"macvtap-fd");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_process_launch_omits_swtpm() {
+        let mut spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: shell("exit 0".into()),
+            swtpm: None,
+            swtpm_socket: None,
+            open_files: vec![],
+            startup_timeout_ms: 1_000,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 1_000,
+        };
+        assert!(spec.is_single_process());
+        spec.swtpm = Some(shell("exit 0".into()));
+        assert!(!spec.is_single_process());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn qemu_failure_stops_and_reaps_swtpm() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let socket = dir.path().join("swtpm.sock");
+        let swtpm_pid = dir.path().join("swtpm.pid");
+        let spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: shell("exit 7".into()),
+            swtpm: Some(shell(format!(
+                "echo $$ > {}; sleep 30",
+                swtpm_pid.display()
+            ))),
+            swtpm_socket: Some(socket.clone()),
+            open_files: vec![],
+            startup_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 500,
+        };
+        let spec_path = dir.path().join("spec.json");
+        fs_err::write(&spec_path, serde_json::to_vec(&spec).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        tokio::spawn(create_fake_socket(socket));
+
+        assert!(run(&spec_path).await.is_err());
+        let pid: libc::pid_t = fs_err::read_to_string(swtpm_pid)
+            .unwrap()
+            .trim()
+            .parse()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(process_is_gone(pid));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn swtpm_failure_stops_and_reaps_qemu() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let socket = dir.path().join("swtpm.sock");
+        let qemu_pid = dir.path().join("qemu.pid");
+        let spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: shell(format!("echo $$ > {}; sleep 30", qemu_pid.display())),
+            swtpm: Some(shell("sleep 0.2; exit 9".into())),
+            swtpm_socket: Some(socket.clone()),
+            open_files: vec![],
+            startup_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 500,
+        };
+        let spec_path = dir.path().join("spec.json");
+        fs_err::write(&spec_path, serde_json::to_vec(&spec).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        tokio::spawn(create_fake_socket(socket));
+
+        assert!(run(&spec_path).await.is_err());
+        let pid: libc::pid_t = fs_err::read_to_string(qemu_pid)
+            .unwrap()
+            .trim()
+            .parse()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(process_is_gone(pid));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn startup_timeout_stops_swtpm_and_removes_socket() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let socket = dir.path().join("swtpm.sock");
+        let swtpm_pid = dir.path().join("swtpm.pid");
+        let spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: shell("exit 0".into()),
+            swtpm: Some(shell(format!(
+                "echo $$ > {}; sleep 30",
+                swtpm_pid.display()
+            ))),
+            swtpm_socket: Some(socket.clone()),
+            open_files: vec![],
+            startup_timeout_ms: 100,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 500,
+        };
+        let spec_path = dir.path().join("spec.json");
+        fs_err::write(&spec_path, serde_json::to_vec(&spec).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(run(&spec_path).await.is_err());
+        let pid: libc::pid_t = fs_err::read_to_string(swtpm_pid)
+            .unwrap()
+            .trim()
+            .parse()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(process_is_gone(pid));
+        assert!(!socket.exists());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn successful_qemu_exit_stops_swtpm_and_cleans_socket() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let socket = dir.path().join("swtpm.sock");
+        let swtpm_pid = dir.path().join("swtpm.pid");
+        let spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: shell("sleep 0.1; exit 0".into()),
+            swtpm: Some(shell(format!(
+                "echo $$ > {}; sleep 30",
+                swtpm_pid.display()
+            ))),
+            swtpm_socket: Some(socket.clone()),
+            open_files: vec![],
+            startup_timeout_ms: 2_000,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 500,
+        };
+        let spec_path = dir.path().join("spec.json");
+        fs_err::write(&spec_path, serde_json::to_vec(&spec).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        tokio::spawn(create_fake_socket(socket.clone()));
+
+        assert!(run(&spec_path).await.is_ok());
+        let pid: libc::pid_t = fs_err::read_to_string(swtpm_pid)
+            .unwrap()
+            .trim()
+            .parse()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(process_is_gone(pid));
+        assert!(!socket.exists());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn swtpm_spawn_failure_removes_stale_socket_without_starting_qemu() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let socket = dir.path().join("swtpm.sock");
+        fs_err::write(&socket, b"stale").unwrap();
+        let qemu_marker = dir.path().join("qemu-started");
+        let spec = LaunchSpec {
+            qemu: shell(format!("touch {}", qemu_marker.display())),
+            swtpm: Some(ChildCommand {
+                command: dir.path().join("missing-swtpm").display().to_string(),
+                args: vec![],
+            }),
+            swtpm_socket: Some(socket.clone()),
+            open_files: vec![],
+            startup_timeout_ms: 100,
+            shutdown_timeout_ms: 100,
+        };
+        let spec_path = dir.path().join("spec.json");
+        fs_err::write(&spec_path, serde_json::to_vec(&spec).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(run(&spec_path).await.is_err());
+        assert!(!socket.exists());
+        assert!(!qemu_marker.exists());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/vmm-cli.py b/dstack/vmm/src/vmm-cli.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1a533434f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/vmm-cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2094 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""CLI tool for managing dstack-vmm virtual machines."""
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import argparse
+import base64
+import hashlib
+import http.client
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import ssl
+import sys
+import urllib.parse
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+# Optional cryptography imports - only needed for encrypted environment variables
+try:
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import x25519
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
+    from eth_keys import keys
+    from eth_utils import keccak
+
+    CRYPTO_AVAILABLE = True
+except ImportError:
+    CRYPTO_AVAILABLE = False
+
+# Default config file locations
+DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH = os.path.expanduser("~/.dstack-vmm/config.json")
+DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH = os.path.expanduser("~/.dstack-vmm/kms-whitelist.json")
+
+
+# VMM discovery directories
+# Each user's instances are in $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/dstack-vmm (typically /run/user/<uid>/dstack-vmm).
+# CLI scans all users' directories so operators can see every instance on the host.
+def _get_discovery_dirs() -> List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]:
+    """Return list of (discovery_dir, username) tuples."""
+    import pwd
+
+    dirs = []
+    run_user = "/run/user"
+    if os.path.isdir(run_user):
+        try:
+            for uid_str in os.listdir(run_user):
+                candidate = os.path.join(run_user, uid_str, "dstack-vmm")
+                if os.path.isdir(candidate):
+                    try:
+                        username = pwd.getpwuid(int(uid_str)).pw_name
+                    except (KeyError, ValueError):
+                        username = f"uid:{uid_str}"
+                    dirs.append((candidate, username))
+        except PermissionError:
+            pass
+    return dirs
+
+
+def load_config() -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Load configuration from the default config file.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dictionary with configuration values (url, auth_user, auth_password,
+        auth_token)
+
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH):
+        return {}
+
+    try:
+        with open(DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH, "r") as f:
+            return json.load(f)
+    except (json.JSONDecodeError, FileNotFoundError):
+        return {}
+
+
+def discover_vmm_instances() -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Discover all running VMM instances across all users on the host.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of VMM instance info dicts, sorted by started_at.
+
+    """
+    instances = []
+    for discovery_dir, username in _get_discovery_dirs():
+        for fname in os.listdir(discovery_dir):
+            if not fname.endswith(".json"):
+                continue
+            fpath = os.path.join(discovery_dir, fname)
+            try:
+                with open(fpath, "r") as f:
+                    info = json.load(f)
+                pid = info.get("pid")
+                if pid and not os.path.exists(f"/proc/{pid}"):
+                    continue
+                if username:
+                    info["user"] = username
+                instances.append(info)
+            except (json.JSONDecodeError, FileNotFoundError, PermissionError):
+                continue
+
+    instances.sort(key=lambda x: x.get("started_at", 0))
+    return instances
+
+
+def resolve_vmm_url(
+    instances: List[Dict[str, Any]],
+    config: Dict[str, Any],
+    explicit_url: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Resolve the VMM URL to connect to.
+
+    Priority:
+    1. Explicit --url flag
+    2. DSTACK_VMM_URL env var
+    3. Config file url
+    4. If exactly one VMM instance is discovered, use that
+    5. If active instance is set in config, use that
+    6. Fall back to default
+
+    Returns the URL string.
+    """
+    # If user explicitly provided --url or env var, honor it
+    env_url = os.environ.get("DSTACK_VMM_URL")
+    if explicit_url and explicit_url != "http://localhost:8080":
+        return explicit_url
+    if env_url:
+        return env_url
+    config_url = config.get("url")
+    if config_url:
+        return config_url
+
+    # Try auto-discovery
+    active_id = config.get("active_vmm")
+    if active_id:
+        for inst in instances:
+            if inst["id"] == active_id or inst["id"].startswith(active_id):
+                return vmm_address_to_url(inst)
+
+    if len(instances) == 1:
+        return vmm_address_to_url(instances[0])
+
+    return "http://localhost:8080"
+
+
+def vmm_address_to_url(instance: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """Convert a VMM instance info dict to a connection URL."""
+    addr = instance.get("address", "")
+    if addr.startswith("unix:"):
+        # Resolve relative socket path against working directory
+        socket_path = addr[5:]
+        if not os.path.isabs(socket_path):
+            working_dir = instance.get("working_dir", "")
+            socket_path = os.path.join(working_dir, socket_path)
+        return f"unix:{socket_path}"
+    elif addr.startswith("http://") or addr.startswith("https://"):
+        return addr
+    else:
+        # host:port format from discovery
+        host, _, port = addr.rpartition(":")
+        if host == "0.0.0.0":
+            host = "127.0.0.1"
+        return f"http://{host}:{port}"
+
+
+def save_active_vmm(vmm_id: str):
+    """Save the active VMM instance ID to the config file."""
+    config = load_config()
+    config["active_vmm"] = vmm_id
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH), exist_ok=True)
+    with open(DEFAULT_CONFIG_PATH, "w") as f:
+        json.dump(config, f, indent=2)
+
+
+def cmd_ls_vmm(args):
+    """List all discovered VMM instances."""
+    instances = discover_vmm_instances()
+    config = load_config()
+    active_id = config.get("active_vmm")
+
+    if not instances:
+        print("No running VMM instances found.")
+        print(
+            f"  (scanned: {', '.join(d for d, _ in _get_discovery_dirs()) or '/run/user/*/dstack-vmm'})"
+        )
+        return
+
+    if getattr(args, "json", False):
+        print(json.dumps(instances, indent=2))
+        return
+
+    # Table output
+
+    fmt = "  {active} {id:<12s} {pid:<8s} {user:<10s} {node:<12s} {address:<24s} {workdir}"
+    print(
+        fmt.format(
+            active="",
+            id="ID",
+            pid="PID",
+            user="USER",
+            node="NAME",
+            address="ADDRESS",
+            workdir="WORKING DIR",
+        )
+    )
+    print("  " + "-" * 100)
+
+    for inst in instances:
+        short_id = inst["id"][:8]
+        is_active = "*" if active_id and inst["id"].startswith(active_id) else " "
+        node_name = inst.get("node_name", "") or "-"
+        address = inst.get("address", "?")
+
+        print(
+            fmt.format(
+                active=is_active,
+                id=short_id,
+                pid=str(inst.get("pid", "?")),
+                user=inst.get("user", "?")[:10],
+                node=node_name[:12],
+                address=address[:24],
+                workdir=inst.get("working_dir", "?"),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def cmd_switch_vmm(args):
+    """Switch the active VMM instance."""
+    target = args.vmm_id
+    instances = discover_vmm_instances()
+
+    if not instances:
+        print("No running VMM instances found.")
+        return
+
+    # Find matching instance by prefix
+    matches = [i for i in instances if i["id"].startswith(target)]
+    if len(matches) == 0:
+        print(f"No VMM instance matching '{target}'.")
+        print("Available instances:")
+        for inst in instances:
+            print(
+                f"  {inst['id'][:8]}  {inst.get('address', '?')}  {inst.get('working_dir', '?')}"
+            )
+        return
+    if len(matches) > 1:
+        print(f"Ambiguous ID '{target}', matches multiple instances:")
+        for inst in matches:
+            print(f"  {inst['id'][:8]}  {inst.get('address', '?')}")
+        return
+
+    selected = matches[0]
+    save_active_vmm(selected["id"])
+    url = vmm_address_to_url(selected)
+    print(f"Switched to VMM {selected['id'][:8]} ({url})")
+
+
+def encrypt_env(envs, hex_public_key: str) -> str:
+    """Encrypts environment variables using a one-time X25519 key exchange and AES-GCM.
+
+    This function does the following:
+      1. Converts the given environment variables to JSON bytes.
+      2. Removes a leading "0x" from the provided public key (if present) and converts it to bytes.
+      3. Generates an ephemeral X25519 key pair.
+      4. Computes a shared secret using this ephemeral private key and the remote public key.
+      5. Uses the shared key directly as the 32-byte key for AES-GCM.
+      6. Encrypts the JSON string with AES-GCM using a randomly generated IV.
+      7. Concatenates the ephemeral public key, IV, and ciphertext and returns it as a hex string.
+
+    Args:
+        envs: The environment variables to encrypt. This can be any JSON-serializable data structure.
+        hex_public_key: The remote encryption public key in hexadecimal format.
+
+    Returns:
+        A hexadecimal string that is the concatenation of:
+          (ephemeral public key || IV || ciphertext).
+
+    """
+    if not CRYPTO_AVAILABLE:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Cryptography libraries not available. Please install them with:\n"
+            "pip install cryptography eth-keys eth-utils"
+        )
+
+    # Serialize the environment variables to JSON and encode to bytes.
+    envs_json = json.dumps({"env": envs}).encode("utf-8")
+
+    # Remove the "0x" prefix if present.
+    if hex_public_key.startswith("0x"):
+        hex_public_key = hex_public_key[2:]
+
+    # Convert the hexadecimal public key to bytes.
+    remote_pubkey_bytes = bytes.fromhex(hex_public_key)
+
+    # Generate an ephemeral X25519 key pair.
+    ephemeral_private_key = x25519.X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+    ephemeral_public_key = ephemeral_private_key.public_key()
+
+    # Compute the shared secret using X25519.
+    peer_public_key = x25519.X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(remote_pubkey_bytes)
+    shared = ephemeral_private_key.exchange(peer_public_key)
+
+    # Use the shared secret as a key for AES-GCM encryption (AES-256 needs 32 bytes).
+    aesgcm = AESGCM(shared)
+    iv = os.urandom(12)  # 12-byte nonce (IV) for AES-GCM.
+    ciphertext = aesgcm.encrypt(iv, envs_json, None)
+
+    # Serialize the ephemeral public key to raw bytes.
+    ephemeral_public_bytes = ephemeral_public_key.public_bytes(
+        encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw, format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+    )
+
+    # Combine ephemeral public key, IV, and ciphertext.
+    result = ephemeral_public_bytes + iv + ciphertext
+
+    # Return the result as a hexadecimal string.
+    return result.hex()
+
+
+def parse_port_mapping(port_str: str) -> Dict:
+    """Parse a port mapping string into a dictionary."""
+    parts = port_str.split(":")
+    if len(parts) == 3:
+        return {
+            "protocol": parts[0],
+            "host_address": "127.0.0.1",
+            "host_port": int(parts[1]),
+            "vm_port": int(parts[2]),
+        }
+    elif len(parts) == 4:
+        return {
+            "protocol": parts[0],
+            "host_address": parts[1],
+            "host_port": int(parts[2]),
+            "vm_port": int(parts[3]),
+        }
+    else:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f"Invalid port mapping format: {port_str}")
+
+
+def read_utf8(filepath: str) -> str:
+    """Read a file and return its contents as a UTF-8 string."""
+    with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
+        return f.read().decode("utf-8")
+
+
+class UnixSocketHTTPConnection(http.client.HTTPConnection):
+    """HTTPConnection that connects to a Unix domain socket."""
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_path, timeout=None):
+        """Initialize with the given Unix socket path."""
+        super().__init__("localhost", timeout=timeout)
+        self.socket_path = socket_path
+
+    def connect(self):
+        """Connect to the Unix domain socket."""
+        sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        if self.timeout:
+            sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+        sock.connect(self.socket_path)
+        self.sock = sock
+
+
+class VmmClient:
+    """A unified HTTP client that supports both regular HTTP and Unix Domain Sockets."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        base_url: str,
+        auth_user: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_password: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_token: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the client with a base URL and optional auth credentials.
+
+        Two credential forms are supported for a VMM with `[auth]` enabled:
+        a bearer token (sent as `Authorization: Bearer <token>`), or HTTP Basic
+        (user + password). A bearer token takes precedence when both are set.
+        """
+        self.base_url = base_url.rstrip("/")
+        self.use_uds = self.base_url.startswith("unix:")
+        self.auth_user = auth_user or None
+        self.auth_password = auth_password or None
+        self.auth_token = auth_token or None
+        # fail fast on a half-configured Basic credential: silently sending no
+        # auth header would make requests fail against `[auth] enabled = true`
+        # in a way that is hard to diagnose.
+        if not self.auth_token and bool(self.auth_user) != bool(self.auth_password):
+            missing = "password" if self.auth_user else "username"
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"incomplete VMM Basic auth credentials: {missing} is missing. "
+                "set both username and password, or use a bearer token "
+                "(--token / DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN)."
+            )
+
+        if self.use_uds:
+            self.uds_path = self.base_url[5:]  # Remove 'unix:' prefix
+        else:
+            # Parse the base URL for regular HTTP connections
+            self.parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.base_url)
+            self.host = self.parsed_url.netloc
+            self.is_https = self.parsed_url.scheme == "https"
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        path: str,
+        headers: Dict[str, str] = None,
+        body: Any = None,
+        stream: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, Union[Dict, str, BinaryIO]]:
+        """Make an HTTP request to the server.
+
+        Args:
+            method: HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.)
+            path: URL path
+            headers: HTTP headers
+            body: Request body (will be JSON serialized if a dict)
+            stream: If True, return a file-like object for reading the response
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (status_code, response_data)
+
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+
+        # Add an auth header when credentials are provided. A bearer token wins
+        # over Basic when both happen to be set.
+        if "Authorization" not in headers:
+            if self.auth_token:
+                headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {self.auth_token}"
+            elif self.auth_user and self.auth_password:
+                credentials = f"{self.auth_user}:{self.auth_password}"
+                encoded_credentials = base64.b64encode(
+                    credentials.encode("utf-8")
+                ).decode("ascii")
+                headers["Authorization"] = f"Basic {encoded_credentials}"
+
+        # Prepare the body
+        if isinstance(body, dict):
+            body = json.dumps(body).encode("utf-8")
+            if "Content-Type" not in headers:
+                headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
+
+        # Create the appropriate connection
+        if self.use_uds:
+            conn = UnixSocketHTTPConnection(self.uds_path)
+        else:
+            if self.is_https:
+                # TODO: we should verify TLS cert.
+                context = ssl.create_default_context()
+                context.check_hostname = False
+                context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+                conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection(self.host, context=context)
+            else:
+                conn = http.client.HTTPConnection(self.host)
+
+        try:
+            # Make the request
+            conn.request(method, path, body=body, headers=headers)
+            response = conn.getresponse()
+
+            status = response.status
+
+            # Handle the response based on the stream parameter
+            if stream:
+                return status, response
+            else:
+                data = response.read()
+
+                # Try to parse as JSON if it looks like JSON
+                content_type = response.getheader("Content-Type", "")
+                if (
+                    "application/json" in content_type
+                    or data.startswith(b"{")
+                    or data.startswith(b"[")
+                ):
+                    try:
+                        return status, json.loads(data.decode("utf-8"))
+                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                        pass
+
+                # Return as string if not JSON
+                return status, data.decode("utf-8")
+        except Exception as e:
+            if not stream:
+                conn.close()
+            raise e
+
+        # Note: when stream=True, the caller must close the connection when done
+
+
+class VmmCLI:
+    """Command-line interface for the dstack-vmm API."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        base_url: str,
+        auth_user: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_password: Optional[str] = None,
+        auth_token: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the CLI with a base URL and optional auth credentials."""
+        self.base_url = base_url.rstrip("/")
+        self.headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
+        self.client = VmmClient(base_url, auth_user, auth_password, auth_token)
+
+    def rpc_call(self, method: str, params: Optional[Dict] = None) -> Dict:
+        """Make an RPC call to the dstack-vmm API."""
+        path = f"/prpc/{method}?json"
+        status, response = self.client.request(
+            "POST", path, headers=self.headers, body=params or {}
+        )
+
+        if status != 200:
+            if isinstance(response, str):
+                error_msg = response
+            else:
+                error_msg = str(response)
+            raise Exception(f"API call failed: {error_msg}")
+
+        return response
+
+    def list_vms(self, verbose: bool = False, json_output: bool = False) -> None:
+        """List all VMs and their status."""
+        response = self.rpc_call("Status")
+        vms = response["vms"]
+
+        if json_output:
+            # Return raw JSON data for automation/testing
+            print(json.dumps(vms, indent=2))
+            return
+
+        if not vms:
+            print("No VMs found")
+            return
+
+        headers = ["VM ID", "App ID", "Name", "Status", "Uptime"]
+        if verbose:
+            headers.extend(["Instance ID", "vCPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Image", "GPUs"])
+
+        rows = []
+        for vm in vms:
+            row = [
+                vm["id"],
+                vm["app_id"],
+                vm["name"],
+                vm["status"],
+                vm.get("uptime", "-"),
+            ]
+
+            if verbose:
+                config = vm.get("configuration", {})
+                gpu_info = self._format_gpu_info(config.get("gpus"))
+                row.extend(
+                    [
+                        vm.get("instance_id", "-") or "-",
+                        config.get("vcpu", "-"),
+                        f"{config.get('memory', '-')}MB",
+                        f"{config.get('disk_size', '-')}GB",
+                        config.get("image", "-"),
+                        gpu_info,
+                    ]
+                )
+
+            rows.append(row)
+
+        print(format_table(rows, headers))
+
+    def _format_gpu_info(self, gpu_config):
+        """Format GPU configuration for display."""
+        if not gpu_config:
+            return "-"
+
+        attach_mode = gpu_config.get("attach_mode", "")
+        gpus = gpu_config.get("gpus", [])
+
+        if attach_mode == "all":
+            return "All GPUs"
+        elif attach_mode == "listed" and gpus:
+            gpu_slots = [gpu.get("slot", "Unknown") for gpu in gpus]
+            return ", ".join(gpu_slots)
+        else:
+            return "-"
+
+    def start_vm(self, vm_id: str) -> None:
+        """Start a VM."""
+        self.rpc_call("StartVm", {"id": vm_id})
+        print(f"Started VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def stop_vm(self, vm_id: str, force: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Stop a VM."""
+        if force:
+            self.rpc_call("StopVm", {"id": vm_id})
+            print(f"Forcefully stopped VM {vm_id}")
+        else:
+            self.rpc_call("ShutdownVm", {"id": vm_id})
+            print(f"Gracefully shutting down VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def remove_vm(self, vm_id: str) -> None:
+        """Remove a VM."""
+        self.rpc_call("RemoveVm", {"id": vm_id})
+        print(f"Removed VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def resize_vm(
+        self,
+        vm_id: str,
+        vcpu: Optional[int] = None,
+        memory: Optional[int] = None,
+        disk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        image: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Resize a VM."""
+        params = {"id": vm_id}
+        if vcpu is not None:
+            params["vcpu"] = vcpu
+        if memory is not None:
+            params["memory"] = memory
+        if disk_size is not None:
+            params["disk_size"] = disk_size
+        if image is not None:
+            params["image"] = image
+
+        if len(params) == 1:
+            raise Exception(
+                "at least one parameter must be specified for resize: --vcpu, --memory, --disk, or --image"
+            )
+
+        self.rpc_call("ResizeVm", params)
+        print(f"Resized VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def show_logs(self, vm_id: str, lines: int = 20, follow: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Show VM logs."""
+        path = f"/logs?id={vm_id}&follow={str(follow).lower()}&ansi=false&lines={lines}"
+
+        status, response = self.client.request(
+            "GET", path, headers=self.headers, stream=follow
+        )
+
+        if status != 200:
+            if isinstance(response, str):
+                error_msg = response
+            else:
+                error_msg = str(response)
+            print(f"Failed to get logs: {error_msg}")
+            return
+
+        if follow:
+            try:
+                # For streamed responses, response is a file-like object
+                while True:
+                    line = response.readline()
+                    if not line:
+                        break
+                    print(line.decode("utf-8").rstrip())
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                # Allow clean exit with Ctrl+C
+                return
+            finally:
+                # Close the connection when done
+                response.close()
+        else:
+            # For non-streamed responses, response is already the data
+            print(response)
+
+    def list_images(self, json_output: bool = False) -> None:
+        """List available images."""
+        response = self.rpc_call("ListImages")
+        images = response["images"]
+
+        if json_output:
+            # Return raw JSON data for automation/testing
+            print(json.dumps(images, indent=2))
+            return
+
+        if not images:
+            print("No images found")
+            return
+
+        headers = ["Name", "Version"]
+        rows = [[img["name"], img.get("version", "-")] for img in images]
+        print(format_table(rows, headers))
+
+    def get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(
+        self, app_id: str, kms_url: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Dict:
+        """Get the encryption public key for the specified application ID."""
+        if kms_url:
+            client = VmmClient(kms_url)
+            path = "/prpc/GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey?json"
+            status, response = client.request(
+                "POST",
+                path,
+                headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                body={"app_id": app_id},
+            )
+            print(f"Getting encryption public key for {app_id} from {kms_url}")
+        else:
+            response = self.rpc_call("GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey", {"app_id": app_id})
+
+        # Verify the signature if available
+        if "signature" not in response and "signature_v1" not in response:
+            if not self.confirm_untrusted_signer("none"):
+                raise Exception("Aborted due to invalid signature")
+            return response["public_key"]
+
+        public_key = bytes.fromhex(response["public_key"])
+
+        # Prefer signature_v1 (with timestamp) if available
+        signer_pubkey = None
+        if "signature_v1" in response and "timestamp" in response:
+            signature_v1 = bytes.fromhex(response["signature_v1"])
+            timestamp = response["timestamp"]
+            signer_pubkey = verify_signature_v1(
+                public_key, signature_v1, app_id, timestamp
+            )
+            if signer_pubkey:
+                print(f"Verified signature_v1 (with timestamp) from: {signer_pubkey}")
+
+        # Fall back to legacy signature if signature_v1 verification failed or not available
+        if not signer_pubkey and "signature" in response:
+            print(
+                "WARNING: Using legacy signature without timestamp protection. "
+                "Consider upgrading your KMS to support signature_v1.",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            signature = bytes.fromhex(response["signature"])
+            signer_pubkey = verify_signature(public_key, signature, app_id)
+            if signer_pubkey:
+                print(f"Verified legacy signature from: {signer_pubkey}")
+
+        if signer_pubkey:
+            whitelist = load_whitelist()
+            if whitelist and signer_pubkey not in whitelist:
+                print(
+                    f"WARNING: Signer {signer_pubkey} is not in the trusted whitelist!"
+                )
+                if not self.confirm_untrusted_signer(signer_pubkey):
+                    raise Exception("Aborted due to untrusted signer")
+        else:
+            print("WARNING: Could not verify signature!")
+            if not self.confirm_untrusted_signer("unknown"):
+                raise Exception("Aborted due to invalid signature")
+
+        return response["public_key"]
+
+    def confirm_untrusted_signer(self, signer: str) -> bool:
+        """Ask user to confirm using an untrusted signer."""
+        response = input(f"Continue with untrusted signer {signer}? (y/N): ")
+        return response.lower() in ("y", "yes")
+
+    def manage_kms_whitelist(self, action: str, pubkey: str = None) -> None:
+        """Manage the whitelist of trusted signers."""
+        whitelist = load_whitelist()
+
+        if action == "list":
+            if not whitelist:
+                print("Whitelist is empty")
+            else:
+                print("Trusted signers:")
+                for addr in whitelist:
+                    print(f"  {addr}")
+            return
+
+        # Normalize pubkey format - trim 0x prefix if present
+        if pubkey and pubkey.startswith("0x"):
+            pubkey = pubkey[2:]
+        # Convert to bytes for validation
+        try:
+            pubkey = bytes.fromhex(pubkey)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid public key format: {pubkey}")
+        if len(pubkey) != 33:
+            raise Exception(f"Invalid public key length: {len(pubkey)}")
+        pubkey = pubkey.hex()
+
+        if action == "add":
+            if pubkey in whitelist:
+                print(f"Public key {pubkey} is already in the whitelist")
+            else:
+                whitelist.append(pubkey)
+                save_whitelist(whitelist)
+                print(f"Added {pubkey} to the whitelist")
+
+        elif action == "remove":
+            if pubkey not in whitelist:
+                print(f"Public key {pubkey} is not in the whitelist")
+            else:
+                whitelist.remove(pubkey)
+                save_whitelist(whitelist)
+                print(f"Removed {pubkey} from the whitelist")
+
+        else:
+            raise Exception(f"Unknown action: {action}")
+
+    def calc_app_id(self, compose_file: str) -> str:
+        """Calculate the application ID from the compose file."""
+        compose_hash = hashlib.sha256(compose_file.encode()).hexdigest()
+        return compose_hash[:40]
+
+    def create_app_compose(self, args) -> None:
+        """Create a new app compose file."""
+        envs = parse_env_file(args.env_file) or {}
+
+        # Validate: --env-file requires --kms
+        if envs and not args.kms:
+            raise Exception(
+                "--env-file requires --kms to enable KMS for environment variable decryption"
+            )
+
+        app_compose = {
+            "manifest_version": 2,
+            "name": args.name,
+            "runner": "docker-compose",
+            "docker_compose_file": open(args.docker_compose, "rb")
+            .read()
+            .decode("utf-8"),
+            "kms_enabled": args.kms,
+            "gateway_enabled": args.gateway,
+            "local_key_provider_enabled": args.local_key_provider,
+            "key_provider_id": args.key_provider_id or "",
+            "public_logs": args.public_logs,
+            "public_sysinfo": args.public_sysinfo,
+            "allowed_envs": [k for k in envs.keys()],
+            "no_instance_id": args.no_instance_id,
+            "secure_time": args.secure_time,
+        }
+        if args.key_provider:
+            app_compose["key_provider"] = args.key_provider
+        if args.prelaunch_script:
+            app_compose["pre_launch_script"] = (
+                open(args.prelaunch_script, "rb").read().decode("utf-8")
+            )
+        if args.swap is not None:
+            swap_bytes = max(0, int(round(args.swap)) * 1024 * 1024)
+            if swap_bytes > 0:
+                app_compose["swap_size"] = swap_bytes
+            else:
+                app_compose.pop("swap_size", None)
+        if args.event_log_version == 2:
+            app_compose["event_log_version"] = args.event_log_version
+        elif args.event_log_version == 1:
+            app_compose.pop("event_log_version", None)
+
+        compose_file = json.dumps(app_compose, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False).encode(
+            "utf-8"
+        )
+        compose_hash = hashlib.sha256(compose_file).hexdigest()
+        with open(args.output, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(compose_file)
+        print(f"App compose file created at: {args.output}")
+        print(f"Compose hash: {compose_hash}")
+
+    def create_vm(self, args) -> None:
+        """Create a new VM."""
+        # Read and validate compose file
+        if not os.path.exists(args.compose):
+            raise Exception(f"Compose file not found: {args.compose}")
+
+        compose_content = read_utf8(args.compose)
+
+        envs = parse_env_file(args.env_file)
+
+        # Validate: --env-file requires --kms-url and kms_enabled in compose
+        if envs:
+            if not args.kms_url:
+                raise Exception(
+                    "--env-file requires --kms-url to encrypt environment variables"
+                )
+            try:
+                compose_json = json.loads(compose_content)
+                if not compose_json.get("kms_enabled", False):
+                    raise Exception(
+                        "--env-file requires kms_enabled=true in the compose file (use --kms when creating compose)"
+                    )
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                pass  # Let the server handle invalid JSON
+
+        # Read user config file if provided
+        user_config = ""
+        if args.user_config:
+            user_config = read_utf8(args.user_config)
+
+        # Create VM request
+        params = {
+            "name": args.name,
+            "image": args.image,
+            "compose_file": compose_content,
+            "vcpu": args.vcpu,
+            "memory": args.memory,
+            "disk_size": args.disk,
+            "app_id": args.app_id,
+            "user_config": user_config,
+            "ports": [parse_port_mapping(port) for port in args.port or []],
+            "hugepages": args.hugepages,
+            "pin_numa": args.pin_numa,
+            "stopped": args.stopped,
+            "no_tee": args.no_tee,
+        }
+        if args.simulated_tee:
+            params["simulated_tee"] = args.simulated_tee
+        if args.swap is not None:
+            swap_bytes = max(0, int(round(args.swap)) * 1024 * 1024)
+            if swap_bytes > 0:
+                params["swap_size"] = swap_bytes
+
+        if args.ppcie or (args.gpu and "all" in args.gpu):
+            params["gpus"] = {"attach_mode": "all"}
+        elif args.gpu:
+            params["gpus"] = {
+                "attach_mode": "listed",
+                "gpus": [{"slot": gpu} for gpu in args.gpu or []],
+            }
+        if args.kms_url:
+            params["kms_urls"] = args.kms_url
+        if args.gateway_url:
+            params["gateway_urls"] = args.gateway_url
+        if args.net:
+            params["networking"] = {"mode": args.net}
+
+        app_id = args.app_id or self.calc_app_id(compose_content)
+        print(f"App ID: {app_id}")
+        if envs:
+            encrypt_url = args.kms_encrypt_url or (
+                args.kms_url[0] if args.kms_url else None
+            )
+            encrypt_pubkey = self.get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(app_id, encrypt_url)
+            print(f"Encrypting environment variables with key: {encrypt_pubkey}")
+            envs_list = [{"key": k, "value": v} for k, v in envs.items()]
+            params["encrypted_env"] = encrypt_env(envs_list, encrypt_pubkey)
+        response = self.rpc_call("CreateVm", params)
+        print(f"Created VM with ID: {response.get('id')}")
+        return response.get("id")
+
+    def update_vm_env(
+        self, vm_id: str, envs: Dict[str, str], kms_urls: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update environment variables for a VM."""
+        # Validate: requires --kms-url
+        if not kms_urls:
+            raise Exception("--kms-url is required to encrypt environment variables")
+
+        envs = envs or {}
+        # First get the VM info to retrieve the app_id
+        vm_info_response = self.rpc_call("GetInfo", {"id": vm_id})
+
+        if not vm_info_response.get("found", False) or "info" not in vm_info_response:
+            raise Exception(f"VM with ID {vm_id} not found")
+
+        app_id = vm_info_response["info"]["app_id"]
+        print(f"Retrieved app ID: {app_id}")
+        vm_configuration = vm_info_response["info"].get("configuration") or {}
+        compose_file = vm_configuration.get("compose_file")
+
+        # Now get the encryption key for the app
+        encrypt_pubkey = self.get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(
+            app_id, kms_urls[0] if kms_urls else None
+        )
+        print(f"Encrypting environment variables with key: {encrypt_pubkey}")
+        envs_list = [{"key": k, "value": v} for k, v in envs.items()]
+        encrypted_env = encrypt_env(envs_list, encrypt_pubkey)
+
+        # Use UpdateApp with the VM ID
+        payload = {"id": vm_id, "encrypted_env": encrypted_env}
+
+        if compose_file:
+            try:
+                app_compose = json.loads(compose_file)
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                app_compose = {}
+            compose_changed = False
+            allowed_envs = list(envs.keys())
+            if app_compose.get("allowed_envs") != allowed_envs:
+                app_compose["allowed_envs"] = allowed_envs
+                compose_changed = True
+            launch_token_value = envs.get("APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN")
+            if launch_token_value is not None:
+                launch_token_hash = hashlib.sha256(
+                    launch_token_value.encode("utf-8")
+                ).hexdigest()
+                if app_compose.get("launch_token_hash") != launch_token_hash:
+                    app_compose["launch_token_hash"] = launch_token_hash
+                    compose_changed = True
+            if compose_changed:
+                payload["compose_file"] = json.dumps(
+                    app_compose, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False
+                )
+
+        self.rpc_call("UpgradeApp", payload)
+        print(f"Environment variables updated for VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def update_vm_user_config(self, vm_id: str, user_config: str) -> None:
+        """Update user config for a VM."""
+        self.rpc_call("UpgradeApp", {"id": vm_id, "user_config": user_config})
+        print(f"User config updated for VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def update_vm_app_compose(self, vm_id: str, app_compose: str) -> None:
+        """Update app compose for a VM."""
+        self.rpc_call("UpgradeApp", {"id": vm_id, "compose_file": app_compose})
+        print(f"App compose updated for VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def update_vm_ports(self, vm_id: str, ports: List[str]) -> None:
+        """Update port mapping for a VM."""
+        port_mappings = [parse_port_mapping(port) for port in ports]
+        self.rpc_call(
+            "UpgradeApp", {"id": vm_id, "update_ports": True, "ports": port_mappings}
+        )
+        print(f"Port mapping updated for VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def update_vm(
+        self,
+        vm_id: str,
+        vcpu: Optional[int] = None,
+        memory: Optional[int] = None,
+        disk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        image: Optional[str] = None,
+        docker_compose_content: Optional[str] = None,
+        prelaunch_script: Optional[str] = None,
+        swap_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        env_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        user_config: Optional[str] = None,
+        ports: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        no_ports: bool = False,
+        gpu_slots: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        attach_all: bool = False,
+        no_gpus: bool = False,
+        kms_urls: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        no_tee: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update multiple aspects of a VM in one command."""
+        # Validate: --env-file requires --kms-url
+        if env_file and not kms_urls:
+            raise Exception(
+                "--env-file requires --kms-url to encrypt environment variables"
+            )
+
+        updates = []
+
+        # handle resize operations (vcpu, memory, disk, image)
+        resize_params = {}
+        if vcpu is not None:
+            resize_params["vcpu"] = vcpu
+            updates.append(f"vCPU: {vcpu}")
+        if memory is not None:
+            resize_params["memory"] = memory
+            updates.append(f"memory: {memory}MB")
+        if disk_size is not None:
+            resize_params["disk_size"] = disk_size
+            updates.append(f"disk: {disk_size}GB")
+        if image is not None:
+            resize_params["image"] = image
+            updates.append(f"image: {image}")
+
+        if resize_params:
+            resize_params["id"] = vm_id
+            self.rpc_call("ResizeVm", resize_params)
+
+        # handle upgrade operations (compose, env, user_config, ports, gpu)
+        upgrade_params = {"id": vm_id}
+
+        # handle compose file updates (docker-compose, prelaunch script, swap)
+        needs_compose_update = (
+            docker_compose_content
+            or prelaunch_script is not None
+            or swap_size is not None
+        )
+        vm_info_response = None
+
+        if needs_compose_update or env_file:
+            vm_info_response = self.rpc_call("GetInfo", {"id": vm_id})
+            if (
+                not vm_info_response.get("found", False)
+                or "info" not in vm_info_response
+            ):
+                raise Exception(f"VM with ID {vm_id} not found")
+
+        if needs_compose_update:
+            vm_configuration = vm_info_response["info"].get("configuration") or {}
+            compose_file_content = vm_configuration.get("compose_file")
+
+            try:
+                app_compose = (
+                    json.loads(compose_file_content) if compose_file_content else {}
+                )
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                app_compose = {}
+
+            if docker_compose_content:
+                app_compose["docker_compose_file"] = docker_compose_content
+                updates.append("docker compose")
+
+            if prelaunch_script is not None:
+                script_stripped = prelaunch_script.strip()
+                if script_stripped:
+                    app_compose["pre_launch_script"] = script_stripped
+                    updates.append("prelaunch script")
+                elif "pre_launch_script" in app_compose:
+                    del app_compose["pre_launch_script"]
+                    updates.append("prelaunch script (removed)")
+
+            if swap_size is not None:
+                swap_bytes = max(0, int(round(swap_size)) * 1024 * 1024)
+                if swap_bytes > 0:
+                    app_compose["swap_size"] = swap_bytes
+                    updates.append(f"swap: {swap_size}MB")
+                elif "swap_size" in app_compose:
+                    del app_compose["swap_size"]
+                    updates.append("swap (disabled)")
+
+            upgrade_params["compose_file"] = json.dumps(
+                app_compose, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False
+            )
+
+        if env_file:
+            envs = parse_env_file(env_file)
+            if envs:
+                app_id = vm_info_response["info"]["app_id"]
+                vm_configuration = vm_info_response["info"].get("configuration") or {}
+                compose_file_content = vm_configuration.get("compose_file")
+
+                encrypt_pubkey = self.get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(
+                    app_id, kms_urls[0] if kms_urls else None
+                )
+                envs_list = [{"key": k, "value": v} for k, v in envs.items()]
+                upgrade_params["encrypted_env"] = encrypt_env(envs_list, encrypt_pubkey)
+                updates.append("environment variables")
+
+                # update allowed_envs in compose file if needed
+                if compose_file_content:
+                    try:
+                        app_compose = json.loads(compose_file_content)
+                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                        app_compose = {}
+                    compose_changed = False
+                    allowed_envs = list(envs.keys())
+                    if app_compose.get("allowed_envs") != allowed_envs:
+                        app_compose["allowed_envs"] = allowed_envs
+                        compose_changed = True
+                    launch_token_value = envs.get("APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN")
+                    if launch_token_value is not None:
+                        launch_token_hash = hashlib.sha256(
+                            launch_token_value.encode("utf-8")
+                        ).hexdigest()
+                        if app_compose.get("launch_token_hash") != launch_token_hash:
+                            app_compose["launch_token_hash"] = launch_token_hash
+                            compose_changed = True
+                    if compose_changed:
+                        upgrade_params["compose_file"] = json.dumps(
+                            app_compose, indent=4, ensure_ascii=False
+                        )
+
+        if user_config:
+            upgrade_params["user_config"] = user_config
+            updates.append("user config")
+
+        if kms_urls is not None:
+            upgrade_params["update_kms_urls"] = True
+            upgrade_params["kms_urls"] = kms_urls
+            updates.append(f"KMS URLs ({len(kms_urls)})")
+
+        # handle port updates - only update if --port or --no-ports is specified
+        if no_ports or ports is not None:
+            if no_ports:
+                port_mappings = []
+                updates.append("port mappings (removed)")
+            elif ports:
+                port_mappings = [parse_port_mapping(port) for port in ports]
+                updates.append("port mappings")
+            else:
+                # ports is an empty list - shouldn't happen with mutually exclusive group
+                port_mappings = []
+                updates.append("port mappings (none)")
+            upgrade_params["update_ports"] = True
+            upgrade_params["ports"] = port_mappings
+
+        # handle GPU updates - only update if one of the GPU flags is set
+        gpu_all = gpu_slots and "all" in gpu_slots
+        if attach_all or gpu_all or no_gpus or gpu_slots is not None:
+            if attach_all or gpu_all:
+                gpu_config = {"attach_mode": "all"}
+                updates.append("GPUs (all)")
+            elif no_gpus:
+                gpu_config = {"attach_mode": "listed", "gpus": []}
+                updates.append("GPUs (detached)")
+            elif gpu_slots:
+                gpu_config = {
+                    "attach_mode": "listed",
+                    "gpus": [{"slot": gpu} for gpu in gpu_slots],
+                }
+                updates.append(f"GPUs ({len(gpu_slots)} devices)")
+            else:
+                # gpu_slots is an empty list ([] not None) - shouldn't happen with mutually exclusive group
+                gpu_config = {"attach_mode": "listed", "gpus": []}
+                updates.append("GPUs (none)")
+            upgrade_params["gpus"] = gpu_config
+
+        if no_tee is not None:
+            upgrade_params["no_tee"] = no_tee
+            updates.append("TEE disabled" if no_tee else "TEE enabled")
+
+        if len(upgrade_params) > 1:  # more than just the id
+            self.rpc_call("UpgradeApp", upgrade_params)
+
+        if updates:
+            print(f"Updated VM {vm_id}: {', '.join(updates)}")
+        else:
+            print(f"No updates specified for VM {vm_id}")
+
+    def show_info(self, vm_id: str, json_output: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Show detailed information about a VM."""
+        response = self.rpc_call("GetInfo", {"id": vm_id})
+
+        if not response.get("found", False) or "info" not in response:
+            print(f"VM with ID {vm_id} not found")
+            return
+
+        info = response["info"]
+
+        if json_output:
+            print(json.dumps(info, indent=2))
+            return
+
+        config = info.get("configuration", {})
+
+        print(f"VM ID:         {info.get('id', '-')}")
+        print(f"Name:          {info.get('name', '-')}")
+        print(f"Status:        {info.get('status', '-')}")
+        print(f"Uptime:        {info.get('uptime', '-')}")
+        print(f"App ID:        {info.get('app_id', '-')}")
+        print(f"Instance ID:   {info.get('instance_id', '-') or '-'}")
+        print(f"App URL:       {info.get('app_url', '-') or '-'}")
+        print(f"Image:         {config.get('image', '-')}")
+        print(f"Image Version: {info.get('image_version', '-')}")
+        print(f"vCPU:          {config.get('vcpu', '-')}")
+        print(f"Memory:        {config.get('memory', '-')}MB")
+        print(f"Disk:          {config.get('disk_size', '-')}GB")
+        print(f"GPUs:          {self._format_gpu_info(config.get('gpus'))}")
+        print(f"Boot Progress: {info.get('boot_progress', '-')}")
+        if info.get("boot_error"):
+            print(f"Boot Error:    {info['boot_error']}")
+        if info.get("exited_at"):
+            print(f"Exited At:     {info['exited_at']}")
+        if info.get("shutdown_progress"):
+            print(f"Shutdown:      {info['shutdown_progress']}")
+
+        events = info.get("events", [])
+        if events:
+            print("\nRecent Events:")
+            for event in events[-10:]:
+                ts = event.get("timestamp", 0)
+                print(
+                    f"  [{event.get('event', '')}] {event.get('body', '')} (ts: {ts})"
+                )
+
+    def list_gpus(self, json_output: bool = False) -> None:
+        """List all available GPUs."""
+        response = self.rpc_call("ListGpus")
+        gpus = response.get("gpus", [])
+
+        if json_output:
+            # Return raw JSON data for automation/testing
+            print(json.dumps(gpus, indent=2))
+            return
+
+        if not gpus:
+            print("No GPUs found")
+            return
+
+        headers = ["Slot", "Product ID", "Description", "Available"]
+        rows = []
+        for gpu in gpus:
+            row = [
+                gpu.get("slot", "-"),
+                gpu.get("product_id", "-"),
+                gpu.get("description", "-"),
+                "Yes" if gpu.get("is_free", False) else "No",
+            ]
+            rows.append(row)
+
+        print(format_table(rows, headers))
+
+
+def format_table(rows, headers):
+    """Format rows and headers into a table string."""
+    if not rows:
+        return ""
+
+    # Calculate column widths
+    widths = [len(h) for h in headers]
+    for row in rows:
+        for i, cell in enumerate(row):
+            widths[i] = max(widths[i], len(str(cell)))
+
+    # Create format string
+    row_format = "│ " + " │ ".join(f"{{:<{w}}}" for w in widths) + " │"
+    separator = "├─" + "─┼─".join("─" * w for w in widths) + "─┤"
+    top_border = "┌─" + "─┬─".join("─" * w for w in widths) + "─┐"
+    bottom_border = "└─" + "─┴─".join("─" * w for w in widths) + "─┘"
+
+    # Build table
+    table = [top_border, row_format.format(*headers), separator]
+    for row in rows:
+        table.append(row_format.format(*[str(cell) for cell in row]))
+    table.append(bottom_border)
+
+    return "\n".join(table)
+
+
+def parse_env_file(file_path: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """Parse an environment file into a dictionary of key-value pairs.
+
+    Each line should be formatted as KEY=Value.
+    Lines that are empty or start with '#' are ignored.
+
+    """
+    if not file_path:
+        return {}
+
+    envs = {}
+    with open(file_path, "r") as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+            if "=" not in line:
+                continue
+            key, value = line.split("=", 1)
+            envs[key.strip()] = value.strip()
+    return envs
+
+
+def parse_size(s: str, target_unit: str) -> int:
+    """Parse a human-readable size string and return the size in the target unit.
+
+    Accept strings like "1G" or "100M".
+
+    Args:
+        s: The size string provided.
+        target_unit: Either "MB" (for memory) or "GB" (for disk).
+
+    Returns:
+        An integer representing the size in the specified unit.
+
+    Raises:
+        argparse.ArgumentTypeError: if the format is invalid or if conversion turns
+                                      out to be fractional.
+
+    """
+    s = s.strip()
+    m = re.fullmatch(r"(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)([a-zA-Z]{1,2})?", s)
+    if not m:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f"Invalid size format: '{s}'")
+    number_str, unit = m.groups()
+    try:
+        number = float(number_str)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f"Invalid number in size: '{s}'")
+
+    # If no unit is specified, assume the target unit.
+    if unit is None:
+        unit = target_unit
+    else:
+        unit = unit.upper()
+
+    if target_unit == "MB":
+        # For memory, if no suffix is provided we assume MB.
+        if unit in ["M", "MB"]:
+            factor = 1
+        elif unit in ["G", "GB"]:
+            factor = 1024
+        elif unit in ["T", "TB"]:
+            factor = 1024 * 1024
+        else:
+            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
+                f"Invalid size unit '{unit}' for memory. Use M, G, or T."
+            )
+    elif target_unit == "GB":
+        # For disk, if no suffix is provided we assume GB.
+        if unit in ["G", "GB"]:
+            factor = 1
+        elif unit in ["T", "TB"]:
+            factor = 1024
+        else:
+            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
+                f"Invalid size unit '{unit}' for disk. Use G, T."
+            )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Unsupported target unit")
+
+    value = number * factor
+    if not value.is_integer():
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
+            f"Size must be an integer number of {target_unit}. Got {value}."
+        )
+    return int(value)
+
+
+def parse_memory_size(s: str) -> int:
+    """Parse a memory size string into MB."""
+    return parse_size(s, "MB")
+
+
+def parse_disk_size(s: str) -> int:
+    """Parse a disk size string into GB."""
+    return parse_size(s, "GB")
+
+
+def verify_signature_v1(
+    public_key: bytes, signature: bytes, app_id: str, timestamp: int
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Verify the v1 signature (with timestamp) of a public key.
+
+    Args:
+        public_key: The public key bytes to verify
+        signature: The signature bytes (65 bytes)
+        app_id: The application ID
+        timestamp: Unix timestamp in seconds when the response was generated
+
+    Returns:
+        The compressed public key if valid, None otherwise
+
+    """
+    if not CRYPTO_AVAILABLE:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Cryptography libraries not available. Please install them with:\n"
+            "pip install cryptography eth-keys eth-utils"
+        )
+
+    if len(signature) != 65:
+        return None
+
+    # Create the message to verify
+    # Signs: Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + timestamp_be_bytes + public_key)
+    prefix = b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey"
+    if app_id.startswith("0x"):
+        app_id = app_id[2:]
+    timestamp_bytes = timestamp.to_bytes(8, byteorder="big")
+    message = prefix + b":" + bytes.fromhex(app_id) + timestamp_bytes + public_key
+
+    # Hash the message with Keccak-256
+    message_hash = keccak(message)
+
+    # Recover the public key from the signature
+    try:
+        sig = keys.Signature(signature_bytes=signature)
+        recovered_key = sig.recover_public_key_from_msg_hash(message_hash)
+        return "0x" + recovered_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Signature v1 verification failed: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return None
+
+
+def verify_signature(public_key: bytes, signature: bytes, app_id: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Verify the legacy signature (without timestamp) of a public key.
+
+    Args:
+        public_key: The public key bytes to verify
+        signature: The signature bytes
+        app_id: The application ID
+
+    Returns:
+        The compressed public key if valid, None otherwise
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> public_key = bytes.fromhex('e33a1832c6562067ff8f844a61e51ad051f1180b66ec2551fb0251735f3ee90a')
+        >>> signature = bytes.fromhex('8542c49081fbf4e03f62034f13fbf70630bdf256a53032e38465a27c36fd6bed7a5e7111652004aef37f7fd92fbfc1285212c4ae6a6154203a48f5e16cad2cef00')
+        >>> app_id = '00' * 20
+        >>> compressed_pubkey = verify_signature(public_key, signature, app_id)
+        >>> print(compressed_pubkey)
+        0x0217610d74cbd39b6143842c6d8bc310d79da1d82cc9d17f8876376221eda0c38f
+
+    """
+    if not CRYPTO_AVAILABLE:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Cryptography libraries not available. Please install them with:\n"
+            "pip install cryptography eth-keys eth-utils"
+        )
+
+    if len(signature) != 65:
+        return None
+
+    # Create the message to verify
+    # Signs: Keccak256("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey" + ":" + app_id + public_key)
+    prefix = b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey"
+    if app_id.startswith("0x"):
+        app_id = app_id[2:]
+    message = prefix + b":" + bytes.fromhex(app_id) + public_key
+
+    # Hash the message with Keccak-256
+    message_hash = keccak(message)
+
+    # Recover the public key from the signature
+    try:
+        # Create a Signature object with vrs
+        sig = keys.Signature(signature_bytes=signature)
+
+        recovered_key = sig.recover_public_key_from_msg_hash(message_hash)
+        return "0x" + recovered_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Signature verification failed: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return None
+
+
+def load_whitelist() -> List[str]:
+    """Load the whitelist of trusted signers from a file.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of trusted Ethereum addresses
+
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH):
+        os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH), exist_ok=True)
+        return []
+
+    try:
+        with open(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH, "r") as f:
+            data = json.load(f)
+            return data.get("trusted_signers", [])
+    except (json.JSONDecodeError, FileNotFoundError):
+        return []
+
+
+def save_whitelist(whitelist: List[str]) -> None:
+    """Save the whitelist of trusted signers to a file.
+
+    Args:
+        whitelist: List of trusted Ethereum addresses
+
+    """
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH), exist_ok=True)
+    with open(DEFAULT_KMS_WHITELIST_PATH, "w") as f:
+        json.dump({"trusted_signers": whitelist}, f, indent=2)
+
+
+def main():
+    """Parse arguments and dispatch to the appropriate command handler."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="dstack-vmm CLI - Manage VMs")
+
+    # Load config file defaults
+    config = load_config()
+
+    # Discover running VMM instances
+    instances = discover_vmm_instances()
+
+    # Priority: command line > environment variable > config file > auto-discovery > default
+    default_url = os.environ.get(
+        "DSTACK_VMM_URL", config.get("url", "http://localhost:8080")
+    )
+    default_auth_user = os.environ.get("DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER", config.get("auth_user"))
+    default_auth_password = os.environ.get(
+        "DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD", config.get("auth_password")
+    )
+    default_auth_token = os.environ.get("DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN", config.get("auth_token"))
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--url",
+        default=default_url,
+        help="dstack-vmm API URL (can also be set via DSTACK_VMM_URL env var or config file)",
+    )
+
+    # Basic authentication arguments
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--auth-user",
+        default=default_auth_user,
+        help="Basic auth username (can also be set via DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_USER env var or config file)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--auth-password",
+        default=default_auth_password,
+        help="Basic auth password (can also be set via DSTACK_VMM_AUTH_PASSWORD env var or config file)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--token",
+        default=default_auth_token,
+        help="bearer token for a VMM with `[auth]` enabled, sent as "
+        "`Authorization: Bearer` (can also be set via DSTACK_VMM_TOKEN env var "
+        "or config file). Takes precedence over --auth-user/--auth-password.",
+    )
+
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", help="Commands")
+
+    # VMM discovery commands (vmm ls / vmm switch)
+    vmm_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "vmm", help="VMM instance management (ls, switch)"
+    )
+    vmm_subparsers = vmm_parser.add_subparsers(
+        dest="vmm_command", help="VMM sub-commands"
+    )
+
+    vmm_ls_parser = vmm_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "ls", help="List all running VMM instances on this host"
+    )
+    vmm_ls_parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", action="store_true", help="Output in JSON format"
+    )
+
+    vmm_switch_parser = vmm_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "switch", help="Switch active VMM instance"
+    )
+    vmm_switch_parser.add_argument(
+        "vmm_id", help="VMM instance ID (prefix match supported)"
+    )
+
+    # Register nested subcommands for top-level help display
+    _nested_commands = {
+        "vmm ls": "List all running VMM instances on this host",
+        "vmm switch": "Switch active VMM instance",
+    }
+
+    # Patch parser's format_help to show nested subcommands
+    _orig_format_help = parser.format_help
+
+    def _patched_format_help():
+        text = _orig_format_help()
+        # Append nested subcommands after the subparser listing
+        extra = "\nnested commands:\n"
+        for cmd, desc in _nested_commands.items():
+            extra += f"    {cmd:<24s}{desc}\n"
+        return text + extra
+
+    parser.format_help = _patched_format_help
+
+    # List command
+    lsvm_parser = subparsers.add_parser("lsvm", help="List VMs")
+    lsvm_parser.add_argument(
+        "-v", "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Show detailed information"
+    )
+    lsvm_parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", action="store_true", help="Output in JSON format for automation"
+    )
+
+    # Info command
+    info_parser = subparsers.add_parser("info", help="Show detailed VM information")
+    info_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to show info for")
+    info_parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", action="store_true", help="Output in JSON format for automation"
+    )
+
+    # Start command
+    start_parser = subparsers.add_parser("start", help="Start a VM")
+    start_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to start")
+
+    # Stop command
+    stop_parser = subparsers.add_parser("stop", help="Stop a VM")
+    stop_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to stop")
+    stop_parser.add_argument(
+        "-f", "--force", action="store_true", help="Force stop the VM"
+    )
+
+    # Remove command
+    remove_parser = subparsers.add_parser("remove", help="Remove a VM")
+    remove_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to remove")
+
+    # Resize command
+    resize_parser = subparsers.add_parser("resize", help="Resize a VM")
+    resize_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to resize")
+    resize_parser.add_argument("--vcpu", type=int, help="Number of vCPUs")
+    resize_parser.add_argument(
+        "--memory", type=parse_memory_size, help="Memory size (e.g. 1G, 100M)"
+    )
+    resize_parser.add_argument(
+        "--disk", type=parse_disk_size, help="Disk size (e.g. 20G, 1T)"
+    )
+    resize_parser.add_argument("--image", type=str, help="Image name")
+
+    # Logs command
+    logs_parser = subparsers.add_parser("logs", help="Show VM logs")
+    logs_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to show logs for")
+    logs_parser.add_argument(
+        "-n", "--lines", type=int, default=20, help="Number of lines to show"
+    )
+    logs_parser.add_argument(
+        "-f", "--follow", action="store_true", help="Follow log output"
+    )
+
+    # Compose command
+    compose_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "compose", help="Create a new app-compose.json file"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument("--name", required=True, help="VM image name")
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--docker-compose", required=True, help="Path to docker-compose.yml file"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--prelaunch-script", default=None, help="Path to prelaunch script"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument("--kms", action="store_true", help="Enable KMS")
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--gateway", action="store_true", help="Enable dstack-gateway"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--local-key-provider", action="store_true", help="Enable local key provider"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--key-provider",
+        choices=["none", "kms", "local", "tpm"],
+        default=None,
+        help="Override key provider type (none, kms, local, or tpm)",
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--key-provider-id",
+        default=None,
+        help="Key provider ID if you want to bind to a specific key provider",
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--public-logs", action="store_true", help="Enable public logs"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--public-sysinfo", action="store_true", help="Enable public sysinfo"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--env-file", help="File with environment variables to encrypt", default=None
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-instance-id", action="store_true", help="Disable instance ID"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--secure-time", action="store_true", help="Enable secure time"
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--swap",
+        type=parse_memory_size,
+        default=None,
+        help="Swap size (e.g. 4G). Set to 0 to disable",
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--event-log-version",
+        type=int,
+        choices=[1, 2],
+        default=None,
+        help="RTMR3 runtime event-log digest format (1: legacy binary, 2: JCS canonical JSON). Omit to use the guest default (1).",
+    )
+    compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "--output", required=True, help="Path to output app-compose.json file"
+    )
+
+    # Deploy command
+    deploy_parser = subparsers.add_parser("deploy", help="Deploy a new VM")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--name", required=True, help="VM name")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--image", required=True, help="VM image")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--compose", required=True, help="Path to app-compose.json file"
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--vcpu", type=int, default=1, help="Number of vCPUs")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--memory",
+        type=parse_memory_size,
+        default=1024,
+        help="Memory size (e.g. 1G, 100M)",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--disk", type=parse_disk_size, default=20, help="Disk size (e.g. 1G, 100M)"
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--swap",
+        type=parse_memory_size,
+        default=None,
+        help="Swap size (e.g. 4G). Set to 0 to disable",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--env-file", help="File with environment variables to encrypt", default=None
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--user-config", help="Path to user config file", default=None
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--app-id", help="Application ID", default=None)
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--port",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        help="Port mapping in format: protocol[:address]:from:to",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--gpu",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        help='GPU slot to attach (can be used multiple times), or "all" to attach all GPUs',
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--ppcie",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Enable PPCIE (Protected PCIe) mode - attach all available GPUs",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--pin-numa", action="store_true", help="Pin VM to specific NUMA node"
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--hugepages", action="store_true", help="Enable hugepages for the VM"
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument("--kms-url", action="append", type=str, help="KMS URL")
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--kms-encrypt-url",
+        type=str,
+        help="Controller-reachable KMS URL used only to encrypt --env-file",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--gateway-url", action="append", type=str, help="Gateway URL"
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--stopped",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Create VM in stopped state (requires dstack-vmm >= 0.5.4)",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--no-tee",
+        dest="no_tee",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disable Intel TDX / run without TEE",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--tee",
+        dest="no_tee",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Force-enable Intel TDX (default)",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.set_defaults(no_tee=False)
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--simulated-tee",
+        choices=[
+            "dstack-tdx",
+            "dstack-gcp-tdx",
+            "dstack-amd-sev-snp",
+            "dstack-nitro-enclave",
+            "dstack-aws-nitro-tpm",
+        ],
+        help="Simulate the selected TEE ABI for this VM (development images only)",
+    )
+    deploy_parser.add_argument(
+        "--net",
+        choices=["bridge", "user"],
+        help="Networking mode (default: use global config)",
+    )
+
+    # Images command
+    lsimage_parser = subparsers.add_parser("lsimage", help="List available images")
+    lsimage_parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", action="store_true", help="Output in JSON format for automation"
+    )
+
+    # GPU command
+    lsgpu_parser = subparsers.add_parser("lsgpu", help="List available GPUs")
+    lsgpu_parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", action="store_true", help="Output in JSON format for automation"
+    )
+
+    # Update environment variables command
+    update_env_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "update-env", help="Update environment variables for a VM"
+    )
+    update_env_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to update")
+    update_env_parser.add_argument(
+        "--env-file", required=True, help="File with environment variables to encrypt"
+    )
+    update_env_parser.add_argument(
+        "--kms-url", action="append", type=str, help="KMS URL"
+    )
+
+    # Whitelist command
+    kms_parser = subparsers.add_parser("kms", help="Manage trusted KMS whitelist")
+    kms_subparsers = kms_parser.add_subparsers(dest="kms_action", help="KMS actions")
+
+    # List whitelist
+    kms_subparsers.add_parser("list", help="List trusted signers")
+
+    # Add to whitelist
+    add_kms_parser = kms_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "add", help="Add public key to trusted signers"
+    )
+    add_kms_parser.add_argument("pubkey", help="Public key to add")
+
+    # Remove from whitelist
+    remove_kms_parser = kms_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "remove", help="Remove public key from trusted signers"
+    )
+    remove_kms_parser.add_argument("pubkey", help="Public key to remove")
+
+    # Update app compose
+    update_app_compose_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "update-app-compose", help="Update app compose for a VM"
+    )
+    update_app_compose_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to update")
+    update_app_compose_parser.add_argument(
+        "compose", help="Path to app-compose.json file"
+    )
+
+    # Update user config
+    update_user_config_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "update-user-config", help="Update user config for a VM"
+    )
+    update_user_config_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to update")
+    update_user_config_parser.add_argument(
+        "user_config", help="Path to user config file"
+    )
+
+    # Update port mapping
+    update_ports_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "update-ports", help="Update port mapping for a VM"
+    )
+    update_ports_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to update")
+    update_ports_parser.add_argument(
+        "--port",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Port mapping in format: protocol[:address]:from:to (can be used multiple times)",
+    )
+
+    # Update (all-in-one) command
+    update_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        "update", help="Update multiple aspects of a VM in one command"
+    )
+    update_parser.add_argument("vm_id", help="VM ID to update")
+
+    # Resource options (requires VM to be stopped)
+    update_parser.add_argument("--vcpu", type=int, help="Number of vCPUs")
+    update_parser.add_argument(
+        "--memory", type=parse_memory_size, help="Memory size (e.g. 1G, 100M)"
+    )
+    update_parser.add_argument(
+        "--disk", type=parse_disk_size, help="Disk size (e.g. 20G, 1T)"
+    )
+    update_parser.add_argument("--image", type=str, help="Image name")
+
+    # Application options
+    update_parser.add_argument("--compose", help="Path to app-compose.json file")
+    update_parser.add_argument(
+        "--prelaunch-script", help="Path to pre-launch script file"
+    )
+    update_parser.add_argument(
+        "--env-file", help="File with environment variables to encrypt"
+    )
+    update_parser.add_argument("--user-config", help="Path to user config file")
+    # Port mapping options (mutually exclusive with --no-ports)
+    port_group = update_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    port_group.add_argument(
+        "--port",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        help="Port mapping in format: protocol[:address]:from:to (can be used multiple times)",
+    )
+    port_group.add_argument(
+        "--no-ports",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Remove all port mappings from the VM",
+    )
+    update_parser.add_argument(
+        "--swap",
+        type=parse_memory_size,
+        help="Swap size (e.g. 4G). Set to 0 to disable",
+    )
+
+    # GPU options (mutually exclusive)
+    gpu_group = update_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    gpu_group.add_argument(
+        "--gpu",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        help='GPU slot to attach (can be used multiple times), or "all" to attach all GPUs',
+    )
+    gpu_group.add_argument(
+        "--ppcie",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Enable PPCIE (Protected PCIe) mode - attach all available GPUs",
+    )
+    gpu_group.add_argument(
+        "--no-gpus",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Detach all GPUs from the VM",
+    )
+
+    # TDX toggle
+    tee_group = update_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    tee_group.add_argument(
+        "--no-tee",
+        dest="no_tee",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disable Intel TDX / run without TEE",
+    )
+    tee_group.add_argument(
+        "--tee",
+        dest="no_tee",
+        action="store_false",
+        help="Enable Intel TDX for the VM",
+    )
+    update_parser.set_defaults(no_tee=None)
+
+    # KMS URL for environment encryption
+    update_parser.add_argument("--kms-url", action="append", type=str, help="KMS URL")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    # Handle discovery commands before creating CLI (they don't need a connection)
+    if args.command == "vmm":
+        if args.vmm_command == "ls":
+            cmd_ls_vmm(args)
+        elif args.vmm_command == "switch":
+            cmd_switch_vmm(args)
+        else:
+            vmm_parser.print_help()
+        return
+
+    # Resolve the URL with auto-discovery
+    url = resolve_vmm_url(instances, config, args.url)
+    try:
+        cli = VmmCLI(url, args.auth_user, args.auth_password, args.token)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        print(f"error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    if args.command == "lsvm":
+        cli.list_vms(args.verbose, args.json)
+    elif args.command == "info":
+        cli.show_info(args.vm_id, args.json)
+    elif args.command == "start":
+        cli.start_vm(args.vm_id)
+    elif args.command == "stop":
+        cli.stop_vm(args.vm_id, args.force)
+    elif args.command == "remove":
+        cli.remove_vm(args.vm_id)
+    elif args.command == "resize":
+        cli.resize_vm(
+            args.vm_id,
+            vcpu=args.vcpu,
+            memory=args.memory,
+            disk_size=args.disk,
+            image=args.image,
+        )
+    elif args.command == "logs":
+        cli.show_logs(args.vm_id, args.lines, args.follow)
+    elif args.command == "compose":
+        cli.create_app_compose(args)
+    elif args.command == "deploy":
+        cli.create_vm(args)
+    elif args.command == "lsimage":
+        cli.list_images(args.json)
+    elif args.command == "lsgpu":
+        cli.list_gpus(args.json)
+    elif args.command == "update-env":
+        cli.update_vm_env(
+            args.vm_id, parse_env_file(args.env_file), kms_urls=args.kms_url
+        )
+    elif args.command == "update-user-config":
+        cli.update_vm_user_config(args.vm_id, open(args.user_config, "r").read())
+    elif args.command == "update-app-compose":
+        cli.update_vm_app_compose(args.vm_id, open(args.compose, "r").read())
+    elif args.command == "update-ports":
+        cli.update_vm_ports(args.vm_id, args.port)
+    elif args.command == "update":
+        compose_content = None
+        if args.compose:
+            compose_content = read_utf8(args.compose)
+        prelaunch_content = None
+        if hasattr(args, "prelaunch_script") and args.prelaunch_script:
+            prelaunch_content = read_utf8(args.prelaunch_script)
+        user_config_content = None
+        if args.user_config:
+            user_config_content = read_utf8(args.user_config)
+        cli.update_vm(
+            args.vm_id,
+            vcpu=args.vcpu,
+            memory=args.memory,
+            disk_size=args.disk,
+            image=args.image,
+            docker_compose_content=compose_content,
+            prelaunch_script=prelaunch_content,
+            swap_size=args.swap if hasattr(args, "swap") else None,
+            env_file=args.env_file,
+            user_config=user_config_content,
+            ports=args.port,
+            no_ports=args.no_ports if hasattr(args, "no_ports") else False,
+            gpu_slots=args.gpu,
+            attach_all=args.ppcie,
+            no_gpus=args.no_gpus if hasattr(args, "no_gpus") else False,
+            kms_urls=args.kms_url,
+            no_tee=args.no_tee,
+        )
+    elif args.command == "kms":
+        if not args.kms_action:
+            kms_parser.print_help()
+        else:
+            cli.manage_kms_whitelist(
+                action=args.kms_action,
+                pubkey=getattr(args, "pubkey", None),
+            )
+    else:
+        parser.print_help()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/src/x25519.js b/dstack/vmm/src/x25519.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05e0a7eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/src/x25519.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1674 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2016 Dmitry Chestnykh, © 2019 Harvey Connor
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+(() => {
+    let _0 = new Uint8Array(16);
+    let _9 = new Uint8Array(32);
+    _9[0] = 9;
+    function gf(init) {
+        var i, r = new Float64Array(16);
+        if (init)
+            for (i = 0; i < init.length; i++)
+                r[i] = init[i];
+        return r;
+    }
+    ;
+    const gf0 = gf(), gf1 = gf([1]), _121665 = gf([0xdb41, 1]), D = gf([
+        0x78a3,
+        0x1359,
+        0x4dca,
+        0x75eb,
+        0xd8ab,
+        0x4141,
+        0x0a4d,
+        0x0070,
+        0xe898,
+        0x7779,
+        0x4079,
+        0x8cc7,
+        0xfe73,
+        0x2b6f,
+        0x6cee,
+        0x5203,
+    ]), D2 = gf([
+        0xf159,
+        0x26b2,
+        0x9b94,
+        0xebd6,
+        0xb156,
+        0x8283,
+        0x149a,
+        0x00e0,
+        0xd130,
+        0xeef3,
+        0x80f2,
+        0x198e,
+        0xfce7,
+        0x56df,
+        0xd9dc,
+        0x2406,
+    ]), X = gf([
+        0xd51a,
+        0x8f25,
+        0x2d60,
+        0xc956,
+        0xa7b2,
+        0x9525,
+        0xc760,
+        0x692c,
+        0xdc5c,
+        0xfdd6,
+        0xe231,
+        0xc0a4,
+        0x53fe,
+        0xcd6e,
+        0x36d3,
+        0x2169,
+    ]), Y = gf([
+        0x6658,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+    ]), I = gf([
+        0xa0b0,
+        0x4a0e,
+        0x1b27,
+        0xc4ee,
+        0xe478,
+        0xad2f,
+        0x1806,
+        0x2f43,
+        0xd7a7,
+        0x3dfb,
+        0x0099,
+        0x2b4d,
+        0xdf0b,
+        0x4fc1,
+        0x2480,
+        0x2b83,
+    ]);
+    function ts64(x, i, h, l) {
+        x[i] = (h >> 24) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 1] = (h >> 16) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 2] = (h >> 8) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 3] = h & 0xff;
+        x[i + 4] = (l >> 24) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 5] = (l >> 16) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 6] = (l >> 8) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 7] = l & 0xff;
+    }
+    function vn(x, xi, y, yi, n) {
+        var i, d = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            d |= x[xi + i] ^ y[yi + i];
+        return (1 & ((d - 1) >>> 8)) - 1;
+    }
+    function crypto_verify_32(x, xi, y, yi) {
+        return vn(x, xi, y, yi, 32);
+    }
+    function set25519(r, a) {
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            r[i] = a[i] | 0;
+    }
+    function car25519(o) {
+        var i, v, c = 1;
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            v = o[i] + c + 65535;
+            c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+            o[i] = v - c * 65536;
+        }
+        o[0] += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
+    }
+    function sel25519(p, q, b) {
+        var t, c = ~(b - 1);
+        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            t = c & (p[i] ^ q[i]);
+            p[i] ^= t;
+            q[i] ^= t;
+        }
+    }
+    function pack25519(o, n) {
+        var i, j, b;
+        var m = gf(), t = gf();
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            t[i] = n[i];
+        car25519(t);
+        car25519(t);
+        car25519(t);
+        for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+            m[0] = t[0] - 0xffed;
+            for (i = 1; i < 15; i++) {
+                m[i] = t[i] - 0xffff - ((m[i - 1] >> 16) & 1);
+                m[i - 1] &= 0xffff;
+            }
+            m[15] = t[15] - 0x7fff - ((m[14] >> 16) & 1);
+            b = (m[15] >> 16) & 1;
+            m[14] &= 0xffff;
+            sel25519(t, m, 1 - b);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            o[2 * i] = t[i] & 0xff;
+            o[2 * i + 1] = t[i] >> 8;
+        }
+    }
+    function neq25519(a, b) {
+        var c = new Uint8Array(32), d = new Uint8Array(32);
+        pack25519(c, a);
+        pack25519(d, b);
+        return crypto_verify_32(c, 0, d, 0);
+    }
+    function par25519(a) {
+        var d = new Uint8Array(32);
+        pack25519(d, a);
+        return d[0] & 1;
+    }
+    function unpack25519(o, n) {
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            o[i] = n[2 * i] + (n[2 * i + 1] << 8);
+        o[15] &= 0x7fff;
+    }
+    function A(o, a, b) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            o[i] = a[i] + b[i];
+    }
+    function Z(o, a, b) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            o[i] = a[i] - b[i];
+    }
+    function M(o, a, b) {
+        var v, c, t0 = 0, t1 = 0, t2 = 0, t3 = 0, t4 = 0, t5 = 0, t6 = 0, t7 = 0, t8 = 0, t9 = 0, t10 = 0, t11 = 0, t12 = 0, t13 = 0, t14 = 0, t15 = 0, t16 = 0, t17 = 0, t18 = 0, t19 = 0, t20 = 0, t21 = 0, t22 = 0, t23 = 0, t24 = 0, t25 = 0, t26 = 0, t27 = 0, t28 = 0, t29 = 0, t30 = 0, b0 = b[0], b1 = b[1], b2 = b[2], b3 = b[3], b4 = b[4], b5 = b[5], b6 = b[6], b7 = b[7], b8 = b[8], b9 = b[9], b10 = b[10], b11 = b[11], b12 = b[12], b13 = b[13], b14 = b[14], b15 = b[15];
+        v = a[0];
+        t0 += v * b0;
+        t1 += v * b1;
+        t2 += v * b2;
+        t3 += v * b3;
+        t4 += v * b4;
+        t5 += v * b5;
+        t6 += v * b6;
+        t7 += v * b7;
+        t8 += v * b8;
+        t9 += v * b9;
+        t10 += v * b10;
+        t11 += v * b11;
+        t12 += v * b12;
+        t13 += v * b13;
+        t14 += v * b14;
+        t15 += v * b15;
+        v = a[1];
+        t1 += v * b0;
+        t2 += v * b1;
+        t3 += v * b2;
+        t4 += v * b3;
+        t5 += v * b4;
+        t6 += v * b5;
+        t7 += v * b6;
+        t8 += v * b7;
+        t9 += v * b8;
+        t10 += v * b9;
+        t11 += v * b10;
+        t12 += v * b11;
+        t13 += v * b12;
+        t14 += v * b13;
+        t15 += v * b14;
+        t16 += v * b15;
+        v = a[2];
+        t2 += v * b0;
+        t3 += v * b1;
+        t4 += v * b2;
+        t5 += v * b3;
+        t6 += v * b4;
+        t7 += v * b5;
+        t8 += v * b6;
+        t9 += v * b7;
+        t10 += v * b8;
+        t11 += v * b9;
+        t12 += v * b10;
+        t13 += v * b11;
+        t14 += v * b12;
+        t15 += v * b13;
+        t16 += v * b14;
+        t17 += v * b15;
+        v = a[3];
+        t3 += v * b0;
+        t4 += v * b1;
+        t5 += v * b2;
+        t6 += v * b3;
+        t7 += v * b4;
+        t8 += v * b5;
+        t9 += v * b6;
+        t10 += v * b7;
+        t11 += v * b8;
+        t12 += v * b9;
+        t13 += v * b10;
+        t14 += v * b11;
+        t15 += v * b12;
+        t16 += v * b13;
+        t17 += v * b14;
+        t18 += v * b15;
+        v = a[4];
+        t4 += v * b0;
+        t5 += v * b1;
+        t6 += v * b2;
+        t7 += v * b3;
+        t8 += v * b4;
+        t9 += v * b5;
+        t10 += v * b6;
+        t11 += v * b7;
+        t12 += v * b8;
+        t13 += v * b9;
+        t14 += v * b10;
+        t15 += v * b11;
+        t16 += v * b12;
+        t17 += v * b13;
+        t18 += v * b14;
+        t19 += v * b15;
+        v = a[5];
+        t5 += v * b0;
+        t6 += v * b1;
+        t7 += v * b2;
+        t8 += v * b3;
+        t9 += v * b4;
+        t10 += v * b5;
+        t11 += v * b6;
+        t12 += v * b7;
+        t13 += v * b8;
+        t14 += v * b9;
+        t15 += v * b10;
+        t16 += v * b11;
+        t17 += v * b12;
+        t18 += v * b13;
+        t19 += v * b14;
+        t20 += v * b15;
+        v = a[6];
+        t6 += v * b0;
+        t7 += v * b1;
+        t8 += v * b2;
+        t9 += v * b3;
+        t10 += v * b4;
+        t11 += v * b5;
+        t12 += v * b6;
+        t13 += v * b7;
+        t14 += v * b8;
+        t15 += v * b9;
+        t16 += v * b10;
+        t17 += v * b11;
+        t18 += v * b12;
+        t19 += v * b13;
+        t20 += v * b14;
+        t21 += v * b15;
+        v = a[7];
+        t7 += v * b0;
+        t8 += v * b1;
+        t9 += v * b2;
+        t10 += v * b3;
+        t11 += v * b4;
+        t12 += v * b5;
+        t13 += v * b6;
+        t14 += v * b7;
+        t15 += v * b8;
+        t16 += v * b9;
+        t17 += v * b10;
+        t18 += v * b11;
+        t19 += v * b12;
+        t20 += v * b13;
+        t21 += v * b14;
+        t22 += v * b15;
+        v = a[8];
+        t8 += v * b0;
+        t9 += v * b1;
+        t10 += v * b2;
+        t11 += v * b3;
+        t12 += v * b4;
+        t13 += v * b5;
+        t14 += v * b6;
+        t15 += v * b7;
+        t16 += v * b8;
+        t17 += v * b9;
+        t18 += v * b10;
+        t19 += v * b11;
+        t20 += v * b12;
+        t21 += v * b13;
+        t22 += v * b14;
+        t23 += v * b15;
+        v = a[9];
+        t9 += v * b0;
+        t10 += v * b1;
+        t11 += v * b2;
+        t12 += v * b3;
+        t13 += v * b4;
+        t14 += v * b5;
+        t15 += v * b6;
+        t16 += v * b7;
+        t17 += v * b8;
+        t18 += v * b9;
+        t19 += v * b10;
+        t20 += v * b11;
+        t21 += v * b12;
+        t22 += v * b13;
+        t23 += v * b14;
+        t24 += v * b15;
+        v = a[10];
+        t10 += v * b0;
+        t11 += v * b1;
+        t12 += v * b2;
+        t13 += v * b3;
+        t14 += v * b4;
+        t15 += v * b5;
+        t16 += v * b6;
+        t17 += v * b7;
+        t18 += v * b8;
+        t19 += v * b9;
+        t20 += v * b10;
+        t21 += v * b11;
+        t22 += v * b12;
+        t23 += v * b13;
+        t24 += v * b14;
+        t25 += v * b15;
+        v = a[11];
+        t11 += v * b0;
+        t12 += v * b1;
+        t13 += v * b2;
+        t14 += v * b3;
+        t15 += v * b4;
+        t16 += v * b5;
+        t17 += v * b6;
+        t18 += v * b7;
+        t19 += v * b8;
+        t20 += v * b9;
+        t21 += v * b10;
+        t22 += v * b11;
+        t23 += v * b12;
+        t24 += v * b13;
+        t25 += v * b14;
+        t26 += v * b15;
+        v = a[12];
+        t12 += v * b0;
+        t13 += v * b1;
+        t14 += v * b2;
+        t15 += v * b3;
+        t16 += v * b4;
+        t17 += v * b5;
+        t18 += v * b6;
+        t19 += v * b7;
+        t20 += v * b8;
+        t21 += v * b9;
+        t22 += v * b10;
+        t23 += v * b11;
+        t24 += v * b12;
+        t25 += v * b13;
+        t26 += v * b14;
+        t27 += v * b15;
+        v = a[13];
+        t13 += v * b0;
+        t14 += v * b1;
+        t15 += v * b2;
+        t16 += v * b3;
+        t17 += v * b4;
+        t18 += v * b5;
+        t19 += v * b6;
+        t20 += v * b7;
+        t21 += v * b8;
+        t22 += v * b9;
+        t23 += v * b10;
+        t24 += v * b11;
+        t25 += v * b12;
+        t26 += v * b13;
+        t27 += v * b14;
+        t28 += v * b15;
+        v = a[14];
+        t14 += v * b0;
+        t15 += v * b1;
+        t16 += v * b2;
+        t17 += v * b3;
+        t18 += v * b4;
+        t19 += v * b5;
+        t20 += v * b6;
+        t21 += v * b7;
+        t22 += v * b8;
+        t23 += v * b9;
+        t24 += v * b10;
+        t25 += v * b11;
+        t26 += v * b12;
+        t27 += v * b13;
+        t28 += v * b14;
+        t29 += v * b15;
+        v = a[15];
+        t15 += v * b0;
+        t16 += v * b1;
+        t17 += v * b2;
+        t18 += v * b3;
+        t19 += v * b4;
+        t20 += v * b5;
+        t21 += v * b6;
+        t22 += v * b7;
+        t23 += v * b8;
+        t24 += v * b9;
+        t25 += v * b10;
+        t26 += v * b11;
+        t27 += v * b12;
+        t28 += v * b13;
+        t29 += v * b14;
+        t30 += v * b15;
+        t0 += 38 * t16;
+        t1 += 38 * t17;
+        t2 += 38 * t18;
+        t3 += 38 * t19;
+        t4 += 38 * t20;
+        t5 += 38 * t21;
+        t6 += 38 * t22;
+        t7 += 38 * t23;
+        t8 += 38 * t24;
+        t9 += 38 * t25;
+        t10 += 38 * t26;
+        t11 += 38 * t27;
+        t12 += 38 * t28;
+        t13 += 38 * t29;
+        t14 += 38 * t30;
+        // t15 left as is
+        // first car
+        c = 1;
+        v = t0 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t0 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t1 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t1 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t2 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t2 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t3 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t3 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t4 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t4 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t5 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t5 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t6 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t6 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t7 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t7 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t8 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t8 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t9 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t9 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t10 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t10 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t11 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t11 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t12 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t12 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t13 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t13 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t14 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t14 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t15 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t15 = v - c * 65536;
+        t0 += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
+        // second car
+        c = 1;
+        v = t0 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t0 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t1 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t1 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t2 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t2 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t3 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t3 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t4 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t4 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t5 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t5 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t6 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t6 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t7 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t7 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t8 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t8 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t9 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t9 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t10 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t10 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t11 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t11 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t12 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t12 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t13 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t13 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t14 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t14 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t15 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t15 = v - c * 65536;
+        t0 += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
+        o[0] = t0;
+        o[1] = t1;
+        o[2] = t2;
+        o[3] = t3;
+        o[4] = t4;
+        o[5] = t5;
+        o[6] = t6;
+        o[7] = t7;
+        o[8] = t8;
+        o[9] = t9;
+        o[10] = t10;
+        o[11] = t11;
+        o[12] = t12;
+        o[13] = t13;
+        o[14] = t14;
+        o[15] = t15;
+    }
+    function S(o, a) {
+        M(o, a, a);
+    }
+    function inv25519(o, i) {
+        var c = gf();
+        var a;
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            c[a] = i[a];
+        for (a = 253; a >= 0; a--) {
+            S(c, c);
+            if (a !== 2 && a !== 4)
+                M(c, c, i);
+        }
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            o[a] = c[a];
+    }
+    function pow2523(o, i) {
+        var c = gf();
+        var a;
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            c[a] = i[a];
+        for (a = 250; a >= 0; a--) {
+            S(c, c);
+            if (a !== 1)
+                M(c, c, i);
+        }
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            o[a] = c[a];
+    }
+    function crypto_scalarmult(q, n, p) {
+        var z = new Uint8Array(32);
+        var x = new Float64Array(80), r, i;
+        var a = gf(), b = gf(), c = gf(), d = gf(), e = gf(), f = gf();
+        for (i = 0; i < 31; i++)
+            z[i] = n[i];
+        z[31] = (n[31] & 127) | 64;
+        z[0] &= 248;
+        unpack25519(x, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            b[i] = x[i];
+            d[i] = a[i] = c[i] = 0;
+        }
+        a[0] = d[0] = 1;
+        for (i = 254; i >= 0; --i) {
+            r = (z[i >>> 3] >>> (i & 7)) & 1;
+            sel25519(a, b, r);
+            sel25519(c, d, r);
+            A(e, a, c);
+            Z(a, a, c);
+            A(c, b, d);
+            Z(b, b, d);
+            S(d, e);
+            S(f, a);
+            M(a, c, a);
+            M(c, b, e);
+            A(e, a, c);
+            Z(a, a, c);
+            S(b, a);
+            Z(c, d, f);
+            M(a, c, _121665);
+            A(a, a, d);
+            M(c, c, a);
+            M(a, d, f);
+            M(d, b, x);
+            S(b, e);
+            sel25519(a, b, r);
+            sel25519(c, d, r);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            x[i + 16] = a[i];
+            x[i + 32] = c[i];
+            x[i + 48] = b[i];
+            x[i + 64] = d[i];
+        }
+        var x32 = x.subarray(32);
+        var x16 = x.subarray(16);
+        inv25519(x32, x32);
+        M(x16, x16, x32);
+        pack25519(q, x16);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    function crypto_scalarmult_base(q, n) {
+        return crypto_scalarmult(q, n, _9);
+    }
+    var K = [
+        0x428a2f98,
+        0xd728ae22,
+        0x71374491,
+        0x23ef65cd,
+        0xb5c0fbcf,
+        0xec4d3b2f,
+        0xe9b5dba5,
+        0x8189dbbc,
+        0x3956c25b,
+        0xf348b538,
+        0x59f111f1,
+        0xb605d019,
+        0x923f82a4,
+        0xaf194f9b,
+        0xab1c5ed5,
+        0xda6d8118,
+        0xd807aa98,
+        0xa3030242,
+        0x12835b01,
+        0x45706fbe,
+        0x243185be,
+        0x4ee4b28c,
+        0x550c7dc3,
+        0xd5ffb4e2,
+        0x72be5d74,
+        0xf27b896f,
+        0x80deb1fe,
+        0x3b1696b1,
+        0x9bdc06a7,
+        0x25c71235,
+        0xc19bf174,
+        0xcf692694,
+        0xe49b69c1,
+        0x9ef14ad2,
+        0xefbe4786,
+        0x384f25e3,
+        0x0fc19dc6,
+        0x8b8cd5b5,
+        0x240ca1cc,
+        0x77ac9c65,
+        0x2de92c6f,
+        0x592b0275,
+        0x4a7484aa,
+        0x6ea6e483,
+        0x5cb0a9dc,
+        0xbd41fbd4,
+        0x76f988da,
+        0x831153b5,
+        0x983e5152,
+        0xee66dfab,
+        0xa831c66d,
+        0x2db43210,
+        0xb00327c8,
+        0x98fb213f,
+        0xbf597fc7,
+        0xbeef0ee4,
+        0xc6e00bf3,
+        0x3da88fc2,
+        0xd5a79147,
+        0x930aa725,
+        0x06ca6351,
+        0xe003826f,
+        0x14292967,
+        0x0a0e6e70,
+        0x27b70a85,
+        0x46d22ffc,
+        0x2e1b2138,
+        0x5c26c926,
+        0x4d2c6dfc,
+        0x5ac42aed,
+        0x53380d13,
+        0x9d95b3df,
+        0x650a7354,
+        0x8baf63de,
+        0x766a0abb,
+        0x3c77b2a8,
+        0x81c2c92e,
+        0x47edaee6,
+        0x92722c85,
+        0x1482353b,
+        0xa2bfe8a1,
+        0x4cf10364,
+        0xa81a664b,
+        0xbc423001,
+        0xc24b8b70,
+        0xd0f89791,
+        0xc76c51a3,
+        0x0654be30,
+        0xd192e819,
+        0xd6ef5218,
+        0xd6990624,
+        0x5565a910,
+        0xf40e3585,
+        0x5771202a,
+        0x106aa070,
+        0x32bbd1b8,
+        0x19a4c116,
+        0xb8d2d0c8,
+        0x1e376c08,
+        0x5141ab53,
+        0x2748774c,
+        0xdf8eeb99,
+        0x34b0bcb5,
+        0xe19b48a8,
+        0x391c0cb3,
+        0xc5c95a63,
+        0x4ed8aa4a,
+        0xe3418acb,
+        0x5b9cca4f,
+        0x7763e373,
+        0x682e6ff3,
+        0xd6b2b8a3,
+        0x748f82ee,
+        0x5defb2fc,
+        0x78a5636f,
+        0x43172f60,
+        0x84c87814,
+        0xa1f0ab72,
+        0x8cc70208,
+        0x1a6439ec,
+        0x90befffa,
+        0x23631e28,
+        0xa4506ceb,
+        0xde82bde9,
+        0xbef9a3f7,
+        0xb2c67915,
+        0xc67178f2,
+        0xe372532b,
+        0xca273ece,
+        0xea26619c,
+        0xd186b8c7,
+        0x21c0c207,
+        0xeada7dd6,
+        0xcde0eb1e,
+        0xf57d4f7f,
+        0xee6ed178,
+        0x06f067aa,
+        0x72176fba,
+        0x0a637dc5,
+        0xa2c898a6,
+        0x113f9804,
+        0xbef90dae,
+        0x1b710b35,
+        0x131c471b,
+        0x28db77f5,
+        0x23047d84,
+        0x32caab7b,
+        0x40c72493,
+        0x3c9ebe0a,
+        0x15c9bebc,
+        0x431d67c4,
+        0x9c100d4c,
+        0x4cc5d4be,
+        0xcb3e42b6,
+        0x597f299c,
+        0xfc657e2a,
+        0x5fcb6fab,
+        0x3ad6faec,
+        0x6c44198c,
+        0x4a475817,
+    ];
+    function crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, m, n) {
+        var wh = new Int32Array(16), wl = new Int32Array(16), bh0, bh1, bh2, bh3, bh4, bh5, bh6, bh7, bl0, bl1, bl2, bl3, bl4, bl5, bl6, bl7, th, tl, i, j, h, l, a, b, c, d;
+        var ah0 = hh[0], ah1 = hh[1], ah2 = hh[2], ah3 = hh[3], ah4 = hh[4], ah5 = hh[5], ah6 = hh[6], ah7 = hh[7], al0 = hl[0], al1 = hl[1], al2 = hl[2], al3 = hl[3], al4 = hl[4], al5 = hl[5], al6 = hl[6], al7 = hl[7];
+        var pos = 0;
+        while (n >= 128) {
+            for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                j = 8 * i + pos;
+                wh[i] = (m[j + 0] << 24) | (m[j + 1] << 16) | (m[j + 2] << 8) | m[j + 3];
+                wl[i] = (m[j + 4] << 24) | (m[j + 5] << 16) | (m[j + 6] << 8) | m[j + 7];
+            }
+            for (i = 0; i < 80; i++) {
+                bh0 = ah0;
+                bh1 = ah1;
+                bh2 = ah2;
+                bh3 = ah3;
+                bh4 = ah4;
+                bh5 = ah5;
+                bh6 = ah6;
+                bh7 = ah7;
+                bl0 = al0;
+                bl1 = al1;
+                bl2 = al2;
+                bl3 = al3;
+                bl4 = al4;
+                bl5 = al5;
+                bl6 = al6;
+                bl7 = al7;
+                // add
+                h = ah7;
+                l = al7;
+                a = l & 0xffff;
+                b = l >>> 16;
+                c = h & 0xffff;
+                d = h >>> 16;
+                // Sigma1
+                h =
+                    ((ah4 >>> 14) | (al4 << (32 - 14))) ^
+                    ((ah4 >>> 18) | (al4 << (32 - 18))) ^
+                    ((al4 >>> (41 - 32)) | (ah4 << (32 - (41 - 32))));
+                l =
+                    ((al4 >>> 14) | (ah4 << (32 - 14))) ^
+                    ((al4 >>> 18) | (ah4 << (32 - 18))) ^
+                    ((ah4 >>> (41 - 32)) | (al4 << (32 - (41 - 32))));
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // Ch
+                h = (ah4 & ah5) ^ (~ah4 & ah6);
+                l = (al4 & al5) ^ (~al4 & al6);
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // K
+                h = K[i * 2];
+                l = K[i * 2 + 1];
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // w
+                h = wh[i % 16];
+                l = wl[i % 16];
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                b += a >>> 16;
+                c += b >>> 16;
+                d += c >>> 16;
+                th = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                tl = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                // add
+                h = th;
+                l = tl;
+                a = l & 0xffff;
+                b = l >>> 16;
+                c = h & 0xffff;
+                d = h >>> 16;
+                // Sigma0
+                h =
+                    ((ah0 >>> 28) | (al0 << (32 - 28))) ^
+                    ((al0 >>> (34 - 32)) | (ah0 << (32 - (34 - 32)))) ^
+                    ((al0 >>> (39 - 32)) | (ah0 << (32 - (39 - 32))));
+                l =
+                    ((al0 >>> 28) | (ah0 << (32 - 28))) ^
+                    ((ah0 >>> (34 - 32)) | (al0 << (32 - (34 - 32)))) ^
+                    ((ah0 >>> (39 - 32)) | (al0 << (32 - (39 - 32))));
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // Maj
+                h = (ah0 & ah1) ^ (ah0 & ah2) ^ (ah1 & ah2);
+                l = (al0 & al1) ^ (al0 & al2) ^ (al1 & al2);
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                b += a >>> 16;
+                c += b >>> 16;
+                d += c >>> 16;
+                bh7 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                bl7 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                // add
+                h = bh3;
+                l = bl3;
+                a = l & 0xffff;
+                b = l >>> 16;
+                c = h & 0xffff;
+                d = h >>> 16;
+                h = th;
+                l = tl;
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                b += a >>> 16;
+                c += b >>> 16;
+                d += c >>> 16;
+                bh3 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                bl3 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                ah1 = bh0;
+                ah2 = bh1;
+                ah3 = bh2;
+                ah4 = bh3;
+                ah5 = bh4;
+                ah6 = bh5;
+                ah7 = bh6;
+                ah0 = bh7;
+                al1 = bl0;
+                al2 = bl1;
+                al3 = bl2;
+                al4 = bl3;
+                al5 = bl4;
+                al6 = bl5;
+                al7 = bl6;
+                al0 = bl7;
+                if (i % 16 === 15) {
+                    for (j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
+                        // add
+                        h = wh[j];
+                        l = wl[j];
+                        a = l & 0xffff;
+                        b = l >>> 16;
+                        c = h & 0xffff;
+                        d = h >>> 16;
+                        h = wh[(j + 9) % 16];
+                        l = wl[(j + 9) % 16];
+                        a += l & 0xffff;
+                        b += l >>> 16;
+                        c += h & 0xffff;
+                        d += h >>> 16;
+                        // sigma0
+                        th = wh[(j + 1) % 16];
+                        tl = wl[(j + 1) % 16];
+                        h = ((th >>> 1) | (tl << (32 - 1))) ^ ((th >>> 8) | (tl << (32 - 8))) ^ (th >>> 7);
+                        l = ((tl >>> 1) | (th << (32 - 1))) ^ ((tl >>> 8) | (th << (32 - 8))) ^ ((tl >>> 7) | (th << (32 - 7)));
+                        a += l & 0xffff;
+                        b += l >>> 16;
+                        c += h & 0xffff;
+                        d += h >>> 16;
+                        // sigma1
+                        th = wh[(j + 14) % 16];
+                        tl = wl[(j + 14) % 16];
+                        h = ((th >>> 19) | (tl << (32 - 19))) ^ ((tl >>> (61 - 32)) | (th << (32 - (61 - 32)))) ^ (th >>> 6);
+                        l =
+                            ((tl >>> 19) | (th << (32 - 19))) ^
+                            ((th >>> (61 - 32)) | (tl << (32 - (61 - 32)))) ^
+                            ((tl >>> 6) | (th << (32 - 6)));
+                        a += l & 0xffff;
+                        b += l >>> 16;
+                        c += h & 0xffff;
+                        d += h >>> 16;
+                        b += a >>> 16;
+                        c += b >>> 16;
+                        d += c >>> 16;
+                        wh[j] = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                        wl[j] = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // add
+            h = ah0;
+            l = al0;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[0];
+            l = hl[0];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[0] = ah0 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[0] = al0 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah1;
+            l = al1;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[1];
+            l = hl[1];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[1] = ah1 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[1] = al1 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah2;
+            l = al2;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[2];
+            l = hl[2];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[2] = ah2 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[2] = al2 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah3;
+            l = al3;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[3];
+            l = hl[3];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[3] = ah3 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[3] = al3 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah4;
+            l = al4;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[4];
+            l = hl[4];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[4] = ah4 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[4] = al4 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah5;
+            l = al5;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[5];
+            l = hl[5];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[5] = ah5 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[5] = al5 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah6;
+            l = al6;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[6];
+            l = hl[6];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[6] = ah6 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[6] = al6 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah7;
+            l = al7;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[7];
+            l = hl[7];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[7] = ah7 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[7] = al7 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            pos += 128;
+            n -= 128;
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+    function crypto_hash(out, m, n) {
+        var hh = new Int32Array(8), hl = new Int32Array(8), x = new Uint8Array(256), i, b = n;
+        hh[0] = 0x6a09e667;
+        hh[1] = 0xbb67ae85;
+        hh[2] = 0x3c6ef372;
+        hh[3] = 0xa54ff53a;
+        hh[4] = 0x510e527f;
+        hh[5] = 0x9b05688c;
+        hh[6] = 0x1f83d9ab;
+        hh[7] = 0x5be0cd19;
+        hl[0] = 0xf3bcc908;
+        hl[1] = 0x84caa73b;
+        hl[2] = 0xfe94f82b;
+        hl[3] = 0x5f1d36f1;
+        hl[4] = 0xade682d1;
+        hl[5] = 0x2b3e6c1f;
+        hl[6] = 0xfb41bd6b;
+        hl[7] = 0x137e2179;
+        crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, m, n);
+        n %= 128;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            x[i] = m[b - n + i];
+        x[n] = 128;
+        n = 256 - 128 * (n < 112 ? 1 : 0);
+        x[n - 9] = 0;
+        ts64(x, n - 8, (b / 0x20000000) | 0, b << 3);
+        crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, x, n);
+        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+            ts64(out, 8 * i, hh[i], hl[i]);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    function add(p, q) {
+        var a = gf(), b = gf(), c = gf(), d = gf(), e = gf(), f = gf(), g = gf(), h = gf(), t = gf();
+        Z(a, p[1], p[0]);
+        Z(t, q[1], q[0]);
+        M(a, a, t);
+        A(b, p[0], p[1]);
+        A(t, q[0], q[1]);
+        M(b, b, t);
+        M(c, p[3], q[3]);
+        M(c, c, D2);
+        M(d, p[2], q[2]);
+        A(d, d, d);
+        Z(e, b, a);
+        Z(f, d, c);
+        A(g, d, c);
+        A(h, b, a);
+        M(p[0], e, f);
+        M(p[1], h, g);
+        M(p[2], g, f);
+        M(p[3], e, h);
+    }
+    function cswap(p, q, b) {
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            sel25519(p[i], q[i], b);
+        }
+    }
+    function pack(r, p) {
+        var tx = gf(), ty = gf(), zi = gf();
+        inv25519(zi, p[2]);
+        M(tx, p[0], zi);
+        M(ty, p[1], zi);
+        pack25519(r, ty);
+        r[31] ^= par25519(tx) << 7;
+    }
+    function scalarmult(p, q, s) {
+        var b, i;
+        set25519(p[0], gf0);
+        set25519(p[1], gf1);
+        set25519(p[2], gf1);
+        set25519(p[3], gf0);
+        for (i = 255; i >= 0; --i) {
+            b = (s[(i / 8) | 0] >> (i & 7)) & 1;
+            cswap(p, q, b);
+            add(q, p);
+            add(p, p);
+            cswap(p, q, b);
+        }
+    }
+    function scalarbase(p, s) {
+        var q = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        set25519(q[0], X);
+        set25519(q[1], Y);
+        set25519(q[2], gf1);
+        M(q[3], X, Y);
+        scalarmult(p, q, s);
+    }
+    var L = new Float64Array([
+        0xed,
+        0xd3,
+        0xf5,
+        0x5c,
+        0x1a,
+        0x63,
+        0x12,
+        0x58,
+        0xd6,
+        0x9c,
+        0xf7,
+        0xa2,
+        0xde,
+        0xf9,
+        0xde,
+        0x14,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0x10,
+    ]);
+    function modL(r, x) {
+        var carry, i, j, k;
+        for (i = 63; i >= 32; --i) {
+            carry = 0;
+            for (j = i - 32, k = i - 12; j < k; ++j) {
+                x[j] += carry - 16 * x[i] * L[j - (i - 32)];
+                carry = (x[j] + 128) >> 8;
+                x[j] -= carry * 256;
+            }
+            x[j] += carry;
+            x[i] = 0;
+        }
+        carry = 0;
+        for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
+            x[j] += carry - (x[31] >> 4) * L[j];
+            carry = x[j] >> 8;
+            x[j] &= 255;
+        }
+        for (j = 0; j < 32; j++)
+            x[j] -= carry * L[j];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            x[i + 1] += x[i] >> 8;
+            r[i] = x[i] & 255;
+        }
+    }
+    function reduce(r) {
+        var x = new Float64Array(64), i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            x[i] = r[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            r[i] = 0;
+        modL(r, x);
+    }
+    // Like crypto_sign, but uses secret key directly in hash.
+    function crypto_sign_direct(sm, m, n, sk) {
+        var h = new Uint8Array(64), r = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var i, j, x = new Float64Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            sm[64 + i] = m[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[32 + i] = sk[i];
+        crypto_hash(r, sm.subarray(32), n + 32);
+        reduce(r);
+        scalarbase(p, r);
+        pack(sm, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[i + 32] = sk[32 + i];
+        crypto_hash(h, sm, n + 64);
+        reduce(h);
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            x[i] = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            x[i] = r[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
+                x[i + j] += h[i] * sk[j];
+            }
+        }
+        modL(sm.subarray(32), x);
+        return n + 64;
+    }
+    // Note: sm must be n+128.
+    function crypto_sign_direct_rnd(sm, m, n, sk, rnd) {
+        var h = new Uint8Array(64), r = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var i, j, x = new Float64Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        // Hash separation.
+        sm[0] = 0xfe;
+        for (i = 1; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[i] = 0xff;
+        // Secret key.
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[32 + i] = sk[i];
+        // Message.
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            sm[64 + i] = m[i];
+        // Random suffix.
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            sm[n + 64 + i] = rnd[i];
+        crypto_hash(r, sm, n + 128);
+        reduce(r);
+        scalarbase(p, r);
+        pack(sm, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[i + 32] = sk[32 + i];
+        crypto_hash(h, sm, n + 64);
+        reduce(h);
+        // Wipe out random suffix.
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            sm[n + 64 + i] = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            x[i] = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            x[i] = r[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
+                x[i + j] += h[i] * sk[j];
+            }
+        }
+        modL(sm.subarray(32, n + 64), x);
+        return n + 64;
+    }
+    function curve25519_sign(sm, m, n, sk, opt_rnd) {
+        // If opt_rnd is provided, sm must have n + 128,
+        // otherwise it must have n + 64 bytes.
+        // Convert Curve25519 secret key into Ed25519 secret key (includes pub key).
+        var edsk = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            edsk[i] = sk[i];
+        // Ensure private key is in the correct format.
+        edsk[0] &= 248;
+        edsk[31] &= 127;
+        edsk[31] |= 64;
+        scalarbase(p, edsk);
+        pack(edsk.subarray(32), p);
+        // Remember sign bit.
+        var signBit = edsk[63] & 128;
+        var smlen;
+        if (opt_rnd) {
+            smlen = crypto_sign_direct_rnd(sm, m, n, edsk, opt_rnd);
+        }
+        else {
+            smlen = crypto_sign_direct(sm, m, n, edsk);
+        }
+        // Copy sign bit from public key into signature.
+        sm[63] |= signBit;
+        return smlen;
+    }
+    function unpackneg(r, p) {
+        var t = gf(), chk = gf(), num = gf(), den = gf(), den2 = gf(), den4 = gf(), den6 = gf();
+        set25519(r[2], gf1);
+        unpack25519(r[1], p);
+        S(num, r[1]);
+        M(den, num, D);
+        Z(num, num, r[2]);
+        A(den, r[2], den);
+        S(den2, den);
+        S(den4, den2);
+        M(den6, den4, den2);
+        M(t, den6, num);
+        M(t, t, den);
+        pow2523(t, t);
+        M(t, t, num);
+        M(t, t, den);
+        M(t, t, den);
+        M(r[0], t, den);
+        S(chk, r[0]);
+        M(chk, chk, den);
+        if (neq25519(chk, num))
+            M(r[0], r[0], I);
+        S(chk, r[0]);
+        M(chk, chk, den);
+        if (neq25519(chk, num))
+            return -1;
+        if (par25519(r[0]) === p[31] >> 7)
+            Z(r[0], gf0, r[0]);
+        M(r[3], r[0], r[1]);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    function crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {
+        var i, mlen;
+        var t = new Uint8Array(32), h = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()], q = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        mlen = -1;
+        if (n < 64)
+            return -1;
+        if (unpackneg(q, pk))
+            return -1;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            m[i] = sm[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            m[i + 32] = pk[i];
+        crypto_hash(h, m, n);
+        reduce(h);
+        scalarmult(p, q, h);
+        scalarbase(q, sm.subarray(32));
+        add(p, q);
+        pack(t, p);
+        n -= 64;
+        if (crypto_verify_32(sm, 0, t, 0)) {
+            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                m[i] = 0;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            m[i] = sm[i + 64];
+        mlen = n;
+        return mlen;
+    }
+    // Converts Curve25519 public key back to Ed25519 public key.
+    // edwardsY = (montgomeryX - 1) / (montgomeryX + 1)
+    function convertPublicKey(pk) {
+        var z = new Uint8Array(32), x = gf(), a = gf(), b = gf();
+        unpack25519(x, pk);
+        A(a, x, gf1);
+        Z(b, x, gf1);
+        inv25519(a, a);
+        M(a, a, b);
+        pack25519(z, a);
+        return z;
+    }
+    function curve25519_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {
+        // Convert Curve25519 public key into Ed25519 public key.
+        var edpk = convertPublicKey(pk);
+        // Restore sign bit from signature.
+        edpk[31] |= sm[63] & 128;
+        // Remove sign bit from signature.
+        sm[63] &= 127;
+        // Verify signed message.
+        return crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, edpk);
+    }
+    /* High-level API */
+    function checkArrayTypes(...args) {
+        var t, i;
+        for (i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+            if ((t = Object.prototype.toString.call(arguments[i])) !== '[object Uint8Array]')
+                throw new TypeError('unexpected type ' + t + ', use Uint8Array');
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns a raw shared key between own private key and peer's public key (in other words, this is an ECC Diffie-Hellman function X25519, performing scalar multiplication).
+     *
+     * The result should not be used directly as a key, but should be processed with a one-way function (e.g. HSalsa20 as in NaCl, or any secure cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-256, or key derivation function, such as HKDF).
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
+     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
+     * @returns Uint8Array
+     */
+    function sharedKey(secretKey, publicKey) {
+        checkArrayTypes(publicKey, secretKey);
+        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
+        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
+        var sharedKey = new Uint8Array(32);
+        crypto_scalarmult(sharedKey, secretKey, publicKey);
+        return sharedKey;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Signs the given message using the private key and returns a signed message (signature concatenated with the message copy).
+     *
+     * Optional random data argument (which must have 64 random bytes) turns on hash separation and randomization to make signatures non-deterministic.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
+     * @param {*} msg
+     * @param {Uint8Array} opt_random
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function signMessage(secretKey, msg, opt_random) {
+        checkArrayTypes(msg, secretKey);
+        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
+        if (opt_random) {
+            checkArrayTypes(opt_random);
+            if (opt_random.length !== 64)
+                throw new Error('wrong random data length');
+            var buf = new Uint8Array(128 + msg.length);
+            curve25519_sign(buf, msg, msg.length, secretKey, opt_random);
+            return new Uint8Array(buf.subarray(0, 64 + msg.length));
+        }
+        else {
+            var signedMsg = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
+            curve25519_sign(signedMsg, msg, msg.length, secretKey);
+            return signedMsg;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Verifies signed message with the public key and returns the original message without signature if it's correct or null if verification fails.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
+     * @param {*} signedMsg
+     * @returns Message
+     */
+    function openMessage(publicKey, signedMsg) {
+        checkArrayTypes(signedMsg, publicKey);
+        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
+        var tmp = new Uint8Array(signedMsg.length);
+        var mlen = curve25519_sign_open(tmp, signedMsg, signedMsg.length, publicKey);
+        if (mlen < 0)
+            return null;
+        var m = new Uint8Array(mlen);
+        for (var i = 0; i < m.length; i++)
+            m[i] = tmp[i];
+        return m;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Signs the given message using the private key and returns signature.
+     *
+     * Optional random data argument (which must have 64 random bytes) turns on hash separation and randomization to make signatures non-deterministic.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
+     * @param {*} msg
+     * @param {Uint8Array} opt_random
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function sign(secretKey, msg, opt_random) {
+        checkArrayTypes(secretKey, msg);
+        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
+        if (opt_random) {
+            checkArrayTypes(opt_random);
+            if (opt_random.length !== 64)
+                throw new Error('wrong random data length');
+        }
+        var buf = new Uint8Array((opt_random ? 128 : 64) + msg.length);
+        curve25519_sign(buf, msg, msg.length, secretKey, opt_random);
+        var signature = new Uint8Array(64);
+        for (var i = 0; i < signature.length; i++)
+            signature[i] = buf[i];
+        return signature;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Verifies the given signature for the message using the given private key. Returns true if the signature is valid, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
+     * @param {*} msg
+     * @param {*} signature
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function verify(publicKey, msg, signature) {
+        checkArrayTypes(msg, signature, publicKey);
+        if (signature.length !== 64)
+            throw new Error('wrong signature length');
+        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
+        var sm = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
+        var m = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            sm[i] = signature[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < msg.length; i++)
+            sm[i + 64] = msg[i];
+        return curve25519_sign_open(m, sm, sm.length, publicKey) >= 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Generates a new key pair from the given 32-byte secret seed (which should be generated with a CSPRNG) and returns it as object.
+     *
+     * The returned keys can be used for signing and key agreement.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} seed required
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function generateKeyPair(seed) {
+        checkArrayTypes(seed);
+        if (seed.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong seed length');
+        var sk = new Uint8Array(32);
+        var pk = new Uint8Array(32);
+        for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sk[i] = seed[i];
+        crypto_scalarmult_base(pk, sk);
+        // Turn secret key into the correct format.
+        sk[0] &= 248;
+        sk[31] &= 127;
+        sk[31] |= 64;
+        // Remove sign bit from public key.
+        pk[31] &= 127;
+        return {
+            public: pk,
+            private: sk,
+        };
+    }
+
+    globalThis.x25519 = {
+        sharedKey,
+        signMessage,
+        openMessage,
+        sign,
+        verify,
+        generateKeyPair,
+    };
+})();
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/.gitignore b/dstack/vmm/ui/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82934168a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+node_modules
+dist
+build
+*.log
+/src/proto/
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/README.md b/dstack/vmm/ui/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0db86913a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# dstack Console UI
+
+This directory contains the source for the Vue-based VM management console.
+
+## Usage
+
+```bash
+# cargo build will run the UI build automatically
+cargo build -p dstack-vmm
+
+# Build continuously (writes console_v1 on changes)
+npm install
+npm run watch
+```
+
+`dstack-vmm` now builds the single-file HTML artifact from `build.rs` and writes it
+to Cargo's `OUT_DIR`. This requires Node.js and npm to be installed; if they are
+missing, the Rust build will fail with an installation hint. The legacy
+`console_v0.html` route has been removed.
+
+The UI codebase is written in TypeScript. The build pipeline performs three steps:
+
+1. `scripts/build_proto.sh` (borrowed from `phala-blockchain`) uses `pbjs/pbts` to regenerate static JS bindings for `vmm_rpc.proto`.
+2. `tsc` transpiles `src/**/*.ts` into `build/ts/`.
+3. `build.mjs` bundles the transpiled output together with the runtime assets into a single HTML page `console_v1.html`.
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/build.mjs b/dstack/vmm/ui/build.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd6f64461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/build.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import fs from 'fs/promises';
+import path from 'path';
+import { spawn } from 'child_process';
+import { createRequire } from 'module';
+
+const ROOT = path.resolve(new URL('.', import.meta.url).pathname);
+const SOURCE_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'src');
+const TS_OUT_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'build', 'ts');
+const DIST_DIR = path.join(ROOT, 'dist');
+const ENTRY = 'main.js';
+const PBJS = path.join(ROOT, 'node_modules', '.bin', process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pbjs.cmd' : 'pbjs');
+const PBTS = path.join(ROOT, 'node_modules', '.bin', process.platform === 'win32' ? 'pbts.cmd' : 'pbts');
+const TSC = path.join(ROOT, 'node_modules', '.bin', process.platform === 'win32' ? 'tsc.cmd' : 'tsc');
+let MODULE_DIR = TS_OUT_DIR;
+const nodeRequire = createRequire(path.join(ROOT, 'package.json'));
+
+function canonicalId(absPath) {
+  return path.relative(ROOT, absPath).split(path.sep).join('/');
+}
+
+function resolveModule(parentId, request) {
+  const base = parentId ? path.dirname(path.resolve(ROOT, parentId)) : MODULE_DIR;
+  const absPath = nodeRequire.resolve(request, { paths: [base] });
+  return canonicalId(absPath);
+}
+
+async function readFileCached(filePath) {
+  return fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8');
+}
+
+async function collectModules(entryId) {
+  const modules = new Map();
+
+  async function processModule(moduleId) {
+    if (modules.has(moduleId)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const absPath = path.resolve(ROOT, moduleId);
+    const ext = path.extname(absPath);
+    if (ext === '.html') {
+      const content = await readFileCached(absPath);
+      modules.set(moduleId, {
+        type: 'raw',
+        code: `module.exports = ${JSON.stringify(content)};`,
+        dependencyMap: {},
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (ext === '.json') {
+      const content = await readFileCached(absPath);
+      modules.set(moduleId, {
+        type: 'raw',
+        code: `module.exports = ${content};`,
+        dependencyMap: {},
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+    if (ext !== '.js' && ext !== '.cjs' && ext !== '.mjs') {
+      throw new Error(`Unsupported module extension: ${absPath}`);
+    }
+    const source = await readFileCached(absPath);
+    const dependencyMap = {};
+    const requireRegex = /require\(['"](.+?)['"]\)/g;
+    let match;
+    while ((match = requireRegex.exec(source)) !== null) {
+      const lineStart = source.lastIndexOf('\n', match.index) + 1;
+      const trimmed = source.slice(lineStart, match.index).trim();
+      if (trimmed.startsWith('//') || trimmed.startsWith('*')) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      const request = match[1];
+      const resolved = resolveModule(moduleId, request);
+      dependencyMap[request] = resolved;
+    }
+    const dependencies = Array.from(new Set(Object.values(dependencyMap)));
+    modules.set(moduleId, {
+      type: 'js',
+      code: source,
+      dependencyMap,
+      dependencies,
+    });
+    for (const dep of dependencies) {
+      await processModule(dep);
+    }
+  }
+
+  await processModule(entryId);
+  return modules;
+}
+
+function createBundle(modules, entryId) {
+  const moduleEntries = [];
+  for (const [id, info] of modules.entries()) {
+    const deps = JSON.stringify(info.dependencyMap || {});
+    moduleEntries.push(
+      `'${id}': { factory: function(module, exports, require) {\n${info.code}\n}, map: ${deps} }`,
+    );
+  }
+  return `(function(){\n  const modules = {\n${moduleEntries.join(',\n')}\n  };\n  const cache = {};\n  function load(id) {\n    if (cache[id]) {\n      return cache[id];\n    }\n    const entry = modules[id];\n    if (!entry) {\n      throw new Error('Unknown module ' + id);\n    }\n    const module = { exports: {} };\n    cache[id] = module.exports;\n    entry.factory(module, module.exports, createRequire(id));\n    cache[id] = module.exports;\n    return cache[id];\n  }\n  function createRequire(parentId) {\n    return function(request) {\n      const parent = modules[parentId];\n      if (!parent) {\n        throw new Error('Unknown parent module ' + parentId);\n      }\n      const resolved = parent.map && parent.map[request];\n      if (!resolved) {\n        throw new Error('Cannot resolve module ' + request + ' from ' + parentId);\n      }\n      return load(resolved);\n    };\n  }\n  load('${entryId}');\n})();`;
+}
+
+async function inlineStyles(html, baseDir) {
+  const linkRegex = /<link\s+rel=["']stylesheet["']\s+href=["'](.+?)["']\s*\/?>(?:\s*<\/link>)?/gi;
+  let result = html;
+  let match;
+  while ((match = linkRegex.exec(html)) !== null) {
+    const href = match[1];
+    const cssPath = path.resolve(baseDir, href);
+    const cssContent = await fs.readFile(cssPath, 'utf-8');
+    const styleTag = `<style>\n${cssContent}\n</style>`;
+    result = result.replace(match[0], styleTag);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function inlineScripts(html, scripts) {
+  let result = html;
+  for (const { placeholder, code } of scripts) {
+    result = result.replace(placeholder, `<script>\n${code}\n</script>`);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+async function run(command, args) {
+  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const proc = spawn(command, args, { stdio: 'inherit' });
+    proc.on('close', (code) => {
+      if (code === 0) {
+        resolve();
+      } else {
+        reject(new Error(`${command} exited with code ${code}`));
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+async function copyDir(src, dest) {
+  const entries = await fs.readdir(src, { withFileTypes: true });
+  await fs.mkdir(dest, { recursive: true });
+  await Promise.all(
+    entries.map((entry) => {
+      const srcPath = path.join(src, entry.name);
+      const destPath = path.join(dest, entry.name);
+      if (entry.isDirectory()) {
+        return copyDir(srcPath, destPath);
+      }
+      return fs.copyFile(srcPath, destPath);
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+async function compileProto() {
+  await run('bash', [path.join(ROOT, 'scripts', 'build_proto.sh')]);
+}
+
+async function compileTypeScript() {
+  await fs.rm(TS_OUT_DIR, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  await run(TSC, ['--project', path.join(ROOT, 'tsconfig.json')]);
+  await copyDir(path.join(SOURCE_DIR, 'templates'), path.join(TS_OUT_DIR, 'templates'));
+}
+
+async function build({ watch = false } = {}) {
+  await fs.mkdir(DIST_DIR, { recursive: true });
+  MODULE_DIR = TS_OUT_DIR;
+
+  await compileProto();
+  await compileTypeScript();
+
+  const entryId = canonicalId(path.resolve(MODULE_DIR, ENTRY));
+  const modules = await collectModules(entryId);
+  const bundle = createBundle(modules, entryId);
+
+  const indexPath = path.join(SOURCE_DIR, 'index.html');
+  let html = await fs.readFile(indexPath, 'utf-8');
+  html = await inlineStyles(html, SOURCE_DIR);
+
+  const vuePlaceholder = /<script\s+src=["']\.\.\/vendor\/vue\.global\.prod\.js["']><\/script>/i;
+  const vuePath = path.join(ROOT, 'vendor/vue.global.prod.js');
+  let vueInlined = false;
+  try {
+    const vueCode = await fs.readFile(vuePath, 'utf-8');
+    html = html.replace(vuePlaceholder, `<script>\n${vueCode}\n</script>`);
+    vueInlined = true;
+  } catch {
+    console.warn('Warning: vendor/vue.global.prod.js not found – using CDN fallback.');
+  }
+  if (!vueInlined) {
+    html = html.replace(
+      vuePlaceholder,
+      '<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3.4.21/dist/vue.global.prod.js"></script>',
+    );
+  }
+
+  html = await inlineScripts(html, [
+    {
+      placeholder: '<script src="./main.js"></script>',
+      code: bundle,
+    },
+  ]);
+
+  const distFile = path.join(DIST_DIR, 'index.html');
+  await fs.writeFile(distFile, html);
+
+  const targetFile = process.env.DSTACK_UI_OUT
+    ? path.resolve(process.env.DSTACK_UI_OUT)
+    : path.resolve(ROOT, '../src/console_v1.html');
+  await fs.mkdir(path.dirname(targetFile), { recursive: true });
+  await fs.writeFile(targetFile, html);
+
+  if (watch) {
+    console.log('Watching for changes...');
+    const watcher = fs.watch(SOURCE_DIR, { recursive: true }, async () => {
+      try {
+        await compileProto();
+        await compileTypeScript();
+        const mods = await collectModules(entryId);
+        const rebundle = createBundle(mods, entryId);
+        let rehtml = await fs.readFile(indexPath, 'utf-8');
+        rehtml = await inlineStyles(rehtml, SOURCE_DIR);
+        let vueEmbedded = false;
+        try {
+          const vueCode = await fs.readFile(vuePath, 'utf-8');
+          rehtml = rehtml.replace(vuePlaceholder, `<script>\n${vueCode}\n</script>`);
+          vueEmbedded = true;
+        } catch {
+          console.warn('Warning: vendor/vue.global.prod.js not found – using CDN fallback.');
+        }
+        if (!vueEmbedded) {
+          rehtml = rehtml.replace(
+            vuePlaceholder,
+            '<script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3.4.21/dist/vue.global.prod.js"></script>',
+          );
+        }
+        rehtml = await inlineScripts(rehtml, [
+          {
+            placeholder: '<script src="./main.js"></script>',
+            code: rebundle,
+          },
+        ]);
+        await fs.writeFile(distFile, rehtml);
+        const spdxHeader = '<!-- SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>\n     SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 -->\n';
+        await fs.mkdir(path.dirname(targetFile), { recursive: true });
+        await fs.writeFile(targetFile, spdxHeader + rehtml);
+        console.log('Rebuilt console');
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error('Build failed:', err);
+      }
+    });
+    process.on('SIGINT', () => watcher.close());
+  }
+}
+
+const watchMode = process.argv.includes('--watch');
+
+build({ watch: watchMode }).catch((error) => {
+  console.error(error);
+  process.exit(1);
+});
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/package-lock.json b/dstack/vmm/ui/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d30292852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,817 @@
+{
+  "name": "vmm-ui",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "lockfileVersion": 3,
+  "requires": true,
+  "packages": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "vmm-ui",
+      "version": "0.1.0",
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/node": "^20.11.30",
+        "protobufjs": "^7.5.8",
+        "protobufjs-cli": "^1.3.3",
+        "typescript": "^5.4.5"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/helper-string-parser": {
+      "version": "7.27.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6.9.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/helper-validator-identifier": {
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6.9.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/parser": {
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@babel/types": "^7.28.5"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "parser": "bin/babel-parser.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@babel/types": {
+      "version": "7.28.5",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@babel/helper-string-parser": "^7.27.1",
+        "@babel/helper-validator-identifier": "^7.28.5"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6.9.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@jsdoc/salty": {
+      "version": "0.2.9",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "lodash": "^4.17.21"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=v12.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/aspromise": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@protobufjs/aspromise/-/aspromise-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-j+gKExEuLmKwvz3OgROXtrJ2UG2x8Ch2YZUxahh+s1F2HZ+wAceUNLkvy6zKCPVRkU++ZWQrdxsUeQXmcg4uoQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/base64": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/codegen": {
+      "version": "2.0.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@protobufjs/codegen/-/codegen-2.0.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-zgXFLzW3Ap33e6d0Wlj4MGIm6Ce8O89n/apUaGNB/jx+hw+ruWEp7EwGUshdLKVRCxZW12fp9r40E1mQrf/34g==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/eventemitter": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@protobufjs/eventemitter/-/eventemitter-1.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-vW1GmwMZNnL+gMRaovlh9yZX74kc+TTU3FObkkurpMaRtBfLP3ldjS9KQWlwZgraRE0+dheEEoAxdzcJQ8eXZg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/fetch": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@protobufjs/fetch/-/fetch-1.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-GpptLrs57adMSuHi3VNj0mAF8dwh36LMaYF6XyJ6JMWlVsc+t42tm1HSEDmOs3A8fC9yyeisgLhsTVQokOZ0zw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@protobufjs/aspromise": "^1.1.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/float": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/path": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/pool": {
+      "version": "1.1.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@protobufjs/utf8": {
+      "version": "1.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@protobufjs/utf8/-/utf8-1.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-oOAWABowe8EAbMyWKM0tYDKi8Yaox52D+HWZhAIJqQXbqe0xI/GV7FhLWqlEKreMkfDjshR5FKgi3mnle0h6Eg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/linkify-it": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/markdown-it": {
+      "version": "14.1.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/linkify-it": "^5",
+        "@types/mdurl": "^2"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/mdurl": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/@types/node": {
+      "version": "20.19.24",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/@types/node/-/node-20.19.24.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-FE5u0ezmi6y9OZEzlJfg37mqqf6ZDSF2V/NLjUyGrR9uTZ7Sb9F7bLNZ03S4XVUNRWGA7Ck4c1kK+YnuWjl+DA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "undici-types": "~6.21.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/acorn": {
+      "version": "8.15.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "bin": {
+        "acorn": "bin/acorn"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.4.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/acorn-jsx": {
+      "version": "5.3.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "acorn": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/ansi-styles": {
+      "version": "4.3.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "color-convert": "^2.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/ansi-styles?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/argparse": {
+      "version": "2.0.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Python-2.0"
+    },
+    "node_modules/balanced-match": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/bluebird": {
+      "version": "3.7.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/brace-expansion": {
+      "version": "2.0.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "balanced-match": "^1.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/catharsis": {
+      "version": "0.9.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "lodash": "^4.17.15"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 10"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/chalk": {
+      "version": "4.1.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^4.1.0",
+        "supports-color": "^7.1.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/chalk/chalk?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/color-convert": {
+      "version": "2.0.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "color-name": "~1.1.4"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=7.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/color-name": {
+      "version": "1.1.4",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/deep-is": {
+      "version": "0.1.4",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/entities": {
+      "version": "4.5.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/fb55/entities?sponsor=1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/escape-string-regexp": {
+      "version": "2.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/escodegen": {
+      "version": "1.14.3",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "esprima": "^4.0.1",
+        "estraverse": "^4.2.0",
+        "esutils": "^2.0.2",
+        "optionator": "^0.8.1"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "escodegen": "bin/escodegen.js",
+        "esgenerate": "bin/esgenerate.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4.0"
+      },
+      "optionalDependencies": {
+        "source-map": "~0.6.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/escodegen/node_modules/estraverse": {
+      "version": "4.3.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/eslint-visitor-keys": {
+      "version": "3.4.3",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^12.22.0 || ^14.17.0 || >=16.0.0"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://opencollective.com/eslint"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/espree": {
+      "version": "9.6.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "acorn": "^8.9.0",
+        "acorn-jsx": "^5.3.2",
+        "eslint-visitor-keys": "^3.4.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^12.22.0 || ^14.17.0 || >=16.0.0"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://opencollective.com/eslint"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/esprima": {
+      "version": "4.0.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "bin": {
+        "esparse": "bin/esparse.js",
+        "esvalidate": "bin/esvalidate.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/estraverse": {
+      "version": "5.3.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=4.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/esutils": {
+      "version": "2.0.3",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/fast-levenshtein": {
+      "version": "2.0.6",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/fs.realpath": {
+      "version": "1.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC"
+    },
+    "node_modules/glob": {
+      "version": "8.1.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
+        "inflight": "^1.0.4",
+        "inherits": "2",
+        "minimatch": "^5.0.1",
+        "once": "^1.3.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/isaacs"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/graceful-fs": {
+      "version": "4.2.11",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC"
+    },
+    "node_modules/has-flag": {
+      "version": "4.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/inflight": {
+      "version": "1.0.6",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "once": "^1.3.0",
+        "wrappy": "1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/inherits": {
+      "version": "2.0.4",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC"
+    },
+    "node_modules/js2xmlparser": {
+      "version": "4.0.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "xmlcreate": "^2.0.4"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/jsdoc": {
+      "version": "4.0.5",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@babel/parser": "^7.20.15",
+        "@jsdoc/salty": "^0.2.1",
+        "@types/markdown-it": "^14.1.1",
+        "bluebird": "^3.7.2",
+        "catharsis": "^0.9.0",
+        "escape-string-regexp": "^2.0.0",
+        "js2xmlparser": "^4.0.2",
+        "klaw": "^3.0.0",
+        "markdown-it": "^14.1.0",
+        "markdown-it-anchor": "^8.6.7",
+        "marked": "^4.0.10",
+        "mkdirp": "^1.0.4",
+        "requizzle": "^0.2.3",
+        "strip-json-comments": "^3.1.0",
+        "underscore": "~1.13.2"
+      },
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+        "jsdoc": "jsdoc.js"
+      },
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/klaw": {
+      "version": "3.0.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "graceful-fs": "^4.1.9"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/levn": {
+      "version": "0.3.0",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "prelude-ls": "~1.1.2",
+        "type-check": "~0.3.2"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.8.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/linkify-it": {
+      "version": "5.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/linkify-it/-/linkify-it-5.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ONTm2jCMAVZjgQa/Fy1kScXsuOoF5NPTsoFBdE1KVIZ2vAh/r9+Bqo+0jINCBYnavTPQZz38QzFTme79ENoN3Q==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/puzrin"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "github",
+          "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/markdown-it"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "uc.micro": "^2.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/lodash": {
+      "version": "4.18.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash/-/lodash-4.18.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-dMInicTPVE8d1e5otfwmmjlxkZoUpiVLwyeTdUsi/Caj/gfzzblBcCE5sRHV/AsjuCmxWrte2TNGSYuCeCq+0Q==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/long": {
+      "version": "5.3.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0"
+    },
+    "node_modules/markdown-it": {
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+      "funding": [
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+        },
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+        }
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+      }
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+        "markdown-it": "*"
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+    "node_modules/minimist": {
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "funding": {
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/mkdirp": {
+      "version": "1.0.4",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "bin": {
+        "mkdirp": "bin/cmd.js"
+      },
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/once": {
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "wrappy": "1"
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+    },
+    "node_modules/optionator": {
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+        "fast-levenshtein": "~2.0.6",
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+        "escodegen": "^1.13.0",
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+        "pbts": "bin/pbts"
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+      "version": "2.3.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=6"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/requizzle": {
+      "version": "0.2.4",
+      "dev": true,
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+      "dependencies": {
+        "lodash": "^4.17.21"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/semver": {
+      "version": "7.7.3",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "bin": {
+        "semver": "bin/semver.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/source-map": {
+      "version": "0.6.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "engines": {
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/strip-json-comments": {
+      "version": "3.1.1",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
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+      },
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/supports-color": {
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=14.14"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/type-check": {
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "prelude-ls": "~1.1.2"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 0.8.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/typescript": {
+      "version": "5.9.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/typescript/-/typescript-5.9.3.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "bin": {
+        "tsc": "bin/tsc",
+        "tsserver": "bin/tsserver"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=14.17"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/uc.micro": {
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+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/uglify-js": {
+      "version": "3.19.3",
+      "dev": true,
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+      "bin": {
+        "uglifyjs": "bin/uglifyjs"
+      },
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+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/underscore": {
+      "version": "1.13.7",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/undici-types": {
+      "version": "6.21.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmmirror.com/undici-types/-/undici-types-6.21.0.tgz",
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+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
+    "node_modules/word-wrap": {
+      "version": "1.2.5",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/wrappy": {
+      "version": "1.0.2",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC"
+    },
+    "node_modules/xmlcreate": {
+      "version": "2.0.4",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/package.json b/dstack/vmm/ui/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b88e34045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "name": "vmm-ui",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "private": true,
+  "type": "module",
+  "scripts": {
+    "generate:proto": "bash scripts/build_proto.sh",
+    "build": "node build.mjs",
+    "watch": "node build.mjs --watch"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/node": "^20.11.30",
+    "protobufjs": "^7.5.8",
+    "protobufjs-cli": "^1.3.3",
+    "typescript": "^5.4.5"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/scripts/build_proto.sh b/dstack/vmm/ui/scripts/build_proto.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a39088db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/scripts/build_proto.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)"
+PROTO_DIR="${ROOT}/../rpc/proto"
+OUT_DIR="${ROOT}/src/proto"
+PBJS="${ROOT}/node_modules/.bin/pbjs"
+JSDOC="${ROOT}/node_modules/.bin/jsdoc"
+PBTS_CONFIG="${ROOT}/node_modules/protobufjs-cli/lib/tsd-jsdoc.json"
+
+if [ ! -x "${PBJS}" ] || [ ! -x "${JSDOC}" ]; then
+  echo "protobufjs CLI not found. Run 'npm install' first." >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+mkdir -p "${OUT_DIR}"
+
+generate_proto() {
+  local name="$1"
+  echo "[proto] Generating ${name} bindings..."
+  "${PBJS}" --keep-case -w commonjs -t static-module --path "${PROTO_DIR}" "${PROTO_DIR}/${name}.proto" -o "${OUT_DIR}/${name}.js"
+  tmp_file=$(mktemp)
+  "${JSDOC}" -c "${PBTS_CONFIG}" -q "module=null&comments=true" "${OUT_DIR}/${name}.js" > "${tmp_file}"
+  {
+    echo 'import * as $protobuf from "protobufjs";'
+    echo 'import Long = require("long");'
+    cat "${tmp_file}"
+  } > "${OUT_DIR}/${name}.d.ts"
+  rm -f "${tmp_file}"
+}
+
+generate_proto "vmm_rpc"
+generate_proto "prpc"
+
+echo "[proto] Done."
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/App.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/App.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1f09ce63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/App.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const EncryptedEnvEditor = require('./components/EncryptedEnvEditor');
+const PortMappingEditor = require('./components/PortMappingEditor');
+const GpuConfigEditor = require('./components/GpuConfigEditor');
+const CreateVmDialog = require('./components/CreateVmDialog');
+const UpdateVmDialog = require('./components/UpdateVmDialog');
+const ForkVmDialog = require('./components/ForkVmDialog');
+const { useVmManager } = require('./composables/useVmManager');
+const template: string = require('./templates/app.html');
+
+const AppComponent = {
+  name: 'DstackConsoleApp',
+  components: {
+    'encrypted-env-editor': EncryptedEnvEditor,
+    'port-mapping-editor': PortMappingEditor,
+    'gpu-config-editor': GpuConfigEditor,
+    'create-vm-dialog': CreateVmDialog,
+    'update-vm-dialog': UpdateVmDialog,
+    'fork-vm-dialog': ForkVmDialog,
+  },
+  setup() {
+    return useVmManager();
+  },
+  template,
+};
+
+export = AppComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/CreateVmDialog.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/CreateVmDialog.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82653a62d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/CreateVmDialog.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const EncryptedEnvEditor = require('./EncryptedEnvEditor');
+const PortMappingEditor = require('./PortMappingEditor');
+const GpuConfigEditor = require('./GpuConfigEditor');
+
+const CreateVmDialogComponent = {
+  name: 'CreateVmDialog',
+  components: {
+    'encrypted-env-editor': EncryptedEnvEditor,
+    'port-mapping-editor': PortMappingEditor,
+    'gpu-config-editor': GpuConfigEditor,
+  },
+  props: {
+    visible: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    form: { type: Object, required: true },
+    availableImages: { type: Array, required: true },
+    availableGpus: { type: Array, required: true },
+    allowAttachAllGpus: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    kmsAvailable: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    portMappingEnabled: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    networkingModes: { type: Array, required: true },
+    defaultBridge: { type: String, default: '' },
+    defaultNetworkingLabel: { type: String, required: true },
+  },
+  emits: ['close', 'submit', 'load-compose'],
+  template: /* html */ `
+    <div v-if="visible" class="dialog-overlay" @click.self="$emit('close')">
+      <div class="dialog">
+        <h2>Deploy a new instance</h2>
+        <form @submit.prevent="$emit('submit')" class="create-vm-form">
+          <div class="form-grid">
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="vmName">Name</label>
+              <input id="vmName" v-model="form.name" type="text" placeholder="Enter VM name" required>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="vmImage">Image</label>
+              <select id="vmImage" v-model="form.image" required>
+                <option value="" disabled>Select an image</option>
+                <option v-for="image in availableImages" :key="image.name" :value="image.name">
+                  {{ image.name }}
+                </option>
+              </select>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="vcpu">Number of vCPUs</label>
+              <input id="vcpu" v-model.number="form.vcpu" type="number" placeholder="vCPUs" required>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="memory">Memory</label>
+              <div class="inline-field">
+                <input id="memory" v-model.number="form.memoryValue" type="number" placeholder="Memory" required>
+                <select v-model="form.memoryUnit">
+                  <option value="MB">MB</option>
+                  <option value="GB">GB</option>
+                </select>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="swapSize">Swap (optional)</label>
+              <div class="inline-field">
+                <input id="swapSize" v-model.number="form.swapValue" type="number" min="0" step="0.1" placeholder="Swap size">
+                <select v-model="form.swapUnit">
+                  <option value="MB">MB</option>
+                  <option value="GB">GB</option>
+                </select>
+              </div>
+              <small class="hint">Leave as 0 to disable swap.</small>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="diskSize">Storage (GB)</label>
+              <input id="diskSize" v-model.number="form.disk_size" type="number" placeholder="Storage size in GB" required>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="storageFs">Storage Filesystem
+                <span class="help-icon" title="ZFS: strong integrity guarantees. ext4: lower overhead for databases.">?</span>
+              </label>
+              <select id="storageFs" v-model="form.storage_fs">
+                <option value="">Default (ZFS)</option>
+                <option value="zfs">ZFS</option>
+                <option value="ext4">ext4</option>
+              </select>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label for="appId">App ID (optional)</label>
+              <input id="appId" v-model="form.app_id" type="text" placeholder="Leave empty for automatic generation">
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label for="dockerComposeFile">Docker Compose File</label>
+              <div class="file-input-row">
+                <div class="file-input-actions">
+                  <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="$refs.composeFile.click()">Upload File</button>
+                  <span class="help-text">or paste below</span>
+                  <input ref="composeFile" type="file" accept=".yml,.yaml,.txt" @change="$emit('load-compose', $event)">
+                </div>
+                <textarea id="dockerComposeFile" v-model="form.dockerComposeFile" placeholder="Paste your docker-compose.yml here" rows="8"></textarea>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label>Init Scripts
+                <span class="help-icon" title="Executed before dockerd starts. Use for early system setup.">?</span>
+              </label>
+              <div v-for="(script, index) in form.initScripts" :key="index" class="file-input-row">
+                <textarea :id="'initScript-' + index" v-model="form.initScripts[index]" :placeholder="'Init script ' + (index + 1)" rows="4"></textarea>
+                <button v-if="form.initScripts.length > 1" type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="form.initScripts.splice(index, 1)">Remove</button>
+              </div>
+              <!-- Keep in sync with dstack_types::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS. -->
+              <button v-if="form.initScripts.length < 5" type="button" class="action-btn" @click="form.initScripts.push('')">Add Init Script</button>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label for="preLaunchScript">Pre-launch Script
+                <span class="help-icon" title="Executed after dockerd starts, before containers launch.">?</span>
+              </label>
+              <textarea id="preLaunchScript" v-model="form.preLaunchScript" placeholder="Optional script executed before container launch" rows="4"></textarea>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label for="userConfig">User Config</label>
+              <textarea id="userConfig" v-model="form.user_config" placeholder="Optional user config placed at /dstack/.user-config in the CVM"></textarea>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="availableGpus.length > 0">
+              <gpu-config-editor
+                :available-gpus="availableGpus"
+                v-model:gpus="form.selectedGpus"
+                v-model:attach-all="form.attachAllGpus"
+                :allow-attach-all="allowAttachAllGpus"
+              />
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label for="keyProviderSelect">Key Provider</label>
+              <select id="keyProviderSelect" v-model="form.key_provider">
+                <option value="none">None</option>
+                <option value="kms">KMS</option>
+                <option value="local">Local</option>
+                <option value="tpm">TPM</option>
+              </select>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="form.key_provider === 'kms' || form.key_provider === 'local'">
+              <label for="keyProviderId">Key Provider ID</label>
+              <input id="keyProviderId" v-model="form.key_provider_id" type="text" placeholder="Optional provider ID">
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label>Networking</label>
+              <div class="network-config-editor">
+                <div v-if="!form.networks.length" class="network-config-empty">{{ defaultNetworkingLabel }}</div>
+                <div v-for="(network, index) in form.networks" :key="index" class="network-config-row">
+                  <select v-model="network.mode">
+                    <option v-for="mode in networkingModes" :key="mode" :value="mode">
+                      {{ mode.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + mode.slice(1) }}
+                    </option>
+                  </select>
+                  <input
+                    v-if="network.mode === 'bridge'"
+                    v-model="network.bridge_name"
+                    type="text"
+                    :placeholder="defaultBridge ? 'Override bridge (empty = ' + defaultBridge + ')' : 'Bridge name'"
+                  >
+                  <span v-else class="network-config-placeholder"></span>
+                  <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="form.networks.splice(index, 1)">Remove</button>
+                  <small v-if="network.mode === 'bridge'" class="hint network-config-hint">
+                    {{ defaultBridge ? 'Leave empty to use the VMM default bridge from vmm.toml: ' + defaultBridge + '.' : 'No default bridge is configured in vmm.toml; enter a bridge interface name.' }}
+                    Guest IP is assigned by host DHCP on that bridge and reported after boot.
+                  </small>
+                </div>
+                <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="form.networks.push({ mode: networkingModes[0] || 'user', bridge_name: '' })">Add Network</button>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group">
+              <label for="eventLogVersion">Event log format
+                <span class="help-icon" title="V2 (JCS canonical JSON) enables per-event policy evaluation. V1 is the legacy binary format. Requires guest image with v2 support.">?</span>
+              </label>
+              <select id="eventLogVersion" v-model.number="form.event_log_version">
+                <option :value="1">V1 (legacy binary)</option>
+                <option :value="2">V2 (JCS canonical JSON)</option>
+              </select>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label>Features</label>
+              <div class="feature-checkboxes">
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.gateway_enabled"> Enable dstack-gateway</label>
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.public_logs"> Public logs</label>
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.public_sysinfo"> Public sysinfo</label>
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.public_tcbinfo"> Public TCB info</label>
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.no_tee"> No TEE</label>
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.pin_numa"> Pin NUMA</label>
+                <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="form.hugepages"> Huge pages</label>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <label for="simulatedTeeSelect">Simulated TEE (development only)</label>
+              <select id="simulatedTeeSelect" v-model="form.simulated_tee">
+                <option value="">Disabled</option>
+                <option value="dstack-tdx">dstack TDX</option>
+                <option value="dstack-gcp-tdx">GCP TDX</option>
+                <option value="dstack-amd-sev-snp">AMD SEV-SNP</option>
+                <option value="dstack-nitro-enclave">AWS Nitro Enclave</option>
+                <option value="dstack-aws-nitro-tpm">AWS NitroTPM</option>
+              </select>
+              <small class="hint">Selecting a platform makes this instance run without hardware TEE. Key provider selection remains independent.</small>
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="form.key_provider === 'kms'">
+              <encrypted-env-editor :env-vars="form.encryptedEnvs" />
+            </div>
+
+            <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="portMappingEnabled">
+              <port-mapping-editor :ports="form.ports" />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          <div class="dialog-footer">
+            <button type="submit" class="action-btn primary">Deploy</button>
+            <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="$emit('close')">Cancel</button>
+          </div>
+        </form>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `,
+};
+
+export = CreateVmDialogComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/EncryptedEnvEditor.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/EncryptedEnvEditor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a081bfdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/EncryptedEnvEditor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+declare const FileReader: any;
+
+type EnvVar = { key: string; value: string };
+
+type ComponentInstance = {
+  envVars: EnvVar[];
+  $refs: { envFileInput?: HTMLInputElement };
+  $data: {
+    editMode: 'form' | 'text';
+    textContent: string;
+  };
+  parseTextContent(): void;
+};
+
+const EncryptedEnvEditorComponent = {
+  name: 'EncryptedEnvEditor',
+  props: {
+    envVars: {
+      type: Array,
+      required: true,
+    },
+  },
+  data() {
+    return {
+      editMode: 'form' as 'form' | 'text',
+      textContent: '',
+    };
+  },
+  template: /* html */ `
+    <div class="encrypted-env-editor">
+      <div class="env-editor-header">
+        <h4 class="env-editor-title">Encrypted Environment Variables</h4>
+        <div class="env-mode-toggle">
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            class="mode-btn"
+            :class="{ active: editMode === 'form' }"
+            @click="switchToForm">
+            Form
+          </button>
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            class="mode-btn"
+            :class="{ active: editMode === 'text' }"
+            @click="switchToText">
+            Text
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div v-if="editMode === 'form'" class="env-form-mode">
+        <div v-if="envVars.length === 0" class="env-editor-empty">
+          <p class="hint">No environment variables yet. Click "Add" to create one.</p>
+        </div>
+        <div v-for="(env, index) in envVars" :key="index" class="encrypted-env-row">
+          <input type="text" v-model="env.key" placeholder="Variable name" required>
+          <input type="password" v-model="env.value" placeholder="Value" required>
+          <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="removeEnv(index)">
+            Remove
+          </button>
+        </div>
+        <div class="encrypted-env-actions">
+          <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="addEnv">Add</button>
+          <input type="file" ref="envFileInput" @change="loadEnvFromFile" accept=".env,.txt">
+          <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="triggerFileInput">Load from file</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div v-else class="env-text-mode">
+        <textarea
+          v-model="textContent"
+          @blur="parseTextContent"
+          placeholder="Enter environment variables, one per line:&#10;KEY1=value1&#10;KEY2=value2&#10;# Comments start with #"
+          rows="8"
+        ></textarea>
+        <p class="hint">Format: KEY=VALUE (one per line). Lines starting with # are ignored.</p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `,
+  methods: {
+    addEnv(this: ComponentInstance) {
+      this.envVars.push({ key: '', value: '' });
+    },
+    removeEnv(this: ComponentInstance, index: number) {
+      this.envVars.splice(index, 1);
+    },
+    triggerFileInput(this: ComponentInstance) {
+      this.$refs.envFileInput?.click();
+    },
+    switchToForm(this: ComponentInstance) {
+      this.parseTextContent();
+      this.$data.editMode = 'form';
+    },
+    switchToText(this: ComponentInstance) {
+      this.$data.textContent = this.envVars
+        .map((env) => `${env.key}=${env.value}`)
+        .join('\n');
+      this.$data.editMode = 'text';
+    },
+    parseTextContent(this: ComponentInstance) {
+      const content = this.$data.textContent;
+      if (!content.trim()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const lines = content.split('\n');
+      this.envVars.splice(0, this.envVars.length);
+      for (const line of lines) {
+        const trimmed = line.trim();
+        if (!trimmed || trimmed.startsWith('#')) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const equalIndex = trimmed.indexOf('=');
+        if (equalIndex === -1) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const key = trimmed.substring(0, equalIndex).trim();
+        const value = trimmed.substring(equalIndex + 1).trim();
+        if (!key) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        this.envVars.push({ key, value });
+      }
+    },
+    loadEnvFromFile(this: ComponentInstance, event: Event) {
+      const input = event.target as HTMLInputElement | null;
+      const file = input?.files?.[0];
+      if (!file) {
+        return;
+      }
+      const reader = new FileReader();
+      reader.onload = (e: { target: { result: string } }) => {
+        const content = e.target.result || '';
+        const lines = content.split('\n');
+        this.envVars.splice(0, this.envVars.length);
+        for (const line of lines) {
+          const trimmed = line.trim();
+          if (!trimmed || trimmed.startsWith('#')) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          const equalIndex = trimmed.indexOf('=');
+          if (equalIndex === -1) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          const key = trimmed.substring(0, equalIndex).trim();
+          const value = trimmed.substring(equalIndex + 1).trim();
+          if (!key) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          this.envVars.push({ key, value });
+        }
+      };
+      reader.readAsText(file);
+      if (input) {
+        input.value = '';
+      }
+    },
+  },
+};
+
+export = EncryptedEnvEditorComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/ForkVmDialog.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/ForkVmDialog.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a5b2d617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/ForkVmDialog.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const ForkVmDialogComponent = {
+  name: 'ForkVmDialog',
+  props: {
+    visible: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    dialog: { type: Object, required: true },
+    availableImages: { type: Array, required: true },
+  },
+  emits: ['close', 'submit'],
+  template: /* html */ `
+    <div v-if="visible" class="dialog-overlay" @click.self="$emit('close')">
+      <div class="dialog">
+        <h3>Derive VM</h3>
+        <p class="warning-text">
+          This will create a new VM instance with the same app id, but the disk state will NOT migrate to the new instance.
+        </p>
+
+        <div class="form-group">
+          <label for="forkImage">Image</label>
+          <select id="forkImage" v-model="dialog.image" required>
+            <option value="" disabled>Select an image</option>
+            <option v-for="image in availableImages" :key="image.name" :value="image.name">
+              {{ image.name }}
+            </option>
+          </select>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group">
+          <label for="forkVcpu">Number of vCPUs</label>
+          <input id="forkVcpu" v-model.number="dialog.vcpu" type="number" placeholder="vCPUs" required>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group">
+          <label for="forkMemory">Memory (MB)</label>
+          <input id="forkMemory" v-model.number="dialog.memory" type="number" placeholder="Memory in MB" required>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group">
+          <label for="forkDiskSize">Disk Size (GB)</label>
+          <input id="forkDiskSize" v-model.number="dialog.disk_size" type="number" placeholder="Disk size in GB" required>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="dialog-footer">
+          <button class="action-btn primary" @click="$emit('submit')">Derive</button>
+          <button class="action-btn" @click="$emit('close')">Cancel</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `,
+};
+
+export = ForkVmDialogComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/GpuConfigEditor.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/GpuConfigEditor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11a142e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/GpuConfigEditor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+declare const Vue: any;
+const { computed } = Vue;
+
+type ComponentInstance = {
+  availableGpus: Array<{ slot: string; description?: string; is_free?: boolean }>;
+  gpus: string[];
+  attachAll: boolean;
+};
+
+const GpuConfigEditorComponent = {
+  name: 'GpuConfigEditor',
+  props: {
+    availableGpus: {
+      type: Array,
+      required: true,
+    },
+    gpus: {
+      type: Array,
+      required: true,
+    },
+    attachAll: {
+      type: Boolean,
+      required: true,
+    },
+    allowAttachAll: {
+      type: Boolean,
+      required: true,
+    },
+  },
+  emits: ['update:gpus', 'update:attachAll'],
+  setup(props: any, { emit }: any) {
+    const selectedGpus = computed({
+      get: () => props.gpus,
+      set: (value: string[]) => emit('update:gpus', value),
+    });
+
+    const attachAllComputed = computed({
+      get: () => props.attachAll,
+      set: (value: boolean) => emit('update:attachAll', value),
+    });
+
+    return {
+      selectedGpus,
+      attachAllComputed,
+    };
+  },
+  template: /* html */ `
+    <div class="gpu-config-editor">
+      <label class="gpu-section-label">GPU Configuration</label>
+      <div v-if="allowAttachAll" class="checkbox-grid">
+        <label>
+          <input type="checkbox" v-model="attachAllComputed">
+          Attach All GPUs and NVSwitches
+        </label>
+      </div>
+      <div v-if="!attachAllComputed" class="gpu-config-list">
+        <div class="gpu-config-list-header">
+          Select GPUs to attach:
+        </div>
+        <div class="gpu-config-items">
+          <div class="gpu-checkbox-grid">
+            <label v-for="gpu in availableGpus" :key="gpu.slot">
+              <input type="checkbox" :value="gpu.slot" v-model="selectedGpus">
+              <span>{{ gpu.slot }}: {{ gpu.description }} {{ gpu.is_free ? '' : '(in use)' }}</span>
+            </label>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div v-else class="gpu-config-hint">
+        All NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches will be attached to the VM
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `,
+};
+
+export = GpuConfigEditorComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/PortMappingEditor.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/PortMappingEditor.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0668bd952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/PortMappingEditor.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+type PortEntry = {
+  protocol: string;
+  host_address: string;
+  host_address_mode?: string;    // "local" | "public" | "custom"
+  host_port: number | null;
+  vm_port: number | null;
+  custom_ip?: string;            // User-entered IP for custom mode
+};
+
+// ... keep your types as-is ...
+
+type ComponentInstance = {
+  ports: PortEntry[];
+  normalizePort: (p: PortEntry) => void;
+};
+
+const PortMappingEditorComponent = {
+  name: 'PortMappingEditor',
+  props: {
+    ports: { type: Array, required: true },
+  },
+
+  // normalize on initial load
+  created(this: ComponentInstance) {
+    this.ports.forEach((p) => this.normalizePort(p));
+  },
+
+  // normalize again if parent replaces ports array (e.g. after refresh)
+  watch: {
+    ports: {
+      deep: true,
+      handler(this: ComponentInstance, newPorts: PortEntry[]) {
+        newPorts.forEach((p) => this.normalizePort(p));
+      },
+    },
+  },
+
+  template: /* html */ `
+    <div class="port-mapping-editor">
+      <label>Port Mappings</label>
+      <div v-for="(port, index) in ports" :key="index" class="port-row">
+        <select v-model="port.protocol">
+          <option value="tcp">TCP</option>
+          <option value="udp">UDP</option>
+        </select>
+
+        <select v-model="port.host_address_mode" @change="onModeChange(port)">
+          <option value="local">Local</option>
+          <option value="public">Public</option>
+          <option value="custom">Custom</option>
+        </select>
+
+        <input
+          v-if="port.host_address_mode === 'custom'"
+          type="text"
+          v-model="port.custom_ip"
+          placeholder="Enter IP address"
+          @input="onCustomIPChange(port)"
+        />
+
+        <input type="number" v-model.number="port.host_port" placeholder="Host Port" required>
+        <input type="number" v-model.number="port.vm_port" placeholder="VM Port" required>
+        <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="removePort(index)">Remove</button>
+      </div>
+      <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="addPort">Add Port</button>
+    </div>
+  `,
+
+  methods: {
+    // derives mode + custom_ip from host_address when editing existing VMs
+    normalizePort(this: ComponentInstance, port: PortEntry) {
+      // If mode already set, keep it (don’t fight the user while editing)
+      if (port.host_address_mode) return;
+
+      if (port.host_address === '127.0.0.1') {
+        port.host_address_mode = 'local';
+        port.custom_ip = '';
+      } else if (port.host_address === '0.0.0.0') {
+        port.host_address_mode = 'public';
+        port.custom_ip = '';
+      } else {
+        port.host_address_mode = 'custom';
+        port.custom_ip = port.host_address; // show dedicated IP in input
+      }
+    },
+
+    addPort(this: ComponentInstance) {
+      this.ports.push({
+        protocol: 'tcp',
+        host_address: '127.0.0.1',
+        host_address_mode: 'local',
+        custom_ip: '',
+        host_port: null,
+        vm_port: null,
+      });
+    },
+
+    removePort(this: ComponentInstance, index: number) {
+      this.ports.splice(index, 1);
+    },
+
+    onModeChange(port: PortEntry) {
+      if (port.host_address_mode === 'local') {
+        port.host_address = '127.0.0.1';
+        port.custom_ip = '';
+      } else if (port.host_address_mode === 'public') {
+        port.host_address = '0.0.0.0';
+        port.custom_ip = '';
+      } else if (port.host_address_mode === 'custom') {
+        // if coming from existing custom, keep it; otherwise start empty
+        if (!port.custom_ip || port.custom_ip === '') {
+          // if host_address already contains a non-standard IP, reuse it
+          if (port.host_address !== '127.0.0.1' && port.host_address !== '0.0.0.0') {
+            port.custom_ip = port.host_address;
+          }
+        }
+        port.host_address = port.custom_ip || '';
+      }
+    },
+
+    onCustomIPChange(port: PortEntry) {
+      if (port.host_address_mode === 'custom') {
+        port.host_address = port.custom_ip || '';
+      }
+    },
+  },
+};
+
+export = PortMappingEditorComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/UpdateVmDialog.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/UpdateVmDialog.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dc9568b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/components/UpdateVmDialog.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const EncryptedEnvEditor = require('./EncryptedEnvEditor');
+const PortMappingEditor = require('./PortMappingEditor');
+const GpuConfigEditor = require('./GpuConfigEditor');
+
+const UpdateVmDialogComponent = {
+  name: 'UpdateVmDialog',
+  components: {
+    'encrypted-env-editor': EncryptedEnvEditor,
+    'port-mapping-editor': PortMappingEditor,
+    'gpu-config-editor': GpuConfigEditor,
+  },
+  props: {
+    visible: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    dialog: { type: Object, required: true },
+    availableImages: { type: Array, required: true },
+    availableGpus: { type: Array, required: true },
+    allowAttachAllGpus: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    portMappingEnabled: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    networkingModes: { type: Array, required: true },
+    defaultBridge: { type: String, default: '' },
+    defaultNetworkingLabel: { type: String, required: true },
+    kmsEnabled: { type: Boolean, required: true },
+    composeHashPreview: { type: String, required: true },
+  },
+  emits: ['close', 'submit', 'load-compose'],
+  template: /* html */ `
+    <div v-if="visible" class="dialog-overlay" @click.self="$emit('close')">
+      <div class="dialog">
+        <h3>Update VM Config</h3>
+
+        <div v-if="kmsEnabled">
+          <div class="form-group">
+            <label for="upgradeVcpu">Number of vCPUs</label>
+            <input id="upgradeVcpu" v-model.number="dialog.vcpu" type="number" placeholder="vCPUs" required>
+          </div>
+          <div class="form-group">
+            <label for="upgradeMemory">Memory</label>
+            <div class="inline-field">
+              <input id="upgradeMemory" v-model.number="dialog.memoryValue" type="number" placeholder="Memory" required>
+              <select v-model="dialog.memoryUnit">
+                <option value="MB">MB</option>
+                <option value="GB">GB</option>
+              </select>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="kmsEnabled" class="form-group">
+          <label for="upgradeSwap">Swap (optional)</label>
+          <div class="inline-field">
+            <input id="upgradeSwap" v-model.number="dialog.swapValue" type="number" min="0" step="0.1" placeholder="Swap size" :disabled="!dialog.updateCompose">
+            <select v-model="dialog.swapUnit" :disabled="!dialog.updateCompose">
+              <option value="MB">MB</option>
+              <option value="GB">GB</option>
+            </select>
+          </div>
+          <small class="hint">Enable "Update compose" to change swap size.</small>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group">
+          <label for="upgradeDiskSize">Disk Size (GB)</label>
+          <input id="upgradeDiskSize" v-model.number="dialog.disk_size" type="number" placeholder="Disk size in GB" required>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="kmsEnabled" class="form-group">
+          <label for="upgradeImage">Image</label>
+          <select id="upgradeImage" v-model="dialog.image" required>
+            <option value="" disabled>Select an image</option>
+            <option v-for="image in availableImages" :key="image.name" :value="image.name">
+              {{ image.name }}
+            </option>
+          </select>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="checkbox-grid">
+          <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="dialog.updateCompose"> Update App Compose</label>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="dialog.updateCompose" class="compose-update">
+          <div class="form-group">
+            <label for="upgradeCompose">Docker Compose File</label>
+            <div class="file-input-row">
+              <div class="file-input-actions">
+                <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="$refs.composeFile.click()">Upload File</button>
+                <span class="help-text">or paste below</span>
+                <input ref="composeFile" type="file" accept=".yml,.yaml,.txt" @change="$emit('load-compose', $event)">
+              </div>
+              <textarea id="upgradeCompose" v-model="dialog.dockerComposeFile" placeholder="Paste your new docker-compose.yml here" rows="8" required></textarea>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="form-group">
+            <label>Init Scripts
+              <span class="help-icon" title="Executed before dockerd starts. Use for early system setup.">?</span>
+            </label>
+            <div v-for="(script, index) in dialog.initScripts" :key="index" class="file-input-row">
+              <textarea :id="'upgradeInitScript-' + index" v-model="dialog.initScripts[index]" :placeholder="'Init script ' + (index + 1)" rows="3"></textarea>
+              <button v-if="dialog.initScripts.length > 1" type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="dialog.initScripts.splice(index, 1)">Remove</button>
+            </div>
+            <!-- Keep in sync with dstack_types::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS. -->
+            <button v-if="dialog.initScripts.length < 5" type="button" class="action-btn" @click="dialog.initScripts.push('')">Add Init Script</button>
+          </div>
+          <div class="form-group">
+            <label for="upgradePrelauncher">Pre-launch Script
+              <span class="help-icon" title="Executed after dockerd starts, before containers launch.">?</span>
+            </label>
+            <textarea id="upgradePrelauncher" v-model="dialog.preLaunchScript" placeholder="Optional: Bash script to run before starting containers" rows="3"></textarea>
+          </div>
+          <div class="app-id-preview">
+            Compose Hash: 0x{{ composeHashPreview }}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="kmsEnabled">
+          <div class="checkbox-grid">
+            <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="dialog.resetSecrets"> Reset secrets</label>
+          </div>
+          <div v-if="dialog.resetSecrets" class="reset-secrets">
+            <div class="form-group full-width">
+              <encrypted-env-editor :env-vars="dialog.encryptedEnvs" />
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group" v-if="availableGpus.length > 0">
+          <div class="checkbox-grid">
+            <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="dialog.updateGpuConfig"> Update GPU configuration</label>
+          </div>
+          <div v-if="dialog.updateGpuConfig">
+            <gpu-config-editor
+              :available-gpus="availableGpus"
+              :allow-attach-all="allowAttachAllGpus"
+              v-model:gpus="dialog.selectedGpus"
+              v-model:attach-all="dialog.attachAllGpus"
+            />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="portMappingEnabled">
+          <port-mapping-editor :ports="dialog.ports" />
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group full-width">
+          <div class="checkbox-grid">
+            <label><input type="checkbox" v-model="dialog.updateNetworking"> Update networking</label>
+          </div>
+          <div v-if="dialog.updateNetworking" class="network-config-editor">
+            <div v-if="!dialog.networks.length" class="network-config-empty">{{ defaultNetworkingLabel }}</div>
+            <div v-for="(network, index) in dialog.networks" :key="index" class="network-config-row">
+              <select v-model="network.mode">
+                <option v-for="mode in networkingModes" :key="mode" :value="mode">
+                  {{ mode.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + mode.slice(1) }}
+                </option>
+              </select>
+              <input
+                v-if="network.mode === 'bridge'"
+                v-model="network.bridge_name"
+                type="text"
+                :placeholder="defaultBridge ? 'Override bridge (empty = ' + defaultBridge + ')' : 'Bridge name'"
+              >
+              <span v-else class="network-config-placeholder"></span>
+              <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="dialog.networks.splice(index, 1)">Remove</button>
+              <small v-if="network.mode === 'bridge'" class="hint network-config-hint">
+                {{ defaultBridge ? 'Leave empty to use the VMM default bridge from vmm.toml: ' + defaultBridge + '.' : 'No default bridge is configured in vmm.toml; enter a bridge interface name.' }}
+                Guest IP is assigned by host DHCP on that bridge and reported after boot.
+              </small>
+            </div>
+            <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="dialog.networks.push({ mode: networkingModes[0] || 'user', bridge_name: '' })">Add Network</button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="form-group">
+          <label for="upgradeUserConfig">User Config</label>
+          <textarea id="upgradeUserConfig" v-model="dialog.user_config" placeholder="Optional: User config to be put at /dstack/.user-config in the CVM"></textarea>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="dialog-footer">
+          <button class="action-btn primary" @click="$emit('submit')">Update</button>
+          <button class="action-btn" @click="$emit('close')">Cancel</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  `,
+};
+
+export = UpdateVmDialogComponent;
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/composables/useVmManager.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/composables/useVmManager.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ff3b9e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/composables/useVmManager.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,1873 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+declare const Vue: any;
+const { ref, computed, watch, onMounted } = Vue;
+import type { vmm as VmmTypes } from '../proto/vmm_rpc';
+
+// Types based on Rust definitions
+type VmConfiguration = VmmTypes.IVmConfiguration;
+
+type AppCompose = {
+  manifest_version: number | string;
+  name: string;
+  features: string[];
+  runner: string;
+  docker_compose_file?: string;
+  public_logs: boolean;
+  public_sysinfo: boolean;
+  public_tcbinfo: boolean;
+  kms_enabled: boolean;
+  gateway_enabled: boolean;
+  tproxy_enabled?: boolean;
+  local_key_provider_enabled: boolean;
+  key_provider?: KeyProviderKind;
+  key_provider_id: string;
+  allowed_envs: string[];
+  no_instance_id: boolean;
+  secure_time: boolean;
+  requirements?: Requirements;
+  storage_fs?: string;
+  swap_size: number;
+  launch_token_hash?: string;
+  pre_launch_script?: string;
+  init_script?: string | string[];
+  event_log_version?: number;
+};
+
+function initScriptList(initScript: string | string[] | undefined): string[] {
+  const scripts = Array.isArray(initScript)
+    ? [...initScript]
+    : initScript
+      ? [initScript]
+      : [];
+  return scripts.length > 0 ? scripts : [''];
+}
+
+function nonEmptyInitScripts(initScripts: string[]): string[] {
+  return initScripts.filter((script) => script.trim());
+}
+
+function compatibleInitScripts(initScripts: string[]): string | string[] | undefined {
+  const scripts = nonEmptyInitScripts(initScripts);
+  return scripts.length === 0 ? undefined : scripts.length === 1 ? scripts[0] : scripts;
+}
+
+type KeyProviderKind = 'none' | 'kms' | 'local' | 'tpm';
+type RequirementPlatform =
+  | 'dstack-tdx'
+  | 'dstack-gcp-tdx'
+  | 'dstack-amd-sev-snp'
+  | 'dstack-nitro-enclave';
+type Requirements = {
+  os_version?: string;
+  platforms?: RequirementPlatform[];
+  tdx_measure_acpi_tables?: boolean;
+  launch_token_hash?: string;
+};
+
+const x25519 = require('../lib/x25519.js');
+const { getVmmRpcClient } = require('../lib/vmmRpcClient');
+
+const vmmRpc = getVmmRpcClient();
+
+// System menu state
+const systemMenu = ref({
+  show: false,
+});
+const devMode = ref(localStorage.getItem('devMode') === 'true');
+
+type MemoryUnit = 'MB' | 'GB';
+
+type JsonRpcCall = (method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<Response>;
+type Ref<T> = { value: T };
+
+type VmListItem = {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  app_id: string;
+  status: string;
+  app_url?: string;
+  uptime?: string;
+  boot_progress?: string;
+  shutdown_progress?: string;
+  image_version?: string;
+  interfaces?: VmmTypes.INetworkInterfaceStatus[];
+  configuration?: VmConfiguration;
+  appCompose?: AppCompose;
+};
+
+type EncryptedEnvEntry = {
+  key: string;
+  value: string;
+};
+
+type PortFormEntry = {
+  protocol: string;
+  host_address?: string;
+  host_port?: number | null;
+  vm_port?: number | null;
+};
+
+type NetworkFormEntry = {
+  mode: string;
+  bridge_name?: string;
+};
+
+type VmFormState = {
+  name: string;
+  image: string;
+  dockerComposeFile: string;
+  initScripts: string[];
+  preLaunchScript: string;
+  vcpu: number;
+  memory: number;
+  memoryValue: number;
+  memoryUnit: MemoryUnit;
+  swap_size: number;
+  swapValue: number;
+  swapUnit: MemoryUnit;
+  disk_size: number;
+  selectedGpus: string[];
+  attachAllGpus: boolean;
+  ports: PortFormEntry[];
+  encryptedEnvs: EncryptedEnvEntry[];
+  storage_fs: string;
+  app_id: string | null;
+  key_provider?: KeyProviderKind;
+  key_provider_id: string;
+  gateway_enabled: boolean;
+  public_logs: boolean;
+  public_sysinfo: boolean;
+  public_tcbinfo: boolean;
+  no_tee: boolean;
+  simulated_tee: string;
+  pin_numa: boolean;
+  hugepages: boolean;
+  networks: NetworkFormEntry[];
+  user_config: string;
+  kms_urls: string[];
+  gateway_urls: string[];
+  stopped: boolean;
+  event_log_version: number;
+};
+
+type UpdateDialogState = {
+  show: boolean;
+  vm: VmListItem | null;
+  updateCompose: boolean;
+  dockerComposeFile: string;
+  initScripts: string[];
+  preLaunchScript: string;
+  encryptedEnvs: EncryptedEnvEntry[];
+  resetSecrets: boolean;
+  vcpu: number;
+  memory: number;
+  memoryValue: number;
+  memoryUnit: MemoryUnit;
+  swap_size: number;
+  swapValue: number;
+  swapUnit: MemoryUnit;
+  disk_size: number;
+  image: string;
+  ports: PortFormEntry[];
+  attachAllGpus: boolean;
+  selectedGpus: string[];
+  updateGpuConfig: boolean;
+  updateNetworking: boolean;
+  networks: NetworkFormEntry[];
+  user_config: string;
+};
+
+type CloneConfigDialogState = {
+  show: boolean;
+  name: string;
+  compose_file: string;
+  image: string;
+  vcpu: number;
+  memory: number;
+  disk_size: number;
+  ports: PortFormEntry[];
+  user_config: string;
+  gpus?: VmmTypes.IGpuConfig;
+  kms_urls?: string[];
+  gateway_urls?: string[];
+  networks?: NetworkFormEntry[];
+  hugepages: boolean;
+  pin_numa: boolean;
+  no_tee: boolean;
+  simulated_tee: string;
+  encrypted_env?: Uint8Array;
+  app_id?: string;
+  stopped: boolean;
+};
+
+function createVmFormState(preLaunchScript: string): VmFormState {
+  return {
+    name: '',
+    image: '',
+    dockerComposeFile: '',
+    initScripts: [''],
+    preLaunchScript,
+    vcpu: 1,
+    memory: 2048,
+    memoryValue: 2,
+    memoryUnit: 'GB',
+    swap_size: 0,
+    swapValue: 0,
+    swapUnit: 'GB',
+    disk_size: 20,
+    selectedGpus: [],
+    attachAllGpus: false,
+    ports: [],
+    encryptedEnvs: [],
+    storage_fs: '',
+    app_id: null,
+    key_provider: 'kms',
+    key_provider_id: '',
+    gateway_enabled: true,
+    public_logs: true,
+    public_sysinfo: true,
+    public_tcbinfo: true,
+    no_tee: false,
+    simulated_tee: '',
+    pin_numa: false,
+    hugepages: false,
+    networks: [],
+    user_config: '',
+    kms_urls: [],
+    gateway_urls: [],
+    stopped: false,
+    event_log_version: 1,
+  };
+}
+
+function createUpdateDialogState(): UpdateDialogState {
+  return {
+    show: false,
+    vm: null,
+    updateCompose: false,
+    dockerComposeFile: '',
+    initScripts: [''],
+    preLaunchScript: '',
+    encryptedEnvs: [],
+    resetSecrets: false,
+    vcpu: 0,
+    memory: 0,
+    memoryValue: 0,
+    memoryUnit: 'MB',
+    swap_size: 0,
+    swapValue: 0,
+    swapUnit: 'GB',
+    disk_size: 0,
+    image: '',
+    ports: [],
+    attachAllGpus: false,
+    selectedGpus: [],
+    updateGpuConfig: false,
+    updateNetworking: false,
+    networks: [],
+    user_config: '',
+  };
+}
+
+function createCloneConfigDialogState(): CloneConfigDialogState {
+  return {
+    show: false,
+    name: '',
+    compose_file: '',
+    image: '',
+    vcpu: 0,
+    memory: 0,
+    disk_size: 0,
+    ports: [],
+    user_config: '',
+    gpus: undefined,
+    kms_urls: undefined,
+    gateway_urls: undefined,
+    networks: undefined,
+    hugepages: false,
+    pin_numa: false,
+    no_tee: false,
+    simulated_tee: '',
+    encrypted_env: undefined,
+    app_id: undefined,
+    stopped: false,
+  };
+}
+
+function useVmManager() {
+  const version = ref({ version: '-', commit: '' });
+  const vms = ref([] as VmListItem[]);
+  const expandedVMs = ref(new Set() as Set<string>);
+  const networkInfo = ref({} as Record<string, any>);
+  const searchQuery = ref('');
+  const currentPage = ref(1);
+  const pageInput = ref(1);
+  const pageSize = ref(Number.parseInt(localStorage.getItem('pageSize') || '50', 10));
+  const totalVMs = ref(0);
+  const hasMorePages = ref(false);
+  const loadingVMDetails = ref(false);
+  const maxPage = computed(() => Math.ceil(totalVMs.value / pageSize.value) || 1);
+
+  const preLaunchScript = `
+EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH=$(jq -j .launch_token_hash app-compose.json)
+if [ "$EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH" == "null" ]; then
+    echo "Skipped APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN check"
+else
+  ACTUAL_TOKEN_HASH=$(echo -n "$APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+  if [ "$EXPECTED_TOKEN_HASH" != "$ACTUAL_TOKEN_HASH" ]; then
+      echo "Error: Incorrect APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN, please make sure set the correct APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN in env"
+      reboot
+      exit 1
+  else
+      echo "APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN checked OK"
+  fi
+fi
+`;
+
+  const vmForm: Ref<VmFormState> = ref(createVmFormState(preLaunchScript));
+
+  const availableImages = ref([] as Array<{ name: string; version?: string }>);
+  const availableGpus = ref([] as Array<any>);
+  const availableGpuProducts = ref([] as Array<any>);
+  const allowAttachAllGpus = ref(false);
+
+  const updateDialog: Ref<UpdateDialogState> = ref(createUpdateDialogState());
+
+  const updateMessage = ref('');
+  const successMessage = ref('');
+  const errorMessage = ref('');
+
+  const cloneConfigDialog: Ref<CloneConfigDialogState> = ref(createCloneConfigDialogState());
+
+  const showCreateDialog = ref(false);
+  const config = ref({
+    portMappingEnabled: false,
+    networking: null as VmmTypes.INetworkingCapabilities | null,
+  });
+  const networkingModes = computed(() => {
+    const supported = config.value.networking?.supported_modes || [];
+    const fallback = supported.length > 0 ? supported : ['user'];
+    return Array.from(new Set(fallback));
+  });
+  const defaultBridge = computed(() => config.value.networking?.default_bridge || '');
+  const defaultNetworkingLabel = computed(() => {
+    const mode = config.value.networking?.default_mode || '';
+    if (mode === 'bridge') {
+      return defaultBridge.value
+        ? `Default: Bridge (${defaultBridge.value})`
+        : 'Default: Bridge (no default bridge configured)';
+    }
+    if (mode === 'user') {
+      return 'Default: User networking';
+    }
+    return mode ? `Default: ${networkModeLabel(mode)}` : 'Default: node configuration';
+  });
+  const composeHashPreview = ref('');
+  const updateComposeHashPreview = ref('');
+
+  const BYTES_PER_MB = 1024 * 1024;
+
+  function convertMemoryToMB(value: number, unit: string) {
+    if (!Number.isFinite(value) || value < 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if (unit === 'GB') {
+      return value * 1024;
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  function convertSwapToBytes(value: number, unit: string) {
+    const mb = convertMemoryToMB(value, unit);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(mb) || mb <= 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return Math.max(0, Math.round(mb * BYTES_PER_MB));
+  }
+
+  function bytesToMB(bytes: number) {
+    if (!bytes) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    return bytes / BYTES_PER_MB;
+  }
+
+  function hexToBytes(hex: string) {
+    if (!hex) {
+      return new Uint8Array();
+    }
+    const normalized = hex.startsWith('0x') ? hex.slice(2) : hex;
+    const length = Math.floor(normalized.length / 2);
+    const result = new Uint8Array(length);
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+      const byte = normalized.slice(i * 2, i * 2 + 2);
+      result[i] = Number.parseInt(byte, 16);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  const clonePortMappings = (ports: VmmTypes.IPortMapping[] = []): PortFormEntry[] =>
+    ports.map((port) => ({
+      protocol: port.protocol || 'tcp',
+      host_address: port.host_address || '127.0.0.1',
+      host_port: typeof port.host_port === 'number' ? port.host_port : null,
+      vm_port: typeof port.vm_port === 'number' ? port.vm_port : null,
+    }));
+
+  const normalizePorts = (ports: PortFormEntry[] = []): VmmTypes.IPortMapping[] =>
+    ports
+      .map((port) => {
+        const protocol = (port.protocol || '').trim();
+        const hostPort =
+          port.host_port === null || port.host_port === undefined ? Number.NaN : Number(port.host_port);
+        const vmPort =
+          port.vm_port === null || port.vm_port === undefined ? Number.NaN : Number(port.vm_port);
+        return {
+          protocol,
+          host_address: (port.host_address || '127.0.0.1').trim() || '127.0.0.1',
+          host_port: hostPort,
+          vm_port: vmPort,
+        };
+      })
+      .filter(
+        (port) =>
+          port.protocol.length > 0 &&
+          Number.isFinite(port.host_port) &&
+          Number.isFinite(port.vm_port),
+      )
+      .map((port) => ({
+        protocol: port.protocol,
+        host_address: port.host_address,
+        host_port: port.host_port,
+        vm_port: port.vm_port,
+      }));
+
+  const cloneNetworks = (configuration?: VmConfiguration | null): NetworkFormEntry[] => {
+    const configured = configuration?.networks && configuration.networks.length > 0
+      ? configuration.networks
+      : (configuration?.networking ? [configuration.networking] : []);
+    return configured.map((network) => ({
+      mode: network.mode || '',
+      bridge_name: network.bridge_name || '',
+    }));
+  };
+
+  const normalizeNetworks = (networks: NetworkFormEntry[] = []): VmmTypes.INetworkingConfig[] =>
+    networks
+      .map((network) => ({
+        mode: (network.mode || '').trim(),
+        bridge_name: network.mode === 'bridge' ? (network.bridge_name || '').trim() : '',
+      }))
+      .filter((network) => network.mode.length > 0);
+
+  function networkModeLabel(mode?: string | null) {
+    if (!mode) {
+      return 'Default';
+    }
+    return mode.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + mode.slice(1);
+  }
+
+  function deriveGpuSelection(gpuConfig?: VmmTypes.IGpuConfig) {
+    if (!gpuConfig) {
+      return { attachAll: false, selected: [] as string[] };
+    }
+    if (gpuConfig.attach_mode === 'all') {
+      return { attachAll: true, selected: [] as string[] };
+    }
+    return {
+      attachAll: false,
+      selected: (gpuConfig.gpus || []).map((gpu) => gpu.slot).filter(Boolean) as string[],
+    };
+  }
+
+  function recordError(context: string, err: unknown) {
+    console.error(context, err);
+    if (err instanceof Error && err.message) {
+      errorMessage.value = err.message;
+    } else {
+      errorMessage.value = String(err);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function configGpu(form: { attachAllGpus: boolean; selectedGpus: string[] }, isUpdate: boolean = false): VmmTypes.IGpuConfig | undefined {
+    if (form.attachAllGpus) {
+      return { attach_mode: 'all' };
+    }
+    // For updates, always return a config when GPUs are being explicitly updated
+    // Empty array means no GPUs should be attached
+    if (isUpdate) {
+      return {
+        attach_mode: 'listed',
+        gpus: (form.selectedGpus || []).map((slot: string) => ({ slot })),
+      };
+    }
+    // For creation, return undefined if no GPUs are selected
+    if (form.selectedGpus && form.selectedGpus.length > 0) {
+      return {
+        attach_mode: 'listed',
+        gpus: form.selectedGpus.map((slot: string) => ({ slot })),
+      };
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+type CreateVmPayloadSource = {
+  name: string;
+  image: string;
+    compose_file: string;
+    vcpu: number;
+    memory: number;
+    disk_size: number;
+    ports: PortFormEntry[];
+    encrypted_env?: Uint8Array;
+    app_id?: string | null;
+    user_config?: string;
+  hugepages?: boolean;
+  pin_numa?: boolean;
+  no_tee?: boolean;
+  simulated_tee?: string;
+  networks?: NetworkFormEntry[];
+    gpus?: VmmTypes.IGpuConfig;
+    kms_urls?: string[];
+    gateway_urls?: string[];
+    stopped?: boolean;
+  };
+
+  function buildCreateVmPayload(source: CreateVmPayloadSource): VmmTypes.IVmConfiguration {
+    const normalizedPorts = normalizePorts(source.ports);
+    const normalizedNetworks = normalizeNetworks(source.networks || []);
+    return {
+      name: source.name.trim(),
+      image: source.image.trim(),
+      compose_file: source.compose_file,
+      vcpu: Math.max(1, Number(source.vcpu) || 1),
+      memory: Math.max(0, Number(source.memory) || 0),
+      disk_size: Math.max(0, Number(source.disk_size) || 0),
+      ports: normalizedPorts,
+      encrypted_env: source.encrypted_env,
+      app_id: source.app_id || undefined,
+      user_config: source.user_config || '',
+      hugepages: !!source.hugepages,
+      pin_numa: !!source.pin_numa,
+      no_tee: source.no_tee ?? false,
+      simulated_tee: source.simulated_tee || undefined,
+      networks: normalizedNetworks,
+      gpus: source.gpus,
+      kms_urls: source.kms_urls?.filter((url) => url && url.trim().length) ?? [],
+      gateway_urls: source.gateway_urls?.filter((url) => url && url.trim().length) ?? [],
+      stopped: !!source.stopped,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const autoMemoryDisplay = (mb: number): { memoryValue: number; memoryUnit: MemoryUnit } => {
+    if (mb >= 1024) {
+      return {
+        memoryValue: Number((mb / 1024).toFixed(1)),
+        memoryUnit: 'GB',
+      };
+    }
+    return {
+      memoryValue: mb,
+      memoryUnit: 'MB',
+    };
+  };
+
+  watch([() => vmForm.value.memoryValue, () => vmForm.value.memoryUnit], () => {
+    vmForm.value.memory = convertMemoryToMB(vmForm.value.memoryValue, vmForm.value.memoryUnit);
+  });
+
+  watch([() => vmForm.value.swapValue, () => vmForm.value.swapUnit], () => {
+    vmForm.value.swap_size = convertSwapToBytes(vmForm.value.swapValue, vmForm.value.swapUnit);
+  });
+
+  watch([() => updateDialog.value.memoryValue, () => updateDialog.value.memoryUnit], () => {
+    updateDialog.value.memory = convertMemoryToMB(updateDialog.value.memoryValue, updateDialog.value.memoryUnit);
+  });
+
+  watch([() => updateDialog.value.swapValue, () => updateDialog.value.swapUnit], () => {
+    updateDialog.value.swap_size = convertSwapToBytes(updateDialog.value.swapValue, updateDialog.value.swapUnit);
+  });
+
+  function makeBaseUrl(pathname: string) {
+    return `${pathname}?json`;
+  }
+
+  async function baseRpcCall(pathname: string, params: Record<string, unknown> = {}) {
+    const response = await fetch(makeBaseUrl(pathname), {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+      },
+      body: JSON.stringify(params),
+    });
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      const error = await response.text();
+      errorMessage.value = error;
+      throw new Error(error);
+    }
+    return response;
+  }
+
+  const guestRpcCall: JsonRpcCall = (method, params) => baseRpcCall(`/guest/${method}`, params);
+
+  async function loadVMList() {
+    try {
+      const request: VmmTypes.IStatusRequest = {
+        brief: true,
+        keyword: searchQuery.value || undefined,
+        page: currentPage.value,
+        page_size: pageSize.value,
+      };
+      const data = await vmmRpc.status(request);
+      totalVMs.value = data.total || data.vms.length;
+      hasMorePages.value = data.vms.length === pageSize.value && totalVMs.value > currentPage.value * pageSize.value;
+
+      const previousVmMap = new Map<string, VmListItem>(vms.value.map((vmItem: VmListItem) => [vmItem.id, vmItem]));
+      vms.value = (data.vms as VmListItem[]).map((vm) => {
+        const previousVm = previousVmMap.get(vm.id);
+        if (previousVm) {
+          return {
+            ...vm,
+            configuration: previousVm.configuration,
+            appCompose: previousVm.appCompose,
+          };
+        }
+        return vm;
+      });
+
+      config.value = {
+        ...config.value,
+        portMappingEnabled: data.port_mapping_enabled,
+      };
+
+      if (expandedVMs.value.size > 0) {
+        await refreshExpandedVMs();
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('error loading vm list', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function refreshExpandedVMs() {
+    try {
+      for (const vmId of Array.from(expandedVMs.value.values()) as string[]) {
+        await loadVMDetails(vmId);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Error refreshing expanded VMs', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function loadVMDetails(vmId: string) {
+    loadingVMDetails.value = true;
+    try {
+      const data = await vmmRpc.status({
+        brief: false,
+        ids: [vmId],
+      });
+      if (data.vms && data.vms.length > 0) {
+        const detailedVM: any = data.vms[0];
+        const appCompose = (() => {
+          try {
+            return JSON.parse(detailedVM.configuration?.compose_file || '{}');
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.error('Error parsing app config:', err);
+            return {};
+          }
+        })();
+        const index = vms.value.findIndex((vmItem) => vmItem.id === vmId);
+        if (index !== -1) {
+          vms.value[index] = { ...detailedVM, appCompose };
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError(`Error loading details for VM ${vmId}`, error);
+    } finally {
+      loadingVMDetails.value = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function ensureVmDetails(vm: VmListItem): Promise<VmListItem | null> {
+    if (vm.configuration?.compose_file && vm.appCompose) {
+      return vm;
+    }
+    await loadVMDetails(vm.id);
+    return vms.value.find((item) => item.id === vm.id) || null;
+  }
+
+  async function loadMeta() {
+    try {
+      const data = await vmmRpc.getMeta({});
+      config.value = {
+        ...config.value,
+        networking: data.networking || null,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('error loading VMM metadata', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function loadImages() {
+    try {
+      const data = await vmmRpc.listImages({});
+      availableImages.value = data.images || [];
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('error loading images', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function loadGpus() {
+    try {
+      const data = await vmmRpc.listGpus({});
+      const gpus = data.gpus || [];
+      availableGpus.value = gpus;
+      availableGpuProducts.value = [];
+      allowAttachAllGpus.value = data.allow_attach_all;
+      for (const gpu of gpus) {
+        if (!availableGpuProducts.value.find((product) => product.product_id === gpu.product_id)) {
+          availableGpuProducts.value.push(gpu);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('error loading GPUs', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function loadVersion() {
+    const data = await vmmRpc.version({});
+    version.value = data;
+  }
+
+  const imageVersion = (imageName: string) => {
+    const image = availableImages.value.find((img) => img.name === imageName);
+    return image?.version;
+  };
+
+  const verGE = (versionStr: string, otherVersionStr: string) => {
+    const versionParts = versionStr.split('.').map(Number);
+    const otherParts = otherVersionStr.split('.').map(Number);
+    return (
+      versionParts[0] > otherParts[0] ||
+      (versionParts[0] === otherParts[0] && versionParts[1] > otherParts[1]) ||
+      (versionParts[0] === otherParts[0] && versionParts[1] === otherParts[1] && versionParts[2] >= otherParts[2])
+    );
+  };
+
+  const appComposeManifestVersion = (versionStr: string | undefined): number | string => {
+    if (versionStr && verGE(versionStr, '0.6.0')) {
+      return '3';
+    }
+    return 2;
+  };
+
+  const imageVersionFeatures = (versionStr: string | undefined) => {
+    const features = {
+      progress: false,
+      graceful_shutdown: false,
+      network_info: false,
+      compose_version: 1,
+    };
+    if (!versionStr) {
+      return features;
+    }
+    if (verGE(versionStr, '0.3.3')) {
+      features.progress = true;
+      features.graceful_shutdown = true;
+      features.network_info = true;
+      features.compose_version = 2;
+    }
+    if (verGE(versionStr, '0.4.2')) {
+      features.compose_version = 3;
+    }
+    return features;
+  };
+
+  const imageFeatures = (vm: VmListItem) => imageVersionFeatures(vm.image_version);
+
+  const vmStatus = (vm: VmListItem) => {
+    const features = imageFeatures(vm);
+    if (!features.progress) {
+      return vm.status;
+    }
+    if (vm.status !== 'running') {
+      return vm.status;
+    }
+    if (vm.shutdown_progress) {
+      return 'shutting down';
+    }
+    if (vm.boot_progress === 'running') {
+      return 'running';
+    }
+    if (vm.boot_progress !== 'done') {
+      return 'booting';
+    }
+    return 'running';
+  };
+
+  const kmsEnabled = (vm: any) => getKeyProvider(vm) === 'kms';
+
+  const gatewayEnabled = (vm: any) => vm.appCompose?.gateway_enabled;
+
+  function formatMemory(memoryMB?: number) {
+    if (!memoryMB) {
+      return '0 MB';
+    }
+    if (memoryMB >= 1024) {
+      const gbValue = (memoryMB / 1024).toFixed(1);
+      return `${parseFloat(gbValue)} GB`;
+    }
+    return `${memoryMB} MB`;
+  }
+
+  async function calcComposeHash(appCompose: string) {
+    const buffer = new TextEncoder().encode(appCompose);
+    const hashBuffer = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', buffer);
+    return Array.from(new Uint8Array(hashBuffer))
+      .map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0'))
+      .join('');
+  }
+
+  async function makeAppComposeFile() {
+    const osVersion = imageVersion(vmForm.value.image);
+    if (nonEmptyInitScripts(vmForm.value.initScripts).length > 1 && (!osVersion || !verGE(osVersion, '0.6.0'))) {
+      throw new Error('Multiple init scripts require a dstack image version 0.6.0 or newer');
+    }
+    const appCompose: Record<string, unknown> = {
+      manifest_version: appComposeManifestVersion(osVersion),
+      name: vmForm.value.name,
+      runner: 'docker-compose',
+      docker_compose_file: vmForm.value.dockerComposeFile,
+      gateway_enabled: vmForm.value.gateway_enabled,
+      public_logs: vmForm.value.public_logs,
+      public_sysinfo: vmForm.value.public_sysinfo,
+      public_tcbinfo: vmForm.value.public_tcbinfo,
+      key_provider_id: vmForm.value.key_provider === 'kms' || vmForm.value.key_provider === 'local'
+        ? vmForm.value.key_provider_id
+        : '',
+      allowed_envs: vmForm.value.encryptedEnvs.map((env) => env.key),
+      no_instance_id: !vmForm.value.gateway_enabled,
+      secure_time: false,
+    };
+
+    if (vmForm.value.key_provider !== undefined) {
+      appCompose.key_provider = vmForm.value.key_provider;
+
+      // For backward compatibility
+      if (vmForm.value.key_provider === 'kms') {
+        appCompose.kms_enabled = true;
+      }
+      if (vmForm.value.key_provider === 'local') {
+        appCompose.local_key_provider_enabled = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (vmForm.value.storage_fs) {
+      appCompose.storage_fs = vmForm.value.storage_fs;
+    }
+
+    const initScripts = compatibleInitScripts(vmForm.value.initScripts);
+    if (initScripts !== undefined) {
+      appCompose.init_script = initScripts;
+    }
+
+    if (vmForm.value.preLaunchScript?.trim()) {
+      appCompose.pre_launch_script = vmForm.value.preLaunchScript;
+    }
+
+    const swapBytes = Math.max(0, Math.round(vmForm.value.swap_size || 0));
+    if (swapBytes > 0) {
+      appCompose.swap_size = swapBytes;
+    }
+
+    if (vmForm.value.event_log_version && vmForm.value.event_log_version !== 1) {
+      appCompose.event_log_version = vmForm.value.event_log_version;
+    }
+
+    const launchToken = vmForm.value.encryptedEnvs.find((env) => env.key === 'APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN');
+    if (launchToken) {
+      appCompose.launch_token_hash = await calcComposeHash(launchToken.value);
+    }
+
+    const imgFeatures = imageVersionFeatures(osVersion);
+    if (imgFeatures.compose_version < 3) {
+      appCompose.tproxy_enabled = appCompose.gateway_enabled;
+      delete appCompose.gateway_enabled;
+    }
+    return JSON.stringify(appCompose);
+  }
+
+  async function makeUpdateComposeFile() {
+    const currentAppCompose = updateDialog.value.vm.appCompose;
+    const appCompose = {
+      ...currentAppCompose,
+      docker_compose_file: updateDialog.value.dockerComposeFile || currentAppCompose.docker_compose_file,
+    };
+    const targetManifestVersion = appComposeManifestVersion(imageVersion(updateDialog.value.image));
+    if (nonEmptyInitScripts(updateDialog.value.initScripts).length > 1 && targetManifestVersion !== '3') {
+      throw new Error('Multiple init scripts require a dstack image version 0.6.0 or newer');
+    }
+    if (targetManifestVersion === '3') {
+      appCompose.manifest_version = targetManifestVersion;
+    }
+    if (updateDialog.value.resetSecrets) {
+      // Update allowed_envs with the new environment variable keys
+      appCompose.allowed_envs = updateDialog.value.encryptedEnvs.map(env => env.key);
+
+      const launchToken = updateDialog.value.encryptedEnvs.find((env) => env.key === 'APP_LAUNCH_TOKEN');
+      if (launchToken) {
+        appCompose.launch_token_hash = await calcComposeHash(launchToken.value);
+      }
+    }
+    appCompose.init_script = compatibleInitScripts(updateDialog.value.initScripts);
+    appCompose.pre_launch_script = updateDialog.value.preLaunchScript?.trim() || undefined;
+
+    const swapBytes = Math.max(0, Math.round(updateDialog.value.swap_size || 0));
+    if (swapBytes > 0) {
+      appCompose.swap_size = swapBytes;
+    } else {
+      delete appCompose.swap_size;
+    }
+    return JSON.stringify(appCompose);
+  }
+
+  watch(
+    [
+      () => vmForm.value.name,
+      () => vmForm.value.dockerComposeFile,
+      () => vmForm.value.preLaunchScript,
+      () => vmForm.value.gateway_enabled,
+      () => vmForm.value.public_logs,
+      () => vmForm.value.public_sysinfo,
+      () => vmForm.value.public_tcbinfo,
+      () => vmForm.value.key_provider,
+      () => vmForm.value.key_provider_id,
+      () => vmForm.value.encryptedEnvs,
+      () => vmForm.value.storage_fs,
+    ],
+    async () => {
+      try {
+        const appCompose = await makeAppComposeFile();
+        composeHashPreview.value = await calcComposeHash(appCompose);
+      } catch (error) {
+        composeHashPreview.value = 'Error calculating hash';
+        console.error('Failed to calculate compose hash', error);
+      }
+    },
+    { deep: true },
+  );
+
+  watch(
+    [
+      () => updateDialog.value.dockerComposeFile,
+      () => updateDialog.value.preLaunchScript,
+      () => updateDialog.value.encryptedEnvs,
+    ],
+    async () => {
+      if (!updateDialog.value.updateCompose) {
+        updateComposeHashPreview.value = '';
+        return;
+      }
+      try {
+        const upgradedCompose = await makeUpdateComposeFile();
+        updateComposeHashPreview.value = await calcComposeHash(upgradedCompose);
+      } catch (error) {
+        updateComposeHashPreview.value = 'Error calculating hash';
+        console.error('Failed to calculate compose hash', error);
+      }
+    },
+    { deep: true },
+  );
+
+  watch(pageSize, (newValue) => {
+    localStorage.setItem('pageSize', String(newValue));
+  });
+
+  function showDeployDialog() {
+    showCreateDialog.value = true;
+    vmForm.value.encryptedEnvs = [];
+    vmForm.value.app_id = null;
+    vmForm.value.swapValue = 0;
+    vmForm.value.swapUnit = 'GB';
+    vmForm.value.swap_size = 0;
+    loadGpus();
+  }
+
+  async function showUpdateDialog(vm: VmListItem) {
+    const detailedVm = await ensureVmDetails(vm);
+    if (!detailedVm?.configuration?.compose_file || !detailedVm.appCompose) {
+      alert('Compose file not available for this VM. Please expand its details first.');
+      return;
+    }
+    const config = detailedVm.configuration;
+    const memoryDisplay = autoMemoryDisplay(config.memory || 0);
+    const swapDisplay = autoMemoryDisplay(bytesToMB(detailedVm.appCompose?.swap_size || 0));
+    const gpuSelection = deriveGpuSelection(config.gpus);
+    updateDialog.value = {
+      show: true,
+      vm: detailedVm,
+      updateCompose: false,
+      dockerComposeFile: detailedVm.appCompose.docker_compose_file || '',
+      initScripts: initScriptList(detailedVm.appCompose.init_script),
+      preLaunchScript: detailedVm.appCompose.pre_launch_script || '',
+      encryptedEnvs: [],
+      resetSecrets: false,
+      vcpu: config.vcpu || 0,
+      memory: config.memory || 0,
+      memoryValue: memoryDisplay.memoryValue,
+      memoryUnit: memoryDisplay.memoryUnit,
+      swap_size: detailedVm.appCompose?.swap_size || 0,
+      swapValue: swapDisplay.memoryValue,
+      swapUnit: swapDisplay.memoryUnit,
+      disk_size: config.disk_size || 0,
+      image: config.image || '',
+      ports: clonePortMappings(config.ports || []),
+      attachAllGpus: gpuSelection.attachAll,
+      selectedGpus: gpuSelection.selected,
+      updateGpuConfig: false,
+      updateNetworking: false,
+      networks: cloneNetworks(config),
+      user_config: config.user_config || '',
+    };
+  }
+
+  function parseEnvFile(content: string) {
+    const lines = content
+      .split('\n')
+      .map((line) => line.trim())
+      .filter((line) => line && !line.startsWith('#'));
+    const envs: Record<string, string> = {};
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      const [key, ...parts] = line.split('=');
+      if (!key || parts.length === 0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      envs[key.trim()] = parts.join('=').trim();
+    }
+    return envs;
+  }
+
+  async function calcAppId(compose: string) {
+    const composeHash = await calcComposeHash(compose);
+    return composeHash.slice(0, 40);
+  }
+
+  async function encryptEnv(envs: EncryptedEnvEntry[], kmsEnabled: boolean, appId: string | null) {
+    if (!kmsEnabled || envs.length === 0) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    let appIdToUse = appId;
+    if (!appIdToUse) {
+      const appCompose = await makeAppComposeFile();
+      appIdToUse = await calcAppId(appCompose);
+    }
+    const keyBytes = hexToBytes(appIdToUse);
+    const response = await vmmRpc.getAppEnvEncryptPubKey({ app_id: keyBytes });
+    return encryptEnvWithKey(envs, response.public_key);
+  }
+
+  async function encryptEnvWithKey(envs: EncryptedEnvEntry[], publicKeyBytes: Uint8Array) {
+    const envsJson = JSON.stringify({ env: envs });
+    const remotePubkey = publicKeyBytes && publicKeyBytes.length ? publicKeyBytes : new Uint8Array();
+
+    const seed = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(32));
+    const keyPair = x25519.generateKeyPair(seed);
+    const shared = x25519.sharedKey(keyPair.private, remotePubkey);
+
+    const importedShared = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
+      'raw',
+      shared,
+      { name: 'AES-GCM', length: 256 },
+      true,
+      ['encrypt'],
+    );
+    const iv = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(12));
+    const encrypted = await crypto.subtle.encrypt(
+      { name: 'AES-GCM', iv },
+      importedShared,
+      new TextEncoder().encode(envsJson),
+    );
+
+    const result = new Uint8Array(iv.length + keyPair.public.byteLength + encrypted.byteLength);
+    result.set(keyPair.public, 0);
+    result.set(iv, keyPair.public.byteLength);
+    result.set(new Uint8Array(encrypted), keyPair.public.byteLength + iv.length);
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  async function createVm() {
+    try {
+      vmForm.value.memory = convertMemoryToMB(vmForm.value.memoryValue, vmForm.value.memoryUnit);
+      const composeFile = await makeAppComposeFile();
+      const encryptedEnv = await encryptEnv(
+        vmForm.value.encryptedEnvs,
+        vmForm.value.key_provider === 'kms',
+        vmForm.value.app_id,
+      );
+      const payload = buildCreateVmPayload({
+        name: vmForm.value.name,
+        image: vmForm.value.image,
+        compose_file: composeFile,
+        vcpu: vmForm.value.vcpu,
+        memory: vmForm.value.memory,
+        disk_size: vmForm.value.disk_size,
+        ports: vmForm.value.ports,
+        encrypted_env: encryptedEnv || undefined,
+        app_id: vmForm.value.app_id || undefined,
+        user_config: vmForm.value.user_config,
+        hugepages: vmForm.value.hugepages,
+        pin_numa: vmForm.value.pin_numa,
+        no_tee: vmForm.value.no_tee,
+        simulated_tee: vmForm.value.simulated_tee,
+        networks: vmForm.value.networks,
+        gpus: configGpu(vmForm.value) || undefined,
+        kms_urls: vmForm.value.kms_urls,
+        gateway_urls: vmForm.value.gateway_urls,
+        stopped: vmForm.value.stopped,
+      });
+
+      await vmmRpc.createVm(payload);
+      leaveCreateDialog();
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Error creating VM', error);
+      alert(error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to create VM');
+    }
+  }
+
+  function leaveCreateDialog() {
+    showCreateDialog.value = false;
+  }
+
+  function loadComposeFile(event: Event) {
+    const input = event.target as HTMLInputElement | null;
+    const file = input?.files?.[0];
+    if (!file) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const reader = new FileReader();
+    reader.onload = (e: any) => {
+      vmForm.value.dockerComposeFile = e.target.result;
+    };
+    reader.readAsText(file);
+    if (input) {
+      input.value = '';
+    }
+  }
+
+  function loadUpdateFile(event: Event) {
+    const input = event.target as HTMLInputElement | null;
+    const file = input?.files?.[0];
+    if (!file) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const reader = new FileReader();
+    reader.onload = (e: any) => {
+      updateDialog.value.dockerComposeFile = e.target.result;
+    };
+    reader.readAsText(file);
+    if (input) {
+      input.value = '';
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function updateVM() {
+    try {
+      const vm = updateDialog.value.vm;
+      const original = vm.configuration;
+      const updated = updateDialog.value;
+
+      const body: VmmTypes.IUpdateVmRequest = {
+        id: vm.id,
+      };
+
+      const fieldsToCompare = ['vcpu', 'memory', 'disk_size', 'image'];
+      if (fieldsToCompare.some((field) => updated[field] !== original[field])) {
+        body.vcpu = updated.vcpu;
+        body.memory = updated.memory;
+        body.disk_size = updated.disk_size;
+        body.image = updated.image;
+      }
+
+      const composeWasExplicitlyUpdated = updateDialog.value.updateCompose;
+      let composeNeedsUpdate = composeWasExplicitlyUpdated;
+      let encryptedEnvPayload;
+      if (updateDialog.value.resetSecrets) {
+        const keyResponse = await vmmRpc.getAppEnvEncryptPubKey({ app_id: hexToBytes(vm.app_id || '') });
+        encryptedEnvPayload = await encryptEnvWithKey(updateDialog.value.encryptedEnvs, keyResponse.public_key);
+        composeNeedsUpdate = true;
+      }
+      body.compose_file = composeNeedsUpdate ? await makeUpdateComposeFile() : undefined;
+      body.encrypted_env = encryptedEnvPayload;
+      body.user_config = updated.user_config;
+      body.update_ports = true;
+      body.ports = normalizePorts(updated.ports);
+      body.gpus = updateDialog.value.updateGpuConfig ? configGpu(updated, true) : undefined;
+      if (updated.updateNetworking) {
+        body.update_networking = true;
+        body.networks = normalizeNetworks(updated.networks);
+      }
+
+      await vmmRpc.updateVm(body);
+      updateDialog.value.encryptedEnvs = [];
+      updateDialog.value.show = false;
+      if (composeWasExplicitlyUpdated) {
+        updateMessage.value = '✅ Compose file updated!';
+      }
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('error upgrading VM', error);
+      alert(error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to upgrade VM');
+    }
+  }
+
+  function getKeyProvider(vm: VmListItem): KeyProviderKind {
+    if (vm.appCompose?.key_provider) {
+      return vm.appCompose?.key_provider;
+    }
+    if (vm.appCompose?.kms_enabled) {
+      return 'kms';
+    }
+    if (vm.appCompose?.local_key_provider_enabled) {
+      return 'local';
+    }
+    return 'none';
+  }
+
+  async function showCloneConfig(vm: VmListItem) {
+    const theVm = await ensureVmDetails(vm);
+    if (!theVm?.configuration?.compose_file) {
+      alert('Compose file not available for this VM. Please open its details first.');
+      return;
+    }
+    const config = theVm.configuration;
+
+    // Populate vmForm with current VM data, but clear envs and ports
+    vmForm.value = {
+      name: `${config.name || vm.name}`,
+      image: config.image || '',
+      dockerComposeFile: theVm.appCompose?.docker_compose_file || '',
+      initScripts: initScriptList(theVm.appCompose?.init_script),
+      preLaunchScript: theVm.appCompose?.pre_launch_script || '',
+      vcpu: config.vcpu || 1,
+      memory: config.memory || 0,
+      memoryValue: autoMemoryDisplay(config.memory || 0).memoryValue,
+      memoryUnit: autoMemoryDisplay(config.memory || 0).memoryUnit,
+      swap_size: theVm.appCompose?.swap_size || 0,
+      swapValue: autoMemoryDisplay(bytesToMB(theVm.appCompose?.swap_size || 0)).memoryValue,
+      swapUnit: autoMemoryDisplay(bytesToMB(theVm.appCompose?.swap_size || 0)).memoryUnit,
+      disk_size: config.disk_size || 0,
+      selectedGpus: [],
+      attachAllGpus: false,
+      encryptedEnvs: [], // Clear environment variables
+      ports: [], // Clear port mappings
+      storage_fs: theVm.appCompose?.storage_fs || 'zfs',
+      app_id: config.app_id || '',
+      kms_urls: config.kms_urls || [],
+      key_provider: getKeyProvider(theVm),
+      key_provider_id: theVm.appCompose?.key_provider_id || '',
+      gateway_enabled: !!theVm.appCompose?.gateway_enabled,
+      gateway_urls: config.gateway_urls || [],
+      networks: cloneNetworks(config),
+      public_logs: !!theVm.appCompose?.public_logs,
+      public_sysinfo: !!theVm.appCompose?.public_sysinfo,
+      public_tcbinfo: !!theVm.appCompose?.public_tcbinfo,
+      pin_numa: !!config.pin_numa,
+      hugepages: !!config.hugepages,
+      no_tee: !!config.no_tee,
+      simulated_tee: config.simulated_tee || '',
+      user_config: config.user_config || '',
+      stopped: !!config.stopped,
+      event_log_version: theVm.appCompose?.event_log_version || 1,
+    };
+
+    // Show Create VM dialog instead of Clone Config dialog
+    showCreateDialog.value = true;
+  }
+
+  async function cloneConfig() {
+    try {
+      const source = cloneConfigDialog.value;
+      if (!source.compose_file) {
+        alert('Compose file not available for this VM. Please open its details first.');
+        return;
+      }
+      const payload = buildCreateVmPayload({
+        name: source.name,
+        image: source.image,
+        compose_file: source.compose_file,
+        vcpu: source.vcpu,
+        memory: source.memory,
+        disk_size: source.disk_size,
+        ports: source.ports,
+        encrypted_env: source.encrypted_env,
+        app_id: source.app_id,
+        user_config: source.user_config,
+        hugepages: source.hugepages,
+        pin_numa: source.pin_numa,
+        no_tee: source.no_tee,
+        simulated_tee: source.simulated_tee,
+        networks: source.networks,
+        gpus: source.gpus,
+        kms_urls: source.kms_urls,
+        gateway_urls: source.gateway_urls,
+        stopped: source.stopped,
+      });
+      await vmmRpc.createVm(payload);
+      cloneConfigDialog.value.show = false;
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Error creating VM', error);
+      alert('Failed to create VM');
+    }
+  }
+
+  function toggleDetails(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (expandedVMs.value.has(vm.id)) {
+      expandedVMs.value.delete(vm.id);
+    } else {
+      // Close all other expanded VMs
+      expandedVMs.value.clear();
+      expandedVMs.value.add(vm.id);
+      loadVMDetails(vm.id);
+      refreshNetworkInfo(vm);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function refreshNetworkInfo(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (vm.status !== 'running' || !imageFeatures(vm).network_info) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const response = await guestRpcCall('NetworkInfo', { id: vm.id });
+    const data = await response.json();
+    networkInfo.value[vm.id] = data;
+  }
+
+  function nextPage() {
+    if (hasMorePages.value) {
+      currentPage.value += 1;
+      pageInput.value = currentPage.value;
+      loadVMList();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function prevPage() {
+    if (currentPage.value > 1) {
+      currentPage.value -= 1;
+      pageInput.value = currentPage.value;
+      loadVMList();
+    }
+  }
+
+  function goToPage() {
+    let page = Number.parseInt(String(pageInput.value), 10);
+    if (Number.isNaN(page) || page < 1) {
+      page = 1;
+    } else if (page > maxPage.value) {
+      page = maxPage.value;
+    }
+    pageInput.value = page;
+    currentPage.value = page;
+    loadVMList();
+  }
+
+  function closeAllDropdowns() {
+    document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown-content').forEach((dropdown) => dropdown.classList.remove('show'));
+    systemMenu.value.show = false;
+    document.removeEventListener('click', closeAllDropdowns);
+  }
+
+  function toggleSystemMenu(event: Event) {
+    event.stopPropagation();
+    systemMenu.value.show = !systemMenu.value.show;
+
+    // Close all other dropdowns
+    document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown-content').forEach((dropdown) => {
+      dropdown.classList.remove('show');
+    });
+
+    if (systemMenu.value.show) {
+      document.addEventListener('click', closeAllDropdowns);
+    } else {
+      document.removeEventListener('click', closeAllDropdowns);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function closeSystemMenu() {
+    systemMenu.value.show = false;
+  }
+
+  function openApiDocs() {
+    closeSystemMenu();
+    window.open('/api-docs/docs', '_blank', 'noopener');
+  }
+
+  function shortUptime(uptime?: string | null) {
+    if (!uptime) {
+      return '-';
+    }
+    const parts = uptime.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean);
+    if (parts.length === 0) {
+      return uptime;
+    }
+    return parts.slice(0, Math.min(2, parts.length)).join(' ');
+  }
+  function toggleDevMode() {
+    devMode.value = !devMode.value;
+    localStorage.setItem('devMode', devMode.value ? 'true' : 'false');
+    closeSystemMenu();
+    successMessage.value = devMode.value ? '✅ Dev mode enabled' : 'Dev mode disabled';
+    setTimeout(() => {
+      successMessage.value = '';
+    }, 2000);
+  }
+
+  async function reloadVMs() {
+    try {
+      errorMessage.value = '';
+      successMessage.value = '';
+
+      const response = await vmmRpc.reloadVms({});
+
+      // Show success message with statistics
+      if (response.loaded > 0 || response.updated > 0 || response.removed > 0) {
+        let message = 'VM reload completed: ';
+        const parts = [];
+        if (response.loaded > 0) parts.push(`${response.loaded} loaded`);
+        if (response.updated > 0) parts.push(`${response.updated} updated`);
+        if (response.removed > 0) parts.push(`${response.removed} removed`);
+
+        successMessage.value = message + parts.join(', ');
+      } else {
+        successMessage.value = 'VM reload completed: no changes detected';
+      }
+
+      // Reload the VM list to show updated data
+      await loadVMList();
+
+      // Hide message after 5 seconds
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        successMessage.value = '';
+      }, 5000);
+
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      console.error('Failed to reload VMs:', error);
+      errorMessage.value = `Failed to reload VMs: ${error.message || error.toString()}`;
+
+      // Hide error message after 10 seconds
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        errorMessage.value = '';
+      }, 10000);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function toggleDropdown(event: Event, vm: VmListItem) {
+    document.querySelectorAll('.dropdown-content').forEach((dropdown) => {
+      if (dropdown.id !== `dropdown-${vm.id}`) {
+        dropdown.classList.remove('show');
+      }
+    });
+    const dropdownContent = document.getElementById(`dropdown-${vm.id}`);
+    dropdownContent?.classList.toggle('show');
+
+    event.stopPropagation();
+
+    document.addEventListener('click', closeAllDropdowns);
+  }
+
+  function onPageSizeChange() {
+    currentPage.value = 1;
+    pageInput.value = 1;
+    loadVMList();
+  }
+
+  async function startVm(id: string) {
+    try {
+      await vmmRpc.startVm({ id });
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Failed to start VM', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function shutdownVm(id: string) {
+    try {
+      await vmmRpc.shutdownVm({ id });
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Failed to shutdown VM', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const dangerConfirmEnabled = () => !devMode.value;
+
+  async function stopVm(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (dangerConfirmEnabled() &&
+        !confirm(`You are killing "${vm.name}". This might cause data corruption.`)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    try {
+      await vmmRpc.stopVm({ id: vm.id });
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError(`Failed to stop ${vm.name}`, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function removeVm(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (dangerConfirmEnabled() &&
+        !confirm('Remove VM? This action cannot be undone.')) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (devMode.value && vm.status === 'running') {
+        try {
+          await vmmRpc.stopVm({ id: vm.id });
+        } catch (error) {
+          recordError(`Failed to stop ${vm.name} before removal`, error);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+
+      await vmmRpc.removeVm({ id: vm.id });
+      loadVMList();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError(`Failed to remove ${vm.name}`, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function showLogs(id: string, channel: string) {
+    window.open(`/logs?id=${encodeURIComponent(id)}&follow=true&ansi=false&lines=200&ch=${channel}`, '_blank');
+  }
+
+  function showDashboard(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (vm.app_url) {
+      window.open(vm.app_url, '_blank');
+    } else {
+      alert('No guest agent dashboard URL');
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function watchVmList() {
+    while (true) {
+      try {
+        await loadVMList();
+      } catch (error) {
+        recordError('error loading VM list', error);
+      }
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 3000));
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function copyToClipboard(text: string) {
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(text);
+      successMessage.value = '✅ Copied to clipboard!';
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        successMessage.value = '';
+      }, 2000);
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('Failed to copy to clipboard', error);
+      errorMessage.value = 'Failed to copy to clipboard';
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        errorMessage.value = '';
+      }, 3000);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function downloadFile(filename: string, content: string) {
+    const blob = new Blob([content], { type: 'text/plain' });
+    const url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+    const link = document.createElement('a');
+    link.href = url;
+    link.download = filename;
+    document.body.appendChild(link);
+    link.click();
+    document.body.removeChild(link);
+    URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
+  }
+
+  function downloadAppCompose(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (vm.configuration?.compose_file) {
+      downloadFile(`${vm.name}-app-compose.json`, vm.configuration.compose_file);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function downloadUserConfig(vm: VmListItem) {
+    if (vm.configuration?.user_config) {
+      downloadFile(`${vm.name}-user-config.txt`, vm.configuration.user_config);
+    }
+  }
+
+  function getVmFeatures(vm: VmListItem) {
+    const features = [];
+
+    const kp = getKeyProvider(vm);
+    if (kp && kp != 'none') features.push(kp);
+
+    // Check Gateway/TProxy
+    if (vm.appCompose?.gateway_enabled) features.push("gateway");
+
+    // Check other features from appCompose
+    if (vm.appCompose?.public_logs) features.push("logs");
+    if (vm.appCompose?.public_sysinfo) features.push("sysinfo");
+    if (vm.appCompose?.public_tcbinfo) features.push("tcbinfo");
+
+    return features.length > 0 ? features.join(', ') : 'None';
+  }
+
+  // ── Image Registry ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+  const showImageRegistry = ref(false);
+  const registryImages = ref([] as Array<{ tag: string; local: boolean; pulling: boolean; error: string }>);
+  const registryLoading = ref(false);
+  let registryRefreshTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
+
+  async function loadRegistryImages() {
+    const isInitialLoad = registryImages.value.length === 0;
+    if (isInitialLoad) {
+      registryLoading.value = true;
+    }
+    try {
+      const data = await vmmRpc.listRegistryImages({});
+      registryImages.value = (data.images || []).sort((a: any, b: any) => {
+        // Sort by tag descending (newest versions first)
+        return (b.tag || '').localeCompare(a.tag || '', undefined, { numeric: true });
+      });
+      // If any image is pulling, refresh local images too
+      if (registryImages.value.some((img: any) => img.pulling)) {
+        loadImages();
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('failed to load registry images', error);
+    } finally {
+      registryLoading.value = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function pullRegistryImage(tag: string) {
+    // Optimistic update: mark as pulling immediately, clear previous error
+    const img = registryImages.value.find((i: any) => i.tag === tag);
+    if (img) {
+      img.pulling = true;
+      img.error = '';
+    }
+    try {
+      await vmmRpc.pullRegistryImage({ tag });
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Revert optimistic update on failure
+      if (img) {
+        img.pulling = false;
+      }
+      recordError(`failed to pull image ${tag}`, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function deleteImage(name: string) {
+    if (!confirm(`Delete local image "${name}"?`)) return;
+    try {
+      await vmmRpc.deleteImage({ id: name });
+      await loadImages();
+      await loadRegistryImages();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError(`failed to delete image ${name}`, error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function openImageRegistry() {
+    showImageRegistry.value = true;
+    await Promise.all([loadImages(), loadRegistryImages()]);
+    registryRefreshTimer = setInterval(async () => {
+      await loadRegistryImages();
+      // Refresh local images if something just finished pulling
+      if (registryImages.value.some((img: any) => img.pulling)) {
+        await loadImages();
+      }
+    }, 3000);
+  }
+
+  watch(showImageRegistry, (open) => {
+    if (!open && registryRefreshTimer) {
+      clearInterval(registryRefreshTimer);
+      registryRefreshTimer = null;
+    }
+  });
+
+  // ── Process Manager ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+  const showProcessManager = ref(false);
+  const supervisorProcesses = ref([] as any[]);
+
+  function svStatusClass(p: any): string {
+    const s = p.status || '';
+    if (s === 'running') return 'sv-status-running';
+    if (s === 'stopped') return 'sv-status-stopped';
+    if (s.startsWith('exited')) return 'sv-status-exited';
+    return 'sv-status-error';
+  }
+
+  function svIsRunning(p: any): boolean {
+    return p.status === 'running';
+  }
+
+  function svIsStopped(p: any): boolean {
+    return p.status !== 'running';
+  }
+
+  async function loadSupervisorProcesses() {
+    try {
+      const resp = await baseRpcCall('/prpc/SvList');
+      const json = await resp.json();
+      supervisorProcesses.value = json.processes || [];
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Failed to load processes', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  let svRefreshTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
+
+  async function openProcessManager() {
+    showProcessManager.value = true;
+    await loadSupervisorProcesses();
+    svRefreshTimer = setInterval(loadSupervisorProcesses, 3000);
+  }
+
+  watch(showProcessManager, (open) => {
+    if (!open && svRefreshTimer) {
+      clearInterval(svRefreshTimer);
+      svRefreshTimer = null;
+    }
+  });
+
+  async function svStop(id: string) {
+    try {
+      await baseRpcCall('/prpc/SvStop', { id });
+      await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 500));
+      await loadSupervisorProcesses();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Failed to stop process', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function svRemove(id: string) {
+    try {
+      await baseRpcCall('/prpc/SvRemove', { id });
+      await loadSupervisorProcesses();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Failed to remove process', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async function svClear() {
+    try {
+      const stopped = supervisorProcesses.value.filter(p => svIsStopped(p));
+      for (const p of stopped) {
+        await baseRpcCall('/prpc/SvRemove', { id: p.id });
+      }
+      await loadSupervisorProcesses();
+    } catch (error) {
+      recordError('Failed to clear stopped processes', error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  onMounted(() => {
+    watchVmList();
+    loadMeta();
+    loadImages();
+    loadGpus();
+    loadVersion();
+  });
+
+  return {
+    version,
+    vms,
+    expandedVMs,
+    networkInfo,
+    searchQuery,
+    currentPage,
+    pageInput,
+    pageSize,
+    totalVMs,
+    hasMorePages,
+    loadingVMDetails,
+    maxPage,
+    vmForm,
+    availableImages,
+    availableGpus,
+    availableGpuProducts,
+    allowAttachAllGpus,
+    updateDialog,
+    updateMessage,
+    successMessage,
+    errorMessage,
+    cloneConfigDialog,
+    showCreateDialog,
+    config,
+    networkingModes,
+    defaultBridge,
+    defaultNetworkingLabel,
+    composeHashPreview,
+    updateComposeHashPreview,
+    showDeployDialog,
+    leaveCreateDialog,
+    loadComposeFile,
+    loadUpdateFile,
+    createVm,
+    updateVM,
+    cloneConfig,
+    loadVMList,
+    toggleDetails,
+    toggleDropdown,
+    closeAllDropdowns,
+    showLogs,
+    showDashboard,
+    stopVm,
+    shutdownVm,
+    startVm,
+    removeVm,
+    showUpdateDialog,
+    showCloneConfig,
+    formatMemory,
+    bytesToMB,
+    vmStatus,
+    kmsEnabled,
+    gatewayEnabled,
+    goToPage,
+    nextPage,
+    prevPage,
+    onPageSizeChange,
+    copyToClipboard,
+    downloadAppCompose,
+    downloadUserConfig,
+    getVmFeatures,
+    networkModeLabel,
+    systemMenu,
+    toggleSystemMenu,
+    closeSystemMenu,
+    openApiDocs,
+    reloadVMs,
+    devMode,
+    toggleDevMode,
+    shortUptime,
+    showProcessManager,
+    supervisorProcesses,
+    openProcessManager,
+    loadSupervisorProcesses,
+    svStop,
+    svRemove,
+    svClear,
+    svStatusClass,
+    svIsRunning,
+    svIsStopped,
+    showImageRegistry,
+    registryImages,
+    registryLoading,
+    loadRegistryImages,
+    pullRegistryImage,
+    deleteImage,
+    openImageRegistry,
+  };
+}
+
+export { useVmManager };
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/index.html b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2093efb3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+  <title>{{TITLE}}</title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="./styles/main.css">
+</head>
+
+<body>
+  <div id="app"></div>
+  <script src="../vendor/vue.global.prod.js"></script>
+  <script src="./main.js"></script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/lib/vmmRpcClient.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/lib/vmmRpcClient.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..683f499fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/lib/vmmRpcClient.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const { vmm } = require('../proto/vmm_rpc.js');
+const { prpc } = require('../proto/prpc.js');
+
+const textDecoder = new TextDecoder();
+const EMPTY_BODY = new Uint8Array();
+let cachedClient: any;
+
+function decodePrpcError(buffer: Uint8Array) {
+  try {
+    if (buffer && buffer.length > 0) {
+      const err = prpc.PrpcError.decode(buffer);
+      if (err?.message) {
+        return err.message;
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Ignore decode failures; fall through to text decoding.
+  }
+  try {
+    const text = buffer && buffer.length > 0 ? textDecoder.decode(buffer) : '';
+    return text || 'Unknown RPC error';
+  } catch {
+    return 'Unknown RPC error';
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizeRequestData(data?: Uint8Array | ArrayBuffer | null) {
+  if (!data) {
+    return EMPTY_BODY;
+  }
+  if (data instanceof Uint8Array) {
+    return data;
+  }
+  return new Uint8Array(data);
+}
+
+function resolveMethodName(method: any) {
+  if (!method) {
+    return '';
+  }
+  const type = typeof method;
+  if (type === 'string') {
+    return method;
+  }
+  if (type === 'function' || type === 'object') {
+    if (method.name) {
+      return method.name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + method.name.slice(1);
+    }
+    if (method.fullName) {
+      const parts = String(method.fullName).split('.');
+      return parts[parts.length - 1];
+    }
+  }
+  return String(method);
+}
+
+export function getVmmRpcClient(basePath = '/prpc') {
+  if (cachedClient) {
+    return cachedClient;
+  }
+
+  const rpcImpl = (method: any, requestData: Uint8Array, callback: (err?: Error | null, data?: Uint8Array) => void) => {
+    const methodName = resolveMethodName(method);
+    const payload = normalizeRequestData(requestData);
+    fetch(`${basePath}/${methodName}`, {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: {
+        'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream',
+      },
+      body: payload as unknown as BodyInit,
+      credentials: 'same-origin',
+    })
+      .then(async (response) => {
+        const buffer = new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer());
+        if (!response.ok) {
+          callback(new Error(decodePrpcError(buffer)));
+          return;
+        }
+        callback(null, buffer);
+      })
+      .catch((error) => {
+        callback(error);
+      });
+  };
+
+  cachedClient = vmm.Vmm.create(rpcImpl, false, false);
+  return cachedClient;
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/lib/x25519.js b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/lib/x25519.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..763116758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/lib/x25519.js
@@ -0,0 +1,1672 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2016 Dmitry Chestnykh, © 2019 Harvey Connor
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+    let _0 = new Uint8Array(16);
+    let _9 = new Uint8Array(32);
+    _9[0] = 9;
+    function gf(init) {
+        var i, r = new Float64Array(16);
+        if (init)
+            for (i = 0; i < init.length; i++)
+                r[i] = init[i];
+        return r;
+    }
+    ;
+    const gf0 = gf(), gf1 = gf([1]), _121665 = gf([0xdb41, 1]), D = gf([
+        0x78a3,
+        0x1359,
+        0x4dca,
+        0x75eb,
+        0xd8ab,
+        0x4141,
+        0x0a4d,
+        0x0070,
+        0xe898,
+        0x7779,
+        0x4079,
+        0x8cc7,
+        0xfe73,
+        0x2b6f,
+        0x6cee,
+        0x5203,
+    ]), D2 = gf([
+        0xf159,
+        0x26b2,
+        0x9b94,
+        0xebd6,
+        0xb156,
+        0x8283,
+        0x149a,
+        0x00e0,
+        0xd130,
+        0xeef3,
+        0x80f2,
+        0x198e,
+        0xfce7,
+        0x56df,
+        0xd9dc,
+        0x2406,
+    ]), X = gf([
+        0xd51a,
+        0x8f25,
+        0x2d60,
+        0xc956,
+        0xa7b2,
+        0x9525,
+        0xc760,
+        0x692c,
+        0xdc5c,
+        0xfdd6,
+        0xe231,
+        0xc0a4,
+        0x53fe,
+        0xcd6e,
+        0x36d3,
+        0x2169,
+    ]), Y = gf([
+        0x6658,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+        0x6666,
+    ]), I = gf([
+        0xa0b0,
+        0x4a0e,
+        0x1b27,
+        0xc4ee,
+        0xe478,
+        0xad2f,
+        0x1806,
+        0x2f43,
+        0xd7a7,
+        0x3dfb,
+        0x0099,
+        0x2b4d,
+        0xdf0b,
+        0x4fc1,
+        0x2480,
+        0x2b83,
+    ]);
+    function ts64(x, i, h, l) {
+        x[i] = (h >> 24) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 1] = (h >> 16) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 2] = (h >> 8) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 3] = h & 0xff;
+        x[i + 4] = (l >> 24) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 5] = (l >> 16) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 6] = (l >> 8) & 0xff;
+        x[i + 7] = l & 0xff;
+    }
+    function vn(x, xi, y, yi, n) {
+        var i, d = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            d |= x[xi + i] ^ y[yi + i];
+        return (1 & ((d - 1) >>> 8)) - 1;
+    }
+    function crypto_verify_32(x, xi, y, yi) {
+        return vn(x, xi, y, yi, 32);
+    }
+    function set25519(r, a) {
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            r[i] = a[i] | 0;
+    }
+    function car25519(o) {
+        var i, v, c = 1;
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            v = o[i] + c + 65535;
+            c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+            o[i] = v - c * 65536;
+        }
+        o[0] += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
+    }
+    function sel25519(p, q, b) {
+        var t, c = ~(b - 1);
+        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            t = c & (p[i] ^ q[i]);
+            p[i] ^= t;
+            q[i] ^= t;
+        }
+    }
+    function pack25519(o, n) {
+        var i, j, b;
+        var m = gf(), t = gf();
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            t[i] = n[i];
+        car25519(t);
+        car25519(t);
+        car25519(t);
+        for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+            m[0] = t[0] - 0xffed;
+            for (i = 1; i < 15; i++) {
+                m[i] = t[i] - 0xffff - ((m[i - 1] >> 16) & 1);
+                m[i - 1] &= 0xffff;
+            }
+            m[15] = t[15] - 0x7fff - ((m[14] >> 16) & 1);
+            b = (m[15] >> 16) & 1;
+            m[14] &= 0xffff;
+            sel25519(t, m, 1 - b);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            o[2 * i] = t[i] & 0xff;
+            o[2 * i + 1] = t[i] >> 8;
+        }
+    }
+    function neq25519(a, b) {
+        var c = new Uint8Array(32), d = new Uint8Array(32);
+        pack25519(c, a);
+        pack25519(d, b);
+        return crypto_verify_32(c, 0, d, 0);
+    }
+    function par25519(a) {
+        var d = new Uint8Array(32);
+        pack25519(d, a);
+        return d[0] & 1;
+    }
+    function unpack25519(o, n) {
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            o[i] = n[2 * i] + (n[2 * i + 1] << 8);
+        o[15] &= 0x7fff;
+    }
+    function A(o, a, b) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            o[i] = a[i] + b[i];
+    }
+    function Z(o, a, b) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            o[i] = a[i] - b[i];
+    }
+    function M(o, a, b) {
+        var v, c, t0 = 0, t1 = 0, t2 = 0, t3 = 0, t4 = 0, t5 = 0, t6 = 0, t7 = 0, t8 = 0, t9 = 0, t10 = 0, t11 = 0, t12 = 0, t13 = 0, t14 = 0, t15 = 0, t16 = 0, t17 = 0, t18 = 0, t19 = 0, t20 = 0, t21 = 0, t22 = 0, t23 = 0, t24 = 0, t25 = 0, t26 = 0, t27 = 0, t28 = 0, t29 = 0, t30 = 0, b0 = b[0], b1 = b[1], b2 = b[2], b3 = b[3], b4 = b[4], b5 = b[5], b6 = b[6], b7 = b[7], b8 = b[8], b9 = b[9], b10 = b[10], b11 = b[11], b12 = b[12], b13 = b[13], b14 = b[14], b15 = b[15];
+        v = a[0];
+        t0 += v * b0;
+        t1 += v * b1;
+        t2 += v * b2;
+        t3 += v * b3;
+        t4 += v * b4;
+        t5 += v * b5;
+        t6 += v * b6;
+        t7 += v * b7;
+        t8 += v * b8;
+        t9 += v * b9;
+        t10 += v * b10;
+        t11 += v * b11;
+        t12 += v * b12;
+        t13 += v * b13;
+        t14 += v * b14;
+        t15 += v * b15;
+        v = a[1];
+        t1 += v * b0;
+        t2 += v * b1;
+        t3 += v * b2;
+        t4 += v * b3;
+        t5 += v * b4;
+        t6 += v * b5;
+        t7 += v * b6;
+        t8 += v * b7;
+        t9 += v * b8;
+        t10 += v * b9;
+        t11 += v * b10;
+        t12 += v * b11;
+        t13 += v * b12;
+        t14 += v * b13;
+        t15 += v * b14;
+        t16 += v * b15;
+        v = a[2];
+        t2 += v * b0;
+        t3 += v * b1;
+        t4 += v * b2;
+        t5 += v * b3;
+        t6 += v * b4;
+        t7 += v * b5;
+        t8 += v * b6;
+        t9 += v * b7;
+        t10 += v * b8;
+        t11 += v * b9;
+        t12 += v * b10;
+        t13 += v * b11;
+        t14 += v * b12;
+        t15 += v * b13;
+        t16 += v * b14;
+        t17 += v * b15;
+        v = a[3];
+        t3 += v * b0;
+        t4 += v * b1;
+        t5 += v * b2;
+        t6 += v * b3;
+        t7 += v * b4;
+        t8 += v * b5;
+        t9 += v * b6;
+        t10 += v * b7;
+        t11 += v * b8;
+        t12 += v * b9;
+        t13 += v * b10;
+        t14 += v * b11;
+        t15 += v * b12;
+        t16 += v * b13;
+        t17 += v * b14;
+        t18 += v * b15;
+        v = a[4];
+        t4 += v * b0;
+        t5 += v * b1;
+        t6 += v * b2;
+        t7 += v * b3;
+        t8 += v * b4;
+        t9 += v * b5;
+        t10 += v * b6;
+        t11 += v * b7;
+        t12 += v * b8;
+        t13 += v * b9;
+        t14 += v * b10;
+        t15 += v * b11;
+        t16 += v * b12;
+        t17 += v * b13;
+        t18 += v * b14;
+        t19 += v * b15;
+        v = a[5];
+        t5 += v * b0;
+        t6 += v * b1;
+        t7 += v * b2;
+        t8 += v * b3;
+        t9 += v * b4;
+        t10 += v * b5;
+        t11 += v * b6;
+        t12 += v * b7;
+        t13 += v * b8;
+        t14 += v * b9;
+        t15 += v * b10;
+        t16 += v * b11;
+        t17 += v * b12;
+        t18 += v * b13;
+        t19 += v * b14;
+        t20 += v * b15;
+        v = a[6];
+        t6 += v * b0;
+        t7 += v * b1;
+        t8 += v * b2;
+        t9 += v * b3;
+        t10 += v * b4;
+        t11 += v * b5;
+        t12 += v * b6;
+        t13 += v * b7;
+        t14 += v * b8;
+        t15 += v * b9;
+        t16 += v * b10;
+        t17 += v * b11;
+        t18 += v * b12;
+        t19 += v * b13;
+        t20 += v * b14;
+        t21 += v * b15;
+        v = a[7];
+        t7 += v * b0;
+        t8 += v * b1;
+        t9 += v * b2;
+        t10 += v * b3;
+        t11 += v * b4;
+        t12 += v * b5;
+        t13 += v * b6;
+        t14 += v * b7;
+        t15 += v * b8;
+        t16 += v * b9;
+        t17 += v * b10;
+        t18 += v * b11;
+        t19 += v * b12;
+        t20 += v * b13;
+        t21 += v * b14;
+        t22 += v * b15;
+        v = a[8];
+        t8 += v * b0;
+        t9 += v * b1;
+        t10 += v * b2;
+        t11 += v * b3;
+        t12 += v * b4;
+        t13 += v * b5;
+        t14 += v * b6;
+        t15 += v * b7;
+        t16 += v * b8;
+        t17 += v * b9;
+        t18 += v * b10;
+        t19 += v * b11;
+        t20 += v * b12;
+        t21 += v * b13;
+        t22 += v * b14;
+        t23 += v * b15;
+        v = a[9];
+        t9 += v * b0;
+        t10 += v * b1;
+        t11 += v * b2;
+        t12 += v * b3;
+        t13 += v * b4;
+        t14 += v * b5;
+        t15 += v * b6;
+        t16 += v * b7;
+        t17 += v * b8;
+        t18 += v * b9;
+        t19 += v * b10;
+        t20 += v * b11;
+        t21 += v * b12;
+        t22 += v * b13;
+        t23 += v * b14;
+        t24 += v * b15;
+        v = a[10];
+        t10 += v * b0;
+        t11 += v * b1;
+        t12 += v * b2;
+        t13 += v * b3;
+        t14 += v * b4;
+        t15 += v * b5;
+        t16 += v * b6;
+        t17 += v * b7;
+        t18 += v * b8;
+        t19 += v * b9;
+        t20 += v * b10;
+        t21 += v * b11;
+        t22 += v * b12;
+        t23 += v * b13;
+        t24 += v * b14;
+        t25 += v * b15;
+        v = a[11];
+        t11 += v * b0;
+        t12 += v * b1;
+        t13 += v * b2;
+        t14 += v * b3;
+        t15 += v * b4;
+        t16 += v * b5;
+        t17 += v * b6;
+        t18 += v * b7;
+        t19 += v * b8;
+        t20 += v * b9;
+        t21 += v * b10;
+        t22 += v * b11;
+        t23 += v * b12;
+        t24 += v * b13;
+        t25 += v * b14;
+        t26 += v * b15;
+        v = a[12];
+        t12 += v * b0;
+        t13 += v * b1;
+        t14 += v * b2;
+        t15 += v * b3;
+        t16 += v * b4;
+        t17 += v * b5;
+        t18 += v * b6;
+        t19 += v * b7;
+        t20 += v * b8;
+        t21 += v * b9;
+        t22 += v * b10;
+        t23 += v * b11;
+        t24 += v * b12;
+        t25 += v * b13;
+        t26 += v * b14;
+        t27 += v * b15;
+        v = a[13];
+        t13 += v * b0;
+        t14 += v * b1;
+        t15 += v * b2;
+        t16 += v * b3;
+        t17 += v * b4;
+        t18 += v * b5;
+        t19 += v * b6;
+        t20 += v * b7;
+        t21 += v * b8;
+        t22 += v * b9;
+        t23 += v * b10;
+        t24 += v * b11;
+        t25 += v * b12;
+        t26 += v * b13;
+        t27 += v * b14;
+        t28 += v * b15;
+        v = a[14];
+        t14 += v * b0;
+        t15 += v * b1;
+        t16 += v * b2;
+        t17 += v * b3;
+        t18 += v * b4;
+        t19 += v * b5;
+        t20 += v * b6;
+        t21 += v * b7;
+        t22 += v * b8;
+        t23 += v * b9;
+        t24 += v * b10;
+        t25 += v * b11;
+        t26 += v * b12;
+        t27 += v * b13;
+        t28 += v * b14;
+        t29 += v * b15;
+        v = a[15];
+        t15 += v * b0;
+        t16 += v * b1;
+        t17 += v * b2;
+        t18 += v * b3;
+        t19 += v * b4;
+        t20 += v * b5;
+        t21 += v * b6;
+        t22 += v * b7;
+        t23 += v * b8;
+        t24 += v * b9;
+        t25 += v * b10;
+        t26 += v * b11;
+        t27 += v * b12;
+        t28 += v * b13;
+        t29 += v * b14;
+        t30 += v * b15;
+        t0 += 38 * t16;
+        t1 += 38 * t17;
+        t2 += 38 * t18;
+        t3 += 38 * t19;
+        t4 += 38 * t20;
+        t5 += 38 * t21;
+        t6 += 38 * t22;
+        t7 += 38 * t23;
+        t8 += 38 * t24;
+        t9 += 38 * t25;
+        t10 += 38 * t26;
+        t11 += 38 * t27;
+        t12 += 38 * t28;
+        t13 += 38 * t29;
+        t14 += 38 * t30;
+        // t15 left as is
+        // first car
+        c = 1;
+        v = t0 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t0 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t1 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t1 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t2 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t2 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t3 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t3 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t4 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t4 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t5 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t5 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t6 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t6 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t7 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t7 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t8 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t8 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t9 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t9 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t10 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t10 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t11 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t11 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t12 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t12 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t13 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t13 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t14 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t14 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t15 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t15 = v - c * 65536;
+        t0 += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
+        // second car
+        c = 1;
+        v = t0 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t0 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t1 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t1 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t2 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t2 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t3 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t3 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t4 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t4 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t5 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t5 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t6 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t6 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t7 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t7 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t8 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t8 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t9 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t9 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t10 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t10 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t11 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t11 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t12 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t12 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t13 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t13 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t14 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t14 = v - c * 65536;
+        v = t15 + c + 65535;
+        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
+        t15 = v - c * 65536;
+        t0 += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
+        o[0] = t0;
+        o[1] = t1;
+        o[2] = t2;
+        o[3] = t3;
+        o[4] = t4;
+        o[5] = t5;
+        o[6] = t6;
+        o[7] = t7;
+        o[8] = t8;
+        o[9] = t9;
+        o[10] = t10;
+        o[11] = t11;
+        o[12] = t12;
+        o[13] = t13;
+        o[14] = t14;
+        o[15] = t15;
+    }
+    function S(o, a) {
+        M(o, a, a);
+    }
+    function inv25519(o, i) {
+        var c = gf();
+        var a;
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            c[a] = i[a];
+        for (a = 253; a >= 0; a--) {
+            S(c, c);
+            if (a !== 2 && a !== 4)
+                M(c, c, i);
+        }
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            o[a] = c[a];
+    }
+    function pow2523(o, i) {
+        var c = gf();
+        var a;
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            c[a] = i[a];
+        for (a = 250; a >= 0; a--) {
+            S(c, c);
+            if (a !== 1)
+                M(c, c, i);
+        }
+        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
+            o[a] = c[a];
+    }
+    function crypto_scalarmult(q, n, p) {
+        var z = new Uint8Array(32);
+        var x = new Float64Array(80), r, i;
+        var a = gf(), b = gf(), c = gf(), d = gf(), e = gf(), f = gf();
+        for (i = 0; i < 31; i++)
+            z[i] = n[i];
+        z[31] = (n[31] & 127) | 64;
+        z[0] &= 248;
+        unpack25519(x, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            b[i] = x[i];
+            d[i] = a[i] = c[i] = 0;
+        }
+        a[0] = d[0] = 1;
+        for (i = 254; i >= 0; --i) {
+            r = (z[i >>> 3] >>> (i & 7)) & 1;
+            sel25519(a, b, r);
+            sel25519(c, d, r);
+            A(e, a, c);
+            Z(a, a, c);
+            A(c, b, d);
+            Z(b, b, d);
+            S(d, e);
+            S(f, a);
+            M(a, c, a);
+            M(c, b, e);
+            A(e, a, c);
+            Z(a, a, c);
+            S(b, a);
+            Z(c, d, f);
+            M(a, c, _121665);
+            A(a, a, d);
+            M(c, c, a);
+            M(a, d, f);
+            M(d, b, x);
+            S(b, e);
+            sel25519(a, b, r);
+            sel25519(c, d, r);
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            x[i + 16] = a[i];
+            x[i + 32] = c[i];
+            x[i + 48] = b[i];
+            x[i + 64] = d[i];
+        }
+        var x32 = x.subarray(32);
+        var x16 = x.subarray(16);
+        inv25519(x32, x32);
+        M(x16, x16, x32);
+        pack25519(q, x16);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    function crypto_scalarmult_base(q, n) {
+        return crypto_scalarmult(q, n, _9);
+    }
+    var K = [
+        0x428a2f98,
+        0xd728ae22,
+        0x71374491,
+        0x23ef65cd,
+        0xb5c0fbcf,
+        0xec4d3b2f,
+        0xe9b5dba5,
+        0x8189dbbc,
+        0x3956c25b,
+        0xf348b538,
+        0x59f111f1,
+        0xb605d019,
+        0x923f82a4,
+        0xaf194f9b,
+        0xab1c5ed5,
+        0xda6d8118,
+        0xd807aa98,
+        0xa3030242,
+        0x12835b01,
+        0x45706fbe,
+        0x243185be,
+        0x4ee4b28c,
+        0x550c7dc3,
+        0xd5ffb4e2,
+        0x72be5d74,
+        0xf27b896f,
+        0x80deb1fe,
+        0x3b1696b1,
+        0x9bdc06a7,
+        0x25c71235,
+        0xc19bf174,
+        0xcf692694,
+        0xe49b69c1,
+        0x9ef14ad2,
+        0xefbe4786,
+        0x384f25e3,
+        0x0fc19dc6,
+        0x8b8cd5b5,
+        0x240ca1cc,
+        0x77ac9c65,
+        0x2de92c6f,
+        0x592b0275,
+        0x4a7484aa,
+        0x6ea6e483,
+        0x5cb0a9dc,
+        0xbd41fbd4,
+        0x76f988da,
+        0x831153b5,
+        0x983e5152,
+        0xee66dfab,
+        0xa831c66d,
+        0x2db43210,
+        0xb00327c8,
+        0x98fb213f,
+        0xbf597fc7,
+        0xbeef0ee4,
+        0xc6e00bf3,
+        0x3da88fc2,
+        0xd5a79147,
+        0x930aa725,
+        0x06ca6351,
+        0xe003826f,
+        0x14292967,
+        0x0a0e6e70,
+        0x27b70a85,
+        0x46d22ffc,
+        0x2e1b2138,
+        0x5c26c926,
+        0x4d2c6dfc,
+        0x5ac42aed,
+        0x53380d13,
+        0x9d95b3df,
+        0x650a7354,
+        0x8baf63de,
+        0x766a0abb,
+        0x3c77b2a8,
+        0x81c2c92e,
+        0x47edaee6,
+        0x92722c85,
+        0x1482353b,
+        0xa2bfe8a1,
+        0x4cf10364,
+        0xa81a664b,
+        0xbc423001,
+        0xc24b8b70,
+        0xd0f89791,
+        0xc76c51a3,
+        0x0654be30,
+        0xd192e819,
+        0xd6ef5218,
+        0xd6990624,
+        0x5565a910,
+        0xf40e3585,
+        0x5771202a,
+        0x106aa070,
+        0x32bbd1b8,
+        0x19a4c116,
+        0xb8d2d0c8,
+        0x1e376c08,
+        0x5141ab53,
+        0x2748774c,
+        0xdf8eeb99,
+        0x34b0bcb5,
+        0xe19b48a8,
+        0x391c0cb3,
+        0xc5c95a63,
+        0x4ed8aa4a,
+        0xe3418acb,
+        0x5b9cca4f,
+        0x7763e373,
+        0x682e6ff3,
+        0xd6b2b8a3,
+        0x748f82ee,
+        0x5defb2fc,
+        0x78a5636f,
+        0x43172f60,
+        0x84c87814,
+        0xa1f0ab72,
+        0x8cc70208,
+        0x1a6439ec,
+        0x90befffa,
+        0x23631e28,
+        0xa4506ceb,
+        0xde82bde9,
+        0xbef9a3f7,
+        0xb2c67915,
+        0xc67178f2,
+        0xe372532b,
+        0xca273ece,
+        0xea26619c,
+        0xd186b8c7,
+        0x21c0c207,
+        0xeada7dd6,
+        0xcde0eb1e,
+        0xf57d4f7f,
+        0xee6ed178,
+        0x06f067aa,
+        0x72176fba,
+        0x0a637dc5,
+        0xa2c898a6,
+        0x113f9804,
+        0xbef90dae,
+        0x1b710b35,
+        0x131c471b,
+        0x28db77f5,
+        0x23047d84,
+        0x32caab7b,
+        0x40c72493,
+        0x3c9ebe0a,
+        0x15c9bebc,
+        0x431d67c4,
+        0x9c100d4c,
+        0x4cc5d4be,
+        0xcb3e42b6,
+        0x597f299c,
+        0xfc657e2a,
+        0x5fcb6fab,
+        0x3ad6faec,
+        0x6c44198c,
+        0x4a475817,
+    ];
+    function crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, m, n) {
+        var wh = new Int32Array(16), wl = new Int32Array(16), bh0, bh1, bh2, bh3, bh4, bh5, bh6, bh7, bl0, bl1, bl2, bl3, bl4, bl5, bl6, bl7, th, tl, i, j, h, l, a, b, c, d;
+        var ah0 = hh[0], ah1 = hh[1], ah2 = hh[2], ah3 = hh[3], ah4 = hh[4], ah5 = hh[5], ah6 = hh[6], ah7 = hh[7], al0 = hl[0], al1 = hl[1], al2 = hl[2], al3 = hl[3], al4 = hl[4], al5 = hl[5], al6 = hl[6], al7 = hl[7];
+        var pos = 0;
+        while (n >= 128) {
+            for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                j = 8 * i + pos;
+                wh[i] = (m[j + 0] << 24) | (m[j + 1] << 16) | (m[j + 2] << 8) | m[j + 3];
+                wl[i] = (m[j + 4] << 24) | (m[j + 5] << 16) | (m[j + 6] << 8) | m[j + 7];
+            }
+            for (i = 0; i < 80; i++) {
+                bh0 = ah0;
+                bh1 = ah1;
+                bh2 = ah2;
+                bh3 = ah3;
+                bh4 = ah4;
+                bh5 = ah5;
+                bh6 = ah6;
+                bh7 = ah7;
+                bl0 = al0;
+                bl1 = al1;
+                bl2 = al2;
+                bl3 = al3;
+                bl4 = al4;
+                bl5 = al5;
+                bl6 = al6;
+                bl7 = al7;
+                // add
+                h = ah7;
+                l = al7;
+                a = l & 0xffff;
+                b = l >>> 16;
+                c = h & 0xffff;
+                d = h >>> 16;
+                // Sigma1
+                h =
+                    ((ah4 >>> 14) | (al4 << (32 - 14))) ^
+                    ((ah4 >>> 18) | (al4 << (32 - 18))) ^
+                    ((al4 >>> (41 - 32)) | (ah4 << (32 - (41 - 32))));
+                l =
+                    ((al4 >>> 14) | (ah4 << (32 - 14))) ^
+                    ((al4 >>> 18) | (ah4 << (32 - 18))) ^
+                    ((ah4 >>> (41 - 32)) | (al4 << (32 - (41 - 32))));
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // Ch
+                h = (ah4 & ah5) ^ (~ah4 & ah6);
+                l = (al4 & al5) ^ (~al4 & al6);
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // K
+                h = K[i * 2];
+                l = K[i * 2 + 1];
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // w
+                h = wh[i % 16];
+                l = wl[i % 16];
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                b += a >>> 16;
+                c += b >>> 16;
+                d += c >>> 16;
+                th = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                tl = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                // add
+                h = th;
+                l = tl;
+                a = l & 0xffff;
+                b = l >>> 16;
+                c = h & 0xffff;
+                d = h >>> 16;
+                // Sigma0
+                h =
+                    ((ah0 >>> 28) | (al0 << (32 - 28))) ^
+                    ((al0 >>> (34 - 32)) | (ah0 << (32 - (34 - 32)))) ^
+                    ((al0 >>> (39 - 32)) | (ah0 << (32 - (39 - 32))));
+                l =
+                    ((al0 >>> 28) | (ah0 << (32 - 28))) ^
+                    ((ah0 >>> (34 - 32)) | (al0 << (32 - (34 - 32)))) ^
+                    ((ah0 >>> (39 - 32)) | (al0 << (32 - (39 - 32))));
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                // Maj
+                h = (ah0 & ah1) ^ (ah0 & ah2) ^ (ah1 & ah2);
+                l = (al0 & al1) ^ (al0 & al2) ^ (al1 & al2);
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                b += a >>> 16;
+                c += b >>> 16;
+                d += c >>> 16;
+                bh7 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                bl7 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                // add
+                h = bh3;
+                l = bl3;
+                a = l & 0xffff;
+                b = l >>> 16;
+                c = h & 0xffff;
+                d = h >>> 16;
+                h = th;
+                l = tl;
+                a += l & 0xffff;
+                b += l >>> 16;
+                c += h & 0xffff;
+                d += h >>> 16;
+                b += a >>> 16;
+                c += b >>> 16;
+                d += c >>> 16;
+                bh3 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                bl3 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                ah1 = bh0;
+                ah2 = bh1;
+                ah3 = bh2;
+                ah4 = bh3;
+                ah5 = bh4;
+                ah6 = bh5;
+                ah7 = bh6;
+                ah0 = bh7;
+                al1 = bl0;
+                al2 = bl1;
+                al3 = bl2;
+                al4 = bl3;
+                al5 = bl4;
+                al6 = bl5;
+                al7 = bl6;
+                al0 = bl7;
+                if (i % 16 === 15) {
+                    for (j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
+                        // add
+                        h = wh[j];
+                        l = wl[j];
+                        a = l & 0xffff;
+                        b = l >>> 16;
+                        c = h & 0xffff;
+                        d = h >>> 16;
+                        h = wh[(j + 9) % 16];
+                        l = wl[(j + 9) % 16];
+                        a += l & 0xffff;
+                        b += l >>> 16;
+                        c += h & 0xffff;
+                        d += h >>> 16;
+                        // sigma0
+                        th = wh[(j + 1) % 16];
+                        tl = wl[(j + 1) % 16];
+                        h = ((th >>> 1) | (tl << (32 - 1))) ^ ((th >>> 8) | (tl << (32 - 8))) ^ (th >>> 7);
+                        l = ((tl >>> 1) | (th << (32 - 1))) ^ ((tl >>> 8) | (th << (32 - 8))) ^ ((tl >>> 7) | (th << (32 - 7)));
+                        a += l & 0xffff;
+                        b += l >>> 16;
+                        c += h & 0xffff;
+                        d += h >>> 16;
+                        // sigma1
+                        th = wh[(j + 14) % 16];
+                        tl = wl[(j + 14) % 16];
+                        h = ((th >>> 19) | (tl << (32 - 19))) ^ ((tl >>> (61 - 32)) | (th << (32 - (61 - 32)))) ^ (th >>> 6);
+                        l =
+                            ((tl >>> 19) | (th << (32 - 19))) ^
+                            ((th >>> (61 - 32)) | (tl << (32 - (61 - 32)))) ^
+                            ((tl >>> 6) | (th << (32 - 6)));
+                        a += l & 0xffff;
+                        b += l >>> 16;
+                        c += h & 0xffff;
+                        d += h >>> 16;
+                        b += a >>> 16;
+                        c += b >>> 16;
+                        d += c >>> 16;
+                        wh[j] = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+                        wl[j] = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // add
+            h = ah0;
+            l = al0;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[0];
+            l = hl[0];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[0] = ah0 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[0] = al0 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah1;
+            l = al1;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[1];
+            l = hl[1];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[1] = ah1 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[1] = al1 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah2;
+            l = al2;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[2];
+            l = hl[2];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[2] = ah2 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[2] = al2 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah3;
+            l = al3;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[3];
+            l = hl[3];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[3] = ah3 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[3] = al3 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah4;
+            l = al4;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[4];
+            l = hl[4];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[4] = ah4 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[4] = al4 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah5;
+            l = al5;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[5];
+            l = hl[5];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[5] = ah5 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[5] = al5 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah6;
+            l = al6;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[6];
+            l = hl[6];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[6] = ah6 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[6] = al6 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            h = ah7;
+            l = al7;
+            a = l & 0xffff;
+            b = l >>> 16;
+            c = h & 0xffff;
+            d = h >>> 16;
+            h = hh[7];
+            l = hl[7];
+            a += l & 0xffff;
+            b += l >>> 16;
+            c += h & 0xffff;
+            d += h >>> 16;
+            b += a >>> 16;
+            c += b >>> 16;
+            d += c >>> 16;
+            hh[7] = ah7 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
+            hl[7] = al7 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
+            pos += 128;
+            n -= 128;
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+    function crypto_hash(out, m, n) {
+        var hh = new Int32Array(8), hl = new Int32Array(8), x = new Uint8Array(256), i, b = n;
+        hh[0] = 0x6a09e667;
+        hh[1] = 0xbb67ae85;
+        hh[2] = 0x3c6ef372;
+        hh[3] = 0xa54ff53a;
+        hh[4] = 0x510e527f;
+        hh[5] = 0x9b05688c;
+        hh[6] = 0x1f83d9ab;
+        hh[7] = 0x5be0cd19;
+        hl[0] = 0xf3bcc908;
+        hl[1] = 0x84caa73b;
+        hl[2] = 0xfe94f82b;
+        hl[3] = 0x5f1d36f1;
+        hl[4] = 0xade682d1;
+        hl[5] = 0x2b3e6c1f;
+        hl[6] = 0xfb41bd6b;
+        hl[7] = 0x137e2179;
+        crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, m, n);
+        n %= 128;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            x[i] = m[b - n + i];
+        x[n] = 128;
+        n = 256 - 128 * (n < 112 ? 1 : 0);
+        x[n - 9] = 0;
+        ts64(x, n - 8, (b / 0x20000000) | 0, b << 3);
+        crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, x, n);
+        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
+            ts64(out, 8 * i, hh[i], hl[i]);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    function add(p, q) {
+        var a = gf(), b = gf(), c = gf(), d = gf(), e = gf(), f = gf(), g = gf(), h = gf(), t = gf();
+        Z(a, p[1], p[0]);
+        Z(t, q[1], q[0]);
+        M(a, a, t);
+        A(b, p[0], p[1]);
+        A(t, q[0], q[1]);
+        M(b, b, t);
+        M(c, p[3], q[3]);
+        M(c, c, D2);
+        M(d, p[2], q[2]);
+        A(d, d, d);
+        Z(e, b, a);
+        Z(f, d, c);
+        A(g, d, c);
+        A(h, b, a);
+        M(p[0], e, f);
+        M(p[1], h, g);
+        M(p[2], g, f);
+        M(p[3], e, h);
+    }
+    function cswap(p, q, b) {
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            sel25519(p[i], q[i], b);
+        }
+    }
+    function pack(r, p) {
+        var tx = gf(), ty = gf(), zi = gf();
+        inv25519(zi, p[2]);
+        M(tx, p[0], zi);
+        M(ty, p[1], zi);
+        pack25519(r, ty);
+        r[31] ^= par25519(tx) << 7;
+    }
+    function scalarmult(p, q, s) {
+        var b, i;
+        set25519(p[0], gf0);
+        set25519(p[1], gf1);
+        set25519(p[2], gf1);
+        set25519(p[3], gf0);
+        for (i = 255; i >= 0; --i) {
+            b = (s[(i / 8) | 0] >> (i & 7)) & 1;
+            cswap(p, q, b);
+            add(q, p);
+            add(p, p);
+            cswap(p, q, b);
+        }
+    }
+    function scalarbase(p, s) {
+        var q = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        set25519(q[0], X);
+        set25519(q[1], Y);
+        set25519(q[2], gf1);
+        M(q[3], X, Y);
+        scalarmult(p, q, s);
+    }
+    var L = new Float64Array([
+        0xed,
+        0xd3,
+        0xf5,
+        0x5c,
+        0x1a,
+        0x63,
+        0x12,
+        0x58,
+        0xd6,
+        0x9c,
+        0xf7,
+        0xa2,
+        0xde,
+        0xf9,
+        0xde,
+        0x14,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0x10,
+    ]);
+    function modL(r, x) {
+        var carry, i, j, k;
+        for (i = 63; i >= 32; --i) {
+            carry = 0;
+            for (j = i - 32, k = i - 12; j < k; ++j) {
+                x[j] += carry - 16 * x[i] * L[j - (i - 32)];
+                carry = (x[j] + 128) >> 8;
+                x[j] -= carry * 256;
+            }
+            x[j] += carry;
+            x[i] = 0;
+        }
+        carry = 0;
+        for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
+            x[j] += carry - (x[31] >> 4) * L[j];
+            carry = x[j] >> 8;
+            x[j] &= 255;
+        }
+        for (j = 0; j < 32; j++)
+            x[j] -= carry * L[j];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            x[i + 1] += x[i] >> 8;
+            r[i] = x[i] & 255;
+        }
+    }
+    function reduce(r) {
+        var x = new Float64Array(64), i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            x[i] = r[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            r[i] = 0;
+        modL(r, x);
+    }
+    // Like crypto_sign, but uses secret key directly in hash.
+    function crypto_sign_direct(sm, m, n, sk) {
+        var h = new Uint8Array(64), r = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var i, j, x = new Float64Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            sm[64 + i] = m[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[32 + i] = sk[i];
+        crypto_hash(r, sm.subarray(32), n + 32);
+        reduce(r);
+        scalarbase(p, r);
+        pack(sm, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[i + 32] = sk[32 + i];
+        crypto_hash(h, sm, n + 64);
+        reduce(h);
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            x[i] = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            x[i] = r[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
+                x[i + j] += h[i] * sk[j];
+            }
+        }
+        modL(sm.subarray(32), x);
+        return n + 64;
+    }
+    // Note: sm must be n+128.
+    function crypto_sign_direct_rnd(sm, m, n, sk, rnd) {
+        var h = new Uint8Array(64), r = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var i, j, x = new Float64Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        // Hash separation.
+        sm[0] = 0xfe;
+        for (i = 1; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[i] = 0xff;
+        // Secret key.
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[32 + i] = sk[i];
+        // Message.
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            sm[64 + i] = m[i];
+        // Random suffix.
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            sm[n + 64 + i] = rnd[i];
+        crypto_hash(r, sm, n + 128);
+        reduce(r);
+        scalarbase(p, r);
+        pack(sm, p);
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sm[i + 32] = sk[32 + i];
+        crypto_hash(h, sm, n + 64);
+        reduce(h);
+        // Wipe out random suffix.
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            sm[n + 64 + i] = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            x[i] = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            x[i] = r[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
+                x[i + j] += h[i] * sk[j];
+            }
+        }
+        modL(sm.subarray(32, n + 64), x);
+        return n + 64;
+    }
+    function curve25519_sign(sm, m, n, sk, opt_rnd) {
+        // If opt_rnd is provided, sm must have n + 128,
+        // otherwise it must have n + 64 bytes.
+        // Convert Curve25519 secret key into Ed25519 secret key (includes pub key).
+        var edsk = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            edsk[i] = sk[i];
+        // Ensure private key is in the correct format.
+        edsk[0] &= 248;
+        edsk[31] &= 127;
+        edsk[31] |= 64;
+        scalarbase(p, edsk);
+        pack(edsk.subarray(32), p);
+        // Remember sign bit.
+        var signBit = edsk[63] & 128;
+        var smlen;
+        if (opt_rnd) {
+            smlen = crypto_sign_direct_rnd(sm, m, n, edsk, opt_rnd);
+        }
+        else {
+            smlen = crypto_sign_direct(sm, m, n, edsk);
+        }
+        // Copy sign bit from public key into signature.
+        sm[63] |= signBit;
+        return smlen;
+    }
+    function unpackneg(r, p) {
+        var t = gf(), chk = gf(), num = gf(), den = gf(), den2 = gf(), den4 = gf(), den6 = gf();
+        set25519(r[2], gf1);
+        unpack25519(r[1], p);
+        S(num, r[1]);
+        M(den, num, D);
+        Z(num, num, r[2]);
+        A(den, r[2], den);
+        S(den2, den);
+        S(den4, den2);
+        M(den6, den4, den2);
+        M(t, den6, num);
+        M(t, t, den);
+        pow2523(t, t);
+        M(t, t, num);
+        M(t, t, den);
+        M(t, t, den);
+        M(r[0], t, den);
+        S(chk, r[0]);
+        M(chk, chk, den);
+        if (neq25519(chk, num))
+            M(r[0], r[0], I);
+        S(chk, r[0]);
+        M(chk, chk, den);
+        if (neq25519(chk, num))
+            return -1;
+        if (par25519(r[0]) === p[31] >> 7)
+            Z(r[0], gf0, r[0]);
+        M(r[3], r[0], r[1]);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    function crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {
+        var i, mlen;
+        var t = new Uint8Array(32), h = new Uint8Array(64);
+        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()], q = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
+        mlen = -1;
+        if (n < 64)
+            return -1;
+        if (unpackneg(q, pk))
+            return -1;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            m[i] = sm[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            m[i + 32] = pk[i];
+        crypto_hash(h, m, n);
+        reduce(h);
+        scalarmult(p, q, h);
+        scalarbase(q, sm.subarray(32));
+        add(p, q);
+        pack(t, p);
+        n -= 64;
+        if (crypto_verify_32(sm, 0, t, 0)) {
+            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                m[i] = 0;
+            return -1;
+        }
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            m[i] = sm[i + 64];
+        mlen = n;
+        return mlen;
+    }
+    // Converts Curve25519 public key back to Ed25519 public key.
+    // edwardsY = (montgomeryX - 1) / (montgomeryX + 1)
+    function convertPublicKey(pk) {
+        var z = new Uint8Array(32), x = gf(), a = gf(), b = gf();
+        unpack25519(x, pk);
+        A(a, x, gf1);
+        Z(b, x, gf1);
+        inv25519(a, a);
+        M(a, a, b);
+        pack25519(z, a);
+        return z;
+    }
+    function curve25519_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {
+        // Convert Curve25519 public key into Ed25519 public key.
+        var edpk = convertPublicKey(pk);
+        // Restore sign bit from signature.
+        edpk[31] |= sm[63] & 128;
+        // Remove sign bit from signature.
+        sm[63] &= 127;
+        // Verify signed message.
+        return crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, edpk);
+    }
+    /* High-level API */
+    function checkArrayTypes(...args) {
+        var t, i;
+        for (i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+            if ((t = Object.prototype.toString.call(arguments[i])) !== '[object Uint8Array]')
+                throw new TypeError('unexpected type ' + t + ', use Uint8Array');
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Returns a raw shared key between own private key and peer's public key (in other words, this is an ECC Diffie-Hellman function X25519, performing scalar multiplication).
+     *
+     * The result should not be used directly as a key, but should be processed with a one-way function (e.g. HSalsa20 as in NaCl, or any secure cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-256, or key derivation function, such as HKDF).
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
+     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
+     * @returns Uint8Array
+     */
+    function sharedKey(secretKey, publicKey) {
+        checkArrayTypes(publicKey, secretKey);
+        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
+        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
+        var sharedKey = new Uint8Array(32);
+        crypto_scalarmult(sharedKey, secretKey, publicKey);
+        return sharedKey;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Signs the given message using the private key and returns a signed message (signature concatenated with the message copy).
+     *
+     * Optional random data argument (which must have 64 random bytes) turns on hash separation and randomization to make signatures non-deterministic.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
+     * @param {*} msg
+     * @param {Uint8Array} opt_random
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function signMessage(secretKey, msg, opt_random) {
+        checkArrayTypes(msg, secretKey);
+        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
+        if (opt_random) {
+            checkArrayTypes(opt_random);
+            if (opt_random.length !== 64)
+                throw new Error('wrong random data length');
+            var buf = new Uint8Array(128 + msg.length);
+            curve25519_sign(buf, msg, msg.length, secretKey, opt_random);
+            return new Uint8Array(buf.subarray(0, 64 + msg.length));
+        }
+        else {
+            var signedMsg = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
+            curve25519_sign(signedMsg, msg, msg.length, secretKey);
+            return signedMsg;
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Verifies signed message with the public key and returns the original message without signature if it's correct or null if verification fails.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
+     * @param {*} signedMsg
+     * @returns Message
+     */
+    function openMessage(publicKey, signedMsg) {
+        checkArrayTypes(signedMsg, publicKey);
+        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
+        var tmp = new Uint8Array(signedMsg.length);
+        var mlen = curve25519_sign_open(tmp, signedMsg, signedMsg.length, publicKey);
+        if (mlen < 0)
+            return null;
+        var m = new Uint8Array(mlen);
+        for (var i = 0; i < m.length; i++)
+            m[i] = tmp[i];
+        return m;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Signs the given message using the private key and returns signature.
+     *
+     * Optional random data argument (which must have 64 random bytes) turns on hash separation and randomization to make signatures non-deterministic.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
+     * @param {*} msg
+     * @param {Uint8Array} opt_random
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function sign(secretKey, msg, opt_random) {
+        checkArrayTypes(secretKey, msg);
+        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
+        if (opt_random) {
+            checkArrayTypes(opt_random);
+            if (opt_random.length !== 64)
+                throw new Error('wrong random data length');
+        }
+        var buf = new Uint8Array((opt_random ? 128 : 64) + msg.length);
+        curve25519_sign(buf, msg, msg.length, secretKey, opt_random);
+        var signature = new Uint8Array(64);
+        for (var i = 0; i < signature.length; i++)
+            signature[i] = buf[i];
+        return signature;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Verifies the given signature for the message using the given private key. Returns true if the signature is valid, false otherwise.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
+     * @param {*} msg
+     * @param {*} signature
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function verify(publicKey, msg, signature) {
+        checkArrayTypes(msg, signature, publicKey);
+        if (signature.length !== 64)
+            throw new Error('wrong signature length');
+        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
+        var sm = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
+        var m = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
+        var i;
+        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
+            sm[i] = signature[i];
+        for (i = 0; i < msg.length; i++)
+            sm[i + 64] = msg[i];
+        return curve25519_sign_open(m, sm, sm.length, publicKey) >= 0;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Generates a new key pair from the given 32-byte secret seed (which should be generated with a CSPRNG) and returns it as object.
+     *
+     * The returned keys can be used for signing and key agreement.
+     *
+     * @export
+     * @param {Uint8Array} seed required
+     * @returns
+     */
+    function generateKeyPair(seed) {
+        checkArrayTypes(seed);
+        if (seed.length !== 32)
+            throw new Error('wrong seed length');
+        var sk = new Uint8Array(32);
+        var pk = new Uint8Array(32);
+        for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++)
+            sk[i] = seed[i];
+        crypto_scalarmult_base(pk, sk);
+        // Turn secret key into the correct format.
+        sk[0] &= 248;
+        sk[31] &= 127;
+        sk[31] |= 64;
+        // Remove sign bit from public key.
+        pk[31] &= 127;
+        return {
+            public: pk,
+            private: sk,
+        };
+    }
+
+module.exports = {
+    sharedKey,
+    signMessage,
+    openMessage,
+    sign,
+    verify,
+    generateKeyPair,
+};
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/main.ts b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/main.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2dbfe9da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/main.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+declare const Vue: any;
+
+const { createApp } = Vue;
+const App = require('./App');
+
+createApp(App).mount('#app');
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/styles/main.css b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/styles/main.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a7b0ee72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/styles/main.css
@@ -0,0 +1,1789 @@
+/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+   SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */
+
+:root {
+  --color-primary: #2563eb;
+  --color-primary-hover: #1d4ed8;
+  --color-success: #16a34a;
+  --color-warning: #ea580c;
+  --color-danger: #dc2626;
+  --color-text-primary: #0f172a;
+  --color-text-secondary: #475569;
+  --color-text-tertiary: #94a3b8;
+  --color-bg-primary: #ffffff;
+  --color-bg-secondary: #f8fafc;
+  --color-bg-tertiary: #f1f5f9;
+  --color-border: #e2e8f0;
+  --color-border-light: #f1f5f9;
+  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 0.05);
+  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
+  --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px -3px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
+  --shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px -5px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
+  --radius-sm: 6px;
+  --radius-md: 8px;
+  --radius-lg: 12px;
+  color-scheme: light;
+  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', sans-serif;
+}
+
+* {
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+body {
+  margin: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  line-height: 1.6;
+  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
+  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+  margin: 0;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.console-root {
+  min-height: 100vh;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+}
+
+.app-header {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
+  position: sticky;
+  top: 0;
+  z-index: 100;
+}
+
+.header-content {
+  max-width: 1400px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 16px 24px;
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 24px;
+}
+
+.header-left {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.app-title {
+  font-size: 20px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.version-badge {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  padding: 4px 10px;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.header-right {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.btn-primary {
+  background: var(--color-primary);
+  color: white;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 10px 20px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
+}
+
+.btn-primary:hover {
+  background: var(--color-primary-hover);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
+  transform: translateY(-1px);
+}
+
+.btn-primary:active {
+  transform: translateY(0);
+}
+
+.btn-secondary {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  padding: 8px 16px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.btn-secondary:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  border-color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+}
+
+.btn-secondary:active {
+  transform: scale(0.98);
+}
+
+.toolbar {
+  max-width: 1400px;
+  margin: 24px auto;
+  padding: 0 24px;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 16px;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.toolbar-section {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 16px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+.search-box {
+  position: relative;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  padding: 0 12px;
+  gap: 8px;
+  min-width: 320px;
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
+}
+
+.search-icon {
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.search-box input {
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  padding: 10px 0;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  background: transparent;
+  flex: 1;
+  min-width: 0;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.search-box input::placeholder {
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+}
+
+.btn-search {
+  background: var(--color-primary);
+  color: white;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 6px 14px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  transition: background 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.btn-search:hover {
+  background: var(--color-primary-hover);
+}
+
+.vm-count {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 10px 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
+}
+
+.count-label {
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.count-value {
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+  font-size: 15px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+.pagination-controls {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  padding: 6px;
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
+}
+
+.btn-pagination {
+  background: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 6px 8px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.btn-pagination:hover:not(:disabled) {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.btn-pagination:disabled {
+  opacity: 0.4;
+  cursor: not-allowed;
+}
+
+.page-display {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 0 8px;
+}
+
+.page-input {
+  width: 50px;
+  padding: 4px 8px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  text-align: center;
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+.page-input:focus {
+  border-color: var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.page-separator {
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.page-total {
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-weight: 600;
+  min-width: 24px;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+.page-size-select {
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  padding: 6px 10px;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  outline: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.page-size-select:hover {
+  border-color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+}
+
+.vm-table {
+  max-width: 900px;
+  width: 900px;
+  margin: 0 auto 24px;
+  padding: 0 24px;
+}
+
+.vm-table-header {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 24px 2fr 100px 120px 180px 60px;
+  gap: 16px;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--color-border);
+  font-weight: 600;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
+}
+
+.vm-row {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
+  transition: background 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.vm-row:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+}
+
+.vm-row-main {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 24px 2fr 100px 120px 180px 60px;
+  gap: 16px;
+  padding: 16px;
+  align-items: center;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition: background-color 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.vm-col-expand,
+.vm-col-name,
+.vm-col-status,
+.vm-col-uptime,
+.vm-col-view,
+.vm-col-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.vm-col-view,
+.vm-col-actions {
+  cursor: default;
+}
+
+.vm-col-expand {
+  justify-content: flex-start;
+}
+
+.vm-col-view {
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.btn-expand {
+  width: 24px;
+  height: 24px;
+  border: 1px solid transparent;
+  background: transparent;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.btn-expand:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.btn-expand.expanded {
+  background: var(--color-primary);
+  color: white;
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.vm-name {
+  font-size: 15px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.view-link {
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  transition: color 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.view-link:hover {
+  color: var(--color-primary-hover);
+  text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.btn-actions {
+  width: 36px;
+  height: 36px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.btn-actions:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  border-color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.status-badge {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 6px 12px;
+  border-radius: 16px;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  text-transform: capitalize;
+}
+
+.status-dot {
+  width: 8px;
+  height: 8px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  animation: pulse 2s infinite;
+}
+
+@keyframes pulse {
+  0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
+  50% { opacity: 0.5; }
+}
+
+.status-running {
+  background: #dcfce7;
+  color: var(--color-success);
+}
+
+.status-running .status-dot {
+  background: var(--color-success);
+}
+
+.status-stopping,
+.status-shutting-down {
+  background: #fed7aa;
+  color: var(--color-warning);
+}
+
+.status-stopping .status-dot,
+.status-shutting-down .status-dot {
+  background: var(--color-warning);
+}
+
+.status-exited {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+}
+
+.status-exited .status-dot {
+  background: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  animation: none;
+}
+
+.status-removing {
+  background: #fde68a;
+  color: #92400e;
+}
+
+.status-removing .status-dot {
+  background: #92400e;
+}
+
+.status-stopped {
+  background: #fee2e2;
+  color: var(--color-danger);
+}
+
+.status-stopped .status-dot {
+  background: var(--color-danger);
+  animation: none;
+}
+
+.vm-details {
+  padding: 24px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 20px;
+}
+
+.details-grid {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.detail-item {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 6px;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.detail-label {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
+}
+
+.detail-value {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  font-weight: 500;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  cursor: help;
+}
+
+.gpu-chip-list {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  gap: 6px;
+}
+
+.gpu-chip {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+  padding: 4px 10px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.gpu-chip--all {
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  border-style: dashed;
+}
+
+.port-mappings,
+.runtime-network-section {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.port-mappings h4,
+.runtime-network-section h4 {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  margin-bottom: 4px;
+}
+
+.port-item,
+.runtime-network-item {
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  align-items: center;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+}
+
+.port-item {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+}
+
+.runtime-network-item {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1.1fr 0.6fr 0.8fr 1.4fr;
+  gap: 12px;
+  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
+}
+
+.features-section {
+  margin-top: 24px;
+}
+
+.features-section h4 {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  margin-bottom: 8px;
+}
+
+.features-text {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+
+.detail-value-with-copy {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  flex: 1;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.detail-value-with-copy .detail-value {
+  flex: 1;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.copy-btn {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  padding: 4px;
+  background: transparent;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+}
+
+.copy-btn:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  border-color: var(--color-primary);
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.section-header {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: center;
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+}
+
+.section-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.copy-btn-small {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  padding: 6px 8px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  min-width: 32px;
+  height: 32px;
+}
+
+.copy-btn-small:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  border-color: var(--color-primary);
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.section-header h4 {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+.compose-section,
+.user-config-section {
+  margin-top: 24px;
+}
+
+.compose-content {
+  width: 100%;
+  max-width: 100%;
+  overflow-x: auto;
+}
+
+.compose-content pre,
+.user-config-content {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  padding: 16px;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  line-height: 1.6;
+  max-height: 400px;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  margin: 0;
+  white-space: pre-wrap;
+  word-break: break-all;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  width: 100%;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+.network-section {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.section-title {
+  font-size: 15px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  margin: 0;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.network-interfaces {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(320px, 360px));
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.network-interface-card {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.interface-header {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+}
+
+.interface-name {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+
+.interface-name svg {
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.interface-details {
+  padding: 16px;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.interface-detail-row {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: baseline;
+  gap: 12px;
+  padding-bottom: 8px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
+}
+
+.interface-detail-row:last-of-type {
+  border-bottom: none;
+  padding-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+.interface-detail-row .detail-label {
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.interface-detail-row .detail-value {
+  font-size: 13px;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  word-break: break-all;
+  text-align: right;
+}
+
+.interface-stats {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 12px;
+  margin-top: 8px;
+  padding-top: 12px;
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
+}
+
+.stat-item {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 10px;
+  align-items: flex-start;
+}
+
+.stat-icon {
+  width: 28px;
+  height: 28px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+}
+
+.stat-icon.rx {
+  background: #dcfce7;
+  color: var(--color-success);
+}
+
+.stat-icon.tx {
+  background: #dbeafe;
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.stat-content {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 2px;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.stat-label {
+  font-size: 11px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
+}
+
+.stat-value {
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+}
+
+.stat-errors {
+  font-size: 11px;
+  color: var(--color-danger);
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.wireguard-section {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.wireguard-info-text {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  padding: 16px;
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  overflow-x: auto;
+  line-height: 1.6;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+.vm-log-tabs {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+.vm-log-button {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  padding: 8px 16px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.vm-log-button:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  border-color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+}
+
+.dropdown {
+  position: relative;
+  display: inline-block;
+}
+
+.dropdown-content {
+  display: none;
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 0;
+  top: calc(100% + 4px);
+  z-index: 300;
+  min-width: 200px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.dropdown-content.show {
+  display: block;
+  animation: fadeIn 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+@keyframes fadeIn {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateY(-8px);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateY(0);
+  }
+}
+
+.dropdown-content button {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border: none;
+  background: transparent;
+  text-align: left;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+}
+
+.dropdown-content button:last-child {
+  border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+.dropdown-content button:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  padding-left: 20px;
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.dropdown-content button svg {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  transition: opacity 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.dropdown-content button:hover svg {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+/* System Menu Styles */
+.system-menu {
+  position: relative;
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-right: 12px;
+}
+
+.btn-icon {
+  background: transparent;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  padding: 8px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+  min-width: 36px;
+  min-height: 36px;
+}
+
+.btn-icon:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+  border-color: var(--color-primary);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-sm);
+  transform: translateY(-1px);
+}
+
+.btn-icon:active {
+  transform: translateY(0);
+}
+
+.system-dropdown {
+  display: none;
+  position: absolute;
+  right: 0;
+  top: calc(100% + 8px);
+  z-index: 300;
+  min-width: 180px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
+  animation: fadeIn 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.system-dropdown.show {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+.dropdown-item {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border: none;
+  background: transparent;
+  text-align: left;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-light);
+}
+
+.dropdown-item:last-child {
+  border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+.dropdown-item:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  padding-left: 20px;
+  color: var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.dropdown-item svg {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  opacity: 0.7;
+  transition: opacity 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.dropdown-item:hover svg {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.message-container {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 20px;
+  right: 20px;
+  z-index: 1001;
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 8px;
+  max-width: 400px;
+}
+
+.message {
+  position: relative;
+  padding: 12px 40px 12px 16px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 13px;
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
+  animation: slideInRight 0.3s ease;
+  word-wrap: break-word;
+}
+
+@keyframes slideInRight {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: translateX(20px);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: translateX(0);
+  }
+}
+
+.success-message {
+  background: #dcfce7;
+  color: #166534;
+  border-left: 4px solid var(--color-success);
+}
+
+.error-message {
+  background: #fee2e2;
+  color: #991b1b;
+  border-left: 4px solid var(--color-danger);
+}
+
+.close-btn {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: 8px;
+  right: 8px;
+  border: none;
+  background: transparent;
+  font-size: 18px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  color: inherit;
+  opacity: 0.6;
+  transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
+  width: 20px;
+  height: 20px;
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+}
+
+.close-btn:hover {
+  opacity: 1;
+  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
+}
+
+.dialog-overlay {
+  position: fixed;
+  inset: 0;
+  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+  padding: 24px;
+  z-index: 1000;
+  backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
+}
+
+.dialog {
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
+  max-width: 960px;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-height: 90vh;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  padding: 32px;
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-xl);
+  animation: dialogIn 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+@keyframes dialogIn {
+  from {
+    opacity: 0;
+    transform: scale(0.95);
+  }
+  to {
+    opacity: 1;
+    transform: scale(1);
+  }
+}
+
+.dialog h2 {
+  margin-bottom: 24px;
+  font-size: 24px;
+}
+
+.dialog-footer {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: flex-end;
+  gap: 12px;
+  margin-top: 32px;
+  padding-top: 24px;
+  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+}
+
+.form-grid {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(280px, 1fr));
+  gap: 20px;
+  margin-bottom: 24px;
+}
+
+.form-group {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.form-group.full-width {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+}
+
+.form-group label {
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+
+.form-group input,
+.form-group select,
+.form-group textarea {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  outline: none;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.form-group input:focus,
+.form-group select:focus,
+.form-group textarea:focus {
+  border-color: var(--color-primary);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.1);
+}
+
+.form-group textarea {
+  min-height: 120px;
+  resize: vertical;
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+}
+
+.hint {
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+
+.help-icon {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  align-items: center;
+  width: 18px;
+  height: 18px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 700;
+  color: white;
+  background: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  cursor: help;
+}
+
+.action-btn {
+  background: var(--color-primary);
+  color: white;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 10px 18px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+.action-btn:hover {
+  background: var(--color-primary-hover);
+  transform: translateY(-1px);
+  box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
+}
+
+.action-btn:disabled {
+  background: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  cursor: not-allowed;
+  transform: none;
+  opacity: 0.6;
+}
+
+.action-btn.primary {
+  background: var(--color-success);
+}
+
+.action-btn.primary:hover {
+  background: #15803d;
+}
+
+.action-btn.danger {
+  background: var(--color-danger);
+}
+
+.action-btn.danger:hover {
+  background: #b91c1c;
+}
+
+.inline-field {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.file-input-row {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.file-input-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.file-input-actions input[type="file"] {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.help-text {
+  color: var(--color-text-tertiary);
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+
+.feature-checkboxes,
+.checkbox-grid {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
+  gap: 12px;
+  row-gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.gpu-checkbox-grid {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+  gap: 12px;
+  row-gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.feature-checkboxes label,
+.checkbox-grid label,
+.gpu-checkbox-grid label {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.feature-checkboxes input[type="checkbox"],
+.checkbox-grid input[type="checkbox"],
+.gpu-checkbox-grid input[type="checkbox"] {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  margin: 0;
+  width: 16px;
+  height: 16px;
+}
+
+.encrypted-env-editor,
+.port-mapping-editor,
+.gpu-config-editor,
+.network-config-editor {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 16px;
+}
+
+.port-mapping-editor > button,
+.network-config-editor > button {
+  width: fit-content;
+  min-width: 120px;
+}
+
+.network-config-empty {
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+  border: 1px dashed var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+
+.network-config-row {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 160px minmax(180px, 1fr) 100px;
+  gap: 12px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.network-config-placeholder {
+  min-height: 1px;
+}
+
+.network-config-hint {
+  grid-column: 1 / -1;
+}
+
+.gpu-section-label {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  margin-bottom: -8px;
+}
+
+.gpu-config-list-header {
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  margin-bottom: 8px;
+}
+
+.gpu-config-hint {
+  font-size: 13px;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  border-left: 3px solid var(--color-primary);
+}
+
+.env-editor-header {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  align-items: center;
+  margin-bottom: 12px;
+}
+
+.env-editor-title {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+.env-mode-toggle {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 0;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.mode-btn {
+  padding: 6px 16px;
+  border: none;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition: all 0.2s ease;
+  border-right: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+}
+
+.mode-btn:last-child {
+  border-right: none;
+}
+
+.mode-btn:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+}
+
+.mode-btn.active {
+  background: var(--color-primary);
+  color: white;
+}
+
+.env-form-mode {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.env-text-mode {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.env-text-mode textarea {
+  width: 100%;
+  padding: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  resize: vertical;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}
+
+.env-text-mode textarea:focus {
+  outline: none;
+  border-color: var(--color-primary);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.1);
+}
+
+.env-editor-empty {
+  padding: 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  border: 1px dashed var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+}
+
+.env-editor-empty .hint {
+  margin: 0;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  font-size: 14px;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}
+
+.encrypted-env-row,
+.port-row {
+  display: grid;
+  gap: 12px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.encrypted-env-row {
+  grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr auto;
+}
+
+.encrypted-env-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.encrypted-env-actions input[type="file"] {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.port-row {
+  grid-template-columns: 90px 100px 120px 120px 160px 100px;
+}
+
+.gpu-config-items {
+  max-height: 240px;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  padding: 16px;
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+}
+
+.gpu-checkbox-grid label {
+  font-size: 14px;
+}
+
+.warning-text {
+  color: var(--color-danger);
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.app-id-preview {
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  padding: 8px 12px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+}
+
+/* Process Manager Overlay */
+.process-manager-overlay {
+  position: fixed;
+  top: 0;
+  left: 0;
+  right: 0;
+  bottom: 0;
+  z-index: 1000;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+  display: flex;
+  flex-direction: column;
+  animation: fadeIn 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.process-manager-header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: space-between;
+  padding: 16px 24px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  background: var(--color-bg-secondary);
+}
+
+.process-manager-header h2 {
+  margin: 0;
+  font-size: 18px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.process-manager-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+  align-items: center;
+}
+
+.process-manager-body {
+  flex: 1;
+  overflow: auto;
+  padding: 16px 24px;
+}
+
+.process-table {
+  width: 100%;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  font-size: 13px;
+}
+
+.process-table th {
+  text-align: left;
+  padding: 10px 12px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--color-border);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  position: sticky;
+  top: 0;
+  background: var(--color-bg-primary);
+}
+
+.process-table td {
+  padding: 8px 12px;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+.process-table tr:hover td {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+}
+
+.process-table .col-id {
+  font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Monaco', 'Cascadia Code', monospace;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  max-width: 280px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  text-overflow: ellipsis;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.process-table .col-name {
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.process-table .col-actions {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.process-table .col-actions button {
+  padding: 4px 10px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  background: transparent;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  margin-right: 4px;
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.process-table .col-actions button:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+}
+
+.process-table .col-actions button.btn-danger {
+  color: var(--color-danger);
+  border-color: var(--color-danger);
+}
+
+.process-table .col-actions button.btn-danger:hover {
+  background: var(--color-danger);
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+.sv-status {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 6px;
+  padding: 2px 8px;
+  border-radius: 999px;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.sv-status-running {
+  background: rgba(52, 211, 153, 0.1);
+  color: #34d399;
+}
+
+.sv-status-stopped {
+  background: rgba(156, 163, 175, 0.1);
+  color: #9ca3af;
+}
+
+.sv-status-exited {
+  background: rgba(251, 191, 36, 0.1);
+  color: #fbbf24;
+}
+
+.sv-status-error {
+  background: rgba(248, 113, 113, 0.1);
+  color: #f87171;
+}
+
+.sv-status-dot {
+  width: 6px;
+  height: 6px;
+  border-radius: 50%;
+  background: currentColor;
+}
+
+.btn-clear-stopped {
+  padding: 6px 14px;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  background: transparent;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.btn-clear-stopped:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.btn-close-overlay {
+  padding: 6px 14px;
+  font-size: 13px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  border: 1px solid var(--color-border);
+  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
+  background: transparent;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition: all 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.btn-close-overlay:hover {
+  background: var(--color-bg-tertiary);
+  color: var(--color-text-primary);
+}
+
+.process-empty {
+  text-align: center;
+  padding: 48px;
+  color: var(--color-text-secondary);
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/src/templates/app.html b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/templates/app.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..139155032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/src/templates/app.html
@@ -0,0 +1,614 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+<div class="console-root">
+  <header class="app-header">
+    <div class="header-content">
+      <div class="header-left">
+        <h1 class="app-title">dstack-vmm</h1>
+        <span class="version-badge">
+          v{{ version.version }}
+          <template v-if="version.rev">
+            ({{ version.rev.slice(0, 14) }})
+          </template>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div class="header-right">
+        <button class="btn-primary" @click="showDeployDialog()">
+          <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none">
+            <path d="M8 3V13M3 8H13" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+          </svg>
+          Deploy Instance
+        </button>
+        <div class="system-menu">
+          <button class="btn-icon system-menu-btn" @click="toggleSystemMenu($event)" title="System Menu">
+            <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none">
+              <path d="M2 4h12M2 8h12M2 12h12" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+            </svg>
+          </button>
+          <div class="dropdown-menu system-dropdown" :class="{ 'show': systemMenu.show }" @click.stop>
+            <button class="dropdown-item" @click="reloadVMs(); closeSystemMenu()">
+              <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                <path d="M1 7a6 6 0 1 0 6-6M7 1v6l3 3" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+              </svg>
+              Reload VMs
+            </button>
+            <button class="dropdown-item" @click="openImageRegistry(); closeSystemMenu()">
+              <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                <path d="M7 2v4l3 3M2 7a5 5 0 1 0 10 0 5 5 0 0 0-10 0" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+              </svg>
+              Images
+            </button>
+            <button class="dropdown-item" @click="openProcessManager(); closeSystemMenu()">
+              <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                <path d="M2 3h10M2 7h10M2 11h10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                <circle cx="11" cy="3" r="1.5" fill="currentColor"/>
+                <circle cx="5" cy="7" r="1.5" fill="currentColor"/>
+                <circle cx="9" cy="11" r="1.5" fill="currentColor"/>
+              </svg>
+              Processes
+            </button>
+            <button class="dropdown-item" @click="openApiDocs()">
+              <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                <path d="M3 3h8v8H3z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+                <path d="M5 5h4M5 7h4M5 9h2" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+              </svg>
+              API Docs
+            </button>
+            <button class="dropdown-item" @click="toggleDevMode()">
+              <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                <path d="M7 2v3M7 9v3M4 7H2M12 7h-2" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                <circle cx="7" cy="7" r="2.5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.3"/>
+              </svg>
+              Dev Mode: <strong>{{ devMode ? 'On' : 'Off' }}</strong>
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </header>
+
+  <create-vm-dialog
+    :visible="showCreateDialog"
+    :form="vmForm"
+    :available-images="availableImages"
+    :available-gpus="availableGpus"
+    :allow-attach-all-gpus="allowAttachAllGpus"
+    :kms-available="vmForm.kms_enabled"
+    :port-mapping-enabled="config.portMappingEnabled"
+    :networking-modes="networkingModes"
+    :default-bridge="defaultBridge"
+    :default-networking-label="defaultNetworkingLabel"
+    @close="showCreateDialog = false"
+    @submit="createVm"
+    @load-compose="loadComposeFile"
+  />
+
+  <update-vm-dialog
+    :visible="updateDialog.show"
+    :dialog="updateDialog"
+    :available-images="availableImages"
+    :available-gpus="availableGpus"
+    :allow-attach-all-gpus="allowAttachAllGpus"
+    :port-mapping-enabled="config.portMappingEnabled"
+    :networking-modes="networkingModes"
+    :default-bridge="defaultBridge"
+    :default-networking-label="defaultNetworkingLabel"
+    :kms-enabled="kmsEnabled(updateDialog.vm || {})"
+    :compose-hash-preview="updateComposeHashPreview"
+    @close="updateDialog.show = false"
+    @submit="updateVM"
+    @load-compose="loadUpdateFile"
+  />
+
+  <fork-vm-dialog
+    :visible="cloneConfigDialog.show"
+    :dialog="cloneConfigDialog"
+    :available-images="availableImages"
+    @close="cloneConfigDialog.show = false"
+    @submit="cloneConfig"
+  />
+
+  <div class="toolbar">
+    <div class="toolbar-section">
+      <div class="search-box">
+        <svg class="search-icon" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none">
+          <circle cx="7" cy="7" r="5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"/>
+          <path d="M11 11L14 14" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+        </svg>
+        <input type="text" v-model="searchQuery" placeholder="Search instances..." @keyup.enter="loadVMList()">
+        <button class="btn-search" @click="loadVMList()">Search</button>
+      </div>
+      <div class="vm-count">
+        <span class="count-label">Total Instances:</span>
+        <span class="count-value">{{ totalVMs }}</span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="toolbar-section">
+      <div class="pagination-controls">
+        <button class="btn-pagination" @click="prevPage()" :disabled="currentPage === 1">
+          <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+            <path d="M9 3L5 7L9 11" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+          </svg>
+        </button>
+        <div class="page-display">
+          <input type="number" v-model.number="pageInput" min="1" :max="maxPage" @keyup.enter="goToPage()" class="page-input">
+          <span class="page-separator">/</span>
+          <span class="page-total">{{ maxPage || 1 }}</span>
+        </div>
+        <button class="btn-pagination" @click="nextPage()" :disabled="!hasMorePages">
+          <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+            <path d="M5 3L9 7L5 11" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+          </svg>
+        </button>
+        <select v-model="pageSize" @change="onPageSizeChange()" class="page-size-select">
+          <option :value="10">10 / page</option>
+          <option :value="25">25 / page</option>
+          <option :value="50">50 / page</option>
+          <option :value="100">100 / page</option>
+        </select>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="vm-table">
+    <div class="vm-table-header">
+      <div class="vm-col-expand"></div>
+      <div class="vm-col-name">Name</div>
+      <div class="vm-col-status">Status</div>
+      <div class="vm-col-uptime">Uptime</div>
+      <div class="vm-col-view">View</div>
+      <div class="vm-col-actions">Actions</div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div v-for="vm in vms" :key="vm.id" class="vm-row">
+      <div class="vm-row-main" @click="toggleDetails(vm)">
+        <div class="vm-col-expand" @click.stop>
+          <button class="btn-expand" @click="toggleDetails(vm)" :class="{ expanded: expandedVMs.has(vm.id) }">
+            <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+              <path :d="expandedVMs.has(vm.id) ? 'M3 9L7 5L11 9' : 'M3 5L7 9L11 5'" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+            </svg>
+          </button>
+        </div>
+        <div class="vm-col-name">
+          <span class="vm-name">{{ vm.name }}</span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="vm-col-status">
+          <span class="status-badge" :class="'status-' + vmStatus(vm).replace(/\s+/g, '-')">
+            <span class="status-dot"></span>
+            {{ vmStatus(vm) }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="vm-col-uptime">{{ vm.status !== 'stopped' ? shortUptime(vm.uptime) : '-' }}</div>
+        <div class="vm-col-view" @click.stop>
+          <a class="view-link" @click.prevent="showLogs(vm.id, 'serial')" href="#">Logs</a>
+          <a class="view-link" @click.prevent="showLogs(vm.id, 'stderr')" href="#">Stderr</a>
+          <a class="view-link" @click.prevent="showDashboard(vm)" href="#">Board</a>
+        </div>
+        <div class="vm-col-actions" @click.stop>
+          <div class="dropdown">
+            <button class="btn-actions" @click="toggleDropdown($event, vm)">
+              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none">
+                <circle cx="8" cy="4" r="1.5" fill="currentColor"/>
+                <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="1.5" fill="currentColor"/>
+                <circle cx="8" cy="12" r="1.5" fill="currentColor"/>
+              </svg>
+            </button>
+            <div class="dropdown-content" :id="'dropdown-' + vm.id">
+              <button @click="startVm(vm.id); closeAllDropdowns()">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <path d="M4 2L11 7L4 12V2Z" fill="currentColor"/>
+                </svg>
+                Start
+              </button>
+              <button @click="shutdownVm(vm.id); closeAllDropdowns()">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <rect x="3" y="3" width="8" height="8" fill="currentColor"/>
+                </svg>
+                Shutdown
+              </button>
+              <button @click="stopVm(vm); closeAllDropdowns()">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <path d="M2 2L12 12M12 2L2 12" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+                Kill
+              </button>
+              <button @click="removeVm(vm); closeAllDropdowns()">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <path d="M5 1h4M1 3h12M11 3l-.5 8.5c-.1.8-.7 1.5-1.5 1.5H5c-.8 0-1.4-.7-1.5-1.5L3 3M5.5 5.5v5M8.5 5.5v5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+                Remove
+              </button>
+              <button @click="showUpdateDialog(vm); closeAllDropdowns()">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <path d="M7 11V3M7 3L4 6M7 3l3 3" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+                  <path d="M2 13h10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+                Update
+              </button>
+              <button @click="showCloneConfig(vm); closeAllDropdowns()">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <rect x="4" y="4" width="8" height="8" rx="1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"/>
+                  <path d="M10 2H3c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1v7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+                Clone Config
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div v-if="expandedVMs.has(vm.id)" class="vm-details">
+        <div class="details-grid">
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">VM ID</span>
+            <div class="detail-value-with-copy">
+              <span class="detail-value" :title="vm.id">{{ vm.id }}</span>
+              <button class="copy-btn" @click="copyToClipboard(vm.id)" title="Copy">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <rect x="4" y="4" width="8" height="8" rx="1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2"/>
+                  <path d="M10 2H3c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1v7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">Instance ID</span>
+            <div class="detail-value-with-copy" v-if="vm.instance_id">
+              <span class="detail-value" :title="vm.instance_id">{{ vm.instance_id }}</span>
+              <button class="copy-btn" @click="copyToClipboard(vm.instance_id)" title="Copy">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <rect x="4" y="4" width="8" height="8" rx="1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2"/>
+                  <path d="M10 2H3c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1v7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+              </button>
+            </div>
+            <span class="detail-value" v-else>-</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">App ID</span>
+            <div class="detail-value-with-copy" v-if="vm.app_id">
+              <span class="detail-value" :title="vm.app_id">{{ vm.app_id }}</span>
+              <button class="copy-btn" @click="copyToClipboard(vm.app_id)" title="Copy">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <rect x="4" y="4" width="8" height="8" rx="1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2"/>
+                  <path d="M10 2H3c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1v7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+              </button>
+            </div>
+            <span class="detail-value" v-else>-</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">Image</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.image }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">vCPUs</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.vcpu }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">Memory</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ formatMemory(vm.configuration?.memory) }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item" v-if="vm.configuration?.swap_size">
+            <span class="detail-label">Swap</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ formatMemory(bytesToMB(vm.configuration.swap_size)) }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">Disk Size</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.disk_size }} GB</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">Disk Type</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.disk_type || 'virtio-pci' }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item">
+            <span class="detail-label">TEE</span>
+            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.no_tee ? 'Disabled' : 'Enabled' }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="detail-item detail-item--gpus" v-if="vm.configuration?.gpus">
+            <span class="detail-label">GPUs</span>
+            <div v-if="vm.configuration.gpus.attach_mode === 'all'" class="gpu-chip-list">
+              <span class="gpu-chip gpu-chip--all" title="All available GPUs and NVSwitches are attached">
+                All GPUs
+              </span>
+            </div>
+            <div v-else-if="vm.configuration.gpus?.gpus?.length" class="gpu-chip-list">
+              <span
+                class="gpu-chip"
+                v-for="(gpu, index) in vm.configuration.gpus.gpus"
+                :key="gpu.slot || gpu.product_id || index"
+                :title="gpu.description || gpu.slot || gpu.product_id || ('GPU #' + (index + 1))"
+              >
+                {{ gpu.slot || gpu.product_id || ('GPU #' + (index + 1)) }}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+            <div v-else class="detail-value">
+              None
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="vm.configuration?.ports?.length" class="port-mappings">
+          <h4>Port Mappings</h4>
+          <div v-for="(port, index) in vm.configuration.ports" :key="index" class="port-item">
+            <span>{{
+              port.host_address === '127.0.0.1'
+              ? 'Local'
+              : (port.host_address === '0.0.0.0' ? 'Public' : port.host_address)
+              }}</span>
+            <span>{{ port.protocol.toUpperCase() }}: {{ port.host_port }} → {{ port.vm_port }}</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="vm.interfaces?.length" class="runtime-network-section">
+          <h4>VMM Network Interfaces</h4>
+          <div v-for="(iface, index) in vm.interfaces" :key="iface.netdev_id || index" class="runtime-network-item">
+            <span>{{ networkModeLabel(iface.mode) }} / {{ iface.backend || '-' }}</span>
+            <span>{{ iface.netdev_id || '-' }}</span>
+            <span>{{ iface.bridge_name || '-' }}</span>
+            <span>{{ iface.mac || '-' }}</span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="features-section">
+          <h4>Features</h4>
+          <span class="features-text">{{ getVmFeatures(vm) }}</span>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="networkInfo[vm.id]" class="network-section">
+          <h4 class="section-title">Network Interfaces</h4>
+          <div class="network-interfaces">
+            <div v-for="iface in networkInfo[vm.id].interfaces" :key="iface.name" class="network-interface-card">
+              <div class="interface-header">
+                <div class="interface-name">
+                  <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none">
+                    <rect x="2" y="3" width="12" height="10" rx="1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"/>
+                    <path d="M2 6h12M5 3v3M11 3v3" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"/>
+                  </svg>
+                  <span>{{ iface.name }}</span>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+              <div class="interface-details">
+                <div class="interface-detail-row">
+                  <span class="detail-label">MAC Address</span>
+                  <span class="detail-value">{{ iface.mac || '-' }}</span>
+                </div>
+                <div class="interface-detail-row">
+                  <span class="detail-label">IP Address</span>
+                  <span class="detail-value" style="white-space: pre-line">{{ iface.addresses.map(addr => addr.address + '/' + addr.prefix).join('\n') || '-' }}</span>
+                </div>
+                <div class="interface-stats">
+                  <div class="stat-item">
+                    <div class="stat-icon rx">
+                      <svg width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" fill="none">
+                        <path d="M6 2v8M3 7l3 3 3-3" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+                      </svg>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="stat-content">
+                      <span class="stat-label">RX</span>
+                      <span class="stat-value">{{ iface.rx_bytes }} bytes</span>
+                      <span class="stat-errors" v-if="iface.rx_errors > 0">({{ iface.rx_errors }} errors)</span>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                  <div class="stat-item">
+                    <div class="stat-icon tx">
+                      <svg width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" fill="none">
+                        <path d="M6 10V2M3 5l3-3 3 3" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+                      </svg>
+                    </div>
+                    <div class="stat-content">
+                      <span class="stat-label">TX</span>
+                      <span class="stat-value">{{ iface.tx_bytes }} bytes</span>
+                      <span class="stat-errors" v-if="iface.tx_errors > 0">({{ iface.tx_errors }} errors)</span>
+                    </div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div v-if="networkInfo[vm.id].wg_info" class="wireguard-section">
+            <h4 class="section-title">
+              <svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none">
+                <circle cx="8" cy="8" r="6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"/>
+                <path d="M8 5v3l2 2" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+              </svg>
+              WireGuard Info
+            </h4>
+            <pre class="wireguard-info-text">{{ networkInfo[vm.id].wg_info }}</pre>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="vm.configuration?.compose_file" class="compose-section">
+          <div class="section-header">
+            <h4>App Compose</h4>
+            <div class="section-actions">
+              <button class="copy-btn-small" @click="copyToClipboard(vm.appCompose?.docker_compose_file || '')" title="Copy Docker Compose">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <rect x="4" y="4" width="8" height="8" rx="1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2"/>
+                  <path d="M10 2H3c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1v7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+              </button>
+              <button class="action-btn" @click="downloadAppCompose(vm)">
+                <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                  <path d="M7 2v8M7 10l3-3M7 10L4 7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+                  <path d="M2 12h10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+                </svg>
+                Download
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="compose-content">
+            <pre>{{ vm.appCompose?.docker_compose_file || 'Docker Compose content not available' }}</pre>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div v-if="vm.configuration?.user_config" class="user-config-section">
+          <div class="section-header">
+            <h4>User Config</h4>
+            <button class="action-btn" @click="downloadUserConfig(vm)">
+              <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 14 14" fill="none">
+                <path d="M7 2v8M7 10l3-3M7 10L4 7" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
+                <path d="M2 12h10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
+              </svg>
+              Download
+            </button>
+          </div>
+          <pre class="user-config-content">{{ vm.configuration.user_config }}</pre>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="vm-log-tabs">
+          <button class="vm-log-button" @click="showLogs(vm.id, 'serial')">Serial Logs</button>
+          <button class="vm-log-button" @click="showLogs(vm.id, 'stdout')">Stdout</button>
+          <button class="vm-log-button" @click="showLogs(vm.id, 'stderr')">Stderr</button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div v-if="showImageRegistry" class="process-manager-overlay">
+    <div class="process-manager-header">
+      <h2>Images</h2>
+      <div class="process-manager-actions">
+        <button class="btn-clear-stopped" @click="loadImages(); loadRegistryImages()">Refresh</button>
+        <button class="btn-close-overlay" @click="showImageRegistry = false">Close</button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="process-manager-body">
+      <!-- Local Images -->
+      <h3 style="margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: var(--color-text-secondary, #6b7280);">Local</h3>
+      <div v-if="availableImages.length === 0" class="process-empty" style="margin-bottom: 16px;">No local images found.</div>
+      <table class="process-table" v-else style="margin-bottom: 20px;">
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th>Name</th>
+            <th>Version</th>
+            <th>Actions</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr v-for="img in availableImages" :key="img.name">
+            <td class="col-name">{{ img.name }}</td>
+            <td>{{ img.version }}</td>
+            <td class="col-actions">
+              <button style="color: var(--color-error, #ef4444);" @click="deleteImage(img.name)">Delete</button>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+
+      <!-- Registry Images -->
+      <h3 style="margin: 0 0 8px 0; font-size: 0.95em; color: var(--color-text-secondary, #6b7280);">Registry</h3>
+      <div v-if="registryLoading" class="process-empty">Loading registry tags...</div>
+      <div v-else-if="registryImages.length === 0" class="process-empty">
+        No registry configured. Set <code>[image] registry</code> in vmm.toml.
+      </div>
+      <table class="process-table" v-else>
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th>Tag</th>
+            <th>Status</th>
+            <th>Actions</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr v-for="img in registryImages" :key="img.tag">
+            <td class="col-name">{{ img.tag }}</td>
+            <td>
+              <span v-if="img.pulling" class="sv-status sv-status-exited">
+                <span class="sv-status-dot"></span>
+                Pulling...
+              </span>
+              <span v-else-if="img.error" class="sv-status sv-status-fatal" :title="img.error">
+                <span class="sv-status-dot"></span>
+                Failed
+              </span>
+              <span v-else-if="img.local" class="sv-status sv-status-running">
+                <span class="sv-status-dot"></span>
+                Local
+              </span>
+              <span v-else class="sv-status sv-status-stopped">
+                <span class="sv-status-dot"></span>
+                Remote
+              </span>
+            </td>
+            <td class="col-actions">
+              <button
+                v-if="!img.local && !img.pulling"
+                @click="pullRegistryImage(img.tag)"
+              >
+                {{ img.error ? 'Retry' : 'Pull' }}
+              </button>
+              <span v-else-if="img.pulling" style="color: var(--color-warning, #f59e0b); font-size: 0.85em;">Downloading</span>
+              <span v-else style="color: var(--color-success, #22c55e); font-size: 0.85em;">Downloaded</span>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr v-for="img in registryImages.filter(i => i.error)" :key="img.tag + '-err'">
+            <td colspan="3" style="color: var(--color-error, #ef4444); font-size: 0.85em; padding-top: 0; border-top: none;">
+              ⚠ {{ img.error }}
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div v-if="showProcessManager" class="process-manager-overlay">
+    <div class="process-manager-header">
+      <h2>Supervisor Processes</h2>
+      <div class="process-manager-actions">
+        <button class="btn-clear-stopped" @click="svClear()">Clear Stopped</button>
+        <button class="btn-clear-stopped" @click="loadSupervisorProcesses()">Refresh</button>
+        <button class="btn-close-overlay" @click="showProcessManager = false">Close</button>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="process-manager-body">
+      <table class="process-table" v-if="supervisorProcesses.length">
+        <thead>
+          <tr>
+            <th>Name</th>
+            <th>ID</th>
+            <th>Status</th>
+            <th>PID</th>
+            <th>Actions</th>
+          </tr>
+        </thead>
+        <tbody>
+          <tr v-for="p in supervisorProcesses" :key="p.id">
+            <td class="col-name">{{ p.name }}</td>
+            <td class="col-id" :title="p.id">{{ p.id }}</td>
+            <td>
+              <span class="sv-status" :class="svStatusClass(p)">
+                <span class="sv-status-dot"></span>
+                {{ p.status }}
+              </span>
+            </td>
+            <td>{{ p.pid || '-' }}</td>
+            <td class="col-actions">
+              <button v-if="svIsRunning(p)" @click="svStop(p.id)">Stop</button>
+              <button v-if="svIsStopped(p)" class="btn-danger" @click="svRemove(p.id)">Remove</button>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+      <div v-else class="process-empty">No processes found</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="message-container">
+    <div v-if="updateMessage" class="message success-message">
+      <button class="close-btn" @click="updateMessage = ''">×</button>
+      <div v-html="updateMessage"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div v-if="successMessage" class="message success-message">
+      <button class="close-btn" @click="successMessage = ''">×</button>
+      <div v-html="successMessage"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div v-if="errorMessage" class="message error-message">
+      {{ errorMessage }}
+      <button class="close-btn" @click="errorMessage = ''">×</button>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/tsconfig.json b/dstack/vmm/ui/tsconfig.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..922576381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/tsconfig.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "target": "ES2018",
+    "module": "commonjs",
+    "moduleResolution": "node",
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
+    "lib": ["ES2018", "DOM"],
+    "strict": false,
+    "esModuleInterop": false,
+    "skipLibCheck": true,
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "outDir": "build/ts",
+    "rootDir": "src",
+    "allowJs": true,
+    "types": ["node"]
+  },
+  "include": ["src/**/*.ts", "src/proto/**/*.js", "src/lib/**/*.js"]
+}
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/ui/vendor/README.md b/dstack/vmm/ui/vendor/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2b213675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/ui/vendor/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Place `vue.global.prod.js` from a matching Vue 3 release in this directory.
+
+The build script inlines the file when present; otherwise the generated
+HTML keeps the external CDN reference.
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/venv.sh b/dstack/vmm/venv.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a520f3bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/venv.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+if [ -f ".venv/bin/activate" ]; then
+    source .venv/bin/activate
+else
+    python3 -m venv .venv
+    source .venv/bin/activate
+    pip install requests eth_keys cryptography "eth-hash[pycryptodome]"
+    cp src/vmm-cli.py .venv/bin/
+    ln -sf vmm-cli.py .venv/bin/vmm
+fi
diff --git a/dstack/vmm/vmm.toml b/dstack/vmm/vmm.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5f766c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dstack/vmm/vmm.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack VMM"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "debug"
+address = "unix:./vmm.sock"
+reuse = true
+kms_url = "http://127.0.0.1:8081"
+event_buffer_size = 20
+node_name = ""
+
+[image]
+# Path to guest image directory (default: ~/.dstack-vmm/image)
+# path = ""
+# OCI image registry for guest images (e.g., "dstacktee/guest-image")
+registry = ""
+
+[cvm]
+# TEE platform: "auto", "tdx", or "amd-sev-snp". Auto selects AMD SEV-SNP when host CPU flags include sev_snp, otherwise TDX.
+platform = "auto"
+qemu_path = ""
+kms_urls = ["http://127.0.0.1:8081"]
+gateway_urls = ["http://127.0.0.1:8082"]
+# PCCS URL used by guest to verify the quote from local key provider
+pccs_url = ""
+# Optional dstack GPU attestation proxy. When configured, guests use its
+# persistent NVIDIA OCSP and RIM caches during local GPU verification.
+# nvidia_attestation_proxy_url = "http://10.0.2.1:8090"
+docker_registry = ""
+# Directory of attachable volume images (e.g. pre-baked verity volumes). A
+# deploy may only attach files under this directory, by bare file name. Empty
+# disables volume attachment.
+volumes_dir = ""
+cid_start = 1000
+cid_pool_size = 1000
+max_allocable_vcpu = 20
+max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 100_000 # MB
+# Enable QMP socket
+qmp_socket = false
+# The user to run the VM as. If empty, the VM will be run as the current user.
+# Unique namespace when multiple dstack-vmm instances share one host. When
+# empty, a stable value is derived from run_path.
+instance_id = ""
+# Network choices that deployment RPC callers may make. Macvtap is excluded
+# by default because libvirt nwfilter applies only to bridge interfaces.
+allowed_network_modes = ["user", "bridge"]
+# Empty allowlists mean callers can only use the node networking defaults.
+allowed_bridges = []
+allowed_macvtap_parents = []
+use_mrconfigid = true
+
+# QEMU flags
+#qemu_single_pass_add_pages = false
+#qemu_pic = true
+#qemu_version = ""
+qemu_pci_hole64_size = 0
+qemu_hotplug_off = false
+# TDX attestation/hash scheme policy:
+# - "legacy": digest.txt + legacy verifier
+# - "lite": digest.txt + measurement.tdx.cbor + no-QEMU verifier
+# - "auto": legacy for CVM memory below 3 GiB except exactly 2 GiB; otherwise
+#   lite when the image supports it, legacy when it does not.
+tdx_attestation_variant = "auto"
+
+host_share_mode = "9p"
+
+# QGS (Quote Generation Service) vsock port for kernel-level TSM support.
+# When set, QEMU will pass this port to tdx-guest for configfs-tsm quote generation.
+# The guest kernel will use this vsock port to communicate with the host QGS.
+# Default is None (disabled), common value is 4050.
+qgs_port = 4050
+
+# SMBIOS product information for cloud environment detection.
+# Field names correspond to /sys/class/dmi/id/ entries in guest.
+[cvm.product]
+## type=0 (BIOS Information)
+# bios_vendor = ""
+# bios_version = ""
+# bios_date = ""
+# bios_release = ""
+
+## type=1 (System Information)
+sys_vendor = "dstack"
+product_name = "dstack"
+# product_version = ""
+# product_serial = ""
+# product_uuid = ""
+# product_family = ""
+# product_sku = ""
+
+## type=2 (Baseboard Information)
+# board_vendor = "dstack"
+# board_name = "dstack"
+# board_version = ""
+# board_serial = ""
+# board_asset_tag = ""
+
+# type=3 (Chassis Information)
+# chassis_vendor = ""
+# chassis_version = ""
+# chassis_serial = ""
+# chassis_asset_tag = ""
+
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+
+# for mode = "user"
+net = "10.0.2.0/24"
+dhcp_start = "10.0.2.10"
+restrict = false
+
+# for mode = "bridge"
+# bridge = "virbr0"
+
+# Optional filtering for bridge interfaces only. It does not apply to macvtap.
+# "none" preserves the existing QEMU bridge-helper behavior and has no
+# netd/libvirt dependency.
+[cvm.network_filter]
+mode = "none"
+filter = "clean-traffic"
+parameters = {}
+
+# Shared privileged networking service. Only used when network_filter.mode is
+# "libvirt". Socket filesystem permissions authorize clients.
+[netd]
+socket = "/run/dstack/netd.sock"
+# Applied when netd creates the socket itself. A systemd socket unit controls
+# its own SocketMode instead.
+socket_mode = 0o660
+libvirt_uri = "qemu:///system"
+
+[cvm.port_mapping]
+enabled = false
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+range = [
+    { protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
+]
+
+[cvm.auto_restart]
+enabled = true
+interval = 20
+max_retries = 5
+initial_backoff = 5
+max_backoff = 300
+reset_window = 300
+
+# Retention for the logs a CVM writes into its work directory. Currently
+# governs serial.log: QEMU appends to it for the whole life of a boot, so
+# without a cap a chatty guest can fill the host disk.
+[cvm.log]
+# Past this size the log is rotated to serial.log.1 and truncated in place.
+# 0 disables rotation. Sizes take a single-letter suffix: "4M", "512K", "1G".
+max_bytes = "4M"
+# Rotated segments to keep; the oldest is discarded. A VM start rotates too,
+# so this is also how many previous boots stay on disk.
+max_backups = 3
+# How often a live log is checked against max_bytes.
+check_interval_secs = 5
+
+[cvm.gpu]
+enabled = false
+# The product IDs of the GPUs to discover
+# H200: 10de:2335
+listing = ["10de:2335"]
+# The PCI addresses of the cards to exclude
+exclude = []
+# The PCI addresses of the cards to include
+include = []
+# Allow attach all GPUs
+allow_attach_all = true
+# Issue a Secondary Bus Reset on each GPU's dedicated upstream PCIe bridge
+# immediately before QEMU attaches the device. This clears stale GPU FSP/SPDM
+# state left by a VM that terminated during GPU firmware initialization.
+sanitize_on_attach = true
+# Maximum time for all reset GPUs to become continuously VFIO-ready.
+sbr_timeout_ms = 10000
+
+[gateway]
+base_domain = "localhost"
+port = 8082
+agent_port = 8090
+
+[auth]
+enabled = false
+tokens = []
+# Optional Apache htpasswd file for HTTP Basic authentication.
+htpasswd_file = ""
+
+[supervisor]
+exe = "./supervisor"
+sock = "./run/supervisor.sock"
+pid_file = "./run/supervisor.pid"
+log_file = "./run/supervisor.log"
+detached = false
+auto_start = true
+
+[host_api]
+ident = "dstack VMM"
+address = "vsock:2"
+port = 10000
+
+[key_provider]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = 3443
diff --git a/dstack_Technical_Charter_Final_10-17-2025.pdf b/dstack_Technical_Charter_Final_10-17-2025.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e73d6e123
Binary files /dev/null and b/dstack_Technical_Charter_Final_10-17-2025.pdf differ
diff --git a/examples/crypt-kv/.gitignore b/examples/crypt-kv/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d17dae13..000000000
--- a/examples/crypt-kv/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-.venv
diff --git a/examples/crypt-kv/README.md b/examples/crypt-kv/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b0de9e244..000000000
--- a/examples/crypt-kv/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-# Crypt-KV
-
-A secure key-value store with encryption and AWS S3 storage support. This library provides encrypted storage of key-value pairs with key versioning and flexible storage backends.
-
-## Features
-
-- Encrypted key-value storage using Fernet symmetric encryption
-- Merkle tree for data integrity verification
-- AWS S3 storage backend
-- Flexible storage interface supporting different backends
-
-## Quick Start
-
-```python
-import boto3
-from crypt_kv import Boto3Db, SimpleKeyProvider, CryptClient
-
-# Initialize S3 client
-client = boto3.client('s3', region_name='us-east-1')
-
-# Create storage backend
-db = Boto3Db("my-bucket", client)
-
-# Initialize key provider and crypto client
-key_provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"my-root-key")
-crypt_client = CryptClient(key_provider, db=db)
-
-# Store encrypted values
-crypt_client.set("my-key", b"secret data")
-
-# Retrieve and decrypt values
-value = crypt_client.get("my-key")
-```
-
-## Examples
-
-### Basic Usage
-
-```python
-# Create client with in-memory storage
-provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-client = CryptClient(provider)
-
-# Store and retrieve values
-client.set("key1", b"secret value")
-value = client.get("key1")
-```
-
-### Persistence Across Sessions
-
-```python
-# First session
-client1 = CryptClient(provider, db=storage)
-client1.set("key1", b"value1")
-root_hash = client1.root_hash
-
-# Later session
-client2 = CryptClient(provider, root_hash=root_hash, db=storage)
-value = client2.get("key1")  # Retrieves original value
-```
-
-### AWS S3 Storage
-
-```python
-# Initialize S3 backend
-s3_client = boto3.client('s3', region_name='us-east-1')
-db = Boto3Db("my-bucket", s3_client)
-
-# Create crypto client with S3 storage
-client = CryptClient(key_provider, db=db)
-```
-
-## Testing
-
-Run tests using pytest:
-
-```bash
-pytest test_crypt_kv.py test_s3.py
-```
diff --git a/examples/crypt-kv/crypt_kv.ipynb b/examples/crypt-kv/crypt_kv.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 645dcfd3c..000000000
--- a/examples/crypt-kv/crypt_kv.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "3edbe311-20c8-43ae-a315-f6ec5102afc2",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "!pip install boto3 moto tappd-client cryptography trie \"eth-hash[pycryptodome]\""
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "e5ecef0a-518c-489d-8a43-fadadc6cf33f",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import boto3\n",
-    "from moto import mock_aws\n",
-    "from crypt_kv import Boto3Db, DstackKeyProvider, CryptClient\n",
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "@mock_aws\n",
-    "def test_s3_put():\n",
-    "    conn = boto3.resource(\"s3\", region_name=\"us-east-1\")\n",
-    "    conn.create_bucket(Bucket=\"mybucket\")\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    client = boto3.client(\"s3\", region_name=\"us-east-1\")\n",
-    "    db = Boto3Db(\"mybucket\", client)\n",
-    "    key_provider = DstackKeyProvider(\"key\")\n",
-    "    crypt_client = CryptClient(key_provider, db=db)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # set some values\n",
-    "    crypt_client.set(b\"TEE\", b\"is awesome\")\n",
-    "    crypt_client.set(b\"foo\", b\"bar\")\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # list objects\n",
-    "    response = client.list_objects_v2(Bucket=\"mybucket\")\n",
-    "    n_keys = len([_ for _ in response[\"Contents\"]])\n",
-    "    assert n_keys == 4\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # Create a new client instance\n",
-    "    root_hash = crypt_client.root_hash\n",
-    "    client = boto3.client(\"s3\", region_name=\"us-east-1\")\n",
-    "    db = Boto3Db(\"mybucket\", client)\n",
-    "    crypt_client2 = CryptClient(DstackKeyProvider(\"key\"), root_hash=root_hash, db=db)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    # get the set values\n",
-    "    val_tee = crypt_client2.get(b\"TEE\")\n",
-    "    assert val_tee == b\"is awesome\"\n",
-    "    val_foo = crypt_client2.get(b\"foo\")\n",
-    "    assert val_foo == b\"bar\"\n",
-    "    print(f\"tee={val_tee}\")\n",
-    "    print(f\"foo={val_foo}\")\n",
-    "\n",
-    "test_s3_put()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "712d5dea-de1e-42f1-bd00-d0a5648ef180",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.12.7"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 5
-}
diff --git a/examples/crypt-kv/crypt_kv.py b/examples/crypt-kv/crypt_kv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 598c803df..000000000
--- a/examples/crypt-kv/crypt_kv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-import hashlib
-import base64
-
-from typing import Optional
-from trie import HexaryTrie
-from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
-
-
-class SimpleKeyProvider:
-    """Manages encryption key versioning and derivation.
-
-    Attributes:
-        current_key_version: Current version number for key rotation
-        root_key: Master key used to derive encryption keys
-    """
-
-    current_key_version: int
-    root_key: bytes
-
-    def __init__(self, root_key: bytes):
-        self.current_key_version = 0
-        self.root_key = root_key
-
-    def get_key(self, path: bytes, version: Optional[int] = None) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-        """Gets the encryption key for a given path and version.
-
-        Args:
-            path: The path/identifier to derive a key for
-            version: Optional key version, defaults to current version
-
-        Returns:
-            Tuple of (key version number, derived encryption key)
-        """
-        version = self.current_key_version if version is None else version
-        derived_key = self._derive_key(path, version)
-        return (version, derived_key)
-
-    def _derive_key(self, path: bytes, version: int) -> bytes:
-        salt = str(version).encode() + b"|" + path
-        return hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac(
-            'sha256',
-            password=self.root_key,
-            salt=salt,
-            iterations=100000,  # OWASP recommended minimum
-            dklen=32  # 256-bit key
-        )
-
-
-class DstackKeyProvider(SimpleKeyProvider):
-    """Key provider that derives encryption keys from Dstack's key management service."""
-
-    def __init__(self, key_id: str):
-        from tappd_client import TappdClient
-        self.client = TappdClient()
-        pem = self.client.derive_key(key_id).key
-        super().__init__(hashlib.sha256(pem.encode()).digest())
-
-
-class Boto3Db:
-    """Database adapter for storing encrypted data in S3 using boto3.
-
-    Provides a dict-like interface for storing and retrieving bytes from S3.
-    Keys and values are stored as bytes and base64 encoded for S3 compatibility.
-
-    Attributes:
-        bucket: Name of the S3 bucket to store data in
-        boto3: Boto3 S3 client instance for making API calls
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, bucket, boto3_client):
-        self.bucket = bucket
-        self.boto3 = boto3_client
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key: bytes) -> bytes:
-        key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key).decode()
-        return self.boto3.get_object(Bucket=self.bucket, Key=key)["Body"].read()
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key: bytes, value: bytes):
-        key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key).decode()
-        self.boto3.put_object(Bucket=self.bucket, Key=key, Body=value)
-
-
-class FernetCryptor:
-    """Encrypts and decrypts data using Fernet symmetric encryption."""
-
-    def encrypt(self, key: bytes, value: bytes) -> bytes:
-        f = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key))
-        return f.encrypt(value)
-
-    def decrypt(self, key: bytes, value: bytes) -> bytes:
-        f = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(key))
-        return f.decrypt(value)
-
-
-class CryptClient:
-    """Client for encrypting and storing key-value pairs.
-
-    Attributes:
-        db: HexaryTrie instance for storing encrypted data
-        key_provider: SimpleKeyProvider instance for key management
-    """
-
-    db: HexaryTrie
-    key_provider: SimpleKeyProvider
-    cryptor: FernetCryptor
-
-    def __init__(self, key_provider: SimpleKeyProvider, root_hash=None, db=None, cryptor=None):
-        self.key_provider = key_provider
-        self.cryptor = cryptor or FernetCryptor()
-        if db is None:
-            db = {}
-        if root_hash is None:
-            self.db = HexaryTrie(db=db)
-        else:
-            self.db = HexaryTrie(db=db, root_hash=root_hash)
-
-    @property
-    def root_hash(self) -> bytes:
-        return self.db.root_hash
-
-    def _encode_key(self, key: 'str | bytes') -> bytes:
-        if isinstance(key, str):
-            return key.encode()
-        return key
-
-    def get(self, key: str) -> bytes:
-        """Get the decrypted value for a key.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key to look up
-
-        Returns:
-            The decrypted value as bytes
-
-        Raises:
-            KeyError: If the key does not exist
-        """
-        key = self._encode_key(key)
-        if not self.exists(key):
-            raise KeyError(f"Key '{key}' not found")
-        packed_data = self.db.get(key)
-        # Unpack version (first 4 bytes) and encrypted value
-        kver = int.from_bytes(packed_data[:4], 'big')
-        crypted_value = packed_data[4:]
-        (_, crypt_key) = self.key_provider.get_key(key, version=kver)
-        decrypted_value = self.cryptor.decrypt(crypt_key, crypted_value)
-        return decrypted_value
-
-    def set(self, key: str, value: bytes):
-        """Set a key-value pair, encrypting the value.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key to set
-            value: The value to encrypt and store
-        """
-        key = self._encode_key(key)
-        (kver, crypt_key) = self.key_provider.get_key(key)
-        crypted_value = self.cryptor.encrypt(crypt_key, value)
-        # Pack version and encrypted value into single bytes object
-        packed_data = kver.to_bytes(4, 'big') + crypted_value
-        self.db.set(key, packed_data)
-
-    def exists(self, key: str) -> bool:
-        """Check if a key exists.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key to check
-
-        Returns:
-            True if the key exists, False otherwise
-        """
-        key = self._encode_key(key)
-        return self.db.exists(key)
-
-    def delete(self, key: str):
-        """Delete a key-value pair.
-
-        Args:
-            key: The key to delete
-        """
-        key = self._encode_key(key)
-        self.db.delete(key)
diff --git a/examples/crypt-kv/test_crypt_kv.py b/examples/crypt-kv/test_crypt_kv.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e8c26c6ba..000000000
--- a/examples/crypt-kv/test_crypt_kv.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-import pytest
-from crypt_kv import SimpleKeyProvider, CryptClient
-
-def test_key_provider():
-    # Test key derivation and versioning
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    
-    # Test default version
-    version, key1 = provider.get_key(b"test/path")
-    assert version == 0
-    assert isinstance(key1, bytes)
-    assert len(key1) == 32  # SHA-256 produces 32 byte keys
-    
-    # Test key derivation is deterministic
-    version, key2 = provider.get_key(b"test/path")
-    assert key1 == key2
-    
-    # Test different paths produce different keys
-    _, other_key = provider.get_key(b"other/path")
-    assert other_key != key1
-
-def test_crypt_client_basic():
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    client = CryptClient(provider)
-    
-    # Test basic set/get
-    test_value = b"hello world"
-    client.set("test_key", test_value)
-    retrieved = client.get("test_key")
-    assert retrieved == test_value
-
-def test_crypt_client_multiple_values():
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    client = CryptClient(provider)
-    
-    # Test multiple values
-    values = {
-        "key1": b"value1",
-        "key2": b"value2",
-        "key3": b"value3"
-    }
-    
-    for k, v in values.items():
-        client.set(k, v)
-    
-    for k, v in values.items():
-        assert client.get(k) == v
-
-def test_persistence():
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    db = {}  # Shared db dictionary
-    
-    # First client sets values
-    client1 = CryptClient(provider, db=db)
-    client1.set("persistent", b"test data")
-    client1.set("key2", b"test data 2")
-    client1.set("key3", b"test data 3")
-    root_hash = client1.root_hash
-    # Second client with same root hash should read same values
-    client2 = CryptClient(provider, root_hash=root_hash, db=db)
-    assert client2.get("persistent") == b"test data"
-    assert client2.get("key2") == b"test data 2"
-    assert client2.get("key3") == b"test data 3"
-
-def test_encryption_actually_encrypts():
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    client = CryptClient(provider)
-    
-    test_value = b"secret message"
-    client.set("secret", test_value)
-    
-    # Get raw encrypted value from trie
-    packed_data = client.db.get(b"secret")
-    assert isinstance(packed_data, bytes)
-    
-    # Unpack version and encrypted value
-    version = int.from_bytes(packed_data[:4], 'big')
-    encrypted_value = packed_data[4:]
-    
-    # Verify the stored data is actually encrypted
-    assert version == provider.current_key_version
-    assert encrypted_value != test_value
-    assert b"secret" not in encrypted_value
-
-def test_invalid_key():
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    client = CryptClient(provider)
-    
-    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
-        client.get("nonexistent_key")
-
-def test_delete():
-    provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"test-root-key")
-    client = CryptClient(provider)
-    
-    # Set and verify value exists
-    test_value = b"to be deleted"
-    client.set("temp", test_value)
-    assert client.exists("temp") == True
-    
-    # Delete and verify it's gone
-    client.delete("temp")
-    assert client.exists("temp") == False
-    
-    # Verify get raises KeyError
-    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
-        client.get("temp")
diff --git a/examples/crypt-kv/test_s3.py b/examples/crypt-kv/test_s3.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 110754c1d..000000000
--- a/examples/crypt-kv/test_s3.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-import boto3
-from moto import mock_aws
-from crypt_kv import Boto3Db, SimpleKeyProvider, CryptClient
-
-
-@mock_aws
-def test_s3_put():
-    conn = boto3.resource("s3", region_name="us-east-1")
-    conn.create_bucket(Bucket="mybucket")
-
-    client = boto3.client("s3", region_name="us-east-1")
-    db = Boto3Db("mybucket", client)
-    key_provider = SimpleKeyProvider(b"keyring1")
-    crypt_client = CryptClient(key_provider, db=db)
-
-    # set some values
-    crypt_client.set(b"TEE", b"is awesome")
-    crypt_client.set(b"foo", b"bar")
-
-    # list objects
-    response = client.list_objects_v2(Bucket="mybucket")
-    n_keys = len([_ for _ in response["Contents"]])
-    assert n_keys == 4
-
-    # Create a new client instance
-    root_hash = crypt_client.root_hash
-    client = boto3.client("s3", region_name="us-east-1")
-    db = Boto3Db("mybucket", client)
-    crypt_client2 = CryptClient(SimpleKeyProvider(b"keyring1"), root_hash=root_hash, db=db)
-
-    # get the set values
-    val_tee = crypt_client2.get(b"TEE")
-    assert val_tee == b"is awesome"
-    val_foo = crypt_client2.get(b"foo")
-    assert val_foo == b"bar"
-    print(f"tee={val_tee}")
-    print(f"foo={val_foo}")
-
-test_s3_put()
diff --git a/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml b/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..689c67b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/hello-nginx/docker-compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx:alpine
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/.gitignore b/examples/killswitch/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 534eacd95..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-node_modules
-.env
-
-# Hardhat files
-/cache
-/artifacts
-
-# TypeChain files
-/typechain
-/typechain-types
-
-# solidity-coverage files
-/coverage
-/coverage.json
-
-# Hardhat Ignition default folder for deployments against a local node
-ignition/deployments/chain-31337
-
-.venv/
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/README.md b/examples/killswitch/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index d04248dab..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# Sample Hardhat Project
-
-This project demonstrates a basic Hardhat use case. It comes with a sample contract, a test for that contract, and a Hardhat Ignition module that deploys that contract.
-
-Try running some of the following tasks:
-
-```shell
-npx hardhat help
-npx hardhat test
-REPORT_GAS=true npx hardhat test
-npx hardhat node
-npx hardhat ignition deploy ./ignition/modules/Lock.js
-```
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/client/.gitignore b/examples/killswitch/client/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index bee8a64b7..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/client/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-__pycache__
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/client/AppRegistry.json b/examples/killswitch/client/AppRegistry.json
deleted file mode 120000
index 60df77e62..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/client/AppRegistry.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../artifacts/contracts/AppRegistry.sol/AppRegistry.json
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/client/killswitch.ipynb b/examples/killswitch/client/killswitch.ipynb
deleted file mode 100644
index 35146aef7..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/client/killswitch.ipynb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,348 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "id": "832e764b",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Requirement already satisfied: tappd-client in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (0.1.3)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: web3 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (7.5.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: python-dotenv in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (1.0.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth_account in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (0.13.4)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: requests-unixsocket2>=0.4.2 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from tappd-client) (0.4.2)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-abi>=5.0.1 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (5.1.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-hash>=0.5.1 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth-hash[pycryptodome]>=0.5.1->web3) (0.7.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-typing>=5.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (5.0.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-utils>=5.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (5.1.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: hexbytes>=1.2.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (1.2.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (3.10.10)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: pydantic>=2.4.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (2.9.2)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: requests>=2.23.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (2.32.3)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=4.0.1 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (4.12.2)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: types-requests>=2.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (2.32.0.20241016)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: websockets>=10.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (14.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: pyunormalize>=15.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from web3) (16.0.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: bitarray>=2.4.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth_account) (3.0.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-keyfile<0.9.0,>=0.7.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth_account) (0.8.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-keys>=0.4.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth_account) (0.6.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: eth-rlp>=2.1.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth_account) (2.1.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: rlp>=1.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth_account) (4.0.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: ckzg>=2.0.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth_account) (2.0.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: aiohappyeyeballs>=2.3.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (2.4.3)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: aiosignal>=1.1.2 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (1.3.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.3.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (24.2.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: frozenlist>=1.1.1 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (1.5.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: multidict<7.0,>=4.5 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (6.1.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: yarl<2.0,>=1.12.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (1.17.1)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: parsimonious<0.11.0,>=0.10.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth-abi>=5.0.1->web3) (0.10.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: pycryptodome<4,>=3.6.6 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth-hash[pycryptodome]>=0.5.1->web3) (3.21.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: cytoolz>=0.10.1 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from eth-utils>=5.0.0->web3) (1.0.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: annotated-types>=0.6.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from pydantic>=2.4.0->web3) (0.7.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: pydantic-core==2.23.4 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from pydantic>=2.4.0->web3) (2.23.4)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests>=2.23.0->web3) (3.4.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests>=2.23.0->web3) (3.10)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<3,>=1.21.1 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests>=2.23.0->web3) (2.2.3)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from requests>=2.23.0->web3) (2024.8.30)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: toolz>=0.8.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from cytoolz>=0.10.1->eth-utils>=5.0.0->web3) (1.0.0)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: regex>=2022.3.15 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from parsimonious<0.11.0,>=0.10.0->eth-abi>=5.0.1->web3) (2024.11.6)\n",
-      "Requirement already satisfied: propcache>=0.2.0 in /opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from yarl<2.0,>=1.12.0->aiohttp>=3.7.4.post0->web3) (0.2.0)\n",
-      "Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "%pip install tappd-client web3 python-dotenv eth_account"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "id": "673f44e9-16fa-4cbb-b1fc-ea50cb2299bf",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import os\n",
-    "import json\n",
-    "import hashlib\n",
-    "\n",
-    "from web3 import Web3\n",
-    "from killswitch import Registry\n",
-    "from tappd_client import TappdClient\n",
-    "from dotenv import load_dotenv"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "id": "cc1650e2",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "APP_ID: 6f33e6381f5fa1b217cbfb627c894cddebd3dc3f\n",
-      "==================================================\n",
-      "🔥 IMPORTANT: Gas Fee Deposit Required 🔥\n",
-      "==================================================\n",
-      "Please deposit Sepolia ETH (testnet) to this address:\n",
-      "\n",
-      "    0xc6D246686c8e5D8AC40FA4689d1a2d7319CC54a1\n",
-      "\n",
-      "You can get Sepolia ETH from:\n",
-      "- https://sepoliafaucet.com\n",
-      "==================================================\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "load_dotenv()\n",
-    "tappd_client = TappdClient()\n",
-    "\n",
-    "pem_key = tappd_client.derive_key('killswitchd').key\n",
-    "PRIVATE_KEY = hashlib.sha256(pem_key.encode()).hexdigest()\n",
-    "APP_ID = tappd_client.info()['app_id']\n",
-    "NODE_URL = 'https://eth-sepolia.g.alchemy.com/v2/' + os.getenv('ALCHEMY_API_KEY')\n",
-    "CONTRACT_ADDRESS = '0x684C16DD06fe0c343B461DdAD08C8537d02353A0'\n",
-    "CONTRACT_ABI = json.load(open('AppRegistry.json', 'r'))['abi']\n",
-    "\n",
-    "# Connect to an Ethereum node\n",
-    "w3 = Web3(Web3.HTTPProvider(NODE_URL))\n",
-    "account = w3.eth.account.from_key(PRIVATE_KEY)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(f'APP_ID: {APP_ID}')\n",
-    "print('='*50)\n",
-    "print('🔥 IMPORTANT: Gas Fee Deposit Required 🔥')\n",
-    "print('='*50)\n",
-    "print(f'Please deposit Sepolia ETH (testnet) to this address:')\n",
-    "print(f'\\n    {account.address}\\n')\n",
-    "print('You can get Sepolia ETH from:')\n",
-    "print('- https://sepoliafaucet.com')\n",
-    "print('='*50)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "id": "21b070ca",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# Initialize the registry\n",
-    "registry = Registry(\n",
-    "    wallet=account,\n",
-    "    contract_address=CONTRACT_ADDRESS,\n",
-    "    abi=CONTRACT_ABI,\n",
-    "    web3=w3,\n",
-    "    app_id=APP_ID,\n",
-    "    name='My App Name'\n",
-    ")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "id": "08e1b17d",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Registering app...\n",
-      "TDX quote: 0x040002008100000000000000939a7233f79c4ca9940a0db3957f06076a1f8656ef700000000000000000000000000000050102000000000000000000000000001cc6a17ab799e9a693fac7536be61c12ee1e0fabada82d0c999e08ccee2aa86de77b0870f558c570e7ffe55d6d47fa0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000000000e702060000000000c68518a0ebb42136c12b2275164f8c72f25fa9a34392228687ed6e9caeb9c0f1dbd895e9cf475121c029dc47e70e91fd000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000274c2344116db7c663470693b5ba62b8621eac28cb41d2f816ddf188f9f423f900a1c44d32386fd3c993dc814e62af9d1dfbee342d1c442dbcc9c93c7d1f14129f998ab71fd4e912149daacc04c190082a94c8a7d82636393c3179f300187942000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dd330e0d69833b0e56f122a2069d20d10316028dd4805480c610d49c2e2b7ddfb0cabfcba6089980fbd6b1fa3f9b4cfe13181fa48432af60cb932e54e520a635455034b4ebd4cdaf21c482fe7025acb6ce51b4aeb8cef4947ebc691f6b65c36f916893ed4db831c0b6cde6577177cd38cc100000b1f39b86ba101ee4bce0d1f77bfbae1bc157452eaff0f4d588073c8a0313093a699d669190199293691309d8933c6d6c7dc37f5bb73735c8455bdb219867f7f44996a9e56e40ac6c0b019709537f16d751c03e8c0d905d79f224ff06ddc4102860a8770107748c011cdbfcccc857e418735b699ac89dc2ed4da11d5125cb925e0600461000000202191b03ff0006000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001500000000000000e700000000000000e5a3a7b5d830c2953b98534c6c59a3a34fdc34e933f7f5898f0a85cf08846bca0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000dc9e2a7c6f948f17474e34a7fc43ed030f7c1563f1babddf6340c82e0e54a8c500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000600000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000503bbfe5befa55a13e21747c3859f0b618a050312a0340e980187eea232356d6000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000014fe2e5239571c8554ceab9c45f19c868824eaf0bd8d35148b49fc8a8faab8e727ab79d686d82daeb4626d49cd1fdbf0b27bb2356222d0a6c43ed331ec720ef52000000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f05005e0e00002d2d2d2d2d424547494e2043455254494649434154452d2d2d2d2d0a4d49494538444343424a65674177494241674956414e424b61395954424c41584a7a53756d755374384434697345694b4d416f4743437147534d343942414d430a4d484178496a416742674e5642414d4d47556c756447567349464e4857434251513073675547786864475a76636d306751304578476a415942674e5642416f4d0a45556c756447567349454e76636e4276636d4630615739754d5251774567594456515148444174545957353059534244624746795954454c4d416b47413155450a4341774351304578437a414a42674e5642415954416c56544d423458445449304d5445774d6a49794e5467774d6c6f5844544d784d5445774d6a49794e5467770a4d6c6f77634445694d434147413155454177775a535735305a5777675530645949464244537942445a584a3061575a70593246305a5445614d426747413155450a43677752535735305a577767513239796347397959585270623234784644415342674e564241634d43314e68626e526849454e7359584a684d517377435159440a5651514944414a445154454c4d416b474131554542684d4356564d775754415442676371686b6a4f5051494242676771686b6a4f50514d4242774e43414153700a374a3344765272424e455a66582f6e52784632596e433537425371352f3831474c3261524e324364466835517264576436554541304e4e566d446265446375420a5848337634337a6531464a7763696f6b5338557a6f3449444444434341776777487759445652306a42426777466f41556c5739647a62306234656c4153636e550a3944504f4156634c336c5177617759445652306642475177596a42676f46366758495a616148523063484d364c79396863476b7564484a316333526c5a484e6c0a636e5a705932567a4c6d6c75644756734c6d4e766253397a5a3367765932567964476c6d61574e6864476c76626939324e4339775932746a636d772f593245390a6347786864475a76636d306d5a57356a62325270626d63395a4756794d4230474131556444675157424251677a5069506250576743307a3847786a5854727a310a6e71706c596a414f42674e56485138424166384542414d434273417744415944565230544151482f4241497741444343416a6b4743537147534962345451454e0a4151534341696f776767496d4d42344743697147534962345451454e41514545454e3564416f7135634b356e383277396f793165346e34776767466a42676f710a686b69472b453042445145434d494942557a415142677371686b69472b4530424451454341514942416a415142677371686b69472b45304244514543416749420a416a415142677371686b69472b4530424451454341774942416a415142677371686b69472b4530424451454342414942416a415142677371686b69472b4530420a4451454342514942417a415142677371686b69472b45304244514543426749424154415142677371686b69472b453042445145434277494241444151426773710a686b69472b45304244514543434149424254415142677371686b69472b45304244514543435149424144415142677371686b69472b45304244514543436749420a4144415142677371686b69472b45304244514543437749424144415142677371686b69472b453042445145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00000000000000\n",
-      "Transaction hash: 6dd3013f99f74266438fef0dbdf9cc720729e84e0946f209b25b9eee1bfee3cc\n",
-      "App registered successfully!\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"Registering app...\")\n",
-    "tdx_quote = tappd_client.tdx_quote(account.address).quote\n",
-    "print(f\"TDX quote: {tdx_quote}\")\n",
-    "# Register app\n",
-    "tx_hash = registry.register(tdx_quote=tdx_quote)\n",
-    "print(f\"Transaction hash: {tx_hash}\")\n",
-    "# Wait for transaction receipt\n",
-    "receipt = w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)\n",
-    "print(\"App registered successfully!\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "id": "c847d15e",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "App info: {'name': 'My App Name', 'is_banned': False, 'owner': '0xc6D246686c8e5D8AC40FA4689d1a2d7319CC54a1'}\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "# Get app details\n",
-    "details = registry.get_app_info()\n",
-    "print(\"App info:\", details)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 11,
-   "id": "49db0277",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Checking if app is banned...\n",
-      "App is not banned. Continuing...\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "False"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 11,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"Checking if app is banned...\")\n",
-    "registry.check_and_shutdown()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 12,
-   "id": "8e4902b2",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Banning app...\n",
-      "Transaction hash: be07669f8f1b07adc9702694c0079d9ffc5c24d1f4ed5305d9474e34da810085\n",
-      "App banned successfully!\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"Banning app...\")\n",
-    "tx_hash = registry.ban_self()\n",
-    "print(f\"Transaction hash: {tx_hash}\")\n",
-    "# Wait for transaction receipt\n",
-    "receipt = w3.eth.wait_for_transaction_receipt(tx_hash)\n",
-    "print(\"App banned successfully!\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 13,
-   "id": "bb4fa431",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Checking if app is banned...\n",
-      "App is banned. Shutting down...\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/plain": [
-       "True"
-      ]
-     },
-     "execution_count": 13,
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "execute_result"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"Checking if app is banned...\")\n",
-    "registry.check_and_shutdown()"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
-   "id": "0337c3fa",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Trying to update app name, it should fail because it is banned...\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "ename": "ContractLogicError",
-     "evalue": "('execution reverted: App is banned', '0x08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d4170702069732062616e6e656400000000000000000000000000000000000000')",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mContractLogicError\u001b[0m                        Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[15], line 2\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mTrying to update app name, it should fail because it is banned...\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0m \u001b[43mregistry\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mupdate_name\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mMy New App Name\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/killswitch.py:72\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRegistry.update_name\u001b[0;34m(self, new_name)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     59\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mupdate_name\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, new_name: \u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[1;32m     60\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m    \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     61\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    Update app name\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     62\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    \u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     67\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m        transaction hash\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     68\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     69\u001b[0m     tx \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcontract\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfunctions\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mupdateAppName\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     70\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mapp_id\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     71\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnew_name\u001b[49m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 72\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mbuild_transaction\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m{\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     73\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mfrom\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m:\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mwallet\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43maddress\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     74\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mnonce\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m:\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mweb3\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43meth\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mget_transaction_count\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mwallet\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43maddress\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     75\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43m}\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     76\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msubmit_tx(tx)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/contract/contract.py:385\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mContractFunction.build_transaction\u001b[0;34m(self, transaction)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    382\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mbuild_transaction\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, transaction: Optional[TxParams] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m TxParams:\n\u001b[1;32m    383\u001b[0m     built_transaction \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_build_transaction(transaction)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 385\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mbuild_transaction_for_function\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    386\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43maddress\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    387\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mw3\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    388\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mabi_element_identifier\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    389\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbuilt_transaction\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    390\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcontract_abi\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    391\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mabi\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    392\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;129;43;01mor\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    393\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;129;43;01mor\u001b[39;49;00m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43m{\u001b[49m\u001b[43m}\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    394\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/contract/utils.py:330\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mbuild_transaction_for_function\u001b[0;34m(address, w3, abi_element_identifier, transaction, contract_abi, fn_abi, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    313\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    314\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mBuilds a dictionary with the fields required to make the given transaction\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    315\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    316\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mDon't call this directly, instead use :meth:`Contract.build_transaction`\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    317\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mon your contract instance.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    318\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    319\u001b[0m prepared_transaction \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m prepare_transaction(\n\u001b[1;32m    320\u001b[0m     address,\n\u001b[1;32m    321\u001b[0m     w3,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    327\u001b[0m     fn_kwargs\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mkwargs,\n\u001b[1;32m    328\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 330\u001b[0m prepared_transaction \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfill_transaction_defaults\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mw3\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mprepared_transaction\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    332\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m prepared_transaction\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/cytoolz/functoolz.pyx:268\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcytoolz.functoolz.curry.__call__\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/_utils/transactions.py:141\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mfill_transaction_defaults\u001b[0;34m(w3, transaction)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    137\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m w3 \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m Web3ValueError(\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m             \u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mYou must specify a \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mkey\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m value in the transaction\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    140\u001b[0m         )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 141\u001b[0m     default_val \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mdefault_getter\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mw3\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtransaction\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdefaults\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    142\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    143\u001b[0m     default_val \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m default_getter\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/_utils/transactions.py:79\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m<lambda>\u001b[0;34m(w3, tx, _defaults)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     42\u001b[0m TX_PARAM_LITERALS \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m Literal[\n\u001b[1;32m     43\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mtype\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     44\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mfrom\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     56\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mblobVersionedHashes\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     57\u001b[0m ]\n\u001b[1;32m     59\u001b[0m VALID_TRANSACTION_PARAMS: List[TX_PARAM_LITERALS] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m [\n\u001b[1;32m     60\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mtype\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     61\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mfrom\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     73\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mblobVersionedHashes\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     74\u001b[0m ]\n\u001b[1;32m     76\u001b[0m TRANSACTION_DEFAULTS \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m {\n\u001b[1;32m     77\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mvalue\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;241m0\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     78\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mdata\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;124mb\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m---> 79\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mgas\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m w3, tx, _defaults: \u001b[43mw3\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43meth\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mestimate_gas\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m,\n\u001b[1;32m     80\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mgasPrice\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m w3, tx, _defaults: w3\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39meth\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgenerate_gas_price(tx),\n\u001b[1;32m     81\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mmaxPriorityFeePerGas\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m w3, _tx, _defaults: w3\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39meth\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmax_priority_fee,\n\u001b[1;32m     82\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mmaxFeePerGas\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: (\n\u001b[1;32m     83\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m w3, tx, defaults: (\n\u001b[1;32m     84\u001b[0m             tx\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mmaxPriorityFeePerGas\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, defaults\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mmaxPriorityFeePerGas\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m))\n\u001b[1;32m     85\u001b[0m             \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m (\u001b[38;5;241m2\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m w3\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39meth\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget_block(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mlatest\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mbaseFeePerGas\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m])\n\u001b[1;32m     86\u001b[0m         )\n\u001b[1;32m     87\u001b[0m     ),\n\u001b[1;32m     88\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mchainId\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m: \u001b[38;5;28;01mlambda\u001b[39;00m w3, _tx, _defaults: w3\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39meth\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mchain_id,\n\u001b[1;32m     89\u001b[0m }\n\u001b[1;32m     91\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m TYPE_CHECKING:\n\u001b[1;32m     92\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mfrom\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21;01mweb3\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mimport\u001b[39;00m (  \u001b[38;5;66;03m# noqa: F401\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m     93\u001b[0m         AsyncWeb3,\n\u001b[1;32m     94\u001b[0m         Web3,\n\u001b[1;32m     95\u001b[0m     )\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/eth/eth.py:290\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mEth.estimate_gas\u001b[0;34m(self, transaction, block_identifier, state_override)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    284\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mestimate_gas\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    285\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m    286\u001b[0m     transaction: TxParams,\n\u001b[1;32m    287\u001b[0m     block_identifier: Optional[BlockIdentifier] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    288\u001b[0m     state_override: Optional[StateOverride] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    289\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mint\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 290\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_estimate_gas\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtransaction\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mblock_identifier\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mstate_override\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/module.py:111\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mretrieve_blocking_method_call_fn.<locals>.caller\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    104\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m LogFilter(eth_module\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mmodule, filter_id\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39merr\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfilter_id)\n\u001b[1;32m    106\u001b[0m (\n\u001b[1;32m    107\u001b[0m     result_formatters,\n\u001b[1;32m    108\u001b[0m     error_formatters,\n\u001b[1;32m    109\u001b[0m     null_result_formatters,\n\u001b[1;32m    110\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m response_formatters\n\u001b[0;32m--> 111\u001b[0m result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mw3\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmanager\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrequest_blocking\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    112\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmethod_str\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mparams\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43merror_formatters\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnull_result_formatters\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    113\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    114\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m apply_result_formatters(result_formatters, result)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/manager.py:401\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRequestManager.request_blocking\u001b[0;34m(self, method, params, error_formatters, null_result_formatters)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    397\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    398\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mMake a synchronous request using the provider\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    399\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    400\u001b[0m response \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_make_request(method, params)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 401\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mformatted_response\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    402\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mresponse\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mparams\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43merror_formatters\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mnull_result_formatters\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    403\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/manager.py:367\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mRequestManager.formatted_response\u001b[0;34m(self, response, params, error_formatters, null_result_formatters)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    353\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mformatted_response\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    354\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m    355\u001b[0m     response: RPCResponse,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    358\u001b[0m     null_result_formatters: Optional[Callable[\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m, Any]] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    359\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m Any:\n\u001b[1;32m    360\u001b[0m     is_subscription_response \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[1;32m    361\u001b[0m         response\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mmethod\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;241m==\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124meth_subscription\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    362\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m response\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mparams\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    363\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m response[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mparams\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m]\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124msubscription\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    364\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m response[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mparams\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m]\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mresult\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    365\u001b[0m     )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 367\u001b[0m     \u001b[43m_validate_response\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    368\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43mresponse\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    369\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43merror_formatters\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    370\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43mis_subscription_response\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mis_subscription_response\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    371\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43mlogger\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mlogger\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    372\u001b[0m \u001b[43m        \u001b[49m\u001b[43mparams\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mparams\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    373\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    375\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;66;03m# format results\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    376\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mresult\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m response:\n\u001b[1;32m    377\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Null values for result should apply null_result_formatters\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    378\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Skip when result not present in the response (fallback to False)\u001b[39;00m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/manager.py:257\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_validate_response\u001b[0;34m(response, error_formatters, is_subscription_response, logger, params)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    253\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m web3_rpc_error \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    254\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;66;03m# if no condition was met above, raise a more generic `Web3RPCError`\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    255\u001b[0m     web3_rpc_error \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m Web3RPCError(\u001b[38;5;28mrepr\u001b[39m(error), rpc_response\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mresponse)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 257\u001b[0m response \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mapply_error_formatters\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43merror_formatters\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mresponse\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    259\u001b[0m logger\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39merror(web3_rpc_error\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39muser_message)\n\u001b[1;32m    260\u001b[0m logger\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdebug(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mRPC error response: \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mresponse\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/manager.py:122\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mapply_error_formatters\u001b[0;34m(error_formatters, response)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    117\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mapply_error_formatters\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m    118\u001b[0m     error_formatters: Callable[\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m, Any],\n\u001b[1;32m    119\u001b[0m     response: RPCResponse,\n\u001b[1;32m    120\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m RPCResponse:\n\u001b[1;32m    121\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m error_formatters:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 122\u001b[0m         formatted_resp \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mpipe\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mresponse\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43merror_formatters\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    123\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m formatted_resp\n\u001b[1;32m    124\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/cytoolz/functoolz.pyx:685\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcytoolz.functoolz.pipe\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/cytoolz/functoolz.pyx:660\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcytoolz.functoolz.c_pipe\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m/opt/conda/lib/python3.12/site-packages/web3/_utils/error_formatters_utils.py:165\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mraise_contract_logic_error_on_revert\u001b[0;34m(response)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    162\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m message_present:\n\u001b[1;32m    163\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Geth Revert with error message and code 3 case:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    164\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m error\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mget(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mcode\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;241m==\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m3\u001b[39m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 165\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m ContractLogicError(message, data\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mdata)\n\u001b[1;32m    166\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;66;03m# Geth Revert without error message case:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    167\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01melif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mexecution reverted\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m message:\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mContractLogicError\u001b[0m: ('execution reverted: App is banned', '0x08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d4170702069732062616e6e656400000000000000000000000000000000000000')"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "print(\"Trying to update app name, it should fail because it is banned...\")\n",
-    "registry.update_name('My New App Name')"
-   ]
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.12.7"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 5
-}
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/client/killswitch.py b/examples/killswitch/client/killswitch.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b9644b320..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/client/killswitch.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-from web3 import Web3
-from eth_account.signers.local import LocalAccount
-from typing import Dict, Any
-import time
-
-class Registry:
-    def __init__(self, contract_address: str, abi: Dict[str, Any], web3: Web3, app_id: bytes, wallet: LocalAccount, name: str):
-        """
-        Initialize the Registry client
-        
-        Args:
-            contract_address: Ethereum address of the registry contract
-            abi: Contract ABI as a dictionary
-            web3: Web3 instance
-            app_id: Identifier for the application
-            wallet: Wallet for signing transactions
-            name: Name of the app
-        """
-        if isinstance(app_id, str):
-            app_id = bytes.fromhex(app_id)
-        self.app_id = app_id.ljust(32, b'\0')
-        self.web3 = web3
-        self.wallet = wallet
-        self.name = name
-        self.contract = web3.eth.contract(
-            address=Web3.to_checksum_address(contract_address),
-            abi=abi
-        )
-
-    def submit_tx(self, tx: Dict[str, Any]) -> str:
-        """
-        Submit a transaction
-        """
-        signed_tx = self.wallet.sign_transaction(tx)
-        tx_hash = self.web3.eth.send_raw_transaction(signed_tx.raw_transaction)
-        return tx_hash.hex()
-    
-
-    def register(self, tdx_quote: bytes) -> str:
-        """
-        Register app in the registry
-        
-        Args:
-            tdx_quote: TDX attestation quote
-
-        Returns:
-            transaction hash
-        """
-        tx = self.contract.functions.register(
-            self.app_id,
-            self.name,
-            tdx_quote
-        ).build_transaction({
-            'from': self.wallet.address,
-            'nonce': self.web3.eth.get_transaction_count(self.wallet.address),
-        })
-        return self.submit_tx(tx)
-
-    def update_name(self, new_name: str) -> str:
-        """
-        Update app name
-        
-        Args:
-            new_name: New name for the app
-            
-        Returns:
-            transaction hash
-        """
-        tx = self.contract.functions.updateAppName(
-            self.app_id,
-            new_name
-        ).build_transaction({
-            'from': self.wallet.address,
-            'nonce': self.web3.eth.get_transaction_count(self.wallet.address),
-        })
-        return self.submit_tx(tx)
-    
-    def ban_self(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Ban the app
-        """
-        tx = self.contract.functions.banApp(self.app_id).build_transaction({
-            'from': self.wallet.address,
-            'nonce': self.web3.eth.get_transaction_count(self.wallet.address),
-        })
-        return self.submit_tx(tx)
-    
-    def run_killswitch(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Monitor if this app is banned on the registry. If it is, run shutdown the app.
-        """
-        while True:
-            try:
-                if self.check_and_shutdown():
-                    break
-            except Exception as e:
-                print(f"Error checking and shutting down: {e}")
-            time.sleep(10)
-
-    def check_and_shutdown(self) -> bool:
-        """
-        Shutdown the app
-        """
-        if self.is_banned():
-            print("App is banned. Shutting down...")
-            # TODO: Implement shutdown logic
-            return True
-        else:
-            print("App is not banned. Continuing...")
-            return False
-
-    def get_app_info(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """
-        Get app details
-        
-        Returns:
-            Dictionary containing name, isBanned, and owner
-        """
-        name, is_banned, owner = self.contract.functions.getApp(self.app_id).call()
-        
-        return {
-            'name': name,
-            'is_banned': is_banned,
-            'owner': owner
-        } 
-    
-    def is_banned(self) -> bool:
-        """
-        Check if the app is banned
-        
-        Returns:
-            True if banned, False otherwise
-        """
-        return self.contract.functions.isAppBanned(self.app_id).call()
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/client/requirements.txt b/examples/killswitch/client/requirements.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index e0f55c22b..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/client/requirements.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-web3==7.5.0
-eth-account==0.13.4
-tappd-client==0.1.3
-python-dotenv==1.0.0
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/contracts/AppRegistry.sol b/examples/killswitch/contracts/AppRegistry.sol
deleted file mode 100644
index 651e00ed0..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/contracts/AppRegistry.sol
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
-
-contract AppRegistry {
-    struct App {
-        string name;
-        bool isBanned;
-        bool exists;
-        address owner;
-    }
-
-    // Mapping from app ID to App struct
-    mapping(bytes32 => App) public apps;
-
-    // Admin address that can ban apps
-    address public admin;
-
-    // Events
-    event AppNameUpdated(bytes32 indexed appId, string newName);
-    event AppBanned(bytes32 indexed appId);
-    event AppUnbanned(bytes32 indexed appId);
-    event OwnerUpdated(bytes32 indexed appId, address newOwner);
-
-    constructor() {
-        admin = msg.sender;
-    }
-
-    // Modifier to check if app is not banned
-    modifier notBanned(bytes32 appId) {
-        require(!apps[appId].isBanned, "App is banned");
-        _;
-    }
-
-    // Modifier for admin-only functions
-    modifier onlyAdmin() {
-        require(msg.sender == admin, "Only admin can perform this action");
-        _;
-    }
-
-    // Add new modifier for owner checks
-    modifier onlyOwner(bytes32 appId) {
-        require(apps[appId].exists, "App does not exist");
-        require(
-            msg.sender == apps[appId].owner,
-            "Only owner can perform this action"
-        );
-        _;
-    }
-
-    // Modifier for admin or owner
-    modifier onlyAdminOrOwner(bytes32 appId) {
-        require(
-            msg.sender == admin || msg.sender == apps[appId].owner,
-            "Only admin or owner can perform this action"
-        );
-        _;
-    }
-
-    // Function to verify TDX quote
-    // Note: This is a placeholder - implement actual TDX verification logic
-    function verifyTDXQuote(
-        bytes memory quote,
-        bytes32 appId,
-        address owner
-    ) internal pure returns (bool) {
-        // TODO: Implement TDX quote verification logic here
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // Function to register a new app
-    function register(
-        bytes32 appId,
-        string memory name,
-        bytes memory tdxQuote
-    ) external {
-        require(!apps[appId].exists, "App already exists");
-        require(bytes(name).length > 0, "Name cannot be empty");
-        require(
-            verifyTDXQuote(tdxQuote, appId, msg.sender),
-            "Invalid TDX quote"
-        );
-
-        apps[appId] = App({
-            name: name,
-            isBanned: false,
-            exists: true,
-            owner: msg.sender
-        });
-
-        emit AppNameUpdated(appId, name);
-        emit OwnerUpdated(appId, msg.sender);
-    }
-
-    // Update updateAppName function
-    function updateAppName(
-        bytes32 appId,
-        string memory newName
-    ) external notBanned(appId) onlyOwner(appId) {
-        require(bytes(newName).length > 0, "Name cannot be empty");
-
-        apps[appId].name = newName;
-        emit AppNameUpdated(appId, newName);
-    }
-
-    // Function to ban an app
-    function banApp(bytes32 appId) external onlyAdminOrOwner(appId) {
-        require(apps[appId].exists, "App does not exist");
-        require(!apps[appId].isBanned, "App is already banned");
-
-        apps[appId].isBanned = true;
-        emit AppBanned(appId);
-    }
-
-    // Function to unban an app
-    function unbanApp(bytes32 appId) external onlyAdmin {
-        require(apps[appId].exists, "App does not exist");
-        require(apps[appId].isBanned, "App is not banned");
-
-        apps[appId].isBanned = false;
-        emit AppUnbanned(appId);
-    }
-
-    // Update updateOwner function
-    function updateOwner(
-        bytes32 appId,
-        address newOwner
-    ) external notBanned(appId) onlyOwner(appId) {
-        require(newOwner != address(0), "Invalid owner address");
-
-        apps[appId].owner = newOwner;
-        emit OwnerUpdated(appId, newOwner);
-    }
-
-    // Update getApp function to include ecdsaPubKey
-    function getApp(
-        bytes32 appId
-    ) external view returns (string memory name, bool isBanned, address owner) {
-        require(apps[appId].exists, "App does not exist");
-        return (apps[appId].name, apps[appId].isBanned, apps[appId].owner);
-    }
-    
-    // Check if app is banned
-    function isAppBanned(bytes32 appId) external view returns (bool) {
-        return apps[appId].isBanned;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/contracts/Lock.sol b/examples/killswitch/contracts/Lock.sol
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c81557fa..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/contracts/Lock.sol
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
-pragma solidity ^0.8.27;
-
-// Uncomment this line to use console.log
-// import "hardhat/console.sol";
-
-contract Lock {
-    uint public unlockTime;
-    address payable public owner;
-
-    event Withdrawal(uint amount, uint when);
-
-    constructor(uint _unlockTime) payable {
-        require(
-            block.timestamp < _unlockTime,
-            "Unlock time should be in the future"
-        );
-
-        unlockTime = _unlockTime;
-        owner = payable(msg.sender);
-    }
-
-    function withdraw() public {
-        // Uncomment this line, and the import of "hardhat/console.sol", to print a log in your terminal
-        // console.log("Unlock time is %o and block timestamp is %o", unlockTime, block.timestamp);
-
-        require(block.timestamp >= unlockTime, "You can't withdraw yet");
-        require(msg.sender == owner, "You aren't the owner");
-
-        emit Withdrawal(address(this).balance, block.timestamp);
-
-        owner.transfer(address(this).balance);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/hardhat.config.js b/examples/killswitch/hardhat.config.js
deleted file mode 100644
index ab530ab6a..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/hardhat.config.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-require("dotenv").config();
-
-require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox");
-require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-verify");
-
-/** @type import('hardhat/config').HardhatUserConfig */
-module.exports = {
-  solidity: "0.8.27",
-  networks: {
-    sepolia: {
-      url: `https://eth-sepolia.g.alchemy.com/v2/${process.env.ALCHEMY_API_KEY}`,
-      accounts: [process.env.PRIVATE_KEY]
-    }
-  },
-  etherscan: {
-    apiKey: process.env.ETHERSCAN_API_KEY,
-  },
-};
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/ignition/modules/Lock.js b/examples/killswitch/ignition/modules/Lock.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 32c7cd413..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/ignition/modules/Lock.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// This setup uses Hardhat Ignition to manage smart contract deployments.
-// Learn more about it at https://hardhat.org/ignition
-
-const { buildModule } = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-ignition/modules");
-
-const JAN_1ST_2030 = 1893456000;
-const ONE_GWEI = 1_000_000_000n;
-
-module.exports = buildModule("LockModule", (m) => {
-  const unlockTime = m.getParameter("unlockTime", JAN_1ST_2030);
-  const lockedAmount = m.getParameter("lockedAmount", ONE_GWEI);
-
-  const lock = m.contract("Lock", [unlockTime], {
-    value: lockedAmount,
-  });
-
-  return { lock };
-});
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/package-lock.json b/examples/killswitch/package-lock.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 565226aee..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/package-lock.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6971 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "killswitch",
-  "version": "1.0.0",
-  "lockfileVersion": 3,
-  "requires": true,
-  "packages": {
-    "": {
-      "name": "killswitch",
-      "version": "1.0.0",
-      "license": "ISC",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-verify": "^2.0.11",
-        "dotenv": "^16.4.5"
-      },
-      "devDependencies": {
-        "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox": "^5.0.0",
-        "hardhat": "^2.22.15"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@adraffy/ens-normalize": {
-      "version": "1.10.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@adraffy/ens-normalize/-/ens-normalize-1.10.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-96Z2IP3mYmF1Xg2cDm8f1gWGf/HUVedQ3FMifV4kG/PQ4yEP51xDtRAEfhVNt5f/uzpNkZHwWQuUcu6D6K+Ekw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true
-    },
-    "node_modules/@cspotcode/source-map-support": {
-      "version": "0.8.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@cspotcode/source-map-support/-/source-map-support-0.8.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-IchNf6dN4tHoMFIn/7OE8LWZ19Y6q/67Bmf6vnGREv8RSbBVb9LPJxEcnwrcwX6ixSvaiGoomAUvu4YSxXrVgw==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "0.3.9"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=12"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethereumjs/rlp": {
-      "version": "4.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethereumjs/rlp/-/rlp-4.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-tqsQiBQDQdmPWE1xkkBq4rlSW5QZpLOUJ5RJh2/9fug+q9tnUhuZoVLk7s0scUIKTOzEtR72DFBXI4WiZcMpvw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "bin": {
-        "rlp": "bin/rlp"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=14"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethereumjs/util": {
-      "version": "8.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethereumjs/util/-/util-8.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zQ0IqbdX8FZ9aw11vP+dZkKDkS+kgIvQPHnSAXzP9pLu+Rfu3D3XEeLbicvoXJTYnhZiPmsZUxgdzXwNKxRPbA==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethereumjs/rlp": "^4.0.1",
-        "ethereum-cryptography": "^2.0.0",
-        "micro-ftch": "^0.3.1"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=14"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethereumjs/util/node_modules/@noble/curves": {
-      "version": "1.4.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@noble/curves/-/curves-1.4.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-TavHr8qycMChk8UwMld0ZDRvatedkzWfH8IiaeGCfymOP5i0hSCozz9vHOL0nkwk7HRMlFnAiKpS2jrUmSybcw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@noble/hashes": "1.4.0"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://paulmillr.com/funding/"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethereumjs/util/node_modules/@noble/hashes": {
-      "version": "1.4.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@noble/hashes/-/hashes-1.4.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-V1JJ1WTRUqHHrOSh597hURcMqVKVGL/ea3kv0gSnEdsEZ0/+VyPghM1lMNGc00z7CIQorSvbKpuJkxvuHbvdbg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">= 16"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://paulmillr.com/funding/"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethereumjs/util/node_modules/ethereum-cryptography": {
-      "version": "2.2.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ethereum-cryptography/-/ethereum-cryptography-2.2.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-r/W8lkHSiTLxUxW8Rf3u4HGB0xQweG2RyETjywylKZSzLWoWAijRz8WCuOtJ6wah+avllXBqZuk29HCCvhEIRg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@noble/curves": "1.4.2",
-        "@noble/hashes": "1.4.0",
-        "@scure/bip32": "1.4.0",
-        "@scure/bip39": "1.3.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/abi": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/abi/-/abi-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-351ktp42TiRcYB3H1OP8yajPeAQstMW/yCFokj/AthP9bLHzQFPlOrxOcwYEDkUAICmOHljvN4K39OMTMUa9RA==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/address": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/constants": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/hash": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/keccak256": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/strings": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/abstract-provider": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/abstract-provider/-/abstract-provider-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-R41c9UkchKCpAqStMYUpdunjo3pkEvZC3FAwZn5S5MGbXoMQOHIdHItezTETxAO5bevtMApSyEhn9+CHcDsWBw==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/networks": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/transactions": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/web": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/abstract-signer": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/abstract-signer/-/abstract-signer-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-a16V8bq1/Cz+TGCkE2OPMTOUDLS3grCpdjoJCYNnVBbdYEMSgKrU0+B90s8b6H+ByYTBZN7a3g76jdIJi7UfKQ==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/abstract-provider": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/address": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/address/-/address-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-9wYhYt7aghVGo758POM5nqcOMaE168Q6aRLJZwUmiqSrAungkG74gSSeKEIR7ukixesdRZGPgVqme6vmxs1fkA==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/keccak256": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/rlp": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/base64": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/base64/-/base64-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Dr8tcHt2mEbsZr/mwTPIQAf3Ai0Bks/7gTw9dSqk1mQvhW3XvRlmDJr/4n+wg1JmCl16NZue17CDh8xb/vZ0sQ==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/basex": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/basex/-/basex-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ywlh43GwZLv2Voc2gQVTKBoVQ1mti3d8HK5aMxsfu/nRDnMmNqaSJ3r3n85HBByT8OpoY96SXM1FogC533T4zw==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/bignumber": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/bignumber/-/bignumber-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-n1CAdIHRWjSucQO3MC1zPSVgV/6dy/fjL9pMrPP9peL+QxEg9wOsVqwD4+818B6LUEtaXzVHQiuivzRoxPxUGw==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "bn.js": "^5.2.1"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/bytes": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/bytes/-/bytes-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-nsbxwgFXWh9NyYWo+U8atvmMsSdKJprTcICAkvbBffT75qDocbuggBU0SJiVK2MuTrp0q+xvLkTnGMPK1+uA9A==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/constants": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/constants/-/constants-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-DHI+y5dBNvkpYUMiRQyxRBYBefZkJfo70VUkUAsRjcPs47muV9evftfZ0PJVCXYbAiCgght0DtcF9srFQmIgWA==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/contracts": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/contracts/-/contracts-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-5GJbzEU3X+d33CdfPhcyS+z8MzsTrBGk/sc+G+59+tPa9yFkl6HQ9D6L0QMgNTA9q8dT0XKxxkyp883XsQvbbg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/abi": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/abstract-provider": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/abstract-signer": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/address": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/constants": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/transactions": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/hash": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/hash/-/hash-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-qX5WrQfnah1EFnO5zJv1v46a8HW0+E5xuBBDTwMFZLuVTx0tbU2kkx15NqdjxecrLGatQN9FGQKpb1FKdHCt+g==",
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/abstract-signer": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/address": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/base64": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/keccak256": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/strings": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/hdnode": {
-      "version": "5.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ethersproject/hdnode/-/hdnode-5.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-OmyYo9EENBPPf4ERhR7oj6uAtUAhYGqOnIS+jE5pTXvdKBS99ikzq1E7Iv0ZQZ5V36Lqx1qZLeak0Ra16qpeOg==",
-      "dev": true,
-      "funding": [
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://gitcoin.co/grants/13/ethersjs-complete-simple-and-tiny-2"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "individual",
-          "url": "https://www.buymeacoffee.com/ricmoo"
-        }
-      ],
-      "peer": true,
-      "dependencies": {
-        "@ethersproject/abstract-signer": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/basex": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bignumber": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/bytes": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/logger": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/pbkdf2": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/properties": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/sha2": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/signing-key": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/strings": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/transactions": "^5.7.0",
-        "@ethersproject/wordlists": "^5.7.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/@ethersproject/json-wallets": {
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-        "require-directory": "^2.1.1",
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-        "yargs-parser": "^20.2.2"
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-      "dependencies": {
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-        "decamelize": "^4.0.0",
-        "flat": "^5.0.2",
-        "is-plain-obj": "^2.1.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
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-    "node_modules/yn": {
-      "version": "3.1.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yn/-/yn-3.1.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Ux4ygGWsu2c7isFWe8Yu1YluJmqVhxqK2cLXNQA5AcC3QfbGNpM7fu0Y8b/z16pXLnFxZYvWhd3fhBY9DLmC6Q==",
-      "devOptional": true,
-      "peer": true,
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=6"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/yocto-queue": {
-      "version": "0.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yocto-queue/-/yocto-queue-0.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-rVksvsnNCdJ/ohGc6xgPwyN8eheCxsiLM8mxuE/t/mOVqJewPuO1miLpTHQiRgTKCLexL4MeAFVagts7HmNZ2Q==",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=10"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/package.json b/examples/killswitch/package.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f356b29d..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/package.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "killswitch",
-  "version": "1.0.0",
-  "description": "",
-  "main": "index.js",
-  "scripts": {
-    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
-  },
-  "keywords": [],
-  "author": "",
-  "license": "ISC",
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox": "^5.0.0",
-    "@nomicfoundation/hardhat-verify": "^2.0.11",
-    "hardhat": "^2.22.15"
-  },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "dotenv": "^16.4.5"
-  }
-}
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/scripts/deploy.js b/examples/killswitch/scripts/deploy.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ecd26dad..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/scripts/deploy.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-async function main() {
-  const AppRegistry = await ethers.getContractFactory("AppRegistry");
-  const appRegistry = await AppRegistry.deploy();
-  await appRegistry.waitForDeployment();
-
-  const address = await appRegistry.getAddress();
-  console.log("AppRegistry deployed to:", address);
-}
-
-main()
-  .then(() => process.exit(0))
-  .catch((error) => {
-    console.error(error);
-    process.exit(1);
-  }); 
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/scripts/verify.js b/examples/killswitch/scripts/verify.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bdf9b182..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/scripts/verify.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-async function verify(address, constructorArguments = []) {
-  try {
-    await hre.run("verify:verify", {
-      address: address,
-      constructorArguments: constructorArguments,
-      force: true
-    });
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error.message.toLowerCase().includes("already verified")) {
-      console.log("Contract already verified!");
-    } else {
-      console.error(error);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-async function main() {
-  // Get the contract address from command line arguments
-  const contractAddress = process.env.ADDRESS;
-
-  if (!contractAddress) {
-    throw new Error("Please provide the contract address using the ADDRESS environment variable");
-  }
-
-  console.log("Verifying contract at:", contractAddress);
-  await verify(contractAddress);
-}
-
-main()
-  .then(() => process.exit(0))
-  .catch((error) => {
-    console.error(error);
-    process.exit(1);
-  });
diff --git a/examples/killswitch/test/Lock.js b/examples/killswitch/test/Lock.js
deleted file mode 100644
index f0e6ba1b2..000000000
--- a/examples/killswitch/test/Lock.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-const {
-  time,
-  loadFixture,
-} = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox/network-helpers");
-const { anyValue } = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-chai-matchers/withArgs");
-const { expect } = require("chai");
-
-describe("Lock", function () {
-  // We define a fixture to reuse the same setup in every test.
-  // We use loadFixture to run this setup once, snapshot that state,
-  // and reset Hardhat Network to that snapshot in every test.
-  async function deployOneYearLockFixture() {
-    const ONE_YEAR_IN_SECS = 365 * 24 * 60 * 60;
-    const ONE_GWEI = 1_000_000_000;
-
-    const lockedAmount = ONE_GWEI;
-    const unlockTime = (await time.latest()) + ONE_YEAR_IN_SECS;
-
-    // Contracts are deployed using the first signer/account by default
-    const [owner, otherAccount] = await ethers.getSigners();
-
-    const Lock = await ethers.getContractFactory("Lock");
-    const lock = await Lock.deploy(unlockTime, { value: lockedAmount });
-
-    return { lock, unlockTime, lockedAmount, owner, otherAccount };
-  }
-
-  describe("Deployment", function () {
-    it("Should set the right unlockTime", async function () {
-      const { lock, unlockTime } = await loadFixture(deployOneYearLockFixture);
-
-      expect(await lock.unlockTime()).to.equal(unlockTime);
-    });
-
-    it("Should set the right owner", async function () {
-      const { lock, owner } = await loadFixture(deployOneYearLockFixture);
-
-      expect(await lock.owner()).to.equal(owner.address);
-    });
-
-    it("Should receive and store the funds to lock", async function () {
-      const { lock, lockedAmount } = await loadFixture(
-        deployOneYearLockFixture
-      );
-
-      expect(await ethers.provider.getBalance(lock.target)).to.equal(
-        lockedAmount
-      );
-    });
-
-    it("Should fail if the unlockTime is not in the future", async function () {
-      // We don't use the fixture here because we want a different deployment
-      const latestTime = await time.latest();
-      const Lock = await ethers.getContractFactory("Lock");
-      await expect(Lock.deploy(latestTime, { value: 1 })).to.be.revertedWith(
-        "Unlock time should be in the future"
-      );
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe("Withdrawals", function () {
-    describe("Validations", function () {
-      it("Should revert with the right error if called too soon", async function () {
-        const { lock } = await loadFixture(deployOneYearLockFixture);
-
-        await expect(lock.withdraw()).to.be.revertedWith(
-          "You can't withdraw yet"
-        );
-      });
-
-      it("Should revert with the right error if called from another account", async function () {
-        const { lock, unlockTime, otherAccount } = await loadFixture(
-          deployOneYearLockFixture
-        );
-
-        // We can increase the time in Hardhat Network
-        await time.increaseTo(unlockTime);
-
-        // We use lock.connect() to send a transaction from another account
-        await expect(lock.connect(otherAccount).withdraw()).to.be.revertedWith(
-          "You aren't the owner"
-        );
-      });
-
-      it("Shouldn't fail if the unlockTime has arrived and the owner calls it", async function () {
-        const { lock, unlockTime } = await loadFixture(
-          deployOneYearLockFixture
-        );
-
-        // Transactions are sent using the first signer by default
-        await time.increaseTo(unlockTime);
-
-        await expect(lock.withdraw()).not.to.be.reverted;
-      });
-    });
-
-    describe("Events", function () {
-      it("Should emit an event on withdrawals", async function () {
-        const { lock, unlockTime, lockedAmount } = await loadFixture(
-          deployOneYearLockFixture
-        );
-
-        await time.increaseTo(unlockTime);
-
-        await expect(lock.withdraw())
-          .to.emit(lock, "Withdrawal")
-          .withArgs(lockedAmount, anyValue); // We accept any value as `when` arg
-      });
-    });
-
-    describe("Transfers", function () {
-      it("Should transfer the funds to the owner", async function () {
-        const { lock, unlockTime, lockedAmount, owner } = await loadFixture(
-          deployOneYearLockFixture
-        );
-
-        await time.increaseTo(unlockTime);
-
-        await expect(lock.withdraw()).to.changeEtherBalances(
-          [owner, lock],
-          [lockedAmount, -lockedAmount]
-        );
-      });
-    });
-  });
-});
diff --git a/guest-api/Cargo.toml b/guest-api/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 84f6a1ceb..000000000
--- a/guest-api/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "guest-api"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-prpc.workspace = true
-prost.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-http-client = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["prpc"] }
-
-[build-dependencies]
-prpc-build.workspace = true
-
-[features]
-default = ["client"]
-client = ["dep:http-client"]
diff --git a/guest-api/build.rs b/guest-api/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 43bca3d81..000000000
--- a/guest-api/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    prpc_build::configure()
-        .out_dir("./src/generated")
-        .mod_prefix("super::")
-        .build_scale_ext(false)
-        .disable_service_name_emission()
-        .disable_package_emission()
-        .enable_serde_extension()
-        .compile_dir("./proto")
-        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
-}
diff --git a/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto b/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index e698293d4..000000000
--- a/guest-api/proto/guest_api.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-package guest_api;
-
-message Id {
-  string id = 1;
-}
-
-message GuestInfo {
-  // Guest software version
-  string version = 1;
-  // App ID
-  string app_id = 2;
-  // App Instance ID
-  string instance_id = 3;
-  // App certificate
-  string app_cert = 4;
-  // TCB info
-  string tcb_info = 5;
-}
-
-message IpAddress {
-  string address = 1;
-  uint32 prefix = 2;
-}
-
-message Interface {
-  string name = 1;
-  repeated IpAddress addresses = 2;
-  uint64 rx_bytes = 3;
-  uint64 tx_bytes = 4;
-  uint64 rx_errors = 5;
-  uint64 tx_errors = 6;
-}
-
-message Gateway {
-  string address = 1;
-}
-
-message NetworkInformation {
-  repeated string dns_servers = 1;
-  repeated Gateway gateways = 2;
-  repeated Interface interfaces = 3;
-}
-
-message ListContainersResponse {
-  repeated Container containers = 1;
-}
-
-message Container {
-  // The ID of this container
-  string id = 1;
-  // The names that this container has been given
-  repeated string names = 2;
-  // The name of the image used when creating this container
-  string image = 3;
-  // The ID of the image that this container was created from
-  string image_id = 4;
-  // Command to run when starting the container
-  string command = 5;
-  // When the container was created
-  int64 created = 6;
-  // The state of this container (e.g. Exited)
-  string state = 7;
-  // The status of this container (e.g. Exited)
-  string status = 8;
-}
-
-// The system info
-message SystemInfo {
-  // Operating system
-  string os_name = 1;
-  // Operating system version
-  string os_version = 2;
-  // Kernel version
-  string kernel_version = 3;
-  // Cpu model
-  string cpu_model = 4;
-  // Number of logical CPUs
-  uint32 num_cpus = 5;
-  // Total memory
-  uint64 total_memory = 6;
-  // Available memory
-  uint64 available_memory = 7;
-  // Used memory
-  uint64 used_memory = 8;
-  // Free memory
-  uint64 free_memory = 9;
-  // Total swap memory
-  uint64 total_swap = 10;
-  // Used swap memory
-  uint64 used_swap = 11;
-  // Free swap memory
-  uint64 free_swap = 12;
-  // Uptime
-  uint64 uptime = 13;
-  // Load average
-  uint32 loadavg_one = 14;
-  uint32 loadavg_five = 15;
-  uint32 loadavg_fifteen = 16;
-  // Disks
-  repeated DiskInfo disks = 17;
-}
-
-message DiskInfo {
-  // Device name
-  string name = 1;
-  // Mount point
-  string mount_point = 2;
-  // Total size
-  uint64 total_size = 3;
-  // Free size
-  uint64 free_size = 5;
-}
-
-service GuestApi {
-  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GuestInfo);
-  rpc SysInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (SystemInfo);
-  rpc NetworkInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (NetworkInformation);
-  rpc ListContainers(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListContainersResponse);
-  rpc Shutdown(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-}
-
-service ProxiedGuestApi {
-  rpc Info(Id) returns (GuestInfo);
-  rpc SysInfo(Id) returns (SystemInfo);
-  rpc NetworkInfo(Id) returns (NetworkInformation);
-  rpc ListContainers(Id) returns (ListContainersResponse);
-  rpc Shutdown(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-}
diff --git a/guest-api/src/client.rs b/guest-api/src/client.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e75e43a72..000000000
--- a/guest-api/src/client.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-use crate::guest_api_client::GuestApiClient;
-use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
-
-pub type DefaultClient = GuestApiClient<PrpcClient>;
-
-pub fn new_client(base_url: String) -> DefaultClient {
-    DefaultClient::new(PrpcClient::new(base_url))
-}
diff --git a/guest-api/src/generated/mod.rs b/guest-api/src/generated/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b24a4b987..000000000
--- a/guest-api/src/generated/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub use guest_api::*;
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-mod guest_api;
diff --git a/guest-api/src/lib.rs b/guest-api/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f0c09bc94..000000000
--- a/guest-api/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub use generated::*;
-
-mod generated;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "client")]
-pub mod client;
diff --git a/host-api/Cargo.toml b/host-api/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index b261ae708..000000000
--- a/host-api/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "host-api"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-prpc.workspace = true
-prost.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-http-client = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["prpc"] }
-
-[build-dependencies]
-prpc-build.workspace = true
-
-[features]
-default = ["client"]
-client = ["dep:http-client"]
diff --git a/host-api/build.rs b/host-api/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 43bca3d81..000000000
--- a/host-api/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    prpc_build::configure()
-        .out_dir("./src/generated")
-        .mod_prefix("super::")
-        .build_scale_ext(false)
-        .disable_service_name_emission()
-        .disable_package_emission()
-        .enable_serde_extension()
-        .compile_dir("./proto")
-        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
-}
diff --git a/host-api/proto/host_api.proto b/host-api/proto/host_api.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index ca6fdb030..000000000
--- a/host-api/proto/host_api.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-package host_api;
-
-message HostInfo {
-  string name = 1;
-  string version = 2;
-}
-
-message Notification {
-  string event = 1;
-  string payload = 2;
-}
-
-service HostApi {
-  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (HostInfo);
-  rpc Notify(Notification) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-}
diff --git a/host-api/src/client.rs b/host-api/src/client.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e8474a7d9..000000000
--- a/host-api/src/client.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-use crate::host_api_client::HostApiClient;
-use http_client::prpc::PrpcClient;
-
-pub type DefaultClient = HostApiClient<PrpcClient>;
-
-pub fn new_client(base_url: String) -> DefaultClient {
-    DefaultClient::new(PrpcClient::new(base_url))
-}
diff --git a/host-api/src/generated/mod.rs b/host-api/src/generated/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 42743816b..000000000
--- a/host-api/src/generated/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub use host_api::*;
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-mod host_api;
diff --git a/host-api/src/lib.rs b/host-api/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f0c09bc94..000000000
--- a/host-api/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub use generated::*;
-
-mod generated;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "client")]
-pub mod client;
diff --git a/http-client/Cargo.toml b/http-client/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 409f42821..000000000
--- a/http-client/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "http-client"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-http-body-util.workspace = true
-hyper.workspace = true
-hyper-util.workspace = true
-hyperlocal.workspace = true
-log.workspace = true
-pin-project-lite = "0.2.15"
-prpc = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-serde.workspace = true
-tokio.workspace = true
-tokio-vsock.workspace = true
-tower-service = "0.3.3"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-
-[features]
-default = ["prpc"]
-prpc = ["dep:prpc"]
diff --git a/http-client/src/lib.rs b/http-client/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5991e5f9f..000000000
--- a/http-client/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use http_body_util::{BodyExt, Full};
-use hyper::body::Bytes;
-use hyper::Request;
-use hyper_util::client::legacy::{connect::HttpConnector, Client};
-use hyper_vsock::VsockClientExt;
-use hyperlocal::{UnixClientExt, UnixConnector, Uri};
-use log::debug;
-
-mod hyper_vsock;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "prpc")]
-pub mod prpc;
-
-fn mk_url(base: &str, path: &str) -> String {
-    let base = base.trim_end_matches('/');
-    let path = path.trim_start_matches('/');
-    format!("{base}/{path}")
-}
-
-/// Sends an HTTP request to the supervisor.
-///
-/// # Arguments
-///
-/// * `method` - The HTTP method to use.
-/// * `uri` - The URI to send the request to. Supports Unix sockets: `unix:/path/to/socket` or HTTP: `http://host:port`.
-/// * `body` - The body of the request.
-pub async fn http_request(
-    method: &str,
-    base: &str,
-    path: &str,
-    body: &[u8],
-) -> Result<(u16, Vec<u8>)> {
-    debug!("Sending HTTP request to {base}, path={path}");
-    let mut response = if base.starts_with("unix:") {
-        let client: Client<UnixConnector, Full<Bytes>> = Client::unix();
-        let unix_uri: hyper::Uri = Uri::new(base.strip_prefix("unix:").unwrap(), path).into();
-        let req = Request::builder()
-            .method(method)
-            .uri(unix_uri)
-            .body(Full::new(Bytes::copy_from_slice(body)))?;
-        client.request(req).await?
-    } else if base.starts_with("vsock:") {
-        let client = Client::vsock();
-        let uri = mk_url(base, path).parse::<hyper::Uri>()?;
-        let req = Request::builder()
-            .method(method)
-            .uri(uri)
-            .body(Full::new(Bytes::copy_from_slice(body)))?;
-        client.request(req).await?
-    } else {
-        let client =
-            Client::builder(hyper_util::rt::TokioExecutor::new()).build(HttpConnector::new());
-
-        let uri = mk_url(base, path).parse::<hyper::Uri>()?;
-        let req = Request::builder()
-            .method(method)
-            .uri(uri)
-            .body(Full::new(Bytes::copy_from_slice(body)))?;
-        client.request(req).await?
-    };
-    debug!("Response: {:?}", response);
-    let mut body = Vec::new();
-    while let Some(frame_result) = response.frame().await {
-        let frame = frame_result?;
-        if let Some(segment) = frame.data_ref() {
-            body.extend_from_slice(segment.iter().as_slice());
-        }
-    }
-    Ok((response.status().as_u16(), body))
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::error::Error;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vsock_uri_parsing() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
-        let uri = "vsock://2:1234/path".parse::<hyper::Uri>()?;
-        assert_eq!(uri.scheme_str(), Some("vsock"));
-        assert_eq!(uri.host(), Some("2"));
-        assert_eq!(uri.port_u16(), Some(1234));
-        assert_eq!(uri.path(), "/path");
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/http-client/src/prpc.rs b/http-client/src/prpc.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 75daa3ab4..000000000
--- a/http-client/src/prpc.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Context;
-use prpc::{
-    client::{Error, RequestClient},
-    serde_json, Message,
-};
-use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
-
-pub struct PrpcClient {
-    base_url: String,
-}
-
-impl PrpcClient {
-    pub fn new(base_url: String) -> Self {
-        Self { base_url }
-    }
-}
-
-impl RequestClient for PrpcClient {
-    async fn request<T, R>(&self, path: &str, body: T) -> Result<R, Error>
-    where
-        T: Message + Serialize,
-        R: Message + DeserializeOwned,
-    {
-        let body = serde_json::to_vec(&body).context("Failed to serialize body")?;
-        let path = format!("{path}?json");
-        let (status, body) = super::http_request("POST", &self.base_url, &path, &body).await?;
-        if status != 200 {
-            return Err(Error::RpcError(format!("Invalid status code: {status}")));
-        }
-        let response = serde_json::from_slice(&body).context("Failed to deserialize response")?;
-        Ok(response)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/iohash/Cargo.toml b/iohash/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 71accd9a7..000000000
--- a/iohash/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "iohash"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-blake2.workspace = true
-clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-fs-err.workspace = true
-hex_fmt.workspace = true
-sha2.workspace = true
-sha3.workspace = true
diff --git a/iohash/src/main.rs b/iohash/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 28f51eb3c..000000000
--- a/iohash/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,187 +0,0 @@
-//! Stream compute hash digest of stdin and output the original data to stdout. The digest is output to stderr.
-use std::io::{Read, Write};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use blake2::{
-    digest::consts::{U32, U64},
-    Blake2b, Blake2s,
-};
-use clap::{Parser, ValueEnum};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use sha2::{Digest, Sha224, Sha256, Sha384, Sha512, Sha512_224, Sha512_256};
-use sha3::{Keccak224, Keccak256, Keccak384, Keccak512, Sha3_224, Sha3_256, Sha3_384, Sha3_512};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-struct App {
-    /// Hash algorithm
-    #[arg(value_enum)]
-    algorithm: Algorithm,
-
-    /// Binary output
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    binary: bool,
-
-    /// Input file. Default is stdin.
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    input: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Output file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    output: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Hash file. Default is stderr.
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    to: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(ValueEnum, Debug, Clone)]
-enum Algorithm {
-    Sha256,
-    Sha512,
-    Sha384,
-    Sha512_224,
-    Sha512_256,
-    Sha224,
-    Keccak224,
-    Keccak256,
-    Keccak384,
-    Keccak512,
-    Sha3_224,
-    Sha3_256,
-    Sha3_384,
-    Sha3_512,
-    Blake2b256,
-    Blake2b512,
-    Blake2s256,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    fn compute<Hasher: Digest>(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        struct BlackHole;
-        impl Write for BlackHole {
-            fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
-                Ok(buf.len())
-            }
-
-            fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut hasher = Hasher::new();
-        let mut buffer = vec![0u8; 1024 * 32];
-        let input: &mut dyn Read = match &self.input {
-            Some(input_file) => {
-                if input_file == "-" {
-                    &mut std::io::stdin()
-                } else {
-                    let file = fs::File::open(input_file).context("Failed to open input file")?;
-                    &mut { file }
-                }
-            }
-            None => &mut std::io::stdin(),
-        };
-        let output: &mut dyn Write = match &self.output {
-            Some(output_file) => match output_file.as_str() {
-                "-" => &mut std::io::stdout(),
-                "!" => &mut BlackHole,
-                _ => {
-                    let file =
-                        fs::File::create(output_file).context("Failed to open output file")?;
-                    &mut { file }
-                }
-            },
-            None => &mut std::io::stdout(),
-        };
-        let to: &mut dyn Write = match &self.to {
-            Some(to_file) => {
-                if to_file == "-" {
-                    &mut std::io::stdout()
-                } else {
-                    let file = fs::File::create(to_file).context("Failed to open hash file")?;
-                    &mut { file }
-                }
-            }
-            None => &mut std::io::stderr(),
-        };
-        loop {
-            let len = input
-                .read(&mut buffer)
-                .context("Failed to read from stdin")?;
-            if len == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-            hasher.update(&buffer[..len]);
-            output
-                .write_all(&buffer[..len])
-                .context("Failed to write to stdout")?;
-        }
-        let digest = hasher.finalize();
-        if self.binary {
-            to.write_all(&digest)
-                .context("Failed to write hash to file")?;
-        } else {
-            write!(to, "{}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(&digest)).context("Failed to write hash to file")?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let app = App::parse();
-    match app.algorithm {
-        Algorithm::Sha256 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha256>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha512 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha512>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha384 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha384>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha512_224 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha512_224>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha512_256 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha512_256>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha224 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha224>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Keccak224 => {
-            app.compute::<Keccak224>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Keccak256 => {
-            app.compute::<Keccak256>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Keccak384 => {
-            app.compute::<Keccak384>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Keccak512 => {
-            app.compute::<Keccak512>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha3_224 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha3_224>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha3_256 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha3_256>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha3_384 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha3_384>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Sha3_512 => {
-            app.compute::<Sha3_512>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Blake2b256 => {
-            app.compute::<Blake2b<U32>>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Blake2b512 => {
-            app.compute::<Blake2b<U64>>()?;
-        }
-        Algorithm::Blake2s256 => {
-            app.compute::<Blake2s<U32>>()?;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/kms/Cargo.toml b/kms/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index fe6585015..000000000
--- a/kms/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "kms"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-chrono.workspace = true
-clap.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-git-version.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-hex_fmt.workspace = true
-rocket.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-x25519-dalek.workspace = true
-yasna.workspace = true
-
-kms-rpc.workspace = true
-ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["rocket"] }
-ra-tls.workspace = true
-load_config.workspace = true
-
-[features]
-default = []
diff --git a/kms/assets/ca.cert b/kms/assets/ca.cert
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d42bda01..000000000
--- a/kms/assets/ca.cert
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIBljCCAT2gAwIBAgIUGv6/AdOVIGQHcK8ZwBKS+0ZEqyowCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIw
-LzEWMBQGA1UECgwNUGhhbGEgTmV0d29yazEVMBMGA1UEAwwMUGhhbGEgS01TIENB
-MCAXDTc1MDEwMTAwMDAwMFoYDzQwOTYwMTAxMDAwMDAwWjAvMRYwFAYDVQQKDA1Q
-aGFsYSBOZXR3b3JrMRUwEwYDVQQDDAxQaGFsYSBLTVMgQ0EwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIB
-BggqhkjOPQMBBwNCAASUyNiol6k9RUS4TbzeH7ANGzSf48TABUK2wx0YlbfVUMrS
-ilenXF6LK6b5p+I4urTxqSdMvwLKEpq4Mx80ua6xozUwMzAdBgNVHQ4EFgQURMj7
-U7lrIUBgAx19PbEZhnjFfR8wEgYDVR0TAQH/BAgwBgEB/wIBAzAKBggqhkjOPQQD
-AgNHADBEAiBPXN6mKpGk+sE0RtfrcEuhelELVH7bbAZW/keJimiZawIgVGAXqBi4
-b6iaq1eTtIuu2iaqe/mtfXTuTekYQ3JV8kE=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/kms/assets/ca.key b/kms/assets/ca.key
deleted file mode 100644
index dff980d1c..000000000
--- a/kms/assets/ca.key
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQg935NMNdqTn9iv+tV
-aAei5qQfQ3kN2GhyQRRMgIMAG5mhRANCAASUyNiol6k9RUS4TbzeH7ANGzSf48TA
-BUK2wx0YlbfVUMrSilenXF6LK6b5p+I4urTxqSdMvwLKEpq4Mx80ua6x
------END PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/kms/assets/kms-www.cert b/kms/assets/kms-www.cert
deleted file mode 100644
index cb44b9d80..000000000
--- a/kms/assets/kms-www.cert
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIBRDCB66ADAgECAhRRvknspODLeq9O3UCqq/9HCPznvTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjAv
-MRYwFAYDVQQKDA1QaGFsYSBOZXR3b3JrMRUwEwYDVQQDDAxQaGFsYSBLTVMgQ0Ew
-IBcNNzUwMTAxMDAwMDAwWhgPNDA5NjAxMDEwMDAwMDBaMBQxEjAQBgNVBAMMCWxv
-Y2FsaG9zdDBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABPY2NoSniweVdRlhEdo+
-WrbB3B87wqsn6L9DbFStSienPJOESPo3w/bMHeI451FFdAzCpRficWlZW3t/6w2f
-ZiIwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDSAAwRQIgLGGGJEs8I7vW9EU3syG43h6/oC0kY0bKm98F
-CPy4Vk8CIQDBIwijpPKCuEKZj+pIWpAHtc32p+IDSTeW1BcubzKQuQ==
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/kms/assets/kms-www.key b/kms/assets/kms-www.key
deleted file mode 100644
index a6d383ee5..000000000
--- a/kms/assets/kms-www.key
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgBtwsFGxngYN79+Hr
-OKQBekwBwWpOjxkjOqzVWjW/shqhRANCAAT2NjaEp4sHlXUZYRHaPlq2wdwfO8Kr
-J+i/Q2xUrUonpzyThEj6N8P2zB3iOOdRRXQMwqUX4nFpWVt7f+sNn2Yi
------END PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/kms/assets/tmp-ca.cert b/kms/assets/tmp-ca.cert
deleted file mode 100644
index 64773d4c2..000000000
--- a/kms/assets/tmp-ca.cert
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIBjDCCATGgAwIBAgIUWXh1RpxZtF5Jp5cKhqhTYsRoEckwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIw
-LzEWMBQGA1UECgwNUGhhbGEgTmV0d29yazEVMBMGA1UEAwwMUGhhbGEgS01TIENB
-MCAXDTc1MDEwMTAwMDAwMFoYDzQwOTYwMTAxMDAwMDAwWjAjMSEwHwYDVQQDDBhQ
-aGFsYSBLTVMgQ2xpZW50IFRlbXAgQ0EwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNC
-AASBvSl/4NYZDSE5fw0iH0mYNl23zCOQ5EzkmNM5C/05tMHUhmMFnqH1QNq/JkAi
-TkRxWYtpuKF0VayktddtUORhozUwMzAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUWfxxVFm7zz1v/Olvr691
-WhWl7LswEgYDVR0TAQH/BAgwBgEB/wIBATAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNJADBGAiEA63HF
-gJl9PLKhhaGf745E0JklnEVp6oFYdYPEZGLybEoCIQDu5oDNww9pu60GXJ28K3Lf
-ihCFs0CQqf9RT9gfS71h8A==
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/kms/assets/tmp-ca.key b/kms/assets/tmp-ca.key
deleted file mode 100644
index 869df6002..000000000
--- a/kms/assets/tmp-ca.key
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgp0RkgbxCg0ytHj+f
-Ox8zsDT4tvFCdUGqYLfEnkRFXsehRANCAASBvSl/4NYZDSE5fw0iH0mYNl23zCOQ
-5EzkmNM5C/05tMHUhmMFnqH1QNq/JkAiTkRxWYtpuKF0VayktddtUORh
------END PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/kms/kms.toml b/kms/kms.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index c2ac9fc9f..000000000
--- a/kms/kms.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-workers = 8
-max_blocking = 64
-ident = "Phala KMS"
-temp_dir = "/tmp"
-keep_alive = 10
-log_level = "info"
-address = "0.0.0.0"
-port = 8043
-
-[tls]
-key = "/etc/kms/certs/key.pem"
-certs = "/etc/kms/certs/cert.pem"
-
-[tls.mutual]
-ca_certs = "/etc/kms/certs/ca.cert"
-mandatory = false
-
-[core]
-root_ca_cert = "/etc/kms/certs/ca.cert"
-root_ca_key = "/etc/kms/certs/ca.key"
-subject_postfix = ".local"
-cert_log_dir = "/var/log/kms"
-allow_any_upgrade = false
-upgrade_registry_dir = "/var/run/kms/upgrade_registry"
-pccs_url = "https://api.trustedservices.intel.com/tdx/certification/v4"
-
-[core.allowed_mr]
-allow_all = false
-mrtd = []
-rtmr0 = []
-rtmr1 = []
-rtmr2 = []
diff --git a/kms/rpc/Cargo.toml b/kms/rpc/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index da3039944..000000000
--- a/kms/rpc/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "kms-rpc"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-prpc.workspace = true
-prost.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-scale.workspace = true
-
-[build-dependencies]
-prpc-build.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
diff --git a/kms/rpc/build.rs b/kms/rpc/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c3b27eee..000000000
--- a/kms/rpc/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    prpc_build::configure()
-        .out_dir("./src/generated")
-        .mod_prefix("super::")
-        .build_scale_ext(false)
-        .disable_package_emission()
-        .enable_serde_extension()
-        .compile_dir("./proto")
-        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
-}
diff --git a/kms/rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto b/kms/rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index 365acc4f4..000000000
--- a/kms/rpc/proto/kms_rpc.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-package kms;
-
-message GetAppKeyRequest {
-  // When upgradable is true, the disk encryption key is derived without the rootfs hash
-  // so that the app can upgrade the base image
-  bool upgradable = 1;
-}
-
-// The kms public RPC service.
-service KMS {
-  // Request the app key given the app id and tdx quote
-  rpc GetAppKey(GetAppKeyRequest) returns (AppKeyResponse) {
-    // Retrieves the app key and certificate given the app id and tdx quote
-  }
-  // Request the app environment encryption public key given the app id
-  rpc GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey(AppId) returns (PublicKeyResponse) {
-    // Retrieves the app environment encryption public key given the app id
-  }
-  // Request the KMS instance metadata for use as a probe and health check.
-  rpc GetMeta(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetMetaResponse) {
-  }
-}
-
-message AppId {
-  string app_id = 1;
-}
-
-message PublicKeyResponse {
-  bytes public_key = 1;
-}
-
-message AppKeyResponse {
-  string app_key = 1;
-  bytes disk_crypt_key = 2;
-  bytes env_crypt_key = 3;
-  repeated string certificate_chain = 4;
-}
-
-message GetMetaResponse {
-  string ca_cert = 1;
-  bool allow_any_upgrade = 2;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kms/rpc/src/generated.rs b/kms/rpc/src/generated.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index deb07a45d..000000000
--- a/kms/rpc/src/generated.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub use kms::*;
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-mod kms;
diff --git a/kms/rpc/src/lib.rs b/kms/rpc/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29aad437c..000000000
--- a/kms/rpc/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub use generated::*;
-
-mod generated;
diff --git a/kms/src/config.rs b/kms/src/config.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a8307368a..000000000
--- a/kms/src/config.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use load_config::load_config;
-use rocket::figment::Figment;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-
-pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../kms.toml");
-
-pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
-    load_config("kms", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, false)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub(crate) struct KmsConfig {
-    pub allowed_mr: AllowedMr,
-    pub root_ca_cert: String,
-    pub root_ca_key: String,
-    pub subject_postfix: String,
-    pub cert_log_dir: String,
-    pub allow_any_upgrade: bool,
-    pub upgrade_registry_dir: String,
-    pub pccs_url: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub(crate) struct AllowedMr {
-    pub allow_all: bool,
-    pub mrtd: Vec<[u8; 48]>,
-    pub rtmr0: Vec<[u8; 48]>,
-    pub rtmr1: Vec<[u8; 48]>,
-    pub rtmr2: Vec<[u8; 48]>,
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for AllowedMr {
-    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        #[derive(Deserialize)]
-        struct RawAllowedMr {
-            #[serde(default)]
-            allow_all: bool,
-            #[serde(default)]
-            mrtd: Vec<String>,
-            #[serde(default)]
-            rtmr0: Vec<String>,
-            #[serde(default)]
-            rtmr1: Vec<String>,
-            #[serde(default)]
-            rtmr2: Vec<String>,
-        }
-
-        let raw = RawAllowedMr::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-
-        fn parse_mrlist<'d, D: serde::Deserializer<'d>>(
-            list: Vec<String>,
-        ) -> Result<Vec<[u8; 48]>, D::Error> {
-            list.into_iter()
-                .map(|s| {
-                    let bytes = hex::decode(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
-                    bytes
-                        .try_into()
-                        .map_err(|_| serde::de::Error::custom("invalid MR config"))
-                })
-                .collect()
-        }
-
-        Ok(AllowedMr {
-            allow_all: raw.allow_all,
-            mrtd: parse_mrlist::<D>(raw.mrtd)?,
-            rtmr0: parse_mrlist::<D>(raw.rtmr0)?,
-            rtmr1: parse_mrlist::<D>(raw.rtmr1)?,
-            rtmr2: parse_mrlist::<D>(raw.rtmr2)?,
-        })
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kms/src/ct_log.rs b/kms/src/ct_log.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7f8136509..000000000
--- a/kms/src/ct_log.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use chrono::Utc;
-use fs_err as fs;
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub(crate) fn iter_ct_log_files(log_dir: &Path) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = PathBuf>> {
-    // Certs files at log_dir/YYYYMMDD/xxx.cert
-    let day_dirs = fs::read_dir(log_dir)?.filter_map(|entry| {
-        let path = entry.ok()?.path();
-        if path.is_dir() {
-            Some(path)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    });
-
-    Ok(day_dirs
-        .flat_map(|dir| {
-            let iter = fs::read_dir(dir).ok()?.filter_map(|entry| {
-                let path = entry.ok()?.path();
-                if path.is_file() && path.ends_with(".cert") {
-                    Some(path)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            });
-            Some(iter)
-        })
-        .flatten())
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn ct_log_write_cert(app_id: &str, cert: &str, log_dir: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    // filename: %Y%d%m-%H%M%S.%sn.%app_id.cert
-    let log_dir = Path::new(log_dir);
-    let now = Utc::now();
-    let day = now.format("%Y%d%m").to_string();
-    let base_filename = format!("{}-{app_id}", now.format("%Y%d%m-%H%M%S"));
-    let day_dir = log_dir.join(day);
-    fs::create_dir_all(&day_dir).context("failed to create ct log dir")?;
-    let cert_log_path = find_available_filename(&day_dir, &base_filename)
-        .context("failed to find available filename")?;
-    fs::write(cert_log_path, cert).context("faile to write ct log cert")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn binary_search(mut upper: usize, is_ok: impl Fn(usize) -> bool) -> Option<usize> {
-    let mut lower = 0;
-    if is_ok(0) {
-        return Some(0);
-    }
-    if !is_ok(upper) {
-        return None;
-    }
-    while lower < upper {
-        let mid = lower + (upper - lower) / 2;
-        if is_ok(mid) {
-            upper = mid;
-        } else {
-            lower = mid + 1;
-        }
-    }
-    Some(upper)
-}
-
-fn find_available_filename(dir: &Path, base_filename: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    fn mk_filename(dir: &Path, base_filename: &str, index: usize) -> PathBuf {
-        dir.join(format!("{base_filename}.{index}.cert"))
-    }
-    let available_index = binary_search(4096, |i| {
-        !std::path::Path::new(&mk_filename(dir, base_filename, i)).exists()
-    })?;
-    Some(mk_filename(dir, base_filename, available_index))
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_binary_search_simple() {
-        for i in 0..=4096 {
-            let result = binary_search(4096, |x| x >= i);
-            assert_eq!(result, Some(i));
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kms/src/main.rs b/kms/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 641872ca0..000000000
--- a/kms/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use clap::Parser;
-use config::KmsConfig;
-use main_service::{KmsState, RpcHandler};
-use ra_rpc::rocket_helper::QuoteVerifier;
-use rocket::fairing::AdHoc;
-use tracing::info;
-
-mod config;
-mod ct_log;
-mod main_service;
-
-fn app_version() -> String {
-    const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    const VERSION: &str = git_version::git_version!(
-        args = ["--abbrev=20", "--always", "--dirty=-modified"],
-        prefix = "git:",
-        fallback = "unknown"
-    );
-    format!("v{CARGO_PKG_VERSION} ({VERSION})")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
-struct Args {
-    /// Path to the configuration file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    config: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[rocket::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-    let args = Args::parse();
-
-    info!("Starting KMS");
-    info!("Supported methods:");
-    for method in main_service::rpc_methods() {
-        info!("  /prpc/{method}");
-    }
-
-    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
-    let config: KmsConfig = figment.focus("core").extract()?;
-    let pccs_url = config.pccs_url.clone();
-    let state = main_service::KmsState::new(config).context("Failed to initialize KMS state")?;
-    let mut rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
-            })
-        }))
-        .mount("/prpc", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(KmsState, RpcHandler))
-        .manage(state);
-
-    if !pccs_url.is_empty() {
-        let verifier = QuoteVerifier::new(pccs_url);
-        rocket = rocket.manage(verifier);
-    }
-
-    rocket
-        .launch()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/kms/src/main_service.rs b/kms/src/main_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c12b26e61..000000000
--- a/kms/src/main_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use kms_rpc::{
-    kms_server::{KmsRpc, KmsServer},
-    AppId, AppKeyResponse, GetAppKeyRequest, GetMetaResponse, PublicKeyResponse,
-};
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
-use ra_tls::{
-    attestation::Attestation,
-    cert::{CaCert, CertRequest},
-    kdf::{derive_dh_secret, derive_ecdsa_key_pair},
-    qvl::quote::{Report, TDReport10},
-};
-use tracing::warn;
-
-use crate::{
-    config::{AllowedMr, KmsConfig},
-    ct_log::ct_log_write_cert,
-};
-use fs_err as fs;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct KmsState {
-    inner: Arc<KmsStateInner>,
-}
-
-struct KmsStateInner {
-    config: KmsConfig,
-    root_ca: CaCert,
-}
-
-impl KmsState {
-    fn lock(&self) -> &KmsStateInner {
-        &self.inner
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(config: KmsConfig) -> Result<Self> {
-        let ca_cert = CaCert::load(&config.root_ca_cert, &config.root_ca_key)
-            .context("Failed to load root CA certificate")?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(KmsStateInner {
-                config,
-                root_ca: ca_cert,
-            }),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct RpcHandler {
-    state: KmsState,
-    attestation: Option<Attestation>,
-}
-
-impl AllowedMr {
-    pub fn is_allowed(&self, report: &TDReport10) -> bool {
-        if self.allow_all {
-            return true;
-        }
-        self.mrtd.contains(&report.mr_td)
-            && self.rtmr0.contains(&report.rt_mr0)
-            && self.rtmr1.contains(&report.rt_mr1)
-            && self.rtmr2.contains(&report.rt_mr2)
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcHandler {
-    fn ensure_attested(&self) -> Result<&Attestation> {
-        let Some(attestation) = &self.attestation else {
-            bail!("No attestation provided");
-        };
-        // if !attestation.is_verified() {
-        //     bail!("The quote is not verified");
-        // }
-        let quote = attestation.decode_quote()?;
-
-        let report = match quote.report {
-            Report::SgxEnclave(_) => bail!("SGX enclave is not supported"),
-            Report::TD10(r) => r,
-            Report::TD15(r) => r.base,
-        };
-        if !self.state.inner.config.allowed_mr.is_allowed(&report) {
-            bail!("Forbidden MR");
-        }
-        Ok(attestation)
-    }
-
-    fn ensure_app_allowed(&self, app_id: &str, compose_hash: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        fn truncate(s: &str, len: usize) -> &str {
-            if s.len() > len {
-                &s[..len]
-            } else {
-                s
-            }
-        }
-        let truncated_compose_hash = truncate(compose_hash, 40);
-        if app_id == truncated_compose_hash {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        if self.state.inner.config.allow_any_upgrade {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let registry_dir = &self.state.inner.config.upgrade_registry_dir;
-        let flag_file_path = format!("{registry_dir}/{app_id}/{truncated_compose_hash}");
-        if fs::metadata(&flag_file_path).is_ok() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        warn!("Denied to load {app_id} of hash {compose_hash}");
-        bail!("Compose hash denied");
-    }
-}
-
-impl KmsRpc for RpcHandler {
-    async fn get_app_key(self, request: GetAppKeyRequest) -> Result<AppKeyResponse> {
-        let attest = self.ensure_attested()?;
-        let app_id = attest.decode_app_id().context("Failed to decode app ID")?;
-        let instance_id = attest
-            .decode_instance_id()
-            .context("Failed to decode instance ID")?;
-        let compose_hash = attest
-            .decode_compose_hash()
-            .context("Failed to decode compose hash")?;
-        self.ensure_app_allowed(&app_id, &compose_hash)
-            .context("App not allowed")?;
-        let rootfs_hash = attest
-            .decode_rootfs_hash()
-            .context("Failed to decode rootfs hash")?;
-
-        let state = self.state.lock();
-
-        let app_key = derive_ecdsa_key_pair(
-            &state.root_ca.key,
-            &[app_id.as_bytes(), "app-key".as_bytes()],
-        )
-        .context("Failed to derive app key")?;
-        let mut context_data = if request.upgradable {
-            vec![]
-        } else {
-            vec![rootfs_hash.as_bytes()]
-        };
-        context_data.extend(vec![
-            app_id.as_bytes(),
-            instance_id.as_bytes(),
-            "app-disk-crypt-key".as_bytes(),
-        ]);
-        let app_disk_key = derive_ecdsa_key_pair(&state.root_ca.key, &context_data)
-            .context("Failed to derive app disk key")?;
-
-        let env_crypt_key = {
-            let secret = derive_dh_secret(
-                &state.root_ca.key,
-                &[app_id.as_bytes(), "env-encrypt-key".as_bytes()],
-            )
-            .context("Failed to derive env encrypt key")?;
-            let secret = x25519_dalek::StaticSecret::from(secret);
-            secret.to_bytes()
-        };
-        let subject = format!("{app_id}{}", state.config.subject_postfix);
-        let req = CertRequest::builder()
-            .subject(&subject)
-            .ca_level(1)
-            .quote(&attest.quote)
-            .event_log(&attest.raw_event_log)
-            .key(&app_key)
-            .build();
-
-        let cert = state
-            .root_ca
-            .sign(req)
-            .context("Failed to sign certificate")?
-            .pem();
-
-        ct_log_write_cert(&app_id, &cert, &state.config.cert_log_dir)
-            .context("failed to log certificate")?;
-
-        Ok(AppKeyResponse {
-            app_key: app_key.serialize_pem(),
-            disk_crypt_key: app_disk_key.serialize_der(),
-            env_crypt_key: env_crypt_key.to_vec(),
-            certificate_chain: vec![cert, state.root_ca.cert.pem()],
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(self, request: AppId) -> Result<PublicKeyResponse> {
-        let secret = derive_dh_secret(
-            &self.state.lock().root_ca.key,
-            &[request.app_id.as_bytes(), "env-encrypt-key".as_bytes()],
-        )
-        .context("Failed to derive env encrypt key")?;
-        let secret = x25519_dalek::StaticSecret::from(secret);
-        let pubkey = x25519_dalek::PublicKey::from(&secret);
-        Ok(PublicKeyResponse {
-            public_key: pubkey.to_bytes().to_vec(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_meta(self) -> Result<GetMetaResponse> {
-        Ok(GetMetaResponse {
-            ca_cert: self.state.inner.root_ca.cert.pem(),
-            allow_any_upgrade: self.state.inner.config.allow_any_upgrade,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<KmsState> for RpcHandler {
-    type PrpcService = KmsServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, KmsState>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(RpcHandler {
-            state: context.state.clone(),
-            attestation: context.attestation,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn rpc_methods() -> &'static [&'static str] {
-    <KmsServer<RpcHandler>>::supported_methods()
-}
diff --git a/load_config/Cargo.toml b/load_config/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index c50aa1793..000000000
--- a/load_config/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "load_config"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-figment = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "toml"] }
-rocket.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/load_config/src/lib.rs b/load_config/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b8dbd42f..000000000
--- a/load_config/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,308 +0,0 @@
-use figment::{
-    providers::{Data, Format, Json, Toml},
-    Figment,
-};
-use tracing::info;
-
-trait MaybeNested {
-    fn maybe_nested(self, nested: bool) -> Self;
-}
-
-impl<T: Format> MaybeNested for Data<T> {
-    fn maybe_nested(self, nested: bool) -> Self {
-        if nested {
-            self.nested()
-        } else {
-            self
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn load_config_file(path: &str, nested: bool, figment: Figment) -> Figment {
-    if path.ends_with(".json") {
-        return figment.merge(Json::file(path).maybe_nested(nested));
-    }
-    if path.ends_with(".toml") {
-        return figment.merge(Toml::file(path).maybe_nested(nested));
-    }
-    figment.merge(Json::file(path).maybe_nested(nested))
-}
-
-fn load_config_in_dir(name: &str, path: &str, nested: bool, mut figment: Figment) -> Figment {
-    for ext in ["toml", "json"] {
-        let filename = format!("{}/{}.{}", path, name, ext);
-        if std::path::Path::new(&filename).exists() {
-            info!("Loading config file: {}", filename);
-            figment = load_config_file(&filename, nested, figment);
-        }
-    }
-    figment
-}
-
-fn search_load_config(
-    name: &str,
-    search_paths: &[&str],
-    default_toml: &str,
-    leaf_config: Option<&str>,
-    nested: bool,
-) -> Figment {
-    let mut figment = Figment::from(rocket::Config::default())
-        .merge(Toml::string(default_toml).maybe_nested(nested));
-    for path in search_paths {
-        figment = load_config_in_dir(name, path, nested, figment);
-    }
-    match leaf_config {
-        Some(path) => load_config_file(path, nested, figment),
-        None => figment,
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn load_config(
-    name: &str,
-    default_toml: &str,
-    leaf_config: Option<&str>,
-    nested: bool,
-) -> Figment {
-    let etc_path = format!("/etc/{name}");
-    search_load_config(name, &[&etc_path, "."], default_toml, leaf_config, nested)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use std::fs;
-    use tempfile::TempDir;
-
-    fn setup_test_files(dir: &TempDir) -> (String, String) {
-        let json_path = dir.path().join("config.json");
-        let toml_path = dir.path().join("config.toml");
-
-        fs::write(&json_path, r#"{"test": "json_value"}"#).unwrap();
-        fs::write(&toml_path, r#"test = "toml_value""#).unwrap();
-
-        (
-            json_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string(),
-            toml_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string(),
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_config_file_json() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let (json_path, _) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
-
-        let figment = Figment::new();
-        let result = load_config_file(&json_path, false, figment);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
-            "json_value"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_config_file_toml() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let (_, toml_path) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
-
-        let figment = Figment::new();
-        let result = load_config_file(&toml_path, false, figment);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
-            "toml_value"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_config_in_dir() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
-
-        fs::write(
-            temp_dir.path().join("test.json"),
-            r#"{"key": "json_value"}"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let figment = Figment::new();
-        let result = load_config_in_dir("test", dir_path, false, figment);
-
-        assert_eq!(result.extract_inner::<String>("key").unwrap(), "json_value");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_search_load_config() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
-
-        fs::write(
-            temp_dir.path().join("app.toml"),
-            r#"override = "from_toml""#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let default_toml = r#"
-foo = "value"
-override = "default"
-"#;
-
-        let result = search_load_config("app", &[dir_path], default_toml, None, false);
-
-        assert_eq!(result.extract_inner::<String>("foo").unwrap(), "value");
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("override").unwrap(),
-            "from_toml"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_search_load_config2() {
-        let temp_dir1 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let temp_dir2 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let dir1_path = temp_dir1.path().to_str().unwrap();
-        let dir2_path = temp_dir2.path().to_str().unwrap();
-
-        // Set up config in first directory
-        fs::write(
-            temp_dir1.path().join("app.toml"),
-            r#"
-base = "from_dir1"
-override1 = "dir1_value"
-common = "dir1_value"
-"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Set up config in second directory
-        fs::write(
-            temp_dir2.path().join("app.json"),
-            r#"{
-                "override1": "dir2_value",
-                "override2": "dir2_value",
-                "common": "dir2_value"
-            }"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        // Create leaf config file
-        let leaf_config = temp_dir1.path().join("leaf.json");
-        fs::write(
-            &leaf_config,
-            r#"{
-                "override2": "leaf_value",
-                "leaf_only": "leaf_value"
-            }"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let default_toml = r#"
-base = "default"
-override1 = "default"
-override2 = "default"
-common = "default"
-"#;
-
-        let result = search_load_config(
-            "app",
-            &[dir1_path, dir2_path],
-            default_toml,
-            Some(leaf_config.to_str().unwrap()),
-            false,
-        );
-
-        // Test layered configuration
-        assert_eq!(result.extract_inner::<String>("base").unwrap(), "from_dir1");
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("override1").unwrap(),
-            "dir2_value"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("override2").unwrap(),
-            "leaf_value"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("common").unwrap(),
-            "dir2_value"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("leaf_only").unwrap(),
-            "leaf_value"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_config_file_json_nested() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let (json_path, _) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
-
-        // Write nested JSON configuration
-        fs::write(&json_path, r#"{"config": {"test": "nested_json_value"}}"#).unwrap();
-
-        let figment = Figment::new();
-        let result = load_config_file(&json_path, true, figment).select("config");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
-            "nested_json_value"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_load_config_file_toml_nested() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let (_, toml_path) = setup_test_files(&temp_dir);
-
-        // Write nested TOML configuration
-        fs::write(
-            &toml_path,
-            r#"
-[config]
-test = "nested_toml_value"
-"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let figment = Figment::new();
-        let result = load_config_file(&toml_path, true, figment).select("config");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("test").unwrap(),
-            "nested_toml_value"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_search_load_config_nested() {
-        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let dir_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();
-
-        // Write nested configuration
-        fs::write(
-            temp_dir.path().join("app.toml"),
-            r#"
-[config]
-override = "nested_from_toml"
-"#,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-
-        let default_toml = r#"
-[config]
-foo = "nested_value"
-override = "default"
-"#;
-
-        let result =
-            search_load_config("app", &[dir_path], default_toml, None, true).select("config");
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("foo").unwrap(),
-            "nested_value"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            result.extract_inner::<String>("override").unwrap(),
-            "nested_from_toml"
-        );
-    }
-}
diff --git a/mod-tdx-guest/Kconfig b/mod-tdx-guest/Kconfig
deleted file mode 100644
index 22dd59e19..000000000
--- a/mod-tdx-guest/Kconfig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-config TDX_GUEST_DRIVER
-	tristate "TDX Guest driver"
-	depends on INTEL_TDX_GUEST
-	select TSM_REPORTS
-	help
-	  The driver provides userspace interface to communicate with
-	  the TDX module to request the TDX guest details like attestation
-	  report.
-
-	  To compile this driver as module, choose M here. The module will
-	  be called tdx-guest.
diff --git a/mod-tdx-guest/Makefile b/mod-tdx-guest/Makefile
deleted file mode 100644
index a71b1897a..000000000
--- a/mod-tdx-guest/Makefile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
-
-SRC := $(shell pwd)
-KERNEL_SRC ?= /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
-INSTALL_MOD_PATH := $(shell pwd)/dist/
-
-obj-m += tdx-guest.o
-tdx-guest-objs := tdcall.o mod.o
-
-all:
-	$(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC)
-
-modules_install:
-	$(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC) modules_install
-
-clean:
-	$(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC) clean
-
-install:
-	make -C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD) modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH=$(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)
diff --git a/mod-tdx-guest/mod.c b/mod-tdx-guest/mod.c
deleted file mode 100644
index f9481b471..000000000
--- a/mod-tdx-guest/mod.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
-/*
- * TDX guest user interface driver
- *
- * Copyright (C) 2022 Intel Corporation
- */
-
-#include <linux/kernel.h>
-#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
-#include <linux/mm.h>
-#include <linux/module.h>
-#include <linux/mod_devicetable.h>
-#include <linux/string.h>
-#include <linux/uaccess.h>
-#include <linux/set_memory.h>
-#include <linux/io.h>
-#include <linux/delay.h>
-#include <linux/sizes.h>
-
-#include <asm/cpu_device_id.h>
-
-#include "tdx-guest.h"
-#include "tdx.h"
-
-#define TDCALL_RETURN_CODE(a) ((a) >> 32)
-#define TDCALL_INVALID_OPERAND 0xc0000100
-
-#define TDREPORT_SUBTYPE_0 0
-
-static int tdx_mcall_get_report0(u8 *reportdata, u8 *tdreport)
-{
-	struct tdx_module_args args = {
-		.rcx = virt_to_phys(tdreport),
-		.rdx = virt_to_phys(reportdata),
-		.r8 = TDREPORT_SUBTYPE_0,
-	};
-	u64 ret;
-
-	ret = __tdcall(TDG_MR_REPORT, &args);
-	if (ret) {
-		if (TDCALL_RETURN_CODE(ret) == TDCALL_INVALID_OPERAND)
-			return -EINVAL;
-		return -EIO;
-	}
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static long tdx_get_report0(struct tdx_report_req __user *req)
-{
-	u8 *reportdata, *tdreport;
-	long ret;
-
-	reportdata = kmalloc(TDX_REPORTDATA_LEN, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!reportdata)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	tdreport = kzalloc(TDX_REPORT_LEN, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!tdreport)
-	{
-		ret = -ENOMEM;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	if (copy_from_user(reportdata, req->reportdata, TDX_REPORTDATA_LEN))
-	{
-		ret = -EFAULT;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	/* Generate TDREPORT0 using "TDG.MR.REPORT" TDCALL */
-	ret = tdx_mcall_get_report0(reportdata, tdreport);
-	if (ret)
-		goto out;
-
-	if (copy_to_user(req->tdreport, tdreport, TDX_REPORT_LEN))
-		ret = -EFAULT;
-
-out:
-	kfree(reportdata);
-	kfree(tdreport);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static long tdx_extend_rtmr(struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req __user *req)
-{
-	u8 *data;
-	u8 index;
-	long ret;
-
-	data = kmalloc(TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!data)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	if (copy_from_user(data, req->data, TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN))
-	{
-		ret = -EFAULT;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	if (copy_from_user(&index, (u8 __user *)&req->index, 1))
-	{
-		ret = -EFAULT;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	{
-		struct tdx_module_args args = {
-			.rcx = virt_to_phys(data),
-			.rdx = index,
-		};
-
-		ret = __tdcall(TDG_MR_RTMR_EXTEND, &args);
-	}
-out:
-	kfree(data);
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static long tdx_guest_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd,
-							unsigned long arg)
-{
-	switch (cmd)
-	{
-	case TDX_CMD_GET_REPORT0:
-		return tdx_get_report0((struct tdx_report_req __user *)arg);
-	case TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR:
-	case TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR2:
-		return tdx_extend_rtmr((struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req __user *)arg);
-	default:
-		return -ENOTTY;
-	}
-}
-
-static const struct file_operations tdx_guest_fops = {
-	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
-	.unlocked_ioctl = tdx_guest_ioctl,
-	.llseek = no_llseek,
-};
-
-static struct miscdevice tdx_misc_dev = {
-	.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
-	.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
-	.fops = &tdx_guest_fops,
-};
-
-static const struct x86_cpu_id tdx_guest_ids[] = {
-	X86_MATCH_FEATURE(X86_FEATURE_TDX_GUEST, NULL),
-	{}
-};
-MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(x86cpu, tdx_guest_ids);
-
-static int __init tdx_guest_init(void)
-{
-	int ret;
-
-	if (!x86_match_cpu(tdx_guest_ids))
-		return -ENODEV;
-
-	ret = misc_register(&tdx_misc_dev);
-	if (ret)
-		return ret;
-
-
-	return 0;
-
-	misc_deregister(&tdx_misc_dev);
-
-	return ret;
-}
-module_init(tdx_guest_init);
-
-static void __exit tdx_guest_exit(void)
-{
-	misc_deregister(&tdx_misc_dev);
-}
-module_exit(tdx_guest_exit);
-
-MODULE_AUTHOR("Kuppuswamy Sathyanarayanan <sathyanarayanan.kuppuswamy@linux.intel.com>, kvinwang");
-MODULE_DESCRIPTION("TDX Guest Driver");
-MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
diff --git a/mod-tdx-guest/tdcall.S b/mod-tdx-guest/tdcall.S
deleted file mode 100644
index abee44fde..000000000
--- a/mod-tdx-guest/tdcall.S
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
-#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
-#include <asm/asm.h>
-
-#include <linux/linkage.h>
-#include <linux/errno.h>
-
-#include <asm/frame.h>
-#include <asm/tdx.h>
-
-/*
- * TDCALL and SEAMCALL are supported in Binutils >= 2.36.
- */
-#define tdcall		.byte 0x66,0x0f,0x01,0xcc
-#define seamcall	.byte 0x66,0x0f,0x01,0xcf
-
-/*
- * TDX_MODULE_CALL - common helper macro for both
- *                 TDCALL and SEAMCALL instructions.
- *
- * TDCALL   - used by TDX guests to make requests to the
- *            TDX module and hypercalls to the VMM.
- * SEAMCALL - used by TDX hosts to make requests to the
- *            TDX module.
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * TDCALL/SEAMCALL ABI:
- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Input Registers:
- *
- * RAX                        - TDCALL/SEAMCALL Leaf number.
- * RCX,RDX,RDI,RSI,RBX,R8-R15 - TDCALL/SEAMCALL Leaf specific input registers.
- *
- * Output Registers:
- *
- * RAX                        - TDCALL/SEAMCALL instruction error code.
- * RCX,RDX,RDI,RSI,RBX,R8-R15 - TDCALL/SEAMCALL Leaf specific output registers.
- *
- *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *
- * So while the common core (RAX,RCX,RDX,R8-R11) fits nicely in the
- * callee-clobbered registers and even leaves RDI,RSI free to act as a
- * base pointer, some leafs (e.g., VP.ENTER) make a giant mess of things.
- *
- * For simplicity, assume that anything that needs the callee-saved regs
- * also tramples on RDI,RSI.  This isn't strictly true, see for example
- * TDH.EXPORT.MEM.
- */
-.macro TDX_MODULE_CALL host:req ret=0
-	FRAME_BEGIN
-
-	/* Move Leaf ID to RAX */
-	mov %rdi, %rax
-
-	/* Move other input regs from 'struct tdx_module_args' */
-	movq	TDX_MODULE_rcx(%rsi), %rcx
-	movq	TDX_MODULE_rdx(%rsi), %rdx
-	movq	TDX_MODULE_r8(%rsi),  %r8
-	movq	TDX_MODULE_r9(%rsi),  %r9
-	movq	TDX_MODULE_r10(%rsi), %r10
-	movq	TDX_MODULE_r11(%rsi), %r11
-
-.if \host
-.Lseamcall\@:
-	seamcall
-	/*
-	 * SEAMCALL instruction is essentially a VMExit from VMX root
-	 * mode to SEAM VMX root mode.  VMfailInvalid (CF=1) indicates
-	 * that the targeted SEAM firmware is not loaded or disabled,
-	 * or P-SEAMLDR is busy with another SEAMCALL.  %rax is not
-	 * changed in this case.
-	 *
-	 * Set %rax to TDX_SEAMCALL_VMFAILINVALID for VMfailInvalid.
-	 * This value will never be used as actual SEAMCALL error code as
-	 * it is from the Reserved status code class.
-	 */
-	jc .Lseamcall_vmfailinvalid\@
-.else
-	tdcall
-.endif
-
-.if \ret
-	/* Copy output registers to the structure */
-	movq %rcx, TDX_MODULE_rcx(%rsi)
-	movq %rdx, TDX_MODULE_rdx(%rsi)
-	movq %r8,  TDX_MODULE_r8(%rsi)
-	movq %r9,  TDX_MODULE_r9(%rsi)
-	movq %r10, TDX_MODULE_r10(%rsi)
-	movq %r11, TDX_MODULE_r11(%rsi)
-.endif	/* \ret */
-
-.if \host
-.Lout\@:
-.endif
-
-	FRAME_END
-	RET
-
-.if \host
-.Lseamcall_vmfailinvalid\@:
-	mov $TDX_SEAMCALL_VMFAILINVALID, %rax
-	jmp .Lseamcall_fail\@
-
-.Lseamcall_trap\@:
-	/*
-	 * SEAMCALL caused #GP or #UD.  By reaching here RAX contains
-	 * the trap number.  Convert the trap number to the TDX error
-	 * code by setting TDX_SW_ERROR to the high 32-bits of RAX.
-	 *
-	 * Note cannot OR TDX_SW_ERROR directly to RAX as OR instruction
-	 * only accepts 32-bit immediate at most.
-	 */
-	movq $TDX_SW_ERROR, %rdi
-	orq  %rdi, %rax
-
-.Lseamcall_fail\@:
-	jmp .Lout\@
-
-	_ASM_EXTABLE_FAULT(.Lseamcall\@, .Lseamcall_trap\@)
-.endif	/* \host */
-
-.endm
-
-.section .noinstr.text, "ax"
-
-/*
- * __tdcall()  - Used by TDX guests to request services from the TDX
- * module (does not include VMM services) using TDCALL instruction.
- *
- * __tdcall() function ABI:
- *
- * @fn   (RDI)	- TDCALL Leaf ID, moved to RAX
- * @args (RSI)	- struct tdx_module_args for input
- *
- * Only RCX/RDX/R8-R11 are used as input registers.
- *
- * Return status of TDCALL via RAX.
- */
-SYM_FUNC_START(__tdcall)
-	TDX_MODULE_CALL host=0
-SYM_FUNC_END(__tdcall)
-
-/*
- * __tdcall_ret() - Used by TDX guests to request services from the TDX
- * module (does not include VMM services) using TDCALL instruction, with
- * saving output registers to the 'struct tdx_module_args' used as input.
- *
- * __tdcall_ret() function ABI:
- *
- * @fn   (RDI)	- TDCALL Leaf ID, moved to RAX
- * @args (RSI)	- struct tdx_module_args for input and output
- *
- * Only RCX/RDX/R8-R11 are used as input/output registers.
- *
- * Return status of TDCALL via RAX.
- */
-SYM_FUNC_START(__tdcall_ret)
-	TDX_MODULE_CALL host=0 ret=1
-SYM_FUNC_END(__tdcall_ret)
diff --git a/mod-tdx-guest/tdx-guest.h b/mod-tdx-guest/tdx-guest.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 2afc8cbda..000000000
--- a/mod-tdx-guest/tdx-guest.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note */
-/*
- * Userspace interface for TDX guest driver
- *
- * Copyright (C) 2022 Intel Corporation
- */
-
-#ifndef _UAPI_LINUX_TDX_GUEST_H_
-#define _UAPI_LINUX_TDX_GUEST_H_
-
-#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-#include <linux/types.h>
-
-/* Length of the REPORTDATA used in TDG.MR.REPORT TDCALL */
-#define TDX_REPORTDATA_LEN              64
-
-/* Length of TDREPORT used in TDG.MR.REPORT TDCALL */
-#define TDX_REPORT_LEN                  1024
-
-/**
- * struct tdx_report_req - Request struct for TDX_CMD_GET_REPORT0 IOCTL.
- *
- * @reportdata: User buffer with REPORTDATA to be included into TDREPORT.
- *              Typically it can be some nonce provided by attestation
- *              service, so the generated TDREPORT can be uniquely verified.
- * @tdreport: User buffer to store TDREPORT output from TDCALL[TDG.MR.REPORT].
- */
-struct tdx_report_req {
-	__u8 reportdata[TDX_REPORTDATA_LEN];
-	__u8 tdreport[TDX_REPORT_LEN];
-};
-
-/*
- * TDX_CMD_GET_REPORT0 - Get TDREPORT0 (a.k.a. TDREPORT subtype 0) using
- *                       TDCALL[TDG.MR.REPORT]
- *
- * Return 0 on success, -EIO on TDCALL execution failure, and
- * standard errno on other general error cases.
- */
-#define TDX_CMD_GET_REPORT0              _IOWR('T', 1, struct tdx_report_req)
-
-#define TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR _IOR('T', 3, struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req)
-#define TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR2 _IOW('T', 3, struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req)
-#define TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN 48
-struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req
-{
-	u8 data[TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN];
-	u8 index;
-};
-
-#endif /* _UAPI_LINUX_TDX_GUEST_H_ */
diff --git a/mod-tdx-guest/tdx.h b/mod-tdx-guest/tdx.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ad0419b2..000000000
--- a/mod-tdx-guest/tdx.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
-#ifndef _ASM_X86_SHARED_TDX_H
-#define _ASM_X86_SHARED_TDX_H
-
-#include <linux/bits.h>
-#include <linux/types.h>
-
-#define TDX_HYPERCALL_STANDARD  0
-
-#define TDX_CPUID_LEAF_ID	0x21
-#define TDX_IDENT		"IntelTDX    "
-
-/* TDX module Call Leaf IDs */
-#define TDG_VP_VMCALL			0
-#define TDG_VP_INFO				1
-#define TDG_MR_RTMR_EXTEND		2
-#define TDG_VP_VEINFO_GET		3
-#define TDG_MR_REPORT			4
-#define TDG_MEM_PAGE_ACCEPT		6
-#define TDG_VM_WR				8
-
-/* TDCS fields. To be used by TDG.VM.WR and TDG.VM.RD module calls */
-#define TDCS_NOTIFY_ENABLES		0x9100000000000010
-
-/* TDX hypercall Leaf IDs */
-#define TDVMCALL_MAP_GPA		0x10001
-#define TDVMCALL_GET_QUOTE		0x10002
-#define TDVMCALL_REPORT_FATAL_ERROR	0x10003
-
-#define TDVMCALL_STATUS_RETRY		1
-
-/*
- * Bitmasks of exposed registers (with VMM).
- */
-#define TDX_RDX		BIT(2)
-#define TDX_RBX		BIT(3)
-#define TDX_RSI		BIT(6)
-#define TDX_RDI		BIT(7)
-#define TDX_R8		BIT(8)
-#define TDX_R9		BIT(9)
-#define TDX_R10		BIT(10)
-#define TDX_R11		BIT(11)
-#define TDX_R12		BIT(12)
-#define TDX_R13		BIT(13)
-#define TDX_R14		BIT(14)
-#define TDX_R15		BIT(15)
-
-/*
- * These registers are clobbered to hold arguments for each
- * TDVMCALL. They are safe to expose to the VMM.
- * Each bit in this mask represents a register ID. Bit field
- * details can be found in TDX GHCI specification, section
- * titled "TDCALL [TDG.VP.VMCALL] leaf".
- */
-#define TDVMCALL_EXPOSE_REGS_MASK	\
-	(TDX_RDX | TDX_RBX | TDX_RSI | TDX_RDI | TDX_R8  | TDX_R9  | \
-	 TDX_R10 | TDX_R11 | TDX_R12 | TDX_R13 | TDX_R14 | TDX_R15)
-
-/* TDX supported page sizes from the TDX module ABI. */
-#define TDX_PS_4K	0
-#define TDX_PS_2M	1
-#define TDX_PS_1G	2
-#define TDX_PS_NR	(TDX_PS_1G + 1)
-
-#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
-
-#include <linux/compiler_attributes.h>
-
-/*
- * Used in __tdcall*() to gather the input/output registers' values of the
- * TDCALL instruction when requesting services from the TDX module. This is a
- * software only structure and not part of the TDX module/VMM ABI
- */
-struct tdx_module_args {
-	/* callee-clobbered */
-	u64 rcx;
-	u64 rdx;
-	u64 r8;
-	u64 r9;
-	/* extra callee-clobbered */
-	u64 r10;
-	u64 r11;
-	/* callee-saved + rdi/rsi */
-	u64 r12;
-	u64 r13;
-	u64 r14;
-	u64 r15;
-	u64 rbx;
-	u64 rdi;
-	u64 rsi;
-};
-
-/* Used to communicate with the TDX module */
-u64 __tdcall(u64 fn, struct tdx_module_args *args);
-u64 __tdcall_ret(u64 fn, struct tdx_module_args *args);
-u64 __tdcall_saved_ret(u64 fn, struct tdx_module_args *args);
-
-#endif /* !__ASSEMBLY__ */
-#endif /* _ASM_X86_SHARED_TDX_H */
diff --git a/os/README.md b/os/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e26debe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# dstack guest OS
+
+The `os/` tree separates the guest-OS contract from the implementation used to
+produce it.
+
+```text
+os/
+├── build.sh                  # backend selector
+├── common/rootfs/            # backend-independent guest payload
+├── common/scripts/           # checks both backends run
+├── image/                    # backend-independent release assembler
+├── spec/                     # versioned backend artifact contract
+├── mkosi/                    # experimental pinned Debian/mkosi backend
+└── yocto/                    # production backend
+    ├── deps/                 # external Yocto layers (git submodules)
+    ├── layers/               # dstack-owned Yocto layers
+    └── tools/                # Yocto-specific host workarounds
+```
+
+A backend can be added at `os/<backend>/` without moving shared payload or
+duplicating release packaging. The mkosi backend is experimental but implements
+the same artifact-manifest and common release-assembly contract as Yocto; see
+[`mkosi/README.md`](mkosi/README.md) for its scope and acceptance criteria.
+
+## Build
+
+For a first production build from a fresh checkout, use the repository-level
+target:
+
+```bash
+make os-image
+```
+
+It initializes only the Yocto dependency submodules and runs a complete build
+inside the pinned builder container. See [Build the dstack guest OS](../docs/building-guest-os.md)
+for prerequisites, output verification, flavor selection, reproducibility
+checking, incremental development, and troubleshooting.
+
+The lower-level native backend interface remains available:
+
+```bash
+make os-deps
+./os/build.sh --backend yocto --build-dir "$PWD/os/yocto/bb-build"
+```
+
+`--flavors "prod dev"` selects image flavors. Native builds require the host
+packages listed in `yocto/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro`.
+
+## Backend contract
+
+Each backend has two boundaries:
+
+1. `os/<backend>/build.sh image [build-dir]` builds native artifacts.
+2. The backend exports `os/spec/artifact-manifest.schema.json` version 1 and
+   calls `os/image/assemble.sh --manifest <path>`.
+
+Artifact paths in a manifest are relative to the manifest. The common assembler
+owns partitioned disk creation, release metadata, TDX/SNP/GCP measurement
+material, checksums, and tarballs. Backends own how the kernel, initramfs,
+firmware, dm-verity rootfs, and optional UKI are built.
+
+The Yocto compatibility entrypoint `os/yocto/mkimage.sh` demonstrates this
+split: `scripts/export-artifacts.sh` handles BitBake paths and
+`../image/assemble.sh` handles backend-independent packaging.
+
+## Source boundaries
+
+The guest recipe stages only the inputs it needs:
+
+- `dstack/` for core Rust services,
+- `sdk/rust/` for public Rust SDK workspace members,
+- `os/common/rootfs/` for OS-owned payload.
+
+It does not copy the entire repository or depend on a nested dstack submodule.
+
+## Licensing
+
+The dstack-owned core, SDK, documentation, tools, guest payload, Yocto backend,
+and image-assembly code are Apache-2.0. Individual vendored recipes, patches,
+and embedded components may carry their own notices; moving them into this
+repository does not relicense them.
diff --git a/os/build.sh b/os/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..59d878208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: ${0##*/} [--backend NAME] [--flavors "FLAVOR ..."] [--build-dir DIR]
+
+Build dstack guest OS release artifacts with a selected backend.
+
+Available backends:
+  yocto    Reproducible Yocto build (default)
+  mkosi    Experimental pinned Debian/mkosi build
+
+A backend lives at os/<name>/build.sh and implements the "image" action.
+The common image contract is documented in os/README.md.
+EOF
+}
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+BACKEND=yocto
+FLAVORS=${FLAVORS:-prod}
+BUILD_DIR=
+
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --backend)
+            [ $# -ge 2 ] || { echo "Error: --backend requires a value" >&2; exit 1; }
+            BACKEND=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --flavors)
+            [ $# -ge 2 ] || { echo "Error: --flavors requires a value" >&2; exit 1; }
+            FLAVORS=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --build-dir)
+            [ $# -ge 2 ] || { echo "Error: --build-dir requires a value" >&2; exit 1; }
+            BUILD_DIR=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            usage
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2
+            usage >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+case "$BACKEND" in
+    ''|*[!0-9A-Za-z_-]*)
+        echo "Error: invalid OS backend name: $BACKEND" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
+
+BACKEND_SCRIPT="$SCRIPT_DIR/$BACKEND/build.sh"
+if [ ! -x "$BACKEND_SCRIPT" ]; then
+    echo "Error: OS backend is not available: $BACKEND" >&2
+    echo "Expected executable: $BACKEND_SCRIPT" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+export FLAVORS
+if [ -n "$BUILD_DIR" ]; then
+    exec "$BACKEND_SCRIPT" image "$BUILD_DIR"
+else
+    exec "$BACKEND_SCRIPT" image
+fi
diff --git a/os/common/README.md b/os/common/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32088a905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Common guest rootfs payload
+
+`rootfs/` contains files installed into every dstack guest independently of the
+OS build backend. It is intentionally separate from Rust application source and
+from Yocto recipes.
+
+A backend should stage these files into their documented destinations. The
+current authoritative mapping is in
+`../yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-guest/dstack-guest.bb`. When a
+second backend is introduced, keep the payload canonical here and add a
+backend-specific installer rather than copying the files.
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/app-compose.service b/os/common/rootfs/app-compose.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b3979e255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/app-compose.service
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=App Compose Service
+Wants=docker.service containerd.service containerd-stargz-grpc.service
+After=docker.service containerd.service containerd-stargz-grpc.service dstack-prepare.service dstack-guest-agent.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+RemainAfterExit=true
+EnvironmentFile=-/dstack/.host-shared/.decrypted-env
+WorkingDirectory=/dstack
+ExecStart=/bin/app-compose.sh
+ExecStop=/bin/app-compose.sh stop
+StandardOutput=journal+console
+StandardError=journal+console
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/app-compose.sh b/os/common/rootfs/app-compose.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a712bbd5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/app-compose.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+HOST_SHARED_DIR="/dstack/.host-shared"
+SYS_CONFIG_FILE="$HOST_SHARED_DIR/.sys-config.json"
+APP_COMPOSE_FILE="${APP_COMPOSE_FILE:-app-compose.json}"
+COMPOSE_FILE="${COMPOSE_FILE:-docker-compose.yaml}"
+NERDCTL_NAMESPACE="${NERDCTL_NAMESPACE:-dstack}"
+ACTION="${1:-start}"
+
+CFG_PCCS_URL=$([ -f "$SYS_CONFIG_FILE" ] && jq -r '.pccs_url//""' "$SYS_CONFIG_FILE" || echo "")
+export PCCS_URL=${PCCS_URL:-$CFG_PCCS_URL}
+
+runner=$(jq -r '.runner' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE")
+snapshotter=$(jq -r '.snapshotter // "overlayfs"' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE")
+
+ensure_compose_file() {
+    if ! [ -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" ]; then
+        jq -r '.docker_compose_file' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE" >"$COMPOSE_FILE"
+    fi
+}
+
+validate_runner() {
+    case "$runner" in
+    docker-compose)
+        if jq -e 'has("snapshotter")' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE" >/dev/null; then
+            echo "ERROR: snapshotter is only supported by the nerdctl-compose runner" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        ;;
+    nerdctl-compose)
+        case "$snapshotter" in
+        overlayfs|stargz) ;;
+        *)
+            echo "ERROR: unsupported snapshotter for nerdctl-compose: $snapshotter" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+        esac
+        ;;
+    bash) ;;
+    *)
+        echo "ERROR: unsupported runner: $runner" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+compose_start() {
+    ensure_compose_file
+    case "$runner" in
+    docker-compose)
+        docker compose -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" up --remove-orphans -d --build
+        ;;
+    nerdctl-compose)
+        if docker compose -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" config --format json | jq -e \
+            'any(.services[]; has("build"))' >/dev/null; then
+            echo "ERROR: nerdctl-compose requires pre-built images; Compose build sections are not supported" >&2
+            return 1
+        fi
+        nerdctl --namespace "$NERDCTL_NAMESPACE" --snapshotter "$snapshotter" \
+            compose -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" up --remove-orphans -d
+        ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+compose_stop() {
+    [ -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" ] || return 0
+    case "$runner" in
+    docker-compose)
+        docker compose -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" stop
+        ;;
+    nerdctl-compose)
+        nerdctl --namespace "$NERDCTL_NAMESPACE" --snapshotter "$snapshotter" \
+            compose -f "$COMPOSE_FILE" stop
+        ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+validate_runner
+
+case "$ACTION" in
+start)
+    if [ "$(jq 'has("pre_launch_script")' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE")" = true ]; then
+        echo "Running pre-launch script"
+        dstack-util notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "pre-launch" || true
+        # shellcheck disable=SC1090
+        source <(jq -r '.pre_launch_script' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE")
+    fi
+
+    case "$runner" in
+    docker-compose|nerdctl-compose)
+        echo "Starting containers with runner=$runner snapshotter=$snapshotter"
+        dstack-util notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "starting containers" || true
+        if ! compose_start; then
+            dstack-util notify-host -e "boot.error" -d "failed to start containers"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        if [ "$runner" = docker-compose ]; then
+            echo "Pruning unused Docker images and volumes"
+            docker image prune -af
+            docker volume prune -f
+        else
+            echo "Pruning unused containerd images"
+            nerdctl --namespace "$NERDCTL_NAMESPACE" --snapshotter "$snapshotter" image prune -af
+        fi
+        ;;
+    bash)
+        echo "Running main script"
+        dstack-util notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "running main script" || true
+        jq -r '.bash_script' "$APP_COMPOSE_FILE" | bash
+        ;;
+    esac
+    dstack-util notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "done" || true
+    ;;
+stop)
+    compose_stop
+    ;;
+*)
+    echo "Usage: $0 [start|stop]" >&2
+    exit 2
+    ;;
+esac
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/containerd.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf b/os/common/rootfs/containerd.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bbda8246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/containerd.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[Unit]
+Wants=dstack-prepare.service
+After=dstack-prepare.service
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/dstack-guest-agent.conf b/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/dstack-guest-agent.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ca01dce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/dstack-guest-agent.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[Unit]
+Wants=dstack-guest-agent.service
+After=dstack-guest-agent.service
+
+[Service]
+TimeoutStartSec=0
+ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c 'while ! systemctl is-active --quiet dstack-guest-agent.service || [ ! -S /var/run/dstack.sock ] || [ ! -S /var/run/tappd.sock ]; do sleep 1; done'
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf b/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bbda8246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[Unit]
+Wants=dstack-prepare.service
+After=dstack-prepare.service
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/dstack-gateway-checker.service b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-gateway-checker.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f183eb8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-gateway-checker.service
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack Gateway Registration Checker
+After=network-online.target dstack-prepare.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+ExecStart=/bin/dstack-util gateway-checker --work-dir /dstack
+# Every recovery path in the checker only runs while its loop runs, and a loop
+# that wedges leaves a healthy-looking process systemd would never restart. The
+# loop pings the watchdog itself, so a hang anywhere -- including the blocking
+# wg-quick/iptables shell-outs a refresh performs, which no in-process timeout
+# can cancel -- gets the service killed and restarted. The timeout is generous
+# because one refresh may legitimately spend minutes across KMS certificate
+# requests and every configured gateway URL.
+WatchdogSec=600
+# The checker exits 0 when the app never enabled dstack-gateway, because there
+# is then nothing to supervise. Restart=always would respawn that exit forever.
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=10
+# Exit code 3 means the gateway config is broken in a way retrying cannot fix
+# (no gateway app id, no gateway URLs). Both are fixed for the lifetime of the
+# VM, so respawning every RestartSec would just be a slower spin. Stop
+# restarting but stay in `failed` state so the mistake is visible. Keep in sync
+# with EXIT_MISCONFIGURED in dstack-util's gateway_checker.
+RestartPreventExitStatus=3
+StandardOutput=journal
+StandardError=journal+console
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.service b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a88d395d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.service
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack Guest Agent Service
+Requires=dstack-guest-agent.socket
+After=network.target tboot.service dstack-guest-agent.socket
+Before=docker.service
+
+[Service]
+OOMScoreAdjust=-1000
+ExecStart=/bin/dstack-guest-agent --watchdog -c /dstack/agent.json
+Restart=always
+User=root
+Group=root
+Type=notify
+WatchdogSec=30s
+StandardOutput=journal+console
+StandardError=journal+console
+Environment=RUST_LOG=warn
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.socket b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.socket
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d9bf39cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.socket
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Socket activation for dstack-guest-agent.
+# Provides backward compatibility for containers that mount sockets directly.
+# Socket order: dstack.sock (index 0), tappd.sock (index 1)
+
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack guest agent sockets
+
+[Socket]
+ListenStream=/run/dstack.sock
+ListenStream=/run/tappd.sock
+SocketMode=0777
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=sockets.target
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/dstack-prepare.service b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-prepare.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..833ad4090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-prepare.service
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack Guest Preparation Service
+After=network.target network-online.target chronyd.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+Before=app-compose.service dstack-guest-agent.service docker.service
+OnFailure=reboot.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/bin/dstack-prepare.sh
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+StandardOutput=journal+console
+StandardError=journal+console
+FailureAction=reboot
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/dstack-prepare.sh b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-prepare.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d6527d229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/dstack-prepare.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -e
+
+log() {
+	printf '%s\n' "$*" >&2
+}
+
+CMDLINE=$(cat /proc/cmdline)
+
+get_cmdline_value() {
+	local key="$1"
+	for param in $CMDLINE; do
+		case "$param" in
+		"$key="*)
+			echo "${param#*=}"
+			return 0
+			;;
+		esac
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+read_uevent_property() {
+	local file="$1"
+	local key="$2"
+	while IFS='=' read -r name value; do
+		if [ "$name" = "$key" ]; then
+			printf "%s" "$value"
+			return 0
+		fi
+	done <"$file"
+	return 1
+}
+
+find_block_by_property() {
+	local key="$1"
+	local value="$2"
+	for entry in /sys/class/block/*; do
+		[ -e "$entry/uevent" ] || continue
+		local current
+		current=$(read_uevent_property "$entry/uevent" "$key" || true)
+		if [ "$current" = "$value" ]; then
+			printf "/dev/%s" "$(basename "$entry")"
+			return 0
+		fi
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+resolve_block_spec() {
+	local spec="$1"
+	local device=""
+	case "$spec" in
+	"")
+		return 1
+		;;
+	PARTLABEL=*)
+		device=$(find_block_by_property PARTNAME "${spec#PARTLABEL=}" || true)
+		;;
+	PARTUUID=*)
+		device=$(find_block_by_property PARTUUID "${spec#PARTUUID=}" || true)
+		;;
+	/dev/*)
+		device="$spec"
+		;;
+	esac
+	if [ -n "$device" ] && [ -b "$device" ]; then
+		printf "%s" "$device"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	return 1
+}
+
+WORK_DIR="/var/volatile/dstack"
+DATA_MNT="$WORK_DIR/persistent"
+
+OVERLAY_TMP="/var/volatile/overlay"
+
+# Prepare volatile dirs
+mount_overlay() {
+	local src="$1"
+	local dst="$2/$1"
+	local overlay_opts="lowerdir=$src,upperdir=$dst/upper,workdir=$dst/work"
+	mkdir -p "$dst/upper" "$dst/work"
+	mount -t overlay overlay -o "$overlay_opts" "$src"
+}
+mount_overlay /etc "$OVERLAY_TMP"
+mount_overlay /usr "$OVERLAY_TMP"
+mount_overlay /bin "$OVERLAY_TMP"
+mount_overlay /home "$OVERLAY_TMP"
+
+# Make sure the system time is synchronized
+log "Syncing system time..."
+# Let the chronyd correct the system time immediately; keep booting if chronyd is not ready yet.
+chronyc makestep || log "Warning: chronyc makestep failed; continuing"
+
+has_tsm_provider() {
+	local prefix="$1"
+	local provider value
+	for provider in /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/*/provider; do
+		[[ -r "$provider" ]] || continue
+		value=$(<"$provider")
+		[[ "$value" == "$prefix"* ]] && return 0
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+if [[ -e /dev/sev-guest ]] || has_tsm_provider sev_guest; then
+	log "SEV-SNP guest device/TSM provider detected"
+elif [[ -e /dev/tdx_guest ]] || has_tsm_provider tdx_guest; then
+	log "TDX guest device/TSM provider detected"
+elif modprobe sev-guest 2>/dev/null; then
+	log "Loaded sev-guest module"
+elif modprobe tdx-guest 2>/dev/null; then
+	log "Loaded tdx-guest module"
+else
+	log "Error: neither sev-guest nor tdx-guest module is available"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Setup configfs and TSM for TDX attestation
+setup_tsm() {
+	if ! grep -q configfs /proc/filesystems; then
+		log "Warning: configfs not available in kernel, TSM may not work"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	if ! mountpoint -q /sys/kernel/config 2>/dev/null; then
+		log "Mounting configfs for TSM..."
+		mount -t configfs none /sys/kernel/config
+	fi
+	if [[ -e /dev/tdx_guest ]] && [[ ! -d /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap ]]; then
+		log "Creating TSM report directory..."
+		mkdir -p /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap
+	fi
+}
+setup_tsm || true
+
+# Setup dstack system
+log "Preparing dstack system..."
+
+has_partition_table() {
+	local disk="$1"
+	local disk_name
+	disk_name=$(basename "$disk")
+	# Check sysfs for any child partitions
+	for entry in "/sys/class/block/${disk_name}/${disk_name}"*; do
+		[ -e "$entry/partition" ] || continue
+		return 0
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+has_luks_header() {
+	cryptsetup isLuks "$1" 2>/dev/null && return 0
+	return 1
+}
+
+create_data_partition() {
+	local disk="$1"
+	log "Creating GPT partition table on ${disk}..."
+	if ! command -v sgdisk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		log "Error: sgdisk not available, cannot create partition table"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	# Create GPT with single partition filling entire disk
+	sgdisk -Z "$disk" >/dev/null || true # Zap any existing data
+	sgdisk -n 1:1MiB:0 -c 1:dstack-data -t 1:8300 "$disk" >/dev/null || return 1
+	# Trigger kernel to re-read partition table
+	blockdev --rereadpt "$disk" >/dev/null || true
+	udevadm settle >/dev/null || sleep 1
+	part_device=$(
+		lsblk -nr -o PATH "$disk" 2>/dev/null | sed -n '2p'
+	)
+	if [ -n "$part_device" ] && [ -b "$part_device" ]; then
+		log "Created partition: $part_device"
+		echo "$part_device"
+		return 0
+	fi
+	log "Failed to create partition"
+	return 1
+}
+
+choose_data_device() {
+	local override="$1"
+	local dev=""
+
+	# 1. Check explicit override first
+	if [ -n "$override" ]; then
+		dev=$(resolve_block_spec "$override" || true)
+		if [ -n "$dev" ]; then
+			echo "$dev"
+			return 0
+		fi
+		log "Warning: dstack data device override '$override' not found"
+	fi
+
+	# 2. Try to find partition with PARTLABEL=dstack-data
+	local data_disk
+	data_disk=$(resolve_block_spec "PARTLABEL=dstack-data" || true)
+	if [ -n "$data_disk" ]; then
+		echo "$data_disk"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	# 3. Fallback to /dev/vdb for backward compatibility
+	if [ ! -b /dev/vdb ]; then
+		log "Error: No dstack-data partition found and /dev/vdb does not exist"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# 3.1. Check if /dev/vdb has LUKS header (0.5.x upgrade path)
+	if has_luks_header /dev/vdb; then
+		log "Detected LUKS on /dev/vdb (dstack 0.5.x upgrade), using whole disk"
+		echo /dev/vdb
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	# 3.2. Check if /dev/vdb has partition table
+	if has_partition_table /dev/vdb; then
+		log "Error: /dev/vdb has partition table but no 'dstack-data' partition found"
+		log "Please check partition labels or specify dstack.data_device kernel parameter"
+		return 1
+	fi
+
+	# 3.3. /dev/vdb is empty, create partition table
+	log "Empty disk detected at /dev/vdb, creating dstack-data partition..."
+	local new_partition
+	new_partition=$(create_data_partition /dev/vdb)
+	if [ -z "$new_partition" ]; then
+		log "Error: Failed to create partition on /dev/vdb"
+		return 1
+	fi
+	echo "$new_partition"
+	return 0
+}
+
+DATA_DEVICE_OVERRIDE=$(get_cmdline_value "dstack.data_device" || true)
+if [ -z "$DATA_DEVICE_OVERRIDE" ] && [ -n "$DSTACK_DATA_DEVICE" ]; then
+	DATA_DEVICE_OVERRIDE="$DSTACK_DATA_DEVICE"
+fi
+DATA_DEVICE=$(choose_data_device "$DATA_DEVICE_OVERRIDE" || true)
+if [ ! -b "$DATA_DEVICE" ]; then
+	log "Persistent data disk $DATA_DEVICE not found"
+	exit 1
+fi
+log "Using persistent data disk $DATA_DEVICE"
+
+# Auto-grow partition if disk was expanded
+device_name=$(basename "$DATA_DEVICE")
+if [ -f "/sys/class/block/${device_name}/partition" ]; then
+	log "Detected partition ${DATA_DEVICE}, checking if parent disk was expanded..."
+
+	parent_disk=$(lsblk -no PKNAME "$DATA_DEVICE" 2>/dev/null | head -n1 || true)
+	if [ -n "$parent_disk" ]; then
+		parent_disk="/dev/${parent_disk}"
+	fi
+
+	if [ -n "$parent_disk" ] && [ -b "$parent_disk" ]; then
+		log "Parent disk: ${parent_disk}"
+		if command -v sgdisk >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			log "Refreshing GPT on ${parent_disk}..."
+			sgdisk -e "$parent_disk" 2>/dev/null || true
+		fi
+		if command -v parted >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+			part_num=$(cat "/sys/class/block/${device_name}/partition" 2>/dev/null || echo "")
+			if [ -n "$part_num" ]; then
+				log "Growing partition ${part_num} on ${parent_disk} via parted..."
+				parted --script "$parent_disk" resizepart "$part_num" 100% 2>/dev/null || log "Partition already at maximum size"
+			fi
+		else
+			log "Warning: parted not available; unable to auto-resize ${DATA_DEVICE}"
+		fi
+		# Trigger kernel to re-read partition table
+		blockdev --rereadpt "$parent_disk" 2>/dev/null || true
+	fi
+fi
+
+dstack-util setup --work-dir $WORK_DIR --device "$DATA_DEVICE" --mount-point $DATA_MNT
+
+log "Mounting container runtime dirs to persistent storage"
+mkdir -p $DATA_MNT/var/lib/docker
+mkdir -p $DATA_MNT/var/lib/containerd
+mkdir -p $DATA_MNT/var/lib/containerd-stargz-grpc
+mkdir -p $DATA_MNT/var/lib/nerdctl
+mkdir -p $DATA_MNT/var/lib/sysbox
+mkdir -p /var/lib/docker
+mkdir -p /var/lib/containerd
+mkdir -p /var/lib/containerd-stargz-grpc
+mkdir -p /var/lib/nerdctl
+mkdir -p /var/lib/sysbox
+mount --rbind $DATA_MNT/var/lib/docker /var/lib/docker
+mount --rbind $DATA_MNT/var/lib/containerd /var/lib/containerd
+mount --rbind $DATA_MNT/var/lib/containerd-stargz-grpc /var/lib/containerd-stargz-grpc
+mount --rbind $DATA_MNT/var/lib/nerdctl /var/lib/nerdctl
+mount --rbind $DATA_MNT/var/lib/sysbox /var/lib/sysbox
+mount --rbind $WORK_DIR /dstack
+
+echo "======== Disk usage ========"
+df -h
+echo "============================"
+
+cd /dstack
+
+# Verify and mount required read-only data volumes before the application starts.
+/bin/dstack-volume mount-all app-compose.json
+
+mapfile -t init_scripts < <(
+	jq -r '
+		.init_script?
+		| if type == "array" then .[] elif type == "string" then . else empty end
+		| @base64
+	' app-compose.json
+)
+# Keep in sync with dstack_types::MAX_INIT_SCRIPTS.
+if ((${#init_scripts[@]} > 5)); then
+	log "Too many init scripts: maximum is 5"
+	exit 1
+fi
+if ((${#init_scripts[@]} > 0)); then
+	dstack-util notify-host -e "boot.progress" -d "init-script" || true
+	for i in "${!init_scripts[@]}"; do
+		log "Running init script [$i]"
+		# shellcheck disable=SC1090
+		source <(printf '%s' "${init_scripts[$i]}" | base64 -d)
+	done
+fi
+
+RUNNER=$(jq -r '.runner' app-compose.json)
+case "$RUNNER" in
+docker-compose|nerdctl-compose)
+	if [[ ! -f docker-compose.yaml ]]; then
+		jq -r '.docker_compose_file' app-compose.json >docker-compose.yaml
+	fi
+	dstack-util remove-orphans --no-dockerd -f docker-compose.yaml || true
+	;;
+esac
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/ephemeral-docker.sh b/os/common/rootfs/ephemeral-docker.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..40c596ef2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/ephemeral-docker.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# ephemeral-docker.sh - Run docker commands in a temporary dockerd environment
+# Usage: ephemeral-docker.sh <docker-command> [args...]
+# Example: ephemeral-docker.sh run --rm hello-world
+#
+# This script creates an isolated temporary docker environment that:
+# - Uses a unique temporary directory for all state
+# - Cleans up completely on exit
+
+set -e
+
+if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
+    echo "Usage: $0 <docker-command> [args...]" >&2
+    echo "Example: $0 run --rm hello-world" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
+CONTAINERD_PID=""
+DOCKERD_PID=""
+EXIT_CODE=0
+
+cleanup() {
+    local exit_code=$?
+    set +e  # Don't exit on error during cleanup
+
+    # Stop dockerd first (it depends on containerd)
+    if [ -n "$DOCKERD_PID" ] && kill -0 $DOCKERD_PID 2>/dev/null; then
+        kill -TERM $DOCKERD_PID 2>/dev/null
+        # Wait with timeout
+        for _ in $(seq 1 50); do
+            kill -0 $DOCKERD_PID 2>/dev/null || break
+            sleep 0.1
+        done
+        # Force kill if still running
+        kill -9 $DOCKERD_PID 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait $DOCKERD_PID 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+
+    # Stop containerd
+    if [ -n "$CONTAINERD_PID" ] && kill -0 $CONTAINERD_PID 2>/dev/null; then
+        kill -TERM $CONTAINERD_PID 2>/dev/null
+        for _ in $(seq 1 50); do
+            kill -0 $CONTAINERD_PID 2>/dev/null || break
+            sleep 0.1
+        done
+        kill -9 $CONTAINERD_PID 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait $CONTAINERD_PID 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+
+    # Unmount any netns that docker created
+    if [ -d "$TMPDIR/docker-exec/netns" ]; then
+        find "$TMPDIR/docker-exec/netns" -type f 2>/dev/null | while read -r ns; do
+            umount "$ns" 2>/dev/null || true
+        done
+    fi
+
+    # Remove temporary directory
+    rm -rf "$TMPDIR"
+
+    exit ${EXIT_CODE:-$exit_code}
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT INT TERM
+
+# Create all directories
+mkdir -p "$TMPDIR"/{containerd,containerd-state,docker-data,docker-exec}
+
+# Start temporary containerd with isolated state
+containerd \
+    --root "$TMPDIR/containerd" \
+    --state "$TMPDIR/containerd-state" \
+    --address "$TMPDIR/containerd.sock" \
+    &>/dev/null &
+CONTAINERD_PID=$!
+
+# Wait for containerd socket with timeout
+TIMEOUT=100  # 10 seconds
+for _ in $(seq 1 "$TIMEOUT"); do
+    [ -S "$TMPDIR/containerd.sock" ] && break
+    if ! kill -0 $CONTAINERD_PID 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "Error: containerd exited unexpectedly" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sleep 0.1
+done
+if [ ! -S "$TMPDIR/containerd.sock" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Timeout waiting for containerd socket" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Start temporary dockerd with isolated state
+dockerd \
+    --data-root "$TMPDIR/docker-data" \
+    --exec-root "$TMPDIR/docker-exec" \
+    --pidfile "$TMPDIR/docker.pid" \
+    --host "unix://$TMPDIR/docker.sock" \
+    --containerd "$TMPDIR/containerd.sock" \
+    &>/dev/null &
+DOCKERD_PID=$!
+
+# Wait for docker socket with timeout
+for _ in $(seq 1 "$TIMEOUT"); do
+    [ -S "$TMPDIR/docker.sock" ] && break
+    if ! kill -0 $DOCKERD_PID 2>/dev/null; then
+        echo "Error: dockerd exited unexpectedly" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    sleep 0.1
+done
+if [ ! -S "$TMPDIR/docker.sock" ]; then
+    echo "Error: Timeout waiting for docker socket" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Run the docker command and capture exit code
+docker -H "unix://$TMPDIR/docker.sock" "$@" || EXIT_CODE=$?
+
+# Cleanup happens via trap
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/journald.conf b/os/common/rootfs/journald.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90a182d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/journald.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[Journal]
+SystemMaxUse=128M
+SystemKeepFree=1G
+SystemMaxFileSize=10M
+SystemMaxFiles=10
+RuntimeMaxUse=0
+ReadKMsg=no
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/llmnr.conf b/os/common/rootfs/llmnr.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad4ea0b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/llmnr.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[Resolve]
+LLMNR=no
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf b/os/common/rootfs/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8db7b19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Increase conntrack table for high-concurrency gateway/proxy workloads.
+# Default 262144 is insufficient when proxying >100K concurrent connections.
+net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 2097152
diff --git a/os/common/rootfs/tdx-attest.conf b/os/common/rootfs/tdx-attest.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa6ae961e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/rootfs/tdx-attest.conf
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+port=4050
diff --git a/os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh b/os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..51886f68e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Assert that a built kernel .config actually contains what a dstack kconfig
+# fragment asked for. Kconfig silently drops a request whose dependencies are
+# not met and silently clamps a tristate to the value of what it depends on, so
+# a fragment line is a wish, not a guarantee: os/yocto's dstack-docker.cfg
+# carried four such lines for a long time -- CONFIG_BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES=y under
+# CONFIG_BRIDGE=m, two xtables matches clamped to =m and a symbol deleted
+# upstream -- and the builds kept succeeding. CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX=y on a
+# tree with CONFIG_SECURITY=n was a fifth, fixed separately by the SELinux
+# parity work. Both OS backends run this so neither can drift again.
+#
+# Usage: check-kernel-config.sh <built .config> [fragment ...]
+set -euo pipefail
+config=${1:?kernel .config required}
+shift
+if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
+    printf 'at least one kernel fragment required\n' >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+failed=0
+# A fragment that was truncated, moved or emptied would otherwise pass by
+# asserting nothing. The floor is per fragment rather than a total, so it stays
+# meaningful no matter how many fragments a backend passes: the smallest one
+# checked today (dstack-docker.cfg) carries 77 assertions.
+MIN_ASSERTIONS_PER_FRAGMENT=10
+for fragment in "$@"; do
+    [[ -r "$fragment" ]] || { printf 'unreadable kernel fragment: %s\n' "$fragment" >&2; exit 1; }
+    checked=0
+    while IFS= read -r line; do
+        # Skip comments and blank lines, but nothing else: every remaining line is
+        # an assertion. Only matching tristates here silently ignored the string
+        # and integer settings, so a dropped CONFIG_LOCALVERSION (which names the
+        # module directory the rest of the build looks for) or a clamped
+        # CONFIG_NR_CPUS passed the gate and failed much later, or shipped.
+        [[ -n ${line// /} ]] || continue
+        [[ $line == \#* ]] && continue
+        if [[ ! $line =~ ^CONFIG_[A-Za-z0-9_]+= ]]; then
+            printf 'unparsable kernel fragment line: %s\n' "$line" >&2
+            failed=1
+            continue
+        fi
+        key=${line%%=*}; want=${line#*=}
+        checked=$((checked + 1))
+        if [[ $want == n ]]; then
+            # A symbol whose dependencies went away disappears entirely rather
+            # than being recorded as unset; both mean "not enabled".
+            grep -qx "# $key is not set" "$config" && continue
+            grep -q "^$key=" "$config" || continue
+        elif grep -qx "$key=$want" "$config"; then
+            continue
+        elif [[ $want == m ]] && grep -qx "$key=y" "$config"; then
+            continue
+        fi
+        printf 'kernel config mismatch in %s: wanted %s, got %s\n' \
+          "$fragment" "$line" "$(grep -m1 "^$key=" "$config" || echo "$key unset")" >&2
+        failed=1
+    done < "$fragment"
+    if [[ $checked -lt $MIN_ASSERTIONS_PER_FRAGMENT ]]; then
+        printf '%s yielded only %d assertions; refusing to proceed\n' \
+          "$fragment" "$checked" >&2
+        failed=1
+    fi
+done
+exit "$failed"
diff --git a/os/image/README.md b/os/image/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91f96e646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Common image assembly
+
+`assemble.sh` consumes the versioned manifest in
+`../spec/artifact-manifest.schema.json`. It must not inspect a backend build
+tree or invoke backend-specific tools such as BitBake.
+
+The assembler creates the partitioned rootfs, metadata, measurement CBOR files,
+unified digest, and release archives. Backend exporters may use symlinks for
+large local artifacts; all paths recorded in the manifest itself are relative
+to the manifest directory.
+
+When a UKI image is built (`ENABLE_UKI_IMAGE=1`), assemble **always** produces:
+
+- `measurement.gcp.cbor` — UKI Authenticode binding for GCP TPM
+- `measurement.aws.cbor` — NitroTPM boot binding for AWS EC2
+  (`boot_pcr_digest = sha256(PCR4||PCR7||PCR12)`)
+- `measurement.aws.replay.json` — ordered SHA-384 boot-event digests used by
+  the development NitroTPM simulator to reproduce PCR4/7/12
+
+All measurement artifacts are listed in `sha256sum.txt`, so
+`digest.txt = sha256(sha256sum.txt) = os_image_hash` is fixed at build time.
+Deploy tooling (`dstack-cloud prepare`) only **embeds** these files into
+`VmConfig`; it must not recompute PCRs (that would change the image identity).
+
+Dev images additionally carry `measurement.gcp.eventlog.bin`, a GCP firmware
+event-log template with the assembled UKI Authenticode digest for the vTPM
+simulator. This simulator-only fixture is not generated for release images and
+is deliberately excluded from `sha256sum.txt`, so it does not affect the
+production `os_image_hash`.
+
+AWS PCR precompute requires a pinned host `nitro-tpm-pcr-compute` binary (Rust,
+[aws/NitroTPM-Tools](https://github.com/aws/NitroTPM-Tools)). Set
+`NITRO_TPM_PCR_COMPUTE_BIN` or install it on `PATH`, for example with
+`cargo install --git https://github.com/aws/NitroTPM-Tools --rev d76d6eeebd4169b00a3c3af9858852d48f40e748 --locked nitro-tpm-pcr-compute`
+(aws/NitroTPM-Tools v1.1.2).
+The assembler captures that pinned tool's per-event debug trace, converts it
+to the replay document, and verifies that replaying the events produces the
+tool's reported PCR values. If the tool is missing or the replay does not
+match, UKI assembly fails.
+
+`mk-image-mr.sh <release.tar.gz>` creates the flattened, rootfs-free
+`mr_<digest>.tar.gz` bundle consumed by verifier/KMS image-download endpoints.
+Because this is release-format post-processing rather than a Yocto operation,
+the helper lives beside the common assembler.
+
+`dstack-image-oci.sh` pushes and lists assembled guest-image directories in an
+OCI registry. It is likewise independent of the backend that produced the
+image.
diff --git a/os/image/assemble.sh b/os/image/assemble.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d61672431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/assemble.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE=${DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE:-1}
+ENABLE_UKI_IMAGE=${ENABLE_UKI_IMAGE:-1}
+
+# Fixed GPT GUIDs so partitioned images are reproducible (sgdisk randomizes by
+# default). Partitions are located by PARTLABEL, not GUID, so these are arbitrary.
+DSTACK_DISK_GUID=${DSTACK_DISK_GUID:-d5acc000-0000-4000-8000-000000000000}
+DSTACK_ROOTFS_PART_GUID=${DSTACK_ROOTFS_PART_GUID:-d5acc000-0000-4000-8000-000000000001}
+DSTACK_EFI_PART_GUID=${DSTACK_EFI_PART_GUID:-d5acc000-0000-4000-8000-000000000002}
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: ${0##*/} --manifest PATH [--validate-only]
+
+Assemble a release image from the backend-neutral OS artifact manifest.
+
+Environment:
+  DIST_DIR               Release output parent (default: <manifest-dir>/dist)
+  OUTPUT_DIR             Unpacked release directory
+  DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE     Create release tarballs (default: 1)
+  ENABLE_UKI_IMAGE       Create the optional UKI disk image (default: 1)
+  DSTACK_MR_BIN          Existing dstack-mr binary
+  NITRO_TPM_PCR_COMPUTE_BIN  Pinned host nitro-tpm-pcr-compute (required for
+                         UKI AWS PCRs; overrides PATH lookup)
+  NITRO_TPM_PCR_PK/KEK/DB    Optional Secure Boot ESL paths for PCR7
+  --validate-only          Validate the manifest and referenced artifacts only
+EOF
+}
+
+MANIFEST=
+VALIDATE_ONLY=0
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --manifest)
+            MANIFEST=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --validate-only)
+            VALIDATE_ONLY=1
+            shift
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            usage
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2
+            usage >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "$MANIFEST" ]; then
+    echo "Error: --manifest is required" >&2
+    usage >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+if [ ! -f "$MANIFEST" ]; then
+    echo "Error: artifact manifest not found: $MANIFEST" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+MANIFEST=$(realpath "$MANIFEST")
+
+# Read and validate the small contract without requiring jq or jsonschema.
+mapfile -d '' -t MANIFEST_VALUES < <(
+    python3 - "$MANIFEST" <<'PYMANIFEST'
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+
+manifest_path = os.path.realpath(sys.argv[1])
+with open(manifest_path, encoding="utf-8") as file:
+    data = json.load(file)
+
+if data.get("schema_version") != 1:
+    raise SystemExit("unsupported artifact manifest schema_version")
+base = os.path.dirname(manifest_path)
+
+def exact_keys(obj, path, required_keys, optional_keys=()):
+    if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+        raise SystemExit(f"manifest field must be an object: {path}")
+    required_keys = set(required_keys)
+    allowed_keys = required_keys | set(optional_keys)
+    missing = sorted(required_keys - set(obj))
+    extra = sorted(set(obj) - allowed_keys)
+    if missing:
+        raise SystemExit(f"missing manifest field: {path}." + missing[0])
+    if extra:
+        raise SystemExit(f"unknown manifest field: {path}." + extra[0])
+
+exact_keys(
+    data,
+    "manifest",
+    ("schema_version", "backend", "image", "source", "boot", "verity", "artifacts"),
+    ("backend_metadata",),
+)
+exact_keys(data["image"], "image", ("name", "version", "flavor", "is_dev"))
+exact_keys(data["source"], "source", ("git_revision",))
+exact_keys(data["boot"], "boot", ("ovmf_variant",))
+exact_keys(data["verity"], "verity", ("root_hash", "data_size"))
+exact_keys(
+    data["artifacts"],
+    "artifacts",
+    ("initramfs", "kernel", "firmware", "rootfs_verity", "firmware_sev", "uki"),
+)
+if "backend_metadata" in data and not isinstance(data["backend_metadata"], dict):
+    raise SystemExit("manifest field must be an object: backend_metadata")
+
+def nonempty_string(value, path):
+    if not isinstance(value, str) or not value:
+        raise SystemExit(f"manifest field must be a non-empty string: {path}")
+    return value
+
+for path, value in (
+    ("backend", data["backend"]),
+    ("image.name", data["image"]["name"]),
+    ("image.version", data["image"]["version"]),
+    ("image.flavor", data["image"]["flavor"]),
+    ("source.git_revision", data["source"]["git_revision"]),
+    ("boot.ovmf_variant", data["boot"]["ovmf_variant"]),
+    ("verity.root_hash", data["verity"]["root_hash"]),
+):
+    nonempty_string(value, path)
+if not isinstance(data["image"]["is_dev"], bool):
+    raise SystemExit("image.is_dev must be a boolean")
+data_size = data["verity"]["data_size"]
+if isinstance(data_size, bool) or not (
+    isinstance(data_size, int) and data_size >= 1
+    or isinstance(data_size, str) and data_size.isdigit() and not data_size.startswith("0")
+):
+    raise SystemExit("verity.data_size must be a positive integer")
+
+def required(obj, *keys):
+    value = obj
+    for key in keys:
+        if not isinstance(value, dict) or key not in value:
+            raise SystemExit("missing manifest field: " + ".".join(keys))
+        value = value[key]
+    if value is None or value == "":
+        raise SystemExit("empty manifest field: " + ".".join(keys))
+    return value
+
+def artifact(name, optional=False):
+    value = data.get("artifacts", {}).get(name)
+    if value in (None, ""):
+        if optional:
+            return ""
+        raise SystemExit(f"missing manifest artifact: {name}")
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
+        raise SystemExit(f"artifact path must be a string: {name}")
+    normalized = os.path.normpath(value)
+    if os.path.isabs(value) or normalized == ".." or normalized.startswith("../"):
+        raise SystemExit(f"artifact path must be relative to the manifest: {name}")
+    path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(base, value))
+    if not os.path.isfile(path):
+        raise SystemExit(f"artifact does not exist: {name}: {path}")
+    return path
+
+values = [
+    required(data, "backend"),
+    required(data, "image", "name"),
+    required(data, "image", "version"),
+    required(data, "image", "flavor"),
+    "true" if data["image"]["is_dev"] else "false",
+    required(data, "source", "git_revision"),
+    required(data, "boot", "ovmf_variant"),
+    required(data, "verity", "root_hash"),
+    str(required(data, "verity", "data_size")),
+    artifact("initramfs"),
+    artifact("kernel"),
+    artifact("firmware"),
+    artifact("rootfs_verity"),
+    artifact("firmware_sev", optional=True),
+    artifact("uki", optional=True),
+]
+for value in values:
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
+        raise SystemExit("manifest scalar fields must be strings")
+    sys.stdout.buffer.write(value.encode() + b"\0")
+PYMANIFEST
+)
+
+if [ "${#MANIFEST_VALUES[@]}" -ne 15 ]; then
+    echo "Error: failed to read artifact manifest: $MANIFEST" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+if [ "$VALIDATE_ONLY" -eq 1 ]; then
+    echo "Artifact manifest is valid: $MANIFEST"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+BACKEND=${MANIFEST_VALUES[0]}
+DIST_NAME=${MANIFEST_VALUES[1]}
+DSTACK_VERSION=${MANIFEST_VALUES[2]}
+FLAVOR=${MANIFEST_VALUES[3]}
+IS_DEV=${MANIFEST_VALUES[4]}
+GIT_REVISION=${MANIFEST_VALUES[5]}
+OVMF_VARIANT=${MANIFEST_VALUES[6]}
+ROOT_HASH=${MANIFEST_VALUES[7]}
+DATA_SIZE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[8]}
+INITRAMFS_IMAGE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[9]}
+KERNEL_IMAGE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[10]}
+OVMF_FIRMWARE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[11]}
+ROOTFS_IMAGE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[12]}
+OVMF_SEV_FIRMWARE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[13]}
+UKI_IMAGE=${MANIFEST_VALUES[14]}
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=$(realpath "$SCRIPT_DIR/../..")
+AUTHENTICODE_HASH_SCRIPT="${SCRIPT_DIR}/authenticode_hash.py"
+
+MANIFEST_DIR=$(dirname "$MANIFEST")
+DIST_DIR=${DIST_DIR:-"${MANIFEST_DIR}/dist"}
+mkdir -p "$DIST_DIR"
+DIST_DIR=$(realpath "$DIST_DIR")
+OUTPUT_DIR=${OUTPUT_DIR:-"${DIST_DIR}/${DIST_NAME}-${DSTACK_VERSION}"}
+OUTPUT_DIR=$(realpath -m "$OUTPUT_DIR")
+case "$OUTPUT_DIR" in
+    /|"$DIST_DIR"|"$MANIFEST_DIR"|"$REPO_ROOT")
+        echo "Error: refusing unsafe output directory: $OUTPUT_DIR" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
+IMAGE_TAR=${IMAGE_TAR:-"${DIST_DIR}/${DIST_NAME}-${DSTACK_VERSION}.tar.gz"}
+IMAGE_TAR_UKI=${IMAGE_TAR_UKI:-"${DIST_DIR}/${DIST_NAME}-${DSTACK_VERSION}-uki.tar.gz"}
+TAR_DIR_NAME=$(basename "$OUTPUT_DIR")
+
+echo "Assembling ${DIST_NAME} ${DSTACK_VERSION} from ${BACKEND} artifacts (${FLAVOR})"
+
+verbose() {
+    printf '+ '
+    printf '%q ' "$@"
+    printf '\n'
+    "$@"
+}
+
+align_up() {
+    local value=$1
+    local align=$2
+    echo $(( ( (value + align - 1) / align ) * align ))
+}
+
+calc_authenticode_hash() {
+    local file="$1"
+
+    if [[ ! -f "$AUTHENTICODE_HASH_SCRIPT" ]] || ! command -v python3 &>/dev/null; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    python3 "$AUTHENTICODE_HASH_SCRIPT" "$file" 2>/dev/null || true
+}
+
+write_authenticode_hash() {
+    local file="$1"
+    local out_file="$2"
+
+    if [[ ! -f "$file" ]]; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    if [[ ! -f "$AUTHENTICODE_HASH_SCRIPT" ]] || ! command -v python3 &>/dev/null; then
+        echo "Warning: authenticode_hash.py not found or python3 not available, skipping Authenticode hash calculation" >&2
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    echo "Calculating UKI Authenticode hash..."
+    local auth_hash
+    auth_hash=$(calc_authenticode_hash "$file")
+    if [[ -n "$auth_hash" ]]; then
+        echo "$auth_hash" > "$out_file"
+        echo "UKI Authenticode hash: $auth_hash"
+    else
+        echo "Warning: Failed to calculate UKI Authenticode hash" >&2
+    fi
+}
+
+ensure_dstack_mr() {
+    DSTACK_SRC="${DSTACK_SRC:-$REPO_ROOT/dstack}"
+    if [ -z "${DSTACK_MR_BIN:-}" ] && [ -x "$DSTACK_SRC/target/release/dstack-mr" ]; then
+        DSTACK_MR_BIN="$DSTACK_SRC/target/release/dstack-mr"
+    fi
+    if [ -z "${DSTACK_MR_BIN:-}" ]; then
+        echo "Building dstack-mr to compute OS-image measurement material"
+        ( cd "$DSTACK_SRC" && cargo build --release -p dstack-mr )
+        DSTACK_MR_BIN="$DSTACK_SRC/target/release/dstack-mr"
+    fi
+}
+
+create_partitioned_rootfs() {
+    local rootfs_img="$1"
+    local output_img="$2"
+    (
+        set -e
+        local align=$((1024 * 1024))
+        local sector=512
+        local rootfs_size
+        local rootfs_size_aligned
+        local total_size
+        rootfs_size=$(stat -L -c %s "$rootfs_img")
+        rootfs_size_aligned=$(align_up "$rootfs_size" "$align")
+        local rootfs_start=$align
+        # Leave extra room for GPT headers (1MB at start, 1MB at end)
+        total_size=$(align_up $((rootfs_start + rootfs_size_aligned + align)) "$align")
+
+        truncate -s "$total_size" "$output_img"
+
+        local root_start_sector=$((rootfs_start / sector))
+        local root_end_sector=$((root_start_sector + (rootfs_size_aligned / sector) - 1))
+
+        sgdisk --zap-all "$output_img" >/dev/null
+        # Fixed GUIDs keep the image bit-for-bit reproducible (GPT otherwise
+        # randomizes disk/partition GUIDs). The rootfs is located by PARTLABEL.
+        sgdisk --disk-guid="${DSTACK_DISK_GUID}" \
+               --new=1:${root_start_sector}:${root_end_sector} --typecode=1:8300 \
+               --partition-guid=1:"${DSTACK_ROOTFS_PART_GUID}" \
+               --change-name=1:'dstack-rootfs' "$output_img" >/dev/null
+
+        dd if="$rootfs_img" of="$output_img" bs=$align seek=$((rootfs_start / align)) conv=notrunc status=none
+    )
+}
+
+build_uki_disk_image() {
+    local disk_img="$1"
+    local uki_file="$2"
+    local rootfs_img="$3"
+    (
+        set -e
+        local align=$((1024 * 1024))
+        local sector=512
+        local efi_size=$((256 * 1024 * 1024))
+        local efi_size_aligned
+        local rootfs_size
+        local rootfs_size_aligned
+        local total_size
+        efi_size_aligned=$(align_up "$efi_size" "$align")
+        rootfs_size=$(stat -L -c %s "$rootfs_img")
+        rootfs_size_aligned=$(align_up "$rootfs_size" "$align")
+        local efi_start=$align
+        local rootfs_start=$((efi_start + efi_size_aligned))
+        # Leave extra room for the backup GPT header
+        total_size=$(align_up $((rootfs_start + rootfs_size_aligned + align)) "$align")
+
+        truncate -s "$total_size" "$disk_img"
+
+        local efi_start_sector=$((efi_start / sector))
+        local efi_end_sector=$((efi_start_sector + (efi_size_aligned / sector) - 1))
+        local root_start_sector=$((rootfs_start / sector))
+        local root_end_sector=$((root_start_sector + (rootfs_size_aligned / sector) - 1))
+
+        sgdisk --zap-all "$disk_img" >/dev/null
+        sgdisk --disk-guid="${DSTACK_DISK_GUID}" \
+               --new=1:${efi_start_sector}:${efi_end_sector} --typecode=1:ef00 \
+               --partition-guid=1:"${DSTACK_EFI_PART_GUID}" \
+               --change-name=1:'EFI System Partition' "$disk_img" >/dev/null
+        sgdisk --new=2:${root_start_sector}:${root_end_sector} --typecode=2:8300 \
+               --partition-guid=2:"${DSTACK_ROOTFS_PART_GUID}" \
+               --change-name=2:'dstack-rootfs' "$disk_img" >/dev/null
+
+        local tmp_dir
+        tmp_dir=$(mktemp -d)
+        trap 'rm -rf "$tmp_dir"' EXIT
+
+        # Fix both the FAT volume metadata and directory entry timestamps.
+        # mmd stamps new directories with wall-clock time, so populate the
+        # filesystem recursively from a normalized host-side tree instead.
+        local efi_img=${tmp_dir}/efi.img
+        local efi_tree=${tmp_dir}/tree
+        mkdir -p "$efi_tree/EFI/BOOT"
+        cp "$uki_file" "$efi_tree/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI"
+        # FAT stores local time and mtools converts using TZ, so the image
+        # would otherwise differ between builders in different time zones.
+        export TZ=UTC
+        # FAT timestamps start at 1980-01-01, so a Unix epoch of 0 does not
+        # round-trip: it wraps and every directory entry is dated 2107. No
+        # backend entrypoint exports SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH today, so clamp rather
+        # than fall back to 0.
+        local fat_epoch=${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:-0}
+        if [ "$fat_epoch" -lt 315532800 ]; then
+            fat_epoch=315532800
+        fi
+        find "$efi_tree" -print0 | xargs -0r touch --no-dereference \
+          --date="@${fat_epoch}"
+        mkfs.vfat --invariant -F 32 -n DSTACKEFI -C "$efi_img" \
+          $((efi_size_aligned / 1024)) >/dev/null
+        mcopy -smp -i "$efi_img" "$efi_tree/EFI" ::
+
+        dd if="$efi_img" of="$disk_img" bs=$align seek=$((efi_start / align)) conv=notrunc status=none
+        dd if="$rootfs_img" of="$disk_img" bs=$align seek=$((rootfs_start / align)) conv=notrunc status=none
+    )
+}
+
+create_uki_artifacts() {
+    local uki_dir="$1"
+    mkdir -p "$uki_dir"
+
+    echo "Building UKI disk image at ${uki_dir}/disk.raw"
+    build_uki_disk_image "${uki_dir}/disk.raw" "$UKI_IMAGE" "$ROOTFS_IMAGE"
+
+    write_authenticode_hash "$UKI_IMAGE" "${uki_dir}/auth_hash.txt"
+}
+
+# Create bare metal image directory
+verbose rm -rf "${OUTPUT_DIR}/"
+verbose mkdir -p "${OUTPUT_DIR}/"
+verbose cp "$INITRAMFS_IMAGE" "${OUTPUT_DIR}/initramfs.cpio.gz"
+verbose cp "$KERNEL_IMAGE" "${OUTPUT_DIR}/bzImage"
+verbose cp "$OVMF_FIRMWARE" "${OUTPUT_DIR}/ovmf.fd"
+
+# AMD SEV firmware (additive). Shipped alongside the TDX firmware so a SEV-SNP
+# launch can select it via the metadata.json "bios-sev" field below. The SEV
+# firmware blob itself is NOT added directly to sha256sum.txt; when present, its
+# OVMF hash/sections are committed by measurement.snp.cbor, and that file is
+# part of digest.txt. This does not change any TDX hardware
+# measurement (MRTD comes from ovmf.fd, RTMRs from kernel/cmdline/rootfs) -- it
+# only changes dstack's image-bundle digest.
+HAVE_OVMF_SEV=0
+BIOS_SEV_JSON=""
+if [ -n "$OVMF_SEV_FIRMWARE" ]; then
+    verbose cp "$OVMF_SEV_FIRMWARE" "${OUTPUT_DIR}/ovmf-sev.fd"
+    HAVE_OVMF_SEV=1
+    # Inserted after the "bios" line in metadata.json (see below).
+    BIOS_SEV_JSON='
+    "bios-sev": "ovmf-sev.fd",'
+fi
+
+echo "Creating partitioned rootfs image at ${OUTPUT_DIR}/rootfs.img.parted.verity"
+# Bare-metal partitioning needs sgdisk (from the 'gdisk' package).
+if ! command -v sgdisk >/dev/null; then
+    echo "Error: cannot create partitioned rootfs image because 'sgdisk' is missing; install 'gdisk'." >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+create_partitioned_rootfs "$ROOTFS_IMAGE" "${OUTPUT_DIR}/rootfs.img.parted.verity"
+
+echo "Generating metadata.json to ${OUTPUT_DIR}/metadata.json (ovmf_variant=$OVMF_VARIANT)"
+
+# shellcheck source=kernel-cmdline.sh
+# The prek hook runs shellcheck without -x, so the path above documents the
+# target but cannot be followed; SC1091 is noise rather than a finding.
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+. "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/kernel-cmdline.sh"
+KERNEL_CMDLINE=$(dstack_kernel_cmdline "$ROOT_HASH" "$DATA_SIZE")
+
+cat <<EOF > "${OUTPUT_DIR}/metadata.json"
+{
+    "bios": "ovmf.fd",${BIOS_SEV_JSON}
+    "kernel": "bzImage",
+    "cmdline": "$KERNEL_CMDLINE",
+    "initrd": "initramfs.cpio.gz",
+    "rootfs": "rootfs.img.parted.verity",
+    "version": "$DSTACK_VERSION",
+    "git_revision": "$GIT_REVISION",
+    "shared_ro": true,
+    "is_dev": ${IS_DEV},
+    "ovmf_variant": "$OVMF_VARIANT"
+}
+EOF
+
+ensure_dstack_mr
+
+echo "Generating measurement.tdx.cbor via ${DSTACK_MR_BIN}"
+"${DSTACK_MR_BIN}" tdx-measurement-cbor "${OUTPUT_DIR}" > "${OUTPUT_DIR}/measurement.tdx.cbor"
+
+HAVE_MEASUREMENT_SNP=0
+if [ "$HAVE_OVMF_SEV" = "1" ]; then
+    echo "Generating measurement.snp.cbor via ${DSTACK_MR_BIN}"
+    "${DSTACK_MR_BIN}" snp-measurement-cbor "${OUTPUT_DIR}" > "${OUTPUT_DIR}/measurement.snp.cbor"
+    HAVE_MEASUREMENT_SNP=1
+fi
+
+# Create UKI artifacts (disk.raw and auth_hash.txt) in OUTPUT_DIR
+UKI_CREATED=0
+if [ "$ENABLE_UKI_IMAGE" = "1" ]; then
+    if [[ -z "$UKI_IMAGE" ]]; then
+        echo "Skipping UKI disk image creation because the backend did not export a UKI" >&2
+    elif command -v sgdisk >/dev/null && \
+         command -v mkfs.vfat >/dev/null && \
+         command -v mcopy >/dev/null; then
+        create_uki_artifacts "${OUTPUT_DIR}"
+        UKI_CREATED=1
+    else
+        echo "Error: cannot create UKI disk image because required tools are missing" >&2
+        echo "Missing tools are among: sgdisk (gdisk), mkfs.vfat (dosfstools), mcopy (mtools)" >&2
+        echo "Install them (e.g. apt-get install -y gdisk dosfstools mtools) or set ENABLE_UKI_IMAGE=0" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+
+HAVE_MEASUREMENT_GCP=0
+if [[ "$UKI_CREATED" = "1" ]]; then
+    if [[ ! -f "${OUTPUT_DIR}/auth_hash.txt" ]]; then
+        echo "Error: UKI image was created but auth_hash.txt is missing" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "Generating measurement.gcp.cbor via ${DSTACK_MR_BIN}"
+    "${DSTACK_MR_BIN}" gcp-measurement-cbor "${OUTPUT_DIR}/auth_hash.txt" > "${OUTPUT_DIR}/measurement.gcp.cbor"
+    if [[ "$IS_DEV" = "true" ]]; then
+        gcp_event_log_template="${GCP_TPM_EVENT_LOG_TEMPLATE:-$(dirname "$0")/../../dstack/cc-eventlog/samples/tpm_eventlog.bin}"
+        echo "Generating image-specific GCP TPM event log for the dev image"
+        python3 "$(dirname "$0")/gcp-tpm-eventlog.py" \
+            --template "$gcp_event_log_template" \
+            --uki-hash "${OUTPUT_DIR}/auth_hash.txt" \
+            --output "${OUTPUT_DIR}/measurement.gcp.eventlog.bin"
+    fi
+    HAVE_MEASUREMENT_GCP=1
+fi
+
+# AWS NitroTPM boot PCR digest → measurement.aws.cbor
+# (boot_pcr_digest = sha256(PCR4||PCR7||PCR12); raw PCRs not stored).
+#
+# MUST be computed at image assemble time and listed in sha256sum.txt so
+# os_image_hash = sha256(sha256sum.txt) is fixed for the release artifact.
+# prepare/deploy only *embed* this material; they must never recompute it.
+#
+# Requires a host `nitro-tpm-pcr-compute` (Rust tool from aws/NitroTPM-Tools,
+# install with --locked). No unpinned container fallback: this value ends up
+# in os_image_hash, so only a version-pinned operator-installed tool may
+# produce it.
+# Optional: NITRO_TPM_PCR_COMPUTE_BIN=/path/to/bin
+# Optional Secure Boot ESL inputs (PCR7): NITRO_TPM_PCR_PK/KEK/DB (.esl paths)
+HAVE_MEASUREMENT_AWS=0
+if [[ "$UKI_CREATED" = "1" ]]; then
+    if [[ -z "${UKI_IMAGE:-}" || ! -f "${UKI_IMAGE}" ]]; then
+        echo "Error: UKI image was created but UKI_IMAGE is missing" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    if ! command -v jq >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        echo "Error: jq is required to parse nitro-tpm-pcr-compute output" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+
+    uki_abs=$(realpath "$UKI_IMAGE")
+    pcr_compute_bin="${NITRO_TPM_PCR_COMPUTE_BIN:-}"
+    if [[ -z "$pcr_compute_bin" ]] && command -v nitro-tpm-pcr-compute >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        pcr_compute_bin=$(command -v nitro-tpm-pcr-compute)
+    fi
+
+    # No unpinned fallback here on purpose: the computed PCRs feed
+    # measurement.aws.cbor -> sha256sum.txt -> os_image_hash, i.e. the
+    # measurement the KMS and verifiers enforce. Only a version-pinned,
+    # operator-installed tool may produce it.
+    if [[ -z "$pcr_compute_bin" ]]; then
+        echo "Error: cannot produce measurement.aws.cbor for UKI image." >&2
+        echo "Install the pinned host tool:" >&2
+        echo "  cargo install --git https://github.com/aws/NitroTPM-Tools --rev d76d6eeebd4169b00a3c3af9858852d48f40e748 --locked nitro-tpm-pcr-compute" >&2
+        echo "  # or set NITRO_TPM_PCR_COMPUTE_BIN=/path/to/nitro-tpm-pcr-compute" >&2
+        echo "measurement.aws.cbor must be fixed at assemble time for a stable os_image_hash." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "Generating AWS PCRs and replay events via host ${pcr_compute_bin}"
+    pcr_args=(--image "$uki_abs")
+    # Secure Boot variable stores (optional; affects PCR7)
+    [[ -n "${NITRO_TPM_PCR_PK:-}" ]] && pcr_args+=(--PK "$NITRO_TPM_PCR_PK")
+    [[ -n "${NITRO_TPM_PCR_KEK:-}" ]] && pcr_args+=(--KEK "$NITRO_TPM_PCR_KEK")
+    [[ -n "${NITRO_TPM_PCR_DB:-}" ]] && pcr_args+=(--db "$NITRO_TPM_PCR_DB")
+    pcr_trace="${OUTPUT_DIR}/aws-pcr-compute.trace"
+    pcr_json_path="${OUTPUT_DIR}/aws-pcrs.json"
+    pcr_json=$(RUST_LOG=nitro_tpm_pcr_compute=debug \
+        "$pcr_compute_bin" "${pcr_args[@]}" 2>"$pcr_trace") \
+        || { echo "Error: nitro-tpm-pcr-compute failed" >&2; exit 1; }
+    printf '%s\n' "$pcr_json" > "$pcr_json_path"
+
+    pcr4=$(jq -r '.Measurements.PCR4 // empty' <<<"$pcr_json")
+    pcr7=$(jq -r '.Measurements.PCR7 // empty' <<<"$pcr_json")
+    pcr12=$(jq -r '.Measurements.PCR12 // empty' <<<"$pcr_json")
+    if [[ -z "$pcr4" || -z "$pcr7" || -z "$pcr12" ]]; then
+        echo "Error: nitro-tpm-pcr-compute output missing PCR4, PCR7, or PCR12" >&2
+        echo "$pcr_json" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "Generating measurement.aws.cbor via ${DSTACK_MR_BIN}"
+    "${DSTACK_MR_BIN}" aws-measurement-cbor "$pcr4" "$pcr7" "$pcr12" \
+        > "${OUTPUT_DIR}/measurement.aws.cbor"
+    python3 "$(dirname "$0")/aws-pcr-replay.py" \
+        --trace "$pcr_trace" \
+        --measurements "$pcr_json_path" \
+        --output "${OUTPUT_DIR}/measurement.aws.replay.json"
+    rm "$pcr_trace"
+    HAVE_MEASUREMENT_AWS=1
+fi
+
+echo "Generating unified image digest to ${OUTPUT_DIR}/"
+CHECKSUM_FILES=(ovmf.fd bzImage initramfs.cpio.gz metadata.json measurement.tdx.cbor)
+if [ "$HAVE_MEASUREMENT_SNP" = "1" ]; then
+    CHECKSUM_FILES+=(measurement.snp.cbor)
+fi
+if [ "$HAVE_MEASUREMENT_GCP" = "1" ]; then
+    CHECKSUM_FILES+=(measurement.gcp.cbor)
+fi
+if [ "$HAVE_MEASUREMENT_AWS" = "1" ]; then
+    CHECKSUM_FILES+=(measurement.aws.cbor measurement.aws.replay.json)
+fi
+(
+    cd "${OUTPUT_DIR}/"
+    sha256sum "${CHECKSUM_FILES[@]}" > sha256sum.txt
+    sha256sum sha256sum.txt | awk '{print $1}' > digest.txt
+)
+
+if [ "$DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE" = "1" ]; then
+    OUTPUT_DIR=$(realpath "${OUTPUT_DIR}")
+    PARENT_DIR=$(dirname "${OUTPUT_DIR}")
+
+    # Bare metal tarball: all files except disk.raw and auth_hash.txt
+    rm -rf "${IMAGE_TAR}"
+    echo "Archiving bare metal image to ${IMAGE_TAR}"
+    BARE_METAL_FILES=(rootfs.img.parted.verity bzImage ovmf.fd digest.txt sha256sum.txt initramfs.cpio.gz metadata.json measurement.tdx.cbor)
+    if [ "$HAVE_OVMF_SEV" = "1" ]; then
+        BARE_METAL_FILES+=(ovmf-sev.fd)
+    fi
+    if [ "$HAVE_MEASUREMENT_SNP" = "1" ]; then
+        BARE_METAL_FILES+=(measurement.snp.cbor)
+    fi
+    if [ "$HAVE_MEASUREMENT_GCP" = "1" ]; then
+        BARE_METAL_FILES+=(measurement.gcp.cbor)
+        if [[ "$IS_DEV" = "true" ]]; then
+            BARE_METAL_FILES+=(measurement.gcp.eventlog.bin)
+        fi
+    fi
+    if [ "$HAVE_MEASUREMENT_AWS" = "1" ]; then
+        BARE_METAL_FILES+=(measurement.aws.cbor measurement.aws.replay.json)
+    fi
+    BARE_METAL_TAR_FILES=()
+    for file in "${BARE_METAL_FILES[@]}"; do
+        BARE_METAL_TAR_FILES+=("$TAR_DIR_NAME/$file")
+    done
+    (cd "$PARENT_DIR" && tar -czvf "$IMAGE_TAR" "${BARE_METAL_TAR_FILES[@]}")
+    echo
+
+    # UKI tarball: cloud boot disk plus the unified OS-image identity material.
+    if [[ "$UKI_CREATED" = "1" ]]; then
+        rm -rf "${IMAGE_TAR_UKI}"
+        echo "Archiving UKI image to ${IMAGE_TAR_UKI}"
+        UKI_FILES=(disk.raw digest.txt sha256sum.txt measurement.gcp.cbor measurement.aws.cbor measurement.aws.replay.json)
+        if [[ "$IS_DEV" = "true" ]]; then
+            UKI_FILES+=(measurement.gcp.eventlog.bin)
+        fi
+        UKI_TAR_FILES=()
+        for file in "${UKI_FILES[@]}"; do
+            UKI_TAR_FILES+=("$TAR_DIR_NAME/$file")
+        done
+        (cd "$PARENT_DIR" && tar -czvf "$IMAGE_TAR_UKI" "${UKI_TAR_FILES[@]}")
+        echo
+    fi
+fi
diff --git a/os/image/authenticode_hash.py b/os/image/authenticode_hash.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3fa3f484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/authenticode_hash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Calculate the Authenticode SHA-256 hash of a PE/COFF image."""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+
+
+def read_le_u16(data: bytes, offset: int) -> int:
+    """Read an unsigned little-endian 16-bit integer."""
+    import struct
+
+    return struct.unpack("<H", data[offset : offset + 2])[0]
+
+
+def read_le_u32(data: bytes, offset: int) -> int:
+    """Read an unsigned little-endian 32-bit integer."""
+    import struct
+
+    return struct.unpack("<I", data[offset : offset + 4])[0]
+
+
+def authenticode_hash(filepath: str) -> str:
+    """Return the PE/COFF Authenticode SHA-256 digest for *filepath*."""
+    with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
+        data = f.read()
+
+    # Read DOS header
+    lfanew_offset = 0x3C
+    lfanew = read_le_u32(data, lfanew_offset)
+
+    # Verify PE signature
+    pe_sig_offset = lfanew
+    pe_sig = read_le_u32(data, pe_sig_offset)
+    IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE = 0x00004550  # "PE\0\0"
+    if pe_sig != IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid PE signature in {filepath}")
+
+    # Read COFF header
+    coff_header_offset = pe_sig_offset + 4
+    optional_header_size = read_le_u16(data, coff_header_offset + 16)
+
+    # Read Optional header magic
+    optional_header_offset = coff_header_offset + 20
+    magic = read_le_u16(data, optional_header_offset)
+
+    is_pe32_plus = magic == 0x20B
+
+    # Calculate offsets for excluded regions (checksum and cert directory)
+    checksum_offset = optional_header_offset + 64
+    checksum_end = checksum_offset + 4
+
+    data_dir_offset = optional_header_offset + (112 if is_pe32_plus else 96)
+    IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_SECURITY = 4
+    cert_dir_offset = data_dir_offset + (IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_SECURITY * 8)
+    cert_dir_end = cert_dir_offset + 8
+
+    size_of_headers_offset = optional_header_offset + 60
+    size_of_headers = read_le_u32(data, size_of_headers_offset)
+
+    # Hash header (excluding checksum and cert directory)
+    hasher = hashlib.sha256()
+    hasher.update(data[0:checksum_offset])
+    hasher.update(data[checksum_end:cert_dir_offset])
+    hasher.update(data[cert_dir_end:size_of_headers])
+
+    sum_of_bytes_hashed = size_of_headers
+
+    # Read section table
+    num_sections_offset = coff_header_offset + 2
+    num_sections = read_le_u16(data, num_sections_offset)
+
+    section_table_offset = optional_header_offset + optional_header_size
+    section_size = 40
+
+    sections = []
+    for i in range(num_sections):
+        section_offset = section_table_offset + (i * section_size)
+
+        ptr_raw_data_offset = section_offset + 20
+        ptr_raw_data = read_le_u32(data, ptr_raw_data_offset)
+
+        size_raw_data_offset = section_offset + 16
+        size_raw_data = read_le_u32(data, size_raw_data_offset)
+
+        if size_raw_data > 0:
+            sections.append((ptr_raw_data, size_raw_data))
+
+    # Sort sections by offset
+    sections.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+    # Hash sections
+    for offset, size in sections:
+        start = offset
+        end = start + size
+
+        if end <= len(data):
+            hasher.update(data[start:end])
+        else:
+            available_size = max(0, len(data) - start)
+            if available_size > 0:
+                hasher.update(data[start : start + available_size])
+
+        sum_of_bytes_hashed += size
+
+    file_size = len(data)
+
+    # Read certificate table info
+    cert_table_addr = read_le_u32(data, cert_dir_offset)
+    cert_table_size = read_le_u32(data, cert_dir_offset + 4)
+
+    # Hash trailing data (excluding certificate table)
+    if cert_table_addr > 0 and cert_table_size > 0 and file_size > sum_of_bytes_hashed:
+        trailing_data_len = file_size - sum_of_bytes_hashed
+
+        if trailing_data_len > cert_table_size:
+            hashed_trailing_len = trailing_data_len - cert_table_size
+            trailing_start = sum_of_bytes_hashed
+
+            if trailing_start + hashed_trailing_len <= len(data):
+                hasher.update(
+                    data[trailing_start : trailing_start + hashed_trailing_len]
+                )
+
+    # Add padding to align to 8 bytes
+    remainder = file_size % 8
+    if remainder != 0:
+        padding = bytes([0] * (8 - remainder))
+        hasher.update(padding)
+
+    return hasher.hexdigest()
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Run the command-line interface."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Calculate PE/COFF Authenticode SHA256 hash (TPM Event Log compatible)"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("file", help="Path to PE/COFF binary (e.g., UKI .efi)")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    print(authenticode_hash(args.file))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/os/image/aws-pcr-replay.py b/os/image/aws-pcr-replay.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e27431064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/aws-pcr-replay.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2026 Phala Network
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Build a NitroTPM PCR replay document from the pinned AWS tool trace."""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+EVENT_RE = re.compile(r"\[PCR(4|7|12)\]\s+([A-Z0-9_]+):\s+SHA384:([0-9a-fA-F]{96})")
+
+
+def extend(current: bytes, digest: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Extend a SHA-384 PCR value with one measured digest."""
+    return hashlib.sha384(current + digest).digest()
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Generate and validate the NitroTPM PCR replay document."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--trace", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--measurements", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    events = []
+    replayed = {4: bytes(48), 7: bytes(48), 12: bytes(48)}
+    for match in EVENT_RE.finditer(args.trace.read_text()):
+        pcr = int(match.group(1))
+        digest = bytes.fromhex(match.group(3))
+        replayed[pcr] = extend(replayed[pcr], digest)
+        events.append(
+            {"pcr": pcr, "event_type": match.group(2), "digest": digest.hex()}
+        )
+
+    if not events:
+        raise SystemExit("no NitroTPM PCR events found in tool trace")
+
+    computed = json.loads(args.measurements.read_text())["Measurements"]
+    expected = {pcr: computed[f"PCR{pcr}"].lower() for pcr in replayed}
+    for pcr, value in replayed.items():
+        if value.hex() != expected[pcr]:
+            raise SystemExit(
+                f"PCR{pcr} replay mismatch: expected={expected[pcr]}, "
+                f"replayed={value.hex()}"
+            )
+
+    document = {
+        "version": 1,
+        "events": events,
+        "pcr4": expected[4],
+        "pcr7": expected[7],
+        "pcr12": expected[12],
+    }
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps(document, indent=2) + "\n")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh b/os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..580d6e334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/dstack-image-oci.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# dstack guest image OCI packaging tool
+# Pack and push dstack guest OS images to an OCI-compatible container registry.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+    local status=${1:-1}
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: $0 <command> [options]
+
+Commands:
+  push  <image-dir> <image-ref> [--tag <tag>]   Pack and push image to registry
+  list  <image-ref> [--filter <pattern>]         List available tags in registry
+
+Arguments:
+  <image-dir>   Path to a dstack guest image directory (contains metadata.json)
+  <image-ref>   Full image reference (e.g., ghcr.io/org/guest-image)
+
+Examples:
+  $0 push ./dstack-0.6.0 ghcr.io/dstack-tee/guest-image
+  $0 push ./dstack-0.6.0 ghcr.io/dstack-tee/guest-image --tag 0.6.0
+  $0 list ghcr.io/dstack-tee/guest-image
+  $0 list ghcr.io/dstack-tee/guest-image --filter nvidia
+EOF
+    exit "$status"
+}
+
+COMMAND="${1:-}"
+[ -z "$COMMAND" ] && usage
+shift
+
+# --- PUSH ---
+cmd_push() (
+    local image_dir=""
+    local image_ref=""
+    local extra_tag=""
+
+    while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+        case "$1" in
+            --tag)
+                [ $# -ge 2 ] || { echo "Error: --tag requires a value"; exit 1; }
+                extra_tag="$2"
+                shift 2
+                ;;
+            -h|--help) usage 0 ;;
+            -*)  echo "Unknown option: $1"; exit 1 ;;
+            *)
+                if [ -z "$image_dir" ]; then
+                    image_dir="$1"
+                elif [ -z "$image_ref" ]; then
+                    image_ref="$1"
+                else
+                    echo "Unexpected argument: $1"; exit 1
+                fi
+                shift
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    [ -z "$image_dir" ] && { echo "Error: image directory required"; usage; }
+    [ -z "$image_ref" ] && { echo "Error: image reference required"; usage; }
+    [ -d "$image_dir" ] || { echo "Error: $image_dir is not a directory"; exit 1; }
+
+    local metadata="$image_dir/metadata.json"
+    [ -f "$metadata" ] || { echo "Error: metadata.json not found in $image_dir"; exit 1; }
+
+    # Read image info
+    local version
+    version=$(python3 - "$metadata" <<'PY'
+import json
+import sys
+
+with open(sys.argv[1], encoding="utf-8") as file:
+    print(json.load(file)["version"])
+PY
+    )
+    if [[ ! "$version" =~ ^[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z._-]*$ ]]; then
+        echo "Error: metadata.json contains an invalid version: $version"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    local digest_file="$image_dir/digest.txt"
+    local os_image_hash=""
+    if [ -f "$digest_file" ]; then
+        os_image_hash=$(tr -d '\n\r' < "$digest_file")
+        if [[ ! "$os_image_hash" =~ ^[0-9A-Fa-f]{64}$ ]]; then
+            echo "Error: digest.txt must contain one SHA-256 hex digest"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        os_image_hash=${os_image_hash,,}
+    fi
+
+    # Detect image variant from directory name
+    local dirname
+    dirname=$(basename "$image_dir")
+    local variant=""
+    if [[ "$dirname" == *-nvidia-dev-* ]]; then
+        variant="nvidia-dev"
+    elif [[ "$dirname" == *-nvidia-* ]]; then
+        variant="nvidia"
+    elif [[ "$dirname" == *-dev-* ]]; then
+        variant="dev"
+    elif [[ "$dirname" == *-cloud-* ]]; then
+        variant="cloud"
+    fi
+
+    # Build tag list
+    local tags=()
+    if [ -n "$extra_tag" ]; then
+        tags+=("$extra_tag")
+    else
+        # Auto-generate tags from variant + version
+        if [ -n "$variant" ]; then
+            tags+=("${variant}-${version}")
+        else
+            tags+=("${version}")
+        fi
+        if [ -n "$os_image_hash" ]; then
+            tags+=("sha256-${os_image_hash}")
+        fi
+    fi
+
+    echo "=== Packing dstack guest image ==="
+    echo "  Source:   $image_dir"
+    echo "  Version:  $version"
+    echo "  Variant:  ${variant:-standard}"
+    echo "  Hash:     ${os_image_hash:-<none>}"
+    echo "  Registry: $image_ref"
+    echo "  Tags:     ${tags[*]}"
+    echo ""
+
+    # Create build context in a temp directory
+    local tmp_dir
+    tmp_dir=$(mktemp -d)
+    trap 'rm -rf "$tmp_dir"' EXIT
+
+    # Collect all files
+    local files=()
+    for f in "$image_dir"/*; do
+        if [ -f "$f" ]; then
+            local name
+            name=$(basename "$f")
+            if [[ ! "$name" =~ ^[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z._-]*$ ]]; then
+                echo "Error: image filename is not OCI-packaging safe: $name"
+                exit 1
+            fi
+            files+=("$name")
+        fi
+    done
+
+    # Generate Dockerfile
+    {
+        echo "FROM scratch"
+        for f in "${files[@]}"; do
+            echo "COPY $f /"
+        done
+        echo "LABEL org.opencontainers.image.title=\"dstack-guest-image\""
+        echo "LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version=\"$version\""
+        echo "LABEL wang.dstack.os-image-hash=\"${os_image_hash}\""
+        echo "LABEL wang.dstack.variant=\"${variant:-standard}\""
+    } > "$tmp_dir/Dockerfile"
+
+    # Copy files to build context
+    for f in "${files[@]}"; do
+        cp "$image_dir/$f" "$tmp_dir/"
+    done
+
+    # Build
+    local primary_ref="${image_ref}:${tags[0]}"
+    echo "Building: $primary_ref"
+    docker build -t "$primary_ref" "$tmp_dir"
+
+    # Tag additional tags
+    for ((i=1; i<${#tags[@]}; i++)); do
+        local ref="${image_ref}:${tags[$i]}"
+        echo "Tagging: $ref"
+        docker tag "$primary_ref" "$ref"
+    done
+
+    # Push all tags
+    for tag in "${tags[@]}"; do
+        local ref="${image_ref}:${tag}"
+        echo "Pushing: $ref"
+        docker push "$ref"
+    done
+
+    # Build and push measurement-only image (no rootfs, for verifier)
+    if [ -n "$os_image_hash" ]; then
+        local mr_tag="mr-sha256-${os_image_hash}"
+        local mr_dir
+        mr_dir="$tmp_dir/measurement"
+        mkdir -p "$mr_dir"
+
+        # Read rootfs filename from metadata to exclude it
+        local rootfs_name
+        rootfs_name=$(python3 - "$metadata" <<'PY'
+import json
+import sys
+
+with open(sys.argv[1], encoding="utf-8") as file:
+    print(json.load(file).get("rootfs", ""))
+PY
+        )
+
+        # Collect files excluding rootfs
+        local mr_files=()
+        for f in "${files[@]}"; do
+            if [ "$f" != "$rootfs_name" ]; then
+                mr_files+=("$f")
+                cp "$image_dir/$f" "$mr_dir/"
+            fi
+        done
+
+        {
+            echo "FROM scratch"
+            for f in "${mr_files[@]}"; do
+                echo "COPY $f /"
+            done
+            echo "LABEL org.opencontainers.image.title=\"dstack-guest-image-mr\""
+            echo "LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version=\"$version\""
+            echo "LABEL wang.dstack.os-image-hash=\"${os_image_hash}\""
+            echo "LABEL wang.dstack.variant=\"${variant:-standard}\""
+            echo "LABEL wang.dstack.measurement-only=\"true\""
+        } > "$mr_dir/Dockerfile"
+
+        local mr_ref="${image_ref}:${mr_tag}"
+        echo ""
+        echo "Building measurement image (no rootfs): $mr_ref"
+        echo "  Files: ${mr_files[*]}"
+        docker build -t "$mr_ref" "$mr_dir"
+
+        echo "Pushing: $mr_ref"
+        docker push "$mr_ref"
+
+        tags+=("$mr_tag")
+    fi
+
+    rm -rf "$tmp_dir"
+    trap - EXIT
+
+    echo ""
+    echo "=== Done ==="
+    for tag in "${tags[@]}"; do
+        echo "  ${image_ref}:${tag}"
+    done
+)
+
+# --- LIST ---
+cmd_list() {
+    local image_ref=""
+    local filter=""
+
+    while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+        case "$1" in
+            --filter)
+                [ $# -ge 2 ] || { echo "Error: --filter requires a value"; exit 1; }
+                filter="$2"
+                shift 2
+                ;;
+            -h|--help) usage 0 ;;
+            -*)  echo "Unknown option: $1"; exit 1 ;;
+            *)
+                if [ -z "$image_ref" ]; then
+                    image_ref="$1"
+                else
+                    echo "Unexpected argument: $1"; exit 1
+                fi
+                shift
+                ;;
+        esac
+    done
+
+    [ -z "$image_ref" ] && { echo "Error: image reference required"; usage; }
+
+    echo "=== Tags for ${image_ref} ==="
+
+    # Parse registry and repo from image_ref
+    local registry repo
+    registry="${image_ref%%/*}"
+    repo="${image_ref#*/}"
+
+    local tags_json
+    tags_json=$(skopeo list-tags "docker://${image_ref}" 2>/dev/null || \
+                curl -sf "https://${registry}/v2/${repo}/tags/list" 2>/dev/null || \
+                echo '{"tags":[]}')
+
+    python3 -c '
+import json
+import re
+import sys
+
+data = json.load(sys.stdin)
+tags = sorted(data.get("Tags", data.get("tags", [])))
+filt = sys.argv[1]
+for tag in tags:
+    if not filt or re.search(filt, tag):
+        print(f"  {tag}")
+' "$filter" <<< "$tags_json"
+}
+
+# Dispatch
+case "$COMMAND" in
+    push) cmd_push "$@" ;;
+    list) cmd_list "$@" ;;
+    -h|--help) usage 0 ;;
+    *)    echo "Unknown command: $COMMAND"; usage ;;
+esac
diff --git a/os/image/gcp-tpm-eventlog.py b/os/image/gcp-tpm-eventlog.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ace98197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/gcp-tpm-eventlog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2026 Phala Network
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Bind the GCP TPM event-log template to an assembled UKI."""
+
+import argparse
+from pathlib import Path
+
+FIXTURE_UKI_HASH = bytes.fromhex(
+    "9ab14a46f858662a89adc102d2a57a13f52f75c1769d65a4c34edbbfc8855f0f"
+)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Generate an image-specific event log from the GCP template."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--template", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--uki-hash", type=Path, required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path, required=True)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    uki_hash = bytes.fromhex(args.uki_hash.read_text().strip())
+    if len(uki_hash) != 32:
+        raise SystemExit("GCP UKI Authenticode hash must be SHA-256")
+
+    event_log = args.template.read_bytes()
+    occurrences = event_log.count(FIXTURE_UKI_HASH)
+    if occurrences != 1:
+        raise SystemExit(
+            f"expected one UKI digest in GCP event-log template, found {occurrences}"
+        )
+    args.output.write_bytes(event_log.replace(FIXTURE_UKI_HASH, uki_hash, 1))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/os/image/kernel-cmdline.sh b/os/image/kernel-cmdline.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1847bc5b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/kernel-cmdline.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash
+#
+# Single definition of the guest kernel command line.
+#
+# This string is measured twice over: it is baked into the UKI whose PE
+# sections feed the GCP and AWS measurements, and it is recorded in
+# metadata.json, from which dstack-mr derives the TDX RTMRs. A backend that
+# builds the UKI and the assembler that writes metadata.json therefore have to
+# agree exactly. They used to construct it independently, so a token added to
+# one would have produced measurements describing a command line the guest
+# never booted with -- and every existing check would still have passed.
+
+# Emit the guest kernel command line.
+#   $1 dm-verity root hash
+#   $2 rootfs data size in bytes
+dstack_kernel_cmdline() {
+    local root_hash=${1:?root hash required}
+    local data_size=${2:?data size required}
+    echo "console=ttyS0 init=/init panic=1 net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0" \
+         "mce=off oops=panic pci=noearly pci=nommconf random.trust_cpu=y" \
+         "random.trust_bootloader=n tsc=reliable no-kvmclock" \
+         "dstack.rootfs_hash=$root_hash dstack.rootfs_size=$data_size"
+}
diff --git a/os/image/mk-image-mr.sh b/os/image/mk-image-mr.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3c69ab7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/image/mk-image-mr.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# Function to display usage
+usage() {
+    local status=${1:-1}
+    echo "Usage: ${0##*/} <url_or_local_file>"
+    echo "Example: $0 https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/download/guest-os-v0.6.0/dstack-0.6.0.tar.gz"
+    echo "Example: $0 /path/to/local/file.tar.gz"
+    exit "$status"
+}
+
+# Check if argument is provided
+if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
+    usage
+fi
+case "$1" in
+    -h|--help)
+        usage 0
+        ;;
+esac
+
+INPUT="$1"
+TEMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+EXTRACT_DIR="$TEMP_DIR/extracted"
+
+# Cleanup function
+cleanup() {
+    echo "Cleaning up temporary directory: $TEMP_DIR"
+    rm -rf "$TEMP_DIR"
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+echo "Working directory: $TEMP_DIR"
+
+# Download or copy the file
+if [[ "$INPUT" =~ ^https?:// ]]; then
+    echo "Downloading from URL: $INPUT"
+    ARCHIVE_FILE="$TEMP_DIR/archive.tar.gz"
+    if command -v curl >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        curl -fL -o "$ARCHIVE_FILE" "$INPUT"
+    elif command -v wget >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        wget -O "$ARCHIVE_FILE" "$INPUT"
+    else
+        echo "Error: Neither curl nor wget is available for downloading"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+else
+    echo "Using local file: $INPUT"
+    if [ ! -f "$INPUT" ]; then
+        echo "Error: Local file does not exist: $INPUT"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    ARCHIVE_FILE=$(realpath "$INPUT")
+fi
+
+# Create extraction directory
+mkdir -p "$EXTRACT_DIR"
+
+# Extract the archive
+echo "Extracting archive to: $EXTRACT_DIR"
+tar -xzf "$ARCHIVE_FILE" -C "$EXTRACT_DIR" \
+    --no-same-owner --no-same-permissions
+
+# Find and read the digest
+mapfile -d '' -t DIGEST_FILES < <(find "$EXTRACT_DIR" -name digest.txt -type f -print0)
+if [ "${#DIGEST_FILES[@]}" -ne 1 ]; then
+    echo "Error: expected exactly one digest.txt in the archive, found ${#DIGEST_FILES[@]}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+DIGEST_FILE=${DIGEST_FILES[0]}
+
+DIGEST=$(tr -d '\n\r' < "$DIGEST_FILE" | tr 'A-F' 'a-f')
+if [[ ! "$DIGEST" =~ ^[0-9a-f]{64}$ ]]; then
+    echo "Error: digest.txt must contain exactly one SHA-256 hex digest"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "Found digest: $DIGEST"
+
+# Remove rootfs file(s)
+echo "Removing rootfs files..."
+REMOVED_COUNT=$(find "$EXTRACT_DIR" -name "rootfs*" -type f | wc -l)
+find "$EXTRACT_DIR" -name "rootfs*" -type f -delete
+echo "Removed $REMOVED_COUNT rootfs file(s)"
+
+# Create flattened structure in a new directory
+FLATTEN_DIR="$TEMP_DIR/flattened"
+mkdir -p "$FLATTEN_DIR"
+
+echo "Flattening directory structure..."
+# Find all files (not directories) and copy them to the flattened directory.
+# Refuse duplicate basenames instead of silently overwriting an artifact.
+declare -A SEEN_BASENAMES=()
+while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
+    name=$(basename "$file")
+    if [[ -n "${SEEN_BASENAMES[$name]:-}" ]]; then
+        echo "Error: duplicate archive basename while flattening: $name" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    SEEN_BASENAMES[$name]=1
+    cp "$file" "$FLATTEN_DIR/$name"
+done < <(find "$EXTRACT_DIR" -type f -print0)
+
+# Count files for verification
+FILE_COUNT=$(find "$FLATTEN_DIR" -type f | wc -l)
+echo "Flattened $FILE_COUNT files"
+
+# Create the final archive with the digest-based name
+OUTPUT_FILE="mr_${DIGEST}.tar.gz"
+echo "Creating final archive: $OUTPUT_FILE"
+
+# Change to the flattened directory and create archive without directory structure
+cd "$FLATTEN_DIR"
+LC_ALL=C tar --sort=name --mtime='@0' --owner=0 --group=0 --numeric-owner \
+    -czf "../$OUTPUT_FILE" -- *
+cd - >/dev/null
+
+# Move the final file to the current working directory
+mv "$TEMP_DIR/$OUTPUT_FILE" "./$OUTPUT_FILE"
+
+echo "Successfully created: $OUTPUT_FILE"
+echo "Archive contains $FILE_COUNT files with flattened structure"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/.gitignore b/os/mkosi/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4014b1892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+build*/
+repro*/
+# The container build environment, not a build output the globs above target.
+!repro-build/
+*.raw
+*.raw.zst
+mkosi.tools/
+mkosi.tools.manifest
diff --git a/os/mkosi/README.md b/os/mkosi/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..deeb6c6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# Experimental mkosi backend
+
+This is an experimental Debian/mkosi implementation of the dstack guest OS.
+It is not yet a replacement for the release Yocto backend. Its acceptance
+target is functional parity with the Yocto image, not merely release archive
+compatibility. `parity.json` is the machine-checked inventory used by a build.
+
+The backend builds the same dstack services plus the pinned Yocto component
+set: Linux 6.18, NVIDIA 595.58.03 (open modules, userspace, firmware, Fabric
+Manager and NSCQ), nvattest 2026.06.09 with the OCSP-freshness patch, OpenZFS
+2.4.0, Sysbox 0.6.7, NVIDIA Container Toolkit, nerdctl, CNI plugins and
+stargz-snapshotter 0.18.2.
+
+The kernel tracks the same series as the production Yocto backend
+(`PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto` in `meta-dstack`), which `tests/acceptance.sh`
+enforces. That is what keeps the component set patch-free: ZFS 2.4.0 declares
+`Linux-Maximum: 6.18` and the NVIDIA 595.58.03 open modules build against this
+series unmodified, so neither carries an out-of-tree compatibility patch that
+production does not also carry.
+
+## Reproducibility model
+
+`versions.env` pins the stable kernel, Rust and Go archives by SHA-256 and
+selects an immutable Debian snapshot. `GOTOOLCHAIN=local` keeps the go command
+from replacing the pinned compiler when a module's `go.mod` names a newer
+release. All components
+are compiled by `mkosi.build` inside mkosi's build-package overlay; host
+Rust/Go/GCC binaries are never used. C/C++ compilers, linkers, headers and
+build systems come from that snapshot, while the Rust and Go distributions are
+installed under `/opt/dstack-toolchains` after checksum verification. A mkosi
+tools tree built from the same snapshot supplies image-construction tools.
+`Cargo.lock`, `--locked`, a fixed `SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`, normalized file mtimes,
+fixed kernel build identity and mkosi's deterministic image construction close
+the remaining inputs. `DSTACK_SKIP_RUST=1` exists only for rootfs/kernel
+development and does **not** produce a functional guest.
+
+The custom kernel starts from `x86_64_defconfig`, then applies the reviewed
+`kernel.config` fragment. This is the practical upstream equivalent of Yocto's
+`linux-yocto-tiny` plus explicit features: disabling arbitrary defconfig
+symbols without resolving Kconfig dependencies would be less auditable. Both
+the TDX DMA patch and the ACPI BadAML/SystemMemory sandbox patch are reused
+verbatim from `meta-dstack`; patch fuzz is forbidden. The final `.config` is
+checked before compilation.
+
+## Build and acceptance
+
+Host compilation and image-assembly toolchains are not required. mkosi 26
+creates the pinned Debian build overlay containing all component compilers and
+headers. Its minimized `misc` tools-tree profile plus explicit packages supplies
+`lddtree`, squashfs, dm-verity, disk, archive and UKI tools. The repository's
+`dstack-mr` and the pinned `nitro-tpm-pcr-compute` revision are compiled by
+`mkosi.build`, exported only for `mkosi.postoutput`, and removed from the guest.
+The host needs mkosi's own dependencies and root privileges (or a working user
+namespace), but no Rust, Go, C or C++ compiler.
+
+The container path in `repro-build/` reduces that to Docker plus the privileges
+mkosi needs for loop devices, device-mapper and mounts. It pins the last layer
+the backend itself does not: mkosi and the host tools it drives.
+
+```sh
+make os-image-mkosi          # single production build
+make os-repro-check-mkosi    # build twice, compare byte for byte
+./os/mkosi/repro-build/repro-build.sh -o /path/to/build-dir
+```
+
+The native interface remains available when those host tools are present:
+
+```sh
+./os/mkosi/build.sh lint
+./os/mkosi/build.sh image "$PWD/os/mkosi/build"
+./os/build.sh --backend mkosi --build-dir "$PWD/os/mkosi/build"
+./os/mkosi/build.sh repro-check "$PWD/os/mkosi/repro"
+# QEMU smoke-test the assembled UKI disk (host OVMF path is distro-specific)
+qemu-system-x86_64 -machine q35 -m 2G -nographic \
+  -drive if=pflash,format=raw,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_CODE_4M.fd \
+  -drive if=virtio,format=raw,file=os/mkosi/build/out/prod/dstack-0.6.0/disk.raw
+```
+
+`image` reuses a component-output cache, which is what makes local iteration
+affordable. `--no-cache` forces the cold path; the release workflow and the
+container path above both pass it, and `repro-check` never consults the cache at
+all. `DSTACK_COMPONENT_CACHE=0` in the environment changes the default for
+callers that cannot pass a flag, such as `os/build.sh`.
+
+```sh
+DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR="$HOME/.cache/dstack/mkosi-dev" \
+  ./os/mkosi/build.sh image "$PWD/os/mkosi/build-dev"
+./os/mkosi/build.sh --no-cache image "$PWD/os/mkosi/build"
+```
+
+A cached build also skips the two release tarballs, which are roughly a minute
+of gzip over artifacts that already sit unpacked beside them. `disk.raw`, the
+measurements and `metadata.json` are still produced, so QEMU smoke-testing and
+measurement inspection are unaffected; `--archive` asks a cached build for the
+tarballs anyway. A cold build always archives, and `repro-check` archives
+unconditionally because the tarballs are what it compares.
+
+The cache covers dstack Rust, image tools, the container stack, Sysbox, nvattest, the
+kernel build tree, NVIDIA, ZFS and both OVMF variants. Its key conservatively
+includes the inputs, tools, packages and component dependencies declared by
+each descriptor in `components/<name>/<name>.sh`, plus architecture, flavor and
+`SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`. For linked worktrees, `build.sh` records the Git-owned and
+untracked source path inventory on the host, while file contents are hashed in
+the mkosi build root; Git metadata is never mounted into the sandbox.
+`build-components.sh` is intentionally only the ordered component list.
+Component install trees are merged with strict non-directory conflict
+detection. A cold build never calculates, reads or writes component cache keys.
+Release artifacts, Debian rootfs, dm-verity data and measurements are never
+cached.
+
+The cache is stored in mkosi's `BuildDirectory=`, which is the only mount a
+build script gets that is both writable and preserved between runs. It must not
+live on a `BuildSources=` mount: `BuildSourcesEphemeral=yes` gives every source
+an overlay whose upper layer is a temporary directory, so anything written
+there is discarded when the build script exits.
+
+mkosi's `Incremental=`, `CacheDirectory=` and `BuildDirectory=` cover
+whole-image/rootfs and persistent-work-directory reuse; none of them provides
+independently keyed output trees for components or rejects file collisions when
+those trees are installed. The small component layer supplies only those two
+missing policies, on top of `BuildDirectory=` for storage. Source download,
+build, cache-key inputs and output ownership remain together under
+`components/<name>/`; production builds bypass the layer's archive cache
+completely.
+
+On a 16-job development host, a clean production work directory takes about
+27 minutes with warm package downloads; allow 30--45 minutes with cold network
+caches. `repro-check` performs two such builds sequentially, deliberately with
+different job counts as well as different build paths, so output that depends
+on parallelism is caught rather than reproduced identically twice.
+
+Acceptance is currently split. `build.sh lint` enforces the static contract
+and runs on every change touching `os/`; it is a source-level check, not a
+statement about a built image. The image-level criteria -- a UKI disk booting
+on x86_64 QEMU, `/proc/config.gz` carrying the checked TDX/SNP, TPM, ACPI,
+dm-verity/crypt, virtio, container and hardening options, dstack services
+enabled, and two clean builds comparing byte-for-byte -- are verified by
+`repro-check` and by hand today; only the byte-for-byte comparison is
+automated, behind a manual workflow dispatch. The backend exports
+artifact-manifest schema v1 and delegates final assembly to
+`os/image/assemble.sh`, exactly like Yocto. Its output contains the same
+`dstack-<version>/` directory (`dstack-dev-<version>/` for the dev flavor,
+matching Yocto), bare-metal and UKI tarballs, partitioned combined
+squashfs/dm-verity image, metadata, measurements, checksums, kernel, initramfs,
+OVMF and UKI. Debian supplies the base userspace while the parity checker
+requires the Yocto-visible binaries, services, configuration, kernel modules
+and production/development separation before assembly is allowed to proceed.
+
+The firmware is not Debian's generic OVMF: `components/ovmf/ovmf-build.sh` builds the same
+EDK2 stable-202502 revision and `pre202505` TDX measurement layout selected by
+the Yocto recipe. A generic OVMF cannot be substituted because `dstack-mr`
+would produce invalid or unparseable TDX measurement material.
+
+## Native mkosi boundary
+
+The distribution snapshot, build-only packages, guest packages, profiles,
+source mounts, source-date epoch, tools tree, package cleanup, file removal,
+systemd presets, tmpfiles, service masks and the build/postinstall/finalize/
+postoutput/clean lifecycle are mkosi-native. The native tar output is replaced
+in `mkosi.postoutput` by the identically named Yocto-compatible archive, so no
+unrelated mkosi rootfs artifact escapes the staging directory.
+
+Only four project-specific mechanisms remain:
+
+1. `make-release-artifacts.sh` and `os/image/assemble.sh` implement the existing
+   combined squashfs/dm-verity layout, initramfs command-line protocol,
+   measurements and archive member contract. mkosi's repart/UKI formats would
+   change that external interface.
+2. The development-only component cache provides independently keyed output
+   trees. mkosi's `Incremental=` and `BuildSourcesEphemeral=buildcache` cache a
+   whole image or a mutable build tree, not isolated component install outputs.
+   Only the keying and collision policies are ours; the storage is mkosi's
+   `BuildDirectory=`.
+3. `merge-component-trees.py` rejects conflicting component-owned rootfs paths;
+   mkosi's normal tree overlays intentionally use last-writer-wins semantics.
+4. `normalize-skeleton-modes.sh` maps regular skeleton files to Git's two
+   portable mode classes (0644 or 0755). mkosi correctly preserves source
+   modes, but Git worktrees on shared hosts can add group-write bits that are
+   not represented in the Git index and would otherwise change the rootfs.
+
+The tiny postinstall hook is also retained because mkosi's native `MachineId=`
+supports a UUID, `random`, or `uninitialized`, while the Yocto contract requires
+an existing but empty `/etc/machine-id`. Rust and Go distributions are pinned by
+version and SHA-256 inside the mkosi build overlay because Debian trixie's Rust
+package is too old for this workspace; they never come from the host.
diff --git a/os/mkosi/build.sh b/os/mkosi/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..63f567b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+umask 0022
+SELF=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+ROOT=$(cd "$SELF/../.." && pwd)
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+FLAVORS=${FLAVORS:-prod}
+usage="Usage: $0 [--no-cache] [--archive] {image|repro-check|lint} [build-dir]"
+# The component cache is keyed on every declared input of each component, so a
+# hit reproduces the same output a cold build would have produced. Reusing it is
+# therefore the sensible default; --no-cache forces the cold path for a release
+# build or when the key itself is what needs auditing. repro-check ignores both
+# and always builds cold, because a cache hit would answer the wrong question.
+cache=${DSTACK_COMPONENT_CACHE:-1}
+# The two release tarballs are ~58 s of gzip over artifacts that already exist
+# unpacked beside them. A cached build is an iteration build, and iterating on
+# the guest wants disk.raw and the measurements, not a redistributable archive
+# -- so a cached build skips them and a cold build still produces them. Pass
+# --archive to get them out of a cached build anyway. Left unset here so the
+# default can be derived from the final value of $cache below.
+archive=${DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE:-}
+action=
+BUILD_DIR=
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --no-cache) cache=0 ;;
+    --archive) archive=1 ;;
+    -h|--help) echo "$usage"; exit 0 ;;
+    -*) echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2; echo "$usage" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+    *)
+      if [[ -z $action ]]; then action=$1
+      elif [[ -z $BUILD_DIR ]]; then BUILD_DIR=$1
+      else echo "Unexpected argument: $1" >&2; echo "$usage" >&2; exit 2
+      fi
+      ;;
+  esac
+  shift
+done
+action=${action:-image}
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "${BUILD_DIR:-$SELF/build}")
+case "$action" in
+  image|repro-check|lint) ;;
+  *) echo "$usage" >&2; exit 2 ;;
+esac
+if [[ $action == repro-check ]]; then cache=0; fi
+[[ $cache == 1 || $cache == 0 ]] || {
+  echo "DSTACK_COMPONENT_CACHE must be 0 or 1, got: $cache" >&2; exit 2;
+}
+# Derived after repro-check has forced the cold path, so repro-check always
+# archives: it compares the two release tarballs, and skipping them would leave
+# it comparing nothing and passing vacuously.
+archive=${archive:-$(( cache == 1 ? 0 : 1 ))}
+# Not merely defaulted: forced. repro-check compares the two release tarballs,
+# so an environment that switched archiving off would leave it comparing files
+# that do not exist -- a check that fails for the wrong reason, or worse, is
+# read as "no difference found".
+if [[ $action == repro-check ]]; then archive=1; fi
+[[ $archive == 1 || $archive == 0 ]] || {
+  echo "DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE must be 0 or 1, got: $archive" >&2; exit 2;
+}
+if [[ $action == lint ]]; then exec "$SELF/tests/acceptance.sh"; fi
+command -v mkosi >/dev/null || { echo "mkosi $MKOSI_VERSION is required" >&2; exit 1; }
+actual=$(mkosi --version | awk '{print $2}' | cut -d. -f1)
+[[ $actual == "$MKOSI_VERSION" ]] || {
+  echo "mkosi $MKOSI_VERSION required, found $actual" >&2; exit 1;
+}
+export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:-$(git -C "$ROOT" log -1 --format=%ct)}
+revision=$(git -C "$ROOT" rev-parse HEAD)
+# BuildSources= mounts and compiles the working tree, not HEAD, so without this
+# an uncommitted change would produce an image whose guest agent and measured
+# metadata.json both report a clean upstream revision. git_revision! marks this
+# the same way when it derives the value itself.
+dirty=
+if ! git -C "$ROOT" diff --quiet HEAD -- || \
+   [[ -n $(git -C "$ROOT" ls-files --others --exclude-standard) ]]; then
+  if [[ ${DSTACK_ALLOW_DIRTY:-0} != 1 ]]; then
+    echo "refusing to build from a dirty worktree: the recorded revision would" >&2
+    echo "not describe the sources being compiled. Commit or stash the changes," >&2
+    echo "or set DSTACK_ALLOW_DIRTY=1 to record the revision as -modified." >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  dirty=-modified
+fi
+# Distinct from the Yocto backend's DSTACK_GIT_REVISION, which is a bare SHA
+# used for release metadata. This one is compiled into the binaries by
+# dstack-build-info and must carry the "git:" display prefix.
+export DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION=${DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION:-git:${revision:0:20}$dirty}
+revision="$revision$dirty"
+export TZ=UTC LC_ALL=C
+# A cold invocation reconstructs the tools tree once from the immutable
+# snapshot, then shares that read-only environment across all requested flavors
+# or both legs of repro-check. A cached invocation keeps it, because rebuilding
+# the tools overlay every run is exactly the cost the cache exists to avoid.
+if [[ $cache == 0 ]]; then
+  # --directory only chdirs, and no OutputDirectory= is configured, so without
+  # the same --output-directory the build uses, mkosi.clean would run its
+  # removal against os/mkosi/ instead of the build tree.
+  mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR/out"
+  mkosi --directory "$SELF" --output-directory="$BUILD_DIR/out" clean -f
+fi
+
+# Digest of every input that determines the incrementally cached tree: the
+# package lists and distribution pins in the configs, and the skeleton files
+# copied in before packages are installed. Deliberately not the dstack sources
+# or the component definitions -- those are consumed by the build script, which
+# runs after the cache is restored, and folding them in would defeat the cache
+# on every source edit. Sorted for a stable digest, and the file list itself is
+# hashed too so that deleting a skeleton file also moves the key.
+base_inputs_digest() {
+  local flavor=$1 skeleton
+  local skeletons=("$SELF/mkosi.skeleton")
+  if [[ -d $SELF/mkosi.profiles/$flavor/mkosi.skeleton ]]; then
+    skeletons+=("$SELF/mkosi.profiles/$flavor/mkosi.skeleton")
+  fi
+  {
+    # Hash relative names, types and modes as well as contents. Relative names
+    # let worktrees share a cache; types and modes cover inputs that sha256sum
+    # alone cannot distinguish.
+    for skeleton in "${skeletons[@]}"; do
+      echo "-- skeleton ${skeleton#"$SELF"/}"
+      (cd "$skeleton" && find . -mindepth 1 -printf '%P %y %m\n' | sort)
+      (cd "$skeleton" && find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 -r sha256sum)
+      (cd "$skeleton" && find . -type l -print0 | sort -z | \
+        while IFS= read -r -d '' link; do
+          printf '%s -> %s\n' "${link#./}" "$(readlink "$link")"
+        done)
+    done
+    echo "-- mkosi.conf"
+    cat "$SELF/mkosi.conf" "$SELF/mkosi.tools.conf"
+    echo "-- profile/$flavor/mkosi.conf"
+    cat "$SELF/mkosi.profiles/$flavor/mkosi.conf"
+  } | sha256sum | cut -c1-32
+}
+
+build_one() {
+  local out=$1 flavor=$2 jobs=${3:-${JOBS:-$(nproc)}}
+  mkdir -p "$out"
+  mkosi_args=(
+    --directory "$SELF"
+    --force
+    --output-directory="$out"
+    --profile="$flavor"
+    --source-date-epoch="$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"
+    --environment="DSTACK_COMPONENT_CACHE=$cache"
+    --environment="DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE=$archive"
+    --environment="DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION=$DSTACK_BUILD_GIT_REVISION"
+    --environment="DSTACK_SOURCE_REVISION=$revision"
+    --environment="JOBS=$jobs"
+  )
+  if [[ $cache == 1 ]]; then
+    cache_root=${DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR:-${XDG_CACHE_HOME:-$HOME/.cache}/dstack/mkosi-dev}
+    # The component cache must go through BuildDirectory, which mkosi
+    # bind-mounts read-write and preserves between runs. A BuildSources mount
+    # cannot hold it: BuildSourcesEphemeral=yes gives every source an overlay
+    # whose upper layer is a temporary directory, so cache writes would be
+    # discarded when the build script exits. The manifest is a read-only input
+    # regenerated on each run, so an ephemeral source mount suits it fine.
+    mkdir -p "$cache_root/build" "$cache_root/manifest"
+    "$SELF/scripts/write-source-manifest.py" "$ROOT" \
+      "$cache_root/manifest/source-manifest"
+    mkosi_args+=(--build-directory="$cache_root/build")
+    mkosi_args+=(--build-sources="$cache_root/manifest:component-cache")
+    mkosi_args+=(--environment="DSTACK_SOURCE_MANIFEST=/work/src/component-cache/source-manifest")
+    # mkosi's incremental cache captures the tree after the distribution and
+    # build packages are installed and before any build script runs, which is
+    # exactly the ~70 s this build otherwise repeats verbatim every time.
+    #
+    # It cannot be enabled as-is. mkosi keys the cache on CacheKey=, whose
+    # default is &d~&r~&a~&I -- distribution, release, architecture, image id --
+    # and whose specifier set contains no digest of the inputs that actually
+    # determine that tree. Editing Packages= in mkosi.conf, or any file under
+    # mkosi.skeleton/, leaves the key untouched, so mkosi would restore the
+    # stale tree and the change would silently not be in the image. Mixing the
+    # digest below into the key restores the invalidation mkosi does not do.
+    base_digest=$(base_inputs_digest "$flavor")
+    mkosi_args+=(--incremental=yes)
+    mkosi_args+=(--cache-directory="$cache_root/incremental")
+    mkosi_args+=(--cache-key="&d~&r~&a~&I~$base_digest")
+    # Package downloads are content-addressed by the pinned Snapshot=, so this
+    # only avoids refetching identical files. Release builds still take the
+    # cold path and fetch from the snapshot themselves.
+    mkosi_args+=(--package-cache-directory="$cache_root/packages")
+  fi
+  mkosi "${mkosi_args[@]}" build
+  # mkosi's own output is a plain Debian rootfs: unmeasured, not part of the
+  # release contract, and it would otherwise sit beside the release artifacts.
+  # It can only be removed after mkosi returns, because build_image() stats it
+  # once more to report its size after the postoutput scripts have run.
+  rm -f "$out/dstack-$DSTACK_VERSION-rootfs.tar" \
+        "$out/dstack-$DSTACK_VERSION-rootfs"
+}
+
+if [[ $action == image ]]; then
+  for flavor in $FLAVORS; do build_one "$BUILD_DIR/out/$flavor" "$flavor"; done
+  exit
+fi
+# The two legs deliberately differ in job count as well as in path. Build
+# output that depends on parallelism is a real failure mode here -- the kernel
+# component carries a pahole wrapper precisely because its BTF encoder varied
+# with Kbuild's job count -- and it is invisible when both legs run identically.
+jobs_a=${JOBS:-$(nproc)}
+jobs_b=${REPRO_JOBS_B:-$(( jobs_a > 1 ? (jobs_a + 1) / 2 : 1 ))}
+echo "reproducibility check: leg a with $jobs_a jobs, leg b with $jobs_b jobs"
+build_one "$BUILD_DIR/a" prod "$jobs_a"
+build_one "$BUILD_DIR/b" prod "$jobs_b"
+cmp "$BUILD_DIR/a/dstack-$DSTACK_VERSION.tar.gz" "$BUILD_DIR/b/dstack-$DSTACK_VERSION.tar.gz"
+cmp "$BUILD_DIR/a/dstack-$DSTACK_VERSION-uki.tar.gz" \
+  "$BUILD_DIR/b/dstack-$DSTACK_VERSION-uki.tar.gz"
+echo 'reproducibility check passed'
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/container-stack-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/container-stack-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1532cb4a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/container-stack-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+BUILD_DIR=${1:?build directory required}
+STAGE=${2:?rootfs staging tree required}
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "$BUILD_DIR")
+STAGE=$(realpath -m "$STAGE")
+mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR/downloads" "$STAGE/usr/bin"
+
+checkout() {
+  local url=$1 rev=$2 dir=$3
+  if [[ ! -d $dir/.git ]]; then
+    git init -q "$dir"; git -C "$dir" remote add origin "$url"
+  fi
+  git -C "$dir" fetch -q --depth=1 origin "$rev"
+  git -C "$dir" checkout -q --detach FETCH_HEAD
+  git -C "$dir" reset -q --hard "$rev"
+  git -C "$dir" clean -qfdx
+}
+fetch_sha256() {
+  local url=$1 sha=$2 output=$3
+  [[ -f $output ]] || { curl -fL --retry 3 -o "$output.tmp" "$url"; mv "$output.tmp" "$output"; }
+  echo "$sha  $output" | sha256sum -c --status || { echo "checksum mismatch: $output" >&2; exit 1; }
+}
+
+lnc="$BUILD_DIR/libnvidia-container"
+checkout https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container.git "$LIBNVIDIA_CONTAINER_REVISION" "$lnc"
+patch -d "$lnc" -p1 --fuzz=0 < \
+  "$SELF/components/container-stack/patches/0001-omit-prefix-map-from-build-flags.patch"
+export CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:-} -O2 -g0 -ffile-prefix-map=$BUILD_DIR=/usr/src/container-stack -fmacro-prefix-map=$BUILD_DIR=/usr/src/container-stack"
+export LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS:-} -Wl,--build-id=none"
+export CGO_CFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
+export GOFLAGS="${GOFLAGS:-} -trimpath -buildvcs=false"
+make -C "$lnc" -j"${JOBS:-$(nproc)}" LIB_VERSION=1.18.1 \
+  WITH_NVCGO=yes WITH_LIBELF=yes WITH_TIRPC=yes all
+# Upstream adds a CRC of its unshipped split-debug file. The debug file is not
+# installed, and its CRC varies with the clean build directory.
+objcopy --remove-section=.gnu_debuglink "$lnc/libnvidia-container.so.1.18.1"
+install -m0755 "$lnc/nvidia-container-cli" "$STAGE/usr/bin/"
+install -Dm0755 "$lnc/libnvidia-container.so.1.18.1" "$STAGE/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia-container.so.1.18.1"
+ln -sfn libnvidia-container.so.1.18.1 "$STAGE/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia-container.so.1"
+
+nct="$BUILD_DIR/nvidia-container-toolkit"
+checkout https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit.git "$NVIDIA_CONTAINER_TOOLKIT_REVISION" "$nct"
+# The pinned revision already contains the Yocto patch semantically, split by
+# platform; fail if the required Linux linker flags ever disappear.
+grep -q '#cgo linux LDFLAGS: -Wl,--export-dynamic' "$nct/internal/cuda/cuda.go"
+make -C "$nct" -j"${JOBS:-$(nproc)}" cmds
+for bin in nvidia-container-runtime nvidia-container-runtime.cdi \
+ nvidia-container-runtime-hook nvidia-container-runtime.legacy nvidia-ctk \
+ nvidia-cdi-hook; do install -m0755 "$nct/$bin" "$STAGE/usr/bin/"; done
+ln -sfn nvidia-container-runtime-hook "$STAGE/usr/bin/nvidia-container-toolkit"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/config.toml" \
+  "$STAGE/etc/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml"
+
+nerd="$BUILD_DIR/downloads/nerdctl-$NERDCTL_VERSION.tar.gz"
+fetch_sha256 "https://github.com/containerd/nerdctl/releases/download/v$NERDCTL_VERSION/nerdctl-$NERDCTL_VERSION-linux-amd64.tar.gz" "$NERDCTL_SHA256" "$nerd"
+tar -xOf "$nerd" nerdctl > "$STAGE/usr/bin/nerdctl"; chmod 0755 "$STAGE/usr/bin/nerdctl"
+cni="$BUILD_DIR/downloads/cni-$CNI_VERSION.tgz"
+fetch_sha256 "https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v$CNI_VERSION/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v$CNI_VERSION.tgz" "$CNI_SHA256" "$cni"
+mkdir -p "$STAGE/usr/lib/cni"; tar -C "$STAGE/usr/lib/cni" -xf "$cni"
+
+stargz="$BUILD_DIR/downloads/stargz-$STARGZ_VERSION.tar.gz"
+fetch_sha256 "https://github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/releases/download/v$STARGZ_VERSION/stargz-snapshotter-v$STARGZ_VERSION-linux-amd64.tar.gz" "$STARGZ_SHA256" "$stargz"
+tar -xOf "$stargz" containerd-stargz-grpc > "$STAGE/usr/bin/containerd-stargz-grpc"
+tar -xOf "$stargz" ctr-remote > "$STAGE/usr/bin/ctr-remote"
+chmod 0755 "$STAGE/usr/bin/containerd-stargz-grpc" "$STAGE/usr/bin/ctr-remote"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/files/containerd-stargz-grpc.service" \
+  "$STAGE/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd-stargz-grpc.service"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/files/config.toml" \
+  "$STAGE/etc/containerd/config.toml"
+find "$STAGE" -print0 | xargs -0r touch -h -d "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/container-stack.sh b/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/container-stack.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..968752210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/container-stack.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=container-stack
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/container-stack)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/container-stack)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_value "$NVIDIA_CONTAINER_TOOLKIT_REVISION" "$LIBNVIDIA_CONTAINER_REVISION" \
+      "$NERDCTL_VERSION" "$NERDCTL_SHA256" "$CNI_VERSION" "$CNI_SHA256" \
+      "$STARGZ_VERSION" "$STARGZ_SHA256"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/container-stack-build.sh" \
+      "$COMPONENT_PATH/patches/0001-omit-prefix-map-from-build-flags.patch"
+    key_tree os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit \
+      os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers
+    key_tools gcc go
+    key_packages libelf-dev libtirpc-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/container-stack-build.sh" "$WORK/container-stack-build" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/container-stack"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/patches/0001-omit-prefix-map-from-build-flags.patch b/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/patches/0001-omit-prefix-map-from-build-flags.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffc5f00b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/container-stack/patches/0001-omit-prefix-map-from-build-flags.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Prefix-map arguments contain the intentionally different clean-build path.
+# They must affect compilation without becoming runtime version metadata.
+diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
+index 1a5115c..87c501c 100644
+--- a/Makefile
++++ b/Makefile
+@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES   := $(BIN_OBJS:%.o=%.d) $(LIB_OBJS:%.lo=%.d)
+ $(BUILD_DEFS):
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_DATE     "%s"\n' '$(strip $(DATE))' >$(BUILD_DEFS)
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_COMPILER "%s " __VERSION__\n' '$(notdir $(COMPILER))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+-	@printf '#define BUILD_FLAGS    "%s"\n' '$(strip $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
++	@printf '#define BUILD_FLAGS    "%s"\n' '$(strip $(filter-out -ffile-prefix-map=% -fmacro-prefix-map=%,$(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_REVISION "%s"\n' '$(strip $(REVISION))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_PLATFORM "%s"\n' '$(strip $(PLATFORM))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+ 
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/dstack-rust/dstack-rust-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/dstack-rust/dstack-rust-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5f5a5298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/dstack-rust/dstack-rust-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+DEST=${1:?staging tree required}
+DEST=$(realpath -m "$DEST")
+FLAVOR=${2:-prod}
+install -d "$DEST/usr/bin" "$DEST/usr/lib/systemd/system" \
+  "$DEST/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d" "$DEST/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d" \
+  "$DEST/etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d" \
+  "$DEST/etc/systemd/system/containerd.service.d" "$DEST/etc/sysctl.d"
+for s in dstack-prepare ephemeral-docker app-compose; do
+  install -m0755 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/$s.sh" "$DEST/usr/bin/$s.sh"
+done
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/"*.service \
+  "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/dstack-guest-agent.socket" "$DEST/usr/lib/systemd/system/"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/journald.conf" "$DEST/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/dstack.conf"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/llmnr.conf" "$DEST/etc/systemd/resolved.conf.d/dstack.conf"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/tdx-attest.conf" "$DEST/etc/"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf" "$DEST/etc/sysctl.d/"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/docker.service.d/"* \
+  "$DEST/etc/systemd/system/docker.service.d/"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/common/rootfs/containerd.service.d/"* \
+  "$DEST/etc/systemd/system/containerd.service.d/"
+
+# Cargo.lock and --locked pin every registry/git dependency. The hermetic
+# mkosi build root may fetch missing inputs but cannot update the lock file.
+if [[ ${DSTACK_SKIP_RUST:-0} != 1 ]]; then
+  export CARGO_INCREMENTAL=0 CARGO_NET_OFFLINE=${CARGO_NET_OFFLINE:-false}
+  build_root=$(dirname "$DEST")
+  ephemeral_target="$build_root/dstack-cargo-target"
+  target_remap=
+  if [[ -n ${DSTACK_CARGO_TARGET_DIR:-} ]]; then
+    # A cached build keeps the target directory outside the per-build sandbox
+    # so an edit rebuilds only the touched crates. That moves it out from under
+    # the $build_root remap below, and rustc embeds absolute paths from the
+    # target directory (build script OUT_DIRs among them). Without mapping it
+    # back onto the path the throwaway layout produced, a cached build would
+    # differ from a cold one byte for byte -- silently, and only inside the
+    # binaries. Remapped first so it wins over the broader $build_root rule.
+    export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$DSTACK_CARGO_TARGET_DIR"
+    target_remap="--remap-path-prefix=$CARGO_TARGET_DIR=/usr/src/dstack-build/dstack-cargo-target"
+  else
+    export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$ephemeral_target"
+  fi
+  # CARGO_HOME needs the same treatment as the target directory, and for a
+  # sharper reason: it holds the git checkouts of dependencies, and rustc
+  # embeds their source paths in the binary (panic locations, tracing call
+  # sites). Moving it without remapping made a cached build's binaries differ
+  # from a cold build's -- the rootfs hash and every measurement downstream
+  # with them -- while every path that was remapped looked identical.
+  # Not `[[ ... ]] && export ...`: under set -e a false test makes the whole
+  # list non-zero and kills the build on the cold path, where this is unset.
+  if [[ -n ${DSTACK_CARGO_HOME:-} ]]; then export CARGO_HOME="$DSTACK_CARGO_HOME"; fi
+  # Remapped unconditionally, not only when it moved: both layouts have to land
+  # on the same string for their binaries to match, so the inherited path needs
+  # the rule as much as the persisted one does.
+  # Keep the cold build's historical canonical path. Cached builds map their
+  # persisted CARGO_HOME onto it, preserving both warm/cold parity and release
+  # artifact bytes from before the cache optimization.
+  home_remap="--remap-path-prefix=${CARGO_HOME:?}=/var/tmp/dstack-cargo-home"
+  # A single codegen unit avoids LLVM partition/scheduling differences across
+  # hosts with different CPU counts while retaining parallel crate builds.
+  export RUSTFLAGS="${RUSTFLAGS:-} $target_remap $home_remap --remap-path-prefix=$ROOT=/usr/src/dstack --remap-path-prefix=$build_root=/usr/src/dstack-build -C codegen-units=1 -C strip=debuginfo"
+  cargo build --locked --release --manifest-path "$ROOT/dstack/Cargo.toml" \
+    -p dstack-guest-agent -p dstack-util -p dstack-volume
+  install -m0755 "$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/release/dstack-guest-agent" \
+    "$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/release/dstack-util" \
+    "$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/release/dstack-volume" "$DEST/usr/bin/"
+  if [[ $FLAVOR == dev ]]; then
+    cargo build --locked --release --manifest-path "$ROOT/dstack/Cargo.toml" \
+      -p dstack-tee-simulator
+    install -m0755 "$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/release/dstack-tee-simulator" "$DEST/usr/bin/"
+    install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/dstack-tee-simulator.service" \
+      "$DEST/usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-tee-simulator.service"
+    # meta-dstack installs this as a dstack-prepare.service drop-in. Anywhere
+    # else systemd never reads it and dstack-prepare loses its ordering against
+    # the simulator that has to publish the TEE ABI first.
+    install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/tee-simulator.conf" \
+      "$DEST/etc/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/tee-simulator.conf"
+  fi
+fi
+find "$DEST" -print0 | xargs -0r touch --no-dereference --date="@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/dstack-rust/dstack-rust.sh b/os/mkosi/components/dstack-rust/dstack-rust.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d153e5996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/dstack-rust/dstack-rust.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=dstack-rust
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/dstack-rust)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/dstack-rust)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/dstack-rust-build.sh"
+    key_tree dstack os/common/rootfs
+    key_tools rustc cargo
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/dstack-rust-build.sh" "$WORK/component-stages/dstack-rust" "$FLAVOR"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/image-tools/image-tools-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/image-tools/image-tools-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c8e214457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/image-tools/image-tools-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$ROOT/os/mkosi/versions.env"
+TARGET=$(realpath -m "${1:?target directory required}")
+DEST=$(realpath -m "${2:?staging tree required}")
+BIN="$DEST/usr/lib/dstack/image-tools"
+
+mkdir -p "$TARGET" "$BIN"
+export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$TARGET/dstack"
+export CARGO_INCREMENTAL=0
+export RUSTFLAGS="${RUSTFLAGS:-} --remap-path-prefix=$ROOT=/usr/src/dstack --remap-path-prefix=$TARGET=/usr/src/image-tools -C codegen-units=1 -C strip=debuginfo"
+cargo build --locked --release --manifest-path "$ROOT/dstack/Cargo.toml" \
+  -p dstack-mr
+install -m0755 "$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/release/dstack-mr" "$BIN/"
+
+export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$TARGET/nitro-tpm"
+cargo install --locked \
+  --git https://github.com/aws/NitroTPM-Tools \
+  --rev "$NITRO_TPM_TOOLS_REVISION" \
+  --root "$TARGET/nitro-install" nitro-tpm-pcr-compute
+install -m0755 "$TARGET/nitro-install/bin/nitro-tpm-pcr-compute" "$BIN/"
+
+find "$DEST" -print0 | xargs -0r touch --no-dereference \
+  --date="@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/image-tools/image-tools.sh b/os/mkosi/components/image-tools/image-tools.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bad7fd3a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/image-tools/image-tools.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=image-tools
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/image-tools image-tools-target)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/image-tools)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_value "$NITRO_TPM_TOOLS_REVISION"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/image-tools-build.sh"
+    key_tree dstack/Cargo.toml dstack/Cargo.lock dstack/dstack-mr
+    key_tools rustc cargo
+    key_packages libssl-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/image-tools-build.sh" \
+      "$WORK/image-tools-target" "$WORK/component-stages/image-tools"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..26f7bb90e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+MKOSI_DIR="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$MKOSI_DIR/versions.env"
+BUILD_DIR=${1:?build directory required}
+STAGING=${2:?staging tree required}
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "$BUILD_DIR")
+STAGING=$(realpath -m "$STAGING")
+JOBS=${JOBS:-$(nproc)}
+export KBUILD_BUILD_TIMESTAMP="@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH required}"
+export KBUILD_BUILD_USER=dstack KBUILD_BUILD_HOST=reproducible
+export KBUILD_BUILD_VERSION=1
+export KCONFIG_NOTIMESTAMP=1
+# Neither the source nor output directory may leak into DWARF/BTF or module
+# metadata: repro-check deliberately builds in two differently named trees.
+kernel_map="-fdebug-prefix-map=$BUILD_DIR=/usr/src/linux -fmacro-prefix-map=$BUILD_DIR=/usr/src/linux"
+export KCFLAGS="${KCFLAGS:-} $kernel_map"
+export KAFLAGS="${KAFLAGS:-} $kernel_map"
+export KCPPFLAGS="${KCPPFLAGS:-} $kernel_map"
+
+mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR/downloads" "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" "$STAGING"
+# pahole 1.25 produces a different BTF type order when its encoder runs with
+# Kbuild's parallel job count. Keep compilation parallel, but serialize BTF
+# encoding so vmlinux and bzImage are byte-for-byte reproducible.
+pahole_wrapper="$BUILD_DIR/pahole-reproducible"
+cat > "$pahole_wrapper" <<'EOF'
+#!/bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+args=()
+for arg; do
+    # dwarves 1.25's parallel and optimized-function encoders both depend on
+    # unstable traversal order. Neither is needed for BTF correctness.
+    [[ $arg == -j* || $arg == --btf_gen_optimized ]] || args+=("$arg")
+done
+exec pahole -j1 "${args[@]}"
+EOF
+chmod 0755 "$pahole_wrapper"
+tarball="$BUILD_DIR/downloads/linux-$KERNEL_VERSION.tar.xz"
+if [[ ! -f $tarball ]]; then
+    curl --fail --location --retry 3 -o "$tarball.tmp" \
+      "https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v${KERNEL_VERSION%%.*}.x/linux-$KERNEL_VERSION.tar.xz"
+    mv "$tarball.tmp" "$tarball"
+fi
+echo "$KERNEL_SHA256  $tarball" | sha256sum --check --status || {
+    echo "kernel source checksum mismatch" >&2; exit 1;
+}
+src="$BUILD_DIR/linux-$KERNEL_VERSION"
+rm -rf "$src" "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack"
+tar -C "$BUILD_DIR" --no-same-owner -xf "$tarball"
+for patch in \
+  "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0001-x86-tdx-select-dma-direct-remap.patch" \
+  "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch"; do
+    patch -d "$src" -p1 --fuzz=0 < "$patch"
+done
+
+make -C "$src" O="$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" PAHOLE="$pahole_wrapper" x86_64_defconfig
+"$src/scripts/kconfig/merge_config.sh" -m -O "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" \
+    "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build/.config" "$MKOSI_DIR/components/kernel/kernel.config"
+make -C "$src" O="$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" PAHOLE="$pahole_wrapper" olddefconfig
+"$ROOT/os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh" "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build/.config" \
+    "$MKOSI_DIR/components/kernel/kernel.config"
+make -C "$src" O="$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" PAHOLE="$pahole_wrapper" -j"$JOBS" bzImage modules
+make -C "$src" O="$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build" \
+    PAHOLE="$pahole_wrapper" INSTALL_MOD_PATH="$STAGING" modules_install
+# Debian is usr-merged: /lib is a symlink. Normalize modules into /usr/lib so
+# ExtraTrees never tries to replace that symlink with a directory.
+if [[ -d $STAGING/lib/modules ]]; then
+    mkdir -p "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules"
+    cp -a "$STAGING/lib/modules/." "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules/"
+    rm -rf "${STAGING:?}/lib"
+fi
+rm -f "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack/build" \
+      "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack/source"
+install -Dm0644 "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build/arch/x86/boot/bzImage" \
+    "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack/vmlinuz"
+install -Dm0644 "$BUILD_DIR/kernel-build/.config" \
+    "$STAGING/usr/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack/config"
+find "$STAGING" -print0 | xargs -0r touch --no-dereference --date="@$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.config b/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.config
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb2740cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.config
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+# dstack guest kernel: x86_64 defconfig baseline plus explicitly audited guest
+# features. Every symbol here is re-checked against the generated .config by
+# os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh before compilation, so a defconfig
+# change that silently flips one of these fails the build instead of shipping.
+CONFIG_LOCALVERSION="-dstack"
+CONFIG_LOCALVERSION_AUTO=n
+CONFIG_MODULES=y
+CONFIG_IKCONFIG=y
+CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC=y
+CONFIG_EFI=y
+CONFIG_EFI_STUB=y
+CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION=y
+CONFIG_ACPI=y
+CONFIG_ACPI_TABLE_UPGRADE=y
+CONFIG_HYPERVISOR_GUEST=y
+CONFIG_PARAVIRT=y
+CONFIG_KVM_GUEST=y
+CONFIG_INTEL_TDX_GUEST=y
+CONFIG_TDX_GUEST_DRIVER=y
+CONFIG_TSM_REPORTS=y
+CONFIG_AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT=y
+CONFIG_SEV_GUEST=y
+CONFIG_EFI_COCO_SECRET=y
+CONFIG_EFI_SECRET=y
+CONFIG_VMGENID=y
+CONFIG_VIRT_DRIVERS=y
+CONFIG_TCG_TPM=y
+CONFIG_TCG_TIS=y
+CONFIG_TCG_CRB=y
+CONFIG_VIRTIO=y
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI=y
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_BLK=y
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_NET=y
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_CONSOLE=y
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_VSOCKETS=y
+CONFIG_VSOCKETS=y
+CONFIG_NET_9P=y
+CONFIG_NET_9P_VIRTIO=y
+CONFIG_9P_FS=y
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NVME=y
+CONFIG_NVME_CORE=y
+CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_GOOGLE=y
+CONFIG_GVE=y
+CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_AMAZON=y
+CONFIG_ENA_ETHERNET=y
+CONFIG_SERIAL_8250=y
+CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_CONSOLE=y
+CONFIG_MD=y
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DM=y
+CONFIG_DM_CRYPT=y
+CONFIG_DM_VERITY=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA512=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_NI_INTEL=y
+# Kernel TLS (`tcp_ulp = "tls"`), which dstack-gateway's optional kTLS offload
+# installs the negotiated session keys into. Built in rather than a module: the
+# yocto image packages modules one by one, so `=m` would need a matching
+# kernel-module-tls entry in the image recipe, and a missing one fails at
+# runtime rather than at build time. The gateway still treats kTLS as opt-in and
+# probes for this ULP at startup, so having it available does not turn it on.
+#
+# CONFIG_TLS_DEVICE is deliberately left off: it hands session keys to the NIC,
+# which a confidential guest has no reason to trust and no CVM NIC supports.
+CONFIG_TLS=y
+
+# The record layer kTLS uses. GCM covers the AES suites the gateway negotiates;
+# ChaCha20-Poly1305 is here because a client that picks it would otherwise fail
+# the handover per connection rather than at configuration time. AES-NI brings
+# the accelerated GCM implementations -- on 6.11+ that includes the VAES ones,
+# which is the difference between kTLS costing 18% of bulk throughput and
+# gaining 20% (measured on Emerald Rapids across kernels 6.1 / 6.12 / 6.17).
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_GCM=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_CHACHA20POLY1305=y
+
+CONFIG_EXT4_FS=y
+CONFIG_SQUASHFS=y
+CONFIG_SQUASHFS_ZSTD=y
+CONFIG_XFS_FS=m
+CONFIG_BTRFS_FS=m
+CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS=y
+CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS_METACOPY=y
+CONFIG_FUSE_FS=y
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP=y
+CONFIG_TMPFS_XATTR=y
+CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL=y
+CONFIG_QUOTA=y
+CONFIG_QFMT_V2=y
+CONFIG_CGROUPS=y
+CONFIG_MEMCG=y
+CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP=y
+CONFIG_CGROUP_BPF=y
+CONFIG_CGROUP_CPUACCT=y
+CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE=y
+CONFIG_CGROUP_FREEZER=y
+CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHED=y
+CONFIG_CFS_BANDWIDTH=y
+CONFIG_NAMESPACES=y
+CONFIG_USER_NS=y
+CONFIG_SECCOMP=y
+CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER=y
+CONFIG_BPF=y
+CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL=y
+CONFIG_BPF_JIT=y
+CONFIG_BRIDGE=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER=m
+CONFIG_VETH=y
+CONFIG_VLAN_8021Q=y
+CONFIG_TUN=m
+CONFIG_WIREGUARD=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_ADVANCED=y
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES=m
+CONFIG_NFT_COMPAT=m
+CONFIG_NF_NAT=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XTABLES=m
+# Docker uses the iptables-nft frontend, whose compatibility path still needs
+# the xtables NAT targets to program published container ports.
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_NAT=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_MASQUERADE=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_CONNTRACK=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MARK=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET=m
+CONFIG_IP_VS=m
+CONFIG_IPVLAN=m
+CONFIG_VXLAN=y
+CONFIG_CONFIGFS_FS=y
+CONFIG_SECURITY=y
+CONFIG_SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT=y
+CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY=y
+CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE=y
+CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON=y
+CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM=y
+CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED=y
+CONFIG_IO_STRICT_DEVMEM=y
+CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG=y
+CONFIG_STRICT_KERNEL_RWX=y
+CONFIG_STRICT_MODULE_RWX=y
+CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE=y
+CONFIG_CPU_MITIGATIONS=y
+CONFIG_MITIGATION_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION=y
+CONFIG_MITIGATION_RETPOLINE=y
+CONFIG_LEGACY_TIOCSTI=n
+CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=n
+CONFIG_INET_ESP=n
+CONFIG_INET6_ESP=n
+CONFIG_XFRM_ESP=n
+CONFIG_AF_RXRPC=n
+CONFIG_RXKAD=n
+CONFIG_BT=n
+CONFIG_WLAN=n
+CONFIG_MMC=n
+
+# Production hardening baseline required by
+# os/yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh. x86_64_defconfig enables
+# KEXEC, HIBERNATION and PROC_KCORE, so each must be turned off explicitly;
+# linux-yocto-tiny never had them on and the Yocto fragments therefore do not
+# need to say so.
+#
+# KEXEC would let root inside an attested CVM boot an arbitrary kernel: the
+# RTMRs and the dm-verity rootfs would no longer describe what is running,
+# after KMS has already released the application keys. HIBERNATION would
+# serialize private guest memory to the host-visible data disk.
+CONFIG_KEXEC=n
+CONFIG_KEXEC_FILE=n
+CONFIG_HIBERNATION=n
+CONFIG_DEBUG_FS=n
+# blktrace is the only symbol reachable from x86_64_defconfig that selects
+# DEBUG_FS, so DEBUG_FS=n is unachievable without turning it off. It is a
+# block-IO tracing facility with no role in a production guest.
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE=n
+CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM=y
+CONFIG_PROC_KCORE=n
+
+# Power management is unused in a CVM and is what pulls HIBERNATION back in
+# (PM_SLEEP is def_bool y on SUSPEND || HIBERNATE_CALLBACKS and selects PM).
+# Mirrors CONFIG_PM/PM_SLEEP in meta-dstack's dstack.cfg.
+#
+# dstack.cfg also carries CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=n, which is deliberately not
+# repeated: on x86 it is "def_bool y depends on SMP", so it cannot be turned
+# off while SMP is on and the Yocto fragment line has no effect there either.
+CONFIG_SUSPEND=n
+CONFIG_PM=n
+CONFIG_PM_SLEEP=n
+
+# Yocto dstack fragments and minimal guest-only hardware policy.
+CONFIG_9P_FS_POSIX_ACL=y
+CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_PCI=y
+CONFIG_NR_CPUS=512
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES=y
+CONFIG_KPROBES=y
+CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PCI=n
+CONFIG_INPUT=n
+CONFIG_SCSI=n
+CONFIG_CUSE=y
+CONFIG_TCG_VTPM_PROXY=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_IPVS=m
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES_INET=y
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES_NETDEV=y
+CONFIG_NFT_NAT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_MASQ=m
+CONFIG_NFT_REDIR=m
+CONFIG_NFT_CT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_LOG=m
+CONFIG_NFT_LIMIT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_REJECT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_REJECT_INET=m
+CONFIG_NFT_HASH=m
+# SELinux, matching dstack-docker.cfg symbol for symbol. CONFIG_SECURITY comes
+# from x86_64_defconfig here, but the rest of the chain is asserted because two
+# separate steps fail silently: SELINUX needs SECURITY_NETWORK && AUDIT, and an
+# LSM only registers if CONFIG_LSM names it, which depends on which
+# DEFAULT_SECURITY_* is chosen.
+CONFIG_SECURITY_NETWORK=y
+CONFIG_AUDIT=y
+CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX=y
+CONFIG_DEFAULT_SECURITY_SELINUX=y
+CONFIG_LSM="landlock,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,selinux,smack,tomoyo,apparmor,ipe,bpf"
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_VLAN_FILTERING=y
+CONFIG_XFRM=y
+CONFIG_XFRM_USER=y
+CONFIG_XFRM_ALGO=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_BPF=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_SEQIV=y
+CONFIG_BTRFS_FS_POSIX_ACL=y
+# ebtables is "depends on BRIDGE" and BRIDGE is a module here as it is in
+# dstack-docker.cfg, so a tristate cannot exceed it and =y is unreachable in
+# both builds.
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_FAMILY_BRIDGE=y
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_ADDRTYPE=y
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IP=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_NET=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IPPORT=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IPPORTIP=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IPPORTNET=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_NETPORT=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_NETIFACE=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_BITMAP_IP=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_BITMAP_PORT=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_LIST_SET=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_SET=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_PHYSDEV=m
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING=y
+# dstack-docker.cfg also sets CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING_LOW=y. That symbol was
+# removed upstream and does not exist in this kernel, so the Yocto line is
+# dead; asserting it here would only fail the build.
+CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=y
+CONFIG_PCI=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECC=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECDSA=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECDH=y
+CONFIG_DRM_I915=n
+CONFIG_DRM_AMDGPU=n
+CONFIG_DRM_NOUVEAU=n
+CONFIG_SOUND=n
+CONFIG_MEDIA_SUPPORT=n
+CONFIG_WIRELESS=n
+CONFIG_USB_SUPPORT=n
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO=y
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_DWARF_TOOLCHAIN_DEFAULT=y
+CONFIG_VT=n
+CONFIG_ATA=n
+CONFIG_DRM_FBDEV_EMULATION=n
+CONFIG_EXPERT=y
+
+# Managed-bridge networking for nested container managers (Incus and friends).
+#
+# This image's iptables is Debian's nft-backed frontend, and x86_64_defconfig
+# leaves NETFILTER_XTABLES_LEGACY off, so there is no legacy ruleset here at
+# all: Docker's rules land in nftables and Incus therefore selects its nftables
+# firewall driver. That driver renders per-instance bridge filters in the
+# nftables `bridge` family, which defconfig does not provide.
+#
+# This is also the capability the Yocto backend already has via
+# features/netfilter/netfilter.scc while this one did not -- the two guest
+# images disagreed on bridge filtering with nothing asserting either way.
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES_BRIDGE=m
+CONFIG_NFT_BRIDGE_META=m
+CONFIG_NFT_BRIDGE_REJECT=m
+
+# ebtables matches, reached through nft_compat when ebtables-nft cannot express
+# a match natively. BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES above builds the matches, targets and
+# watchers; the legacy ebt tables (BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES_LEGACY, BRIDGE_EBT_T_*)
+# are deliberately absent, and here they are also unreachable: they require
+# NETFILTER_XTABLES_LEGACY, which x86_64_defconfig leaves off and which would
+# reintroduce the whole legacy stack this image does not otherwise carry.
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_ARP=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_IP=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_IP6=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_AMONG=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_LIMIT=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_VLAN=m
+
+# The DHCP path of a managed bridge appends a CHECKSUM target so dnsmasq's
+# replies reach guests with checksum-offloading virtio NICs. IP_NF_MANGLE is
+# unreachable without the legacy tables, so this rides the NFT_COMPAT branch of
+# the symbol's dependency -- which is how iptables-nft programs it anyway.
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_CHECKSUM=m
+
+# No IP6_NF_* counterpart to dstack-docker.cfg's: this image has no legacy
+# tables at all, so there is no legacy ip6tables to complete. The nftables
+# frontend synthesises the IPv6 nat table Incus lists, with no module behind it.
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.sh b/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b98d23486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=kernel
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=("linux-$KERNEL_VERSION" kernel-build component-stages/kernel)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=()
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=(component-stages/kernel)
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_value "$KERNEL_VERSION" "$KERNEL_SHA256"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/kernel-build.sh" "$COMPONENT_PATH/kernel.config" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0001-x86-tdx-select-dma-direct-remap.patch" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch"
+    key_tools gcc ld make pahole
+    key_packages binutils dwarves bc bison flex libssl-dev libelf-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/kernel-build.sh" "$WORK" "$WORK/component-stages/kernel"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/nvattest-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/nvattest-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c0491dc46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/nvattest-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+BUILD_DIR=${1:?build directory required}
+STAGE=${2:?rootfs staging tree required}
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "$BUILD_DIR")
+STAGE=$(realpath -m "$STAGE")
+checkout="$BUILD_DIR/attestation-sdk"
+# Cargo includes the literal RUSTFLAGS in crate disambiguators. A prefix-map
+# containing work-a/work-b would therefore change Rust symbol hashes even
+# though the mapped paths are equal. Serialize this component in a stable,
+# clean pathname and keep the per-build checkout as the verified input.
+#
+# The path is fixed and its parent is world-writable, so it must be created
+# rather than adopted. flock only serializes; it does not establish ownership.
+canonical=/var/tmp/dstack-mkosi-nvattest
+exec 9>"$canonical.lock"
+flock 9
+src="$canonical/attestation-sdk"
+build="$canonical/build"
+
+if [[ ! -d $checkout/.git ]]; then
+  mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR"
+  git init -q "$checkout"
+  git -C "$checkout" remote add origin https://github.com/NVIDIA/attestation-sdk.git
+fi
+git -C "$checkout" fetch -q --depth=1 origin "$NVATTEST_REVISION"
+git -C "$checkout" checkout -q --detach FETCH_HEAD
+git -C "$checkout" reset -q --hard "$NVATTEST_REVISION"
+git -C "$checkout" clean -qfdx
+rm -rf "$canonical"
+# No -p: this must fail if anything recreated the path between the removal and
+# here, rather than build from a tree someone else owns.
+mkdir -m 0700 "$canonical"
+cp -a "$checkout" "$src"
+patch -d "$src" -p1 --fuzz=0 < \
+  "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/0001-validate-ocsp-response-freshness.patch"
+patch -d "$src" -p1 --fuzz=0 < \
+  "$SELF/components/nvattest/patches/0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch"
+
+rm -rf "$build"
+export CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:-} -O2 -g0 -ffile-prefix-map=$canonical=/usr/src/nvattest -fmacro-prefix-map=$canonical=/usr/src/nvattest"
+export CXXFLAGS="${CXXFLAGS:-} -O2 -g0 -ffile-prefix-map=$canonical=/usr/src/nvattest -fmacro-prefix-map=$canonical=/usr/src/nvattest"
+export CARGO_INCREMENTAL=0
+export RUSTFLAGS="--remap-path-prefix=$canonical=/usr/src/nvattest -C strip=debuginfo"
+cmake -S "$src/nv-attestation-cli" -B "$build" -G Ninja \
+  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF \
+  -DNVAT_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DNVAT_BUILD_SAMPLES=OFF \
+  -DCMAKE_SKIP_RPATH=ON -DFETCHCONTENT_FULLY_DISCONNECTED=OFF \
+  -DUSE_SYSTEM_DEPS=ON
+install -m0644 \
+  "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock" \
+  "$build/_deps/regorus-src/bindings/ffi/Cargo.lock"
+cmake --build "$build" -j"${JOBS:-$(nproc)}"
+cmp "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock" \
+  "$build/_deps/regorus-src/bindings/ffi/Cargo.lock"
+DESTDIR="$STAGE" cmake --install "$build" --prefix /usr
+
+install -Dm0644 \
+  "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf" \
+  "$STAGE/usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf"
+install -Dm0644 \
+  "$src/relying_party_policy_examples/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego" \
+  "$STAGE/usr/share/nvattest/policies/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego"
+find "$STAGE/usr/lib" -maxdepth 1 -type f -name 'lib*.so*' ! -name 'libnvat.so*' -delete
+find "$STAGE" -print0 | xargs -0r touch -h -d "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/nvattest.sh b/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/nvattest.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b5f1cb2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/nvattest.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=nvattest
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/nvattest)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/nvattest)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_value "$NVATTEST_VERSION" "$NVATTEST_REVISION"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/nvattest-build.sh" \
+      "$COMPONENT_PATH/patches/0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch"
+    key_tree os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest
+    key_tools gcc cmake ninja rustc cargo
+    key_packages libssl-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/nvattest-build.sh" "$WORK/nvattest-build" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/nvattest"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/patches/0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch b/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/patches/0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..121ddd6d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/nvattest/patches/0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# Pin every active FetchContent input used by the production build.
+diff --git a/nv-attestation-cli/CMakeLists.txt b/nv-attestation-cli/CMakeLists.txt
+index 5939e6b..f6c9060 100644
+--- a/nv-attestation-cli/CMakeLists.txt
++++ b/nv-attestation-cli/CMakeLists.txt
+@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ include(FetchContent)
+ FetchContent_Declare(
+     CLI11
+     GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/CLIUtils/CLI11.git
+-    GIT_TAG v2.6.1
++    GIT_TAG bfffd37e1f804ca4fae1caae106935791696b6a9
+ )
+ 
+-FetchContent_Declare(json URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.12.0/json.tar.xz EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
++FetchContent_Declare(json URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.12.0/json.tar.xz URL_HASH SHA256=42f6e95cad6ec532fd372391373363b62a14af6d771056dbfc86160e6dfff7aa EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+ FetchContent_MakeAvailable(CLI11 json)
+ 
+ add_executable(nvattest
+@@ -55,12 +55,12 @@ if(USE_SYSTEM_NVAT)
+     FetchContent_Declare(
+         fmt
+         GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git
+-        GIT_TAG 10.2.1
++        GIT_TAG e69e5f977d458f2650bb346dadf2ad30c5320281
+     )
+     FetchContent_Declare(
+         spdlog
+         GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git
+-        GIT_TAG v1.14.1
++        GIT_TAG 27cb4c76708608465c413f6d0e6b8d99a4d84302
+     )
+     # Just populate to get source directories for headers (don't add to build)
+     FetchContent_GetProperties(fmt)
+diff --git a/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/CMakeLists.txt b/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/CMakeLists.txt
+index 583cff9..2cca673 100644
+--- a/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/CMakeLists.txt
++++ b/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/CMakeLists.txt
+@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ FetchContent_MakeAvailable(Corrosion)
+ FetchContent_Declare(
+   regorus
+   GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/microsoft/regorus.git
+-  GIT_TAG regorus-v0.4.0
++  GIT_TAG c7bf460bc160c96e38048296e5708943d2e43909
+ )
+ FetchContent_MakeAvailable(regorus)
+ 
+@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ set(JWT_BUILD_EXAMPLES OFF CACHE BOOL "Disable building jwt-cpp examples")
+ FetchContent_Declare(
+   jwt-cpp
+   GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/Thalhammer/jwt-cpp.git
+-  GIT_TAG v0.7.1
++  GIT_TAG e71e0c2d584baff06925bbb3aad683f677e4d498
+   EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+ )
+ 
+@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ target_include_directories(own-jwt-cpp
+ # but it should work with c++14 also. so disable this warning.
+ target_compile_options(own-jwt-cpp INTERFACE -Wno-c++17-extensions)
+ 
+-FetchContent_Declare(json URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.12.0/json.tar.xz EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
++FetchContent_Declare(json URL https://github.com/nlohmann/json/releases/download/v3.12.0/json.tar.xz URL_HASH SHA256=42f6e95cad6ec532fd372391373363b62a14af6d771056dbfc86160e6dfff7aa EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL)
+ FetchContent_MakeAvailable(json)
+ 
+ # Build fmt and spdlog as static libraries with PIC (needed for linking into shared libs)
+@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ set(FMT_INSTALL OFF CACHE BOOL "Don't install fmt headers" FORCE)
+ FetchContent_Declare(
+   fmt
+   GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git
+-  GIT_TAG 10.2.1
++  GIT_TAG e69e5f977d458f2650bb346dadf2ad30c5320281
+   EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+ )
+ FetchContent_MakeAvailable(fmt)
+@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ set(SPDLOG_BUILD_SHARED OFF CACHE BOOL "Build spdlog as static library" FORCE)
+ FetchContent_Declare(
+   spdlog
+   GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/gabime/spdlog.git
+-  GIT_TAG v1.14.1
++  GIT_TAG 27cb4c76708608465c413f6d0e6b8d99a4d84302
+   EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL
+ )
+ FetchContent_MakeAvailable(spdlog)
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/nvidia/nvidia-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/nvidia/nvidia-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4a4e71619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/nvidia/nvidia-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "${1:?build directory required}")
+KERNEL_SRC=$(realpath "${2:?kernel source required}")
+KERNEL_BUILD=$(realpath "${3:?kernel build directory required}")
+ROOT_STAGE=$(realpath -m "${4:?rootfs staging tree required}")
+KERNEL_STAGE=$(realpath -m "${5:?kernel staging tree required}")
+downloads="$BUILD_DIR/downloads"
+src="$BUILD_DIR/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-$NVIDIA_VERSION"
+mkdir -p "$downloads" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/bin" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu"
+
+fetch_sha256() {
+  local url=$1 sha=$2 output=$3
+  if [[ ! -f $output ]]; then
+    curl -fL --retry 3 --retry-all-errors --connect-timeout 30 \
+      --max-time 300 -o "$output.tmp" "$url"
+    mv "$output.tmp" "$output"
+  fi
+  echo "$sha  $output" | sha256sum -c --status || {
+    echo "checksum mismatch: $output" >&2; exit 1;
+  }
+}
+
+run="$downloads/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-$NVIDIA_VERSION.run"
+fetch_sha256 "https://us.download.nvidia.com/tesla/$NVIDIA_VERSION/NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-$NVIDIA_VERSION.run" \
+  "$NVIDIA_RUN_SHA256" "$run"
+rm -rf "$src"
+chmod +x "$run"
+"$run" -x --target "$src" >/dev/null
+module_map="-fdebug-prefix-map=$BUILD_DIR=/usr/src/nvidia -fmacro-prefix-map=$BUILD_DIR=/usr/src/nvidia -fdebug-prefix-map=$KERNEL_SRC=/usr/src/linux -fmacro-prefix-map=$KERNEL_SRC=/usr/src/linux -fdebug-prefix-map=$KERNEL_BUILD=/usr/src/linux-build -fmacro-prefix-map=$KERNEL_BUILD=/usr/src/linux-build"
+# gen-btf.sh cannot execute the space-containing PAHOLE wrapper for external
+# modules (the awk program is passed with literal quotes). Keep BTF enabled
+# for the kernel/in-tree modules, but omit it for NVIDIA's modules.
+make -C "$src/kernel-open" -j"${JOBS:-$(nproc)}" \
+  SYSSRC="$KERNEL_SRC" SYSOUT="$KERNEL_BUILD" \
+  KCFLAGS="$module_map" CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES= modules
+make -C "$src/kernel-open" SYSSRC="$KERNEL_SRC" SYSOUT="$KERNEL_BUILD" \
+  KCFLAGS="$module_map" CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES= INSTALL_MOD_PATH="$KERNEL_STAGE" modules_install
+if [[ -d $KERNEL_STAGE/lib/modules ]]; then
+  mkdir -p "$KERNEL_STAGE/usr/lib/modules"
+  cp -a "$KERNEL_STAGE/lib/modules/." "$KERNEL_STAGE/usr/lib/modules/"
+  rm -rf "${KERNEL_STAGE:?}/lib"
+fi
+ln -sfn usr/lib "$KERNEL_STAGE/lib"
+depmod -b "$KERNEL_STAGE" "$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack"
+rm -f "$KERNEL_STAGE/lib"
+
+libdir="$ROOT_STAGE/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu"
+for lib in libnvidia-ml libnvidia-allocator libnvidia-eglcore libnvidia-encode \
+ libnvidia-glcore libnvidia-gpucomp libnvidia-ngx libnvidia-nvvm \
+ libnvidia-opencl libnvidia-rtcore libnvidia-tls libnvidia-cfg \
+ libnvidia-opticalflow libnvidia-glsi libnvidia-glvkspirv libcuda libnvcuvid \
+ libnvidia-pkcs11-openssl3 libnvidia-pkcs11 libnvidia-ptxjitcompiler; do
+  file="$src/$lib.so.$NVIDIA_VERSION"
+  [[ -f $file ]] || { echo "missing NVIDIA library: $file" >&2; exit 1; }
+  install -m0755 "$file" "$libdir/"
+  ln -sfn "$lib.so.$NVIDIA_VERSION" "$libdir/$lib.so.1"
+  ln -sfn "$lib.so.1" "$libdir/$lib.so"
+done
+install -m0755 "$src/libnvidia-api.so.1" "$libdir/"
+ln -sfn libnvidia-api.so.1 "$libdir/libnvidia-api.so"
+ln -sfn "libnvidia-nvvm.so.$NVIDIA_VERSION" "$libdir/libnvidia-nvvm.so.4"
+for bin in nvidia-smi nvidia-debugdump nvidia-persistenced nvidia-modprobe; do
+  install -m0755 "$src/$bin" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/bin/$bin"
+done
+mkdir -p "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/lib/firmware/nvidia/$NVIDIA_VERSION"
+cp -a "$src/firmware/." "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/lib/firmware/nvidia/$NVIDIA_VERSION/"
+
+fm="$downloads/fabricmanager-$NVIDIA_VERSION.tar.xz"
+fetch_sha256 "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/fabricmanager/linux-x86_64/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-$NVIDIA_VERSION-archive.tar.xz" \
+  "$NVIDIA_FABRICMANAGER_SHA256" "$fm"
+fm_dir="$BUILD_DIR/fabricmanager"
+rm -rf "$fm_dir"; mkdir -p "$fm_dir"; tar -C "$fm_dir" --strip-components=1 -xf "$fm"
+install -m0755 "$fm_dir/bin/"{nv-fabricmanager,nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh,nvswitch-audit} "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/bin/"
+install -m0755 "$fm_dir/lib/libnvfm.so.1" "$libdir/"
+ln -sfn libnvfm.so.1 "$libdir/libnvfm.so"
+install -Dm0644 "$fm_dir/systemd/nvidia-fabricmanager.service" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/lib/systemd/system/nvidia-fabricmanager.service"
+mkdir -p "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/share/nvidia/nvswitch"
+cp -a "$fm_dir/share/nvidia/nvswitch/." "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/share/nvidia/nvswitch/"
+install -m0644 "$fm_dir/etc/fabricmanager"*.cfg "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/share/nvidia/nvswitch/"
+
+nscq="$downloads/libnvidia-nscq-$NVIDIA_VERSION.tar.xz"
+fetch_sha256 "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/libnvidia_nscq/linux-x86_64/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-$NVIDIA_VERSION-archive.tar.xz" \
+  "$NVIDIA_NSCQ_SHA256" "$nscq"
+nscq_dir="$BUILD_DIR/nscq"
+rm -rf "$nscq_dir"; mkdir -p "$nscq_dir"; tar -C "$nscq_dir" --strip-components=1 -xf "$nscq"
+install -m0755 "$nscq_dir/lib/libnvidia-nscq.so.$NVIDIA_VERSION" "$libdir/"
+ln -sfn "libnvidia-nscq.so.$NVIDIA_VERSION" "$libdir/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0"
+ln -sfn libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 "$libdir/libnvidia-nscq.so.2"
+ln -sfn libnvidia-nscq.so.2 "$libdir/libnvidia-nscq.so"
+
+install -Dm0755 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-gpu-detect" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/bin/nvidia-gpu-detect"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-persistenced.service" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/lib/systemd/system/nvidia-persistenced.service"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia.conf" "$ROOT_STAGE/etc/modules-load.d/nvidia.conf"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-fabricmanager-nvswitch-condition.conf" "$ROOT_STAGE/etc/systemd/system/nvidia-fabricmanager.service.d/10-nvswitch-condition.conf"
+find "$ROOT_STAGE" "$KERNEL_STAGE" -print0 | xargs -0r touch -h -d "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/nvidia/nvidia.sh b/os/mkosi/components/nvidia/nvidia.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd000c33f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/nvidia/nvidia.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=nvidia
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/nvidia-root component-stages/nvidia-kernel)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/nvidia-root)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=(component-stages/nvidia-kernel)
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_dependency kernel
+    key_value "$NVIDIA_VERSION" "$NVIDIA_RUN_SHA256" \
+      "$NVIDIA_FABRICMANAGER_SHA256" "$NVIDIA_NSCQ_SHA256"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/nvidia-build.sh"
+    key_tree os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia
+    key_tools gcc make
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/nvidia-build.sh" "$WORK/nvidia-build" \
+      "$WORK/linux-$KERNEL_VERSION" "$WORK/kernel-build" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/nvidia-root" "$WORK/component-stages/nvidia-kernel"
+}
+
+component_prepare_outputs() {
+    find "$WORK/component-stages/nvidia-kernel/usr/lib/modules" -maxdepth 2 \
+      -type f -name 'modules.*' -delete
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/ovmf/ovmf-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/ovmf/ovmf-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e7766e4c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/ovmf/ovmf-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# Build the same pinned Intel TDX OVMF generation consumed by dstack-mr. A
+# stock distro OVMF is not compatible with dstack's TDX measurement format.
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$ROOT/os/mkosi/versions.env"
+BUILD_DIR=${1:?build directory required}
+OUT=${2:?output file required}
+SEV_OUT=${3:?SEV output file required}
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "$BUILD_DIR")
+OUT=$(realpath -m "$OUT")
+SEV_OUT=$(realpath -m "$SEV_OUT")
+REV=${OVMF_REVISION:?OVMF_REVISION required}
+src="$BUILD_DIR/edk2"
+if [[ ! -d $src/.git ]]; then
+  mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR"
+  git init -q "$src"
+  git -C "$src" remote add origin https://github.com/tianocore/edk2.git
+fi
+git -C "$src" fetch -q --depth=1 origin "$REV"
+git -C "$src" checkout -q --detach FETCH_HEAD
+# --force so a shallow submodule whose working tree ended up ahead of the
+# pinned commit is checked out anyway. Without it a partially completed update
+# leaves the submodule dirty, and every later attempt fails with "local changes
+# would be overwritten by checkout" instead of retrying the original error.
+for attempt in 1 2 3; do
+  if git -C "$src" submodule update --init --recursive --depth=1 --force; then
+    break
+  fi
+  (( attempt < 3 )) || { echo 'failed to fetch OVMF submodules' >&2; exit 1; }
+  # Discard whatever the failed attempt left behind so the retry starts from a
+  # known state rather than inheriting the previous failure.
+  git -C "$src" submodule foreach --recursive --quiet \
+    'git reset -q --hard; git clean -qfdx' || true
+  git -C "$src" submodule sync --recursive
+  sleep $((attempt * 5))
+done
+git -C "$src" reset -q --hard "$REV"
+# Same patch set as meta-dstack's dstack-ovmf_git.bb, minus 0001/0002 which
+# only adapt BaseTools to bitbake's native-tooling layout.
+#
+#   0003 threads ENV(GCC_PREFIX_MAP)/ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP) into the tool
+#        definitions, which is how the warning overrides and the debug prefix
+#        map reach the compiler.
+#   0005 backports edk2 9ccf8751 (push dword -> push qword). stable202502 does
+#        not assemble with NASM 3.x without it, and the recipe comment records
+#        that this pin must be kept for the pre202505 measurement layout. The
+#        encoding is unchanged on NASM 2.x, so applying it also keeps this
+#        build byte-comparable with the production one.
+for patch in 0003-Debug-prefix-map 0004-Reproduciable \
+  0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi \
+  0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub; do
+  patch -d "$src" -p1 --forward --fuzz=0 < \
+    "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/$patch.patch"
+done
+
+export PYTHON_COMMAND=python3
+make -s -C "$src/BaseTools" -j"${JOBS:-$(nproc)}"
+export WORKSPACE="$src" EDK_TOOLS_PATH="$src/BaseTools"
+export PATH="$EDK_TOOLS_PATH/BinWrappers/PosixLike:$PATH"
+# Yocto disables EDK2 LTO for deterministic link ordering. Doing so surfaces
+# warnings that -Werror turns fatal, which is why the recipe folds the
+# overrides into GCC_PREFIX_MAP rather than patching them in separately.
+sed -i -e 's/-flto/-fno-lto/g' -e 's/-DUSING_LTO//g' \
+  "$src/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template"
+export GCC_PREFIX_MAP="-ffile-prefix-map=$src=/usr/src/edk2 -Wno-stringop-overflow -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
+# Yocto carries a nasm patch that adds --debug-prefix-map; the Debian snapshot
+# ships stock nasm, which rejects the option, so leave this empty. 0004 already
+# removes the nondeterministic inputs from the assembled output.
+export NASM_PREFIX_MAP=""
+rm -f "$src/Conf/tools_def.txt"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+(cd "$src" && set +u && source edksetup.sh BaseTools >/dev/null && \
+  build -a X64 -t GCC5 -b RELEASE -n "${JOBS:-$(nproc)}" \
+    -p OvmfPkg/IntelTdx/IntelTdxX64.dsc)
+install -Dm0644 "$src/Build/IntelTdx/RELEASE_GCC5/FV/OVMF.fd" "$OUT"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+(cd "$src" && set +u && source edksetup.sh BaseTools >/dev/null && \
+  build -a X64 -t GCC5 -b RELEASE -n "${JOBS:-$(nproc)}" \
+    -p OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc)
+install -Dm0644 "$src/Build/AmdSev/RELEASE_GCC5/FV/OVMF.fd" "$SEV_OUT"
+touch -d "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}" "$OUT" "$SEV_OUT"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/ovmf/ovmf.sh b/os/mkosi/components/ovmf/ovmf.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8075ff7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/ovmf/ovmf.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=ovmf
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/ovmf)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=()
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=(component-stages/ovmf)
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_value "$OVMF_REVISION" "$OVMF_VARIANT"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/ovmf-build.sh" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0003-Debug-prefix-map.patch" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0004-Reproduciable.patch" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi.patch" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch"
+    key_tools gcc make python3
+    key_packages nasm acpica-tools uuid-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    mkdir -p "$WORK/component-stages/ovmf/usr/lib/dstack/firmware"
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/ovmf-build.sh" "$WORK/ovmf-build" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/ovmf/usr/lib/dstack/firmware/ovmf.fd" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/ovmf/usr/lib/dstack/firmware/ovmf-sev.fd"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/sysbox/sysbox-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/sysbox/sysbox-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b5f065993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/sysbox/sysbox-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+B=${1:?build directory required}
+STAGE=${2:?rootfs staging tree required}
+B=$(realpath -m "$B")
+STAGE=$(realpath -m "$STAGE")
+checkout() {
+  local url=$1 rev=$2 dir=$3
+  if [[ ! -d $dir/.git ]]; then git init -q "$dir"; git -C "$dir" remote add origin "$url"; fi
+  git -C "$dir" fetch -q --depth=1 origin "$rev"
+  git -C "$dir" checkout -q --detach FETCH_HEAD
+  git -C "$dir" reset -q --hard "$rev"
+  # reset --hard leaves untracked files, so on a revision bump in an existing
+  # work directory the previous vendor/ tree and the copied-in generated
+  # protobuf sources would survive and be linked into the new binaries. Every
+  # other component with a git checkout already does this.
+  git -C "$dir" clean -qfdx
+}
+mkdir -p "$B"
+checkout https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox.git "$SYSBOX_REVISION" "$B/sysbox"
+checkout https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-runc.git "$SYSBOX_RUNC_REVISION" "$B/sysbox-runc"
+checkout https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-fs.git "$SYSBOX_FS_REVISION" "$B/sysbox-fs"
+checkout https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-mgr.git "$SYSBOX_MGR_REVISION" "$B/sysbox-mgr"
+checkout https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-ipc.git "$SYSBOX_IPC_REVISION" "$B/sysbox-ipc"
+checkout https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-libs.git "$SYSBOX_LIBS_REVISION" "$B/sysbox-libs"
+checkout https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/fuse.git "$SYSBOX_FUSE_REVISION" "$B/sysbox-fuse"
+rm -rf "$B/sysbox-fs/bazil"; ln -s "$B/sysbox-fuse" "$B/sysbox-fs/bazil"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxFsProtobuf.pb.go" \
+  "$B/sysbox-ipc/sysboxFsGrpc/sysboxFsProtobuf/"
+install -m0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxMgrProtobuf.pb.go" \
+  "$B/sysbox-ipc/sysboxMgrGrpc/sysboxMgrProtobuf/"
+for mod in sysbox-runc sysbox-fs sysbox-mgr; do (cd "$B/$mod" && go mod vendor); done
+ldflags="-buildid= -s -w -X 'main.edition=Community Edition (CE)' -X main.version=$SYSBOX_VERSION -X main.commitId=$SYSBOX_REVISION -X 'main.builtAt=1970-01-01T00:00:00Z' -X main.builtBy=dstack"
+(cd "$B/sysbox-runc" && go build -mod=vendor -buildvcs=false -trimpath -tags 'seccomp idmapped_mnt' -ldflags "$ldflags" -o "$B/sysbox-runc-bin" .)
+(cd "$B/sysbox-fs" && go build -mod=vendor -buildvcs=false -trimpath -ldflags "$ldflags" -o "$B/sysbox-fs-bin" ./cmd/sysbox-fs)
+(cd "$B/sysbox-mgr" && go build -mod=vendor -buildvcs=false -trimpath -tags idmapped_mnt -ldflags "$ldflags" -o "$B/sysbox-mgr-bin" .)
+for bin in runc fs mgr; do install -Dm0755 "$B/sysbox-$bin-bin" "$STAGE/usr/bin/sysbox-$bin"; done
+for f in sysbox.service sysbox-fs.service sysbox-mgr.service; do
+  install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/$f" "$STAGE/usr/lib/systemd/system/$f"
+done
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf" "$STAGE/etc/sysctl.d/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf"
+install -Dm0644 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/50-sysbox-mod.conf" "$STAGE/etc/modules-load.d/50-sysbox-mod.conf"
+mkdir -p "$STAGE/var/lib/sysbox" "$STAGE/etc"
+# Truncating, not appending: the staging tree is reused across cached runs,
+# and duplicate entries here are a fatal parse error for some userns tooling.
+printf 'sysbox:100000:65536\n' > "$STAGE/etc/subuid"
+printf 'sysbox:100000:65536\n' > "$STAGE/etc/subgid"
+find "$STAGE" -print0 | xargs -0r touch -h -d "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/sysbox/sysbox.sh b/os/mkosi/components/sysbox/sysbox.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..488c7bc4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/sysbox/sysbox.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=sysbox
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/sysbox)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/sysbox)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_value "$SYSBOX_VERSION" "$SYSBOX_REVISION" "$SYSBOX_RUNC_REVISION" \
+      "$SYSBOX_FS_REVISION" "$SYSBOX_MGR_REVISION" "$SYSBOX_IPC_REVISION" \
+      "$SYSBOX_LIBS_REVISION" "$SYSBOX_FUSE_REVISION"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/sysbox-build.sh"
+    key_tree os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox
+    key_tools go
+    key_packages libseccomp-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/sysbox-build.sh" "$WORK/sysbox-build" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/sysbox"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/zfs/zfs-build.sh b/os/mkosi/components/zfs/zfs-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..adec4fbbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/zfs/zfs-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+B=$(realpath -m "${1:?build directory required}")
+KERNEL_SRC=$(realpath "${2:?kernel source required}")
+KERNEL_BUILD=$(realpath "${3:?kernel build directory required}")
+ROOT_STAGE=$(realpath -m "${4:?rootfs staging tree required}")
+KERNEL_STAGE=$(realpath -m "${5:?kernel staging tree required}")
+src="$B/zfs"
+export CFLAGS="${CFLAGS:-} -O2 -g0 -ffile-prefix-map=$B=/usr/src/zfs"
+export CXXFLAGS="${CXXFLAGS:-} -O2 -g0 -ffile-prefix-map=$B=/usr/src/zfs"
+export KCFLAGS="${KCFLAGS:-} -fdebug-prefix-map=$B=/usr/src/zfs -fmacro-prefix-map=$B=/usr/src/zfs -fdebug-prefix-map=$KERNEL_SRC=/usr/src/linux -fmacro-prefix-map=$KERNEL_SRC=/usr/src/linux -fdebug-prefix-map=$KERNEL_BUILD=/usr/src/linux-build -fmacro-prefix-map=$KERNEL_BUILD=/usr/src/linux-build"
+export KAFLAGS="${KAFLAGS:-} $KCFLAGS"
+export KCPPFLAGS="${KCPPFLAGS:-} $KCFLAGS"
+if [[ ! -d $src/.git ]]; then git init -q "$src"; git -C "$src" remote add origin https://github.com/openzfs/zfs.git; fi
+git -C "$src" fetch -q --depth=1 origin "$ZFS_REVISION"
+git -C "$src" checkout -q --detach FETCH_HEAD
+git -C "$src" reset -q --hard "$ZFS_REVISION"
+git -C "$src" clean -qfdx
+patch -d "$src" -p1 --fuzz=0 < "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs/0001-Define-strndupa-if-it-does-not-exist.patch"
+(cd "$src" && ./autogen.sh)
+mkdir -p "$B/build"
+(cd "$B/build" && "$src/configure" --prefix=/usr --with-linux="$KERNEL_SRC" \
+  --with-linux-obj="$KERNEL_BUILD" --with-config=all --enable-systemd \
+  --disable-pyzfs --without-dracutdir --with-udevdir=/usr/lib/udev \
+  --with-systemdunitdir=/usr/lib/systemd/system)
+# External-module BTF goes through pahole 1.25's optimized encoder, whose
+# output order is unstable. Kernel/in-tree BTF remains enabled; omit only ZFS
+# module BTF, as is also done for NVIDIA's external modules.
+make -C "$B/build" -j"${JOBS:-$(nproc)}" CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES=
+make -C "$B/build" CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES= DESTDIR="$ROOT_STAGE" install
+# ZFS installs kernel modules below DESTDIR/lib; merge them into usr-merge.
+if [[ -d $ROOT_STAGE/lib/modules ]]; then
+  mkdir -p "$KERNEL_STAGE/usr/lib/modules"
+  cp -a "$ROOT_STAGE/lib/modules/." "$KERNEL_STAGE/usr/lib/modules/"
+  rm -rf "${ROOT_STAGE:?}/lib/modules"
+fi
+rm -rf "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/share/zfs" "$ROOT_STAGE/usr/share/initramfs-tools"
+ln -sfn usr/lib "$KERNEL_STAGE/lib"
+depmod -b "$KERNEL_STAGE" "$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack"
+rm -f "$KERNEL_STAGE/lib"
+find "$ROOT_STAGE" "$KERNEL_STAGE" -print0 | xargs -0r touch -h -d "@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/components/zfs/zfs.sh b/os/mkosi/components/zfs/zfs.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec0965929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/components/zfs/zfs.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# shellcheck shell=bash disable=SC2034
+COMPONENT_NAME=zfs
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(component-stages/zfs-root component-stages/zfs-kernel)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(component-stages/zfs-root)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=(component-stages/zfs-kernel)
+
+component_cache_key() {
+    key_dependency kernel
+    key_value "$ZFS_VERSION" "$ZFS_REVISION"
+    key_file "$COMPONENT_PATH/zfs-build.sh" \
+      "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs/0001-Define-strndupa-if-it-does-not-exist.patch"
+    key_tools gcc make autoconf automake
+    key_packages libssl-dev libelf-dev zlib1g-dev libtool uuid-dev
+}
+
+component_build() {
+    "$COMPONENT_PATH/zfs-build.sh" "$WORK/zfs-build" \
+      "$WORK/linux-$KERNEL_VERSION" "$WORK/kernel-build" \
+      "$WORK/component-stages/zfs-root" "$WORK/component-stages/zfs-kernel"
+}
+
+component_prepare_outputs() {
+    find "$WORK/component-stages/zfs-kernel/usr/lib/modules" -maxdepth 2 \
+      -type f -name 'modules.*' -delete
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.build b/os/mkosi/mkosi.build
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..24875f7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.build
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# Enter the mkosi build root so every compiler and build dependency comes from
+# the pinned Debian snapshot rather than from the host.
+if [[ ${container:-} != mkosi ]]; then
+    exec mkosi-chroot "$CHROOT_SCRIPT" "$@"
+fi
+
+ROOT="$SRCDIR/dstack"
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+
+export HOME=/var/tmp/dstack-home
+export CARGO_HOME=/var/tmp/dstack-cargo-home
+export GOCACHE=/var/tmp/dstack-go-cache
+export GOMODCACHE=/var/tmp/dstack-go-mod-cache
+# Without this, a module whose go.mod names a newer release makes the go
+# command download that toolchain from proxy.golang.org mid-build. The
+# compiler that produced the binaries would then be neither covered by
+# GO_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256 nor recorded in any component cache key.
+export GOTOOLCHAIN=local
+export XDG_CACHE_HOME=/var/tmp/dstack-xdg-cache
+export TAR_OPTIONS="${TAR_OPTIONS:-} --no-same-owner"
+mkdir -p "$HOME" "$CARGO_HOME" "$GOCACHE" "$GOMODCACHE" "$XDG_CACHE_HOME"
+
+cache_enabled=${DSTACK_COMPONENT_CACHE:-0}
+if [[ $cache_enabled == 1 ]]; then
+    # BUILDDIR is the only mount mkosi gives a build script that is both
+    # writable and preserved across runs; source mounts are ephemeral overlays.
+    : "${BUILDDIR:?dev component cache requires mkosi BuildDirectory}"
+    export DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR="$BUILDDIR/components"
+    toolchain_downloads="$BUILDDIR/toolchains"
+    # A source edit misses the dstack-rust component cache by design, and the
+    # rebuild that follows was recompiling the entire workspace -- every
+    # dependency crate, and re-downloading the registry -- because both the
+    # target directory and CARGO_HOME lived in the per-build sandbox. Keeping
+    # them here leaves only the touched crates to rebuild. Release builds still
+    # get the throwaway layout below.
+    export DSTACK_CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$BUILDDIR/cargo-target"
+    export DSTACK_CARGO_HOME="$BUILDDIR/cargo-home"
+else
+    toolchain_downloads=/var/tmp/dstack-toolchain-downloads
+fi
+export PATH="/opt/dstack-toolchains/rust/bin:/opt/dstack-toolchains/go/bin:$PATH"
+"$SELF/scripts/install-toolchains.sh" "$toolchain_downloads"
+printf 'gcc: '; gcc --version | head -1
+printf 'g++: '; g++ --version | head -1
+printf 'ld: '; ld --version | head -1
+printf 'cmake: '; cmake --version | head -1
+dpkg-query -W -f='build-package: ${binary:Package}=${Version}\n' \
+  gcc g++ binutils cmake make ninja-build dwarves
+
+# component-stages/ is where cached component archives get extracted. Keeping
+# it in the per-build sandbox means every cache hit still pays a full
+# decompression -- the kernel archive alone unpacks 6.4 GiB and costs ~12 s --
+# so a cached build persists it and dev-cache.sh skips extracting a tree that
+# is already staged under the same key.
+#
+# Only that subdirectory. The rest of the work directory holds source checkouts
+# and object trees, and the component scripts assume those start empty: sysbox
+# runs `git submodule update` there and fails outright on a leftover tree.
+# Persisting the staging trees buys the decompression; persisting the build
+# scratch buys nothing and breaks the builds.
+#
+# The kernel staging tree is not a cache either. component_assemble merges into
+# it on every build, cache hit or not, under strict conflict detection, so a
+# persisted one collides with the previous build's merged files.
+#
+# downloads/ and image-tools-target/ are kept for the same reason: the first is
+# fetched tarballs and submodules, the second a cargo target directory, and
+# neither holds git or make state that a rerun could trip over. Everything else
+# is scratch and is deleted by exclusion, so a directory added later is dropped
+# until it is named here deliberately.
+work_keep=(component-stages downloads image-tools-target)
+if [[ $cache_enabled == 1 ]]; then
+    work="$BUILDDIR/component-work"
+    mkdir -p "$work"
+    prune=(-mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1)
+    for keep in "${work_keep[@]}"; do
+        mkdir -p "$work/$keep"
+        prune+=(! -name "$keep")
+    done
+    # Deleting by exclusion rather than symlinking the kept directories
+    # elsewhere: tar replaces a symlink standing where it wants a directory, so
+    # a staging tree would silently stop being the persisted one.
+    find "$work" "${prune[@]}" -exec rm -rf {} +
+else
+    work=/var/tmp/dstack-component-work
+fi
+kernel_stage=/var/tmp/dstack-kernel-stage
+rm -rf "$kernel_stage"
+mkdir -p "$work" "$kernel_stage"
+args=()
+[[ $cache_enabled == 1 ]] && args+=(--dev-cache)
+"$SELF/scripts/build-components.sh" "${args[@]}" \
+  "$work" "$DESTDIR" "$kernel_stage" "${DSTACK_BUILD_FLAVOR:?}"
+
+# Normalize any legacy physical directories before mkosi copies DESTDIR over
+# Debian's usr-merged root. Use the same strict merger so this cannot overwrite
+# a component-owned path silently.
+for legacy in bin sbin lib lib64; do
+    if [[ -d $DESTDIR/$legacy && ! -L $DESTDIR/$legacy ]]; then
+        mkdir -p "$DESTDIR/usr/$legacy"
+        "$SELF/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$DESTDIR/usr/$legacy" \
+          "legacy-$legacy=$DESTDIR/$legacy"
+        rm -rf "${DESTDIR:?}/$legacy"
+    fi
+done
+
+# Merge kernel/firmware outputs into the build install tree. mkosi copies
+# DESTDIR into the final image after removing the build-package overlay.
+"$SELF/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$DESTDIR" \
+  "kernel=$kernel_stage"
+ln -sfn usr/lib "$DESTDIR/lib"
+# Run depmod ourselves and then normalize mtimes below. mkosi's own run_depmod
+# is nondeterministic, and it skips a kernel directory only when all four
+# outputs exist and every *.ko* mtime is <= modules.dep's. The normalization
+# is what keeps that condition true, so it is load-bearing for repro-check: if
+# a future mkosi tightens the comparison, its depmod fires again and two
+# otherwise identical builds stop matching.
+depmod -b "$DESTDIR" "$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack"
+rm -f "$DESTDIR/lib"
+if [[ $DSTACK_BUILD_FLAVOR == prod ]]; then
+    find "$DESTDIR/usr/lib/modules" -type f -name '*.ko' \
+      -exec objcopy --strip-debug {} \;
+fi
+find "$DESTDIR" -print0 | xargs -0r touch --no-dereference \
+  --date="@${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.clean b/os/mkosi/mkosi.clean
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..379fc6069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.clean
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+[[ -n ${OUTPUTDIR:-} ]] || exit 0
+find "$OUTPUTDIR" -maxdepth 1 \( -name 'dstack-*' -o -name '.dstack-*' \
+  -o -name '.image-tools' \) -exec rm -rf -- {} +
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5faeca73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Config]
+MinimumVersion=26
+
+[Distribution]
+Distribution=debian
+Release=trixie
+Architecture=x86-64
+Snapshot=20260721T000000Z
+Repositories=main,contrib,non-free-firmware
+
+[Output]
+# Format=none would return before install_build_dest, extra trees, postinst,
+# tmpfiles, presets, depmod and the finalize scripts, so the tar format is what
+# keeps the full mkosi lifecycle enabled. Its output is not part of the release
+# and mkosi.postoutput discards it once assemble.sh has produced the real
+# artifacts, so it is left uncompressed and given a name of its own: sharing
+# the release name made mkosi track the release tarball as one of its outputs,
+# which `mkosi clean` and `--force` are entitled to delete.
+Format=tar
+# ImageId/ImageVersion must precede Output: %i and %v are expanded in file
+# order, so declaring Output first silently yields "--rootfs.tar".
+# ImageVersion is checked against DSTACK_VERSION by tests/acceptance.sh.
+ImageId=dstack
+ImageVersion=0.6.0
+Output=%i-%v-rootfs
+CompressOutput=no
+# Must stay empty. The default is [uki, kernel, initrd], and the kernel split
+# is produced even with Bootable=no: it copies the kernel out of the rootfs and
+# drops a <output>.vmlinuz beside the release artifacts.
+SplitArtifacts=
+
+[Content]
+Bootable=no
+Hostname=dstack
+Packages=
+        systemd
+        systemd-boot
+        systemd-resolved
+        dbus
+        ca-certificates
+        bash
+        coreutils
+        iproute2
+        iptables
+        nftables
+        docker.io
+        docker-cli
+        docker-compose
+        containerd
+        chrony
+        wireguard-tools
+        cryptsetup
+        dmsetup
+        tpm2-tools
+        curl
+        jq
+        fuse3
+        pigz
+        rsync
+        xfsprogs
+        e2fsprogs
+        gdisk
+        parted
+        busybox-static
+        cryptsetup-bin
+        systemd-boot-efi
+        acpid
+        numactl
+RemoveFiles=
+        /var/lib/containerd/.dstack-keep
+        /var/lib/docker/.dstack-keep
+        /var/lib/tpm2-tss/system/keystore/.dstack-keep
+        /var/mail/.dstack-keep
+        /var/volatile/.dstack-keep
+# No KernelCommandLine= here on purpose. mkosi only consumes it on bootable
+# paths (UKI build, bootloader entries, the vm/qemu verbs), all unreachable
+# with Bootable=no, so the value it used to carry was dead config that
+# contradicted the command line actually measured into the UKI. The real one
+# is built in scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh and matches Yocto's
+# UKI_CMDLINE_BASE.
+CleanPackageMetadata=yes
+WithDocs=no
+Locale=C.UTF-8
+Timezone=UTC
+BuildPackages=
+        gcc
+        g++
+        binutils
+        make
+        cmake
+        ninja-build
+        pkg-config
+        autoconf
+        automake
+        libtool
+        gettext
+        bc
+        bison
+        flex
+        dwarves
+        nasm
+        acpica-tools
+        uuid-dev
+        libssl-dev
+        libelf-dev
+        libtirpc-dev
+        libcurl4-openssl-dev
+        libxml2-dev
+        libxmlsec1-dev
+        zlib1g-dev
+        libudev-dev
+        libaio-dev
+        libattr1-dev
+        libblkid-dev
+        libseccomp-dev
+        libcap-dev
+        rpcsvc-proto
+        git
+        curl
+        ca-certificates
+        patch
+        xz-utils
+        bzip2
+        zstd
+        tar
+        file
+        perl
+        python3
+        gawk
+        kmod
+        coreutils
+        findutils
+
+[Build]
+WithNetwork=yes
+BuildSources=../..:dstack
+# Keeps build scripts from mutating the checked-out worktree. Note that this
+# applies to every BuildSources entry, so no source mount can hold state that
+# has to survive the build; the dev component cache uses BuildDirectory=.
+BuildSourcesEphemeral=yes
+ToolsTree=yes
+ToolsTreeDistribution=debian
+ToolsTreeRelease=trixie
+# Image assembly needs mkosi's general-purpose tools plus the explicit list
+# below, not virtualization runtimes or foreign distribution package managers.
+ToolsTreeProfiles=misc
+ToolsTreeRepositories=main
+ToolsTreePackages=
+        cpio
+        cryptsetup-bin
+        dosfstools
+        gdisk
+        gzip
+        jq
+        mtools
+        pax-utils
+        squashfs-tools
+        systemd-ukify
+        tar
+History=no
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.finalize b/os/mkosi/mkosi.finalize
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e650edde0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.finalize
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT="$SRCDIR/dstack"
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+TREE=${BUILDROOT:?}
+FLAVOR=${DSTACK_BUILD_FLAVOR:?}
+WORK="$OUTPUTDIR/.dstack-$FLAVOR"
+KSTAGE="$WORK/kernel-stage"
+ARTIFACTS="$WORK/artifacts"
+
+"$SELF/scripts/normalize-skeleton-modes.sh" "$TREE" "$FLAVOR"
+mkdir -p "$KSTAGE/usr/lib" "$OUTPUTDIR/.image-tools"
+cp -a "$TREE/usr/lib/modules" "$KSTAGE/usr/lib/"
+install -m0644 "$TREE/usr/lib/dstack/firmware/ovmf.fd" "$KSTAGE/ovmf.fd"
+install -m0644 "$TREE/usr/lib/dstack/firmware/ovmf-sev.fd" "$KSTAGE/ovmf-sev.fd"
+install -m0755 "$TREE/usr/lib/dstack/image-tools/"* "$OUTPUTDIR/.image-tools/"
+rm -rf "$TREE/usr/lib/dstack/firmware" "$TREE/usr/lib/dstack/image-tools"
+
+rm -f "$TREE/var/cache/ldconfig/aux-cache"
+"$SELF/tests/check-parity.py" "$SELF/parity.json" "$TREE" "$KSTAGE" "$FLAVOR"
+"$SELF/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh" "$TREE" "$KSTAGE" "$ARTIFACTS" "$FLAVOR"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.postinst b/os/mkosi/mkosi.postinst
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2b767debd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.postinst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+B=${BUILDROOT:?}
+rm -f "$B/etc/machine-id" "$B/var/lib/dbus/machine-id"
+: > "$B/etc/machine-id"
+
+# Package-manager logs contain wall-clock timestamps from image assembly.
+# They are build diagnostics, not guest runtime state, so omit them from the
+# measured image to keep clean builds reproducible.
+rm -f "$B/var/log/alternatives.log" "$B/var/log/dpkg.log"
+rm -rf "$B/var/log/apt"
+
+# Host keys must be unique per booted development VM, never shared by all
+# guests built from one image. OpenSSH generates them on first boot.
+rm -f "$B"/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key "$B"/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key.pub
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.postoutput b/os/mkosi/mkosi.postoutput
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..030d41727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.postoutput
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT="$SRCDIR/dstack"
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+FLAVOR=${DSTACK_BUILD_FLAVOR:?}
+WORK="$OUTPUTDIR/.dstack-$FLAVOR"
+
+DSTACK_MR_BIN="$OUTPUTDIR/.image-tools/dstack-mr" \
+NITRO_TPM_PCR_COMPUTE_BIN="$OUTPUTDIR/.image-tools/nitro-tpm-pcr-compute" \
+DIST_DIR="$OUTPUTDIR" \
+DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE="${DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE:-1}" \
+TAR_OPTIONS="--sort=name --mtime=@$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH --owner=0 --group=0 --numeric-owner" \
+  "$ROOT/os/image/assemble.sh" --manifest "$WORK/artifacts/artifact-manifest.json"
+
+release_name=dstack
+[[ $FLAVOR == dev ]] && release_name=dstack-dev
+"$SELF/tests/check-output.sh" "$OUTPUTDIR/$release_name-$DSTACK_VERSION" "$FLAVOR"
+
+# mkosi's own rootfs tar is removed by build.sh once mkosi has finished, not
+# here: build_image() calls print_output_size() on it after the postoutput
+# scripts and after staging is promoted, so deleting it at this point makes
+# mkosi fail on its own bookkeeping.
+rm -rf "$WORK" "$OUTPUTDIR/.image-tools"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8dcecb9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Content]
+# swtpm mirrors meta-dstack's dstack-tee-simulator RDEPENDS: the simulator
+# spawns swtpm to back the vTPM it exposes, so without it the dev image has no
+# TPM. openssl and tpm2-tools, the other two runtime deps, already arrive via
+# ca-certificates and the base package list.
+Packages=
+        gdb
+        openssh-server
+        strace
+        swtpm
+        tcpdump
+        vim
+
+[Build]
+Environment=DSTACK_BUILD_FLAVOR=dev
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/85-dstack-dev.preset b/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/85-dstack-dev.preset
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bc443316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/85-dstack-dev.preset
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Development-only units. The TEE simulator serves synthetic TDX quotes, so a
+# production image that ever gained the unit must not also carry a preset line
+# enabling it: dstack-rust-build.sh installing the unit and parity.json
+# forbidding the binary are both independent of the preset.
+enable dstack-tee-simulator.service
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/prod/mkosi.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/prod/mkosi.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a571f6a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.profiles/prod/mkosi.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Content]
+RemoveFiles=
+        /usr/include
+        /usr/share/OVMF
+        /usr/share/ovmf
+        /usr/share/doc
+        /usr/share/info
+        /usr/share/locale
+        /usr/share/man
+        /usr/**/*.a
+        /usr/**/*.la
+        /var/cache/debconf
+        /var/lib/dbus/machine-id
+        /var/lib/dpkg
+        /var/lib/ucf
+        /var/log/*
+        # Mirror of meta-dstack's disable_login() (dstack-rootfs-base.inc).
+        #
+        # The base skeleton masks getty@, serial-getty@ and debug-shell with
+        # /dev/null symlinks, but those masks live in /etc, which
+        # dstack-prepare.sh covers with a writable tmpfs overlay at runtime.
+        # In the production image the login stack must be structurally absent
+        # from the verity-measured rootfs, not merely disabled by mutable
+        # state: the serial port is a chardev owned by the untrusted host.
+        #
+        # systemd-getty-generator matters most here. It reads the console from
+        # the kernel command line, which is console=ttyS0, so it instantiates
+        # serial-getty@ttyS0 on every boot regardless of presets.
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system-generators/systemd-getty-generator
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/console-getty.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/container-getty@.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/autovt@.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty.target
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty-pre.target
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty.target.wants
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
+        /usr/bin/login
+        /usr/bin/loginctl
+        /usr/sbin/agetty
+        /usr/sbin/getty
+        /usr/bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
+        /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-logind.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/systemd-logind.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d
+        # Suspend/hibernate units: the kernel drops CONFIG_PM entirely, so
+        # these can only produce failed jobs.
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/suspend.target
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-hibernate.service
+        /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service
+        /usr/share/consolefonts
+        /usr/share/keymaps
+        /usr/share/polkit-1
+        /usr/share/factory
+
+[Build]
+Environment=DSTACK_BUILD_FLAVOR=prod
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/docker/daemon.json b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/docker/daemon.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83d99475a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/docker/daemon.json
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "log-driver": "json-file",
+  "log-opts": {"max-size": "100m", "max-file": "10"},
+  "runtimes": {
+    "nvidia": {"args": [], "path": "nvidia-container-runtime"},
+    "sysbox-runc": {"path": "/usr/bin/sysbox-runc"}
+  }
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/10-dstack.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/10-dstack.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c617ffd6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/10-dstack.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Mirrors meta-dstack's disable-password-auth.conf. PermitEmptyPasswords and
+# PubkeyAuthentication match sshd's compiled defaults today, but this drop-in
+# is the image's only ssh policy, so state them rather than inherit them from
+# upstream defaults and Debian's shipped sshd_config.
+
+# Disable all password-based authentication
+PasswordAuthentication no
+PermitEmptyPasswords no
+KbdInteractiveAuthentication no
+
+# Only allow public key authentication
+PubkeyAuthentication yes
+PermitRootLogin prohibit-password
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc3cb0c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[Match]
+Name=en* eth*
+
+[Network]
+DHCP=yes
+IPv6AcceptRA=yes
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/debug-shell.service b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/dstack-firstboot.service b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/dstack-firstboot.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..207c85abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/dstack-firstboot.service
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=Initialize dstack immutable guest state
+Before=docker.service dstack-prepare.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /dstack /dstack/.host-shared /var/lib/docker /var/lib/containerd /etc/wireguard
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/getty@.service b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/getty@.service
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/getty@.service
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/hibernate.target b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/hibernate.target
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/hibernate.target
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/hybrid-sleep.target b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/hybrid-sleep.target
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/hybrid-sleep.target
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/sleep.target b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/sleep.target
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/sleep.target
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/suspend.target b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/suspend.target
new file mode 120000
index 000000000..dc1dc0cde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/etc/systemd/system/suspend.target
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/dev/null
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/bin/dstack-volatile-binds.sh b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/bin/dstack-volatile-binds.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c3376acca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/bin/dstack-volatile-binds.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# Give the read-only root writable /var subtrees without hiding what the image
+# ships there.
+#
+# A plain "mount --bind" of a freshly created tmpfs directory masks the lower
+# content instead of layering over it: /var/lib/chrony, /var/lib/docker,
+# /var/lib/containerd and /var/lib/tpm2-tss/system/keystore are all present in
+# the measured image and would become invisible, replaced by empty unmeasured
+# directories. It also loses the lower directory's mode, which silently turned
+# /var/tmp from 1777 into 0755.
+#
+# An overlay keeps the measured content readable and puts writes in the tmpfs,
+# matching what poky's volatile-binds does for the Yocto image and what
+# dstack-prepare.sh already does for /etc, /usr and /bin.
+for name in cache lib log spool tmp; do
+    lower=/var/$name
+    state=/var/volatile/$name
+    mkdir -p "$lower" "$state/upper" "$state/work"
+    mountpoint -q "$lower" && continue
+    mount -t overlay overlay \
+      -o "lowerdir=$lower,upperdir=$state/upper,workdir=$state/work" "$lower"
+done
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/80-dstack.preset b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/80-dstack.preset
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28938bddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/80-dstack.preset
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+enable systemd-networkd.service
+enable systemd-resolved.service
+enable chrony.service
+enable docker.service
+enable var-volatile.mount
+enable dstack-volatile-binds.service
+enable dstack-firstboot.service
+enable dstack-prepare.service
+enable dstack-guest-agent.socket
+enable dstack-guest-agent.service
+enable app-compose.service
+enable dstack-gateway-checker.service
+enable nvidia-persistenced.service
+enable nvidia-fabricmanager.service
+enable containerd-stargz-grpc.service
+enable sysbox.service
+enable sysbox-fs.service
+enable sysbox-mgr.service
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/99-dstack-default.preset b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/99-dstack-default.preset
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c99cfa21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/99-dstack-default.preset
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Terminal preset rule. systemd's built-in fallback policy for a unit that
+# matches no rule is "enable", so without this every package pulled in by
+# Packages= -- directly or as a dependency -- would be started at boot inside
+# the CVM, with no diff to 80-dstack.preset and nothing for a reviewer to see.
+#
+# This inverts that to opt-in, matching the Yocto backend, where a service is
+# only started if a recipe sets SYSTEMD_SERVICE/SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE. Anything
+# that must run in the guest belongs in 80-dstack.preset, which is ordered
+# before this file and therefore wins.
+disable *
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-volatile-binds.service b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-volatile-binds.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e794a3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-volatile-binds.service
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+Description=Bind volatile state over the immutable root
+DefaultDependencies=no
+Requires=var-volatile.mount
+After=var-volatile.mount
+Before=local-fs.target
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/dstack-volatile-binds.sh
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+
+[Install]
+# RequiredBy, not WantedBy: if the overlays are not established the boot must
+# stop rather than continue with /var/log and /var/lib still read-only. A CVM
+# that attests successfully and then silently misbehaves is the worse outcome,
+# and systemd-resolved and systemd-networkd-persistent-storage already declare
+# Requires= on this unit.
+RequiredBy=local-fs.target
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/ssh.service.d/10-dstack-prepare.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/ssh.service.d/10-dstack-prepare.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7adff045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/ssh.service.d/10-dstack-prepare.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+Requires=dstack-prepare.service
+After=dstack-prepare.service
+
+[Service]
+# Debian validates host keys before starting sshd. Generate the development
+# VM's volatile keys only after dstack-prepare has mounted the writable /etc
+# overlay, then run the package's original validation step.
+ExecStartPre=
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/ssh-keygen -A
+ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd-persistent-storage.service.d/10-volatile-state.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd-persistent-storage.service.d/10-volatile-state.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..810ef6722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-networkd-persistent-storage.service.d/10-volatile-state.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+Requires=dstack-volatile-binds.service
+After=dstack-volatile-binds.service
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service.d/10-var-volatile.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service.d/10-var-volatile.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f27776bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-resolved.service.d/10-var-volatile.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+After=systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service var-volatile.mount
+Requires=var-volatile.mount
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/var-volatile.mount b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/var-volatile.mount
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05072403e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system/var-volatile.mount
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+Description=Volatile writable state
+Before=local-fs.target
+
+[Mount]
+What=tmpfs
+Where=/var/volatile
+Type=tmpfs
+Options=mode=0755,nosuid,nodev
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=local-fs.target
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/dstack-image.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/dstack-image.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bd3ade16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/dstack-image.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+d /dstack 0755 root root -
+d /dstack/.host-shared 0755 root root -
+d /etc/wireguard 0700 root root -
+d /var/lib/docker 0755 root root -
+d /var/lib/containerd 0755 root root -
+d /var/volatile 0755 root root -
+d /var/lib/tpm2-tss/system/keystore 0755 root root -
+d /var/mail 0755 root root -
+L+ /tapp - - - - dstack
+L+ /usr/sbin/init - - - - ../lib/systemd/systemd
+L+ /etc/resolv.conf - - - - /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/lib/containerd/.dstack-keep b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/lib/containerd/.dstack-keep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/lib/docker/.dstack-keep b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/lib/docker/.dstack-keep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/lib/tpm2-tss/system/keystore/.dstack-keep b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/lib/tpm2-tss/system/keystore/.dstack-keep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/mail/.dstack-keep b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/mail/.dstack-keep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/volatile/.dstack-keep b/os/mkosi/mkosi.skeleton/var/volatile/.dstack-keep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/mkosi/mkosi.tools.conf b/os/mkosi/mkosi.tools.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c83a700e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/mkosi.tools.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Distribution]
+Snapshot=20260721T000000Z
+Repositories=main
diff --git a/os/mkosi/parity.json b/os/mkosi/parity.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e45be8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/parity.json
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+{
+  "reference": "os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs.bb",
+  "required_rootfs_paths": {
+    "dstack-guest": [
+      "usr/bin/dstack-guest-agent",
+      "usr/bin/dstack-util",
+      "usr/bin/dstack-volume"
+    ],
+    "container": [
+      "usr/bin/docker",
+      "usr/bin/containerd",
+      "usr/bin/nerdctl",
+      "usr/bin/containerd-stargz-grpc",
+      "etc/containerd/config.toml",
+      "usr/bin/docker-compose",
+      "usr/lib/cni/bridge",
+      "usr/lib/cni/host-local",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd-stargz-grpc.service",
+      "etc/docker/daemon.json"
+    ],
+    "sysbox-0.6.7": [
+      "usr/bin/sysbox-runc",
+      "usr/bin/sysbox-fs",
+      "usr/bin/sysbox-mgr",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/sysbox.service",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/sysbox-fs.service",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/sysbox-mgr.service",
+      "etc/sysctl.d/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf",
+      "etc/modules-load.d/50-sysbox-mod.conf"
+    ],
+    "zfs-2.4.0": [
+      "usr/sbin/zfs",
+      "usr/sbin/zpool",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/zfs.target",
+      "usr/libexec/zfs/zed.d"
+    ],
+    "nvidia-595.58.03": [
+      "usr/bin/nvidia-smi",
+      "usr/bin/nvidia-persistenced",
+      "usr/bin/nv-fabricmanager",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/nvidia-fabricmanager.service",
+      "usr/bin/nvidia-gpu-detect",
+      "usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia-nscq.so.2",
+      "etc/systemd/system/nvidia-fabricmanager.service.d/10-nvswitch-condition.conf"
+    ],
+    "nvidia-container": [
+      "usr/bin/nvidia-container-cli",
+      "usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime",
+      "usr/bin/nvidia-ctk",
+      "etc/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml"
+    ],
+    "nvattest-2026.06.09": [
+      "usr/bin/nvattest",
+      "usr/lib/libnvat.so.1",
+      "usr/share/nvattest/policies/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf"
+    ],
+    "security-and-tee": [
+      "usr/sbin/cryptsetup",
+      "usr/bin/tpm2_getrandom",
+      "etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/10-dstack.conf",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/var-volatile.mount",
+      "usr/lib/systemd/system/dstack-volatile-binds.service"
+    ],
+    "netfilter": [
+      "usr/sbin/xtables-nft-multi",
+      "usr/sbin/iptables",
+      "usr/sbin/ip6tables",
+      "usr/sbin/ebtables",
+      "usr/sbin/nft"
+    ]
+  },
+  "required_kernel_globs": {
+    "nvidia": [
+      "usr/lib/modules/*/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia.ko",
+      "usr/lib/modules/*/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-uvm.ko",
+      "usr/lib/modules/*/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-modeset.ko",
+      "usr/lib/modules/*/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-drm.ko",
+      "usr/lib/modules/*/kernel/drivers/video/nvidia-peermem.ko"
+    ],
+    "zfs": [
+      "usr/lib/modules/*/extra/zfs.ko"
+    ]
+  },
+  "dev_only_paths": [
+    "usr/bin/dstack-tee-simulator",
+    "usr/bin/swtpm",
+    "etc/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/tee-simulator.conf",
+    "usr/bin/strace",
+    "usr/bin/gdb",
+    "usr/sbin/sshd",
+    "usr/bin/tcpdump",
+    "usr/bin/vim.basic"
+  ],
+  "required_rootfs_globs": {
+    "nvidia-firmware": [
+      "usr/lib/firmware/nvidia/595.58.03/*"
+    ],
+    "nvidia-libraries": [
+      "usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcuda.so.595.58.03",
+      "usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnvidia-ml.so.595.58.03"
+    ],
+    "cni-plugins": [
+      "usr/lib/cni/loopback",
+      "usr/lib/cni/portmap"
+    ]
+  },
+  "required_kernel_config": [
+    "CONFIG_ACPI_TABLE_UPGRADE=y",
+    "CONFIG_INTEL_TDX_GUEST=y",
+    "CONFIG_TDX_GUEST_DRIVER=y",
+    "CONFIG_AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT=y",
+    "CONFIG_SEV_GUEST=y",
+    "CONFIG_TCG_TPM=y",
+    "CONFIG_DM_CRYPT=y",
+    "CONFIG_DM_VERITY=y",
+    "CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS=y",
+    "CONFIG_MEMCG=y",
+    "CONFIG_USER_NS=y",
+    "CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER=y",
+    "CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER=m",
+    "CONFIG_TUN=m",
+    "CONFIG_FUSE_FS=y",
+    "CONFIG_NF_TABLES=m",
+    "CONFIG_IP_SET=m",
+    "CONFIG_WIREGUARD=y",
+    "CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y",
+    "CONFIG_CUSE=y",
+    "CONFIG_TCG_VTPM_PROXY=y",
+    "CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX=y",
+    "CONFIG_SCSI=n",
+    "CONFIG_INPUT=n",
+    "CONFIG_VT=n",
+    "CONFIG_WIRELESS=n",
+    "CONFIG_SOUND=n",
+    "CONFIG_USB_SUPPORT=n",
+    "CONFIG_NF_TABLES_BRIDGE=m",
+    "CONFIG_NFT_BRIDGE_META=m",
+    "CONFIG_NFT_BRIDGE_REJECT=m",
+    "CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_CHECKSUM=m"
+  ],
+  "prod_forbidden_paths": [
+    "usr/bin/dstack-tee-simulator",
+    "usr/bin/swtpm",
+    "etc/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/tee-simulator.conf",
+    "usr/bin/strace",
+    "usr/bin/gdb",
+    "usr/sbin/sshd",
+    "usr/bin/tcpdump",
+    "usr/bin/vim.basic",
+    "usr/bin/gdbserver",
+    "usr/bin/login",
+    "usr/bin/loginctl",
+    "usr/sbin/agetty",
+    "usr/lib/systemd/system-generators/systemd-getty-generator",
+    "usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service",
+    "usr/lib/systemd/system/serial-getty@.service",
+    "usr/lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service",
+    "usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-logind.service"
+  ],
+  "runtime_link_paths": [
+    "usr/bin/nvattest",
+    "usr/bin/nvidia-smi",
+    "usr/bin/nvidia-container-cli",
+    "usr/sbin/zfs"
+  ],
+  "required_symlink_resolutions": {
+    "usr/sbin/iptables": "xtables-nft-multi",
+    "usr/sbin/ip6tables": "xtables-nft-multi",
+    "usr/sbin/ebtables": "xtables-nft-multi"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/repro-build/.gitignore b/os/mkosi/repro-build/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..796b96d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/repro-build/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/build
diff --git a/os/mkosi/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro b/os/mkosi/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bea071d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Debian trixie, the same release the guest image targets, so `mkosi
+# dependencies` resolves to the package names it actually prints and
+# systemd-repart/-boot/-ukify exist as separate packages the way mkosi expects.
+# Pinned by digest: a floating tag would silently change the build environment.
+FROM debian:trixie-slim@sha256:020c0d20b9880058cbe785a9db107156c3c75c2ac944a6aa7ab59f2add76a7bd
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
+    TZ=UTC \
+    LC_ALL=C
+
+# Kept in sync with `mkosi --directory os/mkosi dependencies`; the entrypoint
+# re-checks that list at run time and fails loudly if mkosi grows a new one.
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install --yes --no-install-recommends \
+        apt \
+        apt-utils \
+        bash \
+        btrfs-progs \
+        ca-certificates \
+        coreutils \
+        cpio \
+        curl \
+        debian-archive-keyring \
+        dosfstools \
+        e2fsprogs \
+        erofs-utils \
+        git \
+        grub-common \
+        grub-pc-bin \
+        keyutils \
+        kmod \
+        libcryptsetup12 \
+        libseccomp2 \
+        libtss2-dev \
+        mtools \
+        opensc \
+        openssl \
+        pkcs11-provider \
+        policycoreutils \
+        python3 \
+        python3-cryptography \
+        python3-pefile \
+        python3-venv \
+        sbsigntool \
+        squashfs-tools \
+        systemd \
+        systemd-boot \
+        systemd-repart \
+        systemd-ukify \
+        tar \
+        xfsprogs \
+        xz-utils \
+        zstd \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# The exact mkosi CI installs, taken from os/mkosi/versions.env so the pin has
+# one home. Installed into a venv whose shebang is absolute, which keeps it
+# working regardless of HOME or the invoking user.
+ARG MKOSI_REVISION
+ARG MKOSI_VERSION
+RUN test -n "$MKOSI_REVISION" -a -n "$MKOSI_VERSION" \
+        || { echo "MKOSI_REVISION and MKOSI_VERSION build args are required" >&2; exit 1; } \
+    && python3 -m venv /opt/mkosi-venv \
+    && /opt/mkosi-venv/bin/pip install --quiet --disable-pip-version-check \
+        "mkosi @ git+https://github.com/systemd/mkosi.git@${MKOSI_REVISION}" \
+    && ln -s /opt/mkosi-venv/bin/mkosi /usr/local/bin/mkosi \
+    && actual=$(mkosi --version | awk '{print $2}' | cut -d. -f1) \
+    && test "$actual" = "$MKOSI_VERSION" \
+        || { echo "pinned revision produced mkosi $actual, expected $MKOSI_VERSION" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+COPY entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/dstack-mkosi-entrypoint
+RUN chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-mkosi-entrypoint
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/dstack-mkosi-entrypoint"]
diff --git a/os/mkosi/repro-build/entrypoint.sh b/os/mkosi/repro-build/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..511165b30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/repro-build/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Container-side wrapper. Runs the mkosi backend as root, then hands the
+# artifacts back to the invoking user so the build directory is not left
+# root-owned on the host.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SRC=${DSTACK_SRC_DIR:?source mount required}
+OUT=${DSTACK_BUILD_DIR:?build mount required}
+ACTION=${DSTACK_ACTION:-image}
+HOST_UID=${DSTACK_HOST_UID:-0}
+HOST_GID=${DSTACK_HOST_GID:-0}
+
+# Hand the artifacts back even when the build fails, so a partial tree is still
+# inspectable without sudo.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2317  # reached through the EXIT trap below
+cleanup() {
+    if [ "$HOST_UID" != 0 ]; then
+        chown -R "$HOST_UID:$HOST_GID" "$OUT" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+# mkosi grows dependencies between releases. Rather than let a missing package
+# surface as an obscure failure halfway through a 40-minute build, compare the
+# image's package set against what this mkosi actually asks for.
+missing=()
+while read -r dep; do
+    [ -n "$dep" ] || continue
+    # mkosi emits apt patterns such as ?exact-name(grub-pc-bin).
+    case "$dep" in
+        '?exact-name('*')') dep=${dep#'?exact-name('}; dep=${dep%')'} ;;
+    esac
+    dpkg-query --show "$dep" >/dev/null 2>&1 || missing+=("$dep")
+done < <(mkosi --directory "$SRC/os/mkosi" dependencies 2>/dev/null || true)
+if [ ${#missing[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
+    echo "error: this mkosi needs packages the builder image does not have:" >&2
+    printf '  %s\n' "${missing[@]}" >&2
+    echo "add them to os/mkosi/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro and rebuild the image" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+cd "$SRC"
+# Deliberately not exec: exec replaces this shell and the EXIT trap above would
+# never run, leaving a root-owned build directory the caller cannot even delete.
+status=0
+# The container path exists to produce reproducible artifacts, and its cache
+# directory would be discarded with the container anyway, so it always takes
+# the cold path rather than the cached default of a local `build.sh image`.
+./os/mkosi/build.sh --no-cache "$ACTION" "$OUT" || status=$?
+exit "$status"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/repro-build/repro-build.sh b/os/mkosi/repro-build/repro-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..abd57a432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/repro-build/repro-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Build the guest OS with the mkosi backend inside a pinned container, so the
+# only host requirements are Docker and the privileges mkosi needs for loop
+# devices, device-mapper and mounts.
+#
+# This does not make the build reproducible -- os/mkosi already pins every
+# compiler and package it consumes, and compiles them inside its own overlay.
+# What the container pins is the last unpinned layer: mkosi itself and the
+# handful of host tools it drives.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: ${0##*/} [-c] [-o DIR]
+
+  -c        run build.sh repro-check (build twice, compare byte for byte)
+            instead of a single image build
+  -o DIR    build directory (default: <repo>/os/mkosi/repro-build/build)
+
+Environment:
+  FLAVORS   space-separated image flavors, e.g. FLAVORS="prod dev" (default: prod)
+  JOBS      parallelism inside the container (default: the container's nproc)
+  DOCKER    docker command to use (default: docker)
+EOF
+}
+
+ACTION=image
+THIS_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=${REPO_ROOT:-$(cd "$THIS_DIR/../../.." && pwd)}
+BUILD_DIR=
+
+while getopts ":co:h" opt; do
+    case "$opt" in
+        c) ACTION=repro-check ;;
+        o) BUILD_DIR=$OPTARG ;;
+        h) usage; exit 0 ;;
+        *) echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2; usage >&2; exit 1 ;;
+    esac
+done
+BUILD_DIR=${BUILD_DIR:-$THIS_DIR/build}
+
+DOCKER=${DOCKER:-docker}
+IMAGE=dstack-mkosi-build
+
+# The pin comes from the tree being built, not from this script, so a checkout
+# always gets the mkosi its own sources were tested against.
+# shellcheck source=../versions.env
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+source "$REPO_ROOT/os/mkosi/versions.env"
+if [ -z "${MKOSI_REVISION:-}" ]; then
+    echo "error: $REPO_ROOT/os/mkosi/versions.env defines no MKOSI_REVISION" >&2
+    echo "that tree predates the container builder; build it natively, or set" >&2
+    echo "MKOSI_REVISION to the mkosi its CI used" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# build.sh derives SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH and the measured git revision from the
+# repository, so git has to work inside the container. In a git worktree .git is
+# a file pointing at the main checkout, which is outside the source mount; bind
+# that directory at its own path so the pointer still resolves.
+git_common=$(cd "$REPO_ROOT" && git rev-parse --git-common-dir)
+git_common=$(cd "$REPO_ROOT" && cd "$git_common" && pwd)
+git_mount=()
+case "$git_common/" in
+    "$REPO_ROOT"/*) ;;
+    *) git_mount=(-v "$git_common:$git_common") ;;
+esac
+
+mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR"
+
+# mkosi assembles the build root as an overlayfs, and overlayfs cannot stack on
+# overlayfs. Docker's default storage driver puts the whole container root --
+# including /var/tmp, where mkosi places its workspace -- on exactly that, so
+# the build dies in mkosi's sandbox with a bare EINVAL. Give the workspace a
+# real filesystem from the host instead.
+WORKSPACE=$BUILD_DIR/.workspace
+mkdir -p "$WORKSPACE"
+workspace_fs=$(stat -f -c %T "$WORKSPACE")
+if [ "$workspace_fs" = overlayfs ]; then
+    echo "error: $WORKSPACE is on overlayfs, which mkosi cannot use as a workspace" >&2
+    echo "choose a build directory on a regular filesystem with -o DIR" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# An empty build context: the Dockerfile needs only its own entrypoint, and
+# sending the monorepo would cost minutes and invalidate the layer cache on
+# every source change.
+ctx=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$ctx"' EXIT
+cp "$THIS_DIR/entrypoint.sh" "$ctx/entrypoint.sh"
+"$DOCKER" build --platform linux/amd64 -t "$IMAGE" \
+    --build-arg "MKOSI_REVISION=$MKOSI_REVISION" \
+    --build-arg "MKOSI_VERSION=$MKOSI_VERSION" \
+    -f "$THIS_DIR/Dockerfile.repro" "$ctx"
+
+# --privileged plus /dev: mkosi needs loop devices, device-mapper and mounts to
+# assemble the dm-verity rootfs and the UKI disk image.
+#
+# The container runs as root while the source tree belongs to the caller, which
+# trips git's dubious-ownership check. GIT_CONFIG_* passes safe.directory in the
+# environment rather than writing to the caller's git config.
+"$DOCKER" run --rm --platform linux/amd64 \
+    --privileged \
+    -v /dev:/dev \
+    -v "$REPO_ROOT:$REPO_ROOT" \
+    -v "$BUILD_DIR:$BUILD_DIR" \
+    -v "$WORKSPACE:/var/tmp" \
+    "${git_mount[@]}" \
+    -e "DSTACK_SRC_DIR=$REPO_ROOT" \
+    -e "DSTACK_BUILD_DIR=$BUILD_DIR" \
+    -e "DSTACK_ACTION=$ACTION" \
+    -e "DSTACK_HOST_UID=$(id -u)" \
+    -e "DSTACK_HOST_GID=$(id -g)" \
+    -e "FLAVORS=${FLAVORS:-prod}" \
+    ${JOBS:+-e "JOBS=$JOBS"} \
+    -e GIT_CONFIG_COUNT=1 \
+    -e GIT_CONFIG_KEY_0=safe.directory \
+    -e GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_0='*' \
+    -w "$REPO_ROOT" \
+    "$IMAGE"
+
+if [ "$ACTION" = repro-check ]; then
+    echo "reproducibility check passed; artifacts in $BUILD_DIR/a"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Report the release identity. os_image_hash is what authorizes the image on
+# chain, so print it here rather than making every caller dig it out.
+for flavor in ${FLAVORS:-prod}; do
+    dist="$BUILD_DIR/out/$flavor"
+    name=dstack
+    [ "$flavor" = dev ] && name=dstack-dev
+    img="$dist/$name-$DSTACK_VERSION"
+    [ -d "$img" ] || continue
+    echo
+    echo "=== $flavor ==="
+    echo "os_image_hash  $(cat "$img/digest.txt")"
+    (cd "$dist" && sha256sum "$name-$DSTACK_VERSION.tar.gz" "$name-$DSTACK_VERSION-uki.tar.gz")
+done
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/build-components.sh b/os/mkosi/scripts/build-components.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8b6e4dee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/build-components.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/scripts/dev-cache.sh"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/scripts/component-framework.sh"
+
+use_cache=0
+if [[ ${1:-} == --dev-cache ]]; then use_cache=1; shift; fi
+work=${1:?work directory required}
+stage=${2:?rootfs staging tree required}
+kstage=${3:?kernel staging tree required}
+flavor=${4:?flavor required}
+component_framework_init "$use_cache" "$ROOT" "$SELF" \
+  "$(realpath -m "$work")" "$(realpath -m "$stage")" \
+  "$(realpath -m "$kstage")" "$flavor"
+
+components=(
+  dstack-rust
+  image-tools
+  container-stack
+  sysbox
+  nvattest
+  kernel
+  nvidia
+  zfs
+  ovmf
+)
+
+for component in "${components[@]}"; do component_run "$component"; done
+component_assemble
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/component-framework.sh b/os/mkosi/scripts/component-framework.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7906a608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/component-framework.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# Shared API for self-describing mkosi components.
+
+declare -Ag COMPONENT_KEYS=()
+declare -ag COMPONENT_ROOTFS=() COMPONENT_KERNEL=()
+
+component_framework_init() {
+    COMPONENT_CACHE=$1
+    ROOT=$2 SELF=$3 WORK=$4 STAGE=$5 KSTAGE=$6 FLAVOR=$7
+    COMPONENT_DIR="$SELF/components"
+    dev_cache_init "$COMPONENT_CACHE"
+}
+
+key_value() { printf 'value\0%s\0' "$*"; }
+
+key_file() {
+    local file
+    for file; do
+        printf 'file\0%s\0' "${file#"$ROOT/"}"
+        sha256sum "$file"
+    done
+}
+
+key_tree() {
+    local kind input value path matches
+    [[ -f ${DSTACK_SOURCE_MANIFEST:?} ]] || {
+        echo "development source manifest is missing" >&2
+        return 1
+    }
+    while IFS= read -r -d '' kind &&
+          IFS= read -r -d '' input &&
+          IFS= read -r -d '' value; do
+        matches=0
+        for path; do
+            path=${path%/}
+            if [[ $input == "$path" || $input == "$path/"* ]]; then
+                matches=1
+                break
+            fi
+        done
+        [[ $matches == 1 ]] || continue
+        case "$kind" in
+            file) key_file "$ROOT/$input" ;;
+            gitlink) printf 'gitlink\0%s\0%s\0' "$input" "$value" ;;
+            missing) printf 'missing\0%s\0' "$input" ;;
+            *) echo "invalid source manifest entry: $kind" >&2; return 1 ;;
+        esac
+    done < "$DSTACK_SOURCE_MANIFEST"
+}
+
+key_tools() {
+    local tool path package
+    for tool; do
+        path=$(readlink -f "$(command -v "$tool")")
+        printf 'tool\0%s\0%s\0' "$tool" "$path"
+        sha256sum "$path"
+        case "$tool" in
+            gcc|ld|cmake|make|autoconf|automake|tar) "$tool" --version | head -1 ;;
+            go) go version ;;
+            *) "$tool" --version ;;
+        esac
+        package=$(dpkg-query -S "$path" 2>/dev/null | head -1 | cut -d: -f1 || true)
+        [[ -z $package ]] || key_packages "$package"
+    done
+}
+
+key_packages() {
+    local package
+    for package; do
+        dpkg-query -W -f='package=${binary:Package}=${Version}\n' "$package"
+    done | sort
+}
+
+key_dependency() {
+    local dependency=$1
+    [[ -n ${COMPONENT_KEYS[$dependency]:-} ]] || {
+        echo "component dependency not built: $dependency" >&2; return 1;
+    }
+    printf 'dependency\0%s\0%s\0' "$dependency" "${COMPONENT_KEYS[$dependency]}"
+}
+
+component_run() {
+    local name=$1 definition key
+    COMPONENT_PATH="$COMPONENT_DIR/$name"
+    definition="$COMPONENT_PATH/$name.sh"
+    COMPONENT_NAME=''
+    COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=()
+    COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=()
+    COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+    unset -f component_cache_key component_build component_prepare_outputs 2>/dev/null || true
+    # shellcheck source=/dev/null
+    source "$definition"
+    [[ $COMPONENT_NAME == "$name" ]] || {
+        echo "$definition declares COMPONENT_NAME=$COMPONENT_NAME, expected $name" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+    declare -F component_cache_key >/dev/null || {
+        echo "$definition does not define component_cache_key" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+    declare -F component_build >/dev/null || {
+        echo "$definition does not define component_build" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+
+    # Production does not read or write the component cache, so it must not
+    # inspect cache-only inputs either. Besides avoiding wasted work, this
+    # keeps production builds independent of linked-worktree Git metadata that
+    # is intentionally not mounted into mkosi's source sandbox.
+    if [[ $COMPONENT_CACHE == 1 ]]; then
+        key=$({
+            key_value component-schema-v1 "$COMPONENT_NAME" "$FLAVOR" \
+              "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}" "$(uname -m)"
+            key_file "$definition" "$SELF/scripts/component-framework.sh" \
+              "$SELF/scripts/dev-cache.sh" "$SELF/scripts/install-toolchains.sh" \
+              "$SELF/mkosi.build" "$SELF/mkosi.conf" "$SELF/mkosi.tools.conf"
+            component_cache_key
+        } | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)
+    else
+        key=disabled
+    fi
+    COMPONENT_KEYS[$name]=$key
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2317 # Invoked indirectly by dev_cache_run.
+    component_build_cached() {
+        component_build
+        if declare -F component_prepare_outputs >/dev/null; then
+            component_prepare_outputs
+        fi
+    }
+    dev_cache_run "$name" "$key" "$WORK" "${COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS[@]}" -- \
+      component_build_cached
+
+    local tree
+    for tree in "${COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES[@]}"; do
+        COMPONENT_ROOTFS+=("$name=$WORK/$tree")
+    done
+    for tree in "${COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES[@]}"; do
+        COMPONENT_KERNEL+=("$name=$WORK/$tree")
+    done
+}
+
+component_assemble() {
+    "$SELF/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$STAGE" "${COMPONENT_ROOTFS[@]}"
+    "$SELF/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$KSTAGE" "${COMPONENT_KERNEL[@]}"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/dev-cache.sh b/os/mkosi/scripts/dev-cache.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c7ee8448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/dev-cache.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# Local archive mechanics for a cached build. Component definitions own their
+# keys and output boundaries; this file only validates, restores and stores them.
+
+DEV_CACHE_ENABLED=0
+
+dev_cache_init() {
+    DEV_CACHE_ENABLED=$1
+}
+
+dev_cache_run() {
+    local component=$1 key=$2 base=$3
+    shift 3
+    local outputs=()
+    while [[ $1 != -- ]]; do outputs+=("$1"); shift; done
+    shift
+
+    if [[ $DEV_CACHE_ENABLED != 1 ]]; then
+        "$@"
+        return
+    fi
+
+    local cache_root=${DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR:-${XDG_CACHE_HOME:-$HOME/.cache}/dstack/mkosi-dev}
+    local dir="$cache_root/$component" archive checksum
+    archive="$dir/$key.tar.zst"
+    checksum="$archive.sha256"
+    mkdir -p "$dir" "$base"
+
+    # Records which key the staging tree currently holds. It lives beside the
+    # archive rather than in the staging tree's parent: mkosi.build wipes
+    # everything in that parent except the staging trees themselves, so a stamp
+    # kept there is deleted before every build and the tree is then always
+    # re-extracted -- the persistence buys nothing and the wipe costs extra.
+    local stamp="$dir/staged"
+
+    # Anything staged under a different key -- or under no key we can account
+    # for -- is removed before it can be reused. Skipping this is how files
+    # from a previous build survive into a later image, which is far worse than
+    # the extraction it would have saved. Only the component's declared outputs
+    # are touched, so components sharing a base do not disturb each other.
+    discard_staged() {
+        (cd "$base" && rm -rf -- "${outputs[@]}")
+        rm -f "$stamp"
+    }
+
+    staged_outputs_present() {
+        local out
+        for out in "${outputs[@]}"; do
+            [[ -e $base/$out ]] || return 1
+        done
+    }
+
+    (
+        flock 9
+        if [[ -f $archive && -f $checksum ]] &&
+           (cd "$dir" && sha256sum --check --status "${checksum##*/}"); then
+            # The stamp alone is not enough. It outlives the staging tree, so
+            # anything that removes the tree without clearing it -- a manual
+            # wipe, a pruned build directory -- would make this skip an
+            # extraction whose output is not there, and the component would be
+            # silently missing from the image.
+            if [[ -f $stamp && $(cat "$stamp") == "$key" ]] && staged_outputs_present; then
+                echo "development cache hit (already staged): $component"
+                exit
+            fi
+            discard_staged
+            tar --zstd -xf "$archive" -C "$base"
+            printf '%s' "$key" > "$stamp"
+            echo "development cache hit: $component"
+            exit
+        fi
+
+        local tmp
+        rm -f "$archive" "$checksum"
+        echo "development cache miss: $component"
+        discard_staged
+        "$@"
+        tmp=$(mktemp "$dir/.${key}.XXXXXX.tar.zst")
+        tar --zstd -cf "$tmp" -C "$base" "${outputs[@]}"
+        mv "$tmp" "$archive"
+        (cd "$dir" && sha256sum "${archive##*/}" > "${checksum##*/}.tmp")
+        mv "$checksum.tmp" "$checksum"
+        # Written last: a stamp is a claim that the tree matches the archive,
+        # so it must not exist if any step above failed.
+        printf '%s' "$key" > "$stamp"
+    # The staged tree and its stamp are shared by every key for this component.
+    # Lock the component, not an individual archive: otherwise two builds with
+    # different keys can concurrently delete and extract the same outputs.
+    ) 9>"$dir/staging.lock"
+}
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/install-toolchains.sh b/os/mkosi/scripts/install-toolchains.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..21a24ffcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/install-toolchains.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../.." && pwd)
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$ROOT/os/mkosi/versions.env"
+DOWNLOADS=$(realpath -m "${1:?download directory required}")
+PREFIX=/opt/dstack-toolchains
+mkdir -p "$DOWNLOADS" "$PREFIX"
+
+fetch() {
+    local url=$1 sha=$2 output=$3
+    # Verify before publishing the cached name. Renaming first meant a
+    # truncated-but-non-empty transfer was cached under the final name, and
+    # since the mismatch path did not remove it, every later build failed with
+    # the same checksum error and no hint that the fix is to delete the file.
+    if [[ ! -f $output ]]; then
+        curl --fail --location --retry 3 --retry-all-errors \
+          --connect-timeout 30 --max-time 600 -o "$output.tmp" "$url"
+        echo "$sha  $output.tmp" | sha256sum --check --status || {
+            rm -f "$output.tmp"
+            echo "toolchain checksum mismatch after download: $url" >&2
+            exit 1
+        }
+        mv "$output.tmp" "$output"
+    fi
+    echo "$sha  $output" | sha256sum --check --status || {
+        rm -f "$output"
+        echo "cached toolchain archive was corrupt and has been removed: $output" >&2
+        echo "re-run the build to download it again" >&2
+        exit 1
+    }
+}
+
+install_rust_component() {
+    local component=$1 sha=$2 archive base dir
+    archive="$DOWNLOADS/$component-$RUST_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.xz"
+    fetch "https://static.rust-lang.org/dist/${archive##*/}" "$sha" "$archive"
+    base=${archive##*/}
+    dir=$(mktemp -d "/var/tmp/$component.XXXXXX")
+    tar -C "$dir" -xf "$archive"
+    "$dir/${base%.tar.xz}/install.sh" \
+      --prefix="$PREFIX/rust" --disable-ldconfig >/dev/null
+    rm -rf "$dir"
+}
+
+install_rust_component rustc "$RUSTC_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256"
+install_rust_component cargo "$CARGO_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256"
+install_rust_component rust-std "$RUST_STD_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256"
+
+go_archive="$DOWNLOADS/go$GO_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION.linux-amd64.tar.gz"
+fetch "https://go.dev/dl/${go_archive##*/}" "$GO_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256" "$go_archive"
+rm -rf "$PREFIX/go"
+tar -C "$PREFIX" -xf "$go_archive"
+
+export PATH="$PREFIX/rust/bin:$PREFIX/go/bin:$PATH"
+rustc --version
+cargo --version
+go version
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh b/os/mkosi/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8752e8069
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+umask 0022
+ROOT=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../../.." && pwd)
+SELF="$ROOT/os/mkosi"
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$SELF/versions.env"
+TREE=${1:?mkosi root tree required}
+KERNEL_TREE=${2:?kernel staging tree required}
+OUT=${3:?artifact output directory required}
+FLAVOR=${4:?flavor required}
+SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:?}
+export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH TZ=UTC LC_ALL=C
+mkdir -p "$OUT/files"
+
+kernel="$KERNEL_TREE/usr/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION-dstack/vmlinuz"
+install -m0644 "$kernel" "$OUT/files/bzImage"
+
+# Combined squashfs + dm-verity tree, matching Yocto's separate-hash=0 output.
+rootfs="$OUT/files/rootfs.squashfs.verity"
+# mksquashfs -noappend overwrites its filesystem but does not reliably remove
+# a longer dm-verity tail left by a previous invocation.
+truncate -s 0 "$rootfs"
+# Privileged mkosi runs can inherit host default ACLs from their workspace.
+# The guest rootfs does not rely on xattrs, so exclude this host-only metadata.
+# A sorted tar stream also removes backing-filesystem directory/inode order and
+# hardlink topology from the input, which is what makes the compressor's worker
+# count irrelevant to the output: with -no-tailends and -no-hardlinks there are
+# no cross-file fragments left for workers to pack in a racy order. The worker
+# count therefore tracks the build's job count, and repro-check is what proves
+# it: its two legs deliberately run with different job counts, so a worker-count
+# dependency in this output fails the check rather than hiding in it.
+# Serializing it instead costs ~285 s of a ~500 s incremental build.
+(cd "$TREE" && tar --sort=name --format=gnu \
+  --mtime="@$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH" --owner=0 --group=0 --numeric-owner \
+  --mode=g-s --hard-dereference -cf - .) | \
+  env -u SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH mksquashfs - "$rootfs" -tar \
+    -noappend -all-root -no-progress -exports -no-hardlinks -no-tailends \
+    -no-xattrs -processors "${JOBS:-1}" -comp zstd -mkfs-time "$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH" \
+    -all-time "$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH" >/dev/null
+data_size=$(stat -c %s "$rootfs")
+data_size=$(( (data_size + 4095) / 4096 * 4096 ))
+truncate -s "$data_size" "$rootfs"
+verity_output=$(veritysetup format "$rootfs" "$rootfs" \
+  --hash-offset="$data_size" --data-block-size=4096 --hash-block-size=4096 \
+  --uuid=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 \
+  --salt="$(printf '%064x' 0)")
+root_hash=$(awk '/Root hash:/ {print $3}' <<<"$verity_output")
+[[ $root_hash =~ ^[0-9a-f]{64}$ ]] || { echo "failed to obtain verity root hash" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+# Minimal custom initramfs that implements the same dstack.rootfs_* protocol.
+ird=$(mktemp -d "$OUT/.initramfs.XXXXXX")
+trap 'rm -rf "$ird"' EXIT
+mkdir -p "$ird"/{bin,sbin,dev,proc,sys,run,root,usr/bin,usr/sbin,lib,lib64}
+install -m0755 "$TREE/usr/bin/busybox" "$ird/bin/busybox"
+for applet in sh mount mkdir cat grep head cut basename realpath switch_root; do
+  ln -s busybox "$ird/bin/$applet"
+done
+# readdir order is not stable and a second match would make the initramfs (and
+# therefore the verity root hash) depend on the filesystem, so sort and take the
+# first record without a pipe that could SIGPIPE under pipefail.
+mapfile -d '' -t verity_matches < <(
+  find "$TREE" -type f \( -path '*/sbin/veritysetup' -o -path '*/bin/veritysetup' \) \
+    -print0 | sort -z)
+[[ ${#verity_matches[@]} -gt 0 ]] || { echo 'veritysetup missing from mkosi tree' >&2; exit 1; }
+verity_bin=${verity_matches[0]}
+install -m0755 "$verity_bin" "$ird/sbin/veritysetup"
+command -v lddtree >/dev/null || { echo 'lddtree (pax-utils) is required' >&2; exit 1; }
+# lddtree prints a bare soname instead of a path for anything it cannot resolve
+# inside the root, and its exit status is invisible through a process
+# substitution. Silently dropping those produced an initramfs that built,
+# measured and released cleanly, then failed in early boot with
+# "veritysetup: error while loading shared libraries".
+lddtree_out=$(lddtree -l -R "$TREE" "${verity_bin#"$TREE"}") || {
+  echo 'lddtree failed to resolve the veritysetup dependency tree' >&2; exit 1; }
+[[ -n $lddtree_out ]] || { echo 'lddtree produced no output' >&2; exit 1; }
+while read -r lib; do
+  [[ -n $lib ]] || continue
+  [[ $lib == "$verity_bin" ]] && continue
+  if [[ $lib != /* ]]; then
+    echo "lddtree could not resolve '$lib' inside $TREE" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  rel=${lib#"$TREE"}
+  if [[ $rel == "$lib" ]]; then
+    echo "lddtree resolved '$lib' outside the image tree $TREE" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  install -Dm0755 "$lib" "$ird$rel"
+done <<< "$lddtree_out"
+install -m0755 "$ROOT/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript/init" "$ird/init"
+find "$ird" -print0 | xargs -0 touch -h -d "@$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"
+(cd "$ird" && find . -print0 | sort -z | \
+  cpio --null -o --format=newc --reproducible --owner=0:0 2>/dev/null) \
+  | gzip -n -9 > "$OUT/files/initramfs.cpio.gz"
+
+# OVMF is the pinned TDX build; the EFI stub comes from the Debian snapshot.
+ovmf="$KERNEL_TREE/ovmf.fd"
+ovmf_sev="$KERNEL_TREE/ovmf-sev.fd"
+mapfile -d '' -t stub_matches < <(
+  find "$TREE/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi" -type f -name 'linuxx64.efi.stub' \
+    -print0 | sort -z)
+stub=${stub_matches[0]-}
+[[ -f $ovmf && -f $ovmf_sev && -f $stub ]] || {
+  echo 'TDX/SEV OVMF or systemd EFI stub missing' >&2; exit 1;
+}
+install -m0644 "$ovmf" "$OUT/files/ovmf.fd"
+install -m0644 "$ovmf_sev" "$OUT/files/ovmf-sev.fd"
+
+# Same definition assemble.sh records in metadata.json; the UKI and the
+# measurement inputs must describe the same command line.
+# shellcheck source=../../image/kernel-cmdline.sh
+# The prek hook runs shellcheck without -x, so the path above documents the
+# target but cannot be followed; SC1091 is noise rather than a finding.
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+source "$ROOT/os/image/kernel-cmdline.sh"
+cmdline=$(dstack_kernel_cmdline "$root_hash" "$data_size")
+ukify build --efi-arch=x64 --stub="$stub" --linux="$kernel" \
+  --initrd="$OUT/files/initramfs.cpio.gz" --cmdline="$cmdline" \
+  --os-release="@$TREE/usr/lib/os-release" \
+  --output="$OUT/files/dstack-uki.efi"
+touch -d "@$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH" "$OUT/files/"*
+
+is_dev=false; name=dstack
+if [[ $FLAVOR == dev ]]; then is_dev=true; name=dstack-dev; fi
+python3 - "$OUT/artifact-manifest.json" "$name" "$FLAVOR" "$is_dev" \
+  "${DSTACK_SOURCE_REVISION:?}" "$root_hash" "$data_size" "$DSTACK_VERSION" "$OVMF_VARIANT" <<'PY'
+import json, sys
+path,name,flavor,is_dev,revision,root_hash,data_size,version,ovmf_variant=sys.argv[1:]
+data={"schema_version":1,"backend":"mkosi","image":{"name":name,"version":version,
+"flavor":flavor,"is_dev":is_dev=="true"},"source":{"git_revision":revision},
+"boot":{"ovmf_variant":ovmf_variant},"verity":{"root_hash":root_hash,"data_size":data_size},
+"artifacts":{"initramfs":"files/initramfs.cpio.gz","kernel":"files/bzImage",
+"firmware":"files/ovmf.fd","rootfs_verity":"files/rootfs.squashfs.verity",
+"firmware_sev":"files/ovmf-sev.fd","uki":"files/dstack-uki.efi"},
+"backend_metadata":{"machine":"dstack","distribution":"debian"}}
+with open(path,"w") as f: json.dump(data,f,indent=2); f.write("\n")
+PY
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/merge-component-trees.py b/os/mkosi/scripts/merge-component-trees.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a7e577f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/merge-component-trees.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Merge component install trees while rejecting every non-directory clash."""
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import stat
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def exists(path: Path) -> bool:
+    """Return whether a path exists, including a dangling symlink."""
+    return path.exists() or path.is_symlink()
+
+
+def is_real_dir(path: Path) -> bool:
+    """Return whether a path is a directory that is not a symlink to one.
+
+    A symlink to a directory must never be treated as a mergeable directory:
+    the merge would follow it and write the component payload outside the
+    staging root, silently omitting those files from the image.
+    """
+    return path.is_dir() and not path.is_symlink()
+
+
+def merge(component: str, source: Path, destination: Path) -> None:
+    """Merge one component tree into the destination without overwrites."""
+    if not source.is_dir():
+        raise SystemExit(f"{component}: missing install tree: {source}")
+    for root, directories, files in os.walk(source):
+        directories.sort()
+        files.sort()
+        relative = Path(root).relative_to(source)
+        target_root = destination / relative
+        # os.walk is top-down, so every ancestor of target_root was validated
+        # and created by an earlier iteration of this loop; checking the
+        # directory itself is enough to keep the whole descent inside the root.
+        if exists(target_root) and not is_real_dir(target_root):
+            raise SystemExit(f"component install conflict: {component}: {target_root}")
+        target_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        for name in directories:
+            src = Path(root) / name
+            dst = target_root / name
+            if src.is_symlink():
+                files.append(name)
+                continue
+            if exists(dst) and not is_real_dir(dst):
+                raise SystemExit(f"component install conflict: {component}: {dst}")
+            dst.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+            shutil.copymode(src, dst)
+        for name in files:
+            src = Path(root) / name
+            dst = target_root / name
+            if exists(dst):
+                raise SystemExit(f"component install conflict: {component}: {dst}")
+            mode = src.lstat().st_mode
+            if stat.S_ISLNK(mode):
+                dst.symlink_to(os.readlink(src))
+            elif stat.S_ISREG(mode):
+                shutil.copy2(src, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
+            else:
+                raise SystemExit(f"{component}: unsupported install entry: {src}")
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Merge the component specifications passed on the command line."""
+    destination = Path(sys.argv[1])
+    destination.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    for specification in sys.argv[2:]:
+        component, source = specification.split("=", 1)
+        merge(component, Path(source), destination)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/normalize-skeleton-modes.sh b/os/mkosi/scripts/normalize-skeleton-modes.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..758b5e617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/normalize-skeleton-modes.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SELF=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+TREE=${1:?rootfs tree required}
+FLAVOR=${2:-}
+
+# Git tracks regular files as either non-executable or executable, but a
+# shared checkout can add group-write bits. mkosi correctly preserves source
+# modes, so canonicalize only those two Git-representable classes after the
+# native SkeletonTrees= copy.
+skeletons=("$SELF/mkosi.skeleton")
+if [[ -n $FLAVOR && -d $SELF/mkosi.profiles/$FLAVOR/mkosi.skeleton ]]; then
+    skeletons+=("$SELF/mkosi.profiles/$FLAVOR/mkosi.skeleton")
+fi
+
+for skeleton in "${skeletons[@]}"; do
+    while IFS= read -r -d '' source; do
+        relative=${source#"$skeleton/"}
+        destination="$TREE/$relative"
+        [[ -e $destination ]] || {
+            echo "skeleton path missing from rootfs: $relative" >&2
+            exit 1
+        }
+        if [[ -x $source ]]; then
+            chmod 0755 "$destination"
+        else
+            chmod 0644 "$destination"
+        fi
+    done < <(find "$skeleton" -type f ! -name .dstack-keep -print0)
+
+    # -mindepth 1 keeps the skeleton root itself out of the loop; without it
+    # the empty relative path would chmod the rootfs root as a side effect.
+    while IFS= read -r -d '' directory; do
+        relative=${directory#"$skeleton"}
+        destination="$TREE$relative"
+        [[ -d $destination ]] || {
+            echo "skeleton directory missing from rootfs: ${relative#/}" >&2
+            exit 1
+        }
+        chmod 0755 "$destination"
+    done < <(find "$skeleton" -mindepth 1 -type d -print0)
+done
diff --git a/os/mkosi/scripts/write-source-manifest.py b/os/mkosi/scripts/write-source-manifest.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3e619eb51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/scripts/write-source-manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Describe Git-owned and untracked source paths for development cache keys."""
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+root = pathlib.Path(sys.argv[1]).resolve()
+output = pathlib.Path(sys.argv[2]).resolve()
+entries = subprocess.check_output(
+    ["git", "-C", root, "ls-files", "-z", "--cached", "--others", "--exclude-standard"]
+).split(b"\0")
+stage = subprocess.check_output(
+    ["git", "-C", root, "ls-files", "-z", "--stage", "--cached"]
+).split(b"\0")
+gitlinks = {
+    record.split(b"\t", 1)[1]: record.split(b" ", 1)[1].split(b" ", 1)[0]
+    for record in stage
+    if record.startswith(b"160000 ")
+}
+
+output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+temporary = output.with_name(f".{output.name}.{os.getpid()}.tmp")
+with temporary.open("wb") as manifest:
+    for encoded in sorted(filter(None, entries)):
+        path = root / os.fsdecode(encoded)
+        if encoded in gitlinks and path.is_dir():
+            revision = subprocess.check_output(
+                ["git", "-C", path, "rev-parse", "HEAD"]
+            ).strip()
+            kind, value = b"gitlink", revision
+        elif path.is_file():
+            kind, value = b"file", b""
+        else:
+            kind, value = b"missing", b""
+        manifest.write(kind + b"\0" + encoded + b"\0" + value + b"\0")
+temporary.replace(output)
diff --git a/os/mkosi/tests/acceptance.sh b/os/mkosi/tests/acceptance.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5d26ea08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/tests/acceptance.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+# Most checks below are bare test/grep assertions. Without this they abort the
+# run with no output at all, which says nothing about what regressed.
+trap 'echo "acceptance check failed at line $LINENO: $BASH_COMMAND" >&2' ERR
+D=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+for component in dstack-rust image-tools container-stack sysbox nvattest kernel nvidia zfs ovmf; do
+  test -f "$D/components/$component/$component.sh"
+  test -x "$D/components/$component/$component-build.sh"
+done
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$D/versions.env"
+[[ $KERNEL_VERSION != *-rc* ]]
+[[ $KERNEL_SHA256 =~ ^[0-9a-f]{64}$ ]]
+# The guest kernel must track the same series as the production Yocto backend.
+# A different major/minor reintroduces the out-of-tree NVIDIA and ZFS
+# compatibility patches that parity with Yocto exists to avoid.
+yocto_series=$(sed -n 's/^PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto ?= "\([0-9.]*\)%".*/\1/p' \
+  "$D/../yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/distro/dstack.conf")
+[[ -n $yocto_series ]]
+[[ $KERNEL_VERSION == "$yocto_series".* ]]
+grep -q "^Snapshot=$DEBIAN_SNAPSHOT" "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^Format=tar$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+# mkosi's own tar must not share the release name: sharing it made mkosi
+# track the release tarball as one of its outputs, which clean/--force may
+# delete. build.sh discards it once mkosi has finished with it.
+grep -q '^Output=%i-%v-rootfs$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+# %i/%v expand in file order, so these must be declared before Output=.
+grep -q "^ImageVersion=$DSTACK_VERSION\$" "$D/mkosi.conf"
+awk '/^ImageVersion=/{v=NR} /^Output=/{o=NR} END{exit !(v && o && v < o)}' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^Bootable=no$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+# SplitArtifacts must stay empty: the kernel split is produced even with
+# Bootable=no and would drop a stray .vmlinuz beside the release artifacts.
+grep -q '^SplitArtifacts=$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+# The rootfs tar is removed after mkosi returns, not in postoutput: mkosi
+# stats it again to print its size once staging has been promoted.
+grep -Fq 'rootfs.tar' "$D/build.sh"
+if grep -Fq 'rootfs.tar"' "$D/mkosi.postoutput"; then
+  echo 'removing the rootfs tar in postoutput breaks mkosi output bookkeeping' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+# KernelCommandLine= is dead with Bootable=no and contradicted the command
+# line actually measured into the UKI; the real one lives in the release script.
+if grep -q '^KernelCommandLine=' "$D/mkosi.conf"; then
+  echo 'KernelCommandLine= is unreachable with Bootable=no' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+for key in ACPI ACPI_TABLE_UPGRADE INTEL_TDX_GUEST TDX_GUEST_DRIVER \
+ AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT SEV_GUEST TCG_TPM VIRTIO_PCI VIRTIO_NET BLK_DEV_NVME \
+ DM_CRYPT DM_VERITY OVERLAY_FS CGROUPS USER_NS SECCOMP BPF_SYSCALL \
+ NF_TABLES VSOCKETS HARDENED_USERCOPY; do
+  grep -Eq "^CONFIG_${key}=(y|m)$" "$D/components/kernel/kernel.config" || { echo "missing CONFIG_$key"; exit 1; }
+done
+# The hardening baseline is owned by the production audit script; read the
+# requirements from it so the two cannot drift. x86_64_defconfig enables
+# several of these, so the fragment must pin every one of them explicitly.
+audit="$D/../yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh"
+test -f "$audit"
+required=0
+while read -r key want; do
+  required=$((required + 1))
+  grep -q "^${key}=${want}$" "$D/components/kernel/kernel.config" || {
+    echo "kernel.config does not pin $key=$want required by $audit"; exit 1; }
+done < <(sed -n 's/^require_config \(CONFIG_[A-Z0-9_]*\) \([ynm]\)$/\1 \2/p' "$audit")
+[[ $required -ge 10 ]]
+grep -q '0002-acpi-sandbox' "$D/components/kernel/kernel-build.sh"
+grep -q -- '--fuzz=0' "$D/components/kernel/kernel-build.sh"
+for service in dstack-guest-agent dstack-prepare app-compose dstack-gateway-checker; do
+  grep -q "$service" "$D/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/80-dstack.preset"
+done
+# The gateway checker is a dstack-util subcommand, not a shell script. It exits 0
+# when the app did not enable dstack-gateway, so Restart must not be "always" or
+# systemd respawns it every RestartSec forever on every gateway-less CVM.
+gw_unit="$D/../common/rootfs/dstack-gateway-checker.service"
+grep -q '^ExecStart=/bin/dstack-util gateway-checker ' "$gw_unit" || {
+  echo 'dstack-gateway-checker.service must run the dstack-util gateway-checker subcommand'; exit 1; }
+grep -q '^Restart=on-failure$' "$gw_unit" || {
+  echo 'dstack-gateway-checker.service must use Restart=on-failure'; exit 1; }
+# A permanent misconfiguration exits with EXIT_MISCONFIGURED. If the unit does
+# not inhibit restarts for exactly that code, "fail loudly and stop" silently
+# degrades into a RestartSec respawn loop, which is what this whole exit code
+# exists to avoid.
+checker_src="$D/../../dstack/dstack-util/src/gateway_checker.rs"
+exit_code=$(sed -n 's/^const EXIT_MISCONFIGURED: i32 = \([0-9]\+\);$/\1/p' "$checker_src")
+[[ -n $exit_code ]] || { echo "cannot read EXIT_MISCONFIGURED from $checker_src"; exit 1; }
+grep -q "^RestartPreventExitStatus=${exit_code}\$" "$gw_unit" || {
+  echo "dstack-gateway-checker.service must set RestartPreventExitStatus=$exit_code"; exit 1; }
+# The loop's recovery paths only run while the loop runs, so systemd has to be
+# the thing that notices a wedge. WatchdogSec is useless without Type=notify.
+grep -q '^Type=notify$' "$gw_unit" || {
+  echo 'dstack-gateway-checker.service must use Type=notify to arm the watchdog'; exit 1; }
+grep -q '^WatchdogSec=' "$gw_unit" || {
+  echo 'dstack-gateway-checker.service must set WatchdogSec'; exit 1; }
+test ! -e "$D/../common/rootfs/wg-checker.sh"
+test ! -e "$D/../common/rootfs/wg-checker.service"
+# systemd enables any unit that matches no preset rule, so the enable list is
+# only meaningful with a terminal disable. Without it, every package pulled in
+# by Packages= would start at boot with no diff to 80-dstack.preset.
+grep -q '^disable \*$' "$D/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/99-dstack-default.preset"
+# The TEE simulator serves synthetic quotes; its preset must not ship in prod.
+if grep -rq 'dstack-tee-simulator' "$D/mkosi.skeleton/"; then
+  echo 'simulator preset must live in the dev profile skeleton' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+grep -q '^enable dstack-tee-simulator\.service$' \
+  "$D/mkosi.profiles/dev/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/systemd/system-preset/85-dstack-dev.preset"
+# Production must not retain the login stack that meta-dstack's disable_login()
+# deletes; /etc masks alone are runtime-mutable via the dstack-prepare overlay.
+for path in /usr/bin/login /usr/sbin/agetty /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty@.service \
+  /usr/lib/systemd/system-generators/systemd-getty-generator; do
+  grep -qF "        $path" "$D/mkosi.profiles/prod/mkosi.conf" || {
+    echo "prod profile does not remove $path"; exit 1; }
+done
+# The dev component cache must be stored in mkosi's BuildDirectory. A
+# BuildSources mount is an ephemeral overlay under BuildSourcesEphemeral=yes,
+# so a cache placed there is silently discarded on every run.
+# The single quotes are deliberate: these are grep patterns matching a literal
+# $BUILDDIR/$SRCDIR in the generated script, not shell expansions.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+grep -q 'DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR="\$BUILDDIR/components"' "$D/mkosi.build"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+grep -q 'toolchain_downloads="\$BUILDDIR/toolchains"' "$D/mkosi.build"
+grep -q -- '--build-directory=' "$D/build.sh"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+if grep -Fq 'DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR="$SRCDIR' "$D/mkosi.build"; then
+  echo 'dev cache must not live on an ephemeral source mount' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+grep -q 'artifact-manifest.json' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q -- '--hard-dereference' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q -- '--mode=g-s' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q 'mksquashfs -.*-tar' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q 'image/assemble.sh' "$D/mkosi.postoutput"
+grep -q 'ovmf-build.sh' "$D/components/ovmf/ovmf.sh"
+# A generic OVMF produces measurement material dstack-mr cannot parse, so the
+# revision must track meta-dstack's SRCREV. Read it from the recipe rather
+# than restating the hash, which would happily pin a stale value.
+ovmf_recipe="$D/../yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf_git.bb"
+yocto_srcrev=$(sed -n 's/^SRCREV = "\([0-9a-f]\{40\}\)"/\1/p' "$ovmf_recipe")
+[[ $yocto_srcrev =~ ^[0-9a-f]{40}$ ]]
+grep -q "^OVMF_REVISION=$yocto_srcrev\$" "$D/versions.env"
+# 0003 and 0005 are what make the prefix map reach the compiler and let
+# stable202502 assemble with NASM 3.x; both were previously dropped.
+for patch in 0003-Debug-prefix-map 0004-Reproduciable \
+  0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi \
+  0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub; do
+  grep -q "$patch" "$D/components/ovmf/ovmf-build.sh"
+done
+grep -q 'AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc' "$D/components/ovmf/ovmf-build.sh"
+grep -q '0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch' "$D/components/ovmf/ovmf.sh"
+grep -q '0005-UefiCpuPkg' "$D/components/ovmf/ovmf.sh"
+grep -q 'objcopy --strip-debug' "$D/mkosi.build"
+grep -q 'depmod -b.*KERNEL_VERSION-dstack' "$D/mkosi.build"
+grep -q '^CleanPackageMetadata=yes$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^WithDocs=no$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '/var/lib/docker/.dstack-keep' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '! -name .dstack-keep' "$D/scripts/normalize-skeleton-modes.sh"
+grep -q '/var/lib/tpm2-tss/system/keystore 0755' \
+  "$D/mkosi.skeleton/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/dstack-image.conf"
+grep -q '/var/lib/dpkg' "$D/mkosi.profiles/prod/mkosi.conf"
+if grep -q '^[[:space:]]*ovmf$' "$D/mkosi.conf"; then
+  echo 'distribution OVMF must not be installed in the guest rootfs' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+grep -q '"firmware_sev":"files/ovmf-sev.fd"' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q 'measurement.snp.cbor' "$D/tests/check-output.sh"
+grep -q '0001-validate-ocsp-response-freshness.patch' "$D/components/nvattest/nvattest-build.sh"
+grep -q -- '--fuzz=0' "$D/components/nvattest/nvattest-build.sh"
+grep -q '0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch' "$D/components/nvattest/nvattest-build.sh"
+grep -q 'COMPONENT_PATH/patches/0001-pin-fetchcontent-inputs.patch' "$D/components/nvattest/nvattest.sh"
+grep -q '^NVATTEST_REVISION=9d12801cea8a198ea0f29640dfaf8a4017c841c5$' "$D/versions.env"
+grep -q '^NVIDIA_VERSION=595.58.03$' "$D/versions.env"
+# GOTOOLCHAIN=local keeps the go command from downloading an unpinned
+# toolchain when a module's go.mod names a newer release.
+grep -q '^export GOTOOLCHAIN=local$' "$D/mkosi.build"
+grep -q '^STARGZ_VERSION=0.18.2$' "$D/versions.env"
+grep -q '^NERDCTL_VERSION=2.2.1$' "$D/versions.env"
+grep -q '^[[:space:]]*docker-cli$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^SYSBOX_VERSION=0.6.7$' "$D/versions.env"
+grep -q '^ZFS_VERSION=2.4.0$' "$D/versions.env"
+grep -q -- '--fuzz=0' "$D/components/zfs/zfs-build.sh"
+# ZFS 2.4.0 declares Linux-Maximum 6.18; no out-of-tree compat patch is carried.
+test ! -e "$D/components/zfs/patches"
+test ! -e "$D/components/nvidia/patches"
+python3 -m json.tool "$D/parity.json" >/dev/null
+grep -q 'rootfs.img.parted.verity' "$D/../image/assemble.sh"
+# mkosi.postinst was missing here, so a syntax error in it only surfaced part
+# way into a ~30 minute build.
+bash -n "$D"/*.sh "$D"/mkosi.build "$D"/mkosi.clean "$D"/mkosi.finalize \
+  "$D"/mkosi.postinst "$D"/mkosi.postoutput "$D"/scripts/*.sh \
+  "$D"/components/*/*.sh "$D"/tests/*.sh "$D"/mkosi.skeleton/usr/bin/*.sh \
+  "$D"/../image/kernel-cmdline.sh
+# The Python helpers were only ever exercised by a real build. Keep the
+# bytecode out of the source tree, which is mounted into the build sandbox.
+pycache=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$pycache"' EXIT
+PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX="$pycache" python3 -m py_compile "$D"/scripts/*.py "$D"/tests/*.py
+# The UKI command line and the one recorded in metadata.json feed the same
+# measurements, so both must come from the single shared definition.
+grep -q 'kernel-cmdline.sh' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q 'kernel-cmdline.sh' "$D/../image/assemble.sh"
+if grep -q 'random.trust_bootloader' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"; then
+  echo 'kernel command line must not be restated outside kernel-cmdline.sh' >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+grep -q 'Archiving UKI image' "$D/../image/assemble.sh"
+grep -Fq "FLAVORS=\${FLAVORS:-prod}" "$D/build.sh"
+# A cache hit must never be able to answer the question repro-check asks.
+grep -Fq "if [[ \$action == repro-check ]]; then cache=0; fi" "$D/build.sh"
+# repro-check compares the release tarballs, so it must archive unconditionally
+# -- otherwise it compares absent files and reports no difference.
+grep -Fq "if [[ \$action == repro-check ]]; then archive=1; fi" "$D/build.sh"
+grep -Fq -e "--environment=\"DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE=\$archive\"" "$D/build.sh"
+grep -Fq "DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE=\"\${DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE:-1}\"" "$D/mkosi.postoutput"
+grep -Fq -e "--environment=\"DSTACK_COMPONENT_CACHE=\$cache\"" "$D/build.sh"
+grep -q 'write-source-manifest.py' "$D/build.sh"
+grep -q 'DSTACK_SOURCE_REVISION.*revision' "$D/build.sh"
+grep -q 'DSTACK_SOURCE_REVISION:?' "$D/scripts/make-release-artifacts.sh"
+grep -q 'scripts/build-components.sh' "$D/mkosi.build"
+grep -q '^BuildPackages=' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^ToolsTree=yes$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^ToolsTreeProfiles=misc$' "$D/mkosi.conf"
+grep -q '^Snapshot=20260721T000000Z$' "$D/mkosi.tools.conf"
+grep -q 'clean -f' "$D/build.sh"
+grep -q 'install-toolchains.sh' "$D/mkosi.build"
+grep -q '^RUST_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=1.92.0$' "$D/versions.env"
+# Tracks the Go that oe-core pins for the production Yocto backend, so both
+# backends compile the same Go components with the same toolchain. It must also
+# stay >= the highest 'go' directive among them (nvidia-container-toolkit
+# currently declares go 1.25.0); GOTOOLCHAIN=local turns a violation into a
+# build failure rather than a silent download.
+grep -q '^GO_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=1.26.2$' "$D/versions.env"
+for component in dstack-rust image-tools container-stack sysbox nvattest kernel nvidia zfs ovmf; do
+  definition="$D/components/$component/$component.sh"
+  grep -q "^COMPONENT_NAME=$component$" "$definition"
+  grep -q '^component_cache_key()' "$definition"
+  grep -q '^component_build()' "$definition"
+  grep -q '^COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=' "$definition"
+done
+"$D/tests/test-dev-cache.sh"
+"$D/tests/test-component-framework.sh"
+"$D/tests/test-component-merge.sh"
+echo 'mkosi static acceptance passed'
diff --git a/os/mkosi/tests/check-output.sh b/os/mkosi/tests/check-output.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7f3b3aae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/tests/check-output.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+out=${1:?assembled output directory required}
+flavor=${2:-prod}
+for file in bzImage initramfs.cpio.gz ovmf.fd ovmf-sev.fd rootfs.img.parted.verity \
+ metadata.json measurement.tdx.cbor measurement.snp.cbor sha256sum.txt digest.txt; do
+  [[ -s $out/$file ]] || { echo "missing compatible output: $file" >&2; exit 1; }
+done
+(cd "$out" && sha256sum -c sha256sum.txt)
+grep -q 'dstack-rootfs' < <(sgdisk -p "$out/rootfs.img.parted.verity")
+python3 - "$out/metadata.json" "$flavor" <<'PY'
+import json,sys
+d=json.load(open(sys.argv[1]))
+for k in ("bios","bios-sev","kernel","cmdline","initrd","rootfs","version","git_revision","is_dev","ovmf_variant"):
+    assert k in d, k
+assert d["bios-sev"] == "ovmf-sev.fd"
+assert d["is_dev"] == (sys.argv[2] == "dev")
+PY
+echo "Yocto-compatible release format accepted: $out"
diff --git a/os/mkosi/tests/check-parity.py b/os/mkosi/tests/check-parity.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..eb48cb7ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/tests/check-parity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Verify Yocto-visible functional parity in an assembled mkosi tree."""
+
+import glob
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+
+def resolve_in_rootfs(root: str, path: str, depth: int = 0):
+    """Return the rootfs-relative path a symlink chain ends at, or None.
+
+    os.path.lexists() is true for a dangling symlink, so a versioned library
+    whose target was never installed would satisfy the parity check and then
+    fail at runtime. Symlinks are followed with absolute targets treated as
+    rootfs-relative, since the image is not mounted at / on the build host --
+    os.path.realpath() would instead escape into the build host's own
+    filesystem and report on whatever binary happens to sit at that path there.
+    """
+    if depth > 16:
+        return None
+    rel = os.path.normpath(path.lstrip("/"))
+    full = os.path.join(root, rel)
+    if not os.path.lexists(full):
+        return None
+    if not os.path.islink(full):
+        return rel
+    target = os.readlink(full)
+    if not os.path.isabs(target):
+        target = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(rel), target)
+    return resolve_in_rootfs(root, target, depth + 1)
+
+
+def resolves_in_rootfs(root: str, path: str) -> bool:
+    """Return whether a path exists in the image and its symlinks resolve."""
+    return resolve_in_rootfs(root, path) is not None
+
+
+spec_path, rootfs, kernel_tree, flavor = sys.argv[1:]
+with open(spec_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+    spec = json.load(f)
+missing = []
+for component, paths in spec["required_rootfs_paths"].items():
+    for path in paths:
+        if not resolves_in_rootfs(rootfs, path):
+            missing.append(f"{component}:/{path}")
+for component, patterns in spec.get("required_rootfs_globs", {}).items():
+    for pattern in patterns:
+        if not glob.glob(os.path.join(rootfs, pattern)):
+            missing.append(f"{component}:/{pattern}")
+for component, patterns in spec["required_kernel_globs"].items():
+    for pattern in patterns:
+        if not glob.glob(os.path.join(kernel_tree, pattern)):
+            missing.append(f"{component}: kernel module ({pattern})")
+configs = glob.glob(os.path.join(kernel_tree, "usr/lib/modules/*/config"))
+if len(configs) != 1:
+    missing.append("kernel-config: expected exactly one installed config")
+else:
+    with open(configs[0], encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        config = set(f.read().splitlines())
+    for setting in spec.get("required_kernel_config", []):
+        symbol, value = setting.split("=", 1)
+        effective = f"# {symbol} is not set" if value == "n" else setting
+        if effective not in config:
+            missing.append(f"kernel-config: {setting}")
+if flavor == "dev":
+    for path in spec["dev_only_paths"]:
+        if not resolves_in_rootfs(rootfs, path):
+            missing.append(f"dev:/{path}")
+else:
+    # Deliberately lexists(): a forbidden path must be absent outright, and a
+    # dangling symlink to a removed binary still counts as present.
+    for path in spec.get("prod_forbidden_paths", []):
+        if os.path.lexists(os.path.join(rootfs, path)):
+            missing.append(f"prod contains forbidden path:/{path}")
+for path, expected in spec.get("required_symlink_resolutions", {}).items():
+    # Which netfilter frontend the image programs is decided by a symlink, and
+    # on this backend that symlink comes from the distribution's default rather
+    # than from anything dstack states. That default is what silently put the
+    # two guest images on different rulesets, so assert it instead of
+    # inheriting it: os/yocto builds the equivalent links explicitly in
+    # iptables_%.bbappend, and here the build fails if Debian ever flips.
+    resolved = resolve_in_rootfs(rootfs, path)
+    if resolved is None:
+        missing.append(f"netfilter frontend missing or dangling:/{path}")
+        continue
+    target = os.path.basename(resolved)
+    if target != expected:
+        missing.append(
+            f"netfilter frontend:/{path} resolves to {target}, wanted {expected}"
+        )
+for path in spec.get("runtime_link_paths", []):
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        ["lddtree", "-R", rootfs, f"/{path}"],
+        capture_output=True,
+        check=False,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    output = result.stdout + result.stderr
+    if result.returncode or "not found" in output or "did not match" in output:
+        missing.append(f"runtime linkage:/{path}")
+if missing:
+    raise SystemExit("Yocto parity check failed:\n  " + "\n  ".join(missing))
+print("Yocto functional parity paths accepted")
diff --git a/os/mkosi/tests/test-component-framework.sh b/os/mkosi/tests/test-component-framework.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f98564e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/tests/test-component-framework.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+D=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+tmp=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' EXIT
+mkdir -p "$tmp/project/components/base" "$tmp/project/components/dependent"
+printf one > "$tmp/project/input"
+printf 'file\0project/input\0\0' > "$tmp/source-manifest"
+
+cat > "$tmp/project/components/base/base.sh" <<'EOF_COMPONENT'
+COMPONENT_NAME=base
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(stages/base)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(stages/base)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+component_cache_key() { key_tree project; }
+component_build() {
+    mkdir -p "$WORK/stages/base"
+    printf x >> "$ROOT/base-count"
+    cp "$ROOT/project/input" "$WORK/stages/base/value"
+}
+EOF_COMPONENT
+cat > "$tmp/project/components/dependent/dependent.sh" <<'EOF_COMPONENT'
+COMPONENT_NAME=dependent
+COMPONENT_CACHE_PATHS=(stages/dependent)
+COMPONENT_ROOTFS_TREES=(stages/dependent)
+COMPONENT_KERNEL_TREES=()
+component_cache_key() { key_dependency base; }
+component_build() {
+    mkdir -p "$WORK/stages/dependent"
+    printf x >> "$ROOT/dependent-count"
+    cp "$WORK/stages/base/value" "$WORK/stages/dependent/value"
+}
+EOF_COMPONENT
+cat > "$tmp/run.sh" <<'EOF_DRIVER'
+#!/bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+D=$1 ROOT=$2 WORK=$3
+SELF=$D
+source "$D/scripts/dev-cache.sh"
+source "$D/scripts/component-framework.sh"
+export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=1 DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR="$ROOT/cache"
+export DSTACK_SOURCE_MANIFEST="$ROOT/source-manifest"
+component_framework_init 1 "$ROOT" "$SELF" "$WORK" "$ROOT/rootfs" \
+  "$ROOT/kernel" prod
+COMPONENT_DIR="$ROOT/project/components"
+component_run base
+component_run dependent
+EOF_DRIVER
+chmod +x "$tmp/run.sh"
+
+"$tmp/run.sh" "$D" "$tmp" "$tmp/work-1"
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/base-count") == x ]]
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/dependent-count") == x ]]
+"$tmp/run.sh" "$D" "$tmp" "$tmp/work-2"
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/base-count") == x ]]
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/dependent-count") == x ]]
+printf two > "$tmp/project/input"
+"$tmp/run.sh" "$D" "$tmp" "$tmp/work-3"
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/base-count") == xx ]]
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/dependent-count") == xx ]]
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/work-3/stages/dependent/value") == two ]]
+echo 'component framework tests passed'
+
+# Cache key declarations are development-only policy. A production build must
+# neither evaluate them nor require access to their source metadata.
+sed -i 's/component_framework_init 1 /component_framework_init 0 /' "$tmp/run.sh"
+cat >> "$tmp/project/components/base/base.sh" <<'EOF_COMPONENT'
+component_cache_key() { echo 'production evaluated cache key' >&2; return 1; }
+EOF_COMPONENT
+rm -rf "$tmp/work-4"
+"$tmp/run.sh" "$D" "$tmp" "$tmp/work-4"
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/work-4/stages/base/value") == two ]]
+echo 'production component framework tests passed'
diff --git a/os/mkosi/tests/test-component-merge.sh b/os/mkosi/tests/test-component-merge.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e941b1f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/tests/test-component-merge.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+D=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+tmp=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' EXIT
+
+mkdir -p "$tmp/a/usr/bin" "$tmp/b/usr/lib" "$tmp/c/usr/bin"
+printf a > "$tmp/a/usr/bin/a"
+printf b > "$tmp/b/usr/lib/b"
+printf conflict > "$tmp/c/usr/bin/a"
+"$D/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$tmp/root" \
+  "a=$tmp/a" "b=$tmp/b"
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/root/usr/bin/a") == a ]]
+[[ $(cat "$tmp/root/usr/lib/b") == b ]]
+
+if "$D/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$tmp/root" "c=$tmp/c" \
+   >"$tmp/conflict.log" 2>&1; then
+    echo 'component conflict was not rejected' >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+grep -q 'component install conflict: c:' "$tmp/conflict.log"
+
+# A component that installs a symlink to a directory must not turn into a
+# mergeable directory for the next component: following it would write the
+# payload outside the staging root and drop those files from the image.
+mkdir -p "$tmp/d/usr" "$tmp/e/usr/lib/pkg" "$tmp/escape"
+ln -s "$tmp/escape" "$tmp/d/usr/lib"
+printf payload > "$tmp/e/usr/lib/pkg/file"
+"$D/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$tmp/root2" "d=$tmp/d"
+[[ -L $tmp/root2/usr/lib ]]
+if "$D/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$tmp/root2" "e=$tmp/e" \
+   >"$tmp/escape.log" 2>&1; then
+    echo 'symlinked directory was not rejected' >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+grep -q 'component install conflict: e:' "$tmp/escape.log"
+if [[ -e $tmp/escape/pkg ]]; then
+    echo 'component payload escaped the staging root' >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Directory modes must survive the merge; a private state directory that
+# silently widens to 0755 would ship world-traversable in the guest rootfs.
+mkdir -p "$tmp/f/etc/secret"
+chmod 0700 "$tmp/f/etc/secret"
+printf k > "$tmp/f/etc/secret/key"
+"$D/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$tmp/root3" "f=$tmp/f"
+mode=$(stat -c %a "$tmp/root3/etc/secret")
+[[ $mode == 700 ]] || { echo "directory mode not preserved: $mode" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+# Unsupported entry types must be rejected rather than silently skipped.
+mkdir -p "$tmp/g/usr/bin"
+mkfifo "$tmp/g/usr/bin/fifo"
+if "$D/scripts/merge-component-trees.py" "$tmp/root4" "g=$tmp/g" \
+   >"$tmp/fifo.log" 2>&1; then
+    echo 'unsupported entry type was not rejected' >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+grep -q 'unsupported install entry' "$tmp/fifo.log"
+
+echo 'component merge tests passed'
diff --git a/os/mkosi/tests/test-dev-cache.sh b/os/mkosi/tests/test-dev-cache.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..fd93c0d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/tests/test-dev-cache.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+D=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/.." && pwd)
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$D/scripts/dev-cache.sh"
+
+tmp=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' EXIT
+export DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR="$tmp/cache"
+base="$tmp/work"
+count="$tmp/count"
+
+build_output() {
+    mkdir -p "$base/stage"
+    printf 'payload:%s\n' "$1" > "$base/stage/file"
+    printf x >> "$count"
+}
+
+dev_cache_init 1
+dev_cache_run component key-v1 "$base" stage -- build_output v1
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:v1 && $(cat "$count") == x ]]
+
+rm -rf "$base"
+dev_cache_run component key-v1 "$base" stage -- build_output wrong
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:v1 && $(cat "$count") == x ]]
+
+rm -rf "$base"
+dev_cache_run component key-v2 "$base" stage -- build_output v2
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:v2 && $(cat "$count") == xx ]]
+
+rm -rf "$base"
+archive=$(find "$DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR/component" -name '*.tar.zst' -newer "$count")
+printf corrupt >> "$archive"
+dev_cache_run component key-v2 "$base" stage -- build_output rebuilt
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:rebuilt && $(cat "$count") == xxx ]]
+
+dev_cache_init 0
+rm -rf "$base"
+dev_cache_run component ignored "$base" stage -- build_output uncached
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:uncached && $(cat "$count") == xxxx ]]
+
+# The staging tree now outlives the build, so these cases cover what that
+# introduces: reusing a tree already staged under the same key, and -- the one
+# that matters -- never reusing one staged under a different key. Note the
+# tree is deliberately NOT removed between these calls.
+dev_cache_init 1
+rm -rf "$base"
+dev_cache_run component key-s1 "$base" stage -- build_output s1
+touch "$base/stage/only-in-s1"
+before=$(cat "$count")
+dev_cache_run component key-s1 "$base" stage -- build_output must-not-run
+[[ $(cat "$count") == "$before" ]] || { echo 'staged tree was rebuilt' >&2; exit 1; }
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:s1 ]]
+
+# Switching keys must clear files the new key does not contain, or a previous
+# build's output silently survives into the image.
+dev_cache_run component key-s2 "$base" stage -- build_output s2
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:s2 ]]
+[[ ! -e $base/stage/only-in-s1 ]] || { echo 'stale staged file survived' >&2; exit 1; }
+
+# The stamp now outlives the staging tree, so a tree removed behind its back
+# must not be treated as staged: that would skip the extraction and leave the
+# component silently missing from the image.
+rm -rf "$base/stage"
+dev_cache_run component key-s2 "$base" stage -- build_output must-not-run-either
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:s2 ]] || { echo 'staging tree not restored' >&2; exit 1; }
+
+# Different keys still share one staging tree, so they must share one lock.
+# Hold that lock externally and prove a build under a new key cannot start.
+mkdir -p "$DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR/serialized"
+exec 8>"$DSTACK_DEV_CACHE_DIR/serialized/staging.lock"
+flock 8
+before=$(cat "$count")
+dev_cache_run serialized key-a "$base" stage -- build_output serialized &
+pid=$!
+sleep 0.1
+[[ $(cat "$count") == "$before" ]] || { echo 'different cache keys did not serialize' >&2; exit 1; }
+flock -u 8
+wait "$pid"
+[[ $(cat "$base/stage/file") == payload:serialized ]]
+
+echo 'development cache tests passed'
diff --git a/os/mkosi/versions.env b/os/mkosi/versions.env
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d31e2e7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/mkosi/versions.env
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# Every network input used by the experimental backend is immutable or hashed.
+KERNEL_VERSION=6.18.40
+KERNEL_SHA256=3712fc1ec839e4daac981176c8518912e8f452650aaedfe4381da4419613a431
+DEBIAN_RELEASE=trixie
+DEBIAN_SNAPSHOT=20260721T000000Z
+MKOSI_VERSION=26
+# mkosi constructs the image, so it is part of the build toolchain and a
+# reproducibility input in its own right. The major version above is what
+# build.sh asserts at run time; this revision is what CI and the container
+# environment install, so every automated build agrees on one mkosi.
+MKOSI_REVISION=84af20892b61c8e177e391f997ded8b4cb5514f2
+RUST_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=1.92.0
+RUSTC_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256=78b2dd9c6b1fcd2621fa81c611cf5e2d6950690775038b585c64f364422886e0
+CARGO_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256=e5e12be2c7126a7036c8adf573078a28b92611f5767cc9bd0a6f7c83081df103
+RUST_STD_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256=5f106805ed86ebf8df287039e53a45cf974391ef4d088c2760776b05b8e48b5d
+GO_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=1.26.2
+GO_TOOLCHAIN_SHA256=990e6b4bbba816dc3ee129eaeaf4b42f17c2800b88a2166c265ac1a200262282
+NITRO_TPM_TOOLS_REVISION=d76d6eeebd4169b00a3c3af9858852d48f40e748
+DSTACK_VERSION=0.6.0
+OVMF_VARIANT=pre202505
+# Must match SRCREV in meta-dstack's dstack-ovmf_git.bb: a generic OVMF
+# produces TDX measurement material dstack-mr cannot parse.
+OVMF_REVISION=fbe0805b2091393406952e84724188f8c1941837
+NVATTEST_VERSION=2026.06.09
+NVATTEST_REVISION=9d12801cea8a198ea0f29640dfaf8a4017c841c5
+NVIDIA_VERSION=595.58.03
+NVIDIA_RUN_SHA256=8c0d4f967b7932c4ab5714272aee8103392b0a702c92afa555176d36205829f9
+NVIDIA_FABRICMANAGER_SHA256=ea86951987ced2c2bbed1a9a9037e917dd2268add0ec484db9216e843d8b7de8
+NVIDIA_NSCQ_SHA256=1c008787111fc55a7fc1d3521a6d41c2523b8949354e5651eadb4498554e5469
+NVIDIA_CONTAINER_TOOLKIT_REVISION=c748619c592030519361274a2fdd43f2c2ced73a
+LIBNVIDIA_CONTAINER_REVISION=889a3bb5408c195ed7897ba2cb8341c7d249672f
+NERDCTL_VERSION=2.2.1
+NERDCTL_SHA256=34144de7f12756aa4b9dc42a907fd95b0c5eb82a63566a650ca10c8abe7a26a0
+CNI_VERSION=1.3.0
+CNI_SHA256=754a71ed60a4bd08726c3af705a7d55ee3df03122b12e389fdba4bea35d7dd7e
+STARGZ_VERSION=0.18.2
+STARGZ_SHA256=515a3c3af0012f192ace31fb79e910597977c77227e976680aeaaef6e9ae50a9
+SYSBOX_VERSION=0.6.7
+SYSBOX_REVISION=3a69811f54f8f83264ebb36dcaf51708e80b9e84
+SYSBOX_RUNC_REVISION=c58eba1be027c762c495bc4eeba7c0984beda1ab
+SYSBOX_FS_REVISION=6a8d71f54e7570e5297af89ff24ed3bafa61659f
+SYSBOX_MGR_REVISION=aaeff6c5dc70c137e62166474a309ca5fc42d044
+SYSBOX_IPC_REVISION=f05151f4b4c1df63d7fd241577ca032905c1bd0e
+SYSBOX_LIBS_REVISION=6faf00c74d45f7bdff0d1930fe8590c17a2d0a8b
+SYSBOX_FUSE_REVISION=45cd9a3d884448418546d8eaa54ee7d772e576d6
+ZFS_VERSION=2.4.0
+ZFS_REVISION=743334913e5a5f60baf287bcc6d8a23515b02ac5
diff --git a/os/spec/artifact-manifest.schema.json b/os/spec/artifact-manifest.schema.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44fe0ab11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/spec/artifact-manifest.schema.json
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
+  "$id": "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/blob/next/os/spec/artifact-manifest.schema.json",
+  "title": "dstack OS backend artifact manifest",
+  "description": "Versioned handoff from an OS build backend to the common image assembler. Artifact paths are relative to the manifest.",
+  "$defs": {
+    "artifactPath": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "minLength": 1,
+      "pattern": "^(?!/)(?!\\.\\.(?:/|$)).+"
+    }
+  },
+  "type": "object",
+  "additionalProperties": false,
+  "required": [
+    "schema_version",
+    "backend",
+    "image",
+    "source",
+    "boot",
+    "verity",
+    "artifacts"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "schema_version": {
+      "const": 1
+    },
+    "backend": {
+      "type": "string",
+      "minLength": 1
+    },
+    "image": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": ["name", "version", "flavor", "is_dev"],
+      "properties": {
+        "name": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+        "version": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+        "flavor": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+        "is_dev": {"type": "boolean"}
+      }
+    },
+    "source": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": ["git_revision"],
+      "properties": {
+        "git_revision": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1}
+      }
+    },
+    "boot": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": ["ovmf_variant"],
+      "properties": {
+        "ovmf_variant": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1}
+      }
+    },
+    "verity": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": ["root_hash", "data_size"],
+      "properties": {
+        "root_hash": {"type": "string", "minLength": 1},
+        "data_size": {
+          "oneOf": [
+            {"type": "integer", "minimum": 1},
+            {"type": "string", "pattern": "^[1-9][0-9]*$"}
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "artifacts": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": false,
+      "required": [
+        "initramfs",
+        "kernel",
+        "firmware",
+        "rootfs_verity",
+        "firmware_sev",
+        "uki"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "initramfs": {"$ref": "#/$defs/artifactPath"},
+        "kernel": {"$ref": "#/$defs/artifactPath"},
+        "firmware": {"$ref": "#/$defs/artifactPath"},
+        "rootfs_verity": {"$ref": "#/$defs/artifactPath"},
+        "firmware_sev": {
+          "oneOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/artifactPath"}, {"type": "null"}]
+        },
+        "uki": {
+          "oneOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/artifactPath"}, {"type": "null"}]
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "backend_metadata": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "additionalProperties": true
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/.gitignore b/os/yocto/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6460dc58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/build
+/bb-build
+*.qcow2
+__pycache__/
+/.target
+/.vscode
+/.claude
diff --git a/os/yocto/Makefile b/os/yocto/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94dac8489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+ifeq ($(BBPATH),)
+$(error BBPATH is not set. Run `source dev-setup` first)
+endif
+
+.PHONY: all dist clean-dstack clean-initrd images images-common images-flavors
+
+BB_BUILD_DIR ?= bb-build
+DIST_DIR ?= ${BB_BUILD_DIR}/dist
+export BB_BUILD_DIR
+export DIST_DIR
+
+# Flavor names map to multiconfig names: prod, dev
+FLAVORS ?= prod
+
+# Map flavor to dist name for mkimage.sh
+flavor_to_dist = $(if $(filter prod,$1),dstack,$(if $(filter dev,$1),dstack-dev,$1))
+
+all: dist
+
+-include $(wildcard mk.d/*.mk)
+
+dist: images
+	set -e; $(foreach flavor,$(FLAVORS),./mkimage.sh --dist-name $(call flavor_to_dist,$(flavor)) --flavor $(flavor);)
+
+# Build common artifacts (shared across all flavors)
+# dstack-guest is built here first to warm sstate/downloads and avoid concurrent
+# fetch/build conflicts when the per-flavor multiconfigs build it in parallel.
+images-common:
+	bitbake virtual/kernel dstack-initramfs dstack-ovmf dstack-guest
+
+# Build flavor-specific artifacts using multiconfig (serial to avoid deadlock warnings)
+images-flavors:
+	set -e; $(foreach flavor,$(FLAVORS),bitbake mc:$(flavor):dstack-rootfs mc:$(flavor):dstack-uki;)
+
+images: images-common images-flavors
+
+clean:
+	bitbake -c cleansstate virtual/kernel dstack-initramfs dstack-ovmf
+	set -e; $(foreach flavor,$(FLAVORS),bitbake -c cleansstate mc:$(flavor):dstack-rootfs mc:$(flavor):dstack-uki;)
+
+clean-dstack:
+	bitbake -c cleansstate dstack-guest
+	set -e; $(foreach flavor,$(FLAVORS),bitbake -c cleansstate mc:$(flavor):dstack-rootfs;)
+
+clean-initrd:
+	bitbake -c cleansstate dstack-initramfs
diff --git a/os/yocto/README.md b/os/yocto/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a17a622e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# Yocto backend for the dstack guest OS
+
+This directory contains the Yocto backend imported from `meta-dstack`.
+dstack-owned layers live in `layers/`; external layers and BitBake live in
+`deps/` as git submodules.
+
+For the repository-wide OS layout and backend contract, see [`../README.md`](../README.md).
+
+## Reproducible build
+
+From the repository root, the tested one-build entrypoint is:
+
+```bash
+make os-image
+```
+
+Use `make os-repro-check` to build twice and compare release outputs. The full
+prerequisite, output, verification, flavor, incremental-build, and
+troubleshooting instructions are in the
+[guest-OS build guide](../../docs/building-guest-os.md).
+
+For an interactive native build, source `dev-setup` and use this directory's
+Makefile, or run the repository entrypoint `./os/build.sh --backend yocto`.
+
+The supported backend script only builds guest images. The backend-specific
+`tools/` directory contains only host workarounds needed while building Yocto.
+Historical all-in-one host-stack and direct-QEMU helpers are isolated under
+[`../../tools/`](../../tools/); they are not added to `PATH` and do not shadow
+the supported Rust `dstack` CLI.
+
+## Output boundary
+
+`scripts/export-artifacts.sh` converts BitBake deployment paths to the common
+artifact manifest. `mkimage.sh` is a compatibility wrapper that exports the
+manifest and calls `../image/assemble.sh`.
+
+## License
+
+The dstack-owned backend code is Apache-2.0. Embedded and third-party
+components retain their own license declarations and notices.
diff --git a/os/yocto/build.sh b/os/yocto/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4f8d8baee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Yocto implementation of the guest-OS backend contract in os/README.md.
+set -eo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<'USAGE'
+Usage: build.sh image [build-dir]
+
+Build dstack guest-OS artifacts with Yocto and assemble release archives.
+The guest action is accepted as a compatibility alias for image.
+
+Environment:
+  FLAVORS    space-separated image flavors (default: prod)
+  DIST_DIR   release output directory (default: <current-directory>/images)
+USAGE
+}
+
+ACTION=${1:-}
+BUILD_DIR=${2:-}
+if [ "$#" -gt 2 ]; then
+    usage >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+case "$ACTION" in
+    image|guest)
+        ;;
+    help|-h|--help)
+        usage
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+    *)
+        if [ -n "$ACTION" ]; then
+            echo "Invalid action: $ACTION" >&2
+        fi
+        usage >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+DIST_DIR=${DIST_DIR:-"$PWD/images"}
+FLAVORS=${FLAVORS:-prod}
+read -r -a FLAVOR_LIST <<< "$FLAVORS"
+if [ "${#FLAVOR_LIST[@]}" -eq 0 ]; then
+    echo "Error: at least one Yocto image flavor is required" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+for flavor in "${FLAVOR_LIST[@]}"; do
+    case "$flavor" in
+        prod|dev)
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Error: unsupported Yocto image flavor: $flavor" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "${BBPATH:-}" ]; then
+    # Always pass a directory explicitly. A sourced script otherwise inherits
+    # this script's positional parameters and would mistake `image` for the
+    # build directory.
+    BUILD_DIR=${BUILD_DIR:-"$SCRIPT_DIR/bb-build"}
+    # shellcheck disable=SC1091
+    source "$SCRIPT_DIR/dev-setup" "$BUILD_DIR"
+elif [ -n "$BUILD_DIR" ] && [ "$(realpath "$BUILD_DIR")" != "$(realpath "$BBPATH")" ]; then
+    echo "Error: BBPATH is already set to $BBPATH, not requested build directory $BUILD_DIR" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+cat <<'NOTE'
+Note: the first docker-compose fetch contains hundreds of separately
+checksummed Go modules. BitBake's 0-100% display resets for each module; this
+is forward progress, not the same archive being downloaded repeatedly.
+Interrupted downloads are retained and reused on the next run.
+NOTE
+
+make -C "$SCRIPT_DIR" dist \
+    DIST_DIR="$DIST_DIR" \
+    BB_BUILD_DIR="$BBPATH" \
+    FLAVORS="$FLAVORS"
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/bitbake b/os/yocto/deps/bitbake
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..22021758e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/bitbake
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 22021758e66737bcf68dfd2b74adc6a0cb1d42d9
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute b/os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..c829fbc40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/meta-confidential-compute
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit c829fbc4032490ceb900a2ed38f066a515aa0bb3
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded b/os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..9af4488d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/meta-openembedded
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 9af4488d46cb4fd4c0d2d64820c86225ebd6ac71
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin b/os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..e094f7834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/meta-rust-bin
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit e094f7834f786aa65e76209e528a1d7eee08a5ea
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/meta-security b/os/yocto/deps/meta-security
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..89aec22c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/meta-security
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 89aec22c16c247e3b0e11fa07750762102a51abc
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization b/os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..eee9e184c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/meta-virtualization
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit eee9e184c3d92869cc184afd119e7b39dc1fd63d
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto b/os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..8251bdad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/meta-yocto
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 8251bdad5fda780a000fb41e6eda82eadf0fa39e
diff --git a/os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core b/os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core
new file mode 160000
index 000000000..06dd66e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/deps/openembedded-core
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 06dd66e6220e5ce4ed4b9af4d8231ae5f0a8ce80
diff --git a/os/yocto/dev-setup b/os/yocto/dev-setup
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..31032a39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/dev-setup
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+shopt -s nullglob
+
+if [ -n "${BASH_SOURCE[0]:-}" ]; then
+    THIS_SCRIPT=${BASH_SOURCE[0]}
+elif [ -n "${ZSH_NAME:-}" ]; then
+    THIS_SCRIPT=$0
+else
+    THIS_SCRIPT="$(pwd)/dev-setup"
+    if [ ! -e "$THIS_SCRIPT" ]; then
+        echo "Error: $THIS_SCRIPT doesn't exist!" >&2
+        echo "Please run this script in dev-setup's directory." >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+THIS_SCRIPT=$(realpath "$THIS_SCRIPT")
+THIS_DIR=$(dirname "$THIS_SCRIPT")
+
+LAYERS="$THIS_DIR/deps/meta-yocto/meta-poky \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-yocto/meta-yocto-bsp \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-confidential-compute \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-openembedded/meta-oe \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-openembedded/meta-python \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-openembedded/meta-networking \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-openembedded/meta-filesystems \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-virtualization \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-rust-bin \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-security \
+    $THIS_DIR/deps/meta-security/meta-tpm \
+    $THIS_DIR/layers/meta-dstack"
+
+if [ -z "${1:-}" ]; then
+    BUILD_DIR=$THIS_DIR/bb-build
+else
+    BUILD_DIR=$(realpath -m "$1")
+fi
+
+# Sync build config from the dstack layer (always overwrite)
+CONF_SRC=$THIS_DIR/layers/meta-dstack/conf
+mkdir -p "$BUILD_DIR/conf"
+cp -f "$CONF_SRC/local.conf" "$BUILD_DIR/conf/local.conf"
+rm -rf "$BUILD_DIR/conf/multiconfig"
+cp -a "$CONF_SRC/multiconfig" "$BUILD_DIR/conf/"
+
+OE_INIT=$THIS_DIR/deps/openembedded-core/oe-init-build-env
+
+for script in "$THIS_DIR"/setup.d/*.sh; do
+    # shellcheck disable=SC1090
+    source "$script"
+done
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC2317
+pushd "$BUILD_DIR" >/dev/null || { return 1 2>/dev/null || exit 1; }
+# shellcheck disable=SC1090
+BDIR="." TEMPLATECONF=$THIS_DIR/deps/openembedded-core/meta/conf/templates/default source "$OE_INIT"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2317
+popd >/dev/null || { return 1 2>/dev/null || exit 1; }
+
+# LAYERS is deliberately a space-separated list populated by setup.d hooks.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+bitbake-layers add-layer $LAYERS
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/distro/dstack.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/distro/dstack.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..137441eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/distro/dstack.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Select systemd init before requiring poky-derived distro config, otherwise
+# poky.conf's POKY_INIT_MANAGER="sysvinit" pulls init-manager-sysvinit.inc which
+# appends sysvinit to DISTRO_FEATURES and conflicts with systemd (breaks udev).
+INIT_MANAGER = "systemd"
+require conf/distro/cvm.conf
+DISTRO = "dstack"
+DISTRO_NAME = "DStack"
+DISTRO_FEATURES:append = " virtualization seccomp systemd usrmerge security dm-verity ipv6"
+
+DISTRO_VERSION = "0.6.0"
+DISTROOVERRIDES = "poky:dstack"
+INITRAMFS_IMAGE = ""
+
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel = "linux-yocto"
+PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto ?= "6.18%"
+LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE = "tiny"
+
+MACHINE_FEATURES += "numa"
+
+VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_init_manager = "systemd"
+VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_initscripts = ""
+VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_dev_manager = "systemd"
+
+SERIAL_CONSOLES = "115200;ttyS0"
+PREFERRED_VERSION_rust-bin-cross-x86_64 = "1.92.0"
+PREFERRED_VERSION_cargo-bin-cross-x86_64 = "1.92.0"
+
+# NVIDIA driver stack (included in the default images).
+# Bump all three together — kernel module ABI is paired with userspace libs.
+NVIDIA_VERSION = "595.58.03"
+PREFERRED_VERSION_nvidia = "${NVIDIA_VERSION}"
+PREFERRED_VERSION_nvidia-fabricmanager = "${NVIDIA_VERSION}"
+PREFERRED_VERSION_libnvidia-nscq = "${NVIDIA_VERSION}"
+
+BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS = "busybox-syslog systemd-compat-units"
+
+# Skip unused components that fail metadata checks
+SKIP_RECIPE[ostree] = "not required for dstack"
+
+# Suppress meta-tpm warning (we use TPM drivers directly without tpm2 DISTRO_FEATURES)
+SKIP_META_TPM_SANITY_CHECK = "1"
+
+# EFI/UKI support for GCP images
+MACHINE_FEATURES:append = " efi"
+EFI_PROVIDER = "systemd-boot"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/layer.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/layer.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10bb0a01c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/layer.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}"
+BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend"
+
+BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "dstack"
+BBFILE_PATTERN_dstack := "^${LAYERDIR}/"
+BBFILE_PRIORITY_dstack = "20"
+LAYERVERSION_dstack = "4"
+LAYERSERIES_COMPAT_dstack = "wrynose"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/local.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/local.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc65caedc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/local.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+#
+# This file is your local configuration file and is where all local user settings
+# are placed. The comments in this file give some guide to the options a new user
+# to the system might want to change but pretty much any configuration option can
+# be set in this file. More adventurous users can look at
+# local.conf.sample.extended which contains other examples of configuration which
+# can be placed in this file but new users likely won't need any of them
+# initially. There's also site.conf.sample which contains examples of site specific
+# information such as proxy server addresses.
+#
+# Lines starting with the '#' character are commented out and in some cases the
+# default values are provided as comments to show people example syntax. Enabling
+# the option is a question of removing the # character and making any change to the
+# variable as required.
+
+#
+# Machine Selection
+#
+# You need to select a specific machine to target the build with. There are a selection
+# of emulated machines available which can boot and run in the QEMU emulator:
+#
+#MACHINE ?= "qemuarm"
+#MACHINE ?= "qemuarm64"
+#MACHINE ?= "qemumips"
+#MACHINE ?= "qemumips64"
+#MACHINE ?= "qemuppc"
+#MACHINE ?= "qemux86"
+#MACHINE ?= "qemux86-64"
+#
+# There are also the following hardware board target machines included for 
+# demonstration purposes:
+#
+#MACHINE ?= "beaglebone-yocto"
+#MACHINE ?= "genericarm64"
+#MACHINE ?= "genericx86"
+#MACHINE ?= "genericx86-64"
+#
+# This sets the default machine to be qemux86-64 if no other machine is selected:
+MACHINE ??= "dstack"
+
+# These are some of the more commonly used values. Looking at the files in the
+# meta/conf/machine directory, or the conf/machine directory of any additional layers
+# you add in will show all the available machines.
+
+#
+# Where to place downloads
+#
+# During a first build the system will download many different source code tarballs
+# from various upstream projects. This can take a while, particularly if your network
+# connection is slow. These are all stored in DL_DIR. When wiping and rebuilding you
+# can preserve this directory to speed up this part of subsequent builds. This directory
+# is safe to share between multiple builds on the same machine too.
+#
+# The default is a downloads directory under TOPDIR which is the build directory.
+#
+#DL_DIR ?= "${TOPDIR}/downloads"
+
+#
+# Where to place shared-state files
+#
+# BitBake has the capability to accelerate builds based on previously built output.
+# This is done using "shared state" files which can be thought of as cache objects
+# and this option determines where those files are placed.
+#
+# You can wipe out TMPDIR leaving this directory intact and the build would regenerate
+# from these files if no changes were made to the configuration. If changes were made
+# to the configuration, only shared state files where the state was still valid would
+# be used (done using checksums).
+#
+# The default is a sstate-cache directory under TOPDIR.
+#
+#SSTATE_DIR ?= "${TOPDIR}/sstate-cache"
+
+#
+# Where to place the build output
+#
+# This option specifies where the bulk of the building work should be done and
+# where BitBake should place its temporary files and output. Keep in mind that
+# this includes the extraction and compilation of many applications and the toolchain
+# which can use Gigabytes of hard disk space.
+#
+# The default is a tmp directory under TOPDIR.
+#
+#TMPDIR = "${TOPDIR}/tmp"
+
+#
+# Default policy config
+#
+# The distribution setting controls which policy settings are used as defaults.
+# The default value is fine for general Yocto project use, at least initially.
+# Ultimately when creating custom policy, people will likely end up subclassing 
+# these defaults.
+#
+DISTRO ?= "dstack"
+# As an example of a subclass there is a "bleeding" edge policy configuration
+# where many versions are set to the absolute latest code from the upstream 
+# source control systems. This is just mentioned here as an example, its not
+# useful to most new users.
+# DISTRO ?= "poky-bleeding"
+
+#
+# Package Management configuration
+#
+# This variable lists which packaging formats to enable. Multiple package backends
+# can be enabled at once and the first item listed in the variable will be used
+# to generate the root filesystems.
+# Options are:
+#  - 'package_deb' for debian style deb files
+#  - 'package_ipk' for ipk files are used by opkg (a debian style embedded package manager)
+#  - 'package_rpm' for rpm style packages
+# E.g.: PACKAGE_CLASSES ?= "package_rpm package_deb package_ipk"
+# OE-Core defaults to ipkg, whilst Poky defaults to rpm:
+# PACKAGE_CLASSES ?= "package_rpm"
+
+#
+# SDK target architecture
+#
+# This variable specifies the architecture to build SDK items for and means
+# you can build the SDK packages for architectures other than the machine you are
+# running the build on (i.e. building i686 packages on an x86_64 host).
+# Supported values are i686, x86_64, aarch64
+#SDKMACHINE ?= "i686"
+
+#
+# Extra image configuration defaults
+#
+# The EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES variable allows extra packages to be added to the generated
+# images. Some of these options are added to certain image types automatically. The
+# variable can contain the following options:
+#  "dbg-pkgs"       - add -dbg packages for all installed packages
+#                     (adds symbol information for debugging/profiling)
+#  "src-pkgs"       - add -src packages for all installed packages
+#                     (adds source code for debugging)
+#  "dev-pkgs"       - add -dev packages for all installed packages
+#                     (useful if you want to develop against libs in the image)
+#  "ptest-pkgs"     - add -ptest packages for all ptest-enabled packages
+#                     (useful if you want to run the package test suites)
+#  "tools-sdk"      - add development tools (gcc, make, pkgconfig etc.)
+#  "tools-debug"    - add debugging tools (gdb, strace)
+#  "eclipse-debug"  - add Eclipse remote debugging support
+#  "tools-profile"  - add profiling tools (oprofile, lttng, valgrind)
+#  "tools-testapps" - add useful testing tools (ts_print, aplay, arecord etc.)
+#  "debug-tweaks"   - make an image suitable for development
+#                     e.g. ssh root access has a blank password
+# There are other application targets that can be used here too, see
+# meta/classes-recipe/image.bbclass and
+# meta/classes-recipe/core-image.bbclass for more details.
+# We default to enabling the debugging tweaks.
+# EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES ?= "debug-tweaks"
+
+#
+# Additional image features
+#
+# The following is a list of additional classes to use when building images which
+# enable extra features. Some available options which can be included in this variable
+# are:
+#   - 'buildstats' collect build statistics
+USER_CLASSES ?= "buildstats"
+
+# Prefer faster GNU mirror
+GNU_MIRRORS = "https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/"
+
+#
+# Runtime testing of images
+#
+# The build system can test booting virtual machine images under qemu (an emulator)
+# after any root filesystems are created and run tests against those images. It can also
+# run tests against any SDK that are built. To enable this uncomment these lines.
+# See meta/classes-recipe/test{image,sdk}.bbclass for further details.
+#IMAGE_CLASSES += "testimage testsdk"
+#TESTIMAGE_AUTO:qemuall = "1"
+
+#
+# Interactive shell configuration
+#
+# Under certain circumstances the system may need input from you and to do this it
+# can launch an interactive shell. It needs to do this since the build is
+# multithreaded and needs to be able to handle the case where more than one parallel
+# process may require the user's attention. The default is iterate over the available
+# terminal types to find one that works.
+#
+# Examples of the occasions this may happen are when resolving patches which cannot
+# be applied, to use the devshell or the kernel menuconfig
+#
+# Supported values are auto, gnome, xfce, rxvt, screen, konsole (KDE 3.x only), none
+# Note: currently, Konsole support only works for KDE 3.x due to the way
+# newer Konsole versions behave
+#OE_TERMINAL = "auto"
+# By default disable interactive patch resolution (tasks will just fail instead):
+PATCHRESOLVE = "noop"
+
+#
+# Disk Space Monitoring during the build
+#
+# Monitor the disk space during the build. If there is less that 1GB of space or less
+# than 100K inodes in any key build location (TMPDIR, DL_DIR, SSTATE_DIR), gracefully
+# shutdown the build. If there is less than 100MB or 1K inodes, perform a hard halt
+# of the build. The reason for this is that running completely out of space can corrupt
+# files and damages the build in ways which may not be easily recoverable.
+# It's necessary to monitor /tmp, if there is no space left the build will fail
+# with very exotic errors.
+BB_DISKMON_DIRS ??= "\
+    STOPTASKS,${TMPDIR},1G,100K \
+    STOPTASKS,${DL_DIR},1G,100K \
+    STOPTASKS,${SSTATE_DIR},1G,100K \
+    STOPTASKS,/tmp,100M,100K \
+    HALT,${TMPDIR},100M,1K \
+    HALT,${DL_DIR},100M,1K \
+    HALT,${SSTATE_DIR},100M,1K \
+    HALT,/tmp,10M,1K"
+
+#
+# Shared-state files from other locations
+#
+# As mentioned above, shared state files are prebuilt cache data objects which can be
+# used to accelerate build time. This variable can be used to configure the system
+# to search other mirror locations for these objects before it builds the data itself.
+#
+# This can be a filesystem directory, or a remote url such as https or ftp. These
+# would contain the sstate-cache results from previous builds (possibly from other
+# machines). This variable works like fetcher MIRRORS/PREMIRRORS and points to the
+# cache locations to check for the shared objects.
+# NOTE: if the mirror uses the same structure as SSTATE_DIR, you need to add PATH
+# at the end as shown in the examples below. This will be substituted with the
+# correct path within the directory structure.
+#SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\
+#file://.* https://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH \
+#file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH"
+
+#
+# Yocto Project SState Mirror
+#
+# The Yocto Project has prebuilt artefacts available for its releases, you can enable
+# use of these by uncommenting some of the following lines. This will mean the build uses
+# the network to check for artefacts at the start of builds, which does slow it down
+# initially but it will then speed up the builds by not having to build things if they are
+# present in the cache. It assumes you can download something faster than you can build it
+# which will depend on your network.
+# Note: For this to work you also need hash-equivalence passthrough to the matching server
+# There is a choice between our sstate server directly and a faster content delivery network
+# (CDN) kindly provided by JSDelivr, uncomment one of the SSTATE_MIRRORS lines, not both.
+# Using the CDN rather than the yoctoproject.org address is suggested/preferred.
+#
+#BB_HASHSERVE_UPSTREAM = 'wss://hashserv.yoctoproject.org/ws'
+#SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "file://.* http://cdn.jsdelivr.net/yocto/sstate/all/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH"
+#
+###SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "file://.* http://sstate.yoctoproject.org/all/PATH;downloadfilename=PATH"
+
+
+#
+# Qemu configuration
+#
+# By default native qemu will build with a builtin VNC server where graphical output can be
+# seen. The line below enables the SDL UI frontend too.
+# PACKAGECONFIG:append:pn-qemu-system-native = " sdl"
+# By default libsdl2-native will be built, if you want to use your host's libSDL instead of 
+# the minimal libsdl built by libsdl2-native then uncomment the ASSUME_PROVIDED line below.
+#ASSUME_PROVIDED += "libsdl2-native"
+
+# You can also enable the Gtk UI frontend, which takes somewhat longer to build, but adds
+# a handy set of menus for controlling the emulator.
+#PACKAGECONFIG:append:pn-qemu-system-native = " gtk+"
+
+#
+# Hash Equivalence
+#
+# Enable support for automatically running a local hash equivalence server and
+# instruct bitbake to use a hash equivalence aware signature generator. Hash
+# equivalence improves reuse of sstate by detecting when a given sstate
+# artifact can be reused as equivalent, even if the current task hash doesn't
+# match the one that generated the artifact.
+#
+# A shared hash equivalent server can be set with "<HOSTNAME>:<PORT>" format
+#
+#BB_HASHSERVE = "auto"
+#BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER = "OEEquivHash"
+
+#
+# Memory Resident Bitbake
+#
+# Bitbake's server component can stay in memory after the UI for the current command
+# has completed. This means subsequent commands can run faster since there is no need
+# for bitbake to reload cache files and so on. Number is in seconds, after which the
+# server will shut down.
+#
+#BB_SERVER_TIMEOUT = "60"
+
+# CONF_VERSION is increased each time build/conf/ changes incompatibly and is used to
+# track the version of this file when it was generated. This can safely be ignored if
+# this doesn't mean anything to you.
+CONF_VERSION = "2"
+
+# Prefer kernel.org yocto source mirror to avoid slow downloads.yoctoproject.org paths
+INHERIT += "own-mirrors"
+SOURCE_MIRROR_URL = "https://mirrors.kernel.org/yocto-sources/"
+
+# Improve resilience for large files on unstable links
+FETCHCMD_wget = "wget --progress=dot --inet4-only -c"
+BBMULTICONFIG = "prod dev"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/machine/dstack.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/machine/dstack.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3770f997b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/machine/dstack.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#@TYPE: Machine
+#@NAME: dstack confidential guest
+#@DESCRIPTION: Unified dstack confidential-guest machine. A single image that
+#              boots on both Intel TDX and AMD SEV-SNP hosts; the kernel
+#              detects the platform at runtime. Kernel feature fragments
+#              (tdx.scc / sev-snp.scc / ...) are reused from
+#              meta-confidential-compute via KERNEL_FEATURES in the
+#              linux-yocto bbappend.
+#
+# The QEMU/tune boilerplate below mirrors the generic x86-64 confidential-guest
+# machines in meta-confidential-compute (tdx.conf / sev-snp.conf). It is kept
+# self-contained here so the dstack machine does not depend on that layer's
+# machine names.
+
+# from require conf/machine/include/qemu.inc
+# Don't include kernels in standard images
+RDEPENDS:${KERNEL_PACKAGE_NAME}-base = ""
+
+# Use a common kernel recipe for all QEMU machines
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel ??= "linux-yocto-tiny"
+
+EXTRA_IMAGEDEPENDS += "qemu-system-native qemu-helper-native:do_addto_recipe_sysroot"
+
+# from require conf/machine/include/x86/qemuboot-x86.inc
+# For runqemu
+IMAGE_CLASSES += "qemuboot"
+QB_SMP ?= "-smp 4"
+QB_CPU:x86 ?= "-cpu IvyBridge -machine q35,i8042=off"
+QB_CPU_KVM:x86 ?= "-cpu IvyBridge -machine q35,i8042=off"
+
+QB_CPU:x86-64 ?= "-cpu IvyBridge -machine q35,i8042=off"
+QB_CPU_KVM:x86-64 ?= "-cpu IvyBridge -machine q35,i8042=off"
+
+# No QB_KERNEL_CMDLINE_APPEND: that only affects `runqemu` test boots, not the
+# production image cmdline (built in mkimage.sh). The tdx machine inherited one
+# that disabled the Spectre v2 mitigation (nospectre_v2); dropping it keeps test
+# boots at the kernel's default mitigations, matching production.
+QB_OPT_APPEND = "-usb -device usb-tablet -usb -device usb-kbd"
+
+DEFAULTTUNE ?= "x86-64-v3"
+
+require conf/machine/include/x86/tune-x86-64-v3.inc
+
+KERNEL_IMAGETYPE = "bzImage"
+
+SERIAL_CONSOLES ?= "115200;ttyS0 115200;ttyS1"
+
+MACHINE_FEATURES += "x86 pci tpm2"
+
+do_image_wic[depends] += "syslinux:do_populate_sysroot syslinux-native:do_populate_sysroot mtools-native:do_populate_sysroot dosfstools-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+
+# For runqemu
+QB_SYSTEM_NAME = "dstack"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/multiconfig/dev.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/multiconfig/dev.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c1a766d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/multiconfig/dev.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Development flavor configuration
+DSTACK_FLAVOR = "dev"
+DSTACK_DEV = "1"
+
+# Use separate TMPDIR to avoid conflicts between multiconfigs
+TMPDIR = "${TOPDIR}/tmp-mc-dev"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/multiconfig/prod.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/multiconfig/prod.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..586ceb191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/conf/multiconfig/prod.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Production flavor configuration
+DSTACK_FLAVOR = "prod"
+DSTACK_DEV = "0"
+
+# Use separate TMPDIR to avoid conflicts between multiconfigs
+TMPDIR = "${TOPDIR}/tmp-mc-prod"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-connectivity/openssh/files/disable-password-auth.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-connectivity/openssh/files/disable-password-auth.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47963f278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-connectivity/openssh/files/disable-password-auth.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Disable all password-based authentication
+PasswordAuthentication no
+PermitEmptyPasswords no
+KbdInteractiveAuthentication no
+
+# Only allow public key authentication
+PubkeyAuthentication yes
+PermitRootLogin prohibit-password
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-connectivity/openssh/openssh_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-connectivity/openssh/openssh_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81a2e54ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-connectivity/openssh/openssh_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+SRC_URI += "file://disable-password-auth.conf"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/ssh/sshd_config.d
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/disable-password-auth.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/ssh/sshd_config.d/
+}
+
+FILES:${PN}-sshd += "${sysconfdir}/ssh/sshd_config.d/"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/containerd-config_1.1.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/containerd-config_1.1.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bf2dab13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/containerd-config_1.1.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SUMMARY = "dstack containerd configuration"
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COMMON_LICENSE_DIR}/MIT;md5=0835ade698e0bcf8506ecda2f7b4f302"
+
+SRC_URI = "file://config.toml"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/containerd
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/config.toml ${D}${sysconfdir}/containerd/config.toml
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "${sysconfdir}/containerd/config.toml"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/files/config.toml b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/files/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a769e7b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/containerd-config/files/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+version = 2
+
+[proxy_plugins.stargz]
+  type = "snapshot"
+  address = "/run/containerd-stargz-grpc/containerd-stargz-grpc.sock"
+  [proxy_plugins.stargz.exports]
+    root = "/var/lib/containerd-stargz-grpc/"
+    enable_remote_snapshot_annotations = "true"
+
+# containerd's transfer service only registers its default snapshotter unless
+# unpack_config is specified. Keep overlayfs available and add stargz so
+# `nerdctl compose up` can pull directly into either snapshotter. The remote
+# snapshot annotations exported above are what make stargz pulls lazy.
+[plugins."io.containerd.transfer.v1.local"]
+  [[plugins."io.containerd.transfer.v1.local".unpack_config]]
+    platform = "linux/amd64"
+    snapshotter = "overlayfs"
+  [[plugins."io.containerd.transfer.v1.local".unpack_config]]
+    platform = "linux/amd64"
+    snapshotter = "stargz"
+
+[plugins]
+  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"]
+    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd]
+      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]
+        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.nvidia]
+          privileged_without_host_devices = false
+          runtime_engine = ""
+          runtime_root = ""
+          runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"
+          [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.nvidia.options]
+            BinaryName = "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/files/containerd-stargz-grpc.service b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/files/containerd-stargz-grpc.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..459cf668e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/files/containerd-stargz-grpc.service
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=containerd eStargz snapshotter
+Requires=dstack-prepare.service
+After=network-online.target dstack-prepare.service
+Before=containerd.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=simple
+ExecCondition=/usr/bin/jq -e '.runner == "nerdctl-compose" and (.snapshotter // "overlayfs") == "stargz"' /dstack/app-compose.json
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/containerd-stargz-grpc --address /run/containerd-stargz-grpc/containerd-stargz-grpc.sock --root /var/lib/containerd-stargz-grpc
+ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c 'for i in $(seq 1 100); do test -S /run/containerd-stargz-grpc/containerd-stargz-grpc.sock && exit 0; sleep 0.1; done; exit 1'
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=2
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/stargz-snapshotter_0.18.2.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/stargz-snapshotter_0.18.2.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20f16b875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-containers/stargz-snapshotter/stargz-snapshotter_0.18.2.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+SUMMARY = "Lazy-pulling eStargz snapshotter for containerd"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter"
+LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COMMON_LICENSE_DIR}/Apache-2.0;md5=89aea4e17d99a7cacdbeed46a0096b10"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/releases/download/v${PV}/stargz-snapshotter-v${PV}-linux-amd64.tar.gz;subdir=${BP} \
+           file://containerd-stargz-grpc.service \
+"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "515a3c3af0012f192ace31fb79e910597977c77227e976680aeaaef6e9ae50a9"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/${BP}"
+
+inherit systemd
+
+COMPATIBLE_HOST = "x86_64.*-linux"
+INHIBIT_PACKAGE_DEBUG_SPLIT = "1"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "already-stripped"
+
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "containerd-stargz-grpc.service"
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE:${PN} = "enable"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "containerd-config fuse3-utils"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${bindir} ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/containerd-stargz-grpc ${D}${bindir}/containerd-stargz-grpc
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/ctr-remote ${D}${bindir}/ctr-remote
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/containerd-stargz-grpc.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/containerd-stargz-grpc.service
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/base-files/base-files%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/base-files/base-files%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed7056d5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/base-files/base-files%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+SRC_URI += "file://dstack-motd"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    if [ -f ${UNPACKDIR}/dstack-motd ];then
+        bbnote "Installing custom dstack motd file"
+        install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/dstack-motd ${D}${sysconfdir}/motd
+    else
+        bbwarn "Custom dstack-motd file not found in ${UNPACKDIR}"
+        ls -la ${UNPACKDIR}
+    fi
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/base-files/files/dstack-motd b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/base-files/files/dstack-motd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5376caf7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/base-files/files/dstack-motd
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+██████╗ ███████╗████████╗ █████╗  ██████╗██╗  ██╗    ████████╗███████╗███████╗     ██████╗ ███████╗
+██╔══██╗██╔════╝╚══██╔══╝██╔══██╗██╔════╝██║ ██╔╝    ╚══██╔══╝██╔════╝██╔════╝    ██╔═══██╗██╔════╝
+██║  ██║███████╗   ██║   ███████║██║     █████╔╝        ██║   █████╗  █████╗      ██║   ██║███████╗
+██║  ██║╚════██║   ██║   ██╔══██║██║     ██╔═██╗        ██║   ██╔══╝  ██╔══╝      ██║   ██║╚════██║
+██████╔╝███████║   ██║   ██║  ██║╚██████╗██║  ██╗       ██║   ███████╗███████╗    ╚██████╔╝███████║
+╚═════╝ ╚══════╝   ╚═╝   ╚═╝  ╚═╝ ╚═════╝╚═╝  ╚═╝       ╚═╝   ╚══════╝╚══════╝     ╚═════╝ ╚══════╝
+
+Welcome to dstack!
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/busybox/busybox%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/busybox/busybox%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0dd2f3573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/busybox/busybox%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+SRC_URI += "file://fragment.cfg"
+RRECOMMENDS:${PN} = ""
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/busybox/files/fragment.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/busybox/files/fragment.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34eb67ab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/busybox/files/fragment.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+CONFIG_UDHCPD=n
+CONFIG_UDHCPC=n
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/chrony%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/chrony%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08e99c90c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/chrony%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+DEPENDS += "gnutls"
+PACKAGECONFIG:append = " nts"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/files/chrony.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/files/chrony.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0d751bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/chrony/files/chrony.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Load config files matching the /etc/chrony/conf.d/*.conf pattern.
+confdir /etc/chrony/conf.d
+
+# Use public NTP servers from the pool.ntp.org project.
+# Please consider joining the pool project if possible by running your own
+# server(s).
+# If you are a vendor distributing a product using chrony, you *MUST*
+# read and comply with http://www.pool.ntp.org/vendors.html
+# pool 0.openembedded.pool.ntp.org iburst
+
+# Use a local timeserver in preference to the pool, if it's reachable.
+#server 192.168.22.22 iburst minpoll 2 prefer
+server time.cloudflare.com iburst nts
+server ptbtime1.ptb.de iburst nts
+server ptbtime2.ptb.de iburst nts
+server ptbtime3.ptb.de iburst nts
+server nts.netnod.se iburst nts
+server nts.ntp.se iburst nts
+server ntppool1.time.nl iburst nts
+server virginia.time.system76.com iburst nts
+server oregon.time.system76.com iburst nts
+server paris.time.system76.com iburst nts
+
+# Sync to pulse-per-second from an onboard GPS.
+#refclock PPS /dev/pps0 poll 0 prefer
+# You'll want to enable CONFIG_PPS and CONFIG_PPS_CLIENT_GPIO in your kernel,
+# and an entry something like this in your device tree:
+#	pps {
+#		compatible = "pps-gpio";
+#		gpios = <&ps7_gpio_0 56 0>;
+#	};
+
+# Load source files matching the /etc/chrony/sources.d/*.sources pattern.
+# These can be reloaded using 'chronyc reload sources'.
+sourcedir /etc/chrony/sources.d
+
+# In first three updates step the system clock instead of slew
+# if the adjustment is larger than 1 second.
+makestep 1.0 3
+
+# Record the rate at which the system clock gains/loses time,
+# improving accuracy after reboot
+driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
+
+# Enable kernel synchronization of the hardware real-time clock (RTC).
+# rtcsync
+
+# Allow NTP client access from local network.
+#allow 192.168/16
+
+# Serve time even if not synchronized to any NTP server.
+#local stratum 10
+
+# Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication.
+#keyfile /etc/chrony.keys
+
+# Specify directory for log files.
+logdir /var/log/chrony
+
+# Select which information is logged.
+#log measurements statistics tracking
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/docker/docker-moby%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/docker/docker-moby%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a6e2d028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/docker/docker-moby%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN}:append = " docker.service"
+
+SRC_URI += "file://docker.service.d_override.conf"
+FILES:${PN} += "${systemd_system_unitdir}/docker.service.d/override.conf"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    if ${@bb.utils.contains('DISTRO_FEATURES', 'systemd', 'true', 'false', d)}; then
+        install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/docker.service.d
+        install -m 0644 "${UNPACKDIR}/docker.service.d_override.conf" ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/docker.service.d/override.conf
+    fi
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/docker/files/docker.service.d_override.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/docker/files/docker.service.d_override.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fecb5127d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/docker/files/docker.service.d_override.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[Service]
+# Pin Docker daemon to CPU 0 for performance isolation
+CPUAffinity=0
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-guest/dstack-guest.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-guest/dstack-guest.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..197bed16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-guest/dstack-guest.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+SUMMARY = "Guest binaries for dstack, a decentralized computing stack"
+DESCRIPTION = "${SUMMARY}"
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COREBASE}/meta/COPYING.MIT;md5=3da9cfbcb788c80a0384361b4de20420"
+
+inherit systemd pkgconfig
+
+# Stage the monorepo core workspace and OS-owned rootfs files for the guest
+# image. The public Rust SDK lives in its own Cargo workspace and is not needed
+# to build guest-agent / dstack-util.
+DSTACK_MONOREPO_ROOT ?= "${@os.path.realpath(os.path.join(d.getVar('THISDIR'), '../../../../../..'))}"
+DSTACK_CORE_SRC ?= "${DSTACK_MONOREPO_ROOT}/dstack"
+DSTACK_ROOTFS_SRC ?= "${DSTACK_MONOREPO_ROOT}/os/common/rootfs"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/repo/dstack"
+DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES = "${UNPACKDIR}/repo/os/common/rootfs"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "bash cryptsetup util-linux-blkid util-linux-mount"
+
+DEPENDS += "rsync-native tpm2-tss"
+DEPENDS += "cmake-native"
+
+# aws-lc-sys cannot detect Yocto cross builds when the build and target share
+# the same Rust target triple, and its cc builder then tries to execute a
+# target binary on the build host. Use its supported CMake builder instead.
+export AWS_LC_SYS_CMAKE_BUILDER = "1"
+
+# Ensure rsync-native is built before unpack runs
+do_unpack[depends] += "rsync-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+
+DSTACK_SERVICES = "dstack-guest-agent.service dstack-guest-agent.socket dstack-prepare.service app-compose.service dstack-gateway-checker.service"
+SYSTEMD_PACKAGES = "${@bb.utils.contains('DISTRO_FEATURES','systemd','${PN}','',d)}"
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "${@bb.utils.contains('DISTRO_FEATURES','systemd','${DSTACK_SERVICES}','',d)}"
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE:${PN} = "enable"
+EXTRA_CARGO_FLAGS = "-p dstack-guest-agent -p dstack-util -p dstack-volume"
+
+inherit cargo_bin
+
+do_unpack() {
+    install -d "${S}" "${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}"
+    rsync -a --exclude=".git" --exclude=".worktrees" --exclude="target" \
+        "${DSTACK_CORE_SRC}/" "${S}/"
+    rsync -a "${DSTACK_ROOTFS_SRC}/" "${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/"
+}
+
+do_unpack[cleandirs] = "${UNPACKDIR}/repo"
+
+# Force the configure task to run every time to detect source changes
+do_unpack[nostamp] = "1"
+
+# Add source directory to configure task dependencies
+do_unpack[vardeps] += "DSTACK_CORE_SRC DSTACK_ROOTFS_SRC"
+
+do_configure() {
+    cargo_bin_do_configure
+}
+
+do_compile() {
+    cargo_bin_do_compile
+}
+
+do_compile[network] = "1"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/journald.conf.d
+    install -m 0755 ${CARGO_BINDIR}/dstack-util ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${CARGO_BINDIR}/dstack-guest-agent ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${CARGO_BINDIR}/dstack-volume ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/dstack-prepare.sh ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/ephemeral-docker.sh ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/app-compose.sh ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/journald.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/journald.conf.d/dstack.conf
+
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/
+    install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/tdx-attest.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/tdx-attest.conf
+
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/sysctl.d
+    install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/sysctl.d/99-dstack.conf
+
+    if ${@bb.utils.contains('DISTRO_FEATURES', 'systemd', 'true', 'false', d)}; then
+        install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir} \
+                   ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/resolved.conf.d
+
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/dstack-guest-agent.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/dstack-prepare.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/app-compose.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/dstack-gateway-checker.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/dstack-guest-agent.socket ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/llmnr.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/resolved.conf.d
+        install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/docker.service.d
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/docker.service.d/* ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/docker.service.d/
+
+        install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/containerd.service.d
+        install -m 0644 ${DSTACK_ROOTFS_FILES}/containerd.service.d/* ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/containerd.service.d/
+    fi
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} += " \
+    ${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/docker.service.d/dstack-guest-agent.conf \
+    ${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/docker.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf \
+    ${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/containerd.service.d/dstack-prepare.conf \
+"
+
+# Cargo embeds build paths into binaries; allow TMPDIR references.
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "buildpaths"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}-dbg += "buildpaths"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0001-Update-path-to-native-BaseTools.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0001-Update-path-to-native-BaseTools.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..890e58621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0001-Update-path-to-native-BaseTools.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+From 0f859c6de2914cd984f8a0dd61471b91a2371bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Ricardo Neri <ricardo.neri-calderon@linux.intel.com>
+Date: Thu, 9 Jun 2016 02:23:01 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] ovmf: update path to native BaseTools
+
+BaseTools is a set of utilities to build EDK-based firmware. These utilities
+are used during the build process. Thus, they need to be built natively.
+When cross-compiling, we need to provide a path to the location of these
+tools. The BBAKE_EDK_TOOLS_PATH string is used as a pattern to be replaced
+with the appropriate location before building.
+
+Signed-off-by: Ricardo Neri <ricardo.neri-calderon@linux.intel.com>
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [oe-core cross compile specific]
+---
+ OvmfPkg/build.sh | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+diff --git a/OvmfPkg/build.sh b/OvmfPkg/build.sh
+index 279f0d099a..285f061bf4 100755
+--- a/OvmfPkg/build.sh
++++ b/OvmfPkg/build.sh
+@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ then
+ # this assumes svn pulls have the same root dir
+ #  export EDK_TOOLS_PATH=`pwd`/../BaseTools
+ # This version is for the tools source in edk2
+-  export EDK_TOOLS_PATH=`pwd`/BaseTools
++  export EDK_TOOLS_PATH=BBAKE_EDK_TOOLS_PATH/BaseTools
+   echo $EDK_TOOLS_PATH
+   source edksetup.sh BaseTools
+ else
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0002-BaseTools-makefile-adjust-to-build-in-under-bitbake.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0002-BaseTools-makefile-adjust-to-build-in-under-bitbake.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a5552857
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0002-BaseTools-makefile-adjust-to-build-in-under-bitbake.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+From 9dbd082516fdd7100f99f0f389b8eef5ececab19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Ricardo Neri <ricardo.neri-calderon@linux.intel.com>
+Date: Fri, 26 Jul 2019 17:34:26 -0400
+Subject: [PATCH] BaseTools: makefile: adjust to build in under bitbake
+
+Prepend the build flags with those of bitbake. This is to build
+using the bitbake native sysroot include and library directories.
+
+Note from Alex: this is not appropriate for upstream submission as
+the recipe already does lots of similar in-place fixups elsewhere, so
+this patch shold be converted to follow that pattern. We're not going
+to fight against how upstream wants to configure the build.
+
+Signed-off-by: Ricardo Neri <ricardo.neri@linux.intel.com>
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [needs to be converted to in-recipe fixups]
+---
+ BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/header.makefile | 15 +++++++--------
+ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/header.makefile b/BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/header.makefile
+index 55a7307a5e..e36e6a8f04 100644
+--- a/BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/header.makefile
++++ b/BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/header.makefile
+@@ -154,35 +154,34 @@ endif
+ 
+ INCLUDE = $(TOOL_INCLUDE) -I $(MAKEROOT) -I $(MAKEROOT)/Include/Common -I $(MAKEROOT)/Include/ -I $(MAKEROOT)/Include/IndustryStandard -I $(MAKEROOT)/Common/ -I .. -I . $(ARCH_INCLUDE)
+ INCLUDE += -I $(EDK2_PATH)/MdePkg/Include
+-CPPFLAGS = $(INCLUDE)
++CPPFLAGS += $(INCLUDE)
+ 
+ # keep EXTRA_OPTFLAGS last
+ BUILD_OPTFLAGS = -O2 $(EXTRA_OPTFLAGS)
+ 
+ ifeq ($(DARWIN),Darwin)
+ # assume clang or clang compatible flags on OS X
+-CFLAGS = -MD -fshort-wchar -fno-strict-aliasing -Wall -Werror \
++CFLAGS += -MD -fshort-wchar -fno-strict-aliasing -Wall -Werror \
+ -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-self-assign -Wno-unused-result -nostdlib -g
+ else
+ ifneq ($(CLANG),)
+-CFLAGS = -MD -fshort-wchar -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv \
++CFLAGS += -MD -fshort-wchar -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv \
+ -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks -Wall -Werror \
+ -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-self-assign \
+ -Wno-unused-result -nostdlib -g
+ else
+-CFLAGS = -MD -fshort-wchar -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv \
++CFLAGS += -MD -fshort-wchar -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv \
+ -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks -Wall -Werror \
+ -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-stringop-truncation -Wno-restrict \
+ -Wno-unused-result -nostdlib -g
+ endif
+ endif
+ ifneq ($(CLANG),)
+-LDFLAGS =
+-CXXFLAGS = -Wno-deprecated-register -Wno-unused-result -std=c++14
++CXXFLAGS += -Wno-deprecated-register -Wno-unused-result -std=c++14
+ else
+-LDFLAGS =
+-CXXFLAGS = -Wno-unused-result
++CXXFLAGS += -Wno-unused-result
+ endif
++
+ ifeq ($(HOST_ARCH), IA32)
+ #
+ # Snow Leopard  is a 32-bit and 64-bit environment. uname -m returns i386, but gcc defaults
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0003-Debug-prefix-map.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0003-Debug-prefix-map.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a665e3ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0003-Debug-prefix-map.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+From 672d571ed826157e15969b7ba0ec46ab622a7c44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>
+Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 08:44:20 +0000
+Subject: [PATCH] Debug prefix map
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [dstack-specific OVMF build/reproducibility tweak]
+
+---
+ BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template | 18 +++++++++---------
+ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template b/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
+index cca699c4a8..e758bd8b4e 100755
+--- a/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
++++ b/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
+@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ NOOPT_*_*_OBJCOPY_ADDDEBUGFLAG     = --add-gnu-debuglink="$(DEBUG_DIR)/$(MODULE_
+ *_*_*_DTC_PATH                     = DEF(DTC_BIN)
+ 
+ # All supported GCC archs except LOONGARCH64 support -mstack-protector-guard=global, so set that on everything except LOONGARCH64
+-DEFINE GCC_ALL_CC_FLAGS            = -g -Os -fshort-wchar -fno-builtin -fno-strict-aliasing -Wall -Werror -Wno-array-bounds -include AutoGen.h -fno-common -fstack-protector
++DEFINE GCC_ALL_CC_FLAGS            = -g -Os -fshort-wchar -fno-builtin -fno-strict-aliasing -Wall -Werror -Wno-array-bounds -include AutoGen.h -fno-common -fstack-protector ENV(GCC_PREFIX_MAP)
+ DEFINE GCC_IA32_X64_CC_FLAGS       = -mstack-protector-guard=global
+ DEFINE GCC_ARM_CC_FLAGS            = DEF(GCC_ALL_CC_FLAGS) -mlittle-endian -mabi=aapcs -fno-short-enums -funsigned-char -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fomit-frame-pointer -Wno-address -mthumb -fno-pic -fno-pie -mstack-protector-guard=global
+ DEFINE GCC_LOONGARCH64_CC_FLAGS    = DEF(GCC_ALL_CC_FLAGS) -mabi=lp64d -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -Wno-address -fno-short-enums -fsigned-char -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
+@@ -941,8 +941,8 @@ DEFINE GCC_ARM_ASLDLINK_FLAGS      = DEF(GCC_ARM_DLINK_FLAGS) -Wl,--entry,Refere
+ DEFINE GCC_AARCH64_ASLDLINK_FLAGS  = DEF(GCC_AARCH64_DLINK_FLAGS) -Wl,--entry,ReferenceAcpiTable -u $(IMAGE_ENTRY_POINT) DEF(GCC_ARM_AARCH64_ASLDLINK_FLAGS)
+ DEFINE GCC_LOONGARCH64_ASLDLINK_FLAGS = DEF(GCC_LOONGARCH64_DLINK_FLAGS) -Wl,--entry,ReferenceAcpiTable -u $(IMAGE_ENTRY_POINT)
+ DEFINE GCC_IA32_X64_DLINK_FLAGS    = DEF(GCC_IA32_X64_DLINK_COMMON) --entry _$(IMAGE_ENTRY_POINT) --file-alignment 0x20 --section-alignment 0x20 -Map $(DEST_DIR_DEBUG)/$(BASE_NAME).map
+-DEFINE GCC_ASM_FLAGS               = -c -x assembler -imacros AutoGen.h
+-DEFINE GCC_PP_FLAGS                = -E -x assembler-with-cpp -include AutoGen.h
++DEFINE GCC_ASM_FLAGS               = -c -x assembler -imacros AutoGen.h ENV(GCC_PREFIX_MAP)
++DEFINE GCC_PP_FLAGS                = -E -x assembler-with-cpp -include AutoGen.h ENV(GCC_PREFIX_MAP)
+ DEFINE GCC_VFRPP_FLAGS             = -x c -E -P -DVFRCOMPILE --include $(MODULE_NAME)StrDefs.h
+ DEFINE GCC_ASLPP_FLAGS             = -x c -E -include AutoGen.h
+ DEFINE GCC_ASLCC_FLAGS             = -x c
+@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ DEFINE GCC5_LOONGARCH64_PP_FLAGS           = -mabi=lp64d -march=loongarch64 DEF(
+ *_GCC48_IA32_DLINK2_FLAGS         = DEF(GCC48_IA32_DLINK2_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC48_IA32_RC_FLAGS             = DEF(GCC_IA32_RC_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC48_IA32_OBJCOPY_FLAGS        =
+-*_GCC48_IA32_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf32
++*_GCC48_IA32_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf32 ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP)
+ 
+   DEBUG_GCC48_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC48_IA32_CC_FLAGS)
+ RELEASE_GCC48_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC48_IA32_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-set-variable
+@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ RELEASE_GCC48_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC48_IA32_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-set
+ *_GCC48_X64_DLINK2_FLAGS         = DEF(GCC48_X64_DLINK2_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC48_X64_RC_FLAGS             = DEF(GCC_X64_RC_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC48_X64_OBJCOPY_FLAGS        =
+-*_GCC48_X64_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf64
++*_GCC48_X64_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf64 ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP)
+ 
+   DEBUG_GCC48_X64_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC48_X64_CC_FLAGS)
+ RELEASE_GCC48_X64_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC48_X64_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-set-variable
+@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ RELEASE_GCC48_AARCH64_CC_FLAGS   = DEF(GCC48_AARCH64_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-s
+ *_GCC49_IA32_DLINK2_FLAGS         = DEF(GCC49_IA32_DLINK2_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC49_IA32_RC_FLAGS             = DEF(GCC_IA32_RC_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC49_IA32_OBJCOPY_FLAGS        =
+-*_GCC49_IA32_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf32
++*_GCC49_IA32_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf32 ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP)
+ 
+   DEBUG_GCC49_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC49_IA32_CC_FLAGS)
+ RELEASE_GCC49_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC49_IA32_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wno-unused-const-variable
+@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ RELEASE_GCC49_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC49_IA32_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-set
+ *_GCC49_X64_DLINK2_FLAGS         = DEF(GCC49_X64_DLINK2_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC49_X64_RC_FLAGS             = DEF(GCC_X64_RC_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC49_X64_OBJCOPY_FLAGS        =
+-*_GCC49_X64_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf64
++*_GCC49_X64_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf64 ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP)
+ 
+   DEBUG_GCC49_X64_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC49_X64_CC_FLAGS)
+ RELEASE_GCC49_X64_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC49_X64_CC_FLAGS) -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wno-unused-const-variable
+@@ -1519,7 +1519,7 @@ RELEASE_GCCNOLTO_AARCH64_DLINK_XIPFLAGS = -z common-page-size=0x20
+ *_GCC5_IA32_DLINK2_FLAGS         = DEF(GCC5_IA32_DLINK2_FLAGS) -no-pie
+ *_GCC5_IA32_RC_FLAGS             = DEF(GCC_IA32_RC_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC5_IA32_OBJCOPY_FLAGS        =
+-*_GCC5_IA32_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf32
++*_GCC5_IA32_NASM_FLAGS           = -f elf32 ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP)
+ 
+   DEBUG_GCC5_IA32_CC_FLAGS       = DEF(GCC5_IA32_CC_FLAGS) -flto
+   DEBUG_GCC5_IA32_DLINK_FLAGS    = DEF(GCC5_IA32_X64_DLINK_FLAGS) -flto -Os -Wl,-m,elf_i386,--oformat=elf32-i386
+@@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@ RELEASE_GCC5_IA32_DLINK_FLAGS    = DEF(GCC5_IA32_X64_DLINK_FLAGS) -flto -Os -Wl,
+ *_GCC5_X64_DLINK2_FLAGS          = DEF(GCC5_X64_DLINK2_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC5_X64_RC_FLAGS              = DEF(GCC_X64_RC_FLAGS)
+ *_GCC5_X64_OBJCOPY_FLAGS         =
+-*_GCC5_X64_NASM_FLAGS            = -f elf64
++*_GCC5_X64_NASM_FLAGS            = -f elf64 ENV(NASM_PREFIX_MAP)
+ 
+   DEBUG_GCC5_X64_CC_FLAGS        = DEF(GCC5_X64_CC_FLAGS) -flto -DUSING_LTO
+   DEBUG_GCC5_X64_DLINK_FLAGS     = DEF(GCC5_X64_DLINK_FLAGS) -flto -Os
+-- 
+2.43.0
+
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0004-Reproduciable.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0004-Reproduciable.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab1da4678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0004-Reproduciable.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+From 9133327256392a17883ad3ed91ad63ecbac50f08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>
+Date: Wed, 18 Mar 2026 08:44:21 +0000
+Subject: [PATCH] Reproduciable
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [dstack-specific OVMF build/reproducibility tweak]
+
+---
+ BaseTools/Source/C/GenFw/Elf64Convert.c       |  8 ++++---
+ .../Source/Python/AutoGen/BuildEngine.py      |  3 +++
+ BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/GenMake.py    | 24 +++++++++----------
+ .../Source/Python/AutoGen/ModuleAutoGen.py    |  5 +++-
+ 4 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/BaseTools/Source/C/GenFw/Elf64Convert.c b/BaseTools/Source/C/GenFw/Elf64Convert.c
+index 6919e18809..f6696ae805 100644
+--- a/BaseTools/Source/C/GenFw/Elf64Convert.c
++++ b/BaseTools/Source/C/GenFw/Elf64Convert.c
+@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent
+ #include <windows.h>
+ #undef RUNTIME_FUNCTION
+ #include <io.h>
++#else
++#define _GNU_SOURCE
+ #endif
+ #include <assert.h>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+@@ -990,7 +992,7 @@ ScanSections64 (
+   }
+   mCoffOffset = mDebugOffset + sizeof(EFI_IMAGE_DEBUG_DIRECTORY_ENTRY) +
+                 sizeof(EFI_IMAGE_DEBUG_CODEVIEW_NB10_ENTRY) +
+-                strlen(mInImageName) + 1;
++                strlen(basename(mInImageName)) + 1;
+ 
+   //
+   // Add more space in the .debug data region for the DllCharacteristicsEx
+@@ -2310,7 +2312,7 @@ WriteDebug64 (
+   EFI_IMAGE_DEBUG_CODEVIEW_NB10_ENTRY         *Nb10;
+   EFI_IMAGE_DEBUG_EX_DLLCHARACTERISTICS_ENTRY *DllEntry;
+ 
+-  Len = strlen(mInImageName) + 1;
++  Len = strlen(basename(mInImageName)) + 1;
+ 
+   NtHdr = (EFI_IMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER_UNION *)(mCoffFile + mNtHdrOffset);
+   DataDir = &NtHdr->Pe32Plus.OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[EFI_IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_DEBUG];
+@@ -2343,7 +2345,7 @@ WriteDebug64 (
+ 
+   Nb10 = (EFI_IMAGE_DEBUG_CODEVIEW_NB10_ENTRY*)(Dir + 1);
+   Nb10->Signature = CODEVIEW_SIGNATURE_NB10;
+-  strcpy ((char *)(Nb10 + 1), mInImageName);
++  strcpy ((char *)(Nb10 + 1), basename(mInImageName));
+ }
+ 
+ STATIC
+diff --git a/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/BuildEngine.py b/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/BuildEngine.py
+index 45b39d7878..3fed7d1736 100644
+--- a/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/BuildEngine.py
++++ b/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/BuildEngine.py
+@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ class TargetDescBlock(object):
+         else:
+             return str(Other) == self.Target.Path
+ 
++    def __lt__(self, other):
++        return str(self) < str(other)
++
+     def AddInput(self, Input):
+         if Input not in self.Inputs:
+             self.Inputs.append(Input)
+diff --git a/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/GenMake.py b/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/GenMake.py
+index 547c708fc7..29859c4a0b 100755
+--- a/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/GenMake.py
++++ b/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/GenMake.py
+@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ cleanlib:
+                 os.remove(RespFileList)
+ 
+         # convert source files and binary files to build targets
+-        self.ResultFileList = [str(T.Target) for T in MyAgo.CodaTargetList]
++        self.ResultFileList = sorted([str(T.Target) for T in MyAgo.CodaTargetList])
+         if len(self.ResultFileList) == 0 and len(MyAgo.SourceFileList) != 0:
+             EdkLogger.error("build", AUTOGEN_ERROR, "Nothing to build",
+                             ExtraData="[%s]" % str(MyAgo))
+@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ cleanlib:
+         OutputFile = ''
+         DepsFileList = []
+ 
+-        for Cmd in self.GenFfsList:
++        for Cmd in sorted(self.GenFfsList):
+             if Cmd[2]:
+                 for CopyCmd in Cmd[2]:
+                     Src, Dst = CopyCmd
+@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ cleanlib:
+             self.BuildTargetList.append('\t%s' % CmdString)
+ 
+             self.ParseSecCmd(DepsFileList, Cmd[1])
+-            for SecOutputFile, SecDepsFile, SecCmd in self.FfsOutputFileList :
++            for SecOutputFile, SecDepsFile, SecCmd in sorted(self.FfsOutputFileList):
+                 self.BuildTargetList.append('%s : %s' % (self.ReplaceMacro(SecOutputFile), self.ReplaceMacro(SecDepsFile)))
+                 self.BuildTargetList.append('\t%s' % self.ReplaceMacro(SecCmd))
+             self.FfsOutputFileList = []
+@@ -799,13 +799,13 @@ cleanlib:
+ 
+     def CommandExceedLimit(self):
+         FlagDict = {
+-                    'CC'    :  { 'Macro' : '$(CC_FLAGS)',    'Value' : False},
+-                    'PP'    :  { 'Macro' : '$(PP_FLAGS)',    'Value' : False},
+-                    'APP'   :  { 'Macro' : '$(APP_FLAGS)',   'Value' : False},
+-                    'ASLPP' :  { 'Macro' : '$(ASLPP_FLAGS)', 'Value' : False},
+-                    'VFRPP' :  { 'Macro' : '$(VFRPP_FLAGS)', 'Value' : False},
+-                    'ASM'   :  { 'Macro' : '$(ASM_FLAGS)',   'Value' : False},
+-                    'ASLCC' :  { 'Macro' : '$(ASLCC_FLAGS)', 'Value' : False},
++                    'CC'    :  { 'Macro' : '$(CC_FLAGS)',    'Value' : True},
++                    'PP'    :  { 'Macro' : '$(PP_FLAGS)',    'Value' : True},
++                    'APP'   :  { 'Macro' : '$(APP_FLAGS)',   'Value' : True},
++                    'ASLPP' :  { 'Macro' : '$(ASLPP_FLAGS)', 'Value' : True},
++                    'VFRPP' :  { 'Macro' : '$(VFRPP_FLAGS)', 'Value' : True},
++                    'ASM'   :  { 'Macro' : '$(ASM_FLAGS)',   'Value' : True},
++                    'ASLCC' :  { 'Macro' : '$(ASLCC_FLAGS)', 'Value' : True},
+                    }
+ 
+         RespDict = {}
+@@ -1019,9 +1019,9 @@ cleanlib:
+                 if not self.ObjTargetDict.get(T.Target.SubDir):
+                     self.ObjTargetDict[T.Target.SubDir] = set()
+                 self.ObjTargetDict[T.Target.SubDir].add(NewFile)
+-        for Type in self._AutoGenObject.Targets:
++        for Type in sorted(self._AutoGenObject.Targets):
+             resp_file_number = 0
+-            for T in self._AutoGenObject.Targets[Type]:
++            for T in sorted(self._AutoGenObject.Targets[Type]):
+                 # Generate related macros if needed
+                 if T.GenFileListMacro and T.FileListMacro not in self.FileListMacros:
+                     self.FileListMacros[T.FileListMacro] = []
+diff --git a/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/ModuleAutoGen.py b/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/ModuleAutoGen.py
+index 65a2176ca9..318b9611ce 100755
+--- a/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/ModuleAutoGen.py
++++ b/BaseTools/Source/Python/AutoGen/ModuleAutoGen.py
+@@ -1474,6 +1474,9 @@ class ModuleAutoGen(AutoGen):
+             for File in Files:
+                 if File.lower().endswith('.pdb'):
+                     AsBuiltInfDict['binary_item'].append('DISPOSABLE|' + File)
++
++        AsBuiltInfDict['binary_item'] = sorted(AsBuiltInfDict['binary_item'])
++
+         HeaderComments = self.Module.HeaderComments
+         StartPos = 0
+         for Index in range(len(HeaderComments)):
+@@ -1749,7 +1752,7 @@ class ModuleAutoGen(AutoGen):
+             if os.path.exists (self.TimeStampPath):
+                 os.remove (self.TimeStampPath)
+ 
+-            SaveFileOnChange(self.TimeStampPath, "\n".join(FileSet), False)
++            SaveFileOnChange(self.TimeStampPath, "\n".join(sorted(FileSet)), False)
+ 
+         # Ignore generating makefile when it is a binary module
+         if self.IsBinaryModule:
+-- 
+2.43.0
+
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..650e084b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+From 7e6be0f4068a2158af3c97e873edb33fa4d5c6b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Gerd Hoffmann <kraxel@redhat.com>
+Date: Mon, 3 Nov 2025 09:56:52 +0100
+Subject: [PATCH 5/5] UefiCpuPkg/CpuExceptionHandlerLib: fix push instructions
+
+Nasm 3.0 complains about 'dword' being invalid.  The comment talks about
+a '8-byte value' so 'qword' should be correct here.
+
+With this change the extra comment explaining that the instruction
+actually pushes an 8-byte value despite the 'dword' keyword is not
+needed any more.  Drop it.
+
+Fixes: https://github.com/tianocore/edk2/issues/11635
+Signed-off-by: Gerd Hoffmann <kraxel@redhat.com>
+Upstream-Status: Backport [https://github.com/tianocore/edk2/commit/9ccf8751a74f26142e584c7b7c7572a182b67997]
+(cherry picked from commit 9ccf8751a74f26142e584c7b7c7572a182b67997)
+Signed-off-by: Ankur Tyagi <ankur.tyagi@navicogroup.com>
+---
+ .../CpuExceptionHandlerLib/X64/ExceptionHandlerAsm.nasm       | 4 ++--
+ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
+
+diff --git a/UefiCpuPkg/Library/CpuExceptionHandlerLib/X64/ExceptionHandlerAsm.nasm b/UefiCpuPkg/Library/CpuExceptionHandlerLib/X64/ExceptionHandlerAsm.nasm
+index 3d64ac9080..671ed98f85 100644
+--- a/UefiCpuPkg/Library/CpuExceptionHandlerLib/X64/ExceptionHandlerAsm.nasm
++++ b/UefiCpuPkg/Library/CpuExceptionHandlerLib/X64/ExceptionHandlerAsm.nasm
+@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ ALIGN   8
+ AsmIdtVectorBegin:
+ %assign Vector 0
+ %rep  256
+-    push    strict dword %[Vector] ; This instruction pushes sign-extended 8-byte value on stack
++    push    strict qword %[Vector]
+     push    rax
+ %ifdef NO_ABSOLUTE_RELOCS_IN_TEXT
+     mov     rax, strict qword 0    ; mov     rax, ASM_PFX(CommonInterruptEntry)
+@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ AsmIdtVectorBegin:
+ AsmIdtVectorEnd:
+ 
+ HookAfterStubHeaderBegin:
+-    push    strict dword 0      ; 0 will be fixed
++    push    strict qword 0      ; 0 will be fixed
+ VectorNum:
+     push    rax
+ %ifdef NO_ABSOLUTE_RELOCS_IN_TEXT
+-- 
+2.47.3
+
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..365a054ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf/0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+From: dstack <dstack@phala.network>
+Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000
+Subject: [PATCH] OvmfPkg/AmdSev: drop the embedded sevsecret grub
+
+The AmdSevX64 firmware embeds a grub.efi (built by the OvmfPkg/AmdSev/Grub
+PREBUILD via grub-mkimage) that boots an encrypted LUKS volume using the
+SEV-injected secret and the out-of-tree sevsecret grub module.
+
+dstack does not use that boot model: it boots a UKI from an EFI System
+Partition with a dm-verity rootfs, so the embedded grub is dead weight.
+Building it is also infeasible here: OpenEmbedded provides no x86_64-efi
+grub modules at native build time and upstream grub has no sevsecret
+module (it is a distro patch).
+
+Remove the Grub PREBUILD and the Grub.inf component/FV entry. All other
+SEV / SEV-SNP functionality (SecretPei/SecretDxe secret injection, the
+BlobVerifierLibSevHashes kernel-hashes measured direct boot, SNP support)
+is unaffected.
+
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [dstack-specific firmware configuration]
+Signed-off-by: dstack <dstack@phala.network>
+---
+diff --git a/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc b/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc
+index e0eaa3c..76824d8 100644
+--- a/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc
++++ b/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc
+@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
+   BUILD_TARGETS                  = NOOPT|DEBUG|RELEASE
+   SKUID_IDENTIFIER               = DEFAULT
+   FLASH_DEFINITION               = OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.fdf
+-  PREBUILD                       = sh OvmfPkg/AmdSev/Grub/grub.sh
+ 
+   #
+   # Defines for default states.  These can be changed on the command line.
+@@ -731,7 +730,6 @@
+   MdeModulePkg/Bus/Usb/UsbMassStorageDxe/UsbMassStorageDxe.inf
+ 
+   OvmfPkg/AmdSev/SecretDxe/SecretDxe.inf
+-  OvmfPkg/AmdSev/Grub/Grub.inf
+ 
+ !include OvmfPkg/Include/Dsc/ShellComponents.dsc.inc
+ !include OvmfPkg/Include/Dsc/OvmfRngComponents.dsc.inc
+diff --git a/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.fdf b/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.fdf
+index 4217870..ff727a5 100644
+--- a/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.fdf
++++ b/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.fdf
+@@ -283,7 +283,6 @@ INF  FatPkg/EnhancedFatDxe/Fat.inf
+ INF  MdeModulePkg/Universal/Disk/UdfDxe/UdfDxe.inf
+ 
+ INF OvmfPkg/AmdSev/SecretDxe/SecretDxe.inf
+-INF  OvmfPkg/AmdSev/Grub/Grub.inf
+ 
+ INF MdeModulePkg/Logo/LogoDxe.inf
+ 
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf_git.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf_git.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79806beb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-ovmf/dstack-ovmf_git.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+SUMMARY = "OVMF - UEFI firmware for Qemu and KVM"
+DESCRIPTION = "OVMF is an EDK II based project to enable UEFI support for \
+Virtual Machines. OVMF contains sample UEFI firmware for QEMU and KVM"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/tianocore/tianocore.github.io/wiki/OVMF"
+LICENSE = "BSD-2-Clause-Patent"
+LICENSE:class-target = "${@bb.utils.contains('PACKAGECONFIG', 'secureboot', 'BSD-2-Clause-Patent & OpenSSL', 'BSD-2-Clause-Patent', d)}"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://OvmfPkg/License.txt;md5=06357ddc23f46577c2aeaeaf7b776d65"
+
+# Enabling Secure Boot adds a dependency on OpenSSL and implies
+# compiling OVMF twice, so it is disabled by default. Distros
+# may change that default.
+PACKAGECONFIG ??= ""
+PACKAGECONFIG += "${@bb.utils.contains('MACHINE_FEATURES', 'tpm', 'tpm', '', d)}"
+PACKAGECONFIG += "${@bb.utils.contains('MACHINE_FEATURES', 'tpm2', 'tpm', '', d)}"
+PACKAGECONFIG[secureboot] = ",,,"
+PACKAGECONFIG[tpm] = "-D TPM_ENABLE=TRUE,-D TPM_ENABLE=FALSE,,"
+
+# GCC12 trips on it
+#see https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/edk2/blob/rawhide/f/0032-Basetools-turn-off-gcc12-warning.patch
+BUILD_CFLAGS += "-Wno-error=stringop-overflow"
+
+SRC_URI = "gitsm://github.com/tianocore/edk2.git;branch=master;protocol=https \
+           file://0001-Update-path-to-native-BaseTools.patch \
+           file://0002-BaseTools-makefile-adjust-to-build-in-under-bitbake.patch \
+           file://0003-Debug-prefix-map.patch \
+           file://0004-Reproduciable.patch \
+           file://0005-UefiCpuPkg-CpuExceptionHandlerLib-fix-push-instructi.patch \
+           file://0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch \
+           "
+
+# Pinned to edk2-stable202502 (Feb 2025) instead of the latest stable202505.
+# Between these two tags, six commits land in OvmfPkg / MdeModulePkg that
+# rewrite the boot-time RTMR[0] event chain:
+#   fb56dc78ef  QemuFwCfgLib: cache + measurement (adds fw_cfg BootMenu, bootorder)
+#   45a56d7505  OvmfPkg: add BootManagerMenuApp to dependencies
+#   9d9e3a2ba8  OvmfPkg: use BootManagerMenuApp as BootManagerMenu (Boot0000 hash changes)
+#   d433b4c8e4  PlatformBootManagerLib: register UiApp as optional boot option (new Boot0001)
+#   dd5cce3e53  PlatformBootManagerCommonLib: set UiApp as an optional boot option
+#   cd76265f1a  OvmfPkg: Enable Smbios measurement (adds EV_EFI_HANDOFF_TABLES whose
+#               digest is sha384(filtered QEMU SMBIOS table) — varies with -m / -cpu /
+#               -smbios type=1 and so cannot be precomputed from VmConfig alone)
+# stable202502 contains none of them and so produces the same 13-event RTMR[0]
+# layout as the legacy 3a3b12cb snapshot dstack used pre-upgrade, while still
+# carrying 5 months of post-Sep-2024 EDK2 fixes (incl. CVEs).
+# NOTE(wrynose): stable202502 must be KEPT — dstack-mr cannot yet compute
+# measurements for newer edk2 (RTMR[0] event chain changed). stable202502 won't
+# assemble with wrynose's NASM 3.01 out of the box, so we backport edk2's NASM-3.0
+# CpuExceptionHandlerLib push-instruction fix (0005-UefiCpuPkg-...) to make 202502
+# build while preserving the pre202505 measurement layout dstack-mr expects.
+PV = "edk2-stable202502"
+SRCREV = "fbe0805b2091393406952e84724188f8c1941837"
+UPSTREAM_CHECK_GITTAGREGEX = "(?P<pver>edk2-stable.*)"
+
+# Tag identifying the OVMF boot-time RTMR[0] event layout this build produces.
+# Consumed by mkimage.sh to stamp `ovmf_variant` into the image metadata.json so
+# verifiers can pick the matching dstack-mr code path without parsing PV.
+# Keep this in sync with the OvmfVariant enum in dstack/dstack-types when
+# bumping PV.
+OVMF_VARIANT = "pre202505"
+
+CVE_PRODUCT = "edk2"
+CVE_VERSION = "${@d.getVar('PV').split('-')[1]}"
+
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2014-8271] = "fixed-version: Fixed in svn_16280, which is an unusual versioning breaking version comparison."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2014-4859] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2014-4860] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14553] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14559] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14562] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14563] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14575] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14586] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+CVE_STATUS[CVE-2019-14587] = "fixed-version: The CPE in the NVD database doesn't reflect correctly the vulnerable versions."
+
+inherit deploy
+
+PARALLEL_MAKE = ""
+
+
+DEPENDS = "nasm-native acpica-native ovmf-native util-linux-native"
+
+# Build the AMD SEV firmware in addition to the Intel TDX one. The TDX build
+# (IntelTdxX64.dsc) and its carefully pinned measurement layout are left byte
+# for byte unchanged; this only adds a separate ovmf-sev.fd artifact. The
+# AmdSevX64 embedded grub (sevsecret LUKS boot) is removed via
+# 0006-OvmfPkg-AmdSev-drop-embedded-grub.patch -- dstack boots a UKI, not
+# grub, and that grub cannot be built here anyway (OE has no x86_64-efi grub
+# modules / no sevsecret). The patch fails loud if a future edk2 bump changes
+# the AmdSev layout.
+OVMF_BUILD_SEV ??= "1"
+
+EDK_TOOLS_DIR="edk2_basetools"
+
+# OVMF has trouble building with the default optimization of -O2.
+BUILD_OPTIMIZATION = ""
+
+# OVMF supports IA only, although it could conceivably support ARM someday.
+COMPATIBLE_HOST:class-target='(i.86|x86_64).*'
+
+# Additional build flags for OVMF with Secure Boot.
+# Fedora also uses "-D SMM_REQUIRE -D EXCLUDE_SHELL_FROM_FD".
+OVMF_SECURE_BOOT_EXTRA_FLAGS ??= ""
+OVMF_SECURE_BOOT_FLAGS = "-DSECURE_BOOT_ENABLE=TRUE ${OVMF_SECURE_BOOT_EXTRA_FLAGS}"
+
+export PYTHON_COMMAND = "${HOSTTOOLS_DIR}/python3"
+
+do_patch[postfuncs] += "fix_basetools_location"
+fix_basetools_location () {
+}
+fix_basetools_location:class-target() {
+    # Replaces the fake path inserted by 0002-ovmf-update-path-to-native-BaseTools.patch.
+    # Necessary for finding the actual BaseTools from ovmf-native.
+    sed -i -e 's#BBAKE_EDK_TOOLS_PATH#${STAGING_BINDIR_NATIVE}/${EDK_TOOLS_DIR}#' ${S}/OvmfPkg/build.sh
+}
+
+do_patch[postfuncs] += "fix_iasl"
+fix_iasl() {
+}
+fix_iasl:class-native() {
+    # iasl is not installed under /usr/bin when building with OE.
+    sed -i -e 's#/usr/bin/iasl#${STAGING_BINDIR_NATIVE}/iasl#' ${S}/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
+}
+
+# Inject CC and friends into the build. LINKER already is in GNUmakefile.
+# Must be idempotent and thus remove old assignments that were inserted
+# earlier.
+do_patch[postfuncs] += "fix_toolchain"
+fix_toolchain() {
+    sed -i \
+        -e '/^\(CC\|CXX\|AS\|AR\|LD\|LINKER\) =/d' \
+        -e '/^APPLICATION/a CC = ${CC}\nCXX = ${CXX}\nAS = ${AS}\nAR = ${AR}\nLD = ${LD}\nLINKER = $(CC)' \
+        ${S}/BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/app.makefile
+    sed -i \
+        -e '/^\(CC\|CXX\|AS\|AR\|LD\)/d' \
+        -e '/^VFR_CPPFLAGS/a CC = ${CC}\nCXX = ${CXX}\nAS = ${AS}\nAR = ${AR}\nLD = ${LD}' \
+        ${S}/BaseTools/Source/C/VfrCompile/GNUmakefile
+}
+fix_toolchain:append:class-native() {
+    # This tools_def.template is going to be used by the target ovmf and
+    # defines which compilers to use. For the GCC toolchain definitions,
+    # that will be ${HOST_PREFIX}gcc. However, "make" doesn't need that
+    # prefix.
+    #
+    # Injecting ENV(HOST_PREFIX) matches exporting that value as env
+    # variable in do_compile:class-target.
+    sed -i \
+        -e 's#\(ENV\|DEF\)(GCC.*_PREFIX)#ENV(HOST_PREFIX)#' \
+        -e 's#ENV(HOST_PREFIX)make#make#' \
+        ${S}/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
+    sed -i \
+        -e '/^\(LFLAGS\|CFLAGS\) +=/d' \
+        -e '/^LINKER/a LFLAGS += ${BUILD_LDFLAGS}\nCFLAGS += ${BUILD_CFLAGS}' \
+        ${S}/BaseTools/Source/C/Makefiles/app.makefile \
+        ${S}/BaseTools/Source/C/VfrCompile/GNUmakefile
+    # Linking with gold fails:
+    # internal error in do_layout, at ../../gold/object.cc:1821
+    # make: *** [.../OUTPUT/Facs.acpi] Error 1
+    # We intentionally hard-code the use of ld.bfd regardless of DISTRO_FEATURES
+    # to make ovmf-native reusable across distros.
+    sed -i \
+        -e 's#^\(DEFINE GCC.*DLINK.*FLAGS  *=\)#\1 -fuse-ld=bfd#' \
+        -e 's#-flto#-fno-lto#g' \
+        -e 's#-DUSING_LTO##g' \
+        ${S}/BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
+}
+
+# We disable lto above since the results are not reproducible and make it hard to compare
+# binary build aretfacts to debug reproducibility problems.
+# Surprisingly, if you disable lto, you see compiler warnings which are fatal. We therefore
+# have to hack warnings overrides into GCC_PREFIX_MAP to allow it to build.
+
+# We want to pass ${DEBUG_PREFIX_MAP} to gcc commands and also pass in
+# --debug-prefix-map to nasm (we carry a patch to nasm for this). The
+# tools definitions are built by ovmf-native so we need to pass this in
+# at target build time when we know the right values.
+export NASM_PREFIX_MAP = "--debug-prefix-map=${WORKDIR}=${TARGET_DBGSRC_DIR}"
+export GCC_PREFIX_MAP = "${DEBUG_PREFIX_MAP} -Wno-stringop-overflow -Wno-maybe-uninitialized"
+
+GCC_VER="$(${CC} -v 2>&1 | tail -n1 | awk '{print $3}')"
+
+fixup_target_tools() {
+    case ${1} in
+      4.4.*)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC44
+        ;;
+      4.5.*)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC45
+        ;;
+      4.6.*)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC46
+        ;;
+      4.7.*)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC47
+        ;;
+      4.8.*)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC48
+        ;;
+      4.9.*)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC49
+        ;;
+      *)
+        FIXED_GCCVER=GCC5
+        ;;
+    esac
+    echo ${FIXED_GCCVER}
+}
+
+do_compile:class-native() {
+    oe_runmake -C ${S}/BaseTools
+}
+
+do_compile:class-target() {
+    export LFLAGS="${LDFLAGS}"
+    PARALLEL_JOBS="${@oe.utils.parallel_make_argument(d, '-n %d')}"
+    OVMF_ARCH="X64"
+    if [ "${TARGET_ARCH}" != "x86_64" ] ; then
+        OVMF_ARCH="IA32"
+    fi
+
+    # The build for the target uses BaseTools/Conf/tools_def.template
+    # from ovmf-native to find the compiler, which depends on
+    # exporting HOST_PREFIX.
+    export HOST_PREFIX="${HOST_PREFIX}"
+
+    # BaseTools/Conf gets copied to Conf, but only if that does not
+    # exist yet. To ensure that an updated template gets used during
+    # incremental builds, we need to remove the copy before we start.
+    rm -f `ls ${S}/Conf/*.txt | grep -v ReadMe.txt`
+
+    # ${WORKDIR}/ovmf is a well-known location where do_install and
+    # do_deploy will be able to find the files.
+    rm -rf ${WORKDIR}/ovmf
+    mkdir ${WORKDIR}/ovmf
+    FIXED_GCCVER=$(fixup_target_tools ${GCC_VER})
+    bbnote FIXED_GCCVER is ${FIXED_GCCVER}
+    build_dir="${S}/Build/IntelTdx/RELEASE_${FIXED_GCCVER}"
+
+    bbnote "Building without Secure Boot."
+    rm -rf ${S}/Build/IntelTdx
+    ${S}/OvmfPkg/build.sh -p ${S}/OvmfPkg/IntelTdx/IntelTdxX64.dsc $PARALLEL_JOBS -a $OVMF_ARCH -b RELEASE -t ${FIXED_GCCVER} ${PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS}
+    ln ${build_dir}/FV/OVMF.fd ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf.fd
+    ln ${build_dir}/FV/OVMF_CODE.fd ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf.code.fd
+    ln ${build_dir}/FV/OVMF_VARS.fd ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf.vars.fd
+    ln ${build_dir}/${OVMF_ARCH}/Shell.efi ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/
+
+    if ${@bb.utils.contains('PACKAGECONFIG', 'secureboot', 'true', 'false', d)}; then
+        # Repeat build with the Secure Boot flags.
+        bbnote "Building with Secure Boot."
+        rm -rf ${S}/Build/IntelTdx
+        ${S}/OvmfPkg/build.sh -p ${S}/OvmfPkg/IntelTdx/IntelTdxX64.dsc $PARALLEL_JOBS -a $OVMF_ARCH -b RELEASE -t ${FIXED_GCCVER} ${PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS} ${OVMF_SECURE_BOOT_FLAGS}
+        ln ${build_dir}/FV/OVMF.fd ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf.secboot.fd
+        ln ${build_dir}/FV/OVMF_CODE.fd ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf.secboot.code.fd
+        ln ${build_dir}/${OVMF_ARCH}/EnrollDefaultKeys.efi ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/
+    fi
+
+    if [ "${OVMF_BUILD_SEV}" = "1" ]; then
+        # AMD SEV / SEV-SNP firmware. Additive: produces a single combined
+        # firmware blob (used via QEMU -bios) at ovmf-sev.fd, leaving the TDX
+        # build above untouched. The embedded grub is stripped below, so
+        # there is no PREBUILD / grub toolchain dependency.
+        bbnote "Building AMD SEV firmware (AmdSevX64.dsc)."
+        sev_build_dir="${S}/Build/AmdSev/RELEASE_${FIXED_GCCVER}"
+        rm -rf ${S}/Build/AmdSev
+        ${S}/OvmfPkg/build.sh -p ${S}/OvmfPkg/AmdSev/AmdSevX64.dsc $PARALLEL_JOBS -a $OVMF_ARCH -b RELEASE -t ${FIXED_GCCVER} ${PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS}
+        ln ${sev_build_dir}/FV/OVMF.fd ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf-sev.fd
+    fi
+}
+
+do_install:class-native() {
+    install -d ${D}/${bindir}/edk2_basetools
+    find ${S}/BaseTools -name \*.pyc -exec rm -rf \{\} \;
+    cp -r ${S}/BaseTools ${D}/${bindir}/${EDK_TOOLS_DIR}
+}
+
+do_install:class-target() {
+    # Content for UEFI shell iso. We install the EFI shell as
+    # bootx64/ia32.efi because then it can be started even when the
+    # firmware itself does not contain it.
+    install -d ${D}/efi/boot
+    install ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/Shell.efi ${D}/efi/boot/boot${@ "ia32" if "${TARGET_ARCH}" != "x86_64" else "x64"}.efi
+    if ${@bb.utils.contains('PACKAGECONFIG', 'secureboot', 'true', 'false', d)}; then
+        install ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/EnrollDefaultKeys.efi ${D}
+    fi
+}
+
+# This always gets packaged because ovmf-shell-image depends on it.
+# This allows testing that recipe in all configurations because it
+# can always be part of a world build.
+#
+# However, EnrollDefaultKeys.efi is only included when Secure Boot is enabled.
+PACKAGES =+ "ovmf-shell-efi"
+FILES:ovmf-shell-efi = " \
+    EnrollDefaultKeys.efi \
+    efi/ \
+"
+
+DEPLOYDEP = ""
+DEPLOYDEP:class-target = "qemu-system-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+DEPLOYDEP:class-target += " ${@bb.utils.contains('PACKAGECONFIG', 'secureboot', 'openssl-native:do_populate_sysroot', '', d)}"
+do_deploy[depends] += "${DEPLOYDEP}"
+
+do_deploy() {
+}
+do_deploy:class-target() {
+    # For use with "runqemu ovmf".
+    for i in \
+        ovmf \
+        ovmf.code \
+        ovmf.vars \
+        ${@bb.utils.contains('PACKAGECONFIG', 'secureboot', 'ovmf.secboot ovmf.secboot.code', '', d)} \
+        ; do
+        cp ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/$i.fd ${DEPLOYDIR}/
+        qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/$i.fd ${DEPLOYDIR}/$i.qcow2
+    done
+
+    # AMD SEV firmware (single combined blob for QEMU -bios).
+    if [ "${OVMF_BUILD_SEV}" = "1" ] && [ -f ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf-sev.fd ]; then
+        cp ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf-sev.fd ${DEPLOYDIR}/
+        qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/ovmf-sev.fd ${DEPLOYDIR}/ovmf-sev.qcow2
+    fi
+
+    if ${@bb.utils.contains('PACKAGECONFIG', 'secureboot', 'true', 'false', d)}; then
+        # Create a test Platform Key and first Key Exchange Key to use with EnrollDefaultKeys
+        openssl req -new -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout ${DEPLOYDIR}/OvmfPkKek1.key \
+                -out ${DEPLOYDIR}/OvmfPkKek1.crt -nodes -days 20 -subj "/CN=OVMFSecBootTest"
+        openssl x509 -in ${DEPLOYDIR}/OvmfPkKek1.crt -out ${DEPLOYDIR}/OvmfPkKek1.pem -outform PEM
+    fi
+}
+addtask do_deploy after do_compile before do_build
+
+BBCLASSEXTEND = "native"
+TOOLCHAIN = "gcc"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/dstack-sysbox_0.6.7.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/dstack-sysbox_0.6.7.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9415bd206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/dstack-sysbox_0.6.7.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+SUMMARY = "Sysbox container runtime"
+DESCRIPTION = "An open-source, next-generation runc that empowers rootless containers \
+to run workloads such as Systemd, Docker, Kubernetes, just like VMs."
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox"
+LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=cf0915b5e4f1337cf5b929ba1e388c42"
+
+SYSBOX_VERSION = "0.6.7"
+
+# Pin all submodule revisions from the v0.6.7 tag for reproducibility.
+SRCREV_sysbox = "3a69811f54f8f83264ebb36dcaf51708e80b9e84"
+SRCREV_sysbox-runc = "c58eba1be027c762c495bc4eeba7c0984beda1ab"
+SRCREV_sysbox-fs = "6a8d71f54e7570e5297af89ff24ed3bafa61659f"
+SRCREV_sysbox-mgr = "aaeff6c5dc70c137e62166474a309ca5fc42d044"
+SRCREV_sysbox-ipc = "f05151f4b4c1df63d7fd241577ca032905c1bd0e"
+SRCREV_sysbox-libs = "6faf00c74d45f7bdff0d1930fe8590c17a2d0a8b"
+# bazil/fuse commit 45cd9a3 is orphaned in nestybox/fuse (not on any branch/tag).
+# We forked it to Dstack-TEE/fuse with a named branch so BitBake can fetch it.
+SRCREV_sysbox-fuse = "45cd9a3d884448418546d8eaa54ee7d772e576d6"
+
+SRCREV_FORMAT = "sysbox"
+
+SRC_URI = " \
+    git://github.com/nestybox/sysbox.git;nobranch=1;name=sysbox;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox \
+    git://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-runc.git;nobranch=1;name=sysbox-runc;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox-runc \
+    git://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-fs.git;nobranch=1;name=sysbox-fs;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox-fs \
+    git://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-mgr.git;nobranch=1;name=sysbox-mgr;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox-mgr \
+    git://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-ipc.git;nobranch=1;name=sysbox-ipc;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox-ipc \
+    git://github.com/nestybox/sysbox-libs.git;nobranch=1;name=sysbox-libs;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox-libs \
+    git://github.com/Dstack-TEE/fuse.git;branch=sysbox-v0.6.7;name=sysbox-fuse;protocol=https;destsuffix=sysbox-fuse \
+    file://sysbox.service \
+    file://sysbox-fs.service \
+    file://sysbox-mgr.service \
+    file://99-sysbox-sysctl.conf \
+    file://50-sysbox-mod.conf \
+    file://sysboxFsProtobuf.pb.go \
+    file://sysboxMgrProtobuf.pb.go \
+"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox"
+
+PV = "${SYSBOX_VERSION}+git${SRCPV}"
+
+DEPENDS += "libseccomp"
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "libseccomp rsync fuse"
+
+inherit go goarch pkgconfig systemd
+
+GO_IMPORT = "github.com/nestybox/sysbox"
+
+SYSBOX_LDFLAGS = " \
+    -X 'main.edition=Community Edition (CE)' \
+    -X main.version=${SYSBOX_VERSION} \
+    -X main.commitId=${SRCREV_sysbox} \
+    -X 'main.builtAt=1970-01-01T00:00:00Z' \
+    -X 'main.builtBy=dstack' \
+"
+
+# Kernel >= 5.12 supports idmapped mounts
+SYSBOX_RUNC_BUILDTAGS = "seccomp idmapped_mnt"
+SYSBOX_MGR_BUILDTAGS = "idmapped_mnt"
+
+do_configure() {
+    # Arrange the source tree so that go.mod replace directives work.
+    # All components expect to find siblings in ../ relative to themselves.
+    # The git fetcher places them in ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-{runc,fs,mgr,ipc,libs}.
+    # This is already the correct layout since they are all at the same level
+    # under ${UNPACKDIR}.
+
+    # sysbox-fs expects a 'bazil' subdirectory (submodule of nestybox/fuse).
+    # Remove the empty submodule placeholder left by git checkout, then symlink.
+    rm -rf ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-fs/bazil
+    ln -sfn ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-fuse ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-fs/bazil
+
+    # Install pre-generated protobuf Go files. The upstream repo only ships
+    # .proto files and expects protoc + protoc-gen-go at build time. We
+    # pre-generate them to avoid the protoc native toolchain dependency.
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/sysboxFsProtobuf.pb.go \
+        ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-ipc/sysboxFsGrpc/sysboxFsProtobuf/
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/sysboxMgrProtobuf.pb.go \
+        ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-ipc/sysboxMgrGrpc/sysboxMgrProtobuf/
+
+    # Vendor dependencies for each component so that do_compile needs no
+    # network access. go.sum in each repo guarantees content integrity.
+    # Use -modcacherw so cached modules are writable (BitBake needs to
+    # clean ${B}/pkg/mod between tasks).
+    for mod in sysbox-runc sysbox-fs sysbox-mgr; do
+        cd ${UNPACKDIR}/$mod
+        ${GO} mod vendor -modcacherw
+    done
+}
+
+do_configure[network] = "1"
+
+do_compile() {
+    export CGO_ENABLED="1"
+    export CGO_CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} --sysroot=${STAGING_DIR_TARGET}"
+    export CGO_LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS} -Wl,--build-id=none --sysroot=${STAGING_DIR_TARGET}"
+    export CFLAGS=""
+    export LDFLAGS=""
+
+    # Set reproducible build environment
+    export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=0
+    export TZ=UTC
+
+    # Build sysbox-runc
+    cd ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-runc
+    ${GO} build -mod=vendor -buildvcs=false -trimpath \
+        -tags "${SYSBOX_RUNC_BUILDTAGS}" \
+        -ldflags "-buildid= -s -w -linkmode external -extldflags '-Wl,--build-id=none' ${SYSBOX_LDFLAGS}" \
+        -o ${WORKDIR}/sysbox-runc-bin .
+
+    # Build sysbox-fs
+    cd ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-fs
+    ${GO} build -mod=vendor -buildvcs=false -trimpath \
+        -ldflags "-buildid= -s -w -linkmode external -extldflags '-Wl,--build-id=none' ${SYSBOX_LDFLAGS}" \
+        -o ${WORKDIR}/sysbox-fs-bin ./cmd/sysbox-fs
+
+    # Build sysbox-mgr
+    cd ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-mgr
+    ${GO} build -mod=vendor -buildvcs=false -trimpath \
+        -tags "${SYSBOX_MGR_BUILDTAGS}" \
+        -ldflags "-buildid= -s -w -linkmode external -extldflags '-Wl,--build-id=none' ${SYSBOX_LDFLAGS}" \
+        -o ${WORKDIR}/sysbox-mgr-bin .
+}
+
+do_install() {
+    # Install binaries
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${WORKDIR}/sysbox-runc-bin ${D}${bindir}/sysbox-runc
+    install -m 0755 ${WORKDIR}/sysbox-fs-bin ${D}${bindir}/sysbox-fs
+    install -m 0755 ${WORKDIR}/sysbox-mgr-bin ${D}${bindir}/sysbox-mgr
+
+    # Install systemd services
+    if ${@bb.utils.contains('DISTRO_FEATURES', 'systemd', 'true', 'false', d)}; then
+        install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-fs.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+        install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/sysbox-mgr.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+    fi
+
+    # Install sysctl config
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/sysctl.d
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/sysctl.d/
+
+    # Install module autoload config
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/modules-load.d
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/50-sysbox-mod.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/modules-load.d/
+
+    # Create sysbox data directory
+    install -d ${D}/var/lib/sysbox
+}
+
+SYSTEMD_PACKAGES = "${@bb.utils.contains('DISTRO_FEATURES', 'systemd', '${PN}', '', d)}"
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "sysbox.service sysbox-fs.service sysbox-mgr.service"
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE:${PN} = "enable"
+
+FILES:${PN} += " \
+    ${bindir}/sysbox-runc \
+    ${bindir}/sysbox-fs \
+    ${bindir}/sysbox-mgr \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/sysbox.service \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/sysbox-fs.service \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/sysbox-mgr.service \
+    ${sysconfdir}/sysctl.d/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf \
+    ${sysconfdir}/modules-load.d/50-sysbox-mod.conf \
+    /var/lib/sysbox \
+"
+
+# Pre-create subuid/subgid entries for sysbox user namespace mappings.
+# sysbox-mgr tries to write these at startup, but rootfs is read-only (dm-verity).
+# If the correct entry already exists, sysbox-mgr skips the write.
+# This runs at rootfs creation time (not first boot).
+pkg_postinst:${PN}() {
+    echo "sysbox:100000:65536" >> $D${sysconfdir}/subuid
+    echo "sysbox:100000:65536" >> $D${sysconfdir}/subgid
+}
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "ldflags already-stripped"
+
+COMPATIBLE_HOST = "x86_64.*-linux"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/50-sysbox-mod.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/50-sysbox-mod.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..214e86b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/50-sysbox-mod.conf
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+configfs
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17cccab61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/99-sysbox-sysctl.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Sysbox recommended sysctl settings
+# See: https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox/blob/master/docs/user-guide/install-package.md
+
+# Allow unprivileged users to create user namespaces (required for rootless containers)
+kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone = 1
+
+# Raise inotify limits — each sysbox container runs its own init system (e.g. systemd)
+# which uses inotify heavily; defaults (8192/128) exhaust quickly with multiple containers
+fs.inotify.max_queued_events = 1048576
+fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 1048576
+fs.inotify.max_user_instances = 1048576
+
+# Raise kernel keyring limits — each user namespace consumes kernel keys for UID/GID mappings
+kernel.keys.maxkeys = 20000
+kernel.keys.maxbytes = 1400000
+
+# Raise max PID — sysbox containers share the host PID space; default 32768 exhausts
+# quickly with many containers each running their own process trees
+kernel.pid_max = 4194304
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox-fs.service b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox-fs.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..606f90408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox-fs.service
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=sysbox-fs (part of the Sysbox container runtime)
+PartOf=sysbox.service
+After=sysbox-mgr.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/sysbox-fs
+TimeoutStartSec=10
+TimeoutStopSec=10
+StartLimitInterval=0
+NotifyAccess=main
+OOMScoreAdjust=-500
+LimitNOFILE=infinity
+LimitNPROC=infinity
+StandardOutput=journal+console
+StandardError=journal+console
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=sysbox.service
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox-mgr.service b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox-mgr.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bcfcd026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox-mgr.service
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=sysbox-mgr (part of the Sysbox container runtime)
+PartOf=sysbox.service
+After=dstack-prepare.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/sysbox-mgr --data-root /var/lib/sysbox --disable-ovfs-on-idmapped-mount
+TimeoutStartSec=45
+TimeoutStopSec=90
+StartLimitInterval=0
+NotifyAccess=main
+OOMScoreAdjust=-500
+LimitNOFILE=infinity
+LimitNPROC=infinity
+StandardOutput=journal+console
+StandardError=journal+console
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=sysbox.service
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox.service b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6605f3a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysbox.service
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=Sysbox container runtime
+Documentation=https://github.com/nestybox/sysbox
+Wants=dstack-prepare.service
+After=dstack-prepare.service sysbox-mgr.service sysbox-fs.service
+BindsTo=sysbox-mgr.service sysbox-fs.service
+Before=docker.service containerd.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=exec
+ExecStart=/bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/sysbox-runc --version && /usr/bin/sysbox-mgr --version && /usr/bin/sysbox-fs --version && /bin/sleep infinity"
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxFsProtobuf.pb.go b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxFsProtobuf.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3b0a668f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxFsProtobuf.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+//
+// Sysbox-fs Protobuffer Definitions.
+//
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.33.0
+// 	protoc        v3.21.12
+// source: sysboxFsProtobuf.proto
+
+package sysboxFsProtobuf
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
+	codes "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	status "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	timestamppb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+// Request message sent by runC to sysbox-fs process during container
+// registration, unregistration and update phases.
+type ContainerData struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id            string                 `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Id,proto3" json:"Id,omitempty"`
+	InitPid       int32                  `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=InitPid,proto3" json:"InitPid,omitempty"`
+	Hostname      string                 `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=Hostname,proto3" json:"Hostname,omitempty"`
+	Ctime         *timestamppb.Timestamp `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=Ctime,proto3" json:"Ctime,omitempty"`
+	UidFirst      int32                  `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=UidFirst,proto3" json:"UidFirst,omitempty"`
+	UidSize       int32                  `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=UidSize,proto3" json:"UidSize,omitempty"`
+	GidFirst      int32                  `protobuf:"varint,7,opt,name=GidFirst,proto3" json:"GidFirst,omitempty"`
+	GidSize       int32                  `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=GidSize,proto3" json:"GidSize,omitempty"`
+	ProcRoPaths   []string               `protobuf:"bytes,9,rep,name=ProcRoPaths,proto3" json:"ProcRoPaths,omitempty"`
+	ProcMaskPaths []string               `protobuf:"bytes,10,rep,name=ProcMaskPaths,proto3" json:"ProcMaskPaths,omitempty"`
+	Netns         string                 `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=Netns,proto3" json:"Netns,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) Reset() {
+	*x = ContainerData{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ContainerData) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ContainerData.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ContainerData) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetInitPid() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.InitPid
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetHostname() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hostname
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetCtime() *timestamppb.Timestamp {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Ctime
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetUidFirst() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.UidFirst
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetUidSize() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.UidSize
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetGidFirst() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GidFirst
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetGidSize() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GidSize
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetProcRoPaths() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ProcRoPaths
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetProcMaskPaths() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ProcMaskPaths
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerData) GetNetns() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Netns
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// Response message sent from sysbox-fs to runC process.
+type Response struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Success bool `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=Success,proto3" json:"Success,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Response) Reset() {
+	*x = Response{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Response) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Response) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Response) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Response.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Response) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *Response) GetSuccess() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Success
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type MountpointReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *MountpointReq) Reset() {
+	*x = MountpointReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountpointReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountpointReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountpointReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountpointReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountpointReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+type MountpointResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Mountpoint string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Mountpoint,proto3" json:"Mountpoint,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MountpointResp) Reset() {
+	*x = MountpointResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountpointResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountpointResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountpointResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountpointResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountpointResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *MountpointResp) GetMountpoint() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Mountpoint
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+var File_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x16, 0x73, 0x79, 0x73, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x78, 0x46, 0x73, 0x50, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x62,
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+	0x2e, 0x2f, 0x3b, 0x73, 0x79, 0x73, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x78, 0x46, 0x73, 0x50, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f,
+	0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x62, 0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
+}
+
+var (
+	file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescData = file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 4)
+var file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*ContainerData)(nil),         // 0: protobuf.ContainerData
+	(*Response)(nil),              // 1: protobuf.Response
+	(*MountpointReq)(nil),         // 2: protobuf.MountpointReq
+	(*MountpointResp)(nil),        // 3: protobuf.MountpointResp
+	(*timestamppb.Timestamp)(nil), // 4: google.protobuf.Timestamp
+}
+var file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	4, // 0: protobuf.ContainerData.Ctime:type_name -> google.protobuf.Timestamp
+	2, // 1: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.GetMountpoint:input_type -> protobuf.MountpointReq
+	0, // 2: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerPreRegistration:input_type -> protobuf.ContainerData
+	0, // 3: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerRegistration:input_type -> protobuf.ContainerData
+	0, // 4: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerUnregistration:input_type -> protobuf.ContainerData
+	0, // 5: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerUpdate:input_type -> protobuf.ContainerData
+	3, // 6: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.GetMountpoint:output_type -> protobuf.MountpointResp
+	1, // 7: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerPreRegistration:output_type -> protobuf.Response
+	1, // 8: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerRegistration:output_type -> protobuf.Response
+	1, // 9: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerUnregistration:output_type -> protobuf.Response
+	1, // 10: protobuf.sysboxStateChannel.ContainerUpdate:output_type -> protobuf.Response
+	6, // [6:11] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	1, // [1:6] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	1, // [1:1] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	1, // [1:1] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0, // [0:1] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_init() }
+func file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_init() {
+	if File_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ContainerData); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Response); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountpointReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountpointResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   4,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   1,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto = out.File
+	file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_sysboxFsProtobuf_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
+
+// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
+var _ context.Context
+var _ grpc.ClientConnInterface
+
+// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
+// is compatible with the grpc package it is being compiled against.
+const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion6
+
+// SysboxStateChannelClient is the client API for SysboxStateChannel service.
+//
+// For semantics around ctx use and closing/ending streaming RPCs, please refer to https://godoc.org/google.golang.org/grpc#ClientConn.NewStream.
+type SysboxStateChannelClient interface {
+	// Queries sysbox-fs for the FUSE mountpoint
+	GetMountpoint(ctx context.Context, in *MountpointReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MountpointResp, error)
+	// Generates a container-preregistration message
+	ContainerPreRegistration(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error)
+	// Generates a container-registration message
+	ContainerRegistration(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error)
+	// Generates a container-unregistration message
+	ContainerUnregistration(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error)
+	// Generates a container-update message
+	ContainerUpdate(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error)
+}
+
+type sysboxStateChannelClient struct {
+	cc grpc.ClientConnInterface
+}
+
+func NewSysboxStateChannelClient(cc grpc.ClientConnInterface) SysboxStateChannelClient {
+	return &sysboxStateChannelClient{cc}
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxStateChannelClient) GetMountpoint(ctx context.Context, in *MountpointReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MountpointResp, error) {
+	out := new(MountpointResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/GetMountpoint", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxStateChannelClient) ContainerPreRegistration(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error) {
+	out := new(Response)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerPreRegistration", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxStateChannelClient) ContainerRegistration(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error) {
+	out := new(Response)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerRegistration", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxStateChannelClient) ContainerUnregistration(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error) {
+	out := new(Response)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerUnregistration", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxStateChannelClient) ContainerUpdate(ctx context.Context, in *ContainerData, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*Response, error) {
+	out := new(Response)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerUpdate", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// SysboxStateChannelServer is the server API for SysboxStateChannel service.
+type SysboxStateChannelServer interface {
+	// Queries sysbox-fs for the FUSE mountpoint
+	GetMountpoint(context.Context, *MountpointReq) (*MountpointResp, error)
+	// Generates a container-preregistration message
+	ContainerPreRegistration(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error)
+	// Generates a container-registration message
+	ContainerRegistration(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error)
+	// Generates a container-unregistration message
+	ContainerUnregistration(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error)
+	// Generates a container-update message
+	ContainerUpdate(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error)
+}
+
+// UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer can be embedded to have forward compatible implementations.
+type UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer struct {
+}
+
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer) GetMountpoint(context.Context, *MountpointReq) (*MountpointResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetMountpoint not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer) ContainerPreRegistration(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ContainerPreRegistration not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer) ContainerRegistration(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ContainerRegistration not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer) ContainerUnregistration(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ContainerUnregistration not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxStateChannelServer) ContainerUpdate(context.Context, *ContainerData) (*Response, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ContainerUpdate not implemented")
+}
+
+func RegisterSysboxStateChannelServer(s *grpc.Server, srv SysboxStateChannelServer) {
+	s.RegisterService(&_SysboxStateChannel_serviceDesc, srv)
+}
+
+func _SysboxStateChannel_GetMountpoint_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(MountpointReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).GetMountpoint(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/GetMountpoint",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).GetMountpoint(ctx, req.(*MountpointReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerPreRegistration_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ContainerData)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerPreRegistration(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerPreRegistration",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerPreRegistration(ctx, req.(*ContainerData))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerRegistration_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ContainerData)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerRegistration(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerRegistration",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerRegistration(ctx, req.(*ContainerData))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerUnregistration_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ContainerData)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerUnregistration(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerUnregistration",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerUnregistration(ctx, req.(*ContainerData))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerUpdate_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ContainerData)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerUpdate(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxStateChannel/ContainerUpdate",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxStateChannelServer).ContainerUpdate(ctx, req.(*ContainerData))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+var _SysboxStateChannel_serviceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
+	ServiceName: "protobuf.sysboxStateChannel",
+	HandlerType: (*SysboxStateChannelServer)(nil),
+	Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{
+		{
+			MethodName: "GetMountpoint",
+			Handler:    _SysboxStateChannel_GetMountpoint_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ContainerPreRegistration",
+			Handler:    _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerPreRegistration_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ContainerRegistration",
+			Handler:    _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerRegistration_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ContainerUnregistration",
+			Handler:    _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerUnregistration_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ContainerUpdate",
+			Handler:    _SysboxStateChannel_ContainerUpdate_Handler,
+		},
+	},
+	Streams:  []grpc.StreamDesc{},
+	Metadata: "sysboxFsProtobuf.proto",
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxMgrProtobuf.pb.go b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxMgrProtobuf.pb.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c0364d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-sysbox/files/sysboxMgrProtobuf.pb.go
@@ -0,0 +1,3203 @@
+//
+// SysboxMgr Protobuffer Definitions.
+//
+
+// Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
+// versions:
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.33.0
+// 	protoc        v3.21.12
+// source: sysboxMgrProtobuf.proto
+
+package sysboxMgrProtobuf
+
+import (
+	context "context"
+	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
+	codes "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	status "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
+	protoreflect "google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+	protoimpl "google.golang.org/protobuf/runtime/protoimpl"
+	reflect "reflect"
+	sync "sync"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Verify that this generated code is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(20 - protoimpl.MinVersion)
+	// Verify that runtime/protoimpl is sufficiently up-to-date.
+	_ = protoimpl.EnforceVersion(protoimpl.MaxVersion - 20)
+)
+
+type IDMapping struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	ContainerID uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=containerID,proto3" json:"containerID,omitempty"`
+	HostID      uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=hostID,proto3" json:"hostID,omitempty"`
+	Size        uint32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=size,proto3" json:"size,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *IDMapping) Reset() {
+	*x = IDMapping{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *IDMapping) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*IDMapping) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *IDMapping) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use IDMapping.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*IDMapping) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+}
+
+func (x *IDMapping) GetContainerID() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ContainerID
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *IDMapping) GetHostID() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.HostID
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *IDMapping) GetSize() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Size
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type RegisterReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id          string       `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Rootfs      string       `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=rootfs,proto3" json:"rootfs,omitempty"`
+	Userns      string       `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=userns,proto3" json:"userns,omitempty"`
+	Netns       string       `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=netns,proto3" json:"netns,omitempty"`
+	UidMappings []*IDMapping `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=uidMappings,proto3" json:"uidMappings,omitempty"`
+	GidMappings []*IDMapping `protobuf:"bytes,6,rep,name=gidMappings,proto3" json:"gidMappings,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) Reset() {
+	*x = RegisterReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*RegisterReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use RegisterReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*RegisterReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) GetRootfs() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Rootfs
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) GetUserns() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Userns
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) GetNetns() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Netns
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) GetUidMappings() []*IDMapping {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.UidMappings
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterReq) GetGidMappings() []*IDMapping {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GidMappings
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type ContainerConfig struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	AliasDns                bool         `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=aliasDns,proto3" json:"aliasDns,omitempty"`
+	ShiftfsOk               bool         `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=ShiftfsOk,proto3" json:"ShiftfsOk,omitempty"`
+	ShiftfsOnOverlayfsOk    bool         `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=ShiftfsOnOverlayfsOk,proto3" json:"ShiftfsOnOverlayfsOk,omitempty"`
+	IDMapMountOk            bool         `protobuf:"varint,4,opt,name=IDMapMountOk,proto3" json:"IDMapMountOk,omitempty"`
+	OverlayfsOnIDMapMountOk bool         `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=OverlayfsOnIDMapMountOk,proto3" json:"OverlayfsOnIDMapMountOk,omitempty"`
+	NoRootfsCloning         bool         `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=noRootfsCloning,proto3" json:"noRootfsCloning,omitempty"`
+	IgnoreSysfsChown        bool         `protobuf:"varint,7,opt,name=ignoreSysfsChown,proto3" json:"ignoreSysfsChown,omitempty"`
+	AllowTrustedXattr       bool         `protobuf:"varint,8,opt,name=allowTrustedXattr,proto3" json:"allowTrustedXattr,omitempty"`
+	HonorCaps               bool         `protobuf:"varint,9,opt,name=honorCaps,proto3" json:"honorCaps,omitempty"`
+	SyscontMode             bool         `protobuf:"varint,10,opt,name=syscontMode,proto3" json:"syscontMode,omitempty"`
+	Userns                  string       `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=userns,proto3" json:"userns,omitempty"`
+	UidMappings             []*IDMapping `protobuf:"bytes,12,rep,name=uidMappings,proto3" json:"uidMappings,omitempty"`
+	GidMappings             []*IDMapping `protobuf:"bytes,13,rep,name=gidMappings,proto3" json:"gidMappings,omitempty"`
+	FsuidMapFailOnErr       bool         `protobuf:"varint,14,opt,name=fsuidMapFailOnErr,proto3" json:"fsuidMapFailOnErr,omitempty"`
+	RootfsUidShiftType      uint32       `protobuf:"varint,15,opt,name=rootfsUidShiftType,proto3" json:"rootfsUidShiftType,omitempty"`
+	NoShiftfsOnFuse         bool         `protobuf:"varint,16,opt,name=noShiftfsOnFuse,proto3" json:"noShiftfsOnFuse,omitempty"`
+	RelaxedReadOnly         bool         `protobuf:"varint,17,opt,name=relaxedReadOnly,proto3" json:"relaxedReadOnly,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) Reset() {
+	*x = ContainerConfig{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ContainerConfig) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ContainerConfig.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ContainerConfig) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetAliasDns() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.AliasDns
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetShiftfsOk() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ShiftfsOk
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetShiftfsOnOverlayfsOk() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ShiftfsOnOverlayfsOk
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetIDMapMountOk() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.IDMapMountOk
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetOverlayfsOnIDMapMountOk() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.OverlayfsOnIDMapMountOk
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetNoRootfsCloning() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.NoRootfsCloning
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetIgnoreSysfsChown() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.IgnoreSysfsChown
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetAllowTrustedXattr() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.AllowTrustedXattr
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetHonorCaps() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.HonorCaps
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetSyscontMode() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.SyscontMode
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetUserns() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Userns
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetUidMappings() []*IDMapping {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.UidMappings
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetGidMappings() []*IDMapping {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GidMappings
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetFsuidMapFailOnErr() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.FsuidMapFailOnErr
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetRootfsUidShiftType() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.RootfsUidShiftType
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetNoShiftfsOnFuse() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.NoShiftfsOnFuse
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *ContainerConfig) GetRelaxedReadOnly() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.RelaxedReadOnly
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type RegisterResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	ContainerConfig *ContainerConfig `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=containerConfig,proto3" json:"containerConfig,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterResp) Reset() {
+	*x = RegisterResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*RegisterResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *RegisterResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use RegisterResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*RegisterResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+}
+
+func (x *RegisterResp) GetContainerConfig() *ContainerConfig {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ContainerConfig
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type UpdateReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id                 string       `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Userns             string       `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=userns,proto3" json:"userns,omitempty"`
+	Netns              string       `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=netns,proto3" json:"netns,omitempty"`
+	UidMappings        []*IDMapping `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=uidMappings,proto3" json:"uidMappings,omitempty"`
+	GidMappings        []*IDMapping `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=gidMappings,proto3" json:"gidMappings,omitempty"`
+	RootfsUidShiftType uint32       `protobuf:"varint,6,opt,name=rootfsUidShiftType,proto3" json:"rootfsUidShiftType,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) Reset() {
+	*x = UpdateReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*UpdateReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use UpdateReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*UpdateReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) GetUserns() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Userns
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) GetNetns() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Netns
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) GetUidMappings() []*IDMapping {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.UidMappings
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) GetGidMappings() []*IDMapping {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GidMappings
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateReq) GetRootfsUidShiftType() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.RootfsUidShiftType
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type UpdateResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateResp) Reset() {
+	*x = UpdateResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[5]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *UpdateResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*UpdateResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *UpdateResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[5]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use UpdateResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*UpdateResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{5}
+}
+
+type UnregisterReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *UnregisterReq) Reset() {
+	*x = UnregisterReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[6]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *UnregisterReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*UnregisterReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *UnregisterReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[6]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use UnregisterReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*UnregisterReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{6}
+}
+
+func (x *UnregisterReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type UnregisterResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *UnregisterResp) Reset() {
+	*x = UnregisterResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[7]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *UnregisterResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*UnregisterResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *UnregisterResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[7]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use UnregisterResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*UnregisterResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{7}
+}
+
+type SubidAllocReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id   string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Size uint64 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=size,proto3" json:"size,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocReq) Reset() {
+	*x = SubidAllocReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[8]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SubidAllocReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[8]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SubidAllocReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SubidAllocReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{8}
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocReq) GetSize() uint64 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Size
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type SubidAllocResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Uid uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=uid,proto3" json:"uid,omitempty"`
+	Gid uint32 `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=gid,proto3" json:"gid,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocResp) Reset() {
+	*x = SubidAllocResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[9]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SubidAllocResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[9]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SubidAllocResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SubidAllocResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{9}
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocResp) GetUid() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Uid
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *SubidAllocResp) GetGid() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Gid
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type MountPrepInfo struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Source    string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=source,proto3" json:"source,omitempty"`
+	Exclusive bool   `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=exclusive,proto3" json:"exclusive,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepInfo) Reset() {
+	*x = MountPrepInfo{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[10]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepInfo) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountPrepInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountPrepInfo) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[10]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountPrepInfo.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountPrepInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{10}
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepInfo) GetSource() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Source
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepInfo) GetExclusive() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Exclusive
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type MountPrepReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id       string           `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Uid      uint32           `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=uid,proto3" json:"uid,omitempty"`
+	Gid      uint32           `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=gid,proto3" json:"gid,omitempty"`
+	PrepList []*MountPrepInfo `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=prepList,proto3" json:"prepList,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) Reset() {
+	*x = MountPrepReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[11]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountPrepReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[11]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountPrepReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountPrepReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{11}
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) GetUid() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Uid
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) GetGid() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Gid
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepReq) GetPrepList() []*MountPrepInfo {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.PrepList
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type MountPrepResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepResp) Reset() {
+	*x = MountPrepResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[12]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountPrepResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountPrepResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountPrepResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[12]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountPrepResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountPrepResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{12}
+}
+
+type MountReqInfo struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Kind uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=kind,proto3" json:"kind,omitempty"`
+	Dest string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=dest,proto3" json:"dest,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MountReqInfo) Reset() {
+	*x = MountReqInfo{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[13]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountReqInfo) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountReqInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountReqInfo) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[13]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountReqInfo.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountReqInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{13}
+}
+
+func (x *MountReqInfo) GetKind() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Kind
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *MountReqInfo) GetDest() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Dest
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type MountReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id                 string          `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	RootfsUidShiftType uint32          `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=rootfsUidShiftType,proto3" json:"rootfsUidShiftType,omitempty"`
+	ReqList            []*MountReqInfo `protobuf:"bytes,3,rep,name=reqList,proto3" json:"reqList,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MountReq) Reset() {
+	*x = MountReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[14]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[14]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{14}
+}
+
+func (x *MountReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *MountReq) GetRootfsUidShiftType() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.RootfsUidShiftType
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *MountReq) GetReqList() []*MountReqInfo {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ReqList
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Mount struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Source string   `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=source,proto3" json:"source,omitempty"`
+	Dest   string   `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=dest,proto3" json:"dest,omitempty"`
+	Type   string   `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=type,proto3" json:"type,omitempty"`
+	Opt    []string `protobuf:"bytes,4,rep,name=opt,proto3" json:"opt,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Mount) Reset() {
+	*x = Mount{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[15]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Mount) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Mount) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Mount) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[15]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Mount.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Mount) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{15}
+}
+
+func (x *Mount) GetSource() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Source
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *Mount) GetDest() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Dest
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *Mount) GetType() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Type
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *Mount) GetOpt() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Opt
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type MountResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Mounts []*Mount `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=mounts,proto3" json:"mounts,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MountResp) Reset() {
+	*x = MountResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[16]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MountResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MountResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MountResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[16]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MountResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MountResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{16}
+}
+
+func (x *MountResp) GetMounts() []*Mount {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Mounts
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type ShiftfsMark struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Source   string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=source,proto3" json:"source,omitempty"`
+	Readonly bool   `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=readonly,proto3" json:"readonly,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMark) Reset() {
+	*x = ShiftfsMark{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[17]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMark) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ShiftfsMark) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMark) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[17]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ShiftfsMark.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ShiftfsMark) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{17}
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMark) GetSource() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Source
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMark) GetReadonly() bool {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Readonly
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+type ShiftfsMarkReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id           string         `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	ShiftfsMarks []*ShiftfsMark `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=shiftfsMarks,proto3" json:"shiftfsMarks,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkReq) Reset() {
+	*x = ShiftfsMarkReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[18]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ShiftfsMarkReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[18]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ShiftfsMarkReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ShiftfsMarkReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{18}
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkReq) GetShiftfsMarks() []*ShiftfsMark {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ShiftfsMarks
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type ShiftfsMarkResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	ShiftfsMarks []*ShiftfsMark `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=shiftfsMarks,proto3" json:"shiftfsMarks,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkResp) Reset() {
+	*x = ShiftfsMarkResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[19]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ShiftfsMarkResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[19]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ShiftfsMarkResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ShiftfsMarkResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{19}
+}
+
+func (x *ShiftfsMarkResp) GetShiftfsMarks() []*ShiftfsMark {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.ShiftfsMarks
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type FsStateReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id     string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	Rootfs string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=rootfs,proto3" json:"rootfs,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateReq) Reset() {
+	*x = FsStateReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[20]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*FsStateReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *FsStateReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[20]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use FsStateReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*FsStateReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{20}
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateReq) GetRootfs() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Rootfs
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type FsEntry struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Kind uint32 `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=kind,proto3" json:"kind,omitempty"`
+	Path string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=path,proto3" json:"path,omitempty"`
+	Mode uint32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=mode,proto3" json:"mode,omitempty"`
+	Dst  string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=dst,proto3" json:"dst,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) Reset() {
+	*x = FsEntry{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[21]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*FsEntry) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[21]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use FsEntry.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*FsEntry) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{21}
+}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) GetKind() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Kind
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) GetPath() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Path
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) GetMode() uint32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Mode
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *FsEntry) GetDst() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Dst
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type FsStateResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	FsEntries []*FsEntry `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=fsEntries,proto3" json:"fsEntries,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateResp) Reset() {
+	*x = FsStateResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[22]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*FsStateResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *FsStateResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[22]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use FsStateResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*FsStateResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{22}
+}
+
+func (x *FsStateResp) GetFsEntries() []*FsEntry {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.FsEntries
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type PauseReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *PauseReq) Reset() {
+	*x = PauseReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[23]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *PauseReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*PauseReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *PauseReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[23]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use PauseReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*PauseReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{23}
+}
+
+func (x *PauseReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type PauseResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *PauseResp) Reset() {
+	*x = PauseResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[24]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *PauseResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*PauseResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *PauseResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[24]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use PauseResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*PauseResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{24}
+}
+
+type ResumeReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ResumeReq) Reset() {
+	*x = ResumeReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[25]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ResumeReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ResumeReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ResumeReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[25]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ResumeReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ResumeReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{25}
+}
+
+func (x *ResumeReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type ResumeResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *ResumeResp) Reset() {
+	*x = ResumeResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[26]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ResumeResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ResumeResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ResumeResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[26]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ResumeResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ResumeResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{26}
+}
+
+type CloneRootfsReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsReq) Reset() {
+	*x = CloneRootfsReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[27]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*CloneRootfsReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[27]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use CloneRootfsReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*CloneRootfsReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{27}
+}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type CloneRootfsResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Rootfs string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=rootfs,proto3" json:"rootfs,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsResp) Reset() {
+	*x = CloneRootfsResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[28]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*CloneRootfsResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[28]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use CloneRootfsResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*CloneRootfsResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{28}
+}
+
+func (x *CloneRootfsResp) GetRootfs() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Rootfs
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type ChownClonedRootfsReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id        string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+	UidOffset int32  `protobuf:"varint,2,opt,name=uidOffset,proto3" json:"uidOffset,omitempty"`
+	GidOffset int32  `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=gidOffset,proto3" json:"gidOffset,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsReq) Reset() {
+	*x = ChownClonedRootfsReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[29]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ChownClonedRootfsReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[29]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ChownClonedRootfsReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ChownClonedRootfsReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{29}
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsReq) GetUidOffset() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.UidOffset
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsReq) GetGidOffset() int32 {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.GidOffset
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+type ChownClonedRootfsResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsResp) Reset() {
+	*x = ChownClonedRootfsResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[30]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*ChownClonedRootfsResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *ChownClonedRootfsResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[30]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use ChownClonedRootfsResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*ChownClonedRootfsResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{30}
+}
+
+type RevertClonedRootfsChownReq struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	Id string `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=id,proto3" json:"id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) Reset() {
+	*x = RevertClonedRootfsChownReq{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[31]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[31]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use RevertClonedRootfsChownReq.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{31}
+}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) GetId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Id
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+type RevertClonedRootfsChownResp struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownResp) Reset() {
+	*x = RevertClonedRootfsChownResp{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[32]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownResp) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *RevertClonedRootfsChownResp) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[32]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use RevertClonedRootfsChownResp.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{32}
+}
+
+var File_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+
+var file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
+	0x0a, 0x17, 0x73, 0x79, 0x73, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x78, 0x4d, 0x67, 0x72, 0x50, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f,
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+}
+
+var (
+	file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescData = file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDesc
+)
+
+func file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescData)
+	})
+	return file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDescData
+}
+
+var file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 33)
+var file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+	(*IDMapping)(nil),                   // 0: protobuf.IDMapping
+	(*RegisterReq)(nil),                 // 1: protobuf.RegisterReq
+	(*ContainerConfig)(nil),             // 2: protobuf.ContainerConfig
+	(*RegisterResp)(nil),                // 3: protobuf.RegisterResp
+	(*UpdateReq)(nil),                   // 4: protobuf.UpdateReq
+	(*UpdateResp)(nil),                  // 5: protobuf.UpdateResp
+	(*UnregisterReq)(nil),               // 6: protobuf.UnregisterReq
+	(*UnregisterResp)(nil),              // 7: protobuf.UnregisterResp
+	(*SubidAllocReq)(nil),               // 8: protobuf.SubidAllocReq
+	(*SubidAllocResp)(nil),              // 9: protobuf.SubidAllocResp
+	(*MountPrepInfo)(nil),               // 10: protobuf.MountPrepInfo
+	(*MountPrepReq)(nil),                // 11: protobuf.MountPrepReq
+	(*MountPrepResp)(nil),               // 12: protobuf.MountPrepResp
+	(*MountReqInfo)(nil),                // 13: protobuf.MountReqInfo
+	(*MountReq)(nil),                    // 14: protobuf.MountReq
+	(*Mount)(nil),                       // 15: protobuf.Mount
+	(*MountResp)(nil),                   // 16: protobuf.MountResp
+	(*ShiftfsMark)(nil),                 // 17: protobuf.ShiftfsMark
+	(*ShiftfsMarkReq)(nil),              // 18: protobuf.ShiftfsMarkReq
+	(*ShiftfsMarkResp)(nil),             // 19: protobuf.ShiftfsMarkResp
+	(*FsStateReq)(nil),                  // 20: protobuf.FsStateReq
+	(*FsEntry)(nil),                     // 21: protobuf.FsEntry
+	(*FsStateResp)(nil),                 // 22: protobuf.FsStateResp
+	(*PauseReq)(nil),                    // 23: protobuf.PauseReq
+	(*PauseResp)(nil),                   // 24: protobuf.PauseResp
+	(*ResumeReq)(nil),                   // 25: protobuf.ResumeReq
+	(*ResumeResp)(nil),                  // 26: protobuf.ResumeResp
+	(*CloneRootfsReq)(nil),              // 27: protobuf.CloneRootfsReq
+	(*CloneRootfsResp)(nil),             // 28: protobuf.CloneRootfsResp
+	(*ChownClonedRootfsReq)(nil),        // 29: protobuf.ChownClonedRootfsReq
+	(*ChownClonedRootfsResp)(nil),       // 30: protobuf.ChownClonedRootfsResp
+	(*RevertClonedRootfsChownReq)(nil),  // 31: protobuf.RevertClonedRootfsChownReq
+	(*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp)(nil), // 32: protobuf.RevertClonedRootfsChownResp
+}
+var file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+	0,  // 0: protobuf.RegisterReq.uidMappings:type_name -> protobuf.IDMapping
+	0,  // 1: protobuf.RegisterReq.gidMappings:type_name -> protobuf.IDMapping
+	0,  // 2: protobuf.ContainerConfig.uidMappings:type_name -> protobuf.IDMapping
+	0,  // 3: protobuf.ContainerConfig.gidMappings:type_name -> protobuf.IDMapping
+	2,  // 4: protobuf.RegisterResp.containerConfig:type_name -> protobuf.ContainerConfig
+	0,  // 5: protobuf.UpdateReq.uidMappings:type_name -> protobuf.IDMapping
+	0,  // 6: protobuf.UpdateReq.gidMappings:type_name -> protobuf.IDMapping
+	10, // 7: protobuf.MountPrepReq.prepList:type_name -> protobuf.MountPrepInfo
+	13, // 8: protobuf.MountReq.reqList:type_name -> protobuf.MountReqInfo
+	15, // 9: protobuf.MountResp.mounts:type_name -> protobuf.Mount
+	17, // 10: protobuf.ShiftfsMarkReq.shiftfsMarks:type_name -> protobuf.ShiftfsMark
+	17, // 11: protobuf.ShiftfsMarkResp.shiftfsMarks:type_name -> protobuf.ShiftfsMark
+	21, // 12: protobuf.FsStateResp.fsEntries:type_name -> protobuf.FsEntry
+	1,  // 13: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Register:input_type -> protobuf.RegisterReq
+	4,  // 14: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Update:input_type -> protobuf.UpdateReq
+	6,  // 15: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Unregister:input_type -> protobuf.UnregisterReq
+	8,  // 16: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.SubidAlloc:input_type -> protobuf.SubidAllocReq
+	11, // 17: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.PrepMounts:input_type -> protobuf.MountPrepReq
+	14, // 18: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqMounts:input_type -> protobuf.MountReq
+	18, // 19: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqShiftfsMark:input_type -> protobuf.ShiftfsMarkReq
+	20, // 20: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqFsState:input_type -> protobuf.FsStateReq
+	23, // 21: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Pause:input_type -> protobuf.PauseReq
+	25, // 22: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Resume:input_type -> protobuf.ResumeReq
+	27, // 23: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqCloneRootfs:input_type -> protobuf.CloneRootfsReq
+	29, // 24: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ChownClonedRootfs:input_type -> protobuf.ChownClonedRootfsReq
+	31, // 25: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.RevertClonedRootfsChown:input_type -> protobuf.RevertClonedRootfsChownReq
+	3,  // 26: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Register:output_type -> protobuf.RegisterResp
+	5,  // 27: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Update:output_type -> protobuf.UpdateResp
+	7,  // 28: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Unregister:output_type -> protobuf.UnregisterResp
+	9,  // 29: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.SubidAlloc:output_type -> protobuf.SubidAllocResp
+	12, // 30: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.PrepMounts:output_type -> protobuf.MountPrepResp
+	16, // 31: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqMounts:output_type -> protobuf.MountResp
+	19, // 32: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqShiftfsMark:output_type -> protobuf.ShiftfsMarkResp
+	22, // 33: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqFsState:output_type -> protobuf.FsStateResp
+	24, // 34: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Pause:output_type -> protobuf.PauseResp
+	26, // 35: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.Resume:output_type -> protobuf.ResumeResp
+	28, // 36: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ReqCloneRootfs:output_type -> protobuf.CloneRootfsResp
+	30, // 37: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.ChownClonedRootfs:output_type -> protobuf.ChownClonedRootfsResp
+	32, // 38: protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel.RevertClonedRootfsChown:output_type -> protobuf.RevertClonedRootfsChownResp
+	26, // [26:39] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	13, // [13:26] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	13, // [13:13] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	13, // [13:13] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0,  // [0:13] is the sub-list for field type_name
+}
+
+func init() { file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_init() }
+func file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_init() {
+	if File_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*IDMapping); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*RegisterReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ContainerConfig); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*RegisterResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*UpdateReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[5].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*UpdateResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[6].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*UnregisterReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[7].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*UnregisterResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[8].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SubidAllocReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[9].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*SubidAllocResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[10].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountPrepInfo); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[11].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountPrepReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[12].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountPrepResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[13].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountReqInfo); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[14].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[15].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*Mount); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[16].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MountResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[17].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ShiftfsMark); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[18].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ShiftfsMarkReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[19].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ShiftfsMarkResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[20].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*FsStateReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[21].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*FsEntry); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[22].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*FsStateResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[23].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*PauseReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[24].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*PauseResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[25].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ResumeReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[26].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ResumeResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[27].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*CloneRootfsReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[28].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*CloneRootfsResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[29].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ChownClonedRootfsReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[30].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ChownClonedRootfsResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[31].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*RevertClonedRootfsChownReq); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes[32].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	type x struct{}
+	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
+		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
+			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
+			RawDescriptor: file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDesc,
+			NumEnums:      0,
+			NumMessages:   33,
+			NumExtensions: 0,
+			NumServices:   1,
+		},
+		GoTypes:           file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_depIdxs,
+		MessageInfos:      file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_msgTypes,
+	}.Build()
+	File_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto = out.File
+	file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_sysboxMgrProtobuf_proto_depIdxs = nil
+}
+
+// Reference imports to suppress errors if they are not otherwise used.
+var _ context.Context
+var _ grpc.ClientConnInterface
+
+// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
+// is compatible with the grpc package it is being compiled against.
+const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion6
+
+// SysboxMgrStateChannelClient is the client API for SysboxMgrStateChannel service.
+//
+// For semantics around ctx use and closing/ending streaming RPCs, please refer to https://godoc.org/google.golang.org/grpc#ClientConn.NewStream.
+type SysboxMgrStateChannelClient interface {
+	// Container registration
+	Register(ctx context.Context, in *RegisterReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*RegisterResp, error)
+	// Container Update
+	Update(ctx context.Context, in *UpdateReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*UpdateResp, error)
+	// Container Unregistration
+	Unregister(ctx context.Context, in *UnregisterReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*UnregisterResp, error)
+	// Subuid(gid) allocation request
+	SubidAlloc(ctx context.Context, in *SubidAllocReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*SubidAllocResp, error)
+	// Mount source prep request
+	PrepMounts(ctx context.Context, in *MountPrepReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MountPrepResp, error)
+	// Mount request
+	ReqMounts(ctx context.Context, in *MountReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MountResp, error)
+	// Shiftfs mark request
+	ReqShiftfsMark(ctx context.Context, in *ShiftfsMarkReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ShiftfsMarkResp, error)
+	// FsState request
+	ReqFsState(ctx context.Context, in *FsStateReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*FsStateResp, error)
+	// Pause request
+	Pause(ctx context.Context, in *PauseReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*PauseResp, error)
+	// Resume request
+	Resume(ctx context.Context, in *ResumeReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ResumeResp, error)
+	// Clone rootfs request
+	ReqCloneRootfs(ctx context.Context, in *CloneRootfsReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*CloneRootfsResp, error)
+	// Chown cloned rootfs request
+	ChownClonedRootfs(ctx context.Context, in *ChownClonedRootfsReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ChownClonedRootfsResp, error)
+	// Revert cloned rootfs chown
+	RevertClonedRootfsChown(ctx context.Context, in *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp, error)
+}
+
+type sysboxMgrStateChannelClient struct {
+	cc grpc.ClientConnInterface
+}
+
+func NewSysboxMgrStateChannelClient(cc grpc.ClientConnInterface) SysboxMgrStateChannelClient {
+	return &sysboxMgrStateChannelClient{cc}
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) Register(ctx context.Context, in *RegisterReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*RegisterResp, error) {
+	out := new(RegisterResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Register", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) Update(ctx context.Context, in *UpdateReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*UpdateResp, error) {
+	out := new(UpdateResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Update", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) Unregister(ctx context.Context, in *UnregisterReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*UnregisterResp, error) {
+	out := new(UnregisterResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Unregister", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) SubidAlloc(ctx context.Context, in *SubidAllocReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*SubidAllocResp, error) {
+	out := new(SubidAllocResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/SubidAlloc", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) PrepMounts(ctx context.Context, in *MountPrepReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MountPrepResp, error) {
+	out := new(MountPrepResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/PrepMounts", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) ReqMounts(ctx context.Context, in *MountReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*MountResp, error) {
+	out := new(MountResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqMounts", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) ReqShiftfsMark(ctx context.Context, in *ShiftfsMarkReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ShiftfsMarkResp, error) {
+	out := new(ShiftfsMarkResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqShiftfsMark", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) ReqFsState(ctx context.Context, in *FsStateReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*FsStateResp, error) {
+	out := new(FsStateResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqFsState", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) Pause(ctx context.Context, in *PauseReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*PauseResp, error) {
+	out := new(PauseResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Pause", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) Resume(ctx context.Context, in *ResumeReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ResumeResp, error) {
+	out := new(ResumeResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Resume", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) ReqCloneRootfs(ctx context.Context, in *CloneRootfsReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*CloneRootfsResp, error) {
+	out := new(CloneRootfsResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqCloneRootfs", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) ChownClonedRootfs(ctx context.Context, in *ChownClonedRootfsReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ChownClonedRootfsResp, error) {
+	out := new(ChownClonedRootfsResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ChownClonedRootfs", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *sysboxMgrStateChannelClient) RevertClonedRootfsChown(ctx context.Context, in *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp, error) {
+	out := new(RevertClonedRootfsChownResp)
+	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/RevertClonedRootfsChown", in, out, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// SysboxMgrStateChannelServer is the server API for SysboxMgrStateChannel service.
+type SysboxMgrStateChannelServer interface {
+	// Container registration
+	Register(context.Context, *RegisterReq) (*RegisterResp, error)
+	// Container Update
+	Update(context.Context, *UpdateReq) (*UpdateResp, error)
+	// Container Unregistration
+	Unregister(context.Context, *UnregisterReq) (*UnregisterResp, error)
+	// Subuid(gid) allocation request
+	SubidAlloc(context.Context, *SubidAllocReq) (*SubidAllocResp, error)
+	// Mount source prep request
+	PrepMounts(context.Context, *MountPrepReq) (*MountPrepResp, error)
+	// Mount request
+	ReqMounts(context.Context, *MountReq) (*MountResp, error)
+	// Shiftfs mark request
+	ReqShiftfsMark(context.Context, *ShiftfsMarkReq) (*ShiftfsMarkResp, error)
+	// FsState request
+	ReqFsState(context.Context, *FsStateReq) (*FsStateResp, error)
+	// Pause request
+	Pause(context.Context, *PauseReq) (*PauseResp, error)
+	// Resume request
+	Resume(context.Context, *ResumeReq) (*ResumeResp, error)
+	// Clone rootfs request
+	ReqCloneRootfs(context.Context, *CloneRootfsReq) (*CloneRootfsResp, error)
+	// Chown cloned rootfs request
+	ChownClonedRootfs(context.Context, *ChownClonedRootfsReq) (*ChownClonedRootfsResp, error)
+	// Revert cloned rootfs chown
+	RevertClonedRootfsChown(context.Context, *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) (*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp, error)
+}
+
+// UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer can be embedded to have forward compatible implementations.
+type UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer struct {
+}
+
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) Register(context.Context, *RegisterReq) (*RegisterResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method Register not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) Update(context.Context, *UpdateReq) (*UpdateResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method Update not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) Unregister(context.Context, *UnregisterReq) (*UnregisterResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method Unregister not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) SubidAlloc(context.Context, *SubidAllocReq) (*SubidAllocResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubidAlloc not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) PrepMounts(context.Context, *MountPrepReq) (*MountPrepResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method PrepMounts not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) ReqMounts(context.Context, *MountReq) (*MountResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ReqMounts not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) ReqShiftfsMark(context.Context, *ShiftfsMarkReq) (*ShiftfsMarkResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ReqShiftfsMark not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) ReqFsState(context.Context, *FsStateReq) (*FsStateResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ReqFsState not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) Pause(context.Context, *PauseReq) (*PauseResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method Pause not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) Resume(context.Context, *ResumeReq) (*ResumeResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method Resume not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) ReqCloneRootfs(context.Context, *CloneRootfsReq) (*CloneRootfsResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ReqCloneRootfs not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) ChownClonedRootfs(context.Context, *ChownClonedRootfsReq) (*ChownClonedRootfsResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method ChownClonedRootfs not implemented")
+}
+func (*UnimplementedSysboxMgrStateChannelServer) RevertClonedRootfsChown(context.Context, *RevertClonedRootfsChownReq) (*RevertClonedRootfsChownResp, error) {
+	return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "method RevertClonedRootfsChown not implemented")
+}
+
+func RegisterSysboxMgrStateChannelServer(s *grpc.Server, srv SysboxMgrStateChannelServer) {
+	s.RegisterService(&_SysboxMgrStateChannel_serviceDesc, srv)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Register_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(RegisterReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Register(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Register",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Register(ctx, req.(*RegisterReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Update_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(UpdateReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Update(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Update",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Update(ctx, req.(*UpdateReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Unregister_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(UnregisterReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Unregister(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Unregister",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Unregister(ctx, req.(*UnregisterReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_SubidAlloc_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(SubidAllocReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).SubidAlloc(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/SubidAlloc",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).SubidAlloc(ctx, req.(*SubidAllocReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_PrepMounts_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(MountPrepReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).PrepMounts(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/PrepMounts",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).PrepMounts(ctx, req.(*MountPrepReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqMounts_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(MountReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqMounts(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqMounts",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqMounts(ctx, req.(*MountReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqShiftfsMark_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ShiftfsMarkReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqShiftfsMark(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqShiftfsMark",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqShiftfsMark(ctx, req.(*ShiftfsMarkReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqFsState_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(FsStateReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqFsState(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqFsState",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqFsState(ctx, req.(*FsStateReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Pause_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(PauseReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Pause(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Pause",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Pause(ctx, req.(*PauseReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Resume_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ResumeReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Resume(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/Resume",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).Resume(ctx, req.(*ResumeReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqCloneRootfs_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(CloneRootfsReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqCloneRootfs(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ReqCloneRootfs",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ReqCloneRootfs(ctx, req.(*CloneRootfsReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ChownClonedRootfs_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(ChownClonedRootfsReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ChownClonedRootfs(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/ChownClonedRootfs",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).ChownClonedRootfs(ctx, req.(*ChownClonedRootfsReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+func _SysboxMgrStateChannel_RevertClonedRootfsChown_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
+	in := new(RevertClonedRootfsChownReq)
+	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if interceptor == nil {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).RevertClonedRootfsChown(ctx, in)
+	}
+	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
+		Server:     srv,
+		FullMethod: "/protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel/RevertClonedRootfsChown",
+	}
+	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		return srv.(SysboxMgrStateChannelServer).RevertClonedRootfsChown(ctx, req.(*RevertClonedRootfsChownReq))
+	}
+	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
+}
+
+var _SysboxMgrStateChannel_serviceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
+	ServiceName: "protobuf.sysboxMgrStateChannel",
+	HandlerType: (*SysboxMgrStateChannelServer)(nil),
+	Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{
+		{
+			MethodName: "Register",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Register_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "Update",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Update_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "Unregister",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Unregister_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "SubidAlloc",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_SubidAlloc_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "PrepMounts",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_PrepMounts_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ReqMounts",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqMounts_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ReqShiftfsMark",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqShiftfsMark_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ReqFsState",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqFsState_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "Pause",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Pause_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "Resume",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_Resume_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ReqCloneRootfs",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ReqCloneRootfs_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "ChownClonedRootfs",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_ChownClonedRootfs_Handler,
+		},
+		{
+			MethodName: "RevertClonedRootfsChown",
+			Handler:    _SysboxMgrStateChannel_RevertClonedRootfsChown_Handler,
+		},
+	},
+	Streams:  []grpc.StreamDesc{},
+	Metadata: "sysboxMgrProtobuf.proto",
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/dstack-tee-simulator.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/dstack-tee-simulator.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e0d27297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/dstack-tee-simulator.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+SUMMARY = "Development-only TEE ABI simulator for dstack"
+DESCRIPTION = "Extensible TEE-platform simulator whose default TDX backend lets the development guest image exercise the production TDX userspace path on a non-TEE QEMU VM"
+LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COREBASE}/meta/files/common-licenses/Apache-2.0;md5=89aea4e17d99a7cacdbeed46a0096b10"
+
+inherit systemd
+
+# Stage the monorepo core workspace only. The public Rust SDK lives in its own
+# Cargo workspace and is not needed to build dstack-tee-simulator.
+DSTACK_MONOREPO_ROOT ?= "${@os.path.realpath(os.path.join(d.getVar('THISDIR'), '../../../../../..'))}"
+DSTACK_CORE_SRC ?= "${DSTACK_MONOREPO_ROOT}/dstack"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/repo/dstack"
+
+DEPENDS += "rsync-native cmake-native"
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "dstack-guest fuse3-utils swtpm tpm2-tools libtss2-tcti-device openssl"
+do_unpack[depends] += "rsync-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+
+# aws-lc-sys cannot detect this Yocto cross build reliably with its default
+# cc builder. Its supported CMake builder does not execute target binaries.
+export AWS_LC_SYS_CMAKE_BUILDER = "1"
+
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "dstack-tee-simulator.service"
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE:${PN} = "enable"
+EXTRA_CARGO_FLAGS = "-p dstack-tee-simulator"
+
+inherit cargo_bin
+
+do_unpack() {
+    install -d "${S}"
+    rsync -a --exclude=".git" --exclude=".worktrees" --exclude="target" \
+        "${DSTACK_CORE_SRC}/" "${S}/"
+}
+
+do_unpack[cleandirs] = "${UNPACKDIR}/repo"
+do_unpack[nostamp] = "1"
+do_unpack[vardeps] += "DSTACK_CORE_SRC"
+
+do_configure() {
+    cargo_bin_do_configure
+}
+
+do_compile() {
+    cargo_bin_do_compile
+}
+
+do_compile[network] = "1"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${bindir} ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+    install -m 0755 ${CARGO_BINDIR}/dstack-tee-simulator ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0644 ${THISDIR}/files/dstack-tee-simulator.service \
+        ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d
+    install -m 0644 ${THISDIR}/files/tee-simulator.conf \
+        ${D}${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/tee-simulator.conf
+}
+
+# Unit/drop-in live next to this recipe; include them in task checksums.
+do_install[file-checksums] += "\
+    ${THISDIR}/files/dstack-tee-simulator.service:True \
+    ${THISDIR}/files/tee-simulator.conf:True \
+"
+
+FILES:${PN} += "${sysconfdir}/systemd/system/dstack-prepare.service.d/tee-simulator.conf"
+
+# Cargo embeds build paths into binaries; allow TMPDIR references.
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "buildpaths"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}-dbg += "buildpaths"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/dstack-tee-simulator.service b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/dstack-tee-simulator.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e52f7858e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/dstack-tee-simulator.service
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=dstack development TEE ABI simulator
+Documentation=https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/blob/next/CONTRIBUTING.md
+Before=dstack-prepare.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=notify
+ExecCondition=/bin/sh -c '/usr/bin/dstack-util host-shared mount --mount-point /run/dstack/tee-simulator-host-shared && { test -f /run/dstack/tee-simulator-host-shared/.tee-simulator.json || { /usr/bin/dstack-util host-shared unmount --mount-point /run/dstack/tee-simulator-host-shared; exit 1; }; }'
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/dstack-tee-simulator --config /run/dstack/tee-simulator-host-shared/.tee-simulator.json
+ExecStartPost=/bin/systemctl set-environment DCAP_TDX_RTMR_SYSFS_PATH=/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap/measurements DSTACK_CCEL_FILE=/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report/com.intel.dcap/ccel
+ExecStartPost=-/usr/bin/dstack-util host-shared unmount --mount-point /run/dstack/tee-simulator-host-shared
+ExecStop=-/bin/fusermount3 -u /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report
+ExecStopPost=-/bin/sh -c 'test ! -s /run/dstack/swtpm.pid || kill "$(cat /run/dstack/swtpm.pid)"'
+ExecStopPost=-/bin/fusermount3 -uz /sys/kernel/config/tsm/report
+ExecStopPost=-/usr/bin/dstack-util host-shared unmount --mount-point /run/dstack/tee-simulator-host-shared
+ExecStopPost=-/bin/umount /sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor
+ExecStopPost=-/bin/umount /sys/class/dmi/id/product_name
+ExecStopPost=-/bin/sh -c 'test ! -e /run/dstack/created-tpm-marker || rm -f /dev/tpmrm0 /run/dstack/created-tpm-marker'
+# External trust anchors outlive no simulator run: dstack-util must fall
+# back to production roots the moment the simulated TEE is gone.
+ExecStopPost=-/bin/rm -rf /run/dstack/attestation
+ExecStopPost=/bin/systemctl unset-environment DCAP_TDX_RTMR_SYSFS_PATH DSTACK_CCEL_FILE
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=1s
+StandardOutput=journal+console
+StandardError=journal+console
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/tee-simulator.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/tee-simulator.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb55eb822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-tee-simulator/files/tee-simulator.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[Unit]
+Requires=dstack-tee-simulator.service
+After=dstack-tee-simulator.service
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs/0001-Define-strndupa-if-it-does-not-exist.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs/0001-Define-strndupa-if-it-does-not-exist.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80955b3ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs/0001-Define-strndupa-if-it-does-not-exist.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+From cc0cd6f71f6ef96fca2d7b730a3f0f6722fec696 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Khem Raj <raj.khem@gmail.com>
+Date: Sat, 7 May 2022 12:15:22 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] Define strndupa if it does not exist
+
+musl e.g. does not supply strndupa, unlike glibc
+
+Upstream-Status: Pending
+Signed-off-by: Khem Raj <raj.khem@gmail.com>
+
+---
+ etc/systemd/system-generators/zfs-mount-generator.c | 9 +++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)
+
+diff --git a/etc/systemd/system-generators/zfs-mount-generator.c b/etc/systemd/system-generators/zfs-mount-generator.c
+index f4c6c26..255bee4 100644
+--- a/etc/systemd/system-generators/zfs-mount-generator.c
++++ b/etc/systemd/system-generators/zfs-mount-generator.c
+@@ -193,6 +193,15 @@ fopenat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags,
+ 	return (fdopen(fd, stream_mode));
+ }
+ 
++#ifndef strndupa
++#define strndupa(s, n) \
++       (__extension__ ({const char *__in = (s);                    \
++                        size_t __len = strnlen (__in, (n)) + 1;    \
++                        char *__out = (char *) alloca (__len);     \
++                        __out[__len-1] = '\0';                     \
++                        (char *) memcpy (__out, __in, __len-1);}))
++#endif
++
+ static int
+ line_worker(char *line, const char *cachefile)
+ {
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs_2.4.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs_2.4.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ced85263a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/dstack-zfs/dstack-zfs_2.4.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+SUMMARY = "OpenZFS on Linux and FreeBSD"
+DESCRIPTION = "OpenZFS on Linux and FreeBSD"
+LICENSE = "CDDL-1.0"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=7087caaf1dc8a2856585619f4a787faa"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/openzfs/zfs"
+
+SRCREV = "743334913e5a5f60baf287bcc6d8a23515b02ac5"
+SRC_URI = "git://github.com/openzfs/zfs;protocol=https;branch=zfs-2.4-release \
+           file://0001-Define-strndupa-if-it-does-not-exist.patch \
+"
+
+
+# Using both 'module' and 'autotools' classes seems a bit odd, they both
+# define a do_compile function.
+# That's why we opt for module-base, also this prevents module splitting.
+inherit module-base pkgconfig autotools bash-completion
+
+DEPENDS = "virtual/kernel zlib util-linux libtirpc openssl curl"
+
+PACKAGECONFIG ?= "${@bb.utils.filter('DISTRO_FEATURES', 'systemd sysvinit', d)}"
+
+PACKAGECONFIG[pam] = "--enable-pam --with-pamconfigsdir=${datadir}/pam-configs --with-pammoduledir=${libdir}/security, --disable-pam"
+PACKAGECONFIG[systemd] = "--enable-systemd,--disable-systemd,"
+PACKAGECONFIG[sysvinit] = "--enable-sysvinit,--disable-sysvinit,"
+
+EXTRA_OECONF:append = " \
+    --disable-pyzfs \
+    --with-linux=${STAGING_KERNEL_DIR} --with-linux-obj=${STAGING_KERNEL_BUILDDIR} \
+    --with-mounthelperdir=${base_sbin} \
+    --with-udevdir=${base_libdir}/udev \
+    --with-systemdunitdir=${systemd_system_unitdir} \
+    --with-systemdgeneratordir=${nonarch_base_libdir}/systemd/system-generators \
+    --with-systemdpresetdir=${nonarch_base_libdir}/systemd/system-preset \
+    --with-systemdmodulesloaddir=${sysconfdir}/module-load.d \
+    --without-dracutdir \
+"
+
+EXTRA_OEMAKE:append = " \
+    INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${D}${root_prefix} \
+"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    # /usr/share/zfs contains the zfs-tests folder which we do not need:
+    rm -rf ${D}${datadir}/zfs
+
+    rm -rf ${D}${datadir}/initramfs-tools
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} += "\
+    ${nonarch_base_libdir}/modules \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir} \
+    ${nonarch_base_libdir}/systemd/system-generators \
+    ${nonarch_base_libdir}/systemd/system-preset \
+    ${sysconfdir}/modules-load.d/${BPN}.conf \
+    ${sysconfdir}/default/${BPN} \
+    ${sysconfdir}/sudoers.d/${BPN} \
+    ${sysconfdir}/${BPN} \
+    ${base_libdir}/udev \
+    ${sbindir} \
+    ${bindir} \
+    ${libexecdir}/${BPN} \
+    ${libdir} \
+"
+
+FILES:${PN}-dev += "\
+    ${prefix}/src/zfs-${PV} \
+    ${prefix}/src/spl-${PV} \
+"
+# Skip buildpaths QA check for kernel modules
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "buildpaths"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}-dbg += "buildpaths"
+
+# Not yet ported to rv32
+COMPATIBLE_HOST:riscv32 = "null"
+# conflicting definition of ABS macro from asm/asm.h from kernel
+COMPATIBLE_HOST:mips = "null"
+# FTBFS on aarch64 with 6.2+ kernel see https://github.com/openzfs/zfs/issues/14555
+COMPATIBLE_HOST:aarch64 = "null"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initramfs.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initramfs.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6a8e1d7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initramfs.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+PACKAGE_INSTALL = "busybox cryptsetup dstack-initscript"
+
+# Do not pollute the initrd image with rootfs features
+IMAGE_FEATURES = ""
+
+# Don't allow the initramfs to contain a kernel
+PACKAGE_EXCLUDE = "kernel-image-*"
+
+IMAGE_NAME_SUFFIX ?= ""
+IMAGE_LINGUAS = ""
+IMAGE_NAME = "dstack-initramfs"
+
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+
+IMAGE_FSTYPES = "${INITRAMFS_FSTYPES}"
+inherit core-image
+
+IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE = "8192"
+IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE = "0"
+
+# Use the same restriction as initramfs-module-install
+COMPATIBLE_HOST = '(x86_64.*|i.86.*|arm.*|aarch64.*|loongarch64.*)-(linux.*|freebsd.*)'
+
+# Remove sysvinit related files in a postprocess function
+ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "postprocess_initramfs;"
+
+postprocess_initramfs() {
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${sysconfdir}/init.d
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${bindir}/dstack-guest-agent
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61908cc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+SUMMARY = "dstack initramfs files"
+
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COREBASE}/meta/COPYING.MIT;md5=3da9cfbcb788c80a0384361b4de20420"
+
+SRC_URI = "file://init"
+
+FILES:${PN} = "*"
+
+inherit allarch
+
+UNPACKDIR = "${WORKDIR}/sources"
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}/
+    install -d ${D}/scripts
+    install -d ${D}/${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/init ${D}/init
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript/init b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript/init
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..968671f60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-initscript/init
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+set -e
+
+ROOT_DIR=/root
+ROOT_DEV=""
+
+log() {
+	printf '[init] %s\n' "$*" >&2
+}
+
+mount_move_all() {
+	for dir in "$@"; do
+		mount --move "/$dir" "${ROOT_DIR}/$dir"
+	done
+}
+
+find_device_by_partlabel() {
+	label=$1
+
+	log "searching for PARTLABEL=${label}"
+
+	for entry in /sys/class/block/*; do
+		[ -f "$entry/partition" ] || continue
+		uevent="${entry}/uevent"
+		if [ -f "$uevent" ]; then
+			current=$(grep -E '^PARTNAME=' "$uevent" 2>/dev/null | head -n1 | cut -d= -f2)
+			if [ "${current}" = "$label" ]; then
+				device="/dev/$(basename "$entry")"
+				if [ -b "$device" ]; then
+					log "sysfs matched PARTLABEL=${label} at ${device}"
+					realpath "$device" 2>/dev/null || echo "$device"
+					return 0
+				fi
+			fi
+		fi
+	done
+
+	log "no device found for PARTLABEL=${label}"
+	return 1
+}
+
+resolve_root_device() {
+	if [ -z "$ROOTFS_DEVICE" ]; then
+		ROOTFS_DEVICE="PARTLABEL=dstack-rootfs"
+	fi
+
+	if [ "${ROOTFS_DEVICE#PARTLABEL=}" != "$ROOTFS_DEVICE" ]; then
+		label="${ROOTFS_DEVICE#PARTLABEL=}"
+		if [ -n "$label" ]; then
+			device=$(find_device_by_partlabel "$label")
+			if [ -n "$device" ]; then
+				log "determined root device via kernel parameter: ${device}"
+				ROOT_DEV="$device"
+				return
+			fi
+		fi
+	elif [ "${ROOTFS_DEVICE#/dev/}" != "$ROOTFS_DEVICE" ]; then
+		ROOT_DEV="$ROOTFS_DEVICE"
+		return
+	fi
+
+	log "unable to determine root device from available heuristics"
+}
+
+main() {
+	export PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+
+	mkdir -p /proc
+	mkdir -p /sys
+	mkdir -p /run
+	mount -t proc proc /proc
+	mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
+	mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /run
+
+	mkdir -p /dev
+	mount -t devtmpfs devtmpfs /dev
+
+	mkdir -p /dev/pts
+
+	log "booting dstack initramfs"
+
+	ROOTFS_DEVICE=""
+	for param in $(cat /proc/cmdline); do
+		case "$param" in
+		"dstack.rootfs_hash="*)
+			ROOT_HASH="${param#*=}"
+			;;
+		"dstack.rootfs_size="*)
+			DATA_SIZE="${param#*=}"
+			;;
+		"dstack.rootfs_device="*)
+			ROOTFS_DEVICE="${param#*=}"
+			;;
+		*) ;;
+		esac
+	done
+
+	resolve_root_device
+
+	if [ -z "$ROOT_DEV" ]; then
+		log "failed to determine root device"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+	log "resolved root device: ${ROOT_DEV}"
+
+	if [ -z "${ROOT_HASH}" ] || [ -z "${DATA_SIZE}" ]; then
+		log "missing dm-verity parameters; refusing to continue"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+	veritysetup open "${ROOT_DEV}" rootfs "${ROOT_DEV}" "${ROOT_HASH}" --hash-offset="${DATA_SIZE}"
+	log "mounting verified rootfs from /dev/mapper/rootfs"
+	mount -t squashfs /dev/mapper/rootfs ${ROOT_DIR}
+	mount_move_all sys proc dev run
+	log "switching root to ${ROOT_DIR}"
+	exec switch_root ${ROOT_DIR} /sbin/init
+	log "switch_root failed"
+	exit 1
+}
+
+main "$@"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-base.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-base.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e36be3e3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-base.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+inherit core-image
+
+IMAGE_BASENAME = "${PN}"
+
+IMAGE_INSTALL = "\
+    ${VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_base-utils} \
+    ${ROOTFS_BOOTSTRAP_INSTALL} \
+    base-files \
+    base-passwd \
+    systemd \
+    netbase \
+    iptables \
+    nftables \
+    docker-moby \
+    docker-compose \
+    nerdctl \
+    containerd-cni \
+    stargz-snapshotter \
+    dstack-guest \
+    wireguard-tools \
+    cryptsetup \
+    curl \
+    jq \
+    chrony \
+    chronyc \
+    dstack-zfs \
+    dstack-sysbox \
+    kernel-module-tun \
+    kernel-module-br-netfilter \
+    kernel-module-xt-mark \
+    kernel-module-xt-connmark \
+    kernel-module-xt-comment \
+    kernel-module-xt-multiport \
+    kernel-module-xt-statistic \
+    kernel-module-xt-redirect \
+    kernel-module-xt-tcpmss \
+    kernel-module-xt-ct \
+    kernel-module-xt-log \
+    kernel-module-xt-limit \
+    kernel-module-nf-tables \
+    kernel-module-nft-compat \
+    kernel-module-nft-nat \
+    kernel-module-nft-chain-nat \
+    kernel-module-nft-masq \
+    kernel-module-nft-redir \
+    kernel-module-nft-ct \
+    kernel-module-nft-log \
+    kernel-module-nft-limit \
+    kernel-module-nft-reject \
+    kernel-module-nft-reject-inet \
+    kernel-module-nft-hash \
+    kernel-module-ip-set \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-ip \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-net \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-ipport \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-ipportip \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-ipportnet \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-netport \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-hash-netiface \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-bitmap-ip \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-bitmap-port \
+    kernel-module-ip-set-list-set \
+    kernel-module-xt-set \
+    kernel-module-xt-nflog \
+    kernel-module-xt-physdev \
+    kernel-module-ebt-arp \
+    kernel-module-ebt-ip \
+    kernel-module-ebt-ip6 \
+    kernel-module-ebt-among \
+    kernel-module-ebt-limit \
+    kernel-module-ebt-vlan \
+    kernel-module-nft-meta-bridge \
+    kernel-module-nft-reject-bridge \
+    fuse3 \
+    fuse3-utils \
+    pigz \
+    xfsprogs \
+    e2fsprogs \
+    e2fsprogs-resize2fs \
+    gptfdisk \
+    parted \
+    tpm2-tools \
+"
+
+IMAGE_NAME_SUFFIX ?= ""
+IMAGE_LINGUAS = ""
+INITRAMFS_MAXSIZE = "1000000"
+
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+
+IMAGE_CLASSES += "dm-verity-img"
+
+DM_VERITY_IMAGE = "${PN}"
+DM_VERITY_IMAGE_TYPE = "squashfs"
+DM_VERITY_SEPARATE_HASH = "0"
+DM_VERITY_REPRODUCIBLE = "1"
+
+IMAGE_FSTYPES = "cpio squashfs"
+CONVERSIONTYPES += "verity"
+IMAGE_TYPES += "squashfs.verity"
+
+EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES = "read-only-rootfs"
+
+IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE = "8192"
+IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE = "0"
+
+# Use the same restriction as initramfs-live-install
+COMPATIBLE_HOST = "x86_64.*-linux"
+
+# Remove sysvinit related files in a postprocess function
+ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "remove_sysvinit_files;"
+ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "symlink_lib64;"
+IMAGE_FEATURES[validitems] += "nologin"
+ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += '${@bb.utils.contains_any("IMAGE_FEATURES", [ 'nologin' ], "disable_login", "",d)}'
+ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "install_docker_config;"
+ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "mkdirs;"
+
+
+remove_sysvinit_files() {
+    # Remove /etc/init.d directory and its contents
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${sysconfdir}/init.d
+
+    # Remove /etc/rc*.d directories and their contents
+    for d in ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${sysconfdir}/rc*.d; do
+        rm -rf $d
+    done
+
+    # Remove other sysvinit specific files
+    rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${sysconfdir}/inittab
+}
+
+symlink_lib64() {
+    ln -s lib ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/lib64
+}
+
+disable_login() {
+    for srv in getty getty-pre; do
+        rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/etc/systemd/system/${srv}.target
+        rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/${srv}.target
+    done
+    for srv in autovt container-getty console-getty getty-generator serial-getty getty; do
+        rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/etc/systemd/system/${srv}.service
+        rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/etc/systemd/system/${srv}@.service
+        rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/${srv}.service
+        rm -f ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/${srv}@.service
+    done
+
+    # Login/console related
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/sbin/getty
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/sbin/agetty
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/bin/login
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/bin/loginctl
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/etc/systemd/system/getty.target.wants
+
+    # Console fonts and keymaps
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/share/consolefonts
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/share/keymaps
+
+    # Systemd components we don't need
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/bin/systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/debug-shell.service
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/suspend.target
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-hibernate.service
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-hibernate-resume
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system-generators/systemd-getty-generator
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-logind.service
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/systemd-logind.service
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.wants
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/user/graphical-session.target
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/user/graphical-session-pre.target
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/lib/systemd/user/bluetooth.target
+
+    # Polkit
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/share/polkit-1
+
+    # Factory defaults
+    rm -rf ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/usr/share/factory
+
+    > ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/etc/securetty
+}
+
+DOCKER_DAEMON_JSON ?= "${THISDIR}/files/docker-daemon.json"
+
+install_docker_config() {
+    install -d ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${sysconfdir}/docker
+    install -m 0644 ${DOCKER_DAEMON_JSON} ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}${sysconfdir}/docker/daemon.json
+}
+
+mkdirs() {
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/dev
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/proc
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/sys
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/run
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/dstack
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/etc/wireguard
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/var/lib/docker
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/var/lib/containerd
+    mkdir -p ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/var/lib/nerdctl
+    ln -sf dstack ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}/tapp
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-dev.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-dev.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70f33a64e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-dev.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+IMAGE_INSTALL += "packagegroup-core-ssh-openssh strace tcpdump gdb gdbserver vim dstack-tee-simulator"
+EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES += "allow-root-login post-install-logging"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-nvidia.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-nvidia.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..704ccaed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-nvidia.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+NVIDIA_GROUP = "acpid \
+    nvidia \
+    nvidia-firmware \
+    nvidia-gpu-detect \
+    nvidia-persistenced \
+    nvidia-fabricmanager \
+    libnvidia-nscq \
+    nvattest \
+    nvidia-container-toolkit \
+    kernel-module-video \
+    numactl \
+"
+# Do not autoload NVIDIA modules on every boot. The default image also runs on
+# GPU-less hosts, so GPU services load these modules only after hardware
+# detection succeeds.
+KERNEL_MODULE_AUTOLOAD:append = " video"
+IMAGE_INSTALL:append = " ${NVIDIA_GROUP}"
+
+DOCKER_DAEMON_JSON = "${THISDIR}/files/docker-daemon-nvidia.json"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-prod.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-prod.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a446e0396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs-prod.inc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+IMAGE_FEATURES += "nologin"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..419933b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-rootfs.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Unified dstack rootfs image
+# Use DSTACK_FLAVOR (via multiconfig) to select variant:
+#   prod, dev
+
+# Default flavor settings (can be overridden by multiconfig)
+DSTACK_FLAVOR ?= "prod"
+DSTACK_DEV ?= "0"
+
+# Base configuration
+include dstack-rootfs-base.inc
+
+# Production or development mode
+include ${@'dstack-rootfs-dev.inc' if d.getVar('DSTACK_DEV') == '1' else 'dstack-rootfs-prod.inc'}
+
+# NVIDIA support is included in all images; services are gated at runtime by
+# hardware-detection ExecCondition= checks so the same image works without GPUs.
+include dstack-rootfs-nvidia.inc
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-uki.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-uki.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..600240518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/dstack-uki.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Unified Kernel Image (UKI) for dstack
+#
+# This recipe generates a UKI containing kernel, initramfs, and cmdline
+# with dm-verity root hash for GCP deployment.
+
+SUMMARY = "dstack Unified Kernel Image"
+LICENSE = "MIT"
+
+DEPENDS = "systemd-boot systemd-boot-native virtual/kernel python3-pefile-native"
+
+inherit image-artifact-names
+require conf/image-uefi.conf
+
+# Initramfs settings
+INITRAMFS_IMAGE = "dstack-initramfs"
+INITRAMFS_FSTYPES = "cpio.gz"
+
+# Kernel settings
+KERNEL_IMAGETYPE = "bzImage"
+
+# Base kernel cmdline (verity hash added dynamically).
+# Do NOT embed per-app dstack.mr_config_id here: AWS app/config binding is
+# measured from the shared-disk MrConfigV3 into NitroTPM PCR8 at guest setup,
+# so the UKI/AMI stays app-independent (PCR4 is OS-only).
+UKI_CMDLINE_BASE = "console=ttyS0 init=/init panic=1 net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 \
+mce=off oops=panic pci=noearly pci=nommconf random.trust_cpu=y random.trust_bootloader=n \
+tsc=reliable no-kvmclock"
+
+# Flavor settings (should match dstack-rootfs.bb, set via multiconfig)
+DSTACK_FLAVOR ?= "prod"
+
+# Verity image to get hash from - always use dstack-rootfs (same PN, different multiconfig)
+VERITY_IMAGE = "dstack-rootfs"
+VERITY_TYPE = "squashfs"
+
+UKI_FILENAME = "dstack-uki.efi"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+do_install[noexec] = "1"
+
+# Dependencies
+do_uki[depends] += "systemd-boot:do_deploy virtual/kernel:do_deploy"
+do_uki[depends] += "${INITRAMFS_IMAGE}:do_image_complete"
+do_uki[depends] += "${VERITY_IMAGE}:do_image_complete"
+do_uki[depends] += "systemd-boot-native:do_populate_sysroot python3-pefile-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+
+python do_uki() {
+    import os
+    import bb.process
+
+    deploy_dir = d.getVar('DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE')
+    target_arch = d.getVar('EFI_ARCH')
+
+    # Find the EFI stub
+    stub = os.path.join(deploy_dir, f"linux{target_arch}.efi.stub")
+    if not os.path.exists(stub):
+        bb.fatal(f"EFI stub not found: {stub}")
+
+    # Find kernel
+    kernel = os.path.join(deploy_dir, d.getVar('KERNEL_IMAGETYPE'))
+    if not os.path.exists(kernel):
+        bb.fatal(f"Kernel not found: {kernel}")
+
+    # Find initramfs
+    initramfs_image = d.getVar('INITRAMFS_IMAGE')
+    machine = d.getVar('MACHINE')
+    initramfs_fstypes = d.getVar('INITRAMFS_FSTYPES')
+    initrd = os.path.join(deploy_dir, f"{initramfs_image}-{machine}.{initramfs_fstypes}")
+    if not os.path.exists(initrd):
+        bb.fatal(f"Initramfs not found: {initrd}")
+
+    # Read verity hash
+    staging_verity_dir = d.getVar('STAGING_VERITY_DIR') or d.expand('${TMPDIR}/work-shared/${MACHINE}/dm-verity')
+    verity_image = d.getVar('VERITY_IMAGE')
+    verity_type = d.getVar('VERITY_TYPE')
+    verity_env = os.path.join(staging_verity_dir, f"{verity_image}.{verity_type}.verity.env")
+
+    root_hash = ""
+    data_size = ""
+
+    if os.path.exists(verity_env):
+        with open(verity_env, 'r') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if line.startswith('ROOT_HASH='):
+                    root_hash = line.split('=', 1)[1]
+                elif line.startswith('DATA_SIZE='):
+                    data_size = line.split('=', 1)[1]
+        bb.note(f"Read verity env: root_hash={root_hash}, data_size={data_size}")
+    else:
+        bb.fatal(f"Verity env file not found: {verity_env}")
+
+    if not root_hash or not data_size:
+        bb.fatal(f"ROOT_HASH/DATA_SIZE missing from verity env: {verity_env}")
+
+    # Build cmdline
+    cmdline_base = d.getVar('UKI_CMDLINE_BASE')
+    cmdline = f"{cmdline_base} dstack.rootfs_hash={root_hash} dstack.rootfs_size={data_size}"
+    bb.note(f"UKI cmdline: {cmdline}")
+
+    # Output path
+    output = os.path.join(deploy_dir, d.getVar('UKI_FILENAME'))
+
+    # Build ukify command with proper Python paths
+    native_sysroot = d.getVar('RECIPE_SYSROOT_NATIVE')
+    staging_libdir = d.getVar('STAGING_LIBDIR_NATIVE')
+
+    # Find Python version directory for native packages (version-agnostic)
+    import glob
+    _pyglob = sorted(glob.glob(os.path.join(staging_libdir, 'python3.*', 'site-packages')))
+    python_sitepackages = _pyglob[-1] if _pyglob else os.path.join(staging_libdir, 'python3', 'site-packages')
+
+    # Set environment for ukify
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    env['PYTHONPATH'] = python_sitepackages
+
+    ukify_path = os.path.join(native_sysroot, 'usr', 'bin', 'ukify')
+    # Pass an argument list (no shell) so values like cmdline don't need quoting
+    # and can't be split/expanded by the shell.
+    ukify_cmd = [
+        ukify_path, "build",
+        f"--efi-arch={target_arch}",
+        f"--stub={stub}",
+        f"--linux={kernel}",
+        f"--initrd={initrd}",
+        f"--cmdline={cmdline}",
+        f"--tools={native_sysroot}/usr/lib/systemd/tools",
+        f"--output={output}",
+    ]
+
+    bb.note(f"Running: {' '.join(ukify_cmd)}")
+    bb.note(f"PYTHONPATH: {python_sitepackages}")
+
+    import subprocess
+    result = subprocess.run(ukify_cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, env=env)
+    if result.stdout:
+        bb.note(result.stdout)
+    if result.stderr:
+        bb.note(result.stderr)
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        bb.fatal(f"ukify failed with exit code {result.returncode}")
+
+    bb.note(f"UKI created: {output}")
+}
+
+addtask uki before do_build
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/files/docker-daemon-nvidia.json b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/files/docker-daemon-nvidia.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a235187f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/files/docker-daemon-nvidia.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "log-driver": "json-file",
+  "log-opts": {
+    "max-size": "100m",
+    "max-file": "10"
+  },
+  "runtimes": {
+      "nvidia": {
+          "args": [],
+          "path": "nvidia-container-runtime"
+      },
+      "sysbox-runc": {
+          "path": "/usr/bin/sysbox-runc"
+      }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/files/docker-daemon.json b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/files/docker-daemon.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4db4d44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/images/files/docker-daemon.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "log-driver": "json-file",
+  "log-opts": {
+    "max-size": "100m",
+    "max-file": "10"
+  },
+  "runtimes": {
+      "sysbox-runc": {
+          "path": "/usr/bin/sysbox-runc"
+      }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/ovmf/ovmf%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/ovmf/ovmf%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b75d73f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/ovmf/ovmf%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+do_deploy:class-target:append() {
+    for i in \
+        ovmf \
+        ovmf.code \
+        ovmf.vars \
+        ; do
+        cp ${WORKDIR}/ovmf/$i.fd ${DEPLOYDIR}/
+    done
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/systemd/files/0001-core-suppress-ephemeral-status-output.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/systemd/files/0001-core-suppress-ephemeral-status-output.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ef6e8e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/systemd/files/0001-core-suppress-ephemeral-status-output.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>
+Date: Thu, 2 Jul 2026 00:00:00 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] core: suppress ephemeral status output
+
+Ephemeral status output contains in-progress job updates such as:
+
+    A start job is running for ...
+
+These updates are intended to refresh the same console line, but serial
+log capture records each refresh as a separate line. Suppress only
+ephemeral status messages so normal [ OK ] and [FAILED] status output is
+preserved.
+
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [dstack-specific serial console policy]
+Signed-off-by: Kevin Wang <wy721@qq.com>
+---
+ src/core/manager.c | 7 +++++++
+ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)
+
+diff --git a/src/core/manager.c b/src/core/manager.c
+index 3b87896654..aa68edee1d 100644
+--- a/src/core/manager.c
++++ b/src/core/manager.c
+@@ -4539,6 +4539,13 @@ static bool manager_should_show_status(Manager *m, StatusType type) {
+         if (!IN_SET(manager_state(m), MANAGER_INITIALIZING, MANAGER_STARTING, MANAGER_STOPPING))
+                 return false;
+ 
++        /* Ephemeral status messages contain in-progress job updates such as
++         * "A start job is running for ...". Serial log capture records those
++         * carriage-return-based refreshes as repeated lines, so suppress them
++         * while preserving normal [ OK ] and [FAILED] status output. */
++        if (type == STATUS_TYPE_EPHEMERAL)
++                return false;
++
+         /* If we cannot find out the status properly, just proceed. */
+         if (type < STATUS_TYPE_EMERGENCY && manager_check_ask_password(m) > 0)
+                 return false;
+-- 
+2.43.0
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/systemd/systemd_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/systemd/systemd_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b374de353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-core/systemd/systemd_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+SRC_URI:append = " file://0001-core-suppress-ephemeral-status-output.patch"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    # Remove systemd-vconsole-setup entirely (no virtual console needed)
+    rm -f ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/sysinit.target.wants/systemd-vconsole-setup.service
+    rm -f ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/systemd-vconsole-setup.service
+    rm -f ${D}${rootlibexecdir}/systemd/systemd-vconsole-setup
+    rm -f ${D}${nonarch_libdir}/udev/rules.d/90-vconsole.rules
+
+    # Disable EFI System Partition automount (not needed, causes UNSUPP error)
+    rm -f ${D}${nonarch_libdir}/systemd/system-generators/systemd-gpt-auto-generator
+
+    # Ensure systemd-resolved waits for /var/volatile tmpfs and tmpfiles setup
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/systemd-resolved.service.d
+    cat <<'EOF' > ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/systemd-resolved.service.d/10-var-volatile.conf
+[Unit]
+After=systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service var-volatile.mount
+Requires=var-volatile.mount
+EOF
+}
+
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN}-vconsole-setup = ""
+PACKAGECONFIG:remove = "sysvinit logind"
+
+
+# Create a minimal package with only systemd-socket-proxyd
+# This avoids pulling in all of systemd-extra-utils
+PACKAGES =+ "${PN}-socket-proxyd"
+FILES:${PN}-socket-proxyd = "${nonarch_libdir}/systemd/systemd-socket-proxyd"
+RDEPENDS:${PN}-socket-proxyd = "${PN}"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/fdisk/gptfdisk_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/fdisk/gptfdisk_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a366cc382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/fdisk/gptfdisk_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Only build sgdisk, skip cgdisk (requires ncurses)
+PACKAGECONFIG = "popt"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/gcc/libgcc-initial_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/gcc/libgcc-initial_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c006d6efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/gcc/libgcc-initial_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+python dstack_stub_stdio() {
+    import os
+    staging_incdir = d.getVar('STAGING_INCDIR')
+    stdio = os.path.join(staging_incdir, 'stdio.h')
+    if not os.path.exists(stdio):
+        bb.note("Adding minimal stdio.h stub to satisfy libgcc-initial configure")
+        with open(stdio, 'w') as fh:
+            fh.write('#ifndef __YOCTO_DUMMY_STDIO__\n')
+            fh.write('#define __YOCTO_DUMMY_STDIO__\n')
+            fh.write('typedef int FILE;\n')
+            fh.write('extern FILE *stdin;\n')
+            fh.write('extern FILE *stdout;\n')
+            fh.write('extern FILE *stderr;\n')
+            fh.write('static inline int printf(const char *fmt, ...) { (void)fmt; return 0; }\n')
+            fh.write('#endif\n')
+}
+
+do_configure[prefuncs] += "dstack_stub_stdio"
+DEBUG_FLAGS = ""
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/gptfdisk/gptfdisk_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/gptfdisk/gptfdisk_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af3122b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-devtools/gptfdisk/gptfdisk_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Disable ncurses/cgdisk to avoid linking against libncursesw (not in our images)
+PACKAGECONFIG:remove = "ncurses"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-extended/iptables/iptables_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-extended/iptables/iptables_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91d9c77aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-extended/iptables/iptables_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Program netfilter through nftables, not the legacy xtables tables.
+#
+# Without libnftnl this recipe builds only the legacy binaries, so every rule
+# on the image -- Docker's, dstack's own DSTACK_WG chain, and any a tenant
+# workload writes -- lands in the legacy tables. The legacy and nf_tables
+# rulesets register at the same netfilter hooks but cannot see each other, so
+# the resulting ruleset is only knowable by querying both, and a container
+# manager that picks a firewall driver by probing which ruleset is in use is
+# steered onto its legacy path by Docker alone. os/mkosi already programs
+# nftables, because Debian's iptables defaults to the nft frontend; this makes
+# the two guest images agree.
+PACKAGECONFIG:append = " libnftnl"
+
+# The recipe's own do_install only redirects the IPv4 frontends when libnftnl
+# is enabled, which would leave ip6tables and ebtables on the legacy tables and
+# reintroduce the split this change exists to remove. xtables-nft-multi
+# implements all of them and dispatches on argv[0].
+#
+# ebtables is included here rather than installing the standalone ebtables
+# recipe: that one is legacy-only, registers /usr/sbin/ebtables through
+# update-alternatives, and would collide with this symlink.
+DSTACK_NFT_FRONTENDS = "ip6tables ip6tables-save ip6tables-restore ebtables ebtables-save ebtables-restore"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    for frontend in ${DSTACK_NFT_FRONTENDS}; do
+        ln -sf ${sbindir}/xtables-nft-multi ${D}${sbindir}/$frontend
+    done
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0001-x86-tdx-select-dma-direct-remap.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0001-x86-tdx-select-dma-direct-remap.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..662dd175c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0001-x86-tdx-select-dma-direct-remap.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+From 48cf4656e9a23f7f5b4a2f6a0e5b5b2b6d5e5b6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: h4x <dstack@phala.network>
+Date: Mon, 27 Oct 2025 23:52:02 +0000
+Subject: [PATCH] x86/tdx: select DMA_DIRECT_REMAP for encrypted guests
+
+TDX guests require DMA buffers to be mapped out of the shared (decrypted)
+pool in order for shared devices such as NVMe to complete I/O.  Without
+DMA_DIRECT_REMAP the dma-direct layer falls back to allocations from the
+regular page allocator, leaving the memory encrypted and causing every
+request to wedge once it hits the host.
+
+Ensure the TDX guest configuration pulls in DMA_DIRECT_REMAP, which in
+turn enables the coherent DMA pool machinery and honours the
+`coherent_pool=` kernel parameter.
+
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [TDX guest specific selection]
+Signed-off-by: h4x <dstack@phala.network>
+---
+ arch/x86/Kconfig | 1 +
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
+
+diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
+index 5d57930be347..c1b55a4bf4f0 100644
+--- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
++++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
+@@ -886,6 +886,7 @@ config INTEL_TDX_GUEST
+ 	depends on EFI_STUB
+ 	depends on PARAVIRT
+ 	select ARCH_HAS_CC_PLATFORM
++	select DMA_DIRECT_REMAP
+ 	select X86_MEM_ENCRYPT
+ 	select X86_MCE
+ 	select UNACCEPTED_MEMORY
+-- 
+2.46.0
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98ce12641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+From 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Paul Meyer <katexochen0@gmail.com>
+Date: Tue, 17 Feb 2026 10:47:28 +0100
+Subject: [PATCH] drivers/acpi: add BadAML sandbox
+
+Block AML SystemMemory region accesses that target encrypted (private)
+guest RAM. A malicious hypervisor can craft ACPI tables whose AML reads
+or writes confidential guest memory via the SystemMemory operation
+region handler; this sandbox walks the page tables and denies the access
+when the target page is encrypted, logging the decision.
+
+On a platform without memory encryption the sandbox is a no-op: every
+access is treated as unencrypted and allowed. Only denied accesses are
+logged unconditionally; allowed accesses use ACPI debug-level output to
+avoid flooding the log.
+
+Ported from the Easy-TEE project (mkosi gcp profile kernel patch).
+
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [confidential-guest hardening]
+Signed-off-by: Paul Meyer <katexochen0@gmail.com>
+---
+diff --git a/drivers/acpi/acpica/exregion.c b/drivers/acpi/acpica/exregion.c
+index a390a1c..6383233 100644
+--- a/drivers/acpi/acpica/exregion.c
++++ b/drivers/acpi/acpica/exregion.c
+@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
+ #define _COMPONENT          ACPI_EXECUTER
+ ACPI_MODULE_NAME("exregion")
+ 
++#include "sandbox.h"
++
+ /*******************************************************************************
+  *
+  * FUNCTION:    acpi_ex_system_memory_space_handler
+@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@ acpi_ex_system_memory_space_handler(u32 function,
+ 				    u64 *value,
+ 				    void *handler_context, void *region_context)
+ {
++	SANDBOX_SECT_START;
+ 	acpi_status status = AE_OK;
+ 	void *logical_addr_ptr = NULL;
+ 	struct acpi_mem_space_context *mem_info = region_context;
+@@ -192,6 +195,7 @@ access:
+ 	case ACPI_READ:
+ 
+ 		*value = 0;
++		SANDBOX_READ_HOOK((u64)logical_addr_ptr, (u64)address);
+ 		switch (bit_width) {
+ 		case 8:
+ 
+@@ -223,6 +227,7 @@ access:
+ 
+ 	case ACPI_WRITE:
+ 
++		SANDBOX_WRITE_HOOK((u64)logical_addr_ptr, (u64)address);
+ 		switch (bit_width) {
+ 		case 8:
+ 
+@@ -258,6 +263,7 @@ access:
+ 		break;
+ 	}
+ 
++	SANDBOX_SECT_END;
+ 	return_ACPI_STATUS(status);
+ }
+ 
+diff --git a/drivers/acpi/acpica/sandbox.h b/drivers/acpi/acpica/sandbox.h
+new file mode 100644
+index 0000000..34d09ca
+--- /dev/null
++++ b/drivers/acpi/acpica/sandbox.h
+@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
++/* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause OR GPL-2.0-only */
++/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Satoru Takekoshi, Manami Mori, Takaaki Fukai,
++ * Takahiro Shinagawa */
++/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Edgeless Systems GmbH */
++#include <asm/coco.h>
++#include <linux/cc_platform.h>
++#include <linux/efi.h>
++#include <linux/mm.h>
++#include <linux/once.h>
++#include <linux/sched.h>
++
++#define SANDBOX_READ_HOOK(virt_addr, phys_addr)     { if (!__sandbox_validate_memory_access(virt_addr, phys_addr, true)) break; }
++#define SANDBOX_WRITE_HOOK(virt_addr, phys_addr)    { if (!__sandbox_validate_memory_access(virt_addr, phys_addr, false)) break; }
++#define SANDBOX_SECT_START  { __sandbox_section_start(); }
++#define SANDBOX_SECT_END    { __sandbox_section_end(); }
++
++static struct __sandbox_access_log {
++	bool is_read;
++	unsigned long phys_addr;
++	unsigned long virt_addr;
++	bool access_allowed;
++} __sandbox_access_log;
++
++static void __sandbox_log_enabled(void)
++{
++	DO_ONCE(pr_info, "SANDBOX: Enabled\n");
++}
++
++static unsigned long __sandbox_get_page_table_entry(unsigned long addr)
++{
++	pgd_t *pgd;
++	p4d_t *p4d;
++	pud_t *pud;
++	pmd_t *pmd;
++	pte_t *pte;
++
++	pgd = pgd_offset_k(addr);
++	if (pgd_none(*pgd)) {
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, addr);
++	if (p4d_none(*p4d)) {
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	pud = pud_offset(p4d, addr);
++	if (pud_none(*pud)) {
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	/* Check for 1GB huge page */
++	if (pud_leaf(*pud)) {
++		return pud_val(*pud);
++	}
++
++	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
++	if (pmd_none(*pmd)) {
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	/* Check for 2MB huge page */
++	if (pmd_leaf(*pmd)) {
++		return pmd_val(*pmd);
++	}
++
++	pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
++	if (pte_none(*pte)) {
++		return 0;
++	}
++
++	return pte_val(*pte);
++}
++
++static bool __sandbox_is_encrypted_generic(unsigned long virt_addr)
++{
++	unsigned long val;
++
++	val = __sandbox_get_page_table_entry((unsigned long)(virt_addr));
++	if (val) {
++		return val == cc_mkenc(val);
++	} else {
++		ACPI_ERROR((AE_INFO, "SANDBOX: Page table walk failed"));
++	}
++
++	ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, "SANDBOX: Falling back to 'encrypted' state\n"));
++	return true;
++}
++
++static bool __sandbox_validate_memory_access(unsigned long virt_addr, unsigned long phys_addr, bool is_read)
++{
++	__sandbox_log_enabled();
++	__sandbox_access_log.is_read = is_read;
++	__sandbox_access_log.phys_addr = phys_addr;
++	__sandbox_access_log.virt_addr = virt_addr;
++	phys_addr &= PAGE_MASK;
++	virt_addr &= PAGE_MASK;
++
++	cond_resched();
++
++	/*
++	 * On a platform without memory encryption there is no private guest
++	 * memory to protect, so the sandbox is a no-op: treat every access as
++	 * unencrypted and allow it. Only confidential guests gate accesses.
++	 */
++	bool encrypted = false;
++	if (cc_platform_has(CC_ATTR_MEM_ENCRYPT)) {
++		encrypted = __sandbox_is_encrypted_generic(virt_addr);
++	}
++
++	cond_resched();
++
++	if (!encrypted) {
++		return true;
++	}
++
++	__sandbox_access_log.access_allowed = false;
++	return false;
++}
++
++static void __sandbox_section_start(void)
++{
++	__sandbox_access_log.is_read = true;
++	__sandbox_access_log.phys_addr = 0xdeadbeefcafebabeuL;
++	__sandbox_access_log.virt_addr = 0xdeadbeefcafebabeuL;
++	__sandbox_access_log.access_allowed = true;
++}
++
++static void __sandbox_section_end(void)
++{
++	cond_resched();
++
++	/*
++	 * AML SystemMemory accesses can be frequent, so only the (rare) denied
++	 * accesses are logged unconditionally; allowed accesses go to ACPI
++	 * debug-level output to avoid flooding the log on every boot/runtime
++	 * access while preserving observability when debugging.
++	 */
++	if (!__sandbox_access_log.access_allowed) {
++		ACPI_ERROR((AE_INFO,
++			"SANDBOX: DENIED %s virt=%lx phys=%lx",
++			__sandbox_access_log.is_read ? "r" : "w",
++			(unsigned long)__sandbox_access_log.virt_addr,
++			(unsigned long)__sandbox_access_log.phys_addr));
++	} else {
++		ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO,
++			"SANDBOX: ALLOWED %s virt=%lx phys=%lx\n",
++			__sandbox_access_log.is_read ? "r" : "w",
++			(unsigned long)__sandbox_access_log.virt_addr,
++			(unsigned long)__sandbox_access_log.phys_addr));
++	}
++
++	cond_resched();
++}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-aws.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-aws.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fdffbdc69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-aws.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# AWS EC2 Nitro boot support.
+#
+# EC2 Nitro EBS root volumes appear as NVMe block devices. The dstack initramfs
+# resolves the dm-verity root partition before the rootfs is available, so the
+# block driver must be built into the kernel.
+CONFIG_NVME_CORE=y
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NVME=y
+
+# ENA is the EC2 Nitro network device. Keep it built-in so early userspace and
+# systemd can bring networking up without relying on rootfs module loading.
+CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_AMAZON=y
+CONFIG_ENA_ETHERNET=y
+
+# EC2 boots the raw disk as an UEFI/GPT image and exposes logs through ttyS0.
+CONFIG_EFI=y
+CONFIG_EFI_STUB=y
+CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION=y
+CONFIG_SERIAL_8250=y
+CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_CONSOLE=y
+CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_PCI=y
+
+# NitroTPM uses the TPM 2.0 CRB interface.
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-aws.scc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-aws.scc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..388f2e99c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-aws.scc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "dstack AWS EC2 Nitro configuration"
+
+kconf hardware dstack-aws.cfg
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..342a8b505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+CONFIG_BRIDGE=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_IPVS=m
+
+# nf_tables support (needed by modern iptables-nft backend)
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES=m
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES_INET=y
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES_NETDEV=y
+CONFIG_NFT_COMPAT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_NAT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_MASQ=m
+CONFIG_NFT_REDIR=m
+CONFIG_NFT_CT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_LOG=m
+CONFIG_NFT_LIMIT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_REJECT=m
+CONFIG_NFT_REJECT_INET=m
+CONFIG_NFT_HASH=m
+CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL=y
+CONFIG_IP_VS=m
+CONFIG_SECCOMP=y
+CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER=y
+# SELinux. This line alone never took effect: the kernel is built from the
+# linux-yocto "tiny" type, which leaves CONFIG_SECURITY off, and SELINUX is
+# "depends on SECURITY_NETWORK && AUDIT && NET && INET" with SECURITY_NETWORK in
+# turn depending on SECURITY. So every image this fragment produced ran without
+# SELinux while claiming otherwise, and os/mkosi -- which starts from
+# x86_64_defconfig -- had it.
+CONFIG_SECURITY=y
+CONFIG_SECURITY_NETWORK=y
+CONFIG_AUDIT=y
+CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX=y
+# Compiling it in is still not enough, and the second failure is silent too: an
+# LSM only registers if CONFIG_LSM names it, and that string's default is picked
+# by DEFAULT_SECURITY_*. Enabling SECURITY without naming a default lands on
+# DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC, whose list is
+# "landlock,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,ipe,bpf" -- no selinux -- so the
+# hooks would build and never initialize.
+CONFIG_DEFAULT_SECURITY_SELINUX=y
+# The resulting order is asserted rather than left to a default, in both
+# backends, so neither a defconfig change nor a new DEFAULT_SECURITY_* branch
+# can drop selinux without failing the build. Entries for LSMs that are not
+# compiled in are ignored by the kernel.
+CONFIG_LSM="landlock,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,selinux,smack,tomoyo,apparmor,ipe,bpf"
+CONFIG_VLAN_8021Q=y
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_VLAN_FILTERING=y
+CONFIG_XFRM=y
+CONFIG_XFRM_USER=y
+CONFIG_XFRM_ALGO=y
+# Disable ESP transforms to mitigate DirtyFrag-style page-cache writes via esp4/esp6.
+# Keep XFRM userspace support available for non-ESP networking features, but do
+# not build the vulnerable ESP protocol handlers.
+CONFIG_INET_ESP=n
+CONFIG_INET6_ESP=n
+CONFIG_XFRM_ESP=n
+
+# RxRPC is not needed by dstack and is another DirtyFrag trigger path. Keep it
+# disabled even if future kernel feature sets would otherwise enable it.
+CONFIG_AF_RXRPC=n
+CONFIG_RXKAD=n
+# Capped at =m by NETFILTER_XTABLES=m; =y was never produced.
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_BPF=m
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_SEQIV=y
+CONFIG_IPVLAN=m
+CONFIG_BTRFS_FS=m
+CONFIG_BTRFS_FS_POSIX_ACL=y
+CONFIG_CFS_BANDWIDTH=y
+# ebtables is "depends on BRIDGE", and BRIDGE is a module above, so a tristate
+# cannot exceed it: =y was silently downgraded to =m by the merge and the
+# fragment asserted a value the build never produced. os/mkosi corrected the
+# same line in 48db713c8; Yocto only warns on an unachievable kconf value, so
+# it survived here.
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_FAMILY_BRIDGE=y
+CONFIG_VETH=y
+# Capped at =m by NETFILTER_XTABLES=m; =y was never produced.
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_ADDRTYPE=m
+CONFIG_VXLAN=y
+CONFIG_CGROUP_BPF=y
+
+# ipset support (required by kube-router network policy controller)
+CONFIG_IP_SET=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IP=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_NET=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IPPORT=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IPPORTIP=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_IPPORTNET=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_NETPORT=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_HASH_NETIFACE=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_BITMAP_IP=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_BITMAP_PORT=m
+CONFIG_IP_SET_LIST_SET=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_SET=m
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_PHYSDEV=m
+
+# Managed-bridge networking for nested container managers (Incus and friends).
+#
+# The image programs netfilter through the nftables frontend (see the
+# iptables_%.bbappend that enables libnftnl), so Docker's rules land in
+# nftables and a container manager that picks its firewall driver by probing
+# which ruleset is in use gets the nftables one. This block and its counterpart
+# in os/mkosi/components/kernel/kernel.config are deliberately identical:
+# bridge filtering is the capability the two backends silently disagreed on.
+#
+# The bridge family is where per-instance bridge filters are rendered.
+CONFIG_NF_TABLES_BRIDGE=m
+CONFIG_NFT_BRIDGE_META=m
+CONFIG_NFT_BRIDGE_REJECT=m
+
+# ebtables matches, reached through nft_compat when ebtables-nft cannot express
+# a match natively. BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES above builds the matches, targets and
+# watchers; the legacy ebt tables (BRIDGE_NF_EBTABLES_LEGACY, BRIDGE_EBT_T_*)
+# are deliberately absent, because the bridge family above is the filtering
+# path and nothing on the nftables frontend uses those tables.
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_ARP=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_IP=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_IP6=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_AMONG=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_LIMIT=m
+CONFIG_BRIDGE_EBT_VLAN=m
+
+# The DHCP path of a managed bridge appends a CHECKSUM target so dnsmasq's
+# replies reach guests with checksum-offloading virtio NICs. Reached through
+# NFT_COMPAT, which is how the nftables frontend programs an xtables target.
+CONFIG_NETFILTER_XT_TARGET_CHECKSUM=m
+
+# IPv6 packet filtering. The nftables frontend synthesises the tables it is
+# asked for, so ip6tables needs none of these; they are here because this tree
+# keeps NETFILTER_XTABLES_LEGACY on (from features/netfilter/netfilter.scc) and
+# ships the legacy frontends alongside the nft ones. IPv4 legacy tables are
+# fully present, so IPv6 being the one family missing was an inconsistency
+# regardless of which frontend is the default: ip6tables-legacy could not even
+# list a table.
+CONFIG_IP6_NF_IPTABLES=m
+CONFIG_IP6_NF_FILTER=m
+CONFIG_IP6_NF_MANGLE=m
+CONFIG_IP6_NF_NAT=m
+
+# BLK IO throttling support
+CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP=y
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING=y
+# CONFIG_BLK_DEV_THROTTLING_LOW was removed upstream and no longer exists, so
+# the line it replaced could never be satisfied.
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.scc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.scc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09dda98d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.scc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "dstack Docker configuration"
+
+kconf non-hardware dstack-docker.cfg
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-sysbox.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-sysbox.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68827bbfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-sysbox.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+CONFIG_USER_NS=y
+CONFIG_CONFIGFS_FS=y
+CONFIG_OVERLAY_FS_METACOPY=y
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-sysbox.scc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-sysbox.scc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c3a8257d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-sysbox.scc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "DStack Sysbox runtime configuration"
+
+kconf non-hardware dstack-sysbox.cfg
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-tdx.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-tdx.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fe114a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-tdx.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# In-tree TDX guest driver provides /dev/tdx_guest and the ConfigFS TSM
+# report interface (/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report), replacing the former
+# out-of-tree mod-tdx-guest module.
+CONFIG_TDX_GUEST_DRIVER=y
+CONFIG_TSM_REPORTS=y
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-tdx.scc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-tdx.scc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5786a660e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-tdx.scc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "dstack TDX configuration"
+
+kconf non-hardware dstack-tdx.cfg
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d5547101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+CONFIG_MODULES=y
+CONFIG_IKCONFIG=y
+CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC=y
+CONFIG_NET_9P=y
+CONFIG_NET_9P_VIRTIO=y
+CONFIG_9P_FS=y
+CONFIG_9P_FS_POSIX_ACL=y
+CONFIG_PCI=y
+CONFIG_TUN=m
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI=y
+
+# Network NIC drivers. GCP C3/modern instances use gVNIC (the Google gve
+# driver); older/virtio instances use virtio-net. Without gve, a C3 CVM gets
+# no NIC -> no DHCP -> no network. Build both in.
+CONFIG_VIRTIO_NET=y
+CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_GOOGLE=y
+CONFIG_GVE=y
+CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=y
+CONFIG_WIREGUARD=y
+CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL=y
+CONFIG_TMPFS_XATTR=y
+
+# Enforce per-directory limits on shared ext4 data disks.
+CONFIG_QUOTA=y
+CONFIG_QFMT_V2=y
+
+# Support filesystem images used to isolate workload storage.
+CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP=y
+
+CONFIG_NR_CPUS=512
+
+# BPF
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF=y
+CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES=y
+CONFIG_BPF=y
+CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL=y
+CONFIG_BPF_JIT=y
+
+CONFIG_KPROBES=y
+#
+CONFIG_PM=n
+CONFIG_SUSPEND=n
+CONFIG_PM_SLEEP=n
+CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU=n
+CONFIG_HOTPLUG_PCI=n
+CONFIG_BT=n
+CONFIG_MMC=n
+CONFIG_SCSI=n
+CONFIG_INPUT=n
+CONFIG_WLAN=n
+
+# dm-verity verifies the rootfs in the initramfs (no modules loaded yet), so the
+# rootfs hash algorithm must be built-in. linux-yocto-tiny ships SHA256 as a
+# module (=m); force it built-in or early verity fails with
+# "verity: Cannot initialize hash function (-ENOENT)".
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA512=y
+
+# Production kernel self-protection baseline.
+#
+# CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON is deliberately NOT set: with init_on_free=1
+# a GCP TDX guest is silently killed by the host during mem_encrypt_init()
+# (the 1 GiB SWIOTLB private->shared conversion) and reboot-loops before
+# reaching /init. Confirmed on c3-standard-4 by booting the same image with
+# init_on_alloc=0/init_on_free=0 cmdline overrides: only init_on_free=1
+# reproduces the reset; init_on_alloc=1 alone boots fine (and is kept below).
+# The same kernel with init_on_free=1 boots fine on AWS EC2 and QEMU TDX,
+# so this is a GCP host-side interaction, not a generic kernel bug.
+CONFIG_SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT=y
+CONFIG_IO_STRICT_DEVMEM=y
+CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON=y
+CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM=y
+CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED=y
+CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY=y
+CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE=y
+CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ=n
+CONFIG_LEGACY_TIOCSTI=n
+
+# Kernel TLS (`tcp_ulp = "tls"`), which dstack-gateway's optional kTLS offload
+# installs the negotiated session keys into. Built in rather than a module: the
+# yocto image packages modules one by one, so `=m` would need a matching
+# kernel-module-tls entry in the image recipe, and a missing one fails at
+# runtime rather than at build time. The gateway still treats kTLS as opt-in and
+# probes for this ULP at startup, so having it available does not turn it on.
+#
+# CONFIG_TLS_DEVICE is deliberately left off: it hands session keys to the NIC,
+# which a confidential guest has no reason to trust and no CVM NIC supports.
+CONFIG_TLS=y
+
+# The record layer kTLS uses. GCM covers the AES suites the gateway negotiates;
+# ChaCha20-Poly1305 is here because a client that picks it would otherwise fail
+# the handover per connection rather than at configuration time. AES-NI brings
+# the accelerated GCM implementations -- on 6.11+ that includes the VAES ones,
+# which is the difference between kTLS costing 18% of bulk throughput and
+# gaining 20% (measured on Emerald Rapids across kernels 6.1 / 6.12 / 6.17).
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_GCM=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_AES_NI_INTEL=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_CHACHA20POLY1305=y
+
+# Userspace character device and virtual TPM support.
+CONFIG_FUSE_FS=y
+CONFIG_CUSE=y
+CONFIG_TCG_TPM=y
+CONFIG_TCG_VTPM_PROXY=y
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack.scc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack.scc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e277ce0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack.scc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "dstack configuration"
+
+kconf non-hardware dstack.cfg
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdce33451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+LINUX_VERSION_EXTENSION = "-dstack"
+
+SRC_URI += "file://dstack-docker.cfg \
+            file://dstack-docker.scc \
+            file://dstack-aws.cfg \
+            file://dstack-aws.scc \
+            file://dstack-tdx.cfg \
+            file://dstack-tdx.scc \
+            file://dstack-sysbox.cfg \
+            file://dstack-sysbox.scc \
+            file://dstack.cfg \
+            file://dstack.scc"
+
+# TDX guests need DMA_DIRECT_REMAP for shared (decrypted) coherent DMA so
+# devices like NVMe can complete I/O. INTEL_TDX_GUEST does not select it
+# upstream (and the symbol is promptless, so a .cfg fragment cannot set it),
+# hence this Kconfig patch. Only touches the INTEL_TDX_GUEST Kconfig, so it is
+# a no-op on AMD; scoped to the dstack confidential-guest machine.
+SRC_URI:append:dstack = " file://0001-x86-tdx-select-dma-direct-remap.patch"
+
+# Confidential guests are exposed to malicious ACPI tables supplied by the
+# host: crafted AML can read/write the guest's encrypted (private) memory
+# through the SystemMemory operation region handler. This "BadAML sandbox"
+# walks the page tables and denies AML SystemMemory accesses that target
+# encrypted pages, logging each decision. Ported from the Easy-TEE project.
+# Applied unconditionally: dstack OS always runs inside a TEE, so every
+# build needs this hardening (the hook is a runtime no-op when the platform
+# reports no memory encryption).
+SRC_URI:append = " file://0002-acpi-sandbox-block-aml-systemmemory-ram-access.patch"
+
+KERNEL_FEATURES:append = " features/cgroups/cgroups.scc \
+                          features/overlayfs/overlayfs.scc \
+                          features/netfilter/netfilter.scc \
+                          features/fuse/fuse.scc \
+                          features/xfs/xfs.scc \
+                          cfg/fs/squashfs.scc \
+                          dstack-docker.scc \
+                          dstack-sysbox.scc \
+                          dstack.scc"
+
+KERNEL_FEATURES:append = " ${@bb.utils.contains("DISTRO_FEATURES", "dm-verity", " features/device-mapper/dm-verity.scc", "" ,d)}"
+
+# Unified dstack confidential-guest machine. A single kernel image that boots
+# on both Intel TDX and AMD SEV-SNP hosts (the kernel detects the platform at
+# runtime). The base guest features and the tdx.scc / sev-snp.scc kconf
+# fragments are reused from meta-confidential-compute; enabling both TDX and
+# SEV here is what makes one image work on either platform.
+KMACHINE:dstack ?= "common-pc-64"
+COMPATIBLE_MACHINE:dstack = "^dstack$"
+KERNEL_FEATURES:append:dstack = " features/scsi/disk.scc \
+                                  cfg/virtio.scc \
+                                  cfg/paravirt_kvm.scc \
+                                  cfg/fs/ext4.scc \
+                                  tdx.scc \
+                                  sev-snp.scc \
+                                  tpm2.scc \
+                                  hyperv.scc \
+                                  security-mitigations.scc \
+                                  disk-encryption.scc \
+                                  dstack-aws.scc \
+                                  dstack-tdx.scc"
+
+# disk-encryption.scc (above, from meta-confidential-compute) ships dm-crypt
+# for the encrypted data volume but explicitly turns CONFIG_DM_VERITY off. The
+# dstack rootfs is dm-verity, so re-enable it here -- this is the last dm-verity
+# fragment in KERNEL_FEATURES for the dstack machine, so it wins the merge.
+KERNEL_FEATURES:append:dstack = " ${@bb.utils.contains("DISTRO_FEATURES", "dm-verity", " features/device-mapper/dm-verity.scc", "", d)}"
+
+# Enable BTF
+KERNEL_DEBUG = "True"
+
+do_deploy:append() {
+    install -m 0644 ${B}/.config ${DEPLOYDIR}/kernel-config
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/README.md b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaf3f25d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# Overview
+
+The meta-nvidia layer provides support for NVIDIA graphics drivers and related components for Yocto Project-based distributions. This layer includes recipes for building the NVIDIA binary graphics driver, the GL Vendor-Neutral Dispatch library (libglvnd), and modifications to the mesa package to ensure compatibility with NVIDIA's proprietary drivers.
+
+![loaded-modules](artwork/loaded_modules.png)
+# Contents
+
+- Configuration: The layer.conf file contains the necessary configurations for the layer, including BBPATH, BBFILES, and other essential settings.
+- Custom Licenses: The custom-licenses directory contains custom license files that may be required by the recipes in this layer.
+- Recipes:
+    - libglvnd: Provides the GL Vendor-Neutral Dispatch library.
+    - mesa: Contains modifications to the mesa package to ensure compatibility with NVIDIA's proprietary drivers.
+    - nvidia: Contains recipes for building NVIDIA's binary graphics driver and related components.
+
+# Key Features
+
+- libglvnd: The GL Vendor-Neutral Dispatch library allows multiple OpenGL implementations to coexist on the same system.
+- NVIDIA Binary Graphics Driver: Provides support for NVIDIA GPUs, enabling hardware-accelerated graphics, CUDA support, and other NVIDIA-specific features.
+- Mesa Modifications: Ensures that the open-source Mesa graphics library can coexist with NVIDIA's proprietary drivers.
+
+# Usage
+
+To use the meta-nvidia layer in your Yocto Project build:
+
+- Clone the meta-nvidia repository to your local machine.
+- Add the path to the meta-nvidia layer to your bblayers.conf file.
+- Include the desired recipes in your image or build them individually using bitbake.
+
+To use this layer, include it in your bblayers.conf and add the
+following to your BSP, distro, or local config:
+
+```bash
+DISTRO_FEATURES:append = " x11 opengl"
+DISTRO_FEATURES:remove = " wayland"
+IMAGE_INSTALL:append = " libxshmfence cmake"
+IMAGE_INSTALL:append = " packagegroup-core-buildessential"
+IMAGE_INSTALL:append = " acpid"
+IMAGE_INSTALL:append = " nvidia"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/libgl = "libglvnd"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/libgles1 = "libglvnd"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/libgles3 = "libglvnd"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/egl = "libglvnd"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/libgl-native = "mesa-native"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/nativesdk-libgl = "nativesdk-mesa-gl"
+PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/mesa = "libglvnd"
+KERNEL_MODULE_AUTOLOAD:append = " nvidia nvidia-drm nvidia-modeset nvidia-uvm"
+XSERVER = " \
+    ${XSERVER_X86_BASE} \
+    ${XSERVER_X86_EXT} \
+    ${XSERVER_X86_MODESETTING} \
+    nvidia"
+```
+
+# Testing nvidia-container-toolkit and GPU Workloads
+
+- For testing nvidia-container-toolkit inside the container execute the following commands:
+
+```bash
+sudo ctr images pull docker.io/nvidia/cuda:12.0.0-base-ubuntu20.04
+
+sudo ctr run --rm --gpus 0 --runtime io.containerd.runc.v1 --privileged docker.io/nvidia/cuda:12.0.0-base-ubuntu20.04 nvidia-smi nvidia-smi
+```
+
+- For testing nvidia-container-toolkit with k3s
+
+```bash
+cat <<EOF | kubectl create -f -
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: gpu
+spec:
+  restartPolicy: Never
+  runtimeClassName: nvidia
+  containers:
+    - name: gpu
+      image: "nvidia/cuda:12.0.0-base-ubuntu20.04"
+      command: [ "/bin/bash", "-c", "--" ]
+      args: [ "while true; do sleep 30; done;" ]
+      resources:
+        limits:
+          nvidia.com/gpu: 0
+EOF
+
+kubectl exec -it gpu -- nvidia-smi
+```
+
+- For testing a sample GPU workload in k3s
+
+```bash
+cat << EOF | kubectl create -f -
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Pod
+metadata:
+  name: cuda-vectoradd
+spec:
+  restartPolicy: OnFailure
+  runtimeClassName: nvidia
+  containers:
+  - name: cuda-vectoradd
+    image: "nvidia/samples:vectoradd-cuda11.2.1"
+    resources:
+      limits:
+         nvidia.com/gpu: 0
+EOF
+```
+
+# Dependencies
+
+This layer depends on following layers:
+
+    URI: git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky
+    layers: meta
+    branch: mickledore
+
+    URI: git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-openembedded
+    layers: meta-oe
+    branch: mickledore
+
+    URI: git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-virtualization
+    layers: meta-virtualization
+    branch: mickledore
+
+
+# Compatibility
+
+The meta-nvidia layer is ONLY compatible with the "mickledore" series of the Yocto Project.
+
+# License
+
+The recipes in this layer are licensed under various licenses, including MIT, BSD, and NVIDIA's proprietary license. Please refer to the individual recipe files and the custom-licenses directory for detailed licensing information.
+Contributing
+
+Contributions to the meta-nvidia layer are welcome. Please ensure that any changes are tested with the target hardware and do not introduce regressions.
+
+# Disclaimer
+
+This layer is not officially supported by NVIDIA Corporation. It is based on meta-nvidia from deprecated [OakLabsInc](https://github.com/OakLabsInc/meta-nvidia). Always refer to NVIDIA's official documentation and support channels for information related to NVIDIA products.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/artwork/loaded_modules.png b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/artwork/loaded_modules.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b73e70d5
Binary files /dev/null and b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/artwork/loaded_modules.png differ
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/conf/layer.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/conf/layer.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79dbcb466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/conf/layer.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH
+BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}"
+
+# We have recipes-* directories, add to BBFILES
+BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \
+	${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend"
+
+BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "nvidia"
+BBFILE_PATTERN_nvidia = "^${LAYERDIR}/"
+BBFILE_PRIORITY_nvidia = "12"
+
+LICENSE_PATH += " ${LAYERDIR}/custom-licenses"
+LAYERSERIES_COMPAT_nvidia = "wrynose"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/custom-licenses/NVIDIA-Proprietary b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/custom-licenses/NVIDIA-Proprietary
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e5df5dcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/custom-licenses/NVIDIA-Proprietary
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+IMPORTANT NOTICE -- READ CAREFULLY: This License For Customer Use of NVIDIA Software ("LICENSE") is the agreement which governs use of the software of NVIDIA Corporation and its subsidiaries ("NVIDIA") downloadable herefrom, including computer software and associated printed materials ("SOFTWARE"). By downloading, installing, copying, or otherwise using the SOFTWARE, you agree to be bound by the terms of this LICENSE. If you do not agree to the terms of this LICENSE, do not download the SOFTWARE.
+
+RECITALS
+Use of NVIDIA's products requires three elements: the SOFTWARE, the hardware on a graphics controller board, and a personal computer. The SOFTWARE is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is not sold, and instead is only licensed for use, strictly in accordance with this document. The hardware is protected by various patents, and is sold, but this LICENSE does not cover that sale, since it may not necessarily be sold as a package with the SOFTWARE. This LICENSE sets forth the terms and conditions of the SOFTWARE LICENSE only.
+
+1. DEFINITIONS
+1.1 Customer. Customer means the entity or individual that downloads the SOFTWARE.
+
+2. GRANT OF LICENSE
+2.1 Rights and Limitations of Grant. NVIDIA hereby grants Customer the following non-exclusive, non-transferable right to use the SOFTWARE, with the following limitations:
+
+2.1.1 Rights. Customer may install and use one copy of the SOFTWARE on a single computer, and except for making one back-up copy of the Software, may not otherwise copy the SOFTWARE. This LICENSE of SOFTWARE may not be shared or used concurrently on different computers.
+
+2.1.2 Linux/FreeBSD Exception. Notwithstanding the foregoing terms of Section 2.1.1, SOFTWARE designed exclusively for use on the Linux or FreeBSD operating systems, or other operating systems derived from the source code to these operating systems, may be copied and redistributed, provided that the binary files thereof are not modified in any way (except for unzipping of compressed files).
+
+2.1.3 Limitations.
+
+No Reverse Engineering. Customer may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the SOFTWARE, nor attempt in any other manner to obtain the source code.
+
+No Separation of Components. The SOFTWARE is licensed as a single product. Its component parts may not be separated for use on more than one computer, nor otherwise used separately from the other parts.
+
+No Rental. Customer may not rent or lease the SOFTWARE to someone else.
+
+3. TERMINATION
+This LICENSE will automatically terminate if Customer fails to comply with any of the terms and conditions hereof. In such event, Customer must destroy all copies of the SOFTWARE and all of its component parts.
+
+Defensive Suspension. If Customer commences or participates in any legal proceeding against NVIDIA, then NVIDIA may, in its sole discretion, suspend or terminate all license grants and any other rights provided under this LICENSE during the pendency of such legal proceedings.
+
+4. COPYRIGHT
+All title and copyrights in and to the SOFTWARE (including but not limited to all images, photographs, animations, video, audio, music, text, and other information incorporated into the SOFTWARE), the accompanying printed materials, and any copies of the SOFTWARE, are owned by NVIDIA, or its suppliers. The SOFTWARE is protected by copyright laws and international treaty provisions. Accordingly, Customer is required to treat the SOFTWARE like any other copyrighted material, except as otherwise allowed pursuant to this LICENSE and that it may make one copy of the SOFTWARE solely for backup or archive purposes.
+
+5. APPLICABLE LAW
+This LICENSE shall be deemed to have been made in, and shall be construed pursuant to, the laws of the State of Delaware. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is specifically disclaimed.
+
+6. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION ON LIABILITY
+6.1 No Warranties. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND NVIDIA AND ITS SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. Without limiting the foregoing, you are solely responsible for determining and verifying that the SOFTWARE that you obtain and install is the appropriate version for your model of graphics controller board, operating system, and computer hardware.
+
+6.2 No Liability for Consequential Damages. TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL NVIDIA OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, LOSS OF DATA, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION, OR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF NVIDIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+7. SYSTEM UPDATES
+7.1 Customer hereby agrees and acknowledges that the SOFTWARE may access, collect non-personally identifiable information about, update, and configure Customer's system in order to properly optimize such system for use with the SOFTWARE. To the extent that Customer uses the SOFTWARE, Customer hereby consents to all of the foregoing, and represent and warrant that Customer has the right to grant such consent. In addition, Customer agrees that Customer is solely responsible for maintaining appropriate data backups and system restore points for Customer's system, and that NVIDIA will have no responsibility for any damage or loss to such system (including loss of data or access) arising from or relating to (a) any changes to the configuration, application settings, environment variables, registry, drivers, BIOS, or other attributes of the system (or any part of such system) initiated through the SOFTWARE; or (b) installation of any SOFTWARE or third party software patches through the NVIDIA Update Service. The SOFTWARE may contain links to websites and services. We encourage you to review the privacy statements on those sites and services that you choose to visit so that you can understand how they may collect, use and share your personal information. NVIDIA is not responsible for the privacy statements or practices of sites and services controlled by other companies or organizations.
+
+7.2 Registration and Customer Information. Customer represents and warrants that the non-personally identifiable information that Customer has furnished in connection with its registration for the SOFTWARE is complete and accurate. Customer also acknowledges that from time to time, NVIDIA may collect, use, and disclose such information about Customer and/or Customer's system in connection with the SOFTWARE in accordance with NVIDIA's privacy policy, available at www.nvidia.com/object/privacy_policy.html. If Customer does not wish the SOFTWARE to provide system updates as described in this Section 7, uncheck "Automatically check for updates" in the "Preferences" tab of the applicable NVIDIA Update control panel for the SOFTWARE.
+
+8. MISCELLANEOUS
+If any provision of this LICENSE is inconsistent with, or cannot be fully enforced under, the law, such provision will be construed as limited to the extent necessary to be consistent with and fully enforceable under the law. This LICENSE is the final, complete and exclusive agreement between the parties relating to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous understandings and agreements relating to such subject matter, whether oral or written. This LICENSE may only be modified in writing signed by an authorized officer of NVIDIA. Customer agrees that it will not ship, transfer or export the SOFTWARE into any country, or use the SOFTWARE in any manner, prohibited by the United States Bureau of Industry and Security or any export laws, restrictions or regulations.
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/containerd-config/containerd-config_1.0.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/containerd-config/containerd-config_1.0.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d40e6eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/containerd-config/containerd-config_1.0.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+DESCRIPTION = "Create containerd config"
+LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+# FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+SRC_URI = "file://config.toml"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/containerd
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/config.toml ${D}${sysconfdir}/containerd/
+}
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN}:append = " containerd-opencontainers"
+FILES:${PN}:append = "${sysconfdir}/containerd/config.toml"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/containerd-config/files/config.toml b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/containerd-config/files/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..566d27bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/containerd-config/files/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+version = 2
+
+[plugins]
+
+  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"]
+
+    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd]
+
+      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]
+
+        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.nvidia]
+          privileged_without_host_devices = false
+          runtime_engine = ""
+          runtime_root = ""
+          runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"
+
+          [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.nvidia.options]
+            BinaryName = "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/ldconfig-compatibility-symlink/ldconfig-compatibility-symlink_1.0.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/ldconfig-compatibility-symlink/ldconfig-compatibility-symlink_1.0.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4071fbd6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/ldconfig-compatibility-symlink/ldconfig-compatibility-symlink_1.0.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+DESCRIPTION = "Create symlink from /sbin/ldconfig.real to /sbin/ldconfig"
+LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+# This recipe does not fetch source code from anywhere
+SRC_URI = ""
+
+# Since we're not downloading or unpacking anything, skip those tasks
+do_unpack[noexec] = "1"
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+inherit allarch
+
+# Add a task to create the symlink
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${base_sbindir}
+    ln -s ldconfig ${D}${base_sbindir}/ldconfig.real
+}
+
+# Ensure that the package is always installed
+PACKAGES = "${PN}"
+FILES:${PN}:append = "${base_sbindir}/ldconfig.real"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca7fb4e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+DESCRIPTION = "libnvidia-container"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container"
+LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
+# LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=3b83ef96387f14655fc854ddc3c6bd57"
+
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "\
+    file://LICENSE;md5=3b83ef96387f14655fc854ddc3c6bd57 \
+    file://deps/src/nvidia-modprobe-${NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION}/modprobe-utils/nvidia-modprobe-utils.c;endline=22;md5=2ee73384f2a7a7e246230f8a2e2d4b30 \
+    file://deps/src/nvidia-modprobe-${NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION}/modprobe-utils/pci-enum.h;endline=29;md5=ca948b6fabc48e616fccbf17247feebf \
+    file://deps/src/nvidia-modprobe-${NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION}/modprobe-utils/pci-sysfs.c;endline=25;md5=0449248350efd54938e7f8d25af965cb \
+"
+
+ELF_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION = "0.7.1"
+NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION = "580.105.08"
+LIBTIRPC_VERSION = "1.3.4"
+
+SRC_URI = "git://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container.git;protocol=https;name=libnvidia;branch=main \
+           git://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-modprobe.git;protocol=https;branch=main;name=modprobe;destsuffix=nvidia-modprobe \
+           file://0001-build-fix.patch \
+           file://0002-secomp-fix.patch \
+           file://0003-fix-remove-buildpath-for-package-qa.patch \
+           "
+
+
+# SRCREV = "a4ef85ebc86688eeef667271abbc7cd4f1110cf6"
+SRCREV_libnvidia = "889a3bb5408c195ed7897ba2cb8341c7d249672f"
+# Nvidia modprobe version 495.44
+SRCREV_modprobe = "0c7433d5b04ce4a97036a939c076416d47427675"
+SRCREV_FORMAT = "libnvidia_modprobe"
+
+DEPENDS = " \
+            curl-native ca-certificates-native go-native \
+            coreutils-native \
+            pkgconfig-native \
+            libcap \
+            elfutils \
+            libtirpc134 \
+            ldconfig-native \
+            "
+RDEPENDS:${PN}:append = " ldconfig-compatibility-symlink containerd-config"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0001-build-fix.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0001-build-fix.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4751aa6ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0001-build-fix.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [embedded specific]
+
+diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
+index a374cc09..34d21e25 100644
+--- a/Makefile
++++ b/Makefile
+@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ WITH_SECCOMP ?= yes
+ 
+ ##### Global definitions #####
+ 
+-export prefix      = /usr/local
+-export exec_prefix = $(prefix)
+-export bindir      = $(exec_prefix)/bin
+-export libdir      = $(exec_prefix)/lib
+-export docdir      = $(prefix)/share/doc
+-export libdbgdir   = $(prefix)/lib/debug$(libdir)
+-export includedir  = $(prefix)/include
+-export pkgconfdir  = $(libdir)/pkgconfig
++export prefix      ?= /usr/local
++export exec_prefix ?= $(prefix)
++export bindir      ?= $(exec_prefix)/bin
++export libdir      ?= $(exec_prefix)/lib
++export docdir      ?= $(prefix)/share/doc
++export libdbgdir   ?= $(prefix)/lib/debug$(libdir)
++export includedir  ?= $(prefix)/include
++export pkgconfdir  ?= $(libdir)/pkgconfig
+ 
+ export PKG_DIR     ?= $(CURDIR)/pkg
+ export SRCS_DIR    ?= $(CURDIR)/src
+@@ -137,20 +137,25 @@ LIBGO_SYMLINK := $(LIBGO_NAME).so
+ 
+ # Common flags
+ CPPFLAGS := -D_GNU_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 $(CPPFLAGS)
++CCNAME := $(shell $(CC) -v 2>&1 | grep -q "clang version" && echo clang || echo gcc)
+ CFLAGS   := -std=gnu11 -O2 -g -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -fplan9-extensions -fstack-protector -fno-strict-aliasing -fvisibility=hidden \
+             -Wall -Wextra -Wcast-align -Wpointer-arith -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnonnull \
+             -Wwrite-strings -Wlogical-op -Wformat=2 -Wmissing-format-attribute -Winit-self -Wshadow \
+             -Wstrict-prototypes -Wunreachable-code -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion \
+-            -Wno-unknown-warning-option -Wno-format-extra-args -Wno-gnu-alignof-expression $(CFLAGS)
++            -Wno-format-extra-args $(if $(filter clang,$(CCNAME)),-Wno-unknown-warning-option -Wno-gnu-alignof-expression,) \
++			-I=/usr/include/tirpc $(CFLAGS)
+ LDFLAGS  := -Wl,-zrelro -Wl,-znow -Wl,-zdefs -Wl,--gc-sections $(LDFLAGS)
+ LDLIBS   := $(LDLIBS)
++CFLAGS := -Wno-error $(CFLAGS)
++LDLIBS := -Wno-error $(LDLIBS)
++CPPFLAGS := -Wno-error $(CPPFLAGS)
+ 
+ # Library flags (recursively expanded to handle target-specific flags)
+ LIB_CPPFLAGS       = -DNV_LINUX -isystem $(DEPS_DIR)$(includedir) -include $(BUILD_DEFS)
+ LIB_CFLAGS         = -fPIC
+-LIB_LDFLAGS        = -L$(DEPS_DIR)$(libdir) -shared -Wl,-soname=$(LIB_SONAME)
+-LIB_LDLIBS_STATIC  = -l:libnvidia-modprobe-utils.a
+-LIB_LDLIBS_SHARED  = -ldl -lcap
++LIB_LDFLAGS        = -shared -Wl,-soname=$(LIB_SONAME)
++LIB_LDLIBS_STATIC  = -L$(DEPS_DIR)$(libdir) -l:libnvidia-modprobe-utils.a -L=$(libdir) -l:libtirpc.a
++LIB_LDLIBS_SHARED  = -ldl -lcap -lpthread
+ ifeq ($(WITH_NVCGO), yes)
+ LIB_CPPFLAGS       += -DWITH_NVCGO
+ LIB_LDLIBS_SHARED  += -lpthread
+@@ -205,7 +210,11 @@ $(BUILD_DEFS):
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_FLAGS    "%s"\n' '$(strip $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_REVISION "%s"\n' '$(strip $(REVISION))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+ 	@printf '#define BUILD_PLATFORM "%s"\n' '$(strip $(PLATFORM))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
+-
++ifeq ($(EXCLUDE_BUILD_FLAGS),)
++	@printf '#define BUILD_FLAGS    "%s"\n' '$(strip $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS))' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
++else
++	@printf '#define BUILD_FLAGS    ""\n' >>$(BUILD_DEFS)
++endif
+ $(LIB_RPC_SRCS): $(LIB_RPC_SPEC)
+ 	$(RM) $@
+ 	cd $(dir $@) && $(RPCGEN) $(RPCGENFLAGS) -C -M -N -o $(notdir $@) $(LIB_RPC_SPEC)
+@@ -224,17 +233,14 @@ $(LIB_SHARED): $(LIB_OBJS)
+ 	$(OBJCPY) --only-keep-debug $@ $(LIB_SONAME)
+ 	$(OBJCPY) --add-gnu-debuglink=$(LIB_SONAME) $@
+ 	$(MV) $(LIB_SONAME) $(DEBUG_DIR)
+-	$(STRIP) --strip-unneeded -R .comment $@
+ 
+ $(LIB_STATIC_OBJ): $(LIB_OBJS)
+ 	# FIXME Handle user-defined LDFLAGS and LDLIBS
+ 	$(LD) -d -r --exclude-libs ALL -L$(DEPS_DIR)$(libdir) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $^ $(LIB_LDLIBS_STATIC)
+ 	$(OBJCPY) --localize-hidden $@
+-	$(STRIP) --strip-unneeded -R .comment $@
+ 
+ $(BIN_NAME): $(BIN_OBJS)
+ 	$(CC) $(BIN_CFLAGS) $(BIN_CPPFLAGS) $(BIN_LDFLAGS) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $^ $(BIN_SCRIPT) $(BIN_LDLIBS)
+-	$(STRIP) --strip-unneeded -R .comment $@
+ 
+ ##### Public rules #####
+ 
+@@ -244,7 +250,6 @@ all: shared static tools
+ # Run with ASAN_OPTIONS="protect_shadow_gap=0" to avoid CUDA OOM errors
+ debug: CFLAGS += -pedantic -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fno-common -fsanitize=address
+ debug: LDLIBS += -lubsan
+-debug: STRIP  := @echo skipping: strip
+ debug: shared static tools
+ 
+ tools: $(BIN_NAME)
+diff --git a/mk/common.mk b/mk/common.mk
+index f6d5fbf2..d46584b7 100644
+--- a/mk/common.mk
++++ b/mk/common.mk
+@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ else
+     DATE := $(shell date -u --iso-8601=minutes)
+ endif
+ REVISION ?= $(shell git rev-parse HEAD)
+-COMPILER := $(realpath $(shell which $(CC)))
++COMPILER := $(realpath $(shell which $(firstword $(CC))))
+ PLATFORM ?= $(shell uname -m)
+ 
+ ifeq ($(DATE),)
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0002-secomp-fix.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0002-secomp-fix.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a3c46566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0002-secomp-fix.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [embedded specific]
+
+diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
+index a374cc09..b6632580 100644
+--- a/Makefile
++++ b/Makefile
+@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
+ WITH_NVCGO   ?= yes
+ WITH_LIBELF  ?= no
+ WITH_TIRPC   ?= no
+-WITH_SECCOMP ?= yes
++WITH_SECCOMP := yes
+ 
+ ##### Global definitions #####
+ 
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0003-fix-remove-buildpath-for-package-qa.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0003-fix-remove-buildpath-for-package-qa.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec42da634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container/0003-fix-remove-buildpath-for-package-qa.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Upstream-Status: Inappropriate [embedded specific]
+
+From 13cc971cf7ab0bb8fe8528f2ebd65685a81b7ae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Atharva Nandanwar <anandanwar@sighthound.com>
+Date: Fri, 19 Aug 2022 15:25:18 -0600
+Subject: [PATCH] fix: remove buildpath for package qa
+
+* get EXTRA_CFLAGS for nvidia-modprobe
+---
+ mk/nvidia-modprobe.mk | 1 ++
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertions(+)
+
+diff --git a/mk/nvidia-modprobe.mk b/mk/nvidia-modprobe.mk
+index 3406222..c7af214 100644
+--- a/mk/nvidia-modprobe.mk
++++ b/mk/nvidia-modprobe.mk
+@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ PATCH_FILE     := $(MAKE_DIR)/nvidia-modprobe.patch
+ ARFLAGS  := -rU
+ CPPFLAGS := -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -DNV_LINUX
+ CFLAGS   := -O2 -g -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -fstack-protector -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
++CFLAGS   += $(NVIDIA_MODPROBE_EXTRA_CFLAGS)
+ 
+ ##### Private rules #####
+ 
+-- 
+2.34.1
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container_1.00.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container_1.00.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e4e341df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libnvidia-container_1.00.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+require libnvidia-container.inc
+inherit features_check pkgconfig
+
+SUMMARY = "libNVIDIA Container for Yocto"
+
+fakeroot do_unpack_modprobe() {
+    mkdir -p ${S}/deps/src
+    if [ -d "${UNPACKDIR}/nvidia-modprobe" ]; then
+        mv ${UNPACKDIR}/nvidia-modprobe ${S}/deps/src/nvidia-modprobe-${NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION}
+    fi
+}
+addtask unpack_modprobe after do_unpack before do_patch
+do_unpack_modprobe[dirs] = "${S}"
+do_unpack_modprobe[vardeps] += "NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION"
+# Ensure pseudo (fakeroot worker) is staged before this fakeroot task runs.
+do_unpack_modprobe[depends] += "pseudo-native:do_populate_sysroot"
+
+PACKAGECONFIG ??= "seccomp"
+PACKAGECONFIG[seccomp] = "WITH_SECCOMP=yes,WITH_SECCOMP=no,libseccomp"
+
+# We need to link with libelf, otherwise we need to
+# include bmake-native which does not exist at the moment.
+EXTRA_OEMAKE = "EXCLUDE_BUILD_FLAGS=1 PLATFORM=${HOST_ARCH} WITH_NVCGO=yes WITH_LIBELF=yes COMPILER=${@d.getVar('CC').split()[0]} REVISION=${SRCREV_libnvidia} ${PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS} \
+                NVIDIA_MODPROBE_EXTRA_CFLAGS=${NVIDIA_MODPROBE_EXTRA_CFLAGS} \
+                GOCACHE=${WORKDIR}/go-cache GOPATH=${WORKDIR}/go GOMODCACHE=${WORKDIR}/go-mod"
+NVIDIA_MODPROBE_EXTRA_CFLAGS ?= "-ffile-prefix-map=${WORKDIR}=/usr/src/debug/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR}"
+CFLAGS:prepend = " -I${RECIPE_SYSROOT_NATIVE}/usr/include/tirpc "
+
+export OBJCPY = "${OBJCOPY}"
+GO_IMPORT = "github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit"
+SECURITY_LDFLAGS = ""
+LDFLAGS += "-Wl,-z,lazy"
+GO_LINKSHARED = ""
+REQUIRED_DISTRO_FEATURES = "virtualization"
+do_configure:append() {
+    # Mark Nvidia modprobe as downloaded
+    touch ${S}/deps/src/nvidia-modprobe-${NVIDIA_MODPROBE_VERSION}/.download_stamp
+}
+
+do_compile() {
+    # Ensure the copied bmake is used during the build
+    export PATH=${WORKDIR}:$PATH
+    
+    #go fix
+    export GOPATH="${WORKDIR}/go"
+    export GOCACHE="${WORKDIR}/go-cache"
+    export GOMODCACHE="${WORKDIR}/go-mod"
+    mkdir -p ${GOPATH} ${GOCACHE} ${GOMODCACHE}
+
+    # Ensure reproducible builds
+    export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH="${@d.getVar('SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH') or '0'}"
+    export CGO_LDFLAGS="${CGO_LDFLAGS} -Wl,--build-id=none"
+
+    # Point curl to the correct CA certificates in the native sysroot
+    export CURL_CA_BUNDLE="${RECIPE_SYSROOT_NATIVE}/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
+
+    oe_runmake
+}
+
+do_install() {
+    oe_runmake install DESTDIR=${D}
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/nvidia-container-runtime
+    # install -m 0644 ${S}/src/${GO_IMPORT}/config/config.toml.ubuntu ${D}${sysconfdir}/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml
+    # sed -i -e's,ldconfig\.real,ldconfig,' ${D}${sysconfdir}/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml
+    # sed -i -e's,mode = "auto",mode = "legacy",' ${D}${sysconfdir}/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml
+    ln -sf nvidia-container-runtime-hook ${D}${bindir}/nvidia-container-toolkit
+}
+
+FILES_${PN} += "/usr/local/bin /usr/local/lib"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN}:append = " ldconfig"
+
+do_compile[network] = "1"
+
+# Added to skip buildpath QA errors for files generated by rpcgen
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}-src = "buildpaths"
+# Skip QA checks for Go shared library
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags buildpaths"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libtirpc134_1.3.4.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libtirpc134_1.3.4.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4d1cacc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/libnvidia-container/libtirpc134_1.3.4.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+SUMMARY = "Transport-Independent RPC library"
+DESCRIPTION = "Libtirpc is a port of Suns Transport-Independent RPC library to Linux"
+SECTION = "libs/network"
+HOMEPAGE = "http://sourceforge.net/projects/libtirpc/"
+BUGTRACKER = "http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=183075&atid=903784"
+LICENSE = "BSD-3-Clause"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=f835cce8852481e4b2bbbdd23b5e47f3 \
+                    file://src/netname.c;beginline=1;endline=27;md5=f8a8cd2cb25ac5aa16767364fb0e3c24"
+
+SRC_URI = "${SOURCEFORGE_MIRROR}/libtirpc/libtirpc-${PV}.tar.bz2"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "1e0b0c7231c5fa122e06c0609a76723664d068b0dba3b8219b63e6340b347860"
+
+# SRC_URI += "file://0001-__rpc_dtbsize-rlim_cur-instead-of-rlim_max.patch"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/libtirpc-${PV}"
+
+inherit autotools pkgconfig
+
+DISABLE_STATIC = ""
+EXTRA_OECONF = "--disable-gssapi --enable-static"
+
+# Append -fPIC to CFLAGS and fix GCC 15 compatibility
+CFLAGS:append = " -fPIC -Wno-error=incompatible-pointer-types -Wno-error=int-conversion -std=gnu17"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    rm -r ${D}${sysconfdir} ${D}${datadir} ${D}${libdir}/pkgconfig
+    rm ${D}${libdir}/*.so*
+    cp -r ${D}${includedir}/tirpc ${D}${includedir}/tirpc-1.3.4
+}
+
+inherit nopackages
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/0001-validate-ocsp-response-freshness.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/0001-validate-ocsp-response-freshness.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b40784d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/0001-validate-ocsp-response-freshness.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+From 9f2cd5ff477168e73d182b5492bc43cb7403f3fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: dstack contributors <dstack@phala.network>
+Date: Thu, 16 Jul 2026 12:00:00 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] Validate OCSP response freshness
+
+OCSP_basic_verify authenticates the response but does not validate its
+thisUpdate/nextUpdate window. This normally goes unnoticed because a fresh
+nonce prevents replay. Trust Outpost-compatible caches deliberately return a
+response with an older nonce, so the verifier must independently reject stale
+signed responses.
+
+Use OpenSSL's OCSP_check_validity without accepting expired responses through
+a clock-skew grace period. Preserve the SDK's existing one-hour lifetime for
+responses without nextUpdate and enforce that synthesized deadline as well.
+
+Upstream-Status: Pending
+
+---
+ nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/src/nv_ocsp.cpp | 17 +++++++++++++++++
+ 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)
+diff --git a/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/src/nv_ocsp.cpp b/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/src/nv_ocsp.cpp
+index 8054971..a4a29c7 100644
+--- a/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/src/nv_ocsp.cpp
++++ b/nv-attestation-sdk-cpp/src/nv_ocsp.cpp
+@@ -291,6 +291,14 @@ Error NvHttpOcspClient::get_ocsp_status(
+             return Error::OcspInvalidResponse;
+         }
+
++        // OCSP_basic_verify checks signature and trust, but not response time.
++        // Cached responses intentionally cannot satisfy the request nonce, so
++        // the signed validity window is the remaining replay boundary.
++        if (OCSP_check_validity(thisupd, nextupd, 0, -1) != 1) {
++            LOG_ERROR("OCSP response is outside its validity window: " << get_openssl_error());
++            return Error::OcspInvalidResponse;
++        }
++
+         // note: timegm only works on linux.
+         struct tm this_update_tm{};
+         if (ASN1_TIME_to_tm((const ASN1_TIME *)thisupd, &this_update_tm) != 1) {
+@@ -318,6 +326,15 @@ Error NvHttpOcspClient::get_ocsp_status(
+             LOG_DEBUG("ASN1_TIME_to_tm successful for next update time: " << next_update_time);
+             out_ocsp_response.nextupd = next_update_time;
+         }
++        // When nextUpdate is absent OCSP_check_validity has no upper bound to
++        // evaluate. The SDK already synthesizes one hour from thisUpdate;
++        // enforce it before exposing a successful claim.
++        time_t now = time(nullptr);
++        if (out_ocsp_response.nextupd < now) {
++            LOG_ERROR("OCSP response has expired (nextUpdate: "
++                      << out_ocsp_response.nextupd << ", now: " << now << ")");
++            return Error::OcspInvalidResponse;
++        }
+
+         out_ocsp_response.status = status;
+         out_ocsp_response.reason = reason;
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83f2d1b5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Ordering only, not a hard dependency: on GPU instances, `dstack-util setup`
+# (run by dstack-prepare.service) performs local GPU TEE attestation per the
+# app-compose `requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu` setting, which needs the
+# nvidia driver loaded (nvidia-persistenced) and the NVLink fabric up
+# (nvidia-fabricmanager).
+# Both units skip cleanly on GPU-less instances via nvidia-gpu-detect.
+[Unit]
+Wants=nvidia-persistenced.service nvidia-fabricmanager.service
+After=nvidia-persistenced.service nvidia-fabricmanager.service
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2656f7beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/files/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,1799 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ahash"
+version = "0.8.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a15f179cd60c4584b8a8c596927aadc462e27f2ca70c04e0071964a73ba7a75"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "once_cell",
+ "serde",
+ "version_check",
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "aho-corasick"
+version = "1.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ddd31a130427c27518df266943a5308ed92d4b226cc639f5a8f1002816174301"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "android_system_properties"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "819e7219dbd41043ac279b19830f2efc897156490d7fd6ea916720117ee66311"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstream"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "824a212faf96e9acacdbd09febd34438f8f711fb84e09a8916013cd7815ca28d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "anstyle-parse",
+ "anstyle-query",
+ "anstyle-wincon",
+ "colorchoice",
+ "is_terminal_polyfill",
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "940b3a0ca603d1eade50a4846a2afffd5ef57a9feac2c0e2ec2e14f9ead76000"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-parse"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52ce7f38b242319f7cabaa6813055467063ecdc9d355bbb4ce0c68908cd8130e"
+dependencies = [
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-query"
+version = "1.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40c48f72fd53cd289104fc64099abca73db4166ad86ea0b4341abe65af83dadc"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-wincon"
+version = "3.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "291e6a250ff86cd4a820112fb8898808a366d8f9f58ce16d1f538353ad55747d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "once_cell_polyfill",
+ "windows-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.104"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "330a5ed07fa54e4702c9d6c4174f74427fc0ef6e214bbd677ae50a5099946470"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
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diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/nvattest_2026.06.09.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/nvattest_2026.06.09.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..579f06f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvattest/nvattest_2026.06.09.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA GPU attestation CLI"
+DESCRIPTION = "Builds NVIDIA's nvattest CLI. dstack-util setup runs it at boot to gate readiness on local GPU TEE attestation and an optional application policy."
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/NVIDIA/attestation-sdk"
+LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=e620fc90e76c4aa0c3efdd1673ca0b3b"
+
+SRC_URI = " \
+    git://github.com/NVIDIA/attestation-sdk.git;protocol=https;branch=main \
+    file://10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf \
+    file://0001-validate-ocsp-response-freshness.patch \
+    file://regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock \
+"
+SRCREV = "9d12801cea8a198ea0f29640dfaf8a4017c841c5"
+
+OECMAKE_SOURCEPATH = "${S}/nv-attestation-cli"
+
+inherit cmake pkgconfig
+
+# The SDK embeds the regorus Rego policy engine (Rust, via Corrosion), so a
+# Rust toolchain is required. Use the prebuilt toolchain from meta-rust-bin
+# (cargo-bin-native pulls rust-bin-cross-${TARGET_ARCH}), the same toolchain
+# dstack-guest builds with -- NOT oe-core's rust-native (bootstraps rustc from
+# source, very expensive).
+DEPENDS += " \
+    cargo-bin-native \
+    curl \
+    openssl \
+    libxml2 \
+    xmlsec1 \
+    spdlog \
+    nlohmann-json \
+    nvidia \
+"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += " \
+    ca-certificates \
+    nvidia \
+    nvidia-fabricmanager \
+    nvidia-persistenced \
+"
+
+EXTRA_OECMAKE += " \
+    -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF \
+    -DNVAT_BUILD_TESTS=OFF \
+    -DNVAT_BUILD_SAMPLES=OFF \
+    -DCMAKE_SKIP_RPATH=ON \
+    -DFETCHCONTENT_FULLY_DISCONNECTED=OFF \
+    -DUSE_SYSTEM_DEPS=ON \
+"
+
+# Keep cargo state inside the workdir (Corrosion invokes cargo for regorus).
+export CARGO_HOME = "${WORKDIR}/cargo_home"
+export RUST_BACKTRACE = "1"
+
+# rustc does not inherit the C toolchain's -ffile-prefix-map, so the regorus
+# static lib embedded in libnvat would otherwise carry TMPDIR paths
+# ([buildpaths] QA / reproducibility issue).
+export RUSTFLAGS = "--remap-path-prefix=${WORKDIR}=/usr/src/debug/${PN}/${PV}"
+
+# Corrosion invokes cargo with host triple == target triple
+# (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu). Cargo would then link host-side build scripts
+# with the cross gcc but without the target sysroot (cannot find Scrt1.o/-lc).
+# Split host vs target linker config the same way meta-rust-bin's cargo_bin
+# class does: build scripts link with the native toolchain.
+do_compile:prepend() {
+    mkdir -p ${WORKDIR}/wrappers
+    echo "#!/bin/sh" > ${WORKDIR}/wrappers/linker-native-wrapper.sh
+    echo "${BUILD_CC} ${BUILD_LDFLAGS} \"\$@\"" >> ${WORKDIR}/wrappers/linker-native-wrapper.sh
+    chmod +x ${WORKDIR}/wrappers/linker-native-wrapper.sh
+
+    export __CARGO_TEST_CHANNEL_OVERRIDE_DO_NOT_USE_THIS="nightly"
+    export CARGO_UNSTABLE_TARGET_APPLIES_TO_HOST="true"
+    export CARGO_UNSTABLE_HOST_CONFIG="true"
+    export CARGO_TARGET_APPLIES_TO_HOST="false"
+    export CARGO_HOST_LINKER="${WORKDIR}/wrappers/linker-native-wrapper.sh"
+}
+
+# regorus does not commit bindings/ffi/Cargo.lock.  Without a lockfile Cargo
+# resolves the newest semver-compatible proc-macro dependencies on every clean
+# build (for example syn 3.0.2 vs 3.0.3), which changes the dynamic string table
+# ordering and GNU build IDs of both libnvat and nvattest.  Install a reviewed
+# lockfile after FetchContent has populated regorus and fail if Cargo rewrites it.
+do_configure:append() {
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock \
+        ${B}/_deps/regorus-src/bindings/ffi/Cargo.lock
+}
+
+do_compile:append() {
+    cmp ${UNPACKDIR}/regorus-ffi-Cargo.lock \
+        ${B}/_deps/regorus-src/bindings/ffi/Cargo.lock || \
+        bbfatal "Cargo changed the pinned regorus FFI lockfile"
+}
+
+# Network is needed at configure/compile time because:
+#  - nv-attestation-cli CMake FetchContent: CLI11, nlohmann-json (+ fmt/spdlog
+#    headers)
+#  - nv-attestation-sdk-cpp CMake FetchContent: Corrosion, regorus, jwt-cpp
+#  - Corrosion runs cargo, which fetches the regorus-ffi crate dependencies
+# All refs are pinned (git tags/commits) upstream, and the regorus FFI Cargo
+# graph is pinned by the lockfile above. TODO: vendor these via SRC_URI + cargo
+# vendor to make the already reproducible fetch fully offline as well.
+do_configure[network] = "1"
+do_compile[network] = "1"
+
+do_install() {
+    DESTDIR=${D} cmake --install ${B} --prefix ${prefix}
+
+    if [ ! -x ${D}${bindir}/nvattest ]; then
+        bbfatal "nvattest binary was not produced by the build"
+    fi
+
+    # cargo/Corrosion leaves host-side proc-macro dylibs in the build tree;
+    # make sure none of them ever end up in the image (only libnvat is a
+    # real target library).
+    find ${D}${libdir} -maxdepth 1 -name 'lib*.so*' ! -name 'libnvat.so*' -delete
+
+    # Make dstack-prepare (which runs the attestation) start after the nvidia
+    # userspace services it depends on.
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/dstack-prepare.service.d
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf \
+        ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/dstack-prepare.service.d/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf
+
+    # Cached OCSP responses cannot echo each verifier request's nonce. NVIDIA
+    # ships this policy for its Trust Outpost cache: it omits only the OCSP
+    # nonce claim while retaining certificate, signature and measurement
+    # appraisal. dstack-util selects it only when sys-config enables a proxy.
+    install -d ${D}${datadir}/nvattest/policies
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/relying_party_policy_examples/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego \
+        ${D}${datadir}/nvattest/policies/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} += " \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/dstack-prepare.service.d/10-nvidia-gpu-ordering.conf \
+    ${datadir}/nvattest/policies/allow_trust_outpost_ocsp.rego \
+    ${libdir}/lib*.so \
+    ${libdir}/lib*.so.* \
+"
+FILES_SOLIBSDEV = ""
+FILES:${PN}-dev:remove = "${libdir}/lib*.so"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "dev-so already-stripped"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/0001-Fix-cgo-LDFLAGS-for-go-1.21-and-later.patch b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/0001-Fix-cgo-LDFLAGS-for-go-1.21-and-later.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..124258b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/0001-Fix-cgo-LDFLAGS-for-go-1.21-and-later.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+From 00529c2b30cf74993bb124ba82a6947703540584 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Matt Madison <matt@madison.systems>
+Date: Sun, 17 Mar 2024 09:33:12 -0700
+Subject: [PATCH] Fix cgo LDFLAGS for go 1.21 and later
+
+Upstream-Status: Pending
+
+Signed-off-by: Matt Madison <matt@madison.systems>
+---
+ internal/cuda/cuda.go | 2 +-
+ 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+diff --git a/internal/cuda/cuda.go b/internal/cuda/cuda.go
+index 2c70a82..3fc7952 100644
+--- a/internal/cuda/cuda.go
++++ b/internal/cuda/cuda.go
+@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import (
+ )
+ 
+ /*
+-#cgo LDFLAGS: -Wl,--unresolved-symbols=ignore-in-object-files
++#cgo LDFLAGS: -Wl,--export-dynamic -Wl,--unresolved-symbols=ignore-in-object-files
+ 
+ #ifdef _WIN32
+ #define CUDAAPI __stdcall
+-- 
+2.34.1
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/config.toml b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e09dec2a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/files/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[nvidia-container-cli]
+#root = "/run/nvidia/driver"
+#path = "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-cli"
+environment = []
+# debug = "/var/log/nvidia-container-toolkit.log"
+#ldcache = "/etc/ld.so.cache"
+load-kmods = true
+no-cgroups = false
+#user = "root:video"
+ldconfig = "@/sbin/ldconfig"
+#alpha-merge-visible-devices-envvars = false
+
+[nvidia-container-runtime]
+# debug = "/var/log/nvidia-container-runtime.log"
+log-level = "debug"
+
+# Specify the runtimes to consider. This list is processed in order and the PATH
+# searched for matching executables unless the entry is an absolute path.
+runtimes = [
+	"runc",
+]
+
+mode = "auto"
+
+[nvidia-container-runtime.modes.csv]
+mount-spec-path = "/etc/nvidia-container-runtime/host-files-for-container.d"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/nvidia-container-toolkit.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/nvidia-container-toolkit.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..200471374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/nvidia-container-toolkit.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA Container Toolkit"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit"
+LICENSE = "Apache-2.0"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://src/${GO_IMPORT}/LICENSE;md5=3b83ef96387f14655fc854ddc3c6bd57"
+
+SRC_URI = "git://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit.git;protocol=https;branch=main;destsuffix=${BP}/src/${GO_IMPORT}"
+SRCREV = "c748619c592030519361274a2fdd43f2c2ced73a"
+
+SRC_URI += "file://config.toml"
+GO_IMPORT = "github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-container-toolkit"
+
+DEPENDS = " \
+            curl-native ca-certificates-native go-native \
+            coreutils-native \
+            "
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/nvidia-container-toolkit_1.00.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/nvidia-container-toolkit_1.00.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44660559f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia-container-toolkit/nvidia-container-toolkit_1.00.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+require nvidia-container-toolkit.inc
+
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA Container Toolkit for Yocto"
+
+GO_INSTALL = "${GO_IMPORT}/cmd/..."
+# The go-nvml symbol lookup functions *require* lazy dynamic symbol resolution
+SECURITY_LDFLAGS = ""
+LDFLAGS += "-Wl,-z,lazy"
+GO_LINKSHARED = ""
+
+REQUIRED_DISTRO_FEATURES = "virtualization"
+
+inherit go go-mod features_check
+
+do_compile() {
+    echo "Current directory: $(pwd)"
+    ls -alh
+    oe_runmake -C ${S}/src/${GO_IMPORT} cmds
+    
+}
+
+install_bin_stripped() {
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/src/${GO_IMPORT}/$1 ${D}${bindir}/$1
+    ${STRIP} --remove-section=.note.gnu.build-id ${D}${bindir}/$1
+    ${STRIP} --remove-section=.note.go.buildid ${D}${bindir}/$1
+}
+
+do_install() {
+    # Create the target directories in the image file system
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    
+    # Copy each binary to the target directory
+    install_bin_stripped nvidia-container-runtime
+    install_bin_stripped nvidia-container-runtime.cdi
+    install_bin_stripped nvidia-container-runtime-hook
+    install_bin_stripped nvidia-container-runtime.legacy
+    install_bin_stripped nvidia-ctk
+
+    ln -sf nvidia-container-runtime-hook ${D}${bindir}/nvidia-container-toolkit
+
+    # create config.toml
+    # Ensure the installation directory exists
+    install -d ${D}/etc/nvidia-container-runtime
+    # Install the config.toml file
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/config.toml ${D}/etc/nvidia-container-runtime/config.toml
+}
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} += "already-stripped buildpaths textrel"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}:append = "already-stripped buildpaths textrel"
+FILES_${PN} += "/usr/local/*"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "\
+    libnvidia-container \
+    "
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-fabricmanager-nvswitch-condition.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-fabricmanager-nvswitch-condition.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a55d2d272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-fabricmanager-nvswitch-condition.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Skip the fabric manager cleanly on hosts without NVSwitch (i.e. any non
+# HGX/DGX instance, including GPU instances that have no NVSwitch) instead of
+# letting it fail. ExecCondition exit 1 -> systemd marks the unit as skipped,
+# not failed.
+[Service]
+ExecCondition=/usr/bin/nvidia-gpu-detect nvswitch
+# Load NVIDIA modules only after NVSwitch detection succeeds to avoid boot-time
+# modprobe failures/noise on GPU-less hosts.
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia-modeset
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia-drm
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia-uvm
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-gpu-detect b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-gpu-detect
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8547c949a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-gpu-detect
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# nvidia-gpu-detect - report NVIDIA GPU / NVSwitch presence via sysfs PCI.
+#
+# Intended for use as a systemd ExecCondition= so that GPU-only services skip
+# cleanly (instead of failing) on instances without a GPU / without NVSwitch.
+# This lets the NVIDIA and plain images be merged into a single image.
+#
+#   exit 0 -> hardware present     (systemd runs the unit)
+#   exit 1 -> hardware absent      (systemd skips the unit, no failure)
+#
+# Detection mirrors
+# tools/vm-runner/enable-vfio-passthrough.sh, but reads PCI class codes
+# from sysfs so it works before the nvidia driver is loaded and without relying
+# on lspci / the pci.ids name database:
+#
+#   GPU      = NVIDIA (0x10de) VGA (0x0300xx) or 3D controller (0x0302xx)
+#   NVSwitch = NVIDIA (0x10de) bridge          (0x06xxxx, any bridge subclass)
+#
+# NVSwitch matches any NVIDIA bridge-class device (mirrors the `grep 'Bridge'`
+# heuristic in tools/vm-runner/enable-vfio-passthrough.sh) rather than
+# only the "Other bridge" subclass 0x0680, so it stays correct if a future
+# NVSwitch enumerates under a different bridge subclass. This is safe here
+# because these images run as TDX guests whose only NVIDIA-vendor devices are
+# GPUs (class 0x03xx) and NVSwitches (class 0x06xx).
+
+NVIDIA_VENDOR="0x10de"
+
+# match_vendor_class <class-glob>: succeed if any PCI device has NVIDIA's
+# vendor id and a class matching the given glob (e.g. "0x0302*").
+match_vendor_class() {
+    for dev in /sys/bus/pci/devices/*; do
+        [ -r "$dev/vendor" ] && [ -r "$dev/class" ] || continue
+        [ "$(cat "$dev/vendor")" = "$NVIDIA_VENDOR" ] || continue
+        case "$(cat "$dev/class")" in
+            $1) return 0 ;;
+        esac
+    done
+    return 1
+}
+
+case "${1:-gpu}" in
+    gpu)
+        match_vendor_class '0x0300*' || match_vendor_class '0x0302*'
+        ;;
+    nvswitch)
+        match_vendor_class '0x06*'
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "usage: ${0##*/} {gpu|nvswitch}" >&2
+        exit 64
+        ;;
+esac
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-persistenced.service b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-persistenced.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74ddc332f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia-persistenced.service
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=NVIDIA Persistence Daemon
+Wants=syslog.target
+Before=app-compose.service docker.service
+After=systemd-modules-load.service modprobe@.service
+
+[Service]
+Type=oneshot
+# Skip cleanly on instances without an NVIDIA GPU (exit 1 -> unit skipped, not
+# failed), so the NVIDIA image can run on GPU-less hosts.
+ExecCondition=/usr/bin/nvidia-gpu-detect gpu
+# Load NVIDIA modules only after GPU detection succeeds to avoid boot-time
+# modprobe failures/noise on GPU-less hosts.
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia-modeset
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia-drm
+ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/env modprobe nvidia-uvm
+ExecStart=/usr/bin/env nvidia-persistenced --uvm-persistence-mode
+# NOTE: the GPU ready state (conf-compute -srs 1) is intentionally NOT set
+# here. It is set by `dstack-util setup` (dstack-prepare.service), only after
+# local GPU TEE attestation and any application GPU policy succeed -- unless
+# the deployment opts out with app-compose
+# requirements.gpu_policy.attest_gpu=false.
+RemainAfterExit=yes
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia.conf b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia.conf
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0b90c5d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/files/nvidia.conf
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+options nvidia NVreg_RegistryDwords="RmEnableProtectedPcie=0x1"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_580.105.08.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_580.105.08.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6ffc4314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_580.105.08.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA NSCQ library"
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA NSCQ (NVIDIA System Communication Queue) library for NVIDIA GPU systems"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://developer.nvidia.com/"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=2cc00be68c1227a7c42ff3620ef75d05"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://developer.download.nvidia.cn/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/libnvidia_nscq/linux-x86_64/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive.tar.xz"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "71086dc7d9c97ac20a7d14de2a119e3b2ee97a08da452d63c2c4f5a71d80e19a"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+do_install() {
+    # Create directories
+    install -d ${D}${libdir}
+
+    # Install libraries
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/lib/libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.2 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "\
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so \
+"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_580.95.05.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_580.95.05.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cca02880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_580.95.05.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA NSCQ library"
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA NSCQ (NVIDIA System Communication Queue) library for NVIDIA GPU systems"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://developer.nvidia.com/"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=2cc00be68c1227a7c42ff3620ef75d05"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://developer.download.nvidia.cn/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/libnvidia_nscq/linux-x86_64/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive.tar.xz"
+SRC_URI[md5sum] = "6bc20061ebdae98fadd7a76110b44430"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "c2285c12f10ec2afc0ad2949f7fcc282b6fd37f32165c1df241451ccabb1067a"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${libdir}
+
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/lib/libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.2 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "\
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so \
+"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_595.58.03.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_595.58.03.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26584ed61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/libnvidia-nscq_595.58.03.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA NSCQ library"
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA NSCQ (NVIDIA System Communication Queue) library for NVIDIA GPU systems"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://developer.nvidia.com/"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=2cc00be68c1227a7c42ff3620ef75d05"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://developer.download.nvidia.cn/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/libnvidia_nscq/linux-x86_64/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive.tar.xz"
+SRC_URI[md5sum] = "5b559a614f2c2c79b6eb796b68b6fb0f"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "1c008787111fc55a7fc1d3521a6d41c2523b8949354e5651eadb4498554e5469"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/libnvidia_nscq-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${libdir}
+
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/lib/libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nscq.so.2 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "\
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.${PV} \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2.0 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so.2 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvidia-nscq.so \
+"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..429e19b4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+# Only start the fabric manager when NVSwitch hardware is present, so the
+# service is silently skipped (not failed) on non-NVSwitch instances.
+SRC_URI += "file://nvidia-fabricmanager-nvswitch-condition.conf"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "nvidia-gpu-detect kmod"
+
+do_install:append() {
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/nvidia-fabricmanager.service.d
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/nvidia-fabricmanager-nvswitch-condition.conf \
+        ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}/nvidia-fabricmanager.service.d/10-nvswitch-condition.conf
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} += "${systemd_system_unitdir}/nvidia-fabricmanager.service.d/10-nvswitch-condition.conf"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_580.105.08.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_580.105.08.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5b3f8f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_580.105.08.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA Fabric Manager for NVSwitch systems"
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA Fabric Manager provides NVSwitch management for NVIDIA HGX and DGX systems"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://developer.nvidia.com/"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=2cc00be68c1227a7c42ff3620ef75d05"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/fabricmanager/linux-x86_64/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive.tar.xz"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "eb3a81d004de426dee9b0f1332093828edb197125ef57a2e6500a95df3332d0b"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive"
+
+DEPENDS = ""
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "bash zlib"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+inherit systemd
+
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE = "enable"
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "nvidia-fabricmanager.service"
+
+do_install() {
+    # Create directories
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    install -d ${D}${libdir}
+    install -d ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+
+    # Install binaries
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nv-fabricmanager ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nvswitch-audit ${D}${bindir}
+
+    # Install libraries
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/lib/libnvfm.so.1 ${D}${libdir}
+    ln -sf libnvfm.so.1 ${D}${libdir}/libnvfm.so
+
+    # Install config files
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/etc/fabricmanager.cfg ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/etc/fabricmanager_multinode.cfg ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+
+    # Install topology files
+    for f in ${S}/share/nvidia/nvswitch/*; do
+        if [ -f "$f" ]; then
+            install -m 0644 "$f" ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+        fi
+    done
+
+    # Install systemd service
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/systemd/nvidia-fabricmanager.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "\
+    ${bindir}/nv-fabricmanager \
+    ${bindir}/nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh \
+    ${bindir}/nvswitch-audit \
+    ${libdir}/libnvfm.so.1 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvfm.so \
+    ${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/* \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/nvidia-fabricmanager.service \
+"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_580.95.05.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_580.95.05.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11c4a1ef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_580.95.05.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA Fabric Manager for NVSwitch systems"
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA Fabric Manager provides NVSwitch management for NVIDIA HGX and DGX systems"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://developer.nvidia.com/"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=2cc00be68c1227a7c42ff3620ef75d05"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/fabricmanager/linux-x86_64/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive.tar.xz"
+SRC_URI[md5sum] = "a6568aa288cb4784b85ba6826463f918"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "f0220bfb67d04b4107acf00cc95abe5a9268fd8f8b5bae26971f4df232e4369c"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive"
+
+DEPENDS = ""
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "bash zlib"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+inherit systemd
+
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE = "enable"
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "nvidia-fabricmanager.service"
+
+do_install() {
+    # Create directories
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    install -d ${D}${libdir}
+    install -d ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+
+    # Install binaries
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nv-fabricmanager ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nvswitch-audit ${D}${bindir}
+
+    # Install libraries
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/lib/libnvfm.so.1 ${D}${libdir}
+    ln -sf libnvfm.so.1 ${D}${libdir}/libnvfm.so
+
+    # Install config + topology files (glob picks up new SKUs in future archives)
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/etc/fabricmanager.cfg ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/etc/fabricmanager_multinode.cfg ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    for f in ${S}/share/nvidia/nvswitch/*; do
+        [ -f "$f" ] && install -m 0644 "$f" ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    done
+
+    # Install systemd service
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/systemd/nvidia-fabricmanager.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "\
+    ${bindir}/nv-fabricmanager \
+    ${bindir}/nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh \
+    ${bindir}/nvswitch-audit \
+    ${libdir}/libnvfm.so.1 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvfm.so \
+    ${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/* \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/nvidia-fabricmanager.service \
+"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_595.58.03.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_595.58.03.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c090ad3ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-fabricmanager_595.58.03.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA Fabric Manager for NVSwitch systems"
+DESCRIPTION = "NVIDIA Fabric Manager provides NVSwitch management for NVIDIA HGX and DGX systems"
+HOMEPAGE = "https://developer.nvidia.com/"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://LICENSE;md5=2cc00be68c1227a7c42ff3620ef75d05"
+
+SRC_URI = "https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/nvidia-driver/redist/fabricmanager/linux-x86_64/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive.tar.xz"
+SRC_URI[md5sum] = "8761b4b5f371b7e87b2b82141c901311"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "ea86951987ced2c2bbed1a9a9037e917dd2268add0ec484db9216e843d8b7de8"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}/fabricmanager-linux-x86_64-${PV}-archive"
+
+DEPENDS = ""
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "bash zlib"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN} = "already-stripped ldflags"
+
+do_configure[noexec] = "1"
+do_compile[noexec] = "1"
+
+inherit systemd
+
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE = "enable"
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "nvidia-fabricmanager.service"
+
+do_install() {
+    # Create directories
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    install -d ${D}${libdir}
+    install -d ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+
+    # Install binaries
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nv-fabricmanager ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${S}/bin/nvswitch-audit ${D}${bindir}
+
+    # Install libraries
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/lib/libnvfm.so.1 ${D}${libdir}
+    ln -sf libnvfm.so.1 ${D}${libdir}/libnvfm.so
+
+    # Install config + topology files (glob picks up new SKUs in future archives)
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/etc/fabricmanager.cfg ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/etc/fabricmanager_multinode.cfg ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    for f in ${S}/share/nvidia/nvswitch/*; do
+        [ -f "$f" ] && install -m 0644 "$f" ${D}${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/
+    done
+
+    # Install systemd service
+    install -m 0644 ${S}/systemd/nvidia-fabricmanager.service ${D}${systemd_system_unitdir}
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "\
+    ${bindir}/nv-fabricmanager \
+    ${bindir}/nvidia-fabricmanager-start.sh \
+    ${bindir}/nvswitch-audit \
+    ${libdir}/libnvfm.so.1 \
+    ${libdir}/libnvfm.so \
+    ${datadir}/nvidia/nvswitch/* \
+    ${systemd_system_unitdir}/nvidia-fabricmanager.service \
+"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-gpu-detect_1.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-gpu-detect_1.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..036aa81b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-gpu-detect_1.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+SUMMARY = "Detect NVIDIA GPU / NVSwitch presence for conditional systemd services"
+DESCRIPTION = "Small sysfs-based helper used as a systemd ExecCondition= so that \
+GPU-only services (nvidia-persistenced, nvidia-fabricmanager) skip cleanly on \
+instances without a GPU or without NVSwitch, allowing a single merged image."
+LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+SRC_URI = "file://nvidia-gpu-detect"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${bindir}
+    install -m 0755 ${UNPACKDIR}/nvidia-gpu-detect ${D}${bindir}/nvidia-gpu-detect
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "${bindir}/nvidia-gpu-detect"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-kernel-module.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-kernel-module.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b26d64681
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-kernel-module.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+inherit module
+
+S = "${NVIDIA_SRC}/kernel-open"
+
+do_compile[depends] += "virtual/kernel:do_shared_workdir"
+EXTRA_OEMAKE:append = " SYSSRC=${STAGING_KERNEL_DIR} KERNEL_OUTPUT=${STAGING_KERNEL_BUILDDIR}"
+
+export ARCH = "${@bb.utils.contains('TARGET_ARCH', 'x86_64', 'x86_64', '', d)}"
+
+RPROVIDES:${PN} += " \
+    kernel-module-nvidia-${KERNEL_VERSION} \
+    kernel-module-nvidia-drm-${KERNEL_VERSION} \
+    kernel-module-nvidia-modeset-${KERNEL_VERSION} \
+    kernel-module-nvidia-peermem-${KERNEL_VERSION} \
+    kernel-module-nvidia-uvm-${KERNEL_VERSION} \
+"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-libs.inc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-libs.inc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..622eacd2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-libs.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+DESCRIPTION = "Linker and Installer of Nvidia Kernel modules, libs and binaries"
+SECTION = "Installer Tools"
+MAINTAINER = "Nauman Shakir <nshakir@kopernikusauto.com>"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "${PN}-firmware ${PN}-private-libs"
+
+addlib() {
+    cp ${NVIDIA_SRC}/${1}.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}/
+    ln -sf ${1}.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}/${1}.so.1
+    ln -sf ${1}.so.1 ${D}${libdir}/${1}.so
+}
+
+addbin() {
+    install -m 755 -D ${NVIDIA_SRC}/${1} ${D}${bindir}/${1}
+}
+
+do_install:append() {
+	install -d ${D}${libdir}
+	install -d ${D}${bindir}
+
+    addlib libnvidia-ml
+    addlib libnvidia-allocator
+    addlib libnvidia-eglcore
+    addlib libnvidia-encode
+    addlib libnvidia-glcore
+    addlib libnvidia-gpucomp
+    addlib libnvidia-ngx
+    addlib libnvidia-nvvm
+    addlib libnvidia-opencl
+    addlib libnvidia-rtcore
+    addlib libnvidia-tls
+    addlib libnvidia-cfg
+    addlib libnvidia-opticalflow
+    addlib libnvidia-glsi
+    addlib libnvidia-glvkspirv
+    addlib libcuda
+    addlib libnvcuvid
+    addlib libnvidia-pkcs11-openssl3
+    addlib libnvidia-pkcs11
+    addlib libnvidia-ptxjitcompiler
+
+    cp ${NVIDIA_SRC}/libnvidia-api.so.1 ${D}${libdir}/
+    ln -sf libnvidia-api.so.1 ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-api.so
+    ln -sf libnvidia-nvvm.so.${PV} ${D}${libdir}/libnvidia-nvvm.so.4
+
+    addbin nvidia-smi
+    addbin nvidia-debugdump
+    addbin nvidia-persistenced
+    addbin nvidia-modprobe
+
+    # Copy the firmware to the target directory
+	install -d ${D}${libdir}/firmware/nvidia/${PV}
+    cp ${NVIDIA_SRC}/firmware/* ${D}${libdir}/firmware/nvidia/${PV}/
+}
+
+FILES:${PN}:append = " ${libdir} ${bindir}"
+
+
+INHIBIT_PACKAGE_DEBUG_SPLIT = "1"
+INHIBIT_PACKAGE_STRIP = "1"
+
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}:append = " ldflags already-stripped dev-so"
+INSANE_SKIP_libgl-nvidia:append = " ldflags"
+INSANE_SKIP_:append = " ldflags"
+
+# Create a separate package for GSP firmware files
+PACKAGES =+ "${PN}-firmware"
+FILES:${PN}-firmware = "${libdir}/firmware/nvidia/${PV}/*"
+FILES:${PN}:remove = "${libdir}/firmware/nvidia/${PV}/*"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}-firmware += "arch"
+
+PACKAGES =+ "${PN}-private-libs"
+FILES:${PN}-private-libs = "${libdir}/libnvidia-pkcs11.so*"
+INSANE_SKIP:${PN}-private-libs:append = " ldflags already-stripped dev-so"
+EXCLUDE_PACKAGES_FROM_SHLIBS = "${PN}-private-libs"
+SKIP_FILEDEPS:${PN}-private-libs = "1"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-modprobe-config_1.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-modprobe-config_1.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2c062e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-modprobe-config_1.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVIDIA kernel module configuration"
+DESCRIPTION = "Configuration for NVIDIA kernel modules with dynamic settings based on kernel command line"
+LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+SRC_URI = "\
+    file://nvidia.conf \
+"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/modprobe.d
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/nvidia.conf ${D}${sysconfdir}/modprobe.d/
+}
+
+FILES:${PN} = "${sysconfdir}/modprobe.d/nvidia.conf"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "bash"
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-persistenced_1.0.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-persistenced_1.0.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a9cf8b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia-persistenced_1.0.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVidia Persistenced systemd service"
+LICENSE = "CLOSED"
+
+SRC_URI += "\
+    file://nvidia-persistenced.service \
+"
+
+S = "${UNPACKDIR}"
+
+inherit systemd
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} += "nvidia-gpu-detect kmod"
+
+SYSTEMD_PACKAGES = "${PN}"
+SYSTEMD_SERVICE:${PN} = "nvidia-persistenced.service"
+SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE:${PN} = "enable"
+
+do_install() {
+    install -d ${D}${systemd_unitdir}/system
+    install -m 0644 ${UNPACKDIR}/nvidia-persistenced.service ${D}${systemd_unitdir}/system
+}
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_580.105.08.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_580.105.08.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33f56b5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_580.105.08.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVidia Graphics Driver"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://../LICENSE;md5=92aa2e2af6aa0bcba1c3fe49da021937"
+
+NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME = "NVIDIA-Linux-${TARGET_ARCH}-${PV}"
+NVIDIA_SRC = "${UNPACKDIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}"
+SRC_URI = " \
+    https://us.download.nvidia.com/tesla/${PV}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run \
+"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "d9c6e8188672f3eb74dd04cfa69dd58479fa1d0162c8c28c8d17625763293475"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "nvidia-modprobe-config"
+
+do_unpack() {
+	chmod +x ${DL_DIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run
+	rm -rf ${NVIDIA_SRC}
+	${DL_DIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run -x --target ${NVIDIA_SRC}
+}
+
+do_make_scripts[noexec] = "1"
+
+include nvidia-kernel-module.inc
+include nvidia-libs.inc
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_580.95.05.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_580.95.05.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f0677a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_580.95.05.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVidia Graphics Driver"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://../LICENSE;md5=92aa2e2af6aa0bcba1c3fe49da021937"
+
+NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME = "NVIDIA-Linux-${TARGET_ARCH}-${PV}"
+NVIDIA_SRC = "${WORKDIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}"
+SRC_URI = " \
+    https://us.download.nvidia.com/tesla/${PV}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run \
+"
+SRC_URI[md5sum] = "3d23653c4898d08b1f3f031ea8cdaa93"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "849ef0ef8e842b9806b2cde9f11c1303d54f1a9a769467e4e5d961b2fe1182a7"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "nvidia-modprobe-config"
+
+do_unpack() {
+	chmod +x ${DL_DIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run
+	rm -rf ${NVIDIA_SRC}
+	${DL_DIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run -x --target ${NVIDIA_SRC}
+}
+
+do_make_scripts[noexec] = "1"
+
+include nvidia-kernel-module.inc
+include nvidia-libs.inc
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_595.58.03.bb b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_595.58.03.bb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c0ab3d5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-graphics/nvidia/nvidia_595.58.03.bb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+SUMMARY = "NVidia Graphics Driver"
+LICENSE = "NVIDIA-Proprietary"
+LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://../LICENSE;md5=92aa2e2af6aa0bcba1c3fe49da021937"
+
+NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME = "NVIDIA-Linux-${TARGET_ARCH}-${PV}"
+NVIDIA_SRC = "${WORKDIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}"
+SRC_URI = " \
+    https://us.download.nvidia.com/tesla/${PV}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run \
+"
+SRC_URI[md5sum] = "8d98a183bf994af0ff19980e0ef430f2"
+SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "8c0d4f967b7932c4ab5714272aee8103392b0a702c92afa555176d36205829f9"
+
+RDEPENDS:${PN} = "nvidia-modprobe-config"
+
+do_unpack() {
+	chmod +x ${DL_DIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run
+	rm -rf ${NVIDIA_SRC}
+	${DL_DIR}/${NVIDIA_ARCHIVE_NAME}.run -x --target ${NVIDIA_SRC}
+}
+
+do_make_scripts[noexec] = "1"
+
+include nvidia-kernel-module.inc
+include nvidia-libs.inc
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/files/nvidia.cfg b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/files/nvidia.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e4b7776d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/files/nvidia.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECC=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECDSA=y
+CONFIG_CRYPTO_ECDH=y
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/files/nvidia.scc b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/files/nvidia.scc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bb149af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/files/nvidia.scc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "NVIDIA configuration"
+
+kconf non-hardware nvidia.cfg
diff --git a/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto%.bbappend b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto%.bbappend
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08a530bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/layers/meta-nvidia/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto%.bbappend
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+FILESEXTRAPATHS:prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:"
+
+SRC_URI += "file://nvidia.cfg \
+            file://nvidia.scc"
+
+KERNEL_FEATURES:append = " nvidia.scc"
diff --git a/os/yocto/mk.d/.gitignore b/os/yocto/mk.d/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/yocto/mkimage.sh b/os/yocto/mkimage.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5260b979d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/mkimage.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Compatibility entrypoint: export Yocto-specific outputs, then invoke the
+# backend-neutral image assembler.
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+BB_BUILD_DIR=${BB_BUILD_DIR:-build}
+DIST_NAME=
+FLAVOR=
+
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --dist-name)
+            DIST_NAME=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --flavor)
+            FLAVOR=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            exec "$SCRIPT_DIR/scripts/export-artifacts.sh" --help
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "$DIST_NAME" ] || [ -z "$FLAVOR" ]; then
+    echo "Error: --dist-name and --flavor are required" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+ARTIFACT_DIR=${ARTIFACT_DIR:-"$BB_BUILD_DIR/dstack-artifacts/$FLAVOR"}
+"$SCRIPT_DIR/scripts/export-artifacts.sh" \
+    --dist-name "$DIST_NAME" \
+    --flavor "$FLAVOR" \
+    --build-dir "$BB_BUILD_DIR" \
+    --output-dir "$ARTIFACT_DIR"
+
+exec "$SCRIPT_DIR/../image/assemble.sh" \
+    --manifest "$ARTIFACT_DIR/artifact-manifest.json"
diff --git a/os/yocto/repro-build/.gitignore b/os/yocto/repro-build/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c119cb1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/repro-build/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/build-a
+/build-b
+/dist
+*.tar.gz
diff --git a/os/yocto/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro b/os/yocto/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41d00ba4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/repro-build/Dockerfile.repro
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+FROM ubuntu:24.04@sha256:3afff29dffbc200d202546dc6c4f614edc3b109691e7ab4aa23d02b42ba86790
+
+# Prevent timezone prompt by setting noninteractive frontend and configuring tzdata
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
+    TZ=Etc/UTC \
+    TZDATA=Etc/UTC \
+    LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 \
+    LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+
+ENV RUSTUP_HOME=/usr/local/rustup \
+    CARGO_HOME=/usr/local/cargo \
+    PATH=/usr/local/cargo/bin:$PATH
+
+# aws/NitroTPM-Tools v1.1.2. This binary contributes release measurements, so
+# pin the source revision rather than following the repository default branch.
+ARG NITRO_TPM_TOOLS_REV=d76d6eeebd4169b00a3c3af9858852d48f40e748
+
+# Set timezone
+RUN ln -snf /usr/share/zoneinfo/$TZ /etc/localtime && echo $TZ > /etc/timezone
+
+# Install required packages
+RUN apt update && apt install -y \
+    build-essential \
+    chrpath \
+    diffstat \
+    lz4 \
+    wireguard-tools \
+    python3 \
+    locales \
+    ca-certificates \
+    curl \
+    git \
+    jq \
+    file \
+    gawk \
+    wget \
+    libclang-dev \
+    xorriso \
+    cpio \
+    zstd \
+    gdisk \
+    dosfstools \
+    mtools \
+    libsqlite3-dev
+
+RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | \
+    sh -s -- -y --profile minimal --default-toolchain 1.92 && \
+    rustup component add rustfmt clippy rust-analyzer && \
+    rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown x86_64-unknown-linux-musl thumbv6m-none-eabi && \
+    cargo install --git https://github.com/aws/NitroTPM-Tools \
+      --rev "$NITRO_TPM_TOOLS_REV" --locked nitro-tpm-pcr-compute && \
+    chmod -R a+rX "$RUSTUP_HOME" "$CARGO_HOME" && \
+    cargo --version && \
+    rustc --version
+
+# The image runs as the caller's uid, so keep Cargo's registry/cache writable.
+ENV CARGO_HOME=/tmp/cargo
+
+# Generate locale for bitbake
+RUN locale-gen en_US.UTF-8
diff --git a/os/yocto/repro-build/check.sh b/os/yocto/repro-build/check.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d02d50481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/repro-build/check.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+THIS_DIR=$(cd $(dirname $0); pwd)
+
+# Create a unique temporary directory and clean it up on exit
+TEMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$TEMP_DIR"' EXIT
+
+ACTION=$1
+
+# Colors for output
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+IMAGE_NAME=${IMAGE_NAME:-dstack-rootfs}
+ROOTFS_PATH=tmp/work/${DSTACK_MACHINE:-dstack}-poky-linux/${IMAGE_NAME}/1.0/rootfs
+BUILD_DIR_A=${1:-${THIS_DIR}/build-a}
+BUILD_DIR_B=${2:-${THIS_DIR}/build-b}
+BB_DIR_A=${BB_DIR_A:-${BUILD_DIR_A}/bb-build}
+BB_DIR_B=${BB_DIR_B:-${BUILD_DIR_B}/bb-build}
+ROOTFS_A=${BB_DIR_A}/${ROOTFS_PATH}
+ROOTFS_B=${BB_DIR_B}/${ROOTFS_PATH}
+
+# Only compare these image paths (relative to $BUILD_DIR_*/images).
+# Everything else is ignored to avoid known non-reproducible artifacts.
+COMPARE_IMAGE_WHITELIST=(
+    "bzImage"
+    "digest.txt"
+    "initramfs.cpio.gz"
+    "metadata.json"
+    "measurement.gcp.cbor"
+    "measurement.aws.cbor"
+    "measurement.snp.cbor"
+    "measurement.tdx.cbor"
+    "ovmf.fd"
+    "rootfs.img.parted.verity"
+    "sha256sum.txt"
+    "auth_hash.txt"
+    "aws-pcrs.json"
+    "gcp/efi-root/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI"
+    # The ESP is now built from a normalized tree with a fixed FAT volume id
+    # and a clamped, UTC-interpreted timestamp, so the whole disk image is
+    # reproducible and no longer has to be excluded.
+    "disk.raw"
+)
+
+is_whitelisted_image() {
+    local rel_path="$1"
+    local item
+    for item in "${COMPARE_IMAGE_WHITELIST[@]}"; do
+        if [ "$rel_path" = "$item" ] || [[ "$rel_path" == */"$item" ]]; then
+            return 0
+        fi
+    done
+    return 1
+}
+
+check_files() {
+    local path_a="$1"
+    local path_b="$2"
+    local rel_path="$3"
+    
+    if [ ! -e "$path_a" ]; then
+        if [ -e "$path_b" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}File missing in A: $path_b"
+            return 1
+        fi
+        return 0
+    fi
+    if [ ! -e "$path_b" ]; then
+        if [ -e "$path_a" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}File missing in B: $path_a"
+            return 1
+        fi
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    if [ -d "$path_a" ]; then
+        if [ ! -d "$path_b" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}Path type mismatch: $rel_path is directory in A but not in B${NC}"
+            return 1
+        fi
+        
+        local differences=0
+        while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
+            local rel_file="${file#$path_a/}"
+            check_files "$path_a/$rel_file" "$path_b/$rel_file" "$rel_path/$rel_file"
+            differences=$((differences + $?))
+        done < <(find "$path_a" -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -print0)
+        
+        return $differences
+    else
+        if [ ! -f "$path_b" ] && [ ! -L "$path_b" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}Path type mismatch: $rel_path is file in A but not in B${NC}"
+            ls -l $path_a
+            ls -l $path_b
+            return 1
+        fi
+
+        # Skip symlinks
+        if [ -L "$path_a" ] || [ -L "$path_b" ]; then
+            local link_a=$(readlink "$path_a")
+            local link_b=$(readlink "$path_b")
+            if [ "$link_a" != "$link_b" ]; then
+                echo -e "${RED}Symlink mismatch for $rel_path:${NC}"
+                echo -e "${RED}A: $link_a${NC}"
+                echo -e "${RED}B: $link_b${NC}"
+                return 1
+            fi
+            return 0
+        fi
+
+        # Compare regular files
+        local hash_a=$(md5sum "$path_a" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+        local hash_b=$(md5sum "$path_b" | cut -d' ' -f1)
+        
+        if [ "$hash_a" != "$hash_b" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}Hash mismatch for $rel_path:${NC}"
+            echo -e "${RED}A: $hash_a${NC}"
+            echo -e "${RED}B: $hash_b${NC}"
+            analyze "$path_a" "$path_b"
+            return 1
+        else
+            echo -e "${GREEN}Match for $rel_path${NC}"
+            return 0
+        fi
+    fi
+}
+
+analyze() {
+    local BIN_A=$1
+    local BIN_B=$2
+
+    echo -e "\n${GREEN}Analyzing $BIN_A...${NC}"
+    ls -l $BIN_A
+    file $BIN_A
+    readelf -n $BIN_A
+    readelf -p .comment $BIN_A 2>/dev/null || true
+    
+    echo -e "\n${GREEN}Analyzing $BIN_B...${NC}"
+    ls -l $BIN_B
+    file $BIN_B
+    readelf -n $BIN_B
+    readelf -p .comment $BIN_B 2>/dev/null || true
+    
+    echo -e "\n${GREEN}Binary diff analysis:${NC}"
+    # Create hex dumps and compare
+    objdump -s $BIN_A > "$TEMP_DIR/bin_a.hex"
+    objdump -s $BIN_B > "$TEMP_DIR/bin_b.hex"
+    
+    echo "Differences:"
+    diff -u "$TEMP_DIR/bin_a.hex" "$TEMP_DIR/bin_b.hex" | grep -A 5 '^[^+-]' | head -n 100
+}
+
+check_images() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Checking image files...${NC}"
+    local differences=0
+    while IFS= read -r file_a; do
+        rel_path=$(echo "$file_a" | sed "s#${BUILD_DIR_A}/images/##g")
+        file_b="$BUILD_DIR_B/images/$rel_path"
+        if ! is_whitelisted_image "$rel_path"; then
+            continue
+        fi
+        if [ ! -f "$file_b" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}$rel_path is not found in $BUILD_DIR_B/images/${NC}"
+            differences=$((differences + 1))
+            continue
+        fi
+        hash_a=$(md5sum "$file_a" | cut -d' ' -f 1)
+        hash_b=$(md5sum "$file_b" | cut -d' ' -f 1)
+        if [ "$hash_a" != "$hash_b" ]; then
+            echo -e "${RED}Hash mismatch for $rel_path:${NC}"
+            echo -e "${RED}$hash_a $file_a${NC}"
+            echo -e "${RED}$hash_b $file_b${NC}"
+            differences=$((differences + 1))
+        else
+            echo -e "${GREEN}Match for $rel_path${NC}"
+        fi
+    done < <(find "$BUILD_DIR_A/images" -type f)
+    return $differences
+}
+
+check() {
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Checking reproducibility...${NC}"
+
+    if check_images; then
+        return 0
+    fi
+
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Checking rootfs...${NC}: $ROOTFS_A -> $ROOTFS_B"
+    local differences=0
+    check_files "$ROOTFS_A" "$ROOTFS_B" ""
+    differences=$?
+
+    if [ $differences -eq 0 ]; then
+        echo -e "\n${GREEN}All files are identical!${NC}"
+        return 0
+    else
+        echo -e "\n${RED}Found $differences differences${NC}"
+        return 1
+    fi
+}
+
+check
diff --git a/os/yocto/repro-build/repro-build.sh b/os/yocto/repro-build/repro-build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..978a35682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/repro-build/repro-build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#! /bin/bash
+set -e
+
+usage() {
+    echo "Usage: $0 [-n]"
+    echo "  -n: Don't check reproducibility"
+    echo ""
+    echo "Environment:"
+    echo "  RELEASE_FLAVORS: space-separated flavors to build (default: prod)"
+    echo "                  e.g. RELEASE_FLAVORS=\"prod dev\" $0"
+}
+
+NO_CHECK=0
+while getopts ":n" opt; do
+    case $opt in
+        n)
+            NO_CHECK=1
+            ;;
+        \?)
+            echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2
+            usage
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+
+BUILDER_NAME=dstack-build
+THIS_DIR=$(cd $(dirname $0); pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=${REPO_ROOT:-$(realpath "$THIS_DIR/../../..")}
+GIT_DIR=$REPO_ROOT
+
+HOST_BUILD_DIR_A=${THIS_DIR}/build-a
+HOST_BUILD_DIR_B=${THIS_DIR}/build-b
+
+# guest dirs
+GUEST_BUILD_DIR=/dstack-build
+GUEST_SRC_DIR=/dstack-src
+
+cd $THIS_DIR
+
+mkdir -p .dummy
+(cd .dummy && docker build --platform linux/amd64 -t $BUILDER_NAME -f ../Dockerfile.repro .)
+rm -rf .dummy
+
+build_to() {
+    mkdir -p $1
+    GIT_REVISION=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse HEAD)
+    BUILD_CMD="DSTACK_GIT_REVISION='$GIT_REVISION' ${2} ${GUEST_SRC_DIR}/os/build.sh --backend yocto --build-dir ./bb-build"
+    docker run --platform linux/amd64 --rm \
+        --userns=host \
+        --user $(id -u):$(id -g) \
+        -v $REPO_ROOT:$GUEST_SRC_DIR \
+        -v $1:$GUEST_BUILD_DIR \
+        -w $GUEST_BUILD_DIR \
+        $BUILDER_NAME bash -e -c "$BUILD_CMD"
+}
+
+# Build production by default; callers may override, e.g. RELEASE_FLAVORS="prod dev".
+RELEASE_FLAVORS="${RELEASE_FLAVORS:-prod}"
+
+build_to $HOST_BUILD_DIR_A "FLAVORS='$RELEASE_FLAVORS' DSTACK_TAR_RELEASE=1"
+
+DIST_DIR=${THIS_DIR}/dist
+mkdir -p $DIST_DIR
+mv $HOST_BUILD_DIR_A/images/*.tar.gz $DIST_DIR/
+if [ $NO_CHECK -eq 0 ]; then
+    build_to $HOST_BUILD_DIR_B "FLAVORS='$RELEASE_FLAVORS'"
+    ${THIS_DIR}/check.sh $HOST_BUILD_DIR_A $HOST_BUILD_DIR_B
+fi
+
+if [[ -n $(git -C $GIT_DIR status --porcelain) ]]; then
+    echo "The working tree is not clean, skip generating reproducible build command"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+echo "Reproducible build commands:"
+echo "==========================="
+cat <<EOF | tee $DIST_DIR/reproduce.sh
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack/
+git checkout $(git -C $THIS_DIR rev-parse HEAD)
+RELEASE_FLAVORS='${RELEASE_FLAVORS}' make os-image
+EOF
+echo "==========================="
+
+chmod +x $DIST_DIR/reproduce.sh
+
+echo "Release tar files are in $THIS_DIR/dist/"
diff --git a/os/yocto/scripts/docker-check-config.sh b/os/yocto/scripts/docker-check-config.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b1cd098e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/scripts/docker-check-config.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(dirname "$0")
+EXITCODE=0
+
+# bits of this were adapted from lxc-checkconfig
+# see also https://github.com/lxc/lxc/blob/lxc-1.0.2/src/lxc/lxc-checkconfig.in
+
+possibleConfigs="
+	/proc/config.gz
+	/boot/config-$(uname -r)
+	/usr/src/linux-$(uname -r)/.config
+	/usr/src/linux/.config
+"
+
+if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
+	CONFIG="$1"
+else
+	: "${CONFIG:=$SCRIPT_DIR/../bb-build/tmp/deploy/images/${DSTACK_MACHINE:-dstack}/kernel-config}"
+fi
+
+if ! command -v zgrep > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+	zgrep() {
+		zcat "$2" | grep "$1"
+	}
+fi
+
+useColor=true
+if [ "$NO_COLOR" = "1" ] || [ ! -t 1 ]; then
+	useColor=false
+fi
+kernelVersion="$(uname -r)"
+kernelMajor="${kernelVersion%%.*}"
+kernelMinor="${kernelVersion#$kernelMajor.}"
+kernelMinor="${kernelMinor%%.*}"
+
+is_set() {
+	zgrep "CONFIG_$1=[y|m]" "$CONFIG" > /dev/null
+}
+is_set_in_kernel() {
+	zgrep "CONFIG_$1=y" "$CONFIG" > /dev/null
+}
+is_set_as_module() {
+	zgrep "CONFIG_$1=m" "$CONFIG" > /dev/null
+}
+
+color() {
+	# if stdout is not a terminal, then don't do color codes.
+	if [ "$useColor" = "false" ]; then
+		return 0
+	fi
+	codes=
+	if [ "$1" = 'bold' ]; then
+		codes='1'
+		shift
+	fi
+	if [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; then
+		code=
+		case "$1" in
+			# see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors
+			black) code=30 ;;
+			red) code=31 ;;
+			green) code=32 ;;
+			yellow) code=33 ;;
+			blue) code=34 ;;
+			magenta) code=35 ;;
+			cyan) code=36 ;;
+			white) code=37 ;;
+		esac
+		if [ "$code" ]; then
+			codes="${codes:+$codes;}$code"
+		fi
+	fi
+	printf '\033[%sm' "$codes"
+}
+wrap_color() {
+	text="$1"
+	shift
+	color "$@"
+	printf '%s' "$text"
+	color reset
+	echo
+}
+
+wrap_good() {
+	echo "$(wrap_color "$1" white): $(wrap_color "$2" green)"
+}
+wrap_bad() {
+	echo "$(wrap_color "$1" bold): $(wrap_color "$2" bold red)"
+}
+wrap_warning() {
+	wrap_color >&2 "$*" red
+}
+
+check_flag() {
+	if is_set_in_kernel "$1"; then
+		wrap_good "CONFIG_$1" 'enabled'
+	elif is_set_as_module "$1"; then
+		wrap_good "CONFIG_$1" 'enabled (as module)'
+	else
+		wrap_bad "CONFIG_$1" 'missing'
+		EXITCODE=1
+	fi
+}
+
+check_flags() {
+	for flag in "$@"; do
+		printf -- '- '
+		check_flag "$flag"
+	done
+}
+
+check_command() {
+	if command -v "$1" > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+		wrap_good "$1 command" 'available'
+	else
+		wrap_bad "$1 command" 'missing'
+		EXITCODE=1
+	fi
+}
+
+check_device() {
+	if [ -c "$1" ]; then
+		wrap_good "$1" 'present'
+	else
+		wrap_bad "$1" 'missing'
+		EXITCODE=1
+	fi
+}
+
+if [ ! -e "$CONFIG" ]; then
+	wrap_warning "warning: $CONFIG does not exist, searching other paths for kernel config ..."
+	for tryConfig in $possibleConfigs; do
+		if [ -e "$tryConfig" ]; then
+			CONFIG="$tryConfig"
+			break
+		fi
+	done
+	if [ ! -e "$CONFIG" ]; then
+		wrap_warning "error: cannot find kernel config"
+		wrap_warning "  try running this script again, specifying the kernel config:"
+		wrap_warning "    CONFIG=/path/to/kernel/.config $0 or $0 /path/to/kernel/.config"
+		exit 1
+	fi
+fi
+
+wrap_color "info: reading kernel config from $CONFIG ..." white
+echo
+
+echo 'Generally Necessary:'
+
+printf -- '- '
+if [ "$(stat -f -c %t /sys/fs/cgroup 2> /dev/null)" = '63677270' ]; then
+	wrap_good 'cgroup hierarchy' 'cgroupv2'
+	cgroupv2ControllerFile='/sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.controllers'
+	if [ -f "$cgroupv2ControllerFile" ]; then
+		echo '  Controllers:'
+		for controller in cpu cpuset io memory pids; do
+			if grep -qE '(^| )'"$controller"'($| )' "$cgroupv2ControllerFile"; then
+				echo "  - $(wrap_good "$controller" 'available')"
+			else
+				echo "  - $(wrap_bad "$controller" 'missing')"
+			fi
+		done
+	else
+		wrap_bad "$cgroupv2ControllerFile" 'nonexistent??'
+	fi
+	# TODO find an efficient way to check if cgroup.freeze exists in subdir
+else
+	cgroupSubsystemDir="$(sed -rne '/^[^ ]+ ([^ ]+) cgroup ([^ ]*,)?(cpu|cpuacct|cpuset|devices|freezer|memory)[, ].*$/ { s//\1/p; q }' /proc/mounts)"
+	cgroupDir="$(dirname "$cgroupSubsystemDir")"
+	if [ -d "$cgroupDir/cpu" ] || [ -d "$cgroupDir/cpuacct" ] || [ -d "$cgroupDir/cpuset" ] || [ -d "$cgroupDir/devices" ] || [ -d "$cgroupDir/freezer" ] || [ -d "$cgroupDir/memory" ]; then
+		echo "$(wrap_good 'cgroup hierarchy' 'properly mounted') [$cgroupDir]"
+	else
+		if [ "$cgroupSubsystemDir" ]; then
+			echo "$(wrap_bad 'cgroup hierarchy' 'single mountpoint!') [$cgroupSubsystemDir]"
+		else
+			wrap_bad 'cgroup hierarchy' 'nonexistent??'
+		fi
+		EXITCODE=1
+		echo "    $(wrap_color '(see https://github.com/tianon/cgroupfs-mount)' yellow)"
+	fi
+fi
+
+if [ "$(cat /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/enabled 2> /dev/null)" = 'Y' ]; then
+	printf -- '- '
+	if command -v apparmor_parser > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+		wrap_good 'apparmor' 'enabled and tools installed'
+	else
+		wrap_bad 'apparmor' 'enabled, but apparmor_parser missing'
+		printf '    '
+		if command -v apt-get > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+			wrap_color '(use "apt-get install apparmor" to fix this)'
+		elif command -v yum > /dev/null 2>&1; then
+			wrap_color '(your best bet is "yum install apparmor-parser")'
+		else
+			wrap_color '(look for an "apparmor" package for your distribution)'
+		fi
+		EXITCODE=1
+	fi
+fi
+
+check_flags \
+	NAMESPACES NET_NS PID_NS IPC_NS UTS_NS \
+	CGROUPS CGROUP_CPUACCT CGROUP_DEVICE CGROUP_FREEZER CGROUP_SCHED CPUSETS MEMCG \
+	KEYS \
+	VETH BRIDGE BRIDGE_NETFILTER \
+	IP_NF_FILTER IP_NF_MANGLE IP_NF_TARGET_MASQUERADE \
+	NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_ADDRTYPE \
+	NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_CONNTRACK \
+	NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_IPVS \
+	NETFILTER_XT_MARK \
+	IP_NF_NAT NF_NAT \
+	POSIX_MQUEUE
+# (POSIX_MQUEUE is required for bind-mounting /dev/mqueue into containers)
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 4 ] || ([ "$kernelMajor" -eq 4 ] && [ "$kernelMinor" -lt 8 ]); then
+	check_flags DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES
+fi
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 5 ] || [ "$kernelMajor" -eq 5 -a "$kernelMinor" -le 1 ]; then
+	check_flags NF_NAT_IPV4
+fi
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 5 ] || [ "$kernelMajor" -eq 5 -a "$kernelMinor" -le 2 ]; then
+	check_flags NF_NAT_NEEDED
+fi
+# check availability of BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE support
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -ge 5 ] || ([ "$kernelMajor" -eq 4 ] && [ "$kernelMinor" -ge 15 ]); then
+	check_flags CGROUP_BPF
+fi
+
+echo
+
+echo 'Optional Features:'
+{
+	check_flags USER_NS
+}
+{
+	check_flags SECCOMP
+	check_flags SECCOMP_FILTER
+}
+{
+	check_flags CGROUP_PIDS
+}
+{
+	check_flags MEMCG_SWAP
+	# Kernel v5.8+ removes MEMCG_SWAP_ENABLED.
+	if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 5 ] || [ "$kernelMajor" -eq 5 -a "$kernelMinor" -le 8 ]; then
+		CODE=${EXITCODE}
+		check_flags MEMCG_SWAP_ENABLED
+		# FIXME this check is cgroupv1-specific
+		if [ -e /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes ]; then
+			echo "    $(wrap_color '(cgroup swap accounting is currently enabled)' bold black)"
+			EXITCODE=${CODE}
+		elif is_set MEMCG_SWAP && ! is_set MEMCG_SWAP_ENABLED; then
+			echo "    $(wrap_color '(cgroup swap accounting is currently not enabled, you can enable it by setting boot option "swapaccount=1")' bold black)"
+		fi
+	else
+		# Kernel v5.8+ enables swap accounting by default.
+		echo "    $(wrap_color '(cgroup swap accounting is currently enabled)' bold black)"
+	fi
+}
+{
+	if is_set LEGACY_VSYSCALL_NATIVE; then
+		printf -- '- '
+		wrap_bad "CONFIG_LEGACY_VSYSCALL_NATIVE" 'enabled'
+		echo "    $(wrap_color '(dangerous, provides an ASLR-bypassing target with usable ROP gadgets.)' bold black)"
+	elif is_set LEGACY_VSYSCALL_EMULATE; then
+		printf -- '- '
+		wrap_good "CONFIG_LEGACY_VSYSCALL_EMULATE" 'enabled'
+	elif is_set LEGACY_VSYSCALL_NONE; then
+		printf -- '- '
+		wrap_bad "CONFIG_LEGACY_VSYSCALL_NONE" 'enabled'
+		echo "    $(wrap_color '(containers using eglibc <= 2.13 will not work. Switch to' bold black)"
+		echo "    $(wrap_color ' "CONFIG_VSYSCALL_[NATIVE|EMULATE]" or use "vsyscall=[native|emulate]"' bold black)"
+		echo "    $(wrap_color ' on kernel command line. Note that this will disable ASLR for the,' bold black)"
+		echo "    $(wrap_color ' VDSO which may assist in exploiting security vulnerabilities.)' bold black)"
+	# else Older kernels (prior to 3dc33bd30f3e, released in v4.40-rc1) do
+	#      not have these LEGACY_VSYSCALL options and are effectively
+	#      LEGACY_VSYSCALL_EMULATE. Even older kernels are presumably
+	#      effectively LEGACY_VSYSCALL_NATIVE.
+	fi
+}
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 4 ] || ([ "$kernelMajor" -eq 4 ] && [ "$kernelMinor" -le 5 ]); then
+	check_flags MEMCG_KMEM
+fi
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 3 ] || ([ "$kernelMajor" -eq 3 ] && [ "$kernelMinor" -le 18 ]); then
+	check_flags RESOURCE_COUNTERS
+fi
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 3 ] || ([ "$kernelMajor" -eq 3 ] && [ "$kernelMinor" -le 13 ]); then
+	netprio=NETPRIO_CGROUP
+else
+	netprio=CGROUP_NET_PRIO
+fi
+
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 5 ]; then
+	check_flags IOSCHED_CFQ CFQ_GROUP_IOSCHED
+fi
+
+check_flags \
+	BLK_CGROUP BLK_DEV_THROTTLING \
+	CGROUP_PERF \
+	CGROUP_HUGETLB \
+	NET_CLS_CGROUP $netprio \
+	CFS_BANDWIDTH FAIR_GROUP_SCHED \
+	IP_NF_TARGET_REDIRECT \
+	IP_VS \
+	IP_VS_NFCT \
+	IP_VS_PROTO_TCP \
+	IP_VS_PROTO_UDP \
+	IP_VS_RR \
+	SECURITY_SELINUX \
+	SECURITY_APPARMOR
+
+if ! is_set EXT4_USE_FOR_EXT2; then
+	check_flags EXT3_FS EXT3_FS_XATTR EXT3_FS_POSIX_ACL EXT3_FS_SECURITY
+	if ! is_set EXT3_FS || ! is_set EXT3_FS_XATTR || ! is_set EXT3_FS_POSIX_ACL || ! is_set EXT3_FS_SECURITY; then
+		echo "    $(wrap_color '(enable these ext3 configs if you are using ext3 as backing filesystem)' bold black)"
+	fi
+fi
+
+check_flags EXT4_FS EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL EXT4_FS_SECURITY
+if ! is_set EXT4_FS || ! is_set EXT4_FS_POSIX_ACL || ! is_set EXT4_FS_SECURITY; then
+	if is_set EXT4_USE_FOR_EXT2; then
+		echo "    $(wrap_color 'enable these ext4 configs if you are using ext3 or ext4 as backing filesystem' bold black)"
+	else
+		echo "    $(wrap_color 'enable these ext4 configs if you are using ext4 as backing filesystem' bold black)"
+	fi
+fi
+
+echo '- Network Drivers:'
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'overlay' blue)\":"
+check_flags VXLAN BRIDGE_VLAN_FILTERING | sed 's/^/    /'
+echo '      Optional (for encrypted networks):'
+check_flags CRYPTO CRYPTO_AEAD CRYPTO_GCM CRYPTO_SEQIV CRYPTO_GHASH \
+	XFRM XFRM_USER XFRM_ALGO INET_ESP NETFILTER_XT_MATCH_BPF | sed 's/^/      /'
+if [ "$kernelMajor" -lt 5 ] || [ "$kernelMajor" -eq 5 -a "$kernelMinor" -le 3 ]; then
+	check_flags INET_XFRM_MODE_TRANSPORT | sed 's/^/      /'
+fi
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'ipvlan' blue)\":"
+check_flags IPVLAN | sed 's/^/    /'
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'macvlan' blue)\":"
+check_flags MACVLAN DUMMY | sed 's/^/    /'
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'ftp,tftp client in container' blue)\":"
+check_flags NF_NAT_FTP NF_CONNTRACK_FTP NF_NAT_TFTP NF_CONNTRACK_TFTP | sed 's/^/    /'
+
+# only fail if no storage drivers available
+CODE=${EXITCODE}
+EXITCODE=0
+STORAGE=1
+
+echo '- Storage Drivers:'
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'btrfs' blue)\":"
+check_flags BTRFS_FS | sed 's/^/    /'
+check_flags BTRFS_FS_POSIX_ACL | sed 's/^/    /'
+[ "$EXITCODE" = 0 ] && STORAGE=0
+EXITCODE=0
+
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'overlay' blue)\":"
+check_flags OVERLAY_FS | sed 's/^/    /'
+[ "$EXITCODE" = 0 ] && STORAGE=0
+EXITCODE=0
+
+echo "  - \"$(wrap_color 'zfs' blue)\":"
+printf '    - '
+check_device /dev/zfs
+printf '    - '
+check_command zfs
+printf '    - '
+check_command zpool
+[ "$EXITCODE" = 0 ] && STORAGE=0
+EXITCODE=0
+
+EXITCODE=$CODE
+[ "$STORAGE" = 1 ] && EXITCODE=1
+
+echo
+
+check_limit_over() {
+	if [ "$(cat "$1")" -le "$2" ]; then
+		wrap_bad "- $1" "$(cat "$1")"
+		wrap_color "    This should be set to at least $2, for example set: sysctl -w kernel/keys/root_maxkeys=1000000" bold black
+		EXITCODE=1
+	else
+		wrap_good "- $1" "$(cat "$1")"
+	fi
+}
+
+echo 'Limits:'
+check_limit_over /proc/sys/kernel/keys/root_maxkeys 10000
+echo
+
+exit $EXITCODE
diff --git a/os/yocto/scripts/export-artifacts.sh b/os/yocto/scripts/export-artifacts.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bfa059669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/scripts/export-artifacts.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: ${0##*/} --dist-name NAME --flavor FLAVOR [--build-dir DIR] [--output-dir DIR]
+
+Export Yocto build results through the common OS artifact-manifest contract.
+The manifest and its artifact symlinks are written under the BitBake build
+directory by default.
+EOF
+}
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+YOCTO_DIR=$(realpath "$SCRIPT_DIR/..")
+REPO_ROOT=$(realpath "$YOCTO_DIR/../..")
+
+DIST_NAME=
+FLAVOR=
+BUILD_DIR=${BB_BUILD_DIR:-build}
+ARTIFACT_DIR=
+
+while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+    case "$1" in
+        --dist-name)
+            DIST_NAME=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --flavor)
+            FLAVOR=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --build-dir)
+            BUILD_DIR=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        --output-dir)
+            ARTIFACT_DIR=$2
+            shift 2
+            ;;
+        -h|--help)
+            usage
+            exit 0
+            ;;
+        *)
+            echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2
+            usage >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "$DIST_NAME" ] || [ -z "$FLAVOR" ]; then
+    echo "Error: --dist-name and --flavor are required" >&2
+    usage >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+case "$FLAVOR" in
+    prod)
+        if [[ "$DIST_NAME" == *-dev ]]; then
+            echo "Error: prod flavor requires a non-dev dist name: $DIST_NAME" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        IS_DEV=false
+        ;;
+    dev)
+        if [[ "$DIST_NAME" != *-dev ]]; then
+            echo "Error: dev flavor requires a dist name ending in -dev: $DIST_NAME" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        IS_DEV=true
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "Error: unsupported flavor '$FLAVOR' (expected prod or dev)" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
+
+if [ ! -d "$BUILD_DIR" ]; then
+    echo "Error: BitBake build directory not found: $BUILD_DIR" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+BUILD_DIR=$(realpath "$BUILD_DIR")
+ARTIFACT_DIR=${ARTIFACT_DIR:-"$BUILD_DIR/dstack-artifacts/$FLAVOR"}
+ARTIFACT_DIR=$(realpath -m "$ARTIFACT_DIR")
+case "$ARTIFACT_DIR" in
+    /|"$BUILD_DIR"|"$REPO_ROOT"|"$YOCTO_DIR")
+        echo "Error: refusing unsafe artifact output directory: $ARTIFACT_DIR" >&2
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
+
+DSTACK_MACHINE=${DSTACK_MACHINE:-dstack}
+COMMON_IMG_DIR="$BUILD_DIR/tmp/deploy/images/$DSTACK_MACHINE"
+FLAVOR_IMG_DIR="$BUILD_DIR/tmp-mc-$FLAVOR/deploy/images/$DSTACK_MACHINE"
+VERITY_ENV_FILE="$BUILD_DIR/tmp-mc-$FLAVOR/work-shared/$DSTACK_MACHINE/dm-verity/dstack-rootfs.squashfs.verity.env"
+
+if [ ! -f "$VERITY_ENV_FILE" ]; then
+    echo "Error: verity env not found: $VERITY_ENV_FILE" >&2
+    echo "Build the rootfs first, e.g. bitbake mc:${FLAVOR}:dstack-rootfs" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# A kconfig fragment is a request, not a guarantee: an unmet dependency drops
+# the line and a tristate is clamped to whatever it depends on, both silently.
+# linux-yocto%.bbappend deploys the built .config next to the images, so check
+# it here before anything is published -- shipping a guest image whose kernel
+# quietly lacks an asserted capability is the failure this guards against.
+#
+# Only dstack-docker.cfg is gated for now. dstack.cfg still has six lines the
+# build does not satisfy (CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU/SCSI/INPUT are forced back on by
+# machine-level features, and CONFIG_TLS/CRYPTO_GCM/CRYPTO_CHACHA20POLY1305 do
+# not come out as asserted); each needs its own decision rather than a blanket
+# edit, so gating it belongs in a follow-up.
+KERNEL_CONFIG_FILE="$COMMON_IMG_DIR/kernel-config"
+if [ -f "$KERNEL_CONFIG_FILE" ]; then
+    "$REPO_ROOT/os/common/scripts/check-kernel-config.sh" \
+        "$KERNEL_CONFIG_FILE" \
+        "$YOCTO_DIR/layers/meta-dstack/recipes-kernel/linux/files/dstack-docker.cfg"
+else
+    echo "Error: kernel config not found: $KERNEL_CONFIG_FILE" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+# shellcheck source=/dev/null
+source "$VERITY_ENV_FILE"
+: "${ROOT_HASH:?ROOT_HASH missing from verity environment}"
+: "${DATA_SIZE:?DATA_SIZE missing from verity environment}"
+
+DSTACK_VERSION=$(bitbake-getvar --value DISTRO_VERSION | tail -1)
+OVMF_VARIANT=$(bitbake-getvar --value OVMF_VARIANT -r dstack-ovmf)
+if [ -z "$DSTACK_VERSION" ] || [ -z "$OVMF_VARIANT" ]; then
+    echo "Error: failed to read DISTRO_VERSION or OVMF_VARIANT from BitBake" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+GIT_REVISION=${DSTACK_GIT_REVISION:-}
+if [ -z "$GIT_REVISION" ]; then
+    GIT_REVISION=$(git -C "$REPO_ROOT" rev-parse HEAD)
+fi
+
+rm -rf "$ARTIFACT_DIR"
+mkdir -p "$ARTIFACT_DIR/files"
+
+link_required() {
+    local source=$1
+    local name=$2
+    if [ ! -f "$source" ]; then
+        echo "Error: required Yocto artifact not found: $source" >&2
+        exit 1
+    fi
+    ln -s "$(realpath "$source")" "$ARTIFACT_DIR/files/$name"
+}
+
+link_optional() {
+    local source=$1
+    local name=$2
+    if [ -f "$source" ]; then
+        ln -s "$(realpath "$source")" "$ARTIFACT_DIR/files/$name"
+        return 0
+    fi
+    return 1
+}
+
+link_required "$COMMON_IMG_DIR/dstack-initramfs.cpio.gz" initramfs.cpio.gz
+link_required "$COMMON_IMG_DIR/bzImage" bzImage
+link_required "$COMMON_IMG_DIR/ovmf.fd" ovmf.fd
+link_required "$FLAVOR_IMG_DIR/dstack-rootfs-${DSTACK_MACHINE}.squashfs.verity" rootfs.squashfs.verity
+
+FIRMWARE_SEV=
+UKI=
+if link_optional "$COMMON_IMG_DIR/ovmf-sev.fd" ovmf-sev.fd; then
+    FIRMWARE_SEV=files/ovmf-sev.fd
+fi
+if link_optional "$FLAVOR_IMG_DIR/dstack-uki.efi" dstack-uki.efi; then
+    UKI=files/dstack-uki.efi
+fi
+
+python3 - \
+    "$ARTIFACT_DIR/artifact-manifest.json" \
+    "$DIST_NAME" "$DSTACK_VERSION" "$FLAVOR" "$IS_DEV" \
+    "$GIT_REVISION" "$OVMF_VARIANT" "$ROOT_HASH" "$DATA_SIZE" \
+    "$DSTACK_MACHINE" "$FIRMWARE_SEV" "$UKI" <<'PYMANIFEST'
+import json
+import sys
+
+(
+    output,
+    name,
+    version,
+    flavor,
+    is_dev,
+    git_revision,
+    ovmf_variant,
+    root_hash,
+    data_size,
+    machine,
+    firmware_sev,
+    uki,
+) = sys.argv[1:]
+
+manifest = {
+    "schema_version": 1,
+    "backend": "yocto",
+    "image": {
+        "name": name,
+        "version": version,
+        "flavor": flavor,
+        "is_dev": is_dev == "true",
+    },
+    "source": {"git_revision": git_revision},
+    "boot": {"ovmf_variant": ovmf_variant},
+    "verity": {"root_hash": root_hash, "data_size": data_size},
+    "artifacts": {
+        "initramfs": "files/initramfs.cpio.gz",
+        "kernel": "files/bzImage",
+        "firmware": "files/ovmf.fd",
+        "rootfs_verity": "files/rootfs.squashfs.verity",
+        "firmware_sev": firmware_sev or None,
+        "uki": uki or None,
+    },
+    "backend_metadata": {"machine": machine},
+}
+with open(output, "w", encoding="utf-8") as file:
+    json.dump(manifest, file, indent=2)
+    file.write("\n")
+PYMANIFEST
+
+echo "$ARTIFACT_DIR/artifact-manifest.json"
diff --git a/os/yocto/setup.d/.gitignore b/os/yocto/setup.d/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/os/yocto/setup.d/nvidia-layer.sh b/os/yocto/setup.d/nvidia-layer.sh
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bd082a20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/setup.d/nvidia-layer.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+LAYERS="$LAYERS \
+    $THIS_DIR/layers/meta-nvidia"
diff --git a/os/yocto/tools/README.md b/os/yocto/tools/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88cc82645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/tools/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Yocto host tools
+
+This directory contains host-side utilities that are specific to building,
+validating, or publishing artifacts from the Yocto backend. It is not part of
+the guest-OS backend interface; the supported build entrypoint is
+[`../build.sh`](../build.sh).
+
+- `fix-self-uid-map.sh` is an explicit host AppArmor workaround for affected
+  Ubuntu installations; it is not part of the image build.
+- `aws/` contains the **image-side** hardening audit only
+  (`audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh`). Release images and their evidence
+  (`sha256sum.txt`, `measurement.aws.cbor`, `aws-pcrs.json`) come from the
+  unified `os/build.sh` flow. AWS EC2 **lifecycle** (AMI import, shared-disk
+  deploy, start/stop/logs) lives in `dstack-cloud`
+  (`dstack/scripts/bin/dstack-cloud`) with `platform: aws`.
+
+The legacy cross-cutting helpers live under [`../../../tools/`](../../../tools/)
+instead of inside this backend.
diff --git a/os/yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh b/os/yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8ed69e982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/tools/aws/audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+usage() {
+  cat >&2 <<'USAGE'
+Usage:
+  audit-aws-ec2-image-hardening.sh --kernel-config PATH --rootfs-manifest PATH [--rootfs-squashfs PATH]
+
+Checks a dstack AWS EC2 release image for the hardening properties that are
+independent of a live EC2 boot:
+  - required NitroTPM / measured-root boot kernel features
+  - forbidden remote-operator packages in the production rootfs manifest
+  - locked root account and inert SSH/getty units when a squashfs is supplied
+
+The script exits non-zero only for release blockers. It prints WARN lines for
+hardening opportunities that should be tracked but are not part of the minimum
+measurement and key-release chain.
+USAGE
+}
+
+kernel_config=
+rootfs_manifest=
+rootfs_squashfs=
+
+while [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --kernel-config)
+      if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+        echo "ERROR: --kernel-config requires a path" >&2
+        usage
+        exit 2
+      fi
+      kernel_config=${2:-}
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --rootfs-manifest)
+      if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+        echo "ERROR: --rootfs-manifest requires a path" >&2
+        usage
+        exit 2
+      fi
+      rootfs_manifest=${2:-}
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --rootfs-squashfs)
+      if [ "$#" -lt 2 ]; then
+        echo "ERROR: --rootfs-squashfs requires a path" >&2
+        usage
+        exit 2
+      fi
+      rootfs_squashfs=${2:-}
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    -h|--help)
+      usage
+      exit 0
+      ;;
+    *)
+      echo "ERROR: unknown argument: $1" >&2
+      usage
+      exit 2
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+
+if [ -z "$kernel_config" ] || [ -z "$rootfs_manifest" ]; then
+  usage
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f "$kernel_config" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: kernel config not found: $kernel_config" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f "$rootfs_manifest" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: rootfs manifest not found: $rootfs_manifest" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+failures=0
+warnings=0
+
+fail() {
+  echo "FAIL: $*" >&2
+  failures=$((failures + 1))
+}
+
+warn() {
+  echo "WARN: $*" >&2
+  warnings=$((warnings + 1))
+}
+
+pass() {
+  echo "PASS: $*"
+}
+
+config_value() {
+  local symbol=$1
+  if grep -qx "${symbol}=y" "$kernel_config"; then
+    printf 'y'
+  elif grep -qx "${symbol}=m" "$kernel_config"; then
+    printf 'm'
+  elif grep -qx "# ${symbol} is not set" "$kernel_config"; then
+    printf 'n'
+  else
+    printf 'missing'
+  fi
+}
+
+require_config() {
+  local symbol=$1 expected=$2 actual
+  actual=$(config_value "$symbol")
+  if [ "$actual" = "$expected" ]; then
+    pass "$symbol=$expected"
+  else
+    fail "$symbol expected $expected, got $actual"
+  fi
+}
+
+recommend_config() {
+  local symbol=$1 expected=$2 actual
+  actual=$(config_value "$symbol")
+  if [ "$actual" = "$expected" ]; then
+    pass "$symbol=$expected"
+  else
+    warn "$symbol recommended $expected, got $actual"
+  fi
+}
+
+echo "== Kernel required features =="
+require_config CONFIG_EFI y
+require_config CONFIG_EFI_STUB y
+require_config CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION y
+require_config CONFIG_TCG_TPM y
+require_config CONFIG_TCG_CRB y
+require_config CONFIG_BLK_DEV_DM y
+require_config CONFIG_DM_VERITY y
+require_config CONFIG_SQUASHFS y
+require_config CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE y
+require_config CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG y
+require_config CONFIG_SECCOMP y
+require_config CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER y
+require_config CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM y
+require_config CONFIG_KEXEC n
+require_config CONFIG_HIBERNATION n
+require_config CONFIG_DEBUG_FS n
+
+echo "== Kernel hardening recommendations =="
+recommend_config CONFIG_SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT y
+recommend_config CONFIG_IO_STRICT_DEVMEM y
+recommend_config CONFIG_INIT_ON_ALLOC_DEFAULT_ON y
+# CONFIG_INIT_ON_FREE_DEFAULT_ON is intentionally not recommended: the unified
+# image also boots on GCP TDX, where init_on_free=1 makes the host kill the
+# guest during the SWIOTLB private->shared conversion (see dstack.cfg).
+recommend_config CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM y
+recommend_config CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED y
+recommend_config CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY y
+recommend_config CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE y
+recommend_config CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ n
+recommend_config CONFIG_LEGACY_TIOCSTI n
+
+echo "== Rootfs forbidden package scan =="
+for pattern in \
+  '^openssh([[:space:]-]|$)' \
+  '^dropbear([[:space:]-]|$)' \
+  '^cloud-init([[:space:]-]|$)' \
+  '^amazon-ssm-agent([[:space:]-]|$)' \
+  '^ssm-agent([[:space:]-]|$)' \
+  '^ec2-instance-connect([[:space:]-]|$)'
+do
+  if grep -Eiq "$pattern" "$rootfs_manifest"; then
+    fail "rootfs manifest contains forbidden package pattern: $pattern"
+  else
+    pass "absent package pattern: $pattern"
+  fi
+done
+
+if [ -n "$rootfs_squashfs" ]; then
+  if [ ! -f "$rootfs_squashfs" ]; then
+    fail "rootfs squashfs not found: $rootfs_squashfs"
+  elif ! command -v unsquashfs >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    # A squashfs was supplied, so the caller expects the rootfs content checks
+    # to run; a missing tool must not silently pass the audit (fail-closed).
+    fail "unsquashfs not available; cannot run rootfs content checks (install squashfs-tools)"
+  else
+    echo "== Rootfs account and unit checks =="
+    shadow=$(unsquashfs -cat "$rootfs_squashfs" etc/shadow 2>/dev/null || true)
+    if printf '%s\n' "$shadow" | grep -Eq '^root:[!*]:'; then
+      pass "root account is locked in /etc/shadow"
+    else
+      fail "root account is not locked in /etc/shadow"
+    fi
+
+    if unsquashfs -ll "$rootfs_squashfs" 2>/dev/null |
+      grep -Eq 'squashfs-root/etc/systemd/system/.+\.wants/.+(ssh|sshd|getty|serial|cloud|ssm|ec2)'
+    then
+      fail "rootfs enables SSH/getty/cloud/SSM/EC2 unit symlinks"
+    else
+      pass "no enabled SSH/getty/cloud/SSM/EC2 unit symlinks"
+    fi
+
+    if unsquashfs -ll "$rootfs_squashfs" 2>/dev/null |
+      grep -Eq 'squashfs-root/(usr/)?sbin/(sshd|dropbear)$'
+    then
+      fail "rootfs contains sshd/dropbear server binary"
+    else
+      pass "no sshd/dropbear server binary"
+    fi
+  fi
+fi
+
+echo "== Summary =="
+echo "failures=$failures warnings=$warnings"
+
+if [ "$failures" -ne 0 ]; then
+  exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/os/yocto/tools/fix-self-uid-map.sh b/os/yocto/tools/fix-self-uid-map.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b262b9c47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os/yocto/tools/fix-self-uid-map.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# BUG: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apparmor/+bug/2056555
+sudo apparmor_parser -R /etc/apparmor.d/unprivileged_userns
diff --git a/prek.toml b/prek.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb2438336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prek.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# =============================================================================
+# prek configuration for dstack
+# =============================================================================
+
+# --- General hooks (trailing whitespace, file checks, etc.) ---
+[[repos]]
+repo = "https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks"
+rev = "v5.0.0"
+hooks = [
+    { id = "trailing-whitespace", args = ["--markdown-linebreak-ext=md"], exclude = '^(os/yocto/|os/mkosi/(patches/|components/[^/]+/patches/)|tools/(dev-stack\.sh|vm-runner/)|dstack/(dstack-util/tests/fixtures/key-provider-docker-compose\.yaml|gateway/src/main_service/snapshots/.*))' },
+    { id = "end-of-file-fixer", exclude = "^(os/yocto/|os/mkosi/(patches/|components/[^/]+/patches/)|tools/(dev-stack\\.sh|vm-runner/))" },
+    { id = "check-yaml", args = ["--allow-multiple-documents"], exclude = "dstack/gateway/templates/" },
+    { id = "check-toml" },
+    { id = "check-json" },
+    { id = "check-merge-conflict" },
+    { id = "check-added-large-files", args = ["--maxkb=500"] },
+    { id = "check-symlinks" },
+    { id = "mixed-line-ending", args = ["--fix=lf"], exclude = "^(os/yocto/|os/mkosi/(patches/|components/[^/]+/patches/)|tools/(dev-stack\\.sh|vm-runner/))" },
+]
+
+# --- Rust: rustfmt ---
+[[repos]]
+repo = "local"
+
+[[repos.hooks]]
+id = "cargo-fmt"
+name = "cargo fmt"
+entry = "cargo fmt --manifest-path dstack/Cargo.toml --all"
+language = "system"
+types = ["rust"]
+pass_filenames = false
+
+# --- Python: ruff (lint + format) ---
+# dstack-cloud and the imported Yocto/legacy tools follow their upstream styles;
+# exclude them so this repository does not create unrelated formatting churn.
+[[repos]]
+repo = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit"
+rev = "v0.11.4"
+hooks = [
+    { id = "ruff", args = ["--fix", "--select", "E,F,I,D", "--ignore", "D203,D213,E501"], exclude = "^(dstack/scripts/bin/dstack-cloud|os/yocto/|tools/vm-runner/)" },
+    { id = "ruff-format", exclude = "^(dstack/scripts/bin/dstack-cloud|os/yocto/|tools/vm-runner/)" },
+]
+
+# --- Go: go vet ---
+[[repos]]
+repo = "local"
+
+[[repos.hooks]]
+id = "go-vet"
+name = "go vet"
+entry = "bash -c 'cd sdk/go && go vet ./...'"
+language = "system"
+files = "sdk/go/.*\\.go$"
+pass_filenames = false
+
+# --- Shell: shellcheck ---
+[[repos]]
+repo = "https://github.com/shellcheck-py/shellcheck-py"
+rev = "v0.10.0.1"
+hooks = [
+    # The imported Yocto backend retains its upstream shell style. New common
+    # OS scripts remain covered by this hook. The explicit legacy list records
+    # pre-existing shellcheck debt exposed when the files moved into dstack/.
+    { id = "shellcheck", exclude = '^(os/yocto/.*|tools/(dev-stack\.sh|vm-runner/.*)|dstack/(cargo-check-all\.sh|gateway/test-run/(cluster\.sh|e2e/run-e2e\.sh|test_certbot\.sh)|guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd\.sh|kms/auth-eth/run-tests\.sh|scripts/(config-fw\.sh|setup-bridge\.sh)|supervisor/tests/(test-cli\.sh|test\.sh)|test-scripts/(get-app-key\.sh|inspect-cert\.sh)|verifier/test\.sh|vmm/(src/setup-user\.sh|src/tests/test-deployment\.sh|ui/scripts/build_proto\.sh|venv\.sh)))$' },
+]
+
+# --- Conventional commits (used by cliff.toml for changelog) ---
+[[repos]]
+repo = "https://github.com/compilerla/conventional-pre-commit"
+rev = "v4.1.0"
+hooks = [
+    { id = "conventional-pre-commit", stages = ["commit-msg"] },
+]
diff --git a/python/ct_monitor/ct_monitor.py b/python/ct_monitor/ct_monitor.py
deleted file mode 100644
index e056357dc..000000000
--- a/python/ct_monitor/ct_monitor.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-import sys
-import time
-import requests
-import argparse
-from cryptography import x509
-from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
-
-BASE_URL = "https://crt.sh"
-
-
-class PoisonedLog(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-class Monitor:
-    def __init__(self, domain: str):
-        if not self.validate_domain(domain):
-            raise ValueError("Invalid domain name")
-        self.domain = domain
-        self.last_checked = None
-
-    def get_logs(self, count: int = 100):
-        url = f"{BASE_URL}/?q={self.domain}&output=json&limit={count}"
-        response = requests.get(url)
-        return response.json()
-    
-    def check_one_log(self, log: object):
-        log_id = log["id"]
-        cert_url = f"{BASE_URL}/?d={log_id}"
-        cert_data = requests.get(cert_url).text
-        # Extract PEM-encoded certificate
-        import re
-        pem_match = re.search(r'-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----.*?-----END CERTIFICATE-----', cert_data, re.DOTALL)
-        if pem_match:
-            pem_cert = pem_match.group(0)
-            
-            # Parse PEM certificate
-            cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(pem_cert.encode(), default_backend())
-            # Extract the public key
-            public_key = cert.public_key()
-            pem_public_key = public_key.public_bytes(
-                encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
-                format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo
-            )
-            print("Public Key:")
-            print(pem_public_key.hex())
-            # Extract and print the issuer
-            print("Issuer:")
-            for attr in cert.issuer:
-                oid = attr.oid
-                if oid._name is not None:
-                    name = oid._name
-                    print(f"  {name}: {attr.value}")
-                else:
-                    print(f"  {oid.dotted_string}: {attr.value}")
-        else:
-            print("No valid certificate found in the response.")
-
-    def check_new_logs(self):
-        logs = self.get_logs(count=10000)
-        print("num logs", len(logs))
-        for log in logs:
-            print(f"log id={log["id"]}")
-            if log["id"] <= (self.last_checked or 0):
-                break
-            self.check_one_log(log)
-            print('next')
-        if len(logs) > 0:
-            self.last_checked = logs[0]["id"]
-
-    def run(self):
-        print(f"Monitoring {self.domain}...")
-        while True:
-            try:
-                self.check_new_logs()
-            except PoisonedLog as err:
-                print(err, file=sys.stderr)
-                return
-            except Exception as err:
-                print(err, file=sys.stderr)
-            time.sleep(60)  # Sleep for 1 minute (60 seconds)
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def validate_domain(domain: str):
-        # ensure domain is a valid DNS domain
-        import re
-
-        # Regular expression for validating domain names
-        domain_regex = re.compile(
-            r'^(?:[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}$'
-        )
-
-        if not domain_regex.match(domain):
-            raise ValueError("Invalid domain name")
-
-        return True
-
-
-def main():
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Monitor certificate transparency logs")
-    parser.add_argument("-d", "--domain", help="The domain to monitor")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-    monitor = Monitor(args.domain)
-    monitor.run()
diff --git a/python/ct_monitor/pyproject.toml b/python/ct_monitor/pyproject.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index e993c36ff..000000000
--- a/python/ct_monitor/pyproject.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-[project]
-name = "ct_monitor"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
-    "requests",
-    "cryptography",
-]
-
-[project.scripts]
-ct_monitor = "ct_monitor:main"
diff --git a/python/tappd_client/.gitignore b/python/tappd_client/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 178135c2b..000000000
--- a/python/tappd_client/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/dist/
diff --git a/python/tappd_client/README.md b/python/tappd_client/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index e6775f915..000000000
--- a/python/tappd_client/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# Tappd Client
-
-A Python client for interacting with the Tappd daemon via Unix socket communication.
-
-## Installation
-
-```bash
-pip install tappd-client
-```
-
-## Usage
-
-```python
-from tappd_client import TappdClient
-
-# Initialize the client
-client = TappdClient()  # Default socket path: /var/run/tappd.sock
-# Or specify custom socket path
-client = TappdClient(socket_path='/custom/path/tappd.sock')
-
-# Get TDX quote
-# Using binary data
-binary_data = b'Hello World'
-response = client.tdx_quote(binary_data)
-
-# Using string data
-string_data = "Hello World"
-response = client.tdx_quote(string_data)
-
-# Get the quote
-quote = response.quote
-
-# Get event log
-event_log = response.event_log
-
-# Replay RTMRS from the event log
-rtmrs = response.replay_rtmrs()
-RTMR0 = rtmrs[0]
-RTMR1 = rtmrs[1]
-RTMR2 = rtmrs[2]
-RTMR3 = rtmrs[3]
-```
-
-## License
-
-This project is licensed under the MIT License. See the LICENSE file for more details.
diff --git a/python/tappd_client/pyproject.toml b/python/tappd_client/pyproject.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index f768ea6ad..000000000
--- a/python/tappd_client/pyproject.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-[build-system]
-requires = ["hatchling"]
-build-backend = "hatchling.build"
-
-[project]
-name = "tappd-client"
-version = "0.1.3"
-description = "Python client for Tappd in DStack CVM"
-requires-python = ">=3.7"
-license = "MIT"
-authors = [
-    {name = "Kevin Wang", email = "wy721@qq.com"}
-]
-dependencies = [
-    "requests-unixsocket2>=0.4.2",
-]
-readme = "README.md"
-keywords = ["dstack", "tappd"]
-classifiers = [
-    "Development Status :: 3 - Alpha",
-    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
-    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7",
-]
-
-[tool.hatch.build]
-include = ["tappd_client.py"]
diff --git a/python/tappd_client/tappd_client.py b/python/tappd_client/tappd_client.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 01333c1cd..000000000
--- a/python/tappd_client/tappd_client.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-import requests_unixsocket
-import json
-import binascii
-import hashlib
-from urllib.parse import quote
-
-
-def replay_rtmr(history: list[str]):
-    """
-    Replay the RTMR history to calculate the final RTMR value.
-    """
-    INIT_MR= "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-    if len(history) == 0:
-        return INIT_MR
-    mr = bytes.fromhex(INIT_MR)
-    for content in history:
-        # mr = sha384(concat(mr, content))
-        # if content is shorter than 48 bytes, pad it with zeros
-        content = bytes.fromhex(content)
-        if len(content) < 48:
-            content = content.ljust(48, b'\0')
-        mr = hashlib.sha384(mr + content).digest()
-    return mr.hex()
-
-
-class QuoteResponse:
-    def __init__(self, quote, event_log):
-        """Initialize a QuoteResponse object with quote data and event log.
-        
-        Args:
-            quote: The quote response from the TDX service
-            event_log: List of events containing RTMR measurements
-        """
-        self.quote = quote
-        self.event_log = json.loads(event_log)
-    
-    def replay_rtmrs(self) -> dict:
-        """Replay the RTMR history from the event log to calculate final RTMR values.
-        
-        Returns:
-            dict: Dictionary mapping RTMR indices to their calculated values
-        """
-        rtmrs = {}
-        for idx in range(4):
-            history = []
-            for event in self.event_log:
-                if event.get('imr') == idx:
-                    history.append(event['digest'])
-            rtmrs[idx] = replay_rtmr(history)
-        return rtmrs
-
-
-class DerivedKey:
-    """
-    A class to hold the derived key and certificate.
-    """
-    key: str
-    """
-    The derived key in pem format.
-    """
-    certs: list[str]
-    """
-    The derived certificate chain in pem format.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, key, certs):
-        self.key = key
-        self.certs = certs
-
-
-class TappdClient:
-    def __init__(self, socket_path='/var/run/tappd.sock'):
-        self.socket_path = socket_path
-
-    def _unix_socket_post(self, endpoint, data):
-        """Make a POST request to a Unix socket with the given path and data."""
-        session = requests_unixsocket.Session()
-        try:
-            encoded_path = quote(self.socket_path, safe='')
-            socket_url = f"http+unix://{encoded_path}/{endpoint}?json"
-            
-            response = session.post(socket_url, json=data)
-            response.raise_for_status()
-            return response.json()
-        finally:
-            session.close()
-
-    def _rpc_call(self, data, method):
-        """Make an RPC call to the tappd service."""
-        endpoint = 'prpc/' + method
-        try:
-            return self._unix_socket_post(endpoint, data)
-        except Exception as e:
-            print(f"Error: {e}")
-            return None
-
-    def tdx_quote(self, report_data: bytes | str) -> QuoteResponse:
-        """
-        Get TDX quote for the given report data.
-        
-        Args:
-            report_data: Can be either:
-                - bytes object
-                - regular string
-        
-        Returns:
-            QuoteResponse: An object containing the quote and event log
-        """
-        if report_data is None:
-            raise ValueError("report_data cannot be None")
-        if not report_data:  # Check for empty string/bytes
-            raise ValueError("report_data cannot be empty")
-
-        if isinstance(report_data, bytes):
-            hex_data = binascii.hexlify(report_data).decode('ascii')
-        elif isinstance(report_data, str):
-            hex_data = report_data.encode('utf-8').hex()
-        else:
-            raise TypeError("report_data must be either bytes or str")
-        
-        data = {"report_data": hex_data}
-        response = self._rpc_call(data, 'Tappd.TdxQuote')
-        return QuoteResponse(response['quote'], response['event_log'])
-
-    def derive_key(self, path: str, subject: str | None = None, alt_names: list[str] | None = None) -> DerivedKey:
-        """
-        Derive the key and certificate from the given path.
-        """
-        data = {"path": path}
-        data["subject"] = subject or path
-        if alt_names:
-            data["alt_names"] = alt_names
-        response = self._rpc_call(data, 'Tappd.DeriveKey')
-        return DerivedKey(response['key'], response['certificate_chain'])
-
-    def info(self) -> dict:
-        """
-        Get the worker info.
-        """
-        return self._rpc_call({}, 'Tappd.Info')
diff --git a/ra-rpc/Cargo.toml b/ra-rpc/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e7aaf073..000000000
--- a/ra-rpc/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "ra-rpc"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-prpc.workspace = true
-rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["mtls"], optional = true }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-reqwest = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["rustls-tls", "charset"], optional = true }
-
-ra-tls.workspace = true
-bon.workspace = true
-rocket-vsock-listener = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-serde.workspace = true
-
-[features]
-default = ["rocket", "client"]
-rocket = ["dep:rocket", "dep:rocket-vsock-listener"]
-client = ["reqwest"]
diff --git a/ra-rpc/src/client.rs b/ra-rpc/src/client.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e4105c335..000000000
--- a/ra-rpc/src/client.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use prpc::{
-    client::{Error, RequestClient},
-    server::ProtoError,
-    Message,
-};
-use reqwest::{Certificate, Client, Identity};
-use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
-
-pub struct RaClient {
-    remote_uri: String,
-    client: Client,
-}
-
-impl RaClient {
-    pub fn new(remote_uri: String, tls_no_check: bool) -> Self {
-        let client = Client::builder()
-            .tls_sni(true)
-            .danger_accept_invalid_certs(tls_no_check)
-            .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
-            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(60))
-            .build()
-            .expect("failed to create client");
-        Self { remote_uri, client }
-    }
-    pub fn new_mtls(
-        remote_uri: String,
-        ca_cert: String,
-        cert_pem: String,
-        key_pem: String,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let root_ca =
-            Certificate::from_pem(ca_cert.as_bytes()).context("Failed to parse CA cert")?;
-        let identity_pem = format!("{cert_pem}\n{key_pem}");
-        let identity =
-            Identity::from_pem(identity_pem.as_bytes()).context("Failed to parse identity")?;
-        let client = Client::builder()
-            .tls_sni(true)
-            .add_root_certificate(root_ca)
-            .identity(identity)
-            .connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
-            .timeout(Duration::from_secs(60))
-            .build()
-            .context("failed to create client")?;
-        Ok(Self { remote_uri, client })
-    }
-}
-
-impl RequestClient for RaClient {
-    async fn request<T, R>(&self, path: &str, body: T) -> Result<R, Error>
-    where
-        T: Message + Serialize,
-        R: Message + DeserializeOwned,
-    {
-        let body = serde_json::to_vec(&body).context("Failed to serialize body")?;
-        let url = format!("{}/{}?json", self.remote_uri, path);
-        let response = self
-            .client
-            .post(url)
-            .body(body)
-            .send()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| Error::RpcError(format!("failed to send request: {:?}", err)))?;
-        let status = response.status();
-        if !status.is_success() {
-            let body = response.bytes().await.unwrap_or_default();
-            let error = ProtoError::decode(body.as_ref())
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-                .message;
-            return Err(Error::RpcError(format!(
-                "request failed with status={status}, error={error}",
-            )));
-        }
-        let body = response
-            .bytes()
-            .await
-            .map_err(|err| Error::RpcError(format!("failed to read response: {:?}", err)))?
-            .to_vec();
-        let response = serde_json::from_slice(&body).context("Failed to deserialize response")?;
-        Ok(response)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ra-rpc/src/lib.rs b/ra-rpc/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b602dc40d..000000000
--- a/ra-rpc/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-
-use std::{net::SocketAddr, path::PathBuf};
-
-use anyhow::Result;
-use prpc::{
-    codec::encode_message_to_vec,
-    server::{ProtoError, Service as PrpcService},
-};
-use tracing::{error, info};
-
-pub use ra_tls::attestation::Attestation;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "rocket")]
-pub mod rocket_helper;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "client")]
-pub mod client;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum RemoteEndpoint {
-    Tcp(SocketAddr),
-    Quic(SocketAddr),
-    Unix(PathBuf),
-    Vsock { cid: u32, port: u32 },
-    Other(String),
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, bon::Builder)]
-pub struct CallContext<'a, State> {
-    pub state: &'a State,
-    pub attestation: Option<Attestation>,
-    pub remote_endpoint: Option<RemoteEndpoint>,
-}
-
-pub trait RpcCall<State>: Sized {
-    type PrpcService: PrpcService + From<Self> + Send + 'static;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, State>) -> Result<Self>;
-
-    async fn call(
-        self,
-        method: String,
-        payload: Vec<u8>,
-        is_json: bool,
-        is_query: bool,
-    ) -> (u16, Vec<u8>) {
-        dispatch_prpc(
-            method,
-            payload,
-            is_json,
-            is_query,
-            <Self::PrpcService as From<Self>>::from(self),
-        )
-        .await
-    }
-}
-
-async fn dispatch_prpc(
-    path: String,
-    data: Vec<u8>,
-    json: bool,
-    query: bool,
-    server: impl PrpcService + Send + 'static,
-) -> (u16, Vec<u8>) {
-    use prpc::server::Error;
-
-    info!("dispatching request: {}", path);
-    let result = server.dispatch_request(&path, data, json, query).await;
-    let (code, data) = match result {
-        Ok(data) => (200, data),
-        Err(err) => {
-            error!("rpc error: {:?}", err);
-            let (code, error) = match err {
-                Error::NotFound => (404, "method Not Found".to_string()),
-                Error::DecodeError(err) => (400, format!("DecodeError({err:?})")),
-                Error::BadRequest(msg) => (400, msg),
-            };
-            (code, encode_error(json, error))
-        }
-    };
-    (code, data)
-}
-
-pub fn encode_error(json: bool, error: impl Into<String>) -> Vec<u8> {
-    if json {
-        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&serde_json::json!({ "error": error.into() }))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| r#"{"error": "failed to encode the error"}"#.to_string())
-            .into_bytes()
-    } else {
-        encode_message_to_vec(&ProtoError::new(error.into()))
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ra-rpc/src/rocket_helper.rs b/ra-rpc/src/rocket_helper.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 223d6045c..000000000
--- a/ra-rpc/src/rocket_helper.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,335 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    convert::Infallible,
-    time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
-};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use ra_tls::{
-    attestation::Attestation,
-    qvl::{self, verify::VerifiedReport},
-};
-use rocket::{
-    data::{ByteUnit, Data, Limits, ToByteUnit},
-    http::{uri::Origin, ContentType, Method, Status},
-    listener::Endpoint,
-    mtls::{oid::Oid, Certificate},
-    request::{FromRequest, Outcome},
-    response::status::Custom,
-    Request,
-};
-use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockEndpoint;
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
-use crate::{encode_error, CallContext, RemoteEndpoint, RpcCall};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct QuoteVerifier {
-    pccs_url: String,
-    timeout: Duration,
-}
-
-pub mod deps {
-    pub use super::{PrpcHandler, RpcRequest};
-    pub use rocket::response::status::Custom;
-    pub use rocket::{Data, State};
-}
-
-fn query_field_get_raw<'r>(req: &'r Request<'_>, field_name: &str) -> Option<&'r str> {
-    for field in req.query_fields() {
-        let raw = (field.name.source().as_str(), field.value);
-        let key = field.name.key_lossy().as_str();
-        if key == field_name {
-            return Some(field.value);
-        }
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-fn query_field_get_bool(req: &Request<'_>, field_name: &str) -> bool {
-    matches!(
-        query_field_get_raw(req, field_name),
-        Some("true" | "1" | "")
-    )
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! prpc_routes {
-    ($state:ty, $handler:ty) => {{
-        ra_rpc::declare_prpc_routes!(prpc_post, prpc_get, $state, $handler);
-        rocket::routes![prpc_post, prpc_get]
-    }};
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! declare_prpc_routes {
-    ($post:ident, $get:ident, $state:ty, $handler:ty) => {
-        $crate::declare_prpc_routes!(path: "/<method>", $post, $get, $state, $handler);
-    };
-    (path: $path: literal, $post:ident, $get:ident, $state:ty, $handler:ty) => {
-        #[rocket::post($path, data = "<data>")]
-        async fn $post<'a: 'd, 'd>(
-            state: &'a $crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
-            method: &'a str,
-            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'a>,
-            data: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Data<'d>,
-        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Custom<Vec<u8>> {
-            $crate::rocket_helper::deps::PrpcHandler::builder()
-                .state(&**state)
-                .request(rpc_request)
-                .method(method)
-                .data(data)
-                .build()
-                .handle::<$handler>()
-                .await
-        }
-
-        #[rocket::get($path)]
-        async fn $get(
-            state: &$crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
-            method: &str,
-            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'_>,
-        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Custom<Vec<u8>> {
-            $crate::rocket_helper::deps::PrpcHandler::builder()
-                .state(&**state)
-                .request(rpc_request)
-                .method(method)
-                .build()
-                .handle::<$handler>()
-                .await
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! prpc_alias {
-    (get: $name:ident, $alias:literal -> $prpc:ident($method:literal, $state:ty)) => {
-        #[rocket::get($alias)]
-        async fn $name(
-            state: &$crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
-            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'_>,
-        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Custom<Vec<u8>> {
-            $prpc(state, $method, rpc_request).await
-        }
-    };
-    (post: $name:ident, $alias:literal -> $prpc:ident($method:literal, $state:ty)) => {
-        #[rocket::post($alias, data = "<data>")]
-        async fn $name<'a: 'd, 'd>(
-            state: &'a $crate::rocket_helper::deps::State<$state>,
-            rpc_request: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::RpcRequest<'a>,
-            data: $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Data<'d>,
-        ) -> $crate::rocket_helper::deps::Custom<Vec<u8>> {
-            $prpc(state, $method, rpc_request, data).await
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-macro_rules! from_request {
-    ($request:expr) => {
-        match FromRequest::from_request($request).await {
-            Outcome::Success(v) => v,
-            Outcome::Error(e) => return Outcome::Error(e),
-            Outcome::Forward(f) => return Outcome::Forward(f),
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-#[rocket::async_trait]
-impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for &'r QuoteVerifier {
-    type Error = ();
-
-    async fn from_request(request: &'r Request<'_>) -> Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
-        let state: &rocket::State<QuoteVerifier> = from_request!(request);
-        Outcome::Success(state)
-    }
-}
-
-impl QuoteVerifier {
-    pub fn new(pccs_url: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            pccs_url,
-            timeout: Duration::from_secs(60),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub async fn verify_quote(&self, attestation: &Attestation) -> Result<VerifiedReport> {
-        let quote = &attestation.quote;
-        let collateral = qvl::collateral::get_collateral(&self.pccs_url, quote, self.timeout)
-            .await
-            .context("failed to get collateral")?;
-        let now = SystemTime::now()
-            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-            .context("failed to get current time")?
-            .as_secs();
-        let report = qvl::verify::verify(quote, &collateral, now)
-            .ok()
-            .context("quote verification failed")?;
-        if let Some(report) = report.report.as_td10() {
-            // Replay the event logs
-            let rtmrs = attestation
-                .replay_event_logs()
-                .context("failed to replay event logs")?;
-            if rtmrs != [report.rt_mr0, report.rt_mr1, report.rt_mr2, report.rt_mr3] {
-                anyhow::bail!("rtmr mismatch");
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(report)
-    }
-}
-
-async fn read_data(data: Data<'_>, limit: ByteUnit) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let stream = data.open(limit);
-    let data = stream.into_bytes().await.context("failed to read data")?;
-    if !data.is_complete() {
-        anyhow::bail!("payload too large");
-    }
-    Ok(data.into_inner())
-}
-
-fn limit_for_method(method: &str, limits: &Limits) -> ByteUnit {
-    if let Some(v) = limits.get(method) {
-        return v;
-    }
-    10.mebibytes()
-}
-
-#[derive(bon::Builder)]
-pub struct PrpcHandler<'s, 'r, S> {
-    state: &'s S,
-    request: RpcRequest<'r>,
-    method: &'r str,
-    data: Option<Data<'r>>,
-}
-
-pub struct RpcRequest<'r> {
-    remote_addr: Option<&'r Endpoint>,
-    certificate: Option<Certificate<'r>>,
-    quote_verifier: Option<&'r QuoteVerifier>,
-    origin: &'r Origin<'r>,
-    limits: &'r Limits,
-    content_type: Option<&'r ContentType>,
-    json: bool,
-}
-
-#[rocket::async_trait]
-impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for RpcRequest<'r> {
-    type Error = Infallible;
-
-    async fn from_request(request: &'r Request<'_>) -> Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
-        Outcome::Success(Self {
-            remote_addr: from_request!(request),
-            certificate: from_request!(request),
-            quote_verifier: from_request!(request),
-            origin: from_request!(request),
-            limits: from_request!(request),
-            content_type: from_request!(request),
-            json: request.method() == Method::Get || query_field_get_bool(request, "json"),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'s, 'r, S> PrpcHandler<'s, 'r, S> {
-    pub async fn handle<Call: RpcCall<S>>(self) -> Custom<Vec<u8>> {
-        let json = self.request.json;
-        let result = handle_prpc_impl::<S, Call>(self).await;
-        match result {
-            Ok(output) => output,
-            Err(e) => {
-                let estr = format!("{e:?}");
-                warn!("error handling prpc: {estr}");
-                let body = encode_error(json, estr);
-                Custom(Status::BadRequest, body)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Endpoint> for RemoteEndpoint {
-    fn from(endpoint: Endpoint) -> Self {
-        match endpoint {
-            Endpoint::Tcp(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Tcp(addr),
-            Endpoint::Quic(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Quic(addr),
-            Endpoint::Unix(path) => RemoteEndpoint::Unix(path),
-            _ => {
-                let address = endpoint.to_string();
-                match address.parse::<VsockEndpoint>() {
-                    Ok(addr) => RemoteEndpoint::Vsock {
-                        cid: addr.cid,
-                        port: addr.port,
-                    },
-                    Err(_) => RemoteEndpoint::Other(address),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub async fn handle_prpc_impl<S, Call: RpcCall<S>>(
-    args: PrpcHandler<'_, '_, S>,
-) -> Result<Custom<Vec<u8>>> {
-    let PrpcHandler {
-        state,
-        request,
-        method,
-        data,
-    } = args;
-    let mut attestation = request
-        .certificate
-        .map(extract_attestation)
-        .transpose()?
-        .flatten();
-    let todo = "verified attestation needs to be a distinct type";
-    if let (Some(quote_verifier), Some(attestation)) = (request.quote_verifier, &mut attestation) {
-        let verified_report = quote_verifier
-            .verify_quote(attestation)
-            .await
-            .context("invalid quote")?;
-        attestation.verified_report = Some(verified_report);
-    } else if attestation.is_some() {
-        info!("the ra quote is not verified");
-    }
-    let is_get = data.is_none();
-    let payload = match data {
-        Some(data) => {
-            let limit = limit_for_method(method, request.limits);
-            let todo = "confirm this would not truncate the data";
-            read_data(data, limit)
-                .await
-                .context("failed to read data")?
-        }
-        None => request
-            .origin
-            .query()
-            .map_or(vec![], |q| q.as_bytes().to_vec()),
-    };
-    let json = request.json || request.content_type.map(|t| t.is_json()).unwrap_or(false);
-    let context = CallContext {
-        state,
-        attestation,
-        remote_endpoint: request.remote_addr.cloned().map(RemoteEndpoint::from),
-    };
-    let call = Call::construct(context).context("failed to construct call")?;
-    let (status_code, output) = call.call(method.to_string(), payload, json, is_get).await;
-    Ok(Custom(Status::new(status_code), output))
-}
-
-pub fn extract_attestation(cert: Certificate<'_>) -> Result<Option<Attestation>> {
-    let attestation = Attestation::from_ext_getter(|oid| {
-        let oid = Oid::from(oid).ok().context("Invalid OID")?;
-        let Some(ext) = cert
-            .get_extension_unique(&oid)
-            .context("Extension not found")?
-        else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
-        Ok(Some(ext.value.to_vec()))
-    })?;
-    let todo = "verify the attestation";
-    let Some(attestation) = attestation else {
-        return Ok(None);
-    };
-    let pubkey = cert.public_key().raw;
-    attestation
-        .ensure_quote_for_ra_tls_pubkey(pubkey)
-        .context("ratls quote verification failed")?;
-    Ok(Some(attestation))
-}
diff --git a/ra-tls/Cargo.toml b/ra-tls/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a7abcd5c..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "ra-tls"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-bon.workspace = true
-dcap-qvl.workspace = true
-elliptic-curve.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-hkdf.workspace = true
-p256.workspace = true
-rcgen = { workspace = true, features = ["x509-parser", "pem"] }
-ring.workspace = true
-rustls-pki-types.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-sha2.workspace = true
-x509-parser.workspace = true
-yasna.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-sha3.workspace = true
-
-cc-eventlog.workspace = true
diff --git a/ra-tls/src/attestation.rs b/ra-tls/src/attestation.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 50f3b48ca..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/src/attestation.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,277 +0,0 @@
-//! Attestation functions
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use dcap_qvl::quote::Quote;
-use qvl::{quote::Report, verify::VerifiedReport};
-use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha384};
-
-use crate::{oids, traits::CertExt};
-use cc_eventlog::TdxEventLog as EventLog;
-
-/// The content type of a quote. A CVM should only generate quotes for these types.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum QuoteContentType<'a> {
-    /// The public key of KMS root CA
-    KmsRootCa,
-    /// The public key of the RA-TLS certificate
-    RaTlsCert,
-    /// App defined data
-    AppData,
-    /// The custom content type
-    Custom(&'a str),
-}
-
-/// The default hash algorithm used to hash the report data.
-pub const DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM: &str = "sha512";
-
-impl QuoteContentType<'_> {
-    /// The tag of the content type used in the report data.
-    pub fn tag(&self) -> &str {
-        match self {
-            Self::KmsRootCa => "kms-root-ca",
-            Self::RaTlsCert => "ratls-cert",
-            Self::AppData => "app-data",
-            Self::Custom(tag) => tag,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Convert the content to the report data.
-    pub fn to_report_data(&self, content: &[u8]) -> [u8; 64] {
-        self.to_report_data_with_hash(content, "")
-            .expect("sha512 hash should not fail")
-    }
-
-    /// Convert the content to the report data with a specific hash algorithm.
-    pub fn to_report_data_with_hash(&self, content: &[u8], hash: &str) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
-        macro_rules! do_hash {
-            ($hash: ty) => {{
-                // The format is:
-                // hash(<tag>:<content>)
-                let mut hasher = <$hash>::new();
-                hasher.update(self.tag().as_bytes());
-                hasher.update(b":");
-                hasher.update(content);
-                let output = hasher.finalize();
-
-                let mut padded = [0u8; 64];
-                padded[..output.len()].copy_from_slice(&output);
-                padded
-            }};
-        }
-        let hash = if hash.is_empty() {
-            DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM
-        } else {
-            hash
-        };
-        let output = match hash {
-            "sha256" => do_hash!(sha2::Sha256),
-            "sha384" => do_hash!(sha2::Sha384),
-            "sha512" => do_hash!(sha2::Sha512),
-            "sha3-256" => do_hash!(sha3::Sha3_256),
-            "sha3-384" => do_hash!(sha3::Sha3_384),
-            "sha3-512" => do_hash!(sha3::Sha3_512),
-            "keccak256" => do_hash!(sha3::Keccak256),
-            "keccak384" => do_hash!(sha3::Keccak384),
-            "keccak512" => do_hash!(sha3::Keccak512),
-            "raw" => content.try_into().ok().context("invalid content length")?,
-            _ => anyhow::bail!("invalid hash algorithm"),
-        };
-        Ok(output)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Attestation data
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct Attestation {
-    /// Quote
-    pub quote: Vec<u8>,
-    /// Raw event log
-    pub raw_event_log: Vec<u8>,
-    /// Event log
-    pub event_log: Vec<EventLog>,
-    /// Verified report
-    pub verified_report: Option<VerifiedReport>,
-}
-
-impl Attestation {
-    /// Create a new attestation
-    pub fn new(quote: Vec<u8>, raw_event_log: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let event_log: Vec<EventLog> = if !raw_event_log.is_empty() {
-            serde_json::from_slice(&raw_event_log).context("invalid event log")?
-        } else {
-            vec![]
-        };
-        Ok(Self {
-            quote,
-            raw_event_log,
-            event_log,
-            verified_report: None,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Extract attestation data from a certificate
-    pub fn from_cert(cert: &impl CertExt) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
-        Self::from_ext_getter(|oid| cert.get_extension(oid))
-    }
-
-    /// From an extension getter
-    pub fn from_ext_getter(
-        get_ext: impl Fn(&[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
-        macro_rules! read_ext_bytes {
-            ($oid:expr) => {
-                get_ext($oid)?
-                    .map(|v| yasna::parse_der(&v, |reader| reader.read_bytes()))
-                    .transpose()?
-            };
-        }
-
-        let quote = match read_ext_bytes!(oids::PHALA_RATLS_QUOTE) {
-            Some(v) => v,
-            None => return Ok(None),
-        };
-        let raw_event_log = read_ext_bytes!(oids::PHALA_RATLS_EVENT_LOG).unwrap_or_default();
-        Self::new(quote, raw_event_log).map(Some)
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the quote
-    pub fn decode_quote(&self) -> Result<Quote> {
-        Quote::parse(&self.quote)
-    }
-
-    fn find_event(&self, imr: u32, ad: &str) -> Result<EventLog> {
-        for event in &self.event_log {
-            if event.imr == imr && event.event == ad {
-                return Ok(event.clone());
-            }
-        }
-        Err(anyhow!("event {ad} not found"))
-    }
-
-    /// Replay event logs
-    pub fn replay_event_logs(&self) -> Result<[[u8; 48]; 4]> {
-        replay_event_logs(&self.event_log)
-    }
-
-    /// Return true if the quote is verified
-    pub fn is_verified(&self) -> bool {
-        self.verified_report.is_some()
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the app-id from the event log
-    pub fn decode_app_id(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        self.find_event(3, "app-id")
-            .map(|event| hex::encode(&event.event_payload))
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the instance-id from the event log
-    pub fn decode_instance_id(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        self.find_event(3, "instance-id")
-            .map(|event| hex::encode(&event.event_payload))
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the upgraded app-id from the event log
-    pub fn decode_compose_hash(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        let event = self.find_event(3, "compose-hash").or_else(|_| {
-            // Old images use this event name
-            self.find_event(3, "upgraded-app-id")
-        })?;
-        Ok(hex::encode(&event.event_payload))
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the rootfs hash from the event log
-    pub fn decode_rootfs_hash(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        self.find_event(3, "rootfs-hash")
-            .map(|event| hex::encode(event.digest))
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the report data in the quote
-    pub fn decode_report_data(&self) -> Result<[u8; 64]> {
-        match self.decode_quote()?.report {
-            Report::SgxEnclave(report) => Ok(report.report_data),
-            Report::TD10(report) => Ok(report.report_data),
-            Report::TD15(report) => Ok(report.base.report_data),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Ensure the quote is for the RA-TLS public key
-    pub fn ensure_quote_for_ra_tls_pubkey(&self, pubkey: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        let report_data = self.decode_report_data()?;
-        let expected_report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(pubkey);
-        if report_data != expected_report_data {
-            return Err(anyhow!("report data mismatch"));
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Replay event logs
-pub fn replay_event_logs(eventlog: &[EventLog]) -> Result<[[u8; 48]; 4]> {
-    let mut rtmrs = [[0u8; 48]; 4];
-    for idx in 0..4 {
-        let mut mr = [0u8; 48];
-
-        for event in eventlog.iter() {
-            if event.imr == idx {
-                let mut hasher = Sha384::new();
-                hasher.update(mr);
-                hasher.update(event.digest);
-                mr = hasher.finalize().into();
-            }
-        }
-
-        rtmrs[idx as usize] = mr;
-    }
-
-    Ok(rtmrs)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_to_report_data_with_hash() {
-        let content_type = QuoteContentType::AppData;
-        let content = b"test content";
-
-        let report_data = content_type.to_report_data(content);
-        assert_eq!(hex::encode(report_data), "7ea0b744ed5e9c0c83ff9f575668e1697652cd349f2027cdf26f918d4c53e8cd50b5ea9b449b4c3d50e20ae00ec29688d5a214e8daff8a10041f5d624dae8a01");
-
-        // Test SHA-256
-        let result = content_type
-            .to_report_data_with_hash(content, "sha256")
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result[32..], [0u8; 32]); // Check padding
-        assert_ne!(result[..32], [0u8; 32]); // Check hash is non-zero
-
-        // Test SHA-384
-        let result = content_type
-            .to_report_data_with_hash(content, "sha384")
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result[48..], [0u8; 16]); // Check padding
-        assert_ne!(result[..48], [0u8; 48]); // Check hash is non-zero
-
-        // Test default
-        let result = content_type.to_report_data_with_hash(content, "").unwrap();
-        assert_ne!(result, [0u8; 64]); // Should fill entire buffer
-
-        // Test raw content
-        let exact_content = [42u8; 64];
-        let result = content_type
-            .to_report_data_with_hash(&exact_content, "raw")
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result, exact_content);
-
-        // Test invalid raw content length
-        let invalid_content = [42u8; 65];
-        assert!(content_type
-            .to_report_data_with_hash(&invalid_content, "raw")
-            .is_err());
-
-        // Test invalid hash algorithm
-        assert!(content_type
-            .to_report_data_with_hash(content, "invalid")
-            .is_err());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ra-tls/src/cert.rs b/ra-tls/src/cert.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d0537619c..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/src/cert.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-//! Certificate creation functions.
-
-use std::time::SystemTime;
-use std::{path::Path, time::Duration};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use rcgen::{
-    BasicConstraints, Certificate, CertificateParams, CustomExtension, DistinguishedName, DnType,
-    IsCa, KeyPair, SanType,
-};
-use x509_parser::der_parser::Oid;
-
-use crate::{
-    attestation::Attestation,
-    oids::{PHALA_RATLS_EVENT_LOG, PHALA_RATLS_QUOTE},
-    traits::CertExt,
-};
-
-/// A CA certificate and private key.
-pub struct CaCert {
-    /// The original PEM certificate.
-    pub pem_cert: String,
-    /// CA certificate
-    pub cert: Certificate,
-    /// CA private key
-    pub key: KeyPair,
-}
-
-impl CaCert {
-    /// Instantiate a new CA certificate with a given private key and pem cert.
-    pub fn new(pem_cert: String, pem_key: String) -> Result<Self> {
-        let key = KeyPair::from_pem(&pem_key).context("Failed to parse key")?;
-        let cert =
-            CertificateParams::from_ca_cert_pem(&pem_cert).context("Failed to parse cert")?;
-        let todo = "load the cert from the file directly: blocked by https://github.com/rustls/rcgen/issues/274";
-        let cert = cert.self_signed(&key).context("Failed to self-sign cert")?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            pem_cert,
-            cert,
-            key,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Load a CA certificate and private key from files.
-    pub fn load(cert_path: impl AsRef<Path>, key_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let pem_key = fs::read_to_string(key_path).context("Failed to read key file")?;
-        let pem_cert = fs::read_to_string(cert_path).context("Failed to read cert file")?;
-        Self::new(pem_cert, pem_key)
-    }
-
-    /// Sign a certificate request.
-    pub fn sign(&self, req: CertRequest) -> Result<Certificate> {
-        let key = req.key;
-        let params = req.into_cert_params()?;
-        let cert = params.signed_by(key, &self.cert, &self.key)?;
-        Ok(cert)
-    }
-
-    /// Decode the attestation extension if present.
-    pub fn decode_attestation(&self) -> Result<Option<Attestation>> {
-        use x509_parser::pem::Pem;
-        let Some(pem) = Pem::iter_from_buffer(self.pem_cert.as_bytes())
-            .next()
-            .transpose()
-            .context("Invalid pem")?
-        else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
-        let cert = pem.parse_x509().context("Invalid x509 certificate")?;
-        let externsions = cert.tbs_certificate.extensions();
-        let attestation = Attestation::from_ext_getter(|oid| {
-            let oid = Oid::from(oid).or(Err(anyhow!("Invalid oid")))?;
-            let Some(ext) = externsions.iter().find(|ext| ext.oid == oid) else {
-                return Ok(None);
-            };
-            Ok(Some(ext.value.to_vec()))
-        })?;
-        Ok(attestation)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Information required to create a certificate.
-#[derive(bon::Builder)]
-pub struct CertRequest<'a> {
-    key: &'a KeyPair,
-    org_name: Option<&'a str>,
-    subject: &'a str,
-    alt_names: Option<&'a [String]>,
-    ca_level: Option<u8>,
-    quote: Option<&'a [u8]>,
-    event_log: Option<&'a [u8]>,
-    not_before: Option<SystemTime>,
-    not_after: Option<SystemTime>,
-}
-
-impl CertRequest<'_> {
-    fn into_cert_params(self) -> Result<CertificateParams> {
-        let mut params = CertificateParams::new(vec![])?;
-        let mut dn = DistinguishedName::new();
-        if let Some(org_name) = self.org_name {
-            dn.push(DnType::OrganizationName, org_name);
-        }
-        dn.push(DnType::CommonName, self.subject);
-        params.distinguished_name = dn;
-        if let Some(alt_names) = self.alt_names {
-            for alt_name in alt_names {
-                params
-                    .subject_alt_names
-                    .push(SanType::DnsName(alt_name.clone().try_into()?));
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(quote) = self.quote {
-            let content = yasna::construct_der(|writer| {
-                writer.write_bytes(quote);
-            });
-            let ext = CustomExtension::from_oid_content(PHALA_RATLS_QUOTE, content);
-            params.custom_extensions.push(ext);
-        }
-        if let Some(event_log) = self.event_log {
-            let content = yasna::construct_der(|writer| {
-                writer.write_bytes(event_log);
-            });
-            let ext = CustomExtension::from_oid_content(PHALA_RATLS_EVENT_LOG, content);
-            params.custom_extensions.push(ext);
-        }
-        if let Some(ca_level) = self.ca_level {
-            if ca_level > 0 {
-                params.is_ca = IsCa::Ca(BasicConstraints::Constrained(ca_level));
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(not_before) = self.not_before {
-            params.not_before = not_before.into();
-        }
-        params.not_after = self
-            .not_after
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                let now = SystemTime::now();
-                let day = Duration::from_secs(86400);
-                now + day * 365
-            })
-            .into();
-        Ok(params)
-    }
-
-    /// Create a self-signed certificate.
-    pub fn self_signed(self) -> Result<Certificate> {
-        let key = self.key;
-        let cert = self.into_cert_params()?.self_signed(key)?;
-        Ok(cert)
-    }
-
-    /// Create a certificate signed by a given issuer.
-    pub fn signed_by(self, issuer: &Certificate, issuer_key: &KeyPair) -> Result<Certificate> {
-        let key = self.key;
-        let cert = self
-            .into_cert_params()?
-            .signed_by(key, issuer, issuer_key)?;
-        Ok(cert)
-    }
-}
-
-impl CertExt for Certificate {
-    fn get_extension(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
-        let found = self
-            .params()
-            .custom_extensions
-            .iter()
-            .find(|ext| ext.oid_components().collect::<Vec<_>>() == oid)
-            .map(|ext| ext.content().to_vec());
-        Ok(found)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ra-tls/src/kdf.rs b/ra-tls/src/kdf.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 311c57173..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/src/kdf.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-//! Key derivation functions.
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use p256::pkcs8::{DecodePrivateKey, EncodePrivateKey};
-use rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
-use ring::{
-    error::Unspecified,
-    hkdf::{KeyType, Okm, Prk, Salt, HKDF_SHA256},
-};
-use rustls_pki_types::PrivateKeyDer;
-
-struct AnySizeKey(usize);
-impl KeyType for AnySizeKey {
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.0
-    }
-}
-
-/// Derives a key using HKDF-SHA256.
-pub fn derive_ecdsa_key(
-    input_key_material: &[u8],
-    context_data: &[&[u8]],
-    key_size: usize,
-) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Unspecified> {
-    let salt = Salt::new(HKDF_SHA256, b"RATLS");
-    let pseudo_rand_key: Prk = salt.extract(input_key_material);
-    let output_key_material: Okm<AnySizeKey> =
-        pseudo_rand_key.expand(context_data, AnySizeKey(key_size))?;
-    let mut result = vec![0u8; key_size];
-    output_key_material.fill(&mut result)?;
-    Ok(result)
-}
-
-/// Derives a key pair from a given key pair.
-pub fn derive_ecdsa_key_pair(from: &KeyPair, context_data: &[&[u8]]) -> Result<KeyPair> {
-    let der_bytes = from.serialized_der();
-    let sk = p256::SecretKey::from_pkcs8_der(der_bytes).context("failed to decode secret key")?;
-    let sk_bytes = sk.as_scalar_primitive().to_bytes();
-    let derived_sk_bytes =
-        derive_ecdsa_key(&sk_bytes, context_data, 32).or(Err(anyhow!("failed to derive key")))?;
-    let derived_sk = p256::SecretKey::from_slice(&derived_sk_bytes)
-        .context("failed to decode derived secret key")?;
-    let derived_sk_der = derived_sk
-        .to_pkcs8_der()
-        .context("failed to encode derived secret key")?;
-    let der = PrivateKeyDer::try_from(derived_sk_der.as_bytes())
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("failed to decode derived secret key: {err}"))?;
-    let key = KeyPair::from_der_and_sign_algo(&der, &PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)
-        .context("failed to create derived key pair")?;
-    Ok(key)
-}
-
-fn sha256(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
-    use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
-    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(data);
-    hasher.finalize().into()
-}
-
-/// Derives a X25519 secret from a given key pair.
-pub fn derive_dh_secret(from: &KeyPair, context_data: &[&[u8]]) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
-    let key_pair = derive_ecdsa_key_pair(from, context_data)?;
-    let derived_secret = sha256(key_pair.serialized_der());
-    Ok(derived_secret)
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_derive_key32() {
-        let key = derive_ecdsa_key(b"input key material", &[b"context one"], 32).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(key.len(), 32);
-        assert!(key.iter().any(|&x| x != 0));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_derive_key256() {
-        let key = derive_ecdsa_key(b"input key material", &[b"context one"], 256).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(key.len(), 256);
-        assert!(key.iter().any(|&x| x != 0));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_derive_key_pair() {
-        let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256).unwrap();
-        let _derived_key = derive_ecdsa_key_pair(&key, &[b"context one"]).unwrap();
-    }
-}
diff --git a/ra-tls/src/lib.rs b/ra-tls/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f2629f9d0..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-//! RATLS library for Phala
-#![deny(missing_docs)]
-
-pub extern crate dcap_qvl as qvl;
-pub extern crate rcgen;
-
-pub mod attestation;
-pub mod cert;
-pub mod kdf;
-pub mod oids;
-pub mod traits;
diff --git a/ra-tls/src/oids.rs b/ra-tls/src/oids.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f6ea023d1..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/src/oids.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-//! OIDs used by the RATLS protocol.
-
-/// OID for the SGX/TDX quote extension.
-pub const PHALA_RATLS_QUOTE: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 1];
-/// OID for the TDX event log extension.
-pub const PHALA_RATLS_EVENT_LOG: &[u64] = &[1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 2];
diff --git a/ra-tls/src/traits.rs b/ra-tls/src/traits.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c8b0a115..000000000
--- a/ra-tls/src/traits.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-//! Traits for the crate
-
-use anyhow::Result;
-
-/// Types that can get custom cert extensions from.
-pub trait CertExt {
-    /// Get a cert extension from the type.
-    fn get_extension(&self, oid: &[u64]) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>>;
-}
diff --git a/rocket-vsock-listener/Cargo.toml b/rocket-vsock-listener/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f5a16cfd..000000000
--- a/rocket-vsock-listener/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "rocket-vsock-listener"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-derive_more = { workspace = true, features = ["display"] }
-pin-project.workspace = true
-rocket.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-thiserror.workspace = true
-tokio-vsock.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/rocket-vsock-listener/src/lib.rs b/rocket-vsock-listener/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 32910f631..000000000
--- a/rocket-vsock-listener/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,271 +0,0 @@
-use derive_more::Display;
-use rocket::listener::{Connection, Endpoint, Listener};
-use rocket::tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
-use rocket::{Ignite, Rocket};
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-use std::{io, task};
-use tokio_vsock as vsock;
-
-use serde::{de, Deserialize, Deserializer};
-use thiserror::Error;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-pub enum VsockError {
-    #[error("IO error: {0}")]
-    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
-
-    #[error("Invalid vsock address format: {0}")]
-    InvalidAddress(String),
-
-    #[error("Invalid protocol, expected 'vsock'")]
-    InvalidProtocol,
-
-    #[error("Invalid CID: {0}")]
-    InvalidCid(std::num::ParseIntError),
-
-    #[error("Invalid port: {0}")]
-    InvalidPort(std::num::ParseIntError),
-}
-
-pub struct VsockListener {
-    listener: vsock::VsockListener,
-    endpoint: VsockEndpoint,
-}
-pub struct VsockAccept;
-
-#[pin_project::pin_project]
-pub struct VsockConnection {
-    #[pin]
-    stream: vsock::VsockStream,
-    addr: vsock::VsockAddr,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Display, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-#[display("vsock://{cid}:{port}")]
-pub struct VsockEndpoint {
-    pub cid: u32,
-    pub port: u32,
-}
-
-impl FromStr for VsockEndpoint {
-    type Err = VsockError;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        let s = s
-            .strip_prefix("vsock://")
-            .ok_or(VsockError::InvalidAddress(
-                "expect format: vsock://<cid>:<port>".into(),
-            ))?;
-
-        let (cid, port) = s.split_once(':').ok_or_else(|| {
-            VsockError::InvalidAddress("expect format: vsock://<cid>:<port>".into())
-        })?;
-
-        let cid = if cid.starts_with("0x") {
-            u32::from_str_radix(cid.trim_start_matches("0x"), 16)
-        } else {
-            cid.parse::<u32>()
-        }
-        .map_err(VsockError::InvalidCid)?;
-
-        let port = port.parse::<u32>().map_err(VsockError::InvalidPort)?;
-
-        Ok(VsockEndpoint { cid, port })
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for VsockEndpoint {
-    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
-        // format:
-        // address = "vsock:<cid>"
-        // port = "<port>"
-
-        #[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
-        struct Address {
-            address: String,
-            port: u32,
-        }
-        let address = Address::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        let (proto, cid) = address.address.split_once(':').ok_or(de::Error::custom(
-            VsockError::InvalidAddress("expect format: vsock:<cid>".into()),
-        ))?;
-        if proto != "vsock" {
-            return Err(de::Error::custom(VsockError::InvalidProtocol));
-        }
-        let cid = if cid.starts_with("0x") {
-            u32::from_str_radix(cid.trim_start_matches("0x"), 16)
-        } else {
-            cid.parse::<u32>()
-        }
-        .map_err(|e| de::Error::custom(VsockError::InvalidCid(e)))?;
-        Ok(VsockEndpoint {
-            cid,
-            port: address.port,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl Connection for VsockConnection {
-    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<Endpoint> {
-        let endpoint = VsockEndpoint {
-            cid: self.addr.cid(),
-            port: self.addr.port(),
-        };
-        Ok(Endpoint::new(endpoint))
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsyncRead for VsockConnection {
-    fn poll_read(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
-    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_read(cx, buf)
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsyncWrite for VsockConnection {
-    fn poll_write(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-        buf: &[u8],
-    ) -> task::Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_write(cx, buf)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_flush(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> task::Poll<Result<(), io::Error>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_flush(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_shutdown(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-    ) -> task::Poll<Result<(), io::Error>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_shutdown(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_write_vectored(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut task::Context<'_>,
-        bufs: &[io::IoSlice<'_>],
-    ) -> task::Poll<Result<usize, io::Error>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
-    }
-
-    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
-        self.stream.is_write_vectored()
-    }
-}
-
-impl Listener for VsockListener {
-    type Accept = (vsock::VsockStream, vsock::VsockAddr);
-
-    type Connection = VsockConnection;
-
-    async fn accept(&self) -> io::Result<Self::Accept> {
-        let (stream, addr) = self.listener.accept().await?;
-        Ok((stream, addr))
-    }
-
-    async fn connect(&self, accept: Self::Accept) -> io::Result<Self::Connection> {
-        let (stream, addr) = accept;
-        Ok(VsockConnection { stream, addr })
-    }
-
-    fn endpoint(&self) -> io::Result<Endpoint> {
-        Ok(Endpoint::new(self.endpoint))
-    }
-}
-
-impl VsockListener {
-    pub fn bind(endpoint: &VsockEndpoint) -> Result<Self, VsockError> {
-        let addr = vsock::VsockAddr::new(endpoint.cid, endpoint.port);
-        let listener = vsock::VsockListener::bind(addr)?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            listener,
-            endpoint: *endpoint,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn extract_endpoint(rocket: &Rocket<Ignite>) -> Result<VsockEndpoint, VsockError> {
-        let figment = rocket.figment();
-        let endpoint = figment
-            .extract::<VsockEndpoint>()
-            .map_err(|e| VsockError::InvalidAddress(e.to_string()))?;
-        Ok(endpoint)
-    }
-
-    pub fn bind_rocket(rocket: &Rocket<Ignite>) -> Result<Self, VsockError> {
-        let endpoint = Self::extract_endpoint(rocket)?;
-        Self::bind(&endpoint)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use rocket::figment::Figment;
-    use rocket::Config;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_vsock_endpoint_deserialization() {
-        // Test valid vsock endpoint
-        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
-            .merge(("address", "vsock:1"))
-            .merge(("port", 5000));
-
-        let endpoint = config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(endpoint.cid, 1);
-        assert_eq!(endpoint.port, 5000);
-
-        // Test hexadecimal CID
-        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
-            .merge(("address", "vsock:0xFF"))
-            .merge(("port", 5000));
-
-        let endpoint = config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(endpoint.cid, 255);
-        assert_eq!(endpoint.port, 5000);
-
-        // Test invalid protocol
-        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
-            .merge(("address", "tcp:1"))
-            .merge(("port", 5000));
-
-        assert!(matches!(
-            config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap_err().to_string(),
-            s if s.contains("Invalid protocol")
-        ));
-
-        // Test invalid format
-        let config = Figment::from(Config::default())
-            .merge(("address", "vsock"))
-            .merge(("port", 5000));
-
-        assert!(matches!(
-            config.extract::<VsockEndpoint>().unwrap_err().to_string(),
-            s if s.contains("Invalid vsock address")
-        ));
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_vsock_listener_bind() {
-        let endpoint = VsockEndpoint { cid: 1, port: 5000 };
-        let result = VsockListener::bind(&endpoint);
-
-        // Note: This test might fail if you don't have vsock permissions
-        // or if the port is already in use
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_display_format() {
-        let endpoint = VsockEndpoint { cid: 1, port: 5000 };
-        assert_eq!(endpoint.to_string(), "vsock://1:5000");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/run.sh b/run.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 7e82acb3f..000000000
--- a/run.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-VMDIR=$1
-IMAGE_PATH=./images/$(jq -r '.image' ${VMDIR}/vm-manifest.json)
-IMG_METADATA=${IMAGE_PATH}/metadata.json
-MEM=$(jq -r '.memory' ${VMDIR}/vm-manifest.json)
-VCPUS=$(jq -r '.vcpu' ${VMDIR}/vm-manifest.json)
-
-VDA=${VMDIR}/hda.img
-
-PROCESS_NAME=qemu
-
-INITRD=${IMAGE_PATH}/$(jq -r '.initrd' ${IMG_METADATA})
-KERNEL=${IMAGE_PATH}/$(jq -r '.kernel' ${IMG_METADATA})
-CDROM=${IMAGE_PATH}/$(jq -r '.rootfs' ${IMG_METADATA})
-TDVF_FIRMWARE=${IMAGE_PATH}/$(jq -r '.bios' ${IMG_METADATA})
-CMDLINE=$(jq -r '.cmdline' ${IMG_METADATA})
-CONFIG_DIR=${VMDIR}/shared
-TD=${TD:-1}
-RO=${RO:-on}
-CID=$(( ( RANDOM % 10000 )  + 3 ))
-
-ARGS="${ARGS} -kernel ${KERNEL}"
-ARGS="${ARGS} -initrd ${INITRD}"
-
-echo INITRD=${INITRD}
-echo ARGS=${ARGS}
-echo VDA=${VDA}
-echo CMDLINE=${CMDLINE}
-echo TD=${TD}
-
-if [ "${TD}" == "1" ]; then
-	MACHINE_ARGS=",confidential-guest-support=tdx,hpet=off"
-	PROCESS_NAME=td
-	TDX_ARGS="-device vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid=${CID} -object tdx-guest,id=tdx"
-fi
-BIOS="-bios ${TDVF_FIRMWARE}"
-
-sleep 2
-
-qemu-system-x86_64 \
-		   -accel kvm \
-		   -m ${MEM}M -smp ${VCPUS} \
-		   -name ${PROCESS_NAME},process=${PROCESS_NAME},debug-threads=on \
-		   -cpu host \
-		   -machine q35,kernel_irqchip=split${MACHINE_ARGS} \
-		   ${BIOS} \
-		   ${TDX_ARGS} \
-		   -nographic \
-		   -nodefaults \
-		   -chardev stdio,id=ser0,signal=on -serial chardev:ser0 \
-		   -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=nic0_td -netdev user,id=nic0_td \
-		   -drive file=${VDA},if=none,id=virtio-disk0 -device virtio-blk-pci,drive=virtio-disk0 \
-		   -cdrom ${CDROM} \
-		   -virtfs local,path=${CONFIG_DIR},mount_tag=host-shared,readonly=${RO},security_model=mapped,id=virtfs0 \
-		   ${ARGS} \
-		   -append "${CMDLINE}"
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2550ccc8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.92"
+components = ["rustfmt", "clippy", "rust-analyzer"]
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown", "x86_64-unknown-linux-musl", "thumbv6m-none-eabi"]
diff --git a/sdk/README.md b/sdk/README.md
index c55f42e09..17aa1b4fa 100644
--- a/sdk/README.md
+++ b/sdk/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,24 @@
-# SDK
+# dstack SDKs
 
-This SDK propose for simple the interaction with DStack tappd. You can also download simulator [here](https://github.com/Leechael/tappd-simulator/releases) or using the [Docker based image](https://hub.docker.com/r/phalanetwork/tappd-simulator) to kick start without real TDX hardware.
+Client libraries for interacting with the dstack guest agent from inside a TEE.
 
-Checkout [this guide](https://docs.phala.network/references/hackathon-guides/ethglobal-bangkok) for further information.
\ No newline at end of file
+## HTTP API
+
+All SDKs communicate with the guest agent via HTTP over a Unix socket (`/var/run/dstack.sock`). See the [HTTP API Reference](curl/api.md) for direct access using curl or any HTTP client.
+
+## SDKs
+
+| Language | Path |
+|----------|------|
+| [Python](python/) | `sdk/python` |
+| [JavaScript/TypeScript](js/) | `sdk/js` |
+| [Rust](rust/) | `sdk/rust` |
+| [Go](go/) | `sdk/go` |
+
+## Simulator
+
+For local development without TDX hardware, use the simulator:
+
+- [Download releases](https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases?q=simulator-v&expanded=true)
+- [Install as a systemd service](../dstack/guest-agent-simulator/install-systemd.sh)
+- [Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/phalanetwork/dstack-simulator)
diff --git a/sdk/curl/api-tappd.md b/sdk/curl/api-tappd.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89cc13f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/curl/api-tappd.md
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# dstack Tappd RPC API Documentation (Legacy)
+
+This document describes the legacy REST API endpoints for the dstack Tappd service. These APIs are deprecated as of version 0.4.2. For newer versions, please refer to [api.md](api.md) which contains the current API documentation.
+
+## Base URL
+
+The dstack Tappd service listens on a Unix domain socket at `/var/run/tappd.sock`. All API requests should be made to this socket using the `--unix-socket` flag with curl.
+
+Make sure to map the Unix socket in your Docker Compose file:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  jupyter:
+    image: quay.io/jupyter/base-notebook
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/tappd.sock:/var/run/tappd.sock
+```
+
+## Endpoints
+
+### 1. Derive Key
+
+Derives a cryptographic key from the specified key path and returns it along with its certificate chain.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `path` | string | Path used to derive the private key | `"my/key/path"` |
+| `subject` | string | The subject name for the certificate | `"example.com"` |
+| `alt_names` | array of strings | List of Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the certificate | `["www.example.com", "api.example.com"]` |
+| `usage_ra_tls` | boolean | Whether to include quote in the certificate for RA-TLS | `true` |
+| `usage_server_auth` | boolean | Enable certificate for server authentication | `true` |
+| `usage_client_auth` | boolean | Enable certificate for client authentication | `false` |
+| `random_seed` | boolean | Derive from random seed | `false` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock -X POST \
+  http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "path": "my/key/path",
+    "subject": "example.com",
+    "alt_names": ["www.example.com", "api.example.com"],
+    "usage_ra_tls": true,
+    "usage_server_auth": true,
+    "usage_client_auth": false,
+    "random_seed": false
+  }'
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "key": "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n...\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----",
+  "certificate_chain": [
+    "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----",
+    "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Derive K256 Key
+
+Derives a new ECDSA key with k256 EC curve.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/prpc/Tappd.DeriveK256Key`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `path` | string | Path to the key to derive | `"my/key/path"` |
+| `purpose` | string | Purpose of the key | `"signing"` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock -X POST \
+  http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.DeriveK256Key \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "path": "my/key/path",
+    "purpose": "signing"
+  }'
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "k256_key": "<hex-encoded-key>",
+  "k256_signature_chain": [
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-1>",
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-2>"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### 3. TDX Quote
+
+Generates a TDX quote with report data.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `report_data` | string | Report data to be included in the quote | `"1234deadbeaf"` |
+| `hash_algorithm` | string | Hash algorithm to process the report data. Default is `sha512`. Options: `sha256`, `sha384`, `sha512`, `sha3-256`, `sha3-384`, `sha3-512`, `keccak256`, `keccak384`, `keccak512`, `raw` | `"sha512"` |
+| `prefix` | string | Custom prefix to prepend to report data before hashing. Defaults to 'app-data:' when hash_algorithm is not 'raw' | `"app-data:"` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock -X POST \
+  http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "report_data": "1234deadbeaf",
+    "hash_algorithm": "sha512",
+    "prefix": "app-data:"
+  }'
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "quote": "<hex-encoded-quote>",
+  "event_log": "<json-event-log>",
+  "hash_algorithm": "sha512",
+  "prefix": "app-data:"
+}
+```
+
+**Note on Event Log:**
+The `event_log` field contains a JSON array of TDX event log entries. For RTMR 0-2 (boot-time measurements), only the digest is included; the payload is stripped to reduce response size. For RTMR3 (runtime measurements), both digest and payload are included.
+
+### 4. Raw Quote
+
+Generates a TDX quote with raw report data. This is a low-level API that should be used with caution.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/prpc/Tappd.RawQuote`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `report_data` | string | 64 bytes of raw report data(hex encoded)| `"00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock -X POST \
+  http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.RawQuote \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "report_data": "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+  }'
+```
+
+Or
+
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.RawQuote?report_data=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "quote": "<hex-encoded-quote>",
+  "event_log": "<json-event-log>"
+}
+```
+
+**Note on Event Log:**
+The `event_log` field contains a JSON array of TDX event log entries. For RTMR 0-2 (boot-time measurements), only the digest is included; the payload is stripped to reduce response size. For RTMR3 (runtime measurements), both digest and payload are included.
+
+### 5. Info
+
+Retrieves worker information.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/prpc/Tappd.Info`
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/tappd.sock http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.Info
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "app_id": "<hex-encoded-app-id>",
+  "instance_id": "<hex-encoded-instance-id>",
+  "app_cert": "<certificate-string>",
+  "tcb_info": "<tcb-info-string>",
+  "app_name": "my-app",
+  "device_id": "<hex-encoded-device-id>",
+  "os_image_hash": "<hex-encoded-os-image-hash>",
+  "key_provider_info": "<key-provider-info-string>",
+  "compose_hash": "<hex-encoded-compose-hash>"
+}
+```
+
+## Error Responses
+
+All endpoints may return the following HTTP status codes:
+
+- `200 OK`: Request successful
+- `400 Bad Request`: Invalid request parameters
+- `500 Internal Server Error`: Server-side error
+
+Error responses will include a JSON body with error details:
+```json
+{
+  "error": "Error description"
+}
+```
diff --git a/sdk/curl/api.md b/sdk/curl/api.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb02b9052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/curl/api.md
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+# dstack Guest Agent RPC API Documentation
+
+This document describes the REST API endpoints for the dstack Guest Agent RPC service.
+
+## Base URL
+
+The dstack Guest Agent listens on a Unix domain socket at `/var/run/dstack.sock`. All API requests should be made to this socket using the `--unix-socket` flag with curl.
+
+Make sure to map the Unix socket in your Docker Compose file:
+
+```yaml
+services:
+  jupyter:
+    image: quay.io/jupyter/base-notebook
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+```
+
+## Endpoints
+
+### 1. Get TLS Key
+
+Derives a cryptographic key and returns it along with its TLS certificate chain. This API can be used to generate a TLS key/certificate for RA-TLS.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/GetTlsKey`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `subject` | string | The subject name for the certificate | `"example.com"` |
+| `alt_names` | array of strings | List of Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the certificate | `["www.example.com", "api.example.com"]` |
+| `usage_ra_tls` | boolean | Whether to include quote in the certificate for RA-TLS | `true` |
+| `usage_server_auth` | boolean | Enable certificate for server authentication | `true` |
+| `usage_client_auth` | boolean | Enable certificate for client authentication | `false` |
+| `not_before` | uint64 | Certificate validity start time as seconds since UNIX epoch | `0` |
+| `not_after` | uint64 | Certificate validity end time as seconds since UNIX epoch | `0` |
+| `with_app_info` | boolean | Whether to include app info in the certificate | `false` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock -X POST \
+  http://dstack/GetTlsKey \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "subject": "example.com",
+    "alt_names": ["www.example.com", "api.example.com"],
+    "usage_ra_tls": true,
+    "usage_server_auth": true,
+    "usage_client_auth": false
+  }'
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "key": "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n...\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----",
+  "certificate_chain": [
+    "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----",
+    "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n...\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Get Key
+
+Generates a deterministic private key from the application key and returns both the key and its signature chain. Suitable for ETH key generation when using the default `secp256k1` algorithm.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/GetKey`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `path` | string | Path for the key. This is the domain separator for deterministic key material. | `"my/key/path"` |
+| `purpose` | string | Purpose for the key. Can be any string. This is used in the signature chain and does not affect the private key bytes. | `"signing"` |
+| `algorithm` | string | `secp256k1` (default), `k256` (alias), or `ed25519`. For compatibility, this selects how the same derived 32-byte material is interpreted; it does not domain-separate the derivation. | `ed25519` |
+
+Use algorithm-specific paths, such as `wallet/ethereum` and `wallet/solana`, when independent keys are required across algorithms.
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock -X POST \
+  http://dstack/GetKey \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "path": "my/key/path",
+    "purpose": "signing",
+    "algorithm": "ed25519"
+  }'
+```
+
+Or
+
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://dstack/GetKey?path=my/key/path&purpose=signing&algorithm=ed25519
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "key": "<hex-encoded-key>",
+  "signature_chain": [
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-1>",
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-2>"
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Get Quote
+
+Generates a quote with given plain report data. For platform-agnostic verification, use the `attestation` field in the response.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/GetQuote`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `report_data` | string | Report data of max length 64 bytes. Padding with 0s if less than 64 bytes. | `"1234deadbeaf"` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock -X POST \
+  http://dstack/GetQuote \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "report_data": "1234deadbeaf"
+  }'
+```
+Or
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://dstack/GetQuote?report_data=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "quote": "<hex-encoded-quote>",
+  "event_log": "<json-event-log>",
+  "report_data": "<hex-encoded-report-data>",
+  "vm_config": "<json-vm-config-string>",
+  "attestation": "<hex-encoded-versioned-attestation>"
+}
+```
+
+**Note on Event Log:**
+The `event_log` field contains a JSON array of TDX event log entries. For RTMR 0-2 (boot-time measurements), only the digest is included; the payload is stripped to reduce response size. For RTMR3 (runtime measurements), both digest and payload are included. To verify the event log, submit it along with the quote to the [verifier service](../../dstack/verifier/README.md).
+
+### 4. Get Info
+
+Retrieves worker information, including the detected cloud platform.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/Info`
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://dstack/Info
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "app_id": "<hex-encoded-app-id>",
+  "instance_id": "<hex-encoded-instance-id>",
+  "app_cert": "<certificate-string>",
+  "tcb_info": "<tcb-info-string>",
+  "app_name": "my-app",
+  "device_id": "<hex-encoded-device-id>",
+  "mr_aggregated": "<hex-encoded-mr-aggregated>",
+  "os_image_hash": "<hex-encoded-os-image-hash>",
+  "key_provider_info": "<key-provider-info-string>",
+  "compose_hash": "<hex-encoded-compose-hash>",
+  "vm_config": "<json-vm-config-string>",
+  "cloud_vendor": "<detected-cloud-vendor>",
+  "cloud_product": "<detected-cloud-product>"
+}
+```
+
+The `cloud_vendor` and `cloud_product` fields report the detected cloud platform.
+
+### 5. Sign (not yet released)
+
+Signs a payload.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/Sign`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `algorithm` | string | `ed25519`, `secp256k1_prehashed` or `secp256k1`| `ed25519` |
+| `data` | string | Hex-encoded payload data | `deadbeef` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock -X POST \
+  http://dstack/Sign \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "algorithm": "ed25519",
+    "data": "deadbeef"
+  }'
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "signature": "<hex-encoded-signature>",
+  "signature_chain": [
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-1>",
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-2>",
+    "<hex-encoded-signature-3>"
+  ]
+  "public_key": "<hex-encoded-public-key>"
+}
+```
+
+### 6. Verify (not yet released)
+
+Verifies a signature.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/Verify`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `algorithm` | string | `ed25519`, `secp256k1_prehashed` or `secp256k1`| `ed25519` |
+| `data` | string | Hex-encoded payload data | `deadbeef` |
+| `signature` | string | Hex-encoded signature | `deadbeef` |
+| `public_key` | string | Hex-encoded public key | `deadbeef` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock -X POST \
+  http://dstack/Verify \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "algorithm": "ed25519",
+    "data": "deadbeef",
+    "signature": "deadbeef",
+    "public_key": "deadbeef"
+  }'
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "valid": "<true|false>"
+}
+```
+
+### 7. Attest
+
+Generates a versioned attestation with the given report data. Returns a dstack-defined attestation format that supports different attestation modes across platforms.
+You can submit the returned `attestation` directly to the verifier `/verify` endpoint.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/Attest`
+
+**Request Parameters:**
+
+| Field | Type | Description | Example |
+|-------|------|-------------|----------|
+| `report_data` | string | Report data of max length 64 bytes. Padding with 0s if less than 64 bytes. | `"1234deadbeaf"` |
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock -X POST \
+  http://dstack/Attest \
+  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+  -d '{
+    "report_data": "1234deadbeaf"
+  }'
+```
+Or
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://dstack/Attest?report_data=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "attestation": "<hex-encoded-attestation>"
+}
+```
+
+### 8. GPU Info
+
+Returns GPU information collected during boot. Currently, this includes the
+complete JSON output produced by NVIDIA `nvattest`.
+The `attestation` field is empty when no GPU attestation output is available,
+for example on a VM without an NVIDIA GPU or when GPU attestation was disabled.
+
+**Endpoint:** `/GpuInfo`
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+curl --unix-socket /var/run/dstack.sock http://dstack/GpuInfo
+```
+
+**Response:**
+```json
+{
+  "attestation": "{\"result_code\": 0, \"claims\": [...]}"
+}
+```
+
+`GpuInfo.attestation` is the exact UTF-8 `nvattest` output saved during boot;
+calling this endpoint does not perform a new attestation. To authenticate it on
+TDX, first verify the quote and replay the supplied event log to the quote's
+RTMR3. Then decode the `gpu-attestation` event payload and compare its
+`evidence_sha256` with the SHA-256 digest of the exact returned string:
+
+```python
+import hashlib
+import json
+
+gpu_info = json.load(open("gpu-info.json"))
+quote_response = json.load(open("quote.json"))
+events = quote_response["event_log"]
+if isinstance(events, str):
+    events = json.loads(events)
+
+entry = next(event for event in events if event["event"] == "gpu-attestation")
+measured = json.loads(bytes.fromhex(entry["event_payload"]))
+actual = hashlib.sha256(gpu_info["attestation"].encode()).hexdigest()
+assert actual == measured["evidence_sha256"]
+```
+
+The comparison above is meaningful only after quote verification and RTMR3
+event-log replay have succeeded. See the
+[security model](../../docs/security/security-model.md#gpu-security-for-ai-workloads)
+for the event ordering and AWS/AMD SEV-SNP verification paths.
+
+## Error Responses
+
+All endpoints may return the following HTTP status codes:
+
+- `200 OK`: Request successful
+- `400 Bad Request`: Invalid request parameters
+- `500 Internal Server Error`: Server-side error
+
+Error responses will include a JSON body with error details:
+```json
+{
+  "error": "Error description"
+}
+```
diff --git a/sdk/go/README.md b/sdk/go/README.md
index bb768469d..a359e590d 100644
--- a/sdk/go/README.md
+++ b/sdk/go/README.md
@@ -1,61 +1,858 @@
-# Go SDK
+# dstack SDK for Go
 
-The DStack SDK for Go.
+The dstack SDK provides a Go client for secure communication with the dstack Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). This SDK enables applications to derive cryptographic keys, generate remote attestation quotes, and perform other security-critical operations within confidential computing environments.
 
-# Installation
+## Installation
 
 ```bash
 go get github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go
 ```
 
-# Usage
+## Overview
+
+The dstack SDK enables secure communication with dstack Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) instances. dstack applications are defined using `app-compose.json` (based on the `AppCompose` structure) and deployed as containerized applications using Docker Compose.
+
+### Application Architecture
+
+dstack applications consist of:
+- **App Configuration**: `app-compose.json` defining app metadata, security settings, and Docker Compose content
+- **Container Deployment**: Docker Compose configuration embedded within the app definition
+- **TEE Integration**: Access to TEE functionality via Unix socket (`/var/run/dstack.sock`)
+
+### SDK Capabilities
+
+- **Key Derivation**: Deterministic key derivation for wallets, signing, encryption, and other application-specific secrets
+- **Remote Attestation**: TDX quote generation providing cryptographic proof of execution environment
+- **TLS Certificate Management**: Fresh certificate generation with optional RA-TLS support for secure connections
+- **Deployment Security**: Client-side encryption of sensitive environment variables ensuring secrets are only accessible to target TEE applications
+- **Blockchain Integration**: Ready-to-use adapters for Ethereum and Solana ecosystems
+
+### Socket Connection Requirements
+
+To use the SDK, your Docker Compose configuration must bind-mount the dstack socket:
+
+```yaml
+# docker-compose.yml
+services:
+  your-app:
+    image: your-app-image
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock  # dstack OS 0.5.x
+      # For dstack OS 0.3.x compatibility (deprecated):
+      # - /var/run/tappd.sock:/var/run/tappd.sock
+```
+
+## Basic Usage
+
+### Application Setup
+
+First, ensure your dstack application is properly configured:
+
+**1. App Configuration (`app-compose.json`)**
+```json
+{
+  "manifest_version": 1,
+  "name": "my-secure-app",  
+  "runner": "docker-compose",
+  "docker_compose_file": "services:\n  app:\n    build: .\n    volumes:\n      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock\n    environment:\n      - NODE_ENV=production",
+  "public_tcbinfo": true,
+  "kms_enabled": false,
+  "gateway_enabled": false
+}
+```
+
+**Note**: The `docker_compose_file` field contains the actual Docker Compose YAML content as a string, not a file path.
+
+### SDK Integration
 
 ```go
 package main
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
+	"log"
+	"time"
 
-	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/tappd"
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
 )
 
 func main() {
-	client := tappd.NewTappdClient(
-		// tappd.WithEndpoint("http://localhost"),
-		// tappd.WithLogger(slog.Default()),
-	)
+	// Create client - automatically connects to /var/run/dstack.sock
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+
+	// For local development with simulator
+	// devClient := dstack.NewDstackClient(dstack.WithEndpoint("http://localhost:8090"))
 
-	deriveKeyResp, err := client.DeriveKey(context.Background(), "/")
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Get TEE instance information
+	info, err := client.Info(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		return
+		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	fmt.Println(deriveKeyResp) // &{-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY--- ...
+	fmt.Println("App ID:", info.AppID)
+	fmt.Println("Instance ID:", info.InstanceID)
+	fmt.Println("App Name:", info.AppName)
+	fmt.Println("TCB Info:", info.TcbInfo)
 
-	tdxQuoteResp, err := client.TdxQuote(context.Background(), []byte("test"))
+	// Derive deterministic keys for application-specific secrets
+	walletKey, err := client.GetKey(ctx, "wallet/ethereum", "mainnet", "secp256k1")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		return
+		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	fmt.Println(tdxQuoteResp) // &{0x0000000000000000000 ...
 
-	rtmrs, err := tdxQuoteResp.ReplayRTMRs()
+	keyBytes, _ := walletKey.DecodeKey()
+	fmt.Println("Derived key (32 bytes):", hex.EncodeToString(keyBytes))        // secp256k1 private key
+	fmt.Println("Signature chain:", walletKey.SignatureChain)                   // Authenticity proof
+
+	// Generate remote attestation quote
+	applicationData := map[string]interface{}{
+		"version":   "1.0.0",
+		"timestamp": time.Now().Unix(),
+		"user_id":   "alice",
+	}
+
+	jsonData, _ := json.Marshal(applicationData)
+	quote, err := client.GetQuote(ctx, jsonData)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
-		return
+		log.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	fmt.Println(rtmrs) // map[0:00000000000000000 ...
+
+	fmt.Println("TDX Quote:", quote.Quote)
+	fmt.Println("Event Log:", quote.EventLog)
+}
+```
+
+### Version Compatibility
+
+- **dstack OS 0.5.x**: Use `/var/run/dstack.sock` (current)
+- **dstack OS 0.3.x**: Use `/var/run/tappd.sock` (deprecated but supported)
+
+The SDK automatically detects the correct socket path, but you must ensure the appropriate volume binding in your Docker Compose configuration.
+
+## Advanced Features
+
+### TLS Certificate Generation
+
+Generate fresh TLS certificates with optional Remote Attestation support. **Important**: `GetTlsKey()` generates random keys on each call - it's designed specifically for TLS/SSL scenarios where fresh keys are required.
+
+```go
+// Generate TLS certificate with different usage scenarios
+tlsKey, err := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{
+	Subject:         "my-secure-service",              // Certificate common name
+	AltNames:        []string{"localhost", "127.0.0.1"}, // Additional valid domains/IPs
+	UsageRaTls:      true,                            // Include remote attestation
+	UsageServerAuth: true,                            // Enable server authentication (default)
+	UsageClientAuth: false,                           // Disable client authentication
+})
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+fmt.Println("Private Key (PEM):", tlsKey.Key)
+fmt.Println("Certificate Chain:", tlsKey.CertificateChain)
+
+// ⚠️ WARNING: Each call generates a different key
+tlsKey1, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{})
+tlsKey2, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{})
+// tlsKey1.Key != tlsKey2.Key (always different!)
+```
+
+## Optional blockchain helpers (build tags)
+
+By default, the Go SDK builds a **core profile** (attestation, key derivation, info, signing, env encryption).
+
+Optional helpers are split by tags:
+
+- `ethereum` tag:
+  - `ToEthereumAccount()`
+  - `ToEthereumAccountSecure()`
+- `solana` tag:
+  - `ToSolanaKeypair()`
+  - `ToSolanaKeypairSecure()`
+
+### Enable Ethereum helpers
+
+```bash
+# add optional dependency
+go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum@v1.16.8
+
+# build/test with ethereum helpers enabled
+go build -tags ethereum ./...
+go test -tags ethereum ./...
+```
+
+### Enable Solana helpers
+
+```bash
+# no extra dependency is required for solana helper APIs
+go build -tags solana ./...
+go test -tags solana ./...
+```
+
+### Enable both
+
+```bash
+go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum@v1.16.8
+go build -tags "ethereum solana" ./...
+go test -tags "ethereum solana" ./...
+```
+
+If you don't need blockchain helper APIs, do not use these tags and you won't pull optional helper imports.
+
+### Testing against a local starter app
+
+You can validate SDK changes immediately from another Go project by using `replace`:
+
+```go
+require github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go v0.0.0
+replace github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go => ../dstack/sdk/go
+```
+
+Then run your starter normally:
+
+```bash
+go mod tidy
+go run .
+```
+
+If your starter enables optional blockchain routes, run with matching tags:
+
+```bash
+# ethereum only
+go get github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum@v1.16.8
+go run -tags ethereum .
+
+# solana only
+go run -tags solana .
+
+# both
+go run -tags "ethereum solana" .
+```
+
+## Blockchain Integration
+
+### Ethereum
+
+> requires build tag: `ethereum`
+
+```go
+import (
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
+)
+
+keyResult, err := client.GetKey(ctx, "ethereum/main", "wallet", "secp256k1")
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+// Standard account creation
+account, err := dstack.ToEthereumAccount(keyResult)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+// Enhanced security with SHA256 hashing (recommended)
+secureAccount, err := dstack.ToEthereumAccountSecure(keyResult)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+fmt.Println("Ethereum Address:", secureAccount.Address.Hex())
+
+// Connect to Ethereum network
+ethClient, err := ethclient.Dial("https://mainnet.infura.io/v3/YOUR-PROJECT-ID")
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+// Use account for transactions...
+```
+
+### Solana
+
+> requires build tag: `solana`
+
+```go
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+)
+
+keyResult, err := client.GetKey(ctx, "solana/main", "wallet", "ed25519")
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+secureKeypair, err := dstack.ToSolanaKeypairSecure(keyResult)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+fmt.Println("Solana Public Key:", hex.EncodeToString(secureKeypair.PublicKey))
+
+// Sign messages
+message := []byte("Hello Solana")
+signature := secureKeypair.Sign(message)
+fmt.Println("Signature:", hex.EncodeToString(signature))
+
+// Verify signature
+isValid := secureKeypair.Verify(message, signature)
+fmt.Println("Valid signature:", isValid)
+```
+
+## Environment Variables Encryption
+
+**Important**: This feature is specifically for **deployment-time security**, not runtime SDK operations.
+
+The SDK provides end-to-end encryption capabilities for securely transmitting sensitive environment variables during dstack application deployment.
+
+### Deployment Encryption Workflow
+
+```go
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+)
+
+// 1. Define sensitive environment variables
+envVars := []dstack.EnvVar{
+	{Key: "DATABASE_URL", Value: "postgresql://user:pass@host:5432/db"},
+	{Key: "API_SECRET_KEY", Value: "your-secret-key"},
+	{Key: "JWT_PRIVATE_KEY", Value: "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n..."},
+	{Key: "WALLET_MNEMONIC", Value: "abandon abandon abandon..."},
+}
+
+// 2. Obtain encryption public key from KMS API (dstack-vmm or Phala Cloud).
+// HTTP request implementation depends on your HTTP client.
+kmsResponse := struct {
+	PublicKey   string `json:"public_key"`
+	SignatureV1 string `json:"signature_v1"`
+	Timestamp   uint64 `json:"timestamp"`
+}{
+	// Fill these fields from /prpc/GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey?json.
+}
+
+// 3. Verify KMS API authenticity to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks
+publicKeyBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(kmsResponse.PublicKey)
+signatureBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(kmsResponse.SignatureV1)
+
+// Prefer timestamped verification to prevent replay attacks.
+kmsIdentity, err := dstack.VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp(
+	publicKeyBytes,
+	signatureBytes,
+	"your-app-id-hex",
+	kmsResponse.Timestamp,
+	nil, // use default freshness policy (max age 300s)
+)
+if err != nil || kmsIdentity == nil {
+	log.Fatal("kms API provided untrusted encryption key")
+}
+
+expectedKMSIdentity := "0x03..." // From the DstackKms contract or deployment config
+actualKMSIdentity := string(kmsIdentity)
+if actualKMSIdentity != expectedKMSIdentity {
+	log.Fatalf("unexpected KMS identity: got %s", actualKMSIdentity)
+}
+
+fmt.Println("Verified KMS identity:", actualKMSIdentity)
+
+// VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKey() is available only for explicit compatibility with
+// older KMS builds. It does not provide timestamp replay protection.
+
+// 4. Encrypt environment variables for secure deployment
+encryptedData, err := dstack.EncryptEnvVars(envVars, kmsResponse.PublicKey)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+fmt.Println("Encrypted payload:", encryptedData)
+
+// 5. Deploy with encrypted configuration
+// deployDstackApp(..., encryptedData)
+```
+
+## Cryptographic Security
+
+### Key Derivation Security
+
+The SDK implements secure key derivation using:
+
+- **Deterministic Generation**: Keys are derived using HMAC-based Key Derivation Function (HKDF)
+- **Application Isolation**: Different `app_id` values derive different keys even with the same path
+- **Signature Verification**: All derived keys include cryptographic proof of origin
+- **TEE Protection**: Master keys never leave the secure enclave
+
+```go
+// Each path generates a unique, deterministic key
+wallet1, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "app1/wallet", "ethereum", "secp256k1")
+wallet2, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "app2/wallet", "ethereum", "secp256k1")
+// wallet1.Key != wallet2.Key (guaranteed different)
+
+sameWallet, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "app1/wallet", "ethereum", "secp256k1")
+// wallet1.Key == sameWallet.Key (guaranteed identical)
+```
+
+### Remote Attestation
+
+TDX quotes provide cryptographic proof of:
+
+- **Code Integrity**: Measurement of loaded application code
+- **Data Integrity**: Inclusion of application-specific data in quote
+- **Environment Authenticity**: Verification of TEE platform and configuration
+
+```go
+applicationState := map[string]interface{}{
+	"version":     "1.0.0",
+	"config_hash": "sha256:...",
+	"timestamp":   time.Now().Unix(),
+}
+
+stateData, _ := json.Marshal(applicationState)
+quote, err := client.GetQuote(ctx, stateData)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
 }
+
+// Quote can be verified by external parties to confirm:
+// 1. Application is running in genuine TEE
+// 2. Application code matches expected measurements
+// 3. Application state is authentic and unmodified
+```
+
+### Environment Encryption Protocol
+
+The encryption scheme uses:
+
+- **X25519 ECDH**: Elliptic curve key exchange for forward secrecy
+- **AES-256-GCM**: Authenticated encryption with 256-bit keys
+- **Ephemeral Keys**: New keypair generated for each encryption operation
+- **Authenticated Data**: Prevents tampering and ensures integrity
+
+## Development and Testing
+
+### Local Development
+
+For development without physical TDX hardware:
+
+```bash
+# Clone and build simulator
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack/sdk/simulator
+./build.sh
+./dstack-simulator
+
+# Set environment variable
+export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:8090
+```
+
+### Testing Connectivity
+
+```go
+client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+
+// Check if dstack service is available
+isAvailable := client.IsReachable(context.Background())
+if !isAvailable {
+	log.Fatal("dstack service is not reachable")
+}
+```
+
+The client automatically connects to `/var/run/dstack.sock`. For local development with the simulator:
+
+```go
+client := dstack.NewDstackClient(dstack.WithEndpoint("http://localhost:8090"))
+```
+
+**Options:**
+- `WithEndpoint(endpoint string)`: Connection endpoint
+  - Unix socket path (production): `/var/run/dstack.sock`
+  - HTTP/HTTPS URL (development): `http://localhost:8090`
+  - Environment variable: `DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT`
+- `WithLogger(logger *slog.Logger)`: Custom logger (default: `slog.Default()`)
+
+**Production App Configuration:**
+
+The Docker Compose configuration is embedded in `app-compose.json`:
+
+```json
+{
+  "manifest_version": 1,
+  "name": "production-app",
+  "runner": "docker-compose",
+  "docker_compose_file": "services:\n  app:\n    image: your-app\n    volumes:\n      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock\n    environment:\n      - NODE_ENV=production",
+  "public_tcbinfo": true
+}
+```
+
+**Important**: The `docker_compose_file` contains YAML content as a string, ensuring the volume binding for `/var/run/dstack.sock` is included.
+
+#### Methods
+
+##### `Info(ctx context.Context) (*InfoResponse, error)`
+
+Retrieves comprehensive information about the TEE instance.
+
+**Returns:** `InfoResponse`
+- `AppID`: Unique application identifier
+- `InstanceID`: Unique instance identifier  
+- `AppName`: Application name from configuration
+- `DeviceID`: TEE device identifier
+- `TcbInfo`: Trusted Computing Base information
+  - `Mrtd`: Measurement of TEE domain
+  - `Rtmr0-3`: Runtime Measurement Registers
+  - `EventLog`: Boot and runtime events
+- `AppCert`: Application certificate in PEM format
+
+##### `GetKey(ctx context.Context, path string, purpose string, algorithm string) (*GetKeyResponse, error)`
+
+Derives deterministic private key material for wallets, signing, encryption, stable service identities, and other application-specific secrets.
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `path`: Unique identifier for key derivation (e.g., `"wallet/ethereum"`, `"signing/solana"`)
+- `purpose`: Included in the signature-chain message; does not affect the private key bytes
+- `algorithm`: `"secp256k1"` (default behavior), `"k256"` (alias), or `"ed25519"`
+
+**Returns:** `GetKeyResponse`
+- `Key`: 32-byte private key material as a hex string
+- `SignatureChain`: Array of cryptographic signatures proving key authenticity
+
+**Key Characteristics:**
+- **Deterministic**: Same path always generates identical raw key material for the same app
+- **Isolated**: Different paths produce cryptographically independent keys  
+- **Blockchain-Ready**: Use `secp256k1` for Ethereum and Bitcoin-style signing; use `ed25519` with a Solana-specific path for independent Solana keys
+- **Verifiable**: Signature chain proves key was derived inside genuine TEE
+
+For compatibility, `algorithm` selects how the same derived 32-byte material is interpreted; it does not domain-separate the derivation. Use algorithm-specific paths when independent keys are required.
+
+**Use Cases:**
+- Stable service identity keys
+- Application signing keys
+- Encryption key seeds
+- Cryptocurrency wallets and transaction signing
+- Any scenario requiring consistent, reproducible keys
+
+```go
+// Examples of deterministic key derivation
+ethWallet, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "wallet/ethereum", "mainnet", "secp256k1")
+btcWallet, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "wallet/bitcoin", "mainnet", "secp256k1")
+solWallet, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "wallet/solana", "mainnet", "ed25519")
+
+// Same path always returns same key
+key1, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "my-app/signing", "", "secp256k1")
+key2, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "my-app/signing", "", "secp256k1")
+// key1.Key == key2.Key (guaranteed identical)
+
+// Different paths return different keys
+userA, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "user/alice/wallet", "", "secp256k1")
+userB, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "user/bob/wallet", "", "secp256k1")  
+// userA.Key != userB.Key (guaranteed different)
+```
+
+##### `GetQuote(ctx context.Context, reportData []byte) (*GetQuoteResponse, error)`
+
+Generates a TDX attestation quote containing the provided report data.
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `reportData`: Data to include in quote (max 64 bytes)
+
+**Returns:** `GetQuoteResponse`
+- `Quote`: TDX quote as hex string
+- `EventLog`: JSON string of system events
+
+**Use Cases:**
+- Remote attestation of application state
+- Cryptographic proof of execution environment
+- Audit trail generation
+
+##### `GpuInfo(ctx context.Context) (*GpuInfoResponse, error)`
+
+Returns GPU information collected during boot. Currently, this includes the
+complete NVIDIA `nvattest` JSON output.
+
+```go
+gpu, err := client.GpuInfo(ctx)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+fmt.Println(gpu.Attestation)
+```
+
+The `Attestation` field is empty when no GPU attestation output is available.
+The raw output is not trusted by itself; remote verifiers should compare its
+digest with the measured `gpu-attestation` runtime event.
+
+##### `GetTlsKey(ctx context.Context, options TlsKeyOptions) (*GetTlsKeyResponse, error)`
+
+Generates a fresh, random TLS key pair with X.509 certificate for TLS/SSL connections. **Important**: This method generates different keys on each call - use `GetKey()` for deterministic keys.
+
+**Parameters:** `TlsKeyOptions`
+- `Subject`: Certificate subject (Common Name) - typically the domain name (default: `""`)
+- `AltNames`: Subject Alternative Names - additional domains/IPs for the certificate (default: `[]`)
+- `UsageRaTls`: Include TDX attestation quote in certificate extension for remote verification (default: `false`)
+- `UsageServerAuth`: Enable server authentication - allows certificate to authenticate servers (default: `true`)
+- `UsageClientAuth`: Enable client authentication - allows certificate to authenticate clients (default: `false`)
+
+**Returns:** `GetTlsKeyResponse`
+- `Key`: Private key in PEM format (X.509/PKCS#8)
+- `CertificateChain`: Certificate chain array
+
+**Key Characteristics:**
+- **Random Generation**: Each call produces a completely different key
+- **TLS-Optimized**: Keys and certificates designed for TLS/SSL scenarios
+- **RA-TLS Support**: Optional remote attestation extension in certificates
+- **TEE-Signed**: Certificates signed by TEE-resident Certificate Authority
+
+```go
+// Example 1: Standard HTTPS server certificate
+serverCert, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{
+	Subject:  "api.example.com",
+	AltNames: []string{"api.example.com", "www.api.example.com", "10.0.0.1"},
+	// UsageServerAuth: true (default) - allows server authentication
+	// UsageClientAuth: false (default) - no client authentication
+})
+
+// Example 2: Certificate with remote attestation (RA-TLS)
+attestedCert, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{
+	Subject:    "secure-api.example.com",
+	UsageRaTls: true, // Include TDX quote for remote verification
+	// Clients can verify the TEE environment through the certificate
+})
+
+// ⚠️ Each call generates different keys (unlike GetKey)
+cert1, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{})
+cert2, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{})
+// cert1.Key != cert2.Key (always different)
+```
+
+##### `IsReachable(ctx context.Context) bool`
+
+Tests connectivity to the dstack service.
+
+**Returns:** `bool` indicating service availability
+
+## Utility Functions
+
+### Compose Hash Calculation
+
+```go
+import "github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+
+appCompose := dstack.AppCompose{
+	ManifestVersion:   &[]int{1}[0],
+	Name:             "my-app",
+	Runner:           "docker-compose",
+	DockerComposeFile: "docker-compose.yml",
+}
+
+hash, err := dstack.GetComposeHash(appCompose)
+if err != nil {
+	log.Fatal(err)
+}
+fmt.Println("Configuration hash:", hash)
+```
+
+### KMS Public Key Verification
+
+Verify the authenticity of encryption public keys provided by KMS APIs:
+
+```go
+import (
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+)
+
+// Example: Verify a KMS response from /prpc/GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey?json
+kmsResponse := struct {
+	PublicKey   string `json:"public_key"`
+	SignatureV1 string `json:"signature_v1"`
+	Timestamp   uint64 `json:"timestamp"`
+}{
+	// Fill these fields from the KMS API response.
+}
+publicKey, _ := hex.DecodeString(kmsResponse.PublicKey)
+signature, _ := hex.DecodeString(kmsResponse.SignatureV1)
+appID := "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+
+kmsIdentity, err := dstack.VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp(publicKey, signature, appID, kmsResponse.Timestamp, nil)
+
+if err != nil || kmsIdentity == nil {
+	log.Fatal("kms signature verification failed")
+}
+
+expectedKMSIdentity := "0x03..." // From the DstackKms contract or deployment config
+actualKMSIdentity := string(kmsIdentity)
+if actualKMSIdentity != expectedKMSIdentity {
+	log.Fatalf("unexpected KMS identity: got %s", actualKMSIdentity)
+}
+
+fmt.Println("Trusted KMS identity:", actualKMSIdentity)
+```
+
+## Security Best Practices
+
+1. **Key Management**
+   - Use descriptive, unique paths for key derivation
+   - Never expose derived keys outside the TEE
+   - Implement proper access controls in your application
+
+2. **Remote Attestation**
+   - Always verify quotes before trusting remote TEE instances
+   - Include application-specific data in quote generation
+   - Validate RTMR measurements against expected values
+
+3. **TLS Configuration**
+   - Enable RA-TLS for attestation-based authentication
+   - Use appropriate certificate validity periods
+   - Implement proper certificate validation
+
+4. **Error Handling**
+   - Fail closed on security-critical cryptographic errors
+   - Log security events for monitoring
+   - Avoid fallback behavior that weakens verification or key isolation
+
+## Migration Guide
+
+### Critical API Changes: Understanding the Separation
+
+The legacy client mixed two different use cases that have now been properly separated:
+
+1. **`GetKey()`**: Deterministic key derivation for application-specific secrets
+2. **`GetTlsKey()`**: Random TLS certificate generation for HTTPS/SSL
+
+### From TappdClient to DstackClient
+
+**⚠️ BREAKING CHANGE**: `TappdClient` is deprecated and will be removed. All users must migrate to `DstackClient`.
+
+### Complete Migration Reference
+
+| Component | TappdClient (Old) | DstackClient (New) | Status |
+|-----------|-------------------|-------------------|--------|
+| **Socket Path** | `/var/run/tappd.sock` | `/var/run/dstack.sock` | ✅ Updated |
+| **HTTP URL Format** | `http://localhost/prpc/Tappd.<Method>` | `http://localhost/<Method>` | ✅ Simplified |
+| **K256 Key Method** | `DeriveKey(...)` | `GetKey(...)` | ✅ Renamed |
+| **TLS Certificate Method** | `DeriveKey(...)` | `GetTlsKey(...)` | ✅ Separated |
+| **TDX Quote** | `TdxQuote(...)` | `GetQuote(report_data)` | ✅ Renamed |
+
+#### Migration Steps
+
+**Step 1: Update Imports and Client**
+
+```go
+// Before
+import "github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/tappd"
+client := tappd.NewTappdClient()
+
+// After  
+import "github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+```
+
+**Step 2: Update Method Calls**
+
+```go
+// For deterministic application keys (most common)
+// Before: TappdClient methods
+keyResult, _ := client.DeriveKey(ctx, "wallet")
+
+// After: DstackClient methods
+keyResult, _ := client.GetKey(ctx, "wallet/ethereum", "ethereum", "secp256k1")
+
+// For TLS certificates
+// Before: DeriveKey with TLS options
+tlsCert, _ := client.DeriveKeyWithSubjectAndAltNames(ctx, "api", "example.com", []string{"localhost"})
+
+// After: GetTlsKey with proper options
+tlsCert, _ := client.GetTlsKey(ctx, dstack.TlsKeyOptions{
+	Subject:  "example.com",
+	AltNames: []string{"localhost"},
+})
+```
+
+### Migration Checklist
+
+- [ ] **Infrastructure Updates:**
+  - [ ] Update Docker volume binding to `/var/run/dstack.sock`
+  - [ ] Change environment variables from `TAPPD_*` to `DSTACK_*`
+
+- [ ] **Client Code Updates:**
+  - [ ] Replace `tappd.NewTappdClient()` with `dstack.NewDstackClient()`
+  - [ ] Replace `DeriveKey()` calls with appropriate method:
+    - [ ] `GetKey()` for deterministic application keys
+    - [ ] `GetTlsKey()` for TLS certificates (random)
+  - [ ] Replace `TdxQuote()` calls with `GetQuote()`
+  - [ ] **SECURITY CRITICAL**: Update blockchain integration functions:
+    - [ ] Replace `ToEthereumAccount()` with `ToEthereumAccountSecure()` (Ethereum)
+    - [ ] Replace `ToSolanaKeypair()` with `ToSolanaKeypairSecure()` (Solana)
+
+- [ ] **Testing:**
+  - [ ] Test that deterministic keys still work as expected
+  - [ ] Verify TLS certificate generation works
+  - [ ] Test quote generation with new interface
+  - [ ] Verify blockchain integrations work with secure functions
+
+## Development
+
+### Running the Simulator
+
+For local development without TDX devices, you can use the simulator:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack/sdk/simulator
+./build.sh
+./dstack-simulator
 ```
 
-# For Development
+### Running Tests
 
-Set up [Go](https://go.dev/doc/install).
+```bash
+# Set environment variables and run tests
+TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=/path/to/simulator/tappd.sock \
+DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=/path/to/simulator/dstack.sock \
+go test -v ./dstack ./tappd
+
+# Run cross-language consistency tests
+TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=/path/to/simulator/tappd.sock \
+DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=/path/to/simulator/dstack.sock \
+go run test-outputs.go
+```
 
-Running the unit tests with local simulator via `/tmp/tappd.sock`:
+Run tests:
 
 ```bash
-DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=/tmp/tappd.sock go test ./...
+go test -v ./dstack
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration from TappdClient
+
+Replace `tappd` package with `dstack`:
+
+```go
+// Before
+import "github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/tappd"
+client := tappd.NewTappdClient()
+
+// After
+import "github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
 ```
+
+Socket path: `/var/run/tappd.sock` → `/var/run/dstack.sock`
+
+## License
+
+Apache License 2.0
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/client.go b/sdk/go/dstack/client.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..241b6b312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/client.go
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Nethermind <contact@nethermind.io>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Provides a dstack SDK client and related utilities
+package dstack
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Represents the response from a TLS key derivation request.
+type GetTlsKeyResponse struct {
+	Key              string   `json:"key"`
+	CertificateChain []string `json:"certificate_chain"`
+}
+
+// AsUint8Array converts the private key to bytes, optionally limiting the length
+func (r *GetTlsKeyResponse) AsUint8Array(maxLength ...int) ([]byte, error) {
+	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(r.Key))
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode pem private key")
+	}
+
+	key, err := x509.ParsePKCS8PrivateKey(block.Bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var keyBytes []byte
+	switch k := key.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
+		keyBytes = k.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, (k.Curve.Params().N.BitLen()+7)/8))
+	case ed25519.PrivateKey:
+		keyBytes = k.Seed()
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported key type: %T", key)
+	}
+
+	if len(maxLength) > 0 && maxLength[0] > 0 && maxLength[0] < len(keyBytes) {
+		return keyBytes[:maxLength[0]], nil
+	}
+	return keyBytes, nil
+}
+
+// Represents the response from a key derivation request.
+type GetKeyResponse struct {
+	Key            string   `json:"key"`
+	SignatureChain []string `json:"signature_chain"`
+}
+
+// DecodeKey returns the key as bytes
+func (r *GetKeyResponse) DecodeKey() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hex.DecodeString(r.Key)
+}
+
+// DecodeSignatureChain returns the signature chain as bytes
+func (r *GetKeyResponse) DecodeSignatureChain() ([][]byte, error) {
+	result := make([][]byte, len(r.SignatureChain))
+	for i, sig := range r.SignatureChain {
+		bytes, err := hex.DecodeString(sig)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode signature %d: %w", i, err)
+		}
+		result[i] = bytes
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// Represents the response from a quote request.
+type GetQuoteResponse struct {
+	Quote       string `json:"quote"`
+	EventLog    string `json:"event_log"`
+	ReportData  string `json:"report_data"`
+	VmConfig    string `json:"vm_config"`
+	Attestation string `json:"attestation"`
+}
+
+// DecodeQuote returns the quote bytes
+func (r *GetQuoteResponse) DecodeQuote() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hex.DecodeString(r.Quote)
+}
+
+// DecodeReportData returns the report data bytes
+func (r *GetQuoteResponse) DecodeReportData() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hex.DecodeString(r.ReportData)
+}
+
+func (r *GetQuoteResponse) DecodeAttestation() ([]byte, error) {
+	return hex.DecodeString(r.Attestation)
+}
+
+// DecodeEventLog returns the event log as structured data
+func (r *GetQuoteResponse) DecodeEventLog() ([]EventLog, error) {
+	var events []EventLog
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(r.EventLog), &events)
+	return events, err
+}
+
+// Represents the response from an attestation request.
+type AttestResponse struct {
+	Attestation []byte
+}
+
+// GpuInfoResponse contains GPU information collected during boot.
+type GpuInfoResponse struct {
+	Attestation string `json:"attestation"`
+}
+
+// Represents an event log entry in the TCB info
+type EventLog struct {
+	IMR          int    `json:"imr"`
+	EventType    int    `json:"event_type"`
+	Digest       string `json:"digest"`
+	Event        string `json:"event"`
+	EventPayload string `json:"event_payload"`
+	// Runtime event log version. The field is omitted from the wire format for
+	// version 1, so a zero value means V1 rather than "unset"; treat 0 and 1
+	// alike. Only dstack runtime events carry a version.
+	Version int `json:"version,omitempty"`
+	// Hex-encoded digest pre-image, present on V2 runtime events. When set,
+	// sha384(hex_decode(Preimage)) equals Digest.
+	Preimage string `json:"preimage,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Represents the TCB information
+type TcbInfo struct {
+	Mrtd       string     `json:"mrtd"`
+	Rtmr0      string     `json:"rtmr0"`
+	Rtmr1      string     `json:"rtmr1"`
+	Rtmr2      string     `json:"rtmr2"`
+	Rtmr3      string     `json:"rtmr3"`
+	AppCompose string     `json:"app_compose"`
+	EventLog   []EventLog `json:"event_log"`
+	// V0.3.x fields
+	RootfsHash string `json:"rootfs_hash,omitempty"`
+	// V0.5.x fields
+	MrAggregated string `json:"mr_aggregated,omitempty"`
+	OsImageHash  string `json:"os_image_hash,omitempty"`
+	ComposeHash  string `json:"compose_hash,omitempty"`
+	DeviceID     string `json:"device_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Represents the response from an info request
+type InfoResponse struct {
+	AppID           string `json:"app_id"`
+	InstanceID      string `json:"instance_id"`
+	AppCert         string `json:"app_cert"`
+	TcbInfo         string `json:"tcb_info"`
+	AppName         string `json:"app_name"`
+	DeviceID        string `json:"device_id"`
+	MrAggregated    string `json:"mr_aggregated,omitempty"`
+	KeyProviderInfo string `json:"key_provider_info"`
+	// Optional: empty if OS image is not measured by KMS
+	OsImageHash  string `json:"os_image_hash,omitempty"`
+	ComposeHash  string `json:"compose_hash"`
+	VmConfig     string `json:"vm_config,omitempty"`
+	CloudVendor  string `json:"cloud_vendor,omitempty"`
+	CloudProduct string `json:"cloud_product,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// DecodeTcbInfo decodes the TcbInfo string into a TcbInfo struct
+func (r *InfoResponse) DecodeTcbInfo() (*TcbInfo, error) {
+	if r.TcbInfo == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tcb_info is empty")
+	}
+
+	var tcbInfo TcbInfo
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(r.TcbInfo), &tcbInfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal tcb_info: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &tcbInfo, nil
+}
+
+// QuoteHashAlgorithm represents the hash algorithm used for quote generation
+type QuoteHashAlgorithm string
+
+const (
+	// SHA512 hash algorithm
+	SHA512 QuoteHashAlgorithm = "sha512"
+	// RAW means no hashing, just use the raw bytes
+	RAW QuoteHashAlgorithm = "raw"
+)
+
+// Handles communication with the dstack service.
+type DstackClient struct {
+	endpoint   string
+	baseURL    string
+	httpClient *http.Client
+	logger     *slog.Logger
+}
+
+// Functional option for configuring a DstackClient.
+type DstackClientOption func(*DstackClient)
+
+// Sets the endpoint for the DstackClient.
+func WithEndpoint(endpoint string) DstackClientOption {
+	return func(c *DstackClient) {
+		c.endpoint = endpoint
+	}
+}
+
+// Sets the logger for the DstackClient
+func WithLogger(logger *slog.Logger) DstackClientOption {
+	return func(c *DstackClient) {
+		c.logger = logger
+	}
+}
+
+// Creates a new DstackClient instance based on the provided endpoint.
+// If the endpoint is empty, it will use the simulator endpoint if it is
+// set in the environment through DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT. Otherwise, it
+// will use the default endpoint at /var/run/dstack.sock.
+func NewDstackClient(opts ...DstackClientOption) *DstackClient {
+	client := &DstackClient{
+		endpoint:   "",
+		baseURL:    "",
+		httpClient: &http.Client{},
+		logger:     slog.Default(),
+	}
+
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(client)
+	}
+
+	client.endpoint = client.getEndpoint()
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(client.endpoint, "http://") || strings.HasPrefix(client.endpoint, "https://") {
+		client.baseURL = client.endpoint
+	} else {
+		client.baseURL = "http://localhost"
+		client.httpClient = &http.Client{
+			Transport: &http.Transport{
+				DialContext: func(_ context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
+					return net.Dial("unix", client.endpoint)
+				},
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	return client
+}
+
+// Returns the appropriate endpoint based on environment and input. If the
+// endpoint is empty, it will use the simulator endpoint if it is set in the
+// environment through DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT. Otherwise, it will try
+// /var/run/dstack/dstack.sock first, falling back to /var/run/dstack.sock
+// for backward compatibility.
+func (c *DstackClient) getEndpoint() string {
+	if c.endpoint != "" {
+		return c.endpoint
+	}
+	if simEndpoint, exists := os.LookupEnv("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"); exists {
+		c.logger.Info("using simulator endpoint", "endpoint", simEndpoint)
+		return simEndpoint
+	}
+	// Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+	socketPaths := []string{
+		"/var/run/dstack.sock",
+		"/run/dstack.sock",
+		"/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock",
+		"/run/dstack/dstack.sock",
+	}
+	for _, path := range socketPaths {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(path); err == nil {
+			return path
+		}
+	}
+	// Default to new path even if not exists (will fail with clear error)
+	return socketPaths[0]
+}
+
+// Sends an RPC request to the dstack service.
+func (c *DstackClient) sendRPCRequest(ctx context.Context, path string, payload interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	jsonData, err := json.Marshal(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", c.baseURL+path, bytes.NewBuffer(jsonData))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "dstack-sdk-go/0.1.0")
+	resp, err := c.httpClient.Do(req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected status code: %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body))
+	}
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return body, nil
+}
+
+// TlsKeyOption defines a function type for TLS key options
+type TlsKeyOption func(*tlsKeyOptions)
+
+// tlsKeyOptions holds all the optional parameters for GetTlsKey
+type tlsKeyOptions struct {
+	subject         string
+	altNames        []string
+	usageRaTls      bool
+	usageServerAuth bool
+	usageClientAuth bool
+	notBefore       *uint64
+	notAfter        *uint64
+	withAppInfo     *bool
+}
+
+// WithSubject sets the subject for the TLS key
+func WithSubject(subject string) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.subject = subject
+	}
+}
+
+// WithAltNames sets the alternative names for the TLS key
+func WithAltNames(altNames []string) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.altNames = altNames
+	}
+}
+
+// WithUsageRaTls sets the RA TLS usage flag
+func WithUsageRaTls(usage bool) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.usageRaTls = usage
+	}
+}
+
+// WithUsageServerAuth sets the server auth usage flag
+func WithUsageServerAuth(usage bool) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.usageServerAuth = usage
+	}
+}
+
+// WithUsageClientAuth sets the client auth usage flag
+func WithUsageClientAuth(usage bool) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.usageClientAuth = usage
+	}
+}
+
+// WithNotBefore sets the not_before timestamp for the certificate
+func WithNotBefore(t uint64) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.notBefore = &t
+	}
+}
+
+// WithNotAfter sets the not_after timestamp for the certificate
+func WithNotAfter(t uint64) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.notAfter = &t
+	}
+}
+
+// WithAppInfo sets the with_app_info flag for the certificate
+func WithAppInfo(enabled bool) TlsKeyOption {
+	return func(opts *tlsKeyOptions) {
+		opts.withAppInfo = &enabled
+	}
+}
+
+// Gets a TLS key from the dstack service with optional parameters.
+func (c *DstackClient) GetTlsKey(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	options ...TlsKeyOption,
+) (*GetTlsKeyResponse, error) {
+	// Default options
+	opts := &tlsKeyOptions{}
+
+	// Apply provided options
+	for _, option := range options {
+		option(opts)
+	}
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"subject":           opts.subject,
+		"usage_ra_tls":      opts.usageRaTls,
+		"usage_server_auth": opts.usageServerAuth,
+		"usage_client_auth": opts.usageClientAuth,
+	}
+	if len(opts.altNames) > 0 {
+		payload["alt_names"] = opts.altNames
+	}
+	if opts.notBefore != nil {
+		payload["not_before"] = *opts.notBefore
+	}
+	if opts.notAfter != nil {
+		payload["not_after"] = *opts.notAfter
+	}
+	if opts.withAppInfo != nil {
+		payload["with_app_info"] = *opts.withAppInfo
+	}
+
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/GetTlsKey", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response GetTlsKeyResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// requiresVersionCheck returns true for algorithms that need OS >= 0.5.7.
+func requiresVersionCheck(algorithm string) bool {
+	switch algorithm {
+	case "secp256k1", "k256", "":
+		return false
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// ensureAlgorithmSupported checks the OS version when a non-secp256k1 algorithm is requested.
+// On old OS (no Version RPC), it returns an error to prevent silent key type mismatch.
+func (c *DstackClient) ensureAlgorithmSupported(ctx context.Context, algorithm string) error {
+	if !requiresVersionCheck(algorithm) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, err := c.GetVersion(ctx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("algorithm %q is not supported: OS version too old (Version RPC unavailable)", algorithm)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Gets a key from the dstack service.
+func (c *DstackClient) GetKey(ctx context.Context, path string, purpose string, algorithm string) (*GetKeyResponse, error) {
+	if err := c.ensureAlgorithmSupported(ctx, algorithm); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":      path,
+		"purpose":   purpose,
+		"algorithm": algorithm,
+	}
+
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/GetKey", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response GetKeyResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// Gets a quote from the dstack service.
+func (c *DstackClient) GetQuote(ctx context.Context, reportData []byte) (*GetQuoteResponse, error) {
+	if len(reportData) > 64 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("report data is too large, it should be at most 64 bytes")
+	}
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"report_data": hex.EncodeToString(reportData),
+	}
+
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/GetQuote", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response GetQuoteResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// Gets a versioned attestation from the dstack service.
+func (c *DstackClient) Attest(ctx context.Context, reportData []byte) (*AttestResponse, error) {
+	if len(reportData) > 64 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("report data is too large, it should be at most 64 bytes")
+	}
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"report_data": hex.EncodeToString(reportData),
+	}
+
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/Attest", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response struct {
+		Attestation string `json:"attestation"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	attestation, err := hex.DecodeString(response.Attestation)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &AttestResponse{Attestation: attestation}, nil
+}
+
+// GpuInfo returns GPU information collected during boot.
+func (c *DstackClient) GpuInfo(ctx context.Context) (*GpuInfoResponse, error) {
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/GpuInfo", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response GpuInfoResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// Represents the response from a Version request.
+type VersionResponse struct {
+	Version string `json:"version"`
+	Rev     string `json:"rev"`
+}
+
+// Gets the guest-agent version.
+//
+// Returns the version on OS >= 0.5.7.
+// Returns an error on older OS versions that lack the Version RPC.
+func (c *DstackClient) GetVersion(ctx context.Context) (*VersionResponse, error) {
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/Version", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response VersionResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// Sends a request to get information about the CVM instance
+func (c *DstackClient) Info(ctx context.Context) (*InfoResponse, error) {
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/Info", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response InfoResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+type SignResponse struct {
+	Signature      []byte
+	SignatureChain [][]byte
+	PublicKey      []byte
+}
+
+// Signs a payload.
+func (c *DstackClient) Sign(ctx context.Context, algorithm string, data []byte) (*SignResponse, error) {
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"algorithm": algorithm,
+		"data":      hex.EncodeToString(data),
+	}
+
+	respData, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/Sign", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response struct {
+		Signature      string   `json:"signature"`
+		SignatureChain []string `json:"signature_chain"`
+		PublicKey      string   `json:"public_key"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respData, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal sign response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	sig, err := hex.DecodeString(response.Signature)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode signature: %w", err)
+	}
+	pubKey, err := hex.DecodeString(response.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode public key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	sigChain := make([][]byte, len(response.SignatureChain))
+	for i, s := range response.SignatureChain {
+		sigChain[i], err = hex.DecodeString(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode signature chain element %d: %w", i, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &SignResponse{
+		Signature:      sig,
+		SignatureChain: sigChain,
+		PublicKey:      pubKey,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type VerifyResponse struct {
+	Valid bool `json:"valid"`
+}
+
+// Verifies a payload.
+func (c *DstackClient) Verify(ctx context.Context, algorithm string, data []byte, signature []byte, publicKey []byte) (*VerifyResponse, error) {
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"algorithm":  algorithm,
+		"data":       hex.EncodeToString(data),
+		"signature":  hex.EncodeToString(signature),
+		"public_key": hex.EncodeToString(publicKey),
+	}
+
+	respData, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/Verify", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response VerifyResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(respData, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal verify response: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// IsReachable checks if the service is reachable
+func (c *DstackClient) IsReachable(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 500*time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+	_, err := c.Info(ctx)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// Legacy methods for backward compatibility with warnings
+
+// DeriveKey is deprecated. Use GetKey instead.
+// Deprecated: Use GetKey instead.
+func (c *DstackClient) DeriveKey(path string, subject string, altNames []string) (*GetTlsKeyResponse, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("deriveKey is deprecated, please use GetKey instead")
+}
+
+// TdxQuote is deprecated. Use GetQuote instead.
+// Deprecated: Use GetQuote instead.
+func (c *DstackClient) TdxQuote(ctx context.Context, reportData []byte, hashAlgorithm string) (*GetQuoteResponse, error) {
+	c.logger.Warn("tdxQuote is deprecated, please use GetQuote instead")
+	if hashAlgorithm != "raw" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tdxQuote only supports raw hash algorithm")
+	}
+	return c.GetQuote(ctx, reportData)
+}
+
+// TappdClient is a deprecated wrapper around DstackClient for backward compatibility.
+// Deprecated: Use DstackClient instead.
+type TappdClient struct {
+	*DstackClient
+}
+
+// NewTappdClient creates a new deprecated TappdClient.
+// Deprecated: Use NewDstackClient instead.
+func NewTappdClient(opts ...DstackClientOption) *TappdClient {
+	// Create a modified option to use TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+	tappdOpts := make([]DstackClientOption, 0, len(opts)+1)
+
+	// Add default endpoint option that checks TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+	tappdOpts = append(tappdOpts, func(c *DstackClient) {
+		if c.endpoint == "" {
+			if simEndpoint, exists := os.LookupEnv("TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"); exists {
+				c.logger.Warn("Using tappd endpoint", "endpoint", simEndpoint)
+				c.endpoint = simEndpoint
+			} else {
+				c.endpoint = "/var/run/tappd.sock"
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Add user-provided options
+	tappdOpts = append(tappdOpts, opts...)
+
+	client := NewDstackClient(tappdOpts...)
+	client.logger.Warn("TappdClient is deprecated, please use DstackClient instead")
+
+	return &TappdClient{
+		DstackClient: client,
+	}
+}
+
+// Override deprecated methods to use proper tappd RPC paths
+
+// DeriveKey is deprecated. Use GetKey instead.
+// Deprecated: Use GetKey instead.
+func (tc *TappdClient) DeriveKey(ctx context.Context, path string, subject string, altNames []string) (*GetTlsKeyResponse, error) {
+	tc.logger.Warn("deriveKey is deprecated, please use GetKey instead")
+
+	if subject == "" {
+		subject = path
+	}
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"path":    path,
+		"subject": subject,
+	}
+	if len(altNames) > 0 {
+		payload["alt_names"] = altNames
+	}
+
+	data, err := tc.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response GetTlsKeyResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &response, nil
+}
+
+// TdxQuote is deprecated. Use GetQuote instead.
+// Deprecated: Use GetQuote instead.
+func (tc *TappdClient) TdxQuote(ctx context.Context, reportData []byte, hashAlgorithm string) (*GetQuoteResponse, error) {
+	tc.logger.Warn("tdxQuote is deprecated, please use GetQuote instead")
+
+	if hashAlgorithm == "raw" {
+		if len(reportData) > 64 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("report data is too large, it should be at most 64 bytes when hashAlgorithm is raw")
+		}
+		if len(reportData) < 64 {
+			// Left-pad with zeros
+			padding := make([]byte, 64-len(reportData))
+			reportData = append(padding, reportData...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	payload := map[string]interface{}{
+		"report_data":    hex.EncodeToString(reportData),
+		"hash_algorithm": hashAlgorithm,
+	}
+
+	data, err := tc.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response GetQuoteResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &response, nil
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/client_test.go b/sdk/go/dstack/client_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a396d848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/client_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+)
+
+func TestGetKey(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	resp, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), "/", "test", "ed25519")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.SignatureChain) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected certificate chain to not be empty")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetQuote(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	resp, err := client.GetQuote(context.Background(), []byte("test"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.Quote) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected quote to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if resp.EventLog == "" {
+		t.Error("expected event log to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	var eventLog []map[string]interface{}
+	err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(resp.EventLog), &eventLog)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected event log to be a valid JSON object: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAttest(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	resp, err := client.Attest(context.Background(), []byte("test"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.Attestation) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected attestation to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	_, err = client.Attest(context.Background(), bytes.Repeat([]byte("a"), 65))
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for report data larger than 64 bytes")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "report data is too large") {
+		t.Fatalf("expected error to mention report data size, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGpuInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	const attestation = `{"result_code":0,"claims":[]}`
+	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		if r.URL.Path != "/GpuInfo" {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected path: %s", r.URL.Path)
+		}
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{"attestation": attestation})
+	}))
+	defer server.Close()
+
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient(dstack.WithEndpoint(server.URL))
+	response, err := client.GpuInfo(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if response.Attestation != attestation {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected attestation: %s", response.Attestation)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetTlsKey(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	altNames := []string{"localhost"}
+	resp, err := client.GetTlsKey(
+		context.Background(),
+		dstack.WithSubject("test-subject"),
+		dstack.WithAltNames(altNames),
+		dstack.WithUsageRaTls(true),
+		dstack.WithUsageServerAuth(true),
+		dstack.WithUsageClientAuth(true),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.CertificateChain) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected certificate chain to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Verify certificate content
+	cert, err := parseCertificate(resp.CertificateChain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check subject
+	if !strings.Contains(cert.Subject.String(), "test-subject") {
+		t.Errorf("expected subject to contain 'test-subject', got %s", cert.Subject.String())
+	}
+
+	// Check alt names
+	dnsNames := cert.DNSNames
+
+	if len(dnsNames) < 1 || dnsNames[0] != "localhost" {
+		t.Errorf("expected DNS name 'localhost', got %v", dnsNames)
+	}
+
+	// Check key usage and extended key usage
+	if cert.KeyUsage&x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected KeyUsageDigitalSignature to be set")
+	}
+
+	hasServerAuth := false
+	hasClientAuth := false
+	for _, usage := range cert.ExtKeyUsage {
+		if usage == x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth {
+			hasServerAuth = true
+		}
+		if usage == x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth {
+			hasClientAuth = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !hasServerAuth {
+		t.Error("expected ExtKeyUsageServerAuth to be set")
+	}
+
+	if !hasClientAuth {
+		t.Error("expected ExtKeyUsageClientAuth to be set")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetTlsKeyMinimalOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	// Test with minimal options (just subject)
+	resp, err := client.GetTlsKey(
+		context.Background(),
+		dstack.WithSubject("minimal-subject"),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.CertificateChain) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected certificate chain to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Verify certificate content
+	cert, err := parseCertificate(resp.CertificateChain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check subject
+	if !strings.Contains(cert.Subject.String(), "minimal-subject") {
+		t.Errorf("expected subject to contain 'minimal-subject', got %s", cert.Subject.String())
+	}
+
+	// Check that no alt names are set
+	if len(cert.DNSNames) > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no DNS names, got %v", cert.DNSNames)
+	}
+
+	if len(cert.IPAddresses) > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no IP addresses, got %v", cert.IPAddresses)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetTlsKeyServerOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	// Test with server auth only
+	resp, err := client.GetTlsKey(
+		context.Background(),
+		dstack.WithSubject("server-only"),
+		dstack.WithUsageServerAuth(true),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.CertificateChain) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected certificate chain to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Verify certificate content
+	cert, err := parseCertificate(resp.CertificateChain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check subject
+	if !strings.Contains(cert.Subject.String(), "server-only") {
+		t.Errorf("expected subject to contain 'server-only', got %s", cert.Subject.String())
+	}
+
+	// Check extended key usage
+	hasServerAuth := false
+	hasClientAuth := false
+	for _, usage := range cert.ExtKeyUsage {
+		if usage == x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth {
+			hasServerAuth = true
+		}
+		if usage == x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth {
+			hasClientAuth = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !hasServerAuth {
+		t.Error("expected ExtKeyUsageServerAuth to be set")
+	}
+
+	if hasClientAuth {
+		t.Error("expected ExtKeyUsageClientAuth to not be set")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetTlsKeyClientOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	// Test with client auth only
+	resp, err := client.GetTlsKey(
+		context.Background(),
+		dstack.WithSubject("client-only"),
+		dstack.WithUsageClientAuth(true),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.CertificateChain) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected certificate chain to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Verify certificate content
+	cert, err := parseCertificate(resp.CertificateChain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check subject
+	if !strings.Contains(cert.Subject.String(), "client-only") {
+		t.Errorf("expected subject to contain 'client-only', got %s", cert.Subject.String())
+	}
+
+	// Check extended key usage
+	hasServerAuth := false
+	hasClientAuth := false
+	for _, usage := range cert.ExtKeyUsage {
+		if usage == x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth {
+			hasServerAuth = true
+		}
+		if usage == x509.ExtKeyUsageClientAuth {
+			hasClientAuth = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if hasServerAuth {
+		t.Error("expected ExtKeyUsageServerAuth to not be set")
+	}
+
+	if !hasClientAuth {
+		t.Error("expected ExtKeyUsageClientAuth to be set")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetTlsKeyWithMultipleAltNames(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	// Test with multiple alternative names
+	altNames := []string{"example.com", "test.example.com"}
+	resp, err := client.GetTlsKey(
+		context.Background(),
+		dstack.WithSubject("multi-altnames"),
+		dstack.WithAltNames(altNames),
+		dstack.WithUsageServerAuth(true),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.CertificateChain) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected certificate chain to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Verify certificate content
+	cert, err := parseCertificate(resp.CertificateChain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check subject
+	if !strings.Contains(cert.Subject.String(), "multi-altnames") {
+		t.Errorf("expected subject to contain 'multi-altnames', got %s", cert.Subject.String())
+	}
+
+	// Check DNS names
+	expectedDNSNames := []string{"example.com", "test.example.com"}
+	for _, name := range expectedDNSNames {
+		found := false
+		for _, dnsName := range cert.DNSNames {
+			if dnsName == name {
+				found = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !found {
+			t.Errorf("expected DNS name %s not found in certificate", name)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper function to parse PEM certificate
+func parseCertificate(pemCert string) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
+	block, _ := pem.Decode([]byte(pemCert))
+	if block == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse certificate PEM")
+	}
+
+	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return cert, nil
+}
+
+func TestInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	resp, err := client.Info(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.AppID == "" {
+		t.Error("expected app_id to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if resp.InstanceID == "" {
+		t.Error("expected instance_id to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if resp.TcbInfo == "" {
+		t.Error("expected tcb_info to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	// Test DecodeTcbInfo
+	tcbInfo, err := resp.DecodeTcbInfo()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.Rtmr0 == "" {
+		t.Error("expected rtmr0 to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.Rtmr1 == "" {
+		t.Error("expected rtmr1 to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.Rtmr2 == "" {
+		t.Error("expected rtmr2 to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.Rtmr3 == "" {
+		t.Error("expected rtmr3 to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(tcbInfo.EventLog) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected event log to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.ComposeHash == "" {
+		t.Error("expected compose_hash to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.DeviceID == "" {
+		t.Error("expected device_id to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if tcbInfo.AppCompose == "" {
+		t.Error("expected app_compose to not be empty")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSignAndVerifyEd25519(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	dataToSign := []byte("test message for ed25519")
+	algorithm := "ed25519"
+
+	signResp, err := client.Sign(context.Background(), algorithm, dataToSign)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Sign() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(signResp.Signature) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected signature to not be empty")
+	}
+	if len(signResp.PublicKey) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected public key to not be empty")
+	}
+	if len(signResp.SignatureChain) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("expected signature chain to have 3 elements, got %d", len(signResp.SignatureChain))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(signResp.Signature, signResp.SignatureChain[0]) {
+		t.Error("expected Signature to be the same as SignatureChain[0]")
+	}
+
+	verifyResp, err := client.Verify(context.Background(), algorithm, dataToSign, signResp.Signature, signResp.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Verify() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !verifyResp.Valid {
+		t.Error("expected verification to be valid")
+	}
+
+	badData := []byte("wrong message")
+	verifyResp, err = client.Verify(context.Background(), algorithm, badData, signResp.Signature, signResp.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Verify() with bad data error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if verifyResp.Valid {
+		t.Error("expected verification with bad data to be invalid")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSignAndVerifySecp256k1(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	dataToSign := []byte("test message for secp256k1")
+	algorithm := "secp256k1"
+
+	signResp, err := client.Sign(context.Background(), algorithm, dataToSign)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Sign() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(signResp.Signature) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected signature to not be empty")
+	}
+	if len(signResp.PublicKey) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected public key to not be empty")
+	}
+	if len(signResp.SignatureChain) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("expected signature chain to have 3 elements, got %d", len(signResp.SignatureChain))
+	}
+
+	verifyResp, err := client.Verify(context.Background(), algorithm, dataToSign, signResp.Signature, signResp.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Verify() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !verifyResp.Valid {
+		t.Error("expected verification to be valid")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSignAndVerifySecp256k1Prehashed(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	dataToSign := []byte("test message for secp256k1 prehashed")
+	digest := sha256.Sum256(dataToSign)
+	algorithm := "secp256k1_prehashed"
+
+	signResp, err := client.Sign(context.Background(), algorithm, digest[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Sign() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(signResp.Signature) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected signature to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	verifyResp, err := client.Verify(context.Background(), algorithm, digest[:], signResp.Signature, signResp.PublicKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Verify() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !verifyResp.Valid {
+		t.Error("expected verification to be valid")
+	}
+
+	// Test invalid digest length for signing
+	invalidDigest := []byte{1, 2, 3}
+	_, err = client.Sign(context.Background(), algorithm, invalidDigest)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for invalid digest length, got nil")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "32-byte digest") {
+		t.Errorf("expected error to mention '32-byte digest', got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	resp, err := client.GetVersion(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Version == "" {
+		t.Error("expected version to not be empty")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKeyK256Alias(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+
+	respK256, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), "/test", "purpose", "k256")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	respSecp, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), "/test", "purpose", "secp256k1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// k256 is an alias for secp256k1, should produce the same key
+	if respK256.Key != respSecp.Key {
+		t.Error("expected k256 and secp256k1 to produce the same key")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKeyUnsupportedAlgorithm(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	_, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), "/test", "purpose", "rsa")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for unsupported algorithm")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKeySecp256k1PrehashedRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	_, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), "/test", "purpose", "secp256k1_prehashed")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for secp256k1_prehashed in GetKey")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetKeyAlgorithmValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+
+	// ed25519 should succeed (Version RPC is available on the simulator)
+	resp, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), "/test", "purpose", "ed25519")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ed25519 to succeed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/client_web3_test.go b/sdk/go/dstack/client_web3_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..537e61808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/client_web3_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+//go:build ethereum
+// +build ethereum
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+func TestGetKeySignatureVerification(t *testing.T) {
+	expectedAppPubkey, _ := hex.DecodeString("02818494263695e8839122dbd88e281d7380622999df4e60a14befa0f2d096fc7c")
+	expectedKmsPubkey, _ := hex.DecodeString("0321529e458424ab1f710a3a57ec4dad2fb195ddca572f7469242ba6c7563085b6")
+
+	client := dstack.NewDstackClient()
+	path := "/test/path"
+	purpose := "test-purpose"
+	resp, err := client.GetKey(context.Background(), path, purpose, "secp256k1")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Key == "" {
+		t.Error("expected key to not be empty")
+	}
+
+	if len(resp.SignatureChain) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected signature chain to have 2 elements, got %d", len(resp.SignatureChain))
+	}
+
+	appSignature, err := hex.DecodeString(resp.SignatureChain[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode app signature: %v", err)
+	}
+	kmsSignature, err := hex.DecodeString(resp.SignatureChain[1])
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode KMS signature: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	infoResp, err := client.Info(context.Background())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	derivedPubKey, err := derivePublicKeyFromPrivate(resp.Key)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to derive public key: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	message := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", purpose, hex.EncodeToString(derivedPubKey))
+	appPubKey, err := recoverPublicKey(message, appSignature)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to recover app public key: %v", err)
+	}
+	appPubKeyCompressed, err := compressPublicKey(appPubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to compress recovered public key: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(appPubKeyCompressed, expectedAppPubkey) {
+		t.Errorf("app public key mismatch:\nExpected: %s\nActual:   %s", hex.EncodeToString(expectedAppPubkey), hex.EncodeToString(appPubKeyCompressed))
+	}
+
+	appIDFromInfo, err := hex.DecodeString(infoResp.AppID)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to decode app ID: %v", err)
+	}
+	kmsMessage := fmt.Sprintf("dstack-kms-issued:%s%s", appIDFromInfo, string(appPubKeyCompressed))
+	kmsPubKey, err := recoverPublicKey(kmsMessage, kmsSignature)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to recover KMS public key: %v", err)
+	}
+	kmsPubKeyCompressed, err := compressPublicKey(kmsPubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to compress KMS public key: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(kmsPubKeyCompressed, expectedKmsPubkey) {
+		t.Errorf("KMS public key mismatch:\nExpected: %s\nActual:   %s", hex.EncodeToString(expectedKmsPubkey), hex.EncodeToString(kmsPubKeyCompressed))
+	}
+
+	verified, err := verifySignature(message, appSignature, appPubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("signature verification error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !verified {
+		t.Error("app signature verification failed")
+	}
+}
+
+func derivePublicKeyFromPrivate(privateKeyHex string) ([]byte, error) {
+	privateKeyBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(privateKeyHex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode private key: %w", err)
+	}
+	privateKey, err := crypto.ToECDSA(privateKeyBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert to ECDSA private key: %w", err)
+	}
+	return crypto.CompressPubkey(&privateKey.PublicKey), nil
+}
+
+func recoverPublicKey(message string, signature []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(signature) != 65 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid signature length: expected 65 bytes, got %d", len(signature))
+	}
+	messageHash := crypto.Keccak256([]byte(message))
+	pubKey, err := crypto.Ecrecover(messageHash, signature)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to recover public key: %w", err)
+	}
+	return pubKey, nil
+}
+
+func verifySignature(message string, signature []byte, publicKey []byte) (bool, error) {
+	if len(signature) != 65 {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("invalid signature length: expected 65 bytes, got %d", len(signature))
+	}
+	messageHash := crypto.Keccak256([]byte(message))
+	return crypto.VerifySignature(publicKey, messageHash, signature[:64]), nil
+}
+
+func compressPublicKey(uncompressedKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(uncompressedKey) < 65 || uncompressedKey[0] != 4 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid uncompressed public key")
+	}
+	x := new(big.Int).SetBytes(uncompressedKey[1:33])
+	y := new(big.Int).SetBytes(uncompressedKey[33:65])
+	pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: crypto.S256(), X: x, Y: y}
+	return crypto.CompressPubkey(pubKey), nil
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/compose_hash.go b/sdk/go/dstack/compose_hash.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d513967e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/compose_hash.go
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// KeyProviderKind represents the key provider type
+type KeyProviderKind string
+
+const (
+	KeyProviderNone  KeyProviderKind = "none"
+	KeyProviderKMS   KeyProviderKind = "kms"
+	KeyProviderLocal KeyProviderKind = "local"
+)
+
+// DockerConfig represents Docker configuration
+type DockerConfig struct {
+	Registry string `json:"registry,omitempty"`
+	Username string `json:"username,omitempty"`
+	TokenKey string `json:"token_key,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// RequirementPlatform represents an allowed guest attestation platform.
+type RequirementPlatform string
+
+const (
+	RequirementPlatformTdx       RequirementPlatform = "dstack-tdx"
+	RequirementPlatformGcpTdx    RequirementPlatform = "dstack-gcp-tdx"
+	RequirementPlatformAmdSevSnp RequirementPlatform = "dstack-amd-sev-snp"
+	RequirementPlatformNitro     RequirementPlatform = "dstack-nitro-enclave"
+)
+
+// Requirements represents guest-side requirements.
+type Requirements struct {
+	OsVersion            string                 `json:"os_version,omitempty"`
+	Platforms            *[]RequirementPlatform `json:"platforms,omitempty"`
+	TdxMeasureAcpiTables *bool                  `json:"tdx_measure_acpi_tables,omitempty"`
+	LaunchTokenHash      string                 `json:"launch_token_hash,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// AppCompose represents the application composition structure
+type AppCompose struct {
+	ManifestVersion         interface{}     `json:"manifest_version,omitempty"`
+	Name                    string          `json:"name,omitempty"`
+	Features                []string        `json:"features,omitempty"` // Deprecated
+	Runner                  string          `json:"runner"`
+	Snapshotter             string          `json:"snapshotter,omitempty"`
+	DockerComposeFile       string          `json:"docker_compose_file,omitempty"`
+	DockerConfig            *DockerConfig   `json:"docker_config,omitempty"`
+	PublicLogs              *bool           `json:"public_logs,omitempty"`
+	PublicSysinfo           *bool           `json:"public_sysinfo,omitempty"`
+	PublicTcbinfo           *bool           `json:"public_tcbinfo,omitempty"`
+	KmsEnabled              *bool           `json:"kms_enabled,omitempty"`
+	GatewayEnabled          *bool           `json:"gateway_enabled,omitempty"`
+	TproxyEnabled           *bool           `json:"tproxy_enabled,omitempty"` // For backward compatibility
+	LocalKeyProviderEnabled *bool           `json:"local_key_provider_enabled,omitempty"`
+	KeyProvider             KeyProviderKind `json:"key_provider,omitempty"`
+	KeyProviderID           string          `json:"key_provider_id,omitempty"` // hex string
+	AllowedEnvs             []string        `json:"allowed_envs,omitempty"`
+	NoInstanceID            *bool           `json:"no_instance_id,omitempty"`
+	SecureTime              *bool           `json:"secure_time,omitempty"`
+	Requirements            *Requirements   `json:"requirements,omitempty"`
+	BashScript              string          `json:"bash_script,omitempty"`       // Legacy
+	PreLaunchScript         string          `json:"pre_launch_script,omitempty"` // Legacy
+}
+
+// preprocessAppCompose removes conflicting fields based on runner type
+func preprocessAppCompose(appCompose AppCompose) AppCompose {
+	if appCompose.Runner == "bash" {
+		appCompose.DockerComposeFile = ""
+	} else if appCompose.Runner == "docker-compose" || appCompose.Runner == "nerdctl-compose" {
+		appCompose.BashScript = ""
+	}
+
+	if appCompose.PreLaunchScript == "" {
+		// Remove empty pre_launch_script field for deterministic output
+	}
+
+	return appCompose
+}
+
+// sortKeys recursively sorts all object keys for deterministic JSON output
+func sortKeys(v interface{}) interface{} {
+	switch value := v.(type) {
+	case map[string]interface{}:
+		result := make(map[string]interface{})
+		keys := make([]string, 0, len(value))
+		for k := range value {
+			keys = append(keys, k)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(keys)
+		for _, k := range keys {
+			result[k] = sortKeys(value[k])
+		}
+		return result
+	case []interface{}:
+		result := make([]interface{}, len(value))
+		for i, item := range value {
+			result[i] = sortKeys(item)
+		}
+		return result
+	default:
+		return value
+	}
+}
+
+// toDeterministicJSON converts the structure to deterministic JSON
+func toDeterministicJSON(v interface{}) (string, error) {
+	sorted := sortKeys(v)
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(sorted)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(jsonBytes), nil
+}
+
+// GetComposeHash computes the SHA256 hash of the application composition
+func GetComposeHash(appCompose AppCompose, normalize ...bool) (string, error) {
+	shouldNormalize := len(normalize) > 0 && normalize[0]
+
+	if shouldNormalize {
+		appCompose = preprocessAppCompose(appCompose)
+	}
+
+	// Convert to generic map for sorting
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(appCompose)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	var genericMap interface{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(jsonBytes, &genericMap); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	manifestStr, err := toDeterministicJSON(genericMap)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	hash := sha256.Sum256([]byte(manifestStr))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(hash[:]), nil
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/encrypt_env_vars.go b/sdk/go/dstack/encrypt_env_vars.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e089acd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/encrypt_env_vars.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+)
+
+// EnvVar represents an environment variable key-value pair.
+type EnvVar struct {
+	Key   string `json:"key"`
+	Value string `json:"value"`
+}
+
+// EncryptEnvVars encrypts environment variables using X25519 ECDH + AES-256-GCM.
+//
+// publicKeyHex is the remote X25519 public key (hex-encoded, with or without 0x prefix).
+// Returns hex(ephemeral_pubkey || iv || ciphertext).
+func EncryptEnvVars(envs []EnvVar, publicKeyHex string) (string, error) {
+	cleanHex := strings.TrimPrefix(publicKeyHex, "0x")
+	remotePubKey, err := hex.DecodeString(cleanHex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to decode public key: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(remotePubKey) != 32 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("invalid public key length: expected 32 bytes, got %d", len(remotePubKey))
+	}
+
+	envJSON, err := json.Marshal(struct {
+		Env []EnvVar `json:"env"`
+	}{Env: envs})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal env vars: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ephemeralPrivKey := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(ephemeralPrivKey); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to generate ephemeral private key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ephemeralPubKey, err := curve25519.X25519(ephemeralPrivKey, curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to derive ephemeral public key: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	sharedSecret, err := curve25519.X25519(ephemeralPrivKey, remotePubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to derive shared secret: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(sharedSecret)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create aes cipher: %w", err)
+	}
+	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create aes-gcm: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	iv := make([]byte, 12)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(iv); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to generate iv: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ciphertext := gcm.Seal(nil, iv, envJSON, nil)
+	result := make([]byte, 0, len(ephemeralPubKey)+len(iv)+len(ciphertext))
+	result = append(result, ephemeralPubKey...)
+	result = append(result, iv...)
+	result = append(result, ciphertext...)
+
+	return hex.EncodeToString(result), nil
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/encrypt_env_vars_test.go b/sdk/go/dstack/encrypt_env_vars_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8016d0ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/encrypt_env_vars_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack_test
+
+import (
+	"crypto/aes"
+	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+)
+
+func TestEncryptEnvVars(t *testing.T) {
+	remotePriv := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(remotePriv); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	remotePub, err := curve25519.X25519(remotePriv, curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	envs := []dstack.EnvVar{
+		{Key: "NODE_ENV", Value: "production"},
+		{Key: "MESSAGE", Value: "Hello 世界"},
+	}
+
+	encryptedHex, err := dstack.EncryptEnvVars(envs, hex.EncodeToString(remotePub))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	encrypted, err := hex.DecodeString(encryptedHex)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(encrypted) <= 44 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected encrypted payload > 44 bytes, got %d", len(encrypted))
+	}
+
+	ephemeralPub := encrypted[:32]
+	iv := encrypted[32:44]
+	ciphertext := encrypted[44:]
+
+	sharedSecret, err := curve25519.X25519(remotePriv, ephemeralPub)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	block, err := aes.NewCipher(sharedSecret)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	plaintext, err := gcm.Open(nil, iv, ciphertext, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var payload struct {
+		Env []dstack.EnvVar `json:"env"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(plaintext, &payload); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if len(payload.Env) != len(envs) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d env vars, got %d", len(envs), len(payload.Env))
+	}
+	for i := range envs {
+		if payload.Env[i] != envs[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("env var mismatch at %d: expected %+v, got %+v", i, envs[i], payload.Env[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncryptEnvVarsInvalidKey(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := dstack.EncryptEnvVars([]dstack.EnvVar{{Key: "A", Value: "B"}}, "abcd")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected error for invalid public key length")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/ethereum.go b/sdk/go/dstack/ethereum.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..518b2bad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/ethereum.go
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//go:build ethereum
+// +build ethereum
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+// EthereumAccount represents an Ethereum account with address and private key
+type EthereumAccount struct {
+	Address    common.Address
+	PrivateKey *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+}
+
+// ToEthereumAccount creates an Ethereum account from GetKeyResponse or GetTlsKeyResponse (legacy method).
+// Deprecated: Use ToEthereumAccountSecure instead. This method has security concerns.
+func ToEthereumAccount(keyResponse interface{}) (*EthereumAccount, error) {
+	switch resp := keyResponse.(type) {
+	case *GetTlsKeyResponse:
+		// Legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse with warning
+		fmt.Println("Warning: toEthereumAccount: Please don't use GetTlsKey method to get key, use GetKey instead.")
+
+		keyBytes, err := resp.AsUint8Array(32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to extract key bytes: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		privateKey, err := crypto.ToECDSA(keyBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ECDSA private key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		address := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKey.PublicKey)
+
+		return &EthereumAccount{
+			Address:    address,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	case *GetKeyResponse:
+		keyBytes, err := resp.DecodeKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		privateKey, err := crypto.ToECDSA(keyBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ECDSA private key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		address := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKey.PublicKey)
+
+		return &EthereumAccount{
+			Address:    address,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported key response type")
+	}
+}
+
+// ToEthereumAccountSecure creates an Ethereum account from GetKeyResponse or GetTlsKeyResponse using secure key derivation.
+// This method applies SHA256 hashing to the complete key material for enhanced security.
+func ToEthereumAccountSecure(keyResponse interface{}) (*EthereumAccount, error) {
+	switch resp := keyResponse.(type) {
+	case *GetTlsKeyResponse:
+		// Legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse with warning
+		fmt.Println("Warning: toEthereumAccountSecure: Please don't use GetTlsKey method to get key, use GetKey instead.")
+
+		keyBytes, err := resp.AsUint8Array()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to extract key bytes: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// Apply SHA256 hashing for security
+		hash := sha256.Sum256(keyBytes)
+
+		privateKey, err := crypto.ToECDSA(hash[:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ECDSA private key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		address := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKey.PublicKey)
+
+		return &EthereumAccount{
+			Address:    address,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	case *GetKeyResponse:
+		keyBytes, err := resp.DecodeKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		privateKey, err := crypto.ToECDSA(keyBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create ECDSA private key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		address := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKey.PublicKey)
+
+		return &EthereumAccount{
+			Address:    address,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported key response type")
+	}
+}
+
+// Sign signs a message hash using the account's private key
+func (a *EthereumAccount) Sign(messageHash []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	return crypto.Sign(messageHash, a.PrivateKey)
+}
+
+// PublicKey returns the public key
+func (a *EthereumAccount) PublicKey() *ecdsa.PublicKey {
+	return &a.PrivateKey.PublicKey
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/solana.go b/sdk/go/dstack/solana.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ce95d191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/solana.go
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+//go:build solana
+// +build solana
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// SolanaKeypair represents a Solana keypair with public and private keys
+type SolanaKeypair struct {
+	PublicKey  ed25519.PublicKey
+	PrivateKey ed25519.PrivateKey
+}
+
+// ToSolanaKeypair creates a Solana keypair from GetKeyResponse or GetTlsKeyResponse (legacy method).
+// Deprecated: Use ToSolanaKeypairSecure instead. This method has security concerns.
+func ToSolanaKeypair(keyResponse interface{}) (*SolanaKeypair, error) {
+	switch resp := keyResponse.(type) {
+	case *GetTlsKeyResponse:
+		// Legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse with warning
+		fmt.Println("Warning: toSolanaKeypair: Please don't use GetTlsKey method to get key, use GetKey instead.")
+
+		// Use first 32 bytes directly for legacy compatibility
+		keyBytes, err := resp.AsUint8Array(32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to extract key bytes: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// Generate Ed25519 keypair from seed
+		privateKey := ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(keyBytes)
+		publicKey := privateKey.Public().(ed25519.PublicKey)
+
+		return &SolanaKeypair{
+			PublicKey:  publicKey,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	case *GetKeyResponse:
+		keyBytes, err := resp.DecodeKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(keyBytes) < 32 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("key too short, need at least 32 bytes")
+		}
+
+		// Use first 32 bytes as seed
+		seed := keyBytes[:32]
+		privateKey := ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(seed)
+		publicKey := privateKey.Public().(ed25519.PublicKey)
+
+		return &SolanaKeypair{
+			PublicKey:  publicKey,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported key response type")
+	}
+}
+
+// ToSolanaKeypairSecure creates a Solana keypair from GetKeyResponse or GetTlsKeyResponse using secure key derivation.
+// This method applies SHA256 hashing to the complete key material for enhanced security.
+func ToSolanaKeypairSecure(keyResponse interface{}) (*SolanaKeypair, error) {
+	switch resp := keyResponse.(type) {
+	case *GetTlsKeyResponse:
+		// Legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse with warning
+		fmt.Println("Warning: toSolanaKeypairSecure: Please don't use GetTlsKey method to get key, use GetKey instead.")
+
+		keyBytes, err := resp.AsUint8Array()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to extract key bytes: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// Apply SHA256 hashing for security
+		hash := sha256.Sum256(keyBytes)
+
+		privateKey := ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(hash[:])
+		publicKey := privateKey.Public().(ed25519.PublicKey)
+
+		return &SolanaKeypair{
+			PublicKey:  publicKey,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	case *GetKeyResponse:
+		keyBytes, err := resp.DecodeKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to decode key: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if len(keyBytes) < 32 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("key too short, need at least 32 bytes")
+		}
+
+		// Use first 32 bytes as seed for legacy compatibility
+		seed := keyBytes[:32]
+		privateKey := ed25519.NewKeyFromSeed(seed)
+		publicKey := privateKey.Public().(ed25519.PublicKey)
+
+		return &SolanaKeypair{
+			PublicKey:  publicKey,
+			PrivateKey: privateKey,
+		}, nil
+
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported key response type")
+	}
+}
+
+// Sign signs a message using the keypair's private key
+func (k *SolanaKeypair) Sign(message []byte) []byte {
+	return ed25519.Sign(k.PrivateKey, message)
+}
+
+// Verify verifies a signature against a message using the keypair's public key
+func (k *SolanaKeypair) Verify(message, signature []byte) bool {
+	return ed25519.Verify(k.PublicKey, message, signature)
+}
+
+// PublicKeyString returns the public key as a hex string (simplified)
+func (k *SolanaKeypair) PublicKeyString() string {
+	// This would require a base58 encoder, for now return hex
+	// In a real implementation, you'd use github.com/mr-tron/base58
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", k.PublicKey)
+}
+
+// Bytes returns the full 64-byte private key (32-byte seed + 32-byte public key)
+func (k *SolanaKeypair) Bytes() []byte {
+	return k.PrivateKey
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/verify_signature.go b/sdk/go/dstack/verify_signature.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97255cc41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/verify_signature.go
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	secp256k1 "github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4"
+	secp256k1ecdsa "github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4/ecdsa"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+const (
+	defaultVerifyMaxAgeSeconds     uint64 = 300
+	defaultVerifyFutureSkewSeconds uint64 = 60
+)
+
+// VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyOptions configures timestamp validation for signature verification.
+type VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyOptions struct {
+	MaxAgeSeconds     uint64
+	FutureSkewSeconds uint64
+}
+
+func normalizeVerifyOptions(opts *VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyOptions) (maxAgeSeconds uint64, futureSkewSeconds uint64) {
+	maxAgeSeconds = defaultVerifyMaxAgeSeconds
+	futureSkewSeconds = defaultVerifyFutureSkewSeconds
+	if opts == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if opts.MaxAgeSeconds > 0 {
+		maxAgeSeconds = opts.MaxAgeSeconds
+	}
+	if opts.FutureSkewSeconds > 0 {
+		futureSkewSeconds = opts.FutureSkewSeconds
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func buildVerifyMessage(publicKey []byte, appID string) ([]byte, error) {
+	prefix := []byte("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey")
+
+	cleanAppID := appID
+	if strings.HasPrefix(appID, "0x") {
+		cleanAppID = appID[2:]
+	}
+
+	appIDBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(cleanAppID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	separator := []byte(":")
+	return bytes.Join([][]byte{prefix, separator, appIDBytes, publicKey}, nil), nil
+}
+
+func keccak256(data []byte) []byte {
+	hasher := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	hasher.Write(data)
+	return hasher.Sum(nil)
+}
+
+func toCompactSignature(signature []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(signature) != 65 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	recovery := signature[64]
+	if recovery >= 27 {
+		recovery -= 27
+	}
+	if recovery > 3 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	compact := make([]byte, 65)
+	compact[0] = 27 + recovery + 4 // compressed key
+	copy(compact[1:33], signature[:32])
+	copy(compact[33:65], signature[32:64])
+	return compact, nil
+}
+
+func recoverCompressedPublicKey(message []byte, signature []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(signature) != 65 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	compactSig, err := toCompactSignature(signature)
+	if err != nil || compactSig == nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	messageHash := keccak256(message)
+	pubKey, _, err := secp256k1ecdsa.RecoverCompact(compactSig, messageHash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	compressed := pubKey.SerializeCompressed()
+	result := make([]byte, 2+hex.EncodedLen(len(compressed)))
+	result[0] = '0'
+	result[1] = 'x'
+	hex.Encode(result[2:], compressed)
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKey verifies the signature of a public key (legacy format without timestamp).
+func VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey []byte, signature []byte, appID string) ([]byte, error) {
+	message, err := buildVerifyMessage(publicKey, appID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return recoverCompressedPublicKey(message, signature)
+}
+
+// VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp verifies a public-key signature with timestamp freshness checks.
+//
+// Message format:
+//
+//	prefix + ":" + app_id + timestamp_be_u64 + public_key
+func VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp(
+	publicKey []byte,
+	signature []byte,
+	appID string,
+	timestamp uint64,
+	opts *VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyOptions,
+) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(signature) != 65 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	maxAgeSeconds, futureSkewSeconds := normalizeVerifyOptions(opts)
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+	if timestamp > now {
+		if timestamp-now > futureSkewSeconds {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("timestamp is too far in the future")
+		}
+	} else if now-timestamp > maxAgeSeconds {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("timestamp is too old: %ds > %ds", now-timestamp, maxAgeSeconds)
+	}
+
+	baseMessage, err := buildVerifyMessage(publicKey, appID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	timestampBytes := make([]byte, 8)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(timestampBytes, timestamp)
+	message := append(append([]byte{}, baseMessage[:len(baseMessage)-len(publicKey)]...), timestampBytes...)
+	message = append(message, publicKey...)
+
+	return recoverCompressedPublicKey(message, signature)
+}
+
+// VerifySignatureSimple is a simplified version for basic signature verification.
+func VerifySignatureSimple(message []byte, signature []byte, expectedPubKey []byte) bool {
+	if len(signature) != 65 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	pubKey, err := secp256k1.ParsePubKey(expectedPubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	r := new(secp256k1.ModNScalar)
+	s := new(secp256k1.ModNScalar)
+	if r.SetByteSlice(signature[:32]) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if s.SetByteSlice(signature[32:64]) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	sig := secp256k1ecdsa.NewSignature(r, s)
+	return sig.Verify(keccak256(message), pubKey)
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/dstack/verify_signature_test.go b/sdk/go/dstack/verify_signature_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b0dc0eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/dstack/verify_signature_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package dstack_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/dstack"
+)
+
+func TestVerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestampTooOld(t *testing.T) {
+	pub := make([]byte, 32)
+	sig := make([]byte, 65)
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+
+	_, err := dstack.VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp(
+		pub,
+		sig,
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		now-301,
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected stale timestamp error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestampTooFuture(t *testing.T) {
+	pub := make([]byte, 32)
+	sig := make([]byte, 65)
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+
+	_, err := dstack.VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp(
+		pub,
+		sig,
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		now+61,
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected future timestamp error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestampCustomMaxAge(t *testing.T) {
+	pub := make([]byte, 32)
+	sig := make([]byte, 65)
+	now := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+
+	_, err := dstack.VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyWithTimestamp(
+		pub,
+		sig,
+		"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+		now-400,
+		&dstack.VerifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyOptions{MaxAgeSeconds: 500},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected no timestamp error with custom max age, got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/go.mod b/sdk/go/go.mod
index 95ac1855f..da5eba583 100644
--- a/sdk/go/go.mod
+++ b/sdk/go/go.mod
@@ -1,3 +1,20 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Nethermind <contact@nethermind.io>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 module github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go
 
-go 1.21.6
+go 1.25.0
+
+require (
+	github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1
+	github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.17.4
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6 // indirect
+	github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0 // indirect
+)
diff --git a/sdk/go/go.sum b/sdk/go/go.sum
index e69de29bb..ac6b4e4b4 100644
--- a/sdk/go/go.sum
+++ b/sdk/go/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6 h1:1zYrtlhrZ6/b6SAjLSfKzWtdgqK0U+HtH/VcBWh1BaU=
+github.com/ProjectZKM/Ziren/crates/go-runtime/zkvm_runtime v0.0.0-20251001021608-1fe7b43fc4d6/go.mod h1:ioLG6R+5bUSO1oeGSDxOV3FADARuMoytZCSX6MEMQkI=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.0 h1:/8DMNYp9SGi5f0w7uCm6d6M4OU2rGFK09Y2A4Xv7EE0=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.0/go.mod h1:sQl2p6Y26YV+ZOcSTP6thNdn47hh8kt6rqSlvmrXFAc=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1 h1:YLtO71vCjJRCBcrPMtQ9nqBsqpA1m5sE92cU+pd5Mcc=
+github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1/go.mod h1:hyedUtir6IdtD/7lIxGeCxkaw7y45JueMRL4DIyJDKs=
+github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.17.4 h1:uA4q+qiLp7QImBsjdRbINu8iX6OEVmj4DPc5/E5Fsxc=
+github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum v1.17.4/go.mod h1:qMdgwqqRAen+aT8P7KKQKi0Qt6RzG4cfejVAbCpJgqA=
+github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2 h1:a9EgMPSC1AAaj1SZL5zIQD3WbwTuHrMGOerLjGmM/TA=
+github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.3.2/go.mod h1:EOMSn4q6Nyt9P6efbI3bueV4e1b3dGlUCXeiRV4ng7E=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0 h1:RMs7fP2rXdep0CftQlK8Uf+kibLm7qkCcradZWYz988=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.52.0/go.mod h1:1QgfPxDqh0T2M/elOJtp9RvuR95kVjir0e6/BvEmGbc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0 h1:dO4czNzziLiiXplLQgBCEpCvXQ3dnkn0SdaZSYdQ+FY=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.45.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
diff --git a/sdk/go/ratls/go.mod b/sdk/go/ratls/go.mod
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..052767b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/ratls/go.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+module github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/ratls
+
+go 1.24.0
+
+require github.com/Phala-Network/dcap-qvl/golang-bindings v0.0.0-20260216131423-a30e3064ba35
diff --git a/sdk/go/ratls/go.sum b/sdk/go/ratls/go.sum
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66a46aaba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/ratls/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+github.com/Phala-Network/dcap-qvl/golang-bindings v0.0.0-20260216131423-a30e3064ba35 h1:7MbRUiUHwGHVs15Qi4wI++5eozhVvvo+lTE8ol72hlM=
+github.com/Phala-Network/dcap-qvl/golang-bindings v0.0.0-20260216131423-a30e3064ba35/go.mod h1:iVg1YOFXCHz9lYoVlSGgIbHFjT5HaWeLEWtL/tREJnM=
diff --git a/sdk/go/ratls/ratls.go b/sdk/go/ratls/ratls.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb7e28d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/ratls/ratls.go
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package ratls provides RA-TLS certificate verification for dstack TEE applications.
+//
+// RA-TLS embeds TDX attestation quotes into X.509 certificate extensions.
+// This package extracts and verifies those quotes, proving the certificate
+// holder is running inside a genuine TEE.
+package ratls
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha512"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+
+	dcap "github.com/Phala-Network/dcap-qvl/golang-bindings"
+)
+
+// Phala RA-TLS OIDs for certificate extensions.
+var (
+	oidTdxQuote  = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 1}
+	oidEventLog  = asn1.ObjectIdentifier{1, 3, 6, 1, 4, 1, 62397, 1, 2}
+)
+
+// DefaultPCCSURL is the default PCCS server for collateral fetching.
+const DefaultPCCSURL = "https://pccs.phala.network"
+
+// dstackRuntimeEventType is the event type for dstack runtime events (0x08000001).
+// Matches Rust: cc_eventlog::runtime_events::DSTACK_RUNTIME_EVENT_TYPE
+const dstackRuntimeEventType uint32 = 0x08000001
+
+// VerifyResult contains the result of a successful RA-TLS verification.
+type VerifyResult struct {
+	// Report is the dcap-qvl verification report including TCB status and advisory IDs.
+	Report *dcap.VerifiedReport
+	// Quote is the parsed TDX quote structure with measurements and report data.
+	Quote *dcap.Quote
+}
+
+// Option configures RA-TLS verification.
+type Option func(*config)
+
+type config struct {
+	pccsURL    string
+	onVerified func(*VerifyResult)
+}
+
+// WithPCCSURL sets the PCCS server URL for collateral fetching.
+func WithPCCSURL(url string) Option {
+	return func(c *config) { c.pccsURL = url }
+}
+
+// WithOnVerified sets a callback invoked after successful verification.
+// Use this with TLSConfig to inspect the VerifyResult.
+func WithOnVerified(fn func(*VerifyResult)) Option {
+	return func(c *config) { c.onVerified = fn }
+}
+
+func buildConfig(opts []Option) *config {
+	cfg := &config{pccsURL: DefaultPCCSURL}
+	for _, o := range opts {
+		o(cfg)
+	}
+	return cfg
+}
+
+// VerifyCert verifies that an X.509 certificate is a valid RA-TLS certificate.
+//
+// It extracts the embedded TDX quote, verifies it via dcap-qvl, checks that the
+// quote's report_data binds to the certificate's public key, validates TCB
+// attributes (debug mode, signer), and replays RTMR3 from the event log.
+func VerifyCert(cert *x509.Certificate, opts ...Option) (*VerifyResult, error) {
+	cfg := buildConfig(opts)
+
+	// 1. Extract raw TDX quote from certificate extension (OID 1.1)
+	rawQuote, err := getExtensionBytes(cert, oidTdxQuote)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ratls: failed to parse quote extension: %w", err)
+	}
+	if rawQuote == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ratls: certificate has no TDX quote extension (OID %s)", oidTdxQuote)
+	}
+
+	// 2. Verify quote via dcap-qvl (fetch collateral from PCCS + verify Intel signature)
+	report, err := dcap.GetCollateralAndVerify(rawQuote, cfg.pccsURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ratls: quote verification failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 3. Parse quote structure to access report fields
+	quote, err := dcap.ParseQuote(rawQuote)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ratls: failed to parse quote structure: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 4. Validate TCB attributes
+	//    Matches Rust: dstack_attest::attestation::validate_tcb()
+	if err := validateTCB(quote); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ratls: TCB validation failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// 5. Verify report_data binds to the certificate's public key
+	//    Format: SHA512("ratls-cert:" + SubjectPublicKeyInfo DER)
+	//    Matches Rust: QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(cert.public_key().raw)
+	h := sha512.New()
+	h.Write([]byte("ratls-cert:"))
+	h.Write(cert.RawSubjectPublicKeyInfo)
+	expected := h.Sum(nil)
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(expected, []byte(quote.Report.ReportData)) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"ratls: report_data mismatch: quote is not bound to this certificate's public key"+
+				" (expected %x, got %x)", expected[:8], []byte(quote.Report.ReportData)[:8],
+		)
+	}
+
+	// 6. Replay RTMR3 from event log and compare with quote
+	//    Matches Rust: Attestation::replay_runtime_events::<Sha384>(None)
+	if err := verifyRTMR3(cert, quote); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &VerifyResult{Report: report, Quote: quote}, nil
+}
+
+// validateTCB checks TCB attributes to reject debug mode and invalid signers.
+// Matches Rust: dstack_attest::attestation::validate_tcb()
+func validateTCB(quote *dcap.Quote) error {
+	switch quote.Report.Type {
+	case "TD10":
+		// td_attributes[0] bit 0 = debug
+		if len(quote.Report.TdAttributes) > 0 && quote.Report.TdAttributes[0]&0x01 != 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("debug mode is not allowed")
+		}
+		// mr_signer_seam must be all zeros
+		if len(quote.Report.MrSignerSeam) > 0 && !isAllZeros(quote.Report.MrSignerSeam) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid mr_signer_seam")
+		}
+	case "TD15":
+		// mr_service_td must be all zeros
+		if len(quote.Report.MrServiceTD) > 0 && !isAllZeros(quote.Report.MrServiceTD) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid mr_service_td")
+		}
+		// TD15 includes TD10 checks
+		if len(quote.Report.TdAttributes) > 0 && quote.Report.TdAttributes[0]&0x01 != 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("debug mode is not allowed")
+		}
+		if len(quote.Report.MrSignerSeam) > 0 && !isAllZeros(quote.Report.MrSignerSeam) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid mr_signer_seam")
+		}
+	case "SGX":
+		// attributes[0] bit 1 = debug
+		if len(quote.Report.Attributes) > 0 && quote.Report.Attributes[0]&0x02 != 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("debug mode is not allowed")
+		}
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown report type: %s", quote.Report.Type)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// tdxEvent matches the JSON format of cc_eventlog::tdx::TdxEvent.
+// Note: digest and event_payload are hex-encoded in JSON (Rust uses serde_human_bytes).
+type tdxEvent struct {
+	IMR          uint32        `json:"imr"`
+	EventType    uint32        `json:"event_type"`
+	Digest       dcap.HexBytes `json:"digest"`
+	Event        string        `json:"event"`
+	EventPayload dcap.HexBytes `json:"event_payload"`
+}
+
+// verifyRTMR3 extracts the event log from the certificate, replays runtime events
+// using SHA384, and compares the result with the quote's RTMR3 value.
+// Matches Rust: Attestation::verify_tdx() RTMR3 replay
+func verifyRTMR3(cert *x509.Certificate, quote *dcap.Quote) error {
+	if len(quote.Report.RTMR3) == 0 {
+		return nil // Not a TDX quote, skip
+	}
+
+	rawEventLog, err := getExtensionBytes(cert, oidEventLog)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ratls: failed to parse event log extension: %w", err)
+	}
+	if rawEventLog == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ratls: certificate has TDX quote but no event log extension")
+	}
+
+	var events []tdxEvent
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rawEventLog, &events); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ratls: failed to parse event log JSON: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Replay: accumulate SHA384 over runtime events
+	// Matches Rust: cc_eventlog::runtime_events::replay_events::<Sha384>()
+	mr := make([]byte, 48) // starts at all zeros
+
+	for _, ev := range events {
+		if ev.EventType != dstackRuntimeEventType {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Compute event digest: SHA384(event_type_ne_bytes || ":" || event || ":" || payload)
+		// Matches Rust: RuntimeEvent::digest::<Sha384>()
+		// TDX CVMs run on x86_64 (little-endian), so to_ne_bytes() is LE.
+		eventTypeBytes := make([]byte, 4)
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(eventTypeBytes, ev.EventType)
+
+		dh := sha512.New384()
+		dh.Write(eventTypeBytes)
+		dh.Write([]byte(":"))
+		dh.Write([]byte(ev.Event))
+		dh.Write([]byte(":"))
+		dh.Write(ev.EventPayload)
+		digest := dh.Sum(nil)
+
+		// Extend: mr = SHA384(mr || digest)
+		eh := sha512.New384()
+		eh.Write(mr)
+		eh.Write(digest)
+		mr = eh.Sum(nil)
+	}
+
+	if !bytes.Equal(mr, []byte(quote.Report.RTMR3)) {
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"ratls: RTMR3 mismatch: replayed %x, quoted %x",
+			mr[:8], []byte(quote.Report.RTMR3)[:8],
+		)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TLSConfig returns a *tls.Config that verifies the server's RA-TLS certificate
+// during the TLS handshake.
+//
+// Standard CA chain verification is skipped because RA-TLS certificates are
+// self-signed; trust is established through hardware attestation instead.
+func TLSConfig(opts ...Option) *tls.Config {
+	cfg := buildConfig(opts)
+	return &tls.Config{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+		VerifyPeerCertificate: func(rawCerts [][]byte, _ [][]*x509.Certificate) error {
+			if len(rawCerts) == 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("ratls: server presented no certificate")
+			}
+			cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(rawCerts[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("ratls: failed to parse server certificate: %w", err)
+			}
+			result, err := VerifyCert(cert, opts...)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if cfg.onVerified != nil {
+				cfg.onVerified(result)
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// getExtensionBytes finds a certificate extension by OID and unwraps
+// the DER OCTET STRING to return the raw content bytes.
+// Returns (nil, nil) if the extension is not present.
+// Matches Rust: CertExt::get_extension_bytes() which calls
+// yasna::parse_der(|reader| reader.read_bytes()) to unwrap OCTET STRING.
+func getExtensionBytes(cert *x509.Certificate, oid asn1.ObjectIdentifier) ([]byte, error) {
+	for _, ext := range cert.Extensions {
+		if ext.Id.Equal(oid) {
+			var raw []byte
+			if _, err := asn1.Unmarshal(ext.Value, &raw); err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal extension value: %w", err)
+			}
+			return raw, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func isAllZeros(b []byte) bool {
+	for _, v := range b {
+		if v != 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/ratls/ratls_test.go b/sdk/go/ratls/ratls_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a581eefc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/go/ratls/ratls_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package ratls_test
+
+import (
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/sdk/go/ratls"
+)
+
+// TestVerifyEndpoint connects to a real RA-TLS endpoint and verifies its certificate.
+//
+// Set RATLS_TEST_ENDPOINT to run this test, e.g.:
+//
+//	RATLS_TEST_ENDPOINT=myapp-8443s.phala.network:443 go test -v -run TestVerifyEndpoint
+func TestVerifyEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	endpoint := os.Getenv("RATLS_TEST_ENDPOINT")
+	if endpoint == "" {
+		t.Skip("RATLS_TEST_ENDPOINT not set")
+	}
+
+	pccsURL := os.Getenv("RATLS_PCCS_URL")
+	if pccsURL == "" {
+		pccsURL = ratls.DefaultPCCSURL
+	}
+
+	// Connect with standard TLS (skip CA verification), then verify RA-TLS ourselves
+	conn, err := tls.Dial("tcp", endpoint, &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("TLS dial failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	state := conn.ConnectionState()
+	if len(state.PeerCertificates) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("server presented no certificate")
+	}
+
+	cert := state.PeerCertificates[0]
+	result, err := ratls.VerifyCert(cert, ratls.WithPCCSURL(pccsURL))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RA-TLS verification failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("verification succeeded")
+	t.Logf("  tcb status:  %s", result.Report.Status)
+	t.Logf("  advisories:  %v", result.Report.AdvisoryIDs)
+	t.Logf("  quote type:  %s", result.Quote.QuoteType)
+	t.Logf("  report type: %s", result.Quote.Report.Type)
+	if len(result.Quote.Report.RTMR0) > 0 {
+		t.Logf("  RTMR0: %x", []byte(result.Quote.Report.RTMR0))
+		t.Logf("  RTMR1: %x", []byte(result.Quote.Report.RTMR1))
+		t.Logf("  RTMR2: %x", []byte(result.Quote.Report.RTMR2))
+		t.Logf("  RTMR3: %x", []byte(result.Quote.Report.RTMR3))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTLSConfigEndpoint tests the TLSConfig convenience function against a real endpoint.
+func TestTLSConfigEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	endpoint := os.Getenv("RATLS_TEST_ENDPOINT")
+	if endpoint == "" {
+		t.Skip("RATLS_TEST_ENDPOINT not set")
+	}
+
+	pccsURL := os.Getenv("RATLS_PCCS_URL")
+	if pccsURL == "" {
+		pccsURL = ratls.DefaultPCCSURL
+	}
+
+	var result *ratls.VerifyResult
+	tlsCfg := ratls.TLSConfig(
+		ratls.WithPCCSURL(pccsURL),
+		ratls.WithOnVerified(func(r *ratls.VerifyResult) {
+			result = r
+		}),
+	)
+
+	conn, err := tls.Dial("tcp", endpoint, tlsCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RA-TLS dial failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	conn.Close()
+
+	if result == nil {
+		t.Fatal("OnVerified callback was not called")
+	}
+	t.Logf("TLSConfig verification succeeded: status=%s", result.Report.Status)
+}
+
+// ExampleVerifyCert demonstrates verifying an RA-TLS certificate from a TLS connection.
+func ExampleVerifyCert() {
+	conn, err := tls.Dial("tcp", "myapp-8443s.phala.network:443", &tls.Config{
+		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	cert := conn.ConnectionState().PeerCertificates[0]
+	result, err := ratls.VerifyCert(cert)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("verification failed: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("verified: status=%s\n", result.Report.Status)
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/tappd/client.go b/sdk/go/tappd/client.go
index 398e67bf2..95099eade 100644
--- a/sdk/go/tappd/client.go
+++ b/sdk/go/tappd/client.go
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-// Provides a Dstack SDK Tappd client and related utilities
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024 Nethermind <dstack@nethermind.io>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Provides a dstack SDK Tappd client and related utilities
 //
 // Author: Franco Barpp Gomes <franco@nethermind.io>
 package tappd
@@ -6,7 +11,6 @@ package tappd
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
-	"crypto/sha512"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -67,61 +71,32 @@ type TdxQuoteResponse struct {
 	EventLog string `json:"event_log"`
 }
 
-const INIT_MR = "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-
-// Replays the RTMR history to calculate final RTMR values
-func replayRTMR(history []string) (string, error) {
-	if len(history) == 0 {
-		return INIT_MR, nil
-	}
-
-	mr := make([]byte, 48)
-
-	for _, content := range history {
-		contentBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(content)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		if len(contentBytes) < 48 {
-			padding := make([]byte, 48-len(contentBytes))
-			contentBytes = append(contentBytes, padding...)
-		}
-
-		h := sha512.New384()
-		h.Write(append(mr, contentBytes...))
-		mr = h.Sum(nil)
-	}
-
-	return hex.EncodeToString(mr), nil
+// Represents an event log entry in the TCB info
+type EventLog struct {
+	IMR          int    `json:"imr"`
+	EventType    int    `json:"event_type"`
+	Digest       string `json:"digest"`
+	Event        string `json:"event"`
+	EventPayload string `json:"event_payload"`
 }
 
-// Replays the RTMR history to calculate final RTMR values
-func (r *TdxQuoteResponse) ReplayRTMRs() (map[int]string, error) {
-	var eventLog []struct {
-		IMR    int    `json:"imr"`
-		Digest string `json:"digest"`
-	}
-	json.Unmarshal([]byte(r.EventLog), &eventLog)
-
-	rtmrs := make(map[int]string, 4)
-	for idx := 0; idx < 4; idx++ {
-		history := make([]string, 0)
-		for _, event := range eventLog {
-			if event.IMR == idx {
-				history = append(history, event.Digest)
-			}
-		}
-
-		rtmr, err := replayRTMR(history)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		rtmrs[idx] = rtmr
-	}
+// Represents the TCB information
+type TcbInfo struct {
+	Mrtd     string     `json:"mrtd"`
+	Rtmr0    string     `json:"rtmr0"`
+	Rtmr1    string     `json:"rtmr1"`
+	Rtmr2    string     `json:"rtmr2"`
+	Rtmr3    string     `json:"rtmr3"`
+	EventLog []EventLog `json:"event_log"`
+}
 
-	return rtmrs, nil
+// Represents the response from an info request
+type TappdInfoResponse struct {
+	AppID      string  `json:"app_id"`
+	InstanceID string  `json:"instance_id"`
+	AppCert    string  `json:"app_cert"`
+	TcbInfo    TcbInfo `json:"tcb_info"`
+	AppName    string  `json:"app_name"`
 }
 
 // Handles communication with the Tappd service.
@@ -151,8 +126,9 @@ func WithLogger(logger *slog.Logger) TappdClientOption {
 
 // Creates a new TappdClient instance based on the provided endpoint.
 // If the endpoint is empty, it will use the simulator endpoint if it is
-// set in the environment through DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT. Otherwise, it
-// will use the default endpoint at /var/run/tappd.sock.
+// set in the environment through TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT. Otherwise, it
+// will try /var/run/tappd.sock first, falling back to other known paths
+// for backward compatibility.
 func NewTappdClient(opts ...TappdClientOption) *TappdClient {
 	client := &TappdClient{
 		endpoint:   "",
@@ -185,17 +161,30 @@ func NewTappdClient(opts ...TappdClientOption) *TappdClient {
 
 // Returns the appropriate endpoint based on environment and input. If the
 // endpoint is empty, it will use the simulator endpoint if it is set in the
-// environment through DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT. Otherwise, it will use the
-// default endpoint at /var/run/tappd.sock.
+// environment through TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT. Otherwise, it will try
+// /var/run/tappd.sock first, falling back to other known paths
+// for backward compatibility.
 func (c *TappdClient) getEndpoint() string {
 	if c.endpoint != "" {
 		return c.endpoint
 	}
-	if simEndpoint, exists := os.LookupEnv("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"); exists {
-		c.logger.Info("using simulator endpoint", "endpoint", simEndpoint)
+	if simEndpoint, exists := os.LookupEnv("TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"); exists {
+		c.logger.Info("using tappd simulator endpoint", "endpoint", simEndpoint)
 		return simEndpoint
 	}
-	return "/var/run/tappd.sock"
+	// Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+	socketPaths := []string{
+		"/var/run/tappd.sock",
+		"/run/tappd.sock",
+		"/var/run/dstack/tappd.sock",
+		"/run/dstack/tappd.sock",
+	}
+	for _, path := range socketPaths {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(path); err == nil {
+			return path
+		}
+	}
+	return socketPaths[0]
 }
 
 // Sends an RPC request to the Tappd service.
@@ -300,3 +289,35 @@ func (c *TappdClient) TdxQuoteWithHashAlgorithm(ctx context.Context, reportData
 	}
 	return &response, nil
 }
+
+// Sends a request to get information about the Tappd instance
+func (c *TappdClient) Info(ctx context.Context) (*TappdInfoResponse, error) {
+	data, err := c.sendRPCRequest(ctx, "/prpc/Tappd.Info", map[string]interface{}{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var response struct {
+		TcbInfo    string `json:"tcb_info"`
+		AppID      string `json:"app_id"`
+		InstanceID string `json:"instance_id"`
+		AppCert    string `json:"app_cert"`
+		AppName    string `json:"app_name"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &response); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var tcbInfo TcbInfo
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(response.TcbInfo), &tcbInfo); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &TappdInfoResponse{
+		AppID:      response.AppID,
+		InstanceID: response.InstanceID,
+		AppCert:    response.AppCert,
+		TcbInfo:    tcbInfo,
+		AppName:    response.AppName,
+	}, nil
+}
diff --git a/sdk/go/tappd/client_test.go b/sdk/go/tappd/client_test.go
index 00d398274..f4b5a6e23 100644
--- a/sdk/go/tappd/client_test.go
+++ b/sdk/go/tappd/client_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 package tappd_test
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -56,10 +59,6 @@ func TestTdxQuote(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("expected quote to not be empty")
 	}
 
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(resp.Quote, "0x") {
-		t.Error("expected quote to start with 0x")
-	}
-
 	if resp.EventLog == "" {
 		t.Error("expected event log to not be empty")
 	}
@@ -70,44 +69,10 @@ func TestTdxQuote(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected event log to be a valid JSON object: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	quoteBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(resp.Quote[2:])
+	_, err = hex.DecodeString(resp.Quote)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("expected quote to be a valid hex string: %v", err)
 	}
-
-	// Get quote RTMRs manually
-	quoteRtmrs := [4][48]byte{
-		[48]byte(quoteBytes[376:424]),
-		[48]byte(quoteBytes[424:472]),
-		[48]byte(quoteBytes[472:520]),
-		[48]byte(quoteBytes[520:568]),
-	}
-
-	// Test ReplayRTMRs
-	rtmrs, err := resp.ReplayRTMRs()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	if len(rtmrs) != 4 {
-		t.Errorf("expected 4 RTMRs, got %d", len(rtmrs))
-	}
-
-	// Verify RTMRs
-	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
-		if rtmrs[i] == "" {
-			t.Errorf("expected RTMR %d to not be empty", i)
-		}
-
-		rtmrBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(rtmrs[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("expected RTMR %d to be valid hex: %v", i, err)
-		}
-
-		if !bytes.Equal(rtmrBytes, quoteRtmrs[i][:]) {
-			t.Errorf("expected RTMR %d to be %s, got %s", i, hex.EncodeToString(quoteRtmrs[i][:]), rtmrs[i])
-		}
-	}
 }
 
 func TestTdxQuoteRawHash(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/sdk/js/.gitignore b/sdk/js/.gitignore
index 3c25e1e49..046daa6b3 100644
--- a/sdk/js/.gitignore
+++ b/sdk/js/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 node_modules/
 dist/
 *.log
+package-lock.json
+.claude/settings.local.json
+.claude/settings.local.json.license
diff --git a/sdk/js/.npmignore b/sdk/js/.npmignore
deleted file mode 100644
index d50d9a760..000000000
--- a/sdk/js/.npmignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-README.md
-bun.lockb
-src/__tests__
diff --git a/sdk/js/README.md b/sdk/js/README.md
index 0b9c6dcd4..8af123892 100644
--- a/sdk/js/README.md
+++ b/sdk/js/README.md
@@ -1,32 +1,287 @@
-# Tappd SDK
+# @phala/dstack-sdk
 
-This SDK provides a TypeScript client for communicating with a Tappd server via Unix Domain Socket.
+JavaScript / TypeScript client for the dstack guest agent. Derive deterministic keys, generate TDX attestation quotes, issue TLS certificates, sign / verify payloads, and encrypt environment variables for KMS-managed deployments — all against the guest agent socket inside a confidential VM (CVM).
 
 ## Installation
 
 ```bash
-npm install tappd-sdk
+npm install @phala/dstack-sdk @noble/hashes
 ```
 
-## Usage
+`@noble/hashes` is the only required peer dependency (used by the core for sha256 / sha384). Install the matching peer when you import a submodule:
+
+| Import path | Extra peer dependency |
+| --- | --- |
+| `@phala/dstack-sdk/viem` | `viem` |
+| `@phala/dstack-sdk/solana` | `@solana/web3.js` |
+| `@phala/dstack-sdk/encrypt-env-vars` | `@noble/curves` |
+| `@phala/dstack-sdk/verify-env-encrypt-public-key` | `@noble/curves` |
+
+> **Breaking change in 0.5.8.** Prior releases listed `@solana/web3.js`, `viem`, and `@noble/curves` under `optionalDependencies`, so npm installed them automatically. They are now opt-in peers — install them yourself when you use the corresponding submodule.
+
+Node 18+ supported. Tested through Node 24.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```typescript
+import { DstackClient } from '@phala/dstack-sdk'
+
+const client = new DstackClient()
+
+const key = await client.getKey('wallet/eth')
+console.log(Buffer.from(key.key).toString('hex'))
+
+const quote = await client.getQuote('app-state-snapshot')
+console.log(quote.quote)
+console.log(quote.event_log)
+```
+
+The constructor probes `/var/run/dstack.sock`, then `/run/dstack.sock`, then the `/var/run/dstack/` and `/run/dstack/` variants. Pass an explicit endpoint for HTTP or for a non-default socket:
+
+```typescript
+const client = new DstackClient('http://localhost:8090')        // simulator
+const client = new DstackClient('/run/dstack/dstack.sock')      // custom path
+```
+
+`DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT` overrides the default when set.
+
+## Keys
+
+### `getKey(path?, purpose?, algorithm?)`
+
+Derive a deterministic key. The same `(app_id, path)` returns the same raw key material; different apps deriving on the same path get different keys.
+
+```typescript
+const eth = await client.getKey('wallet/ethereum')                       // secp256k1 (default)
+const sol = await client.getKey('wallet/solana', 'mainnet', 'ed25519')   // ed25519
+```
+
+Returns `{ key: Uint8Array, signature_chain: Uint8Array[] }`. The signature chain proves the key was derived inside a genuine TEE.
+
+`purpose` is included in the signature-chain message and does not affect the private key bytes. `algorithm` selects how the derived 32-byte material is interpreted: `'secp256k1'` (default), `'k256'` (alias), or `'ed25519'`. It does not domain-separate the derivation, so use algorithm-specific paths such as `wallet/ethereum` and `wallet/solana` when those keys must be independent. ed25519 requires guest agent ≥ 0.5.7.
+
+### `getTlsKey(options?)`
+
+Generate a fresh random TLS keypair plus certificate chain. Every call returns a new key — use `getKey` for deterministic material.
+
+```typescript
+const tls = await client.getTlsKey({
+  subject: 'api.example.com',
+  altNames: ['localhost', '127.0.0.1'],
+  usageRaTls: true,           // embed TDX quote in cert extension
+})
+```
+
+Options: `subject`, `altNames`, `usageRaTls`, `usageServerAuth` (default `true`), `usageClientAuth` (default `false`), and — on guest agent ≥ 0.5.7 — `notBefore`, `notAfter` (Unix seconds), `withAppInfo`. The client probes `version()` before sending the new options and throws a clear error on older agents instead of silently dropping them.
+
+Returns `{ key: string, certificate_chain: string[], asUint8Array(maxLength?) }`. `key` is PEM-encoded.
+
+## Attestation
+
+### `getQuote(reportData)`
+
+Generate a raw TDX quote. `reportData` is up to 64 bytes (string, Buffer, or Uint8Array).
+
+```typescript
+const quote = await client.getQuote('user:alice:nonce123')
+quote.quote        // hex-encoded TDX quote
+quote.event_log    // JSON string of measured events
+```
+
+### `attest(reportData)`
+
+Versioned dstack attestation that works across TDX / GCP / Nitro providers. Preferred for cross-platform verifiers.
+
+```typescript
+const { attestation } = await client.attest('app-state-snapshot')
+```
+
+### `gpuInfo()`
+
+Returns GPU information collected during boot. Currently, this includes the
+complete NVIDIA `nvattest` JSON output.
+
+```typescript
+const gpu = await client.gpuInfo()
+console.log(gpu.attestation)
+```
+
+The `attestation` field is empty when no GPU attestation output is available.
+The raw output is not trusted by itself; remote verifiers should compare its
+digest with the measured `gpu-attestation` runtime event.
+
+### `info()`
+
+App identity and TCB metadata.
+
+```typescript
+const info = await client.info()
+info.app_id              // application identifier
+info.instance_id         // CVM instance identifier
+info.tcb_info            // parsed { mrtd, rtmr0..3, event_log, ... }
+info.compose_hash
+info.cloud_vendor        // e.g. "Google" (guest agent ≥ 0.5.7)
+info.cloud_product       // e.g. "Google Compute Engine" (guest agent ≥ 0.5.7)
+```
+
+### `version()`
+
+Returns `{ version, rev }` of the guest agent. Throws on agents older than 0.5.7 (the RPC didn't exist).
+
+## Sign and verify
+
+### `sign(algorithm, data)`
+
+Sign data with a derived key. The SDK rejects mismatched input early — `secp256k1_prehashed` requires a 32-byte digest.
+
+```typescript
+const res = await client.sign('ed25519', 'hello dstack')
+res.signature        // Uint8Array
+res.public_key       // Uint8Array
+res.signature_chain  // Uint8Array[] — proves the signing key came from this TEE
+```
+
+Algorithms: `ed25519`, `secp256k1`, `secp256k1_prehashed`. Requires guest agent ≥ 0.5.7.
+
+### `verify(algorithm, data, signature, publicKey)`
+
+```typescript
+const ok = await client.verify('ed25519', 'hello dstack', res.signature, res.public_key)
+ok.valid // boolean
+```
+
+## Diagnostics
+
+### `isReachable()`
+
+Sub-500ms probe against `/Info`. Returns a boolean and never throws — useful for liveness checks.
+
+## Blockchain helpers
+
+### Ethereum
+
+```typescript
+import { toViemAccountSecure } from '@phala/dstack-sdk/viem'
+import { createWalletClient, http } from 'viem'
+import { mainnet } from 'viem/chains'
+
+const key = await client.getKey('wallet/ethereum')
+const account = toViemAccountSecure(key)
+
+const wallet = createWalletClient({ account, chain: mainnet, transport: http() })
+```
+
+`toViemAccountSecure` hashes the derived key with SHA-256 before passing it to viem's `privateKeyToAccount`. The unhashed alternative `toViemAccount` is kept for migration only and emits a warning.
+
+### Solana
+
+```typescript
+import { toKeypairSecure } from '@phala/dstack-sdk/solana'
+
+const key = await client.getKey('wallet/solana', 'mainnet', 'ed25519')
+const keypair = toKeypairSecure(key)
+console.log(keypair.publicKey.toBase58())
+```
+
+Same pattern as the Ethereum helper. `toKeypair` is the unhashed legacy variant.
+
+## Compose hash
 
 ```typescript
-import { TappdClient } from 'tappd-sdk';
+import { getComposeHash, type AppCompose } from '@phala/dstack-sdk/get-compose-hash'
 
-const client = new TappdClient('/path/to/tappd.sock');
-client.deriveKey('/', 'mySubject')
-  .then(result => console.log(result))
-  .catch(error => console.error(error));
+const compose: AppCompose = {
+  manifest_version: 2,
+  name: 'my-app',
+  runner: 'docker-compose',
+  docker_compose_file: '...',
+  kms_enabled: true,
+}
+
+const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+const normalized = getComposeHash(compose, true) // strip bash_script/docker_compose_file overlap
 ```
 
+Pure function — no TEE call required. Produces the canonical SHA-256 used by the on-chain KMS allowlist.
+
+## Encrypted environment variables
+
+The full deployment flow mirrors `vmm-cli.py`: fetch the env-encrypt public key from KMS, verify its signature locally, then ECIES-encrypt the env vars against it.
+
+```typescript
+import {
+  verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey,
+} from '@phala/dstack-sdk'
+import { encryptEnvVars, type EnvVar } from '@phala/dstack-sdk/encrypt-env-vars'
+
+const response = await fetch(`${kmsUrl}/prpc/GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey?json`, {
+  method: 'POST',
+  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+  body: JSON.stringify({ app_id: appId }),
+}).then(r => r.json())
+
+const publicKey = Buffer.from(response.public_key, 'hex')
+
+if (!response.signature_v1 || response.timestamp === undefined) {
+  throw new Error('kms response missing timestamped signature')
+}
+
+const signer = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(
+  publicKey,
+  Buffer.from(response.signature_v1, 'hex'),
+  appId,
+  BigInt(response.timestamp),
+)
+
+if (!signer) throw new Error('kms signature did not verify')
+
+const trustedSigners = new Set(['0x...']) // From the DstackKms contract or deployment config
+if (!trustedSigners.has(signer)) throw new Error(`unexpected KMS signer: ${signer}`)
+
+const envs: EnvVar[] = [
+  { key: 'DATABASE_URL', value: 'postgresql://…' },
+  { key: 'API_KEY', value: 'sk-test-1234' },
+]
+const encrypted = await encryptEnvVars(envs, response.public_key)
+```
+
+Verify functions return the signer's compressed public key (hex) on success, or `null` on failure. `verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy` is available only for deployments that explicitly support older KMS builds without `signature_v1`; it does not provide timestamp replay protection and should not be used for new deployments.
+
+## Compatibility
+
+| Feature | Minimum guest agent |
+| --- | --- |
+| `getKey`, `getTlsKey`, `getQuote`, `info` | 0.3.x |
+| `attest`, `sign`, `verify`, `version`, ed25519 keys, `info.cloud_vendor` / `cloud_product`, `getTlsKey` `notBefore` / `notAfter` / `withAppInfo` | 0.5.7 |
+
+The SDK's release versions track guest agent versions — `0.5.8-x` targets dstack 0.5.7+.
 
 ## Development
 
-1. Clone the repository
-2. Install dependencies: `npm install`
-3. Build the project: `npm run build`
-4. Run tests: `npm test`
+Run the standalone simulator instead of a real TDX host:
+
+```bash
+cd dstack/sdk/simulator
+./build.sh
+./dstack-simulator
+export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:8090
+```
+
+Then point `new DstackClient()` at the simulator (it picks up `DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT` automatically).
+
+## Migration from TappdClient
+
+`TappdClient` and its `deriveKey` / `tdxQuote` methods are deprecated but still exported. Replace them with `DstackClient` and the new methods:
+
+| Old | New |
+| --- | --- |
+| `new TappdClient()` | `new DstackClient()` |
+| `client.deriveKey(path, subject)` | `client.getTlsKey({ subject })` |
+| `client.tdxQuote(data)` | `client.getQuote(data)` |
+| `/var/run/tappd.sock` | `/var/run/dstack.sock` |
+
+`toViemAccount` and `toKeypair` are kept for the same reason; prefer their `Secure` variants in new code.
 
 ## License
 
-Apache License
+Apache-2.0
diff --git a/sdk/js/bun.lock b/sdk/js/bun.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a9836ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/bun.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+{
+  "lockfileVersion": 1,
+  "configVersion": 1,
+  "workspaces": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "@phala/dstack-sdk",
+      "devDependencies": {
+        "@noble/curves": "^1.8.1",
+        "@noble/hashes": "^1.6.1",
+        "@solana/web3.js": "^1.98.4",
+        "@types/node": "latest",
+        "tsup": "^8.5.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.0",
+        "viem": "^2.43.3",
+        "vitest": "^3.2.4",
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "@noble/curves": "^1.8.1",
+        "@noble/hashes": "^1.6.1",
+        "@solana/web3.js": "^1.98.4",
+        "viem": "^2.43.3",
+      },
+      "optionalPeers": [
+        "@noble/curves",
+        "@solana/web3.js",
+        "viem",
+      ],
+    },
+  },
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+
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+
+    "vite-node": ["vite-node@3.2.4", "", { "dependencies": { "cac": "^6.7.14", "debug": "^4.4.1", "es-module-lexer": "^1.7.0", "pathe": "^2.0.3", "vite": "^5.0.0 || ^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0-0" }, "bin": { "vite-node": "vite-node.mjs" } }, "sha512-EbKSKh+bh1E1IFxeO0pg1n4dvoOTt0UDiXMd/qn++r98+jPO1xtJilvXldeuQ8giIB5IkpjCgMleHMNEsGH6pg=="],
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+    "why-is-node-running": ["why-is-node-running@2.3.0", "", { "dependencies": { "siginfo": "^2.0.0", "stackback": "0.0.2" }, "bin": { "why-is-node-running": "cli.js" } }, "sha512-hUrmaWBdVDcxvYqnyh09zunKzROWjbZTiNy8dBEjkS7ehEDQibXJ7XvlmtbwuTclUiIyN+CyXQD4Vmko8fNm8w=="],
+
+    "ws": ["ws@8.20.1", "", { "peerDependencies": { "bufferutil": "^4.0.1", "utf-8-validate": ">=5.0.2" }, "optionalPeers": ["bufferutil", "utf-8-validate"] }, "sha512-It4dO0K5v//JtTXuPkfEOaI3uUN87iYPnqo/ZzqCoG3g8uhA66QUMs/SrM0YK7/NAu+r4LMh/9dq2A7k+rHs+w=="],
+
+    "@solana/errors/commander": ["commander@14.0.3", "", {}, "sha512-H+y0Jo/T1RZ9qPP4Eh1pkcQcLRglraJaSLoyOtHxu6AapkjWVCy2Sit1QQ4x3Dng8qDlSsZEet7g5Pq06MvTgw=="],
+
+    "jayson/@types/node": ["@types/node@12.20.55", "", {}, "sha512-J8xLz7q2OFulZ2cyGTLE1TbbZcjpno7FaN6zdJNrgAdrJ+DZzh/uFR6YrTb4C+nXakvud8Q4+rbhoIWlYQbUFQ=="],
+
+    "jayson/ws": ["ws@7.5.10", "", { "peerDependencies": { "bufferutil": "^4.0.1", "utf-8-validate": "^5.0.2" }, "optionalPeers": ["bufferutil", "utf-8-validate"] }, "sha512-+dbF1tHwZpXcbOJdVOkzLDxZP1ailvSxM6ZweXTegylPny803bFhA+vqBYw4s31NSAk4S2Qz+AKXK9a4wkdjcQ=="],
+
+    "ox/@noble/curves": ["@noble/curves@1.9.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@noble/hashes": "1.8.0" } }, "sha512-k11yZxZg+t+gWvBbIswW0yoJlu8cHOC7dhunwOzoWH/mXGBiYyR4YY6hAEK/3EUs4UpB8la1RfdRpeGsFHkWsA=="],
+
+    "rpc-websockets/@types/ws": ["@types/ws@8.18.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@types/node": "*" } }, "sha512-ThVF6DCVhA8kUGy+aazFQ4kXQ7E1Ty7A3ypFOe0IcJV8O/M511G99AW24irKrW56Wt44yG9+ij8FaqoBGkuBXg=="],
+
+    "sucrase/commander": ["commander@4.1.1", "", {}, "sha512-NOKm8xhkzAjzFx8B2v5OAHT+u5pRQc2UCa2Vq9jYL/31o2wi9mxBA7LIFs3sV5VSC49z6pEhfbMULvShKj26WA=="],
+
+    "viem/@noble/curves": ["@noble/curves@1.9.1", "", { "dependencies": { "@noble/hashes": "1.8.0" } }, "sha512-k11yZxZg+t+gWvBbIswW0yoJlu8cHOC7dhunwOzoWH/mXGBiYyR4YY6hAEK/3EUs4UpB8la1RfdRpeGsFHkWsA=="],
+  }
+}
diff --git a/sdk/js/bun.lockb b/sdk/js/bun.lockb
deleted file mode 100755
index 4c129670a..000000000
Binary files a/sdk/js/bun.lockb and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/sdk/js/package.json b/sdk/js/package.json
index c34ac68e4..cab3f5be6 100644
--- a/sdk/js/package.json
+++ b/sdk/js/package.json
@@ -1,41 +1,108 @@
 {
   "name": "@phala/dstack-sdk",
-  "version": "0.1.7",
-  "description": "DStack SDK",
-  "main": "dist/index.js",
-  "types": "dist/index.d.ts",
+  "version": "0.5.8",
+  "description": "dstack SDK",
+  "main": "./dist/index.js",
+  "module": "./dist/index.mjs",
+  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
   "exports": {
-    ".": "./dist/index.js",
+    ".": {
+      "types": {
+        "import": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+        "require": "./dist/index.d.ts"
+      },
+      "import": "./dist/index.mjs",
+      "require": "./dist/index.js"
+    },
     "./viem": {
-      "import": "./dist/viem.js",
-      "require": "./dist/viem.js",
-      "types": "./dist/viem.d.ts"
+      "types": {
+        "import": "./dist/viem.d.mts",
+        "require": "./dist/viem.d.ts"
+      },
+      "import": "./dist/viem.mjs",
+      "require": "./dist/viem.js"
+    },
+    "./solana": {
+      "types": {
+        "import": "./dist/solana.d.mts",
+        "require": "./dist/solana.d.ts"
+      },
+      "import": "./dist/solana.mjs",
+      "require": "./dist/solana.js"
+    },
+    "./encrypt-env-vars": {
+      "types": {
+        "import": "./dist/encrypt-env-vars.d.mts",
+        "require": "./dist/encrypt-env-vars.d.ts"
+      },
+      "import": "./dist/encrypt-env-vars.mjs",
+      "require": "./dist/encrypt-env-vars.js"
+    },
+    "./get-compose-hash": {
+      "types": {
+        "import": "./dist/get-compose-hash.d.mts",
+        "require": "./dist/get-compose-hash.d.ts"
+      },
+      "import": "./dist/get-compose-hash.mjs",
+      "require": "./dist/get-compose-hash.js"
+    },
+    "./verify-env-encrypt-public-key": {
+      "types": {
+        "import": "./dist/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.d.mts",
+        "require": "./dist/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.d.ts"
+      },
+      "import": "./dist/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.mjs",
+      "require": "./dist/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.js"
     }
   },
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=18.0.0"
   },
+  "files": [
+    "dist"
+  ],
   "scripts": {
-    "build": "tsc",
+    "build": "tsup",
+    "clean": "rm -rf dist",
     "test": "vitest",
     "test:ci": "vitest --run",
-    "release": "npm run build && npm publish --access public"
+    "release": "npm run clean && npm run build && npm publish --access public"
+  },
+  "keywords": [
+    "sdk",
+    "dstack",
+    "Phala"
+  ],
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack",
+    "directory": "sdk/js"
   },
-  "keywords": ["tappd", "sdk"],
   "author": "Leechael Yim",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@noble/curves": "^1.8.1",
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.6.1",
+    "@solana/web3.js": "^1.98.4",
     "@types/node": "latest",
-    "typescript": "latest",
-    "vitest": "^2.1.3"
-  },
-  "optionalDependencies": {
-    "viem": "^2.21.0 <3.0.0"
+    "tsup": "^8.5.1",
+    "typescript": "^5.7.0",
+    "viem": "^2.43.3",
+    "vitest": "^3.2.4"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
-    "viem": "^2.21.0 <3.0.0"
+    "@noble/curves": "^1.8.1",
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.6.1",
+    "@solana/web3.js": "^1.98.4",
+    "viem": "^2.43.3"
   },
   "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+    "@noble/curves": {
+      "optional": true
+    },
+    "@solana/web3.js": {
+      "optional": true
+    },
     "viem": {
       "optional": true
     }
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/get-compose-hash.test.ts b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/get-compose-hash.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79e64170b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/get-compose-hash.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { expect, describe, it } from 'vitest'
+import { getComposeHash, AppCompose } from '../get-compose-hash'
+
+describe('Deterministic JSON Serialization', () => {
+  describe('Key Sorting', () => {
+    it('should sort object keys lexicographically', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        bash_script: "start.sh"
+      }
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        bash_script: "start.sh",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        runner: "docker-compose"
+      }
+
+      // Both should produce the same hash despite different key order
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+
+    it('should handle nested object key sorting', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        nested_config: {
+          gamma: 3.14,
+          alpha: "first",
+          beta: 42
+        }
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        nested_config: {
+          alpha: "first",
+          beta: 42,
+          gamma: 3.14
+        },
+        runner: "docker-compose"
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+
+    it('should handle deeply nested objects', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        config: {
+          database: {
+            port: 5432,
+            host: "localhost",
+            credentials: {
+              username: "admin",
+              password: "secret"
+            }
+          },
+          cache: {
+            redis: {
+              url: "redis://localhost:6379",
+              timeout: 1000
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        config: {
+          cache: {
+            redis: {
+              timeout: 1000,
+              url: "redis://localhost:6379"
+            }
+          },
+          database: {
+            credentials: {
+              password: "secret",
+              username: "admin"
+            },
+            host: "localhost",
+            port: 5432
+          }
+        },
+        runner: "docker-compose"
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Array Handling', () => {
+    it('should preserve array order', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        items: [3, 1, 2]
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        items: [1, 2, 3]
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      // Different array orders should produce different hashes
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).not.toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+
+    it('should handle arrays with objects', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        services: [
+          { name: "web", port: 80 },
+          { name: "db", port: 5432 }
+        ]
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        services: [
+          { port: 80, name: "web" },
+          { port: 5432, name: "db" }
+        ]
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      // Object keys should be sorted within arrays
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Special Value Handling', () => {
+    it('should convert NaN to null', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        special_value: NaN
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64) // SHA256 hex length
+    })
+
+    it('should convert Infinity to null', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        special_value: Infinity
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        special_value: -Infinity
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose3: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        special_value: null
+      }
+
+      // All should produce the same hash since NaN and Infinity become null
+      const hash1 = getComposeHash(compose1)
+      const hash2 = getComposeHash(compose2)
+      const hash3 = getComposeHash(compose3)
+
+      expect(hash1).toBe(hash2)
+      expect(hash2).toBe(hash3)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle undefined values', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        optional_field: undefined
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose"
+      }
+
+      // undefined values should be treated consistently
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Preprocessing Logic', () => {
+    it('should remove docker_compose_file when runner is bash (with normalization)', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "bash",
+        bash_script: "start.sh",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose, true)
+
+      // Should be the same as compose without docker_compose_file
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "bash",
+        bash_script: "start.sh"
+      }
+
+      expect(hash).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2, true))
+    })
+
+    it('should remove bash_script when runner is docker-compose (with normalization)', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        bash_script: "start.sh"
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose, true)
+
+      // Should be the same as compose without bash_script
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      expect(hash).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2, true))
+    })
+
+    it('should remove empty pre_launch_script (with normalization)', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        pre_launch_script: ""
+      }
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1, true)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2, true))
+    })
+
+    it('should keep non-empty pre_launch_script (with normalization)', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        pre_launch_script: "echo 'Starting...'"
+      }
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1, true)).not.toBe(getComposeHash(compose2, true))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('UTF-8 Support', () => {
+    it('should handle non-ASCII characters consistently', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        text: "你好世界",
+        description: "🚀 Deploy"
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        description: "🚀 Deploy",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        text: "你好世界"
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Cross-Language Compatibility Example', () => {
+    it('should produce consistent hash for reference data', () => {
+      // This is a reference test case that should produce the same hash
+      // as equivalent implementations in Go and Python
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        text: "你好世界",
+        id: "c73a3a4e-ce71-4c12-a1b7-78be1a2e48e0",
+        b_number: 123,
+        a_status: true,
+        z_items: [3, 1, 2],
+        nested: {
+          gamma: 3.14,
+          alpha: "first"
+        }
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+
+      // This should be a deterministic hash
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+      expect(hash).toMatch(/^[a-f0-9]{64}$/)
+
+      // The exact hash value depends on the specific data structure
+      // but it should be consistent across runs
+      const hash2 = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBe(hash2)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Edge Cases', () => {
+    it('should handle empty objects', () => {
+      // @ts-expect-error - empty object is valid
+      const compose: AppCompose = {}
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+      expect(hash).toMatch(/^[a-f0-9]{64}$/)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle null values', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        optional_field: null
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+    })
+
+    it('should handle boolean values', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        enabled: true,
+        debug: false
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        debug: false,
+        enabled: true,
+        runner: "docker-compose"
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+
+    it('should handle numeric edge cases', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        zero: 0,
+        negative: -42,
+        float: 3.14159,
+        large: 1e10
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Determinism Verification', () => {
+    it('should produce identical hashes for multiple calls', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        environment: {
+          NODE_ENV: "production",
+          PORT: 3000,
+          DATABASE_URL: "postgres://localhost:5432/mydb"
+        }
+      } as AppCompose
+
+      const hashes = Array.from({ length: 10 }, () => getComposeHash(compose))
+
+      // All hashes should be identical
+      const firstHash = hashes[0]
+      expect(hashes.every(hash => hash === firstHash)).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('should produce different hashes for different data', () => {
+      const compose1: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      const compose2: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "bash",
+        bash_script: "start.sh"
+      }
+
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose1)).not.toBe(getComposeHash(compose2))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('New AppCompose Fields', () => {
+    it('should handle manifest_version and name fields', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        manifest_version: 1,
+        name: "my-app",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle docker_config field', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        manifest_version: 1,
+        name: "my-app",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        docker_config: {
+          registry: "docker.io",
+          username: "myuser",
+          token_key: "token123"
+        }
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle boolean flags', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        manifest_version: 1,
+        name: "my-app",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        public_logs: true,
+        public_sysinfo: false,
+        public_tcbinfo: true,
+        kms_enabled: true,
+        gateway_enabled: false,
+        local_key_provider_enabled: true,
+        no_instance_id: false,
+        secure_time: true
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle key_provider and key_provider_id fields', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        manifest_version: 1,
+        name: "my-app",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        key_provider: "kms",
+        key_provider_id: "abcd1234"
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle allowed_envs array', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        manifest_version: 1,
+        name: "my-app",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        allowed_envs: ["NODE_ENV", "PORT", "DATABASE_URL"]
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle features array (deprecated)', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        manifest_version: 1,
+        name: "my-app",
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        features: ["feature1", "feature2"]
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Normalize Parameter', () => {
+    it('should skip preprocessing when normalize=false (default)', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "bash",
+        bash_script: "start.sh",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      const hashWithoutNormalize = getComposeHash(compose)
+      const hashExplicitFalse = getComposeHash(compose, false)
+
+      expect(hashWithoutNormalize).toBe(hashExplicitFalse)
+    })
+
+    it('should apply preprocessing when normalize=true', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "bash",
+        bash_script: "start.sh",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      const hashWithNormalize = getComposeHash(compose, true)
+      const hashWithoutNormalize = getComposeHash(compose, false)
+
+      // These should be different because preprocessing is applied only with normalize=true
+      expect(hashWithNormalize).not.toBe(hashWithoutNormalize)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle empty pre_launch_script differently with/without normalization', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        pre_launch_script: ""
+      }
+
+      const composeWithoutEmpty: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml"
+      }
+
+      // With normalization, empty pre_launch_script should be removed
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose, true)).toBe(getComposeHash(composeWithoutEmpty, true))
+
+      // Without normalization, empty pre_launch_script should remain
+      expect(getComposeHash(compose, false)).not.toBe(getComposeHash(composeWithoutEmpty, false))
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Backward Compatibility', () => {
+    it('should still work with legacy bash_script and pre_launch_script', () => {
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "bash",
+        bash_script: "start.sh",
+        pre_launch_script: "echo 'Starting...'"
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should maintain deterministic behavior across versions', () => {
+      // A compose with both old and new fields
+      const compose: AppCompose = {
+        runner: "docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file: "docker-compose.yml",
+        bash_script: "start.sh", // Should be removed by preprocessing when normalize=true
+        features: ["legacy-feature"],
+        public_logs: true,
+        kms_enabled: false,
+        gateway_enabled: true,
+        allowed_envs: ["NODE_ENV"],
+        secure_time: false
+      }
+
+      const hash = getComposeHash(compose)
+      expect(hash).toBeDefined()
+      expect(hash).toHaveLength(64)
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/index.test.ts b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/index.test.ts
index f15730f85..15b8d4508 100644
--- a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/index.test.ts
+++ b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/index.test.ts
@@ -1,36 +1,69 @@
-import { expect, describe, it } from 'vitest'
-import { TappdClient } from '../index'
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-describe('TappdClient', () => {
-  it('should able to derive key', async () => {
+import { expect, describe, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import crypto from 'crypto' // Added for prehashed test
+import { DstackClient, TappdClient } from '../index'
+
+describe('DstackClient', () => {
+  it('should able to derive key in TappdClient', async () => {
     const client = new TappdClient()
     const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
     expect(result).toHaveProperty('key')
     expect(result).toHaveProperty('certificate_chain')
   })
 
+  it('should throws error in DstackClient', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    await expect(() => client.deriveKey('/', 'test')).rejects.toThrow('deriveKey is deprecated, please use getKey instead.')
+  })
+
+  it('should able to get key', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.getKey('/', 'test')
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('key')
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('signature_chain')
+  })
+
+  it('should able to get key with different algorithms', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const resultSecp = await client.getKey('/secp', 'test', 'secp256k1')
+    expect(resultSecp.key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(resultSecp.key.length).toBe(32) // secp256k1 private key size
+
+    const resultEd = await client.getKey('/ed', 'test', 'ed25519')
+    expect(resultEd.key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(resultEd.key.length).toBe(32) // ed25519 private key size (seed)
+  })
+
+
   it('should able to request tdx quote', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
+    const client = new DstackClient()
     // You can put computation result as report data to tdxQuote. NOTE: it should serializable by JSON.stringify
-    const result = await client.tdxQuote('some data or anything can be call by toJSON')
+    const result = await client.getQuote('some data or anything can be call by toJSON')
     expect(result).toHaveProperty('quote')
     expect(result).toHaveProperty('event_log')
-    expect(result.quote.substring(0, 2)).toBe('0x')
     expect(result.event_log.substring(0, 1) === '{')
     expect(() => JSON.parse(result.event_log)).not.toThrowError()
-    expect(result.replayRtmrs().length).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it('should be able to attest', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.attest('test')
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('attestation')
+    expect(result.attestation).not.toBe('')
   })
 
   it('should able to get derive key result as uint8array', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
-    const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
-    const key = result.asUint8Array()
-    expect(key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.getKey('/', 'test')
+    expect(result.key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
   })
 
   it('should able to get derive key result as uint8array with specified length', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
-    const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.getTlsKey()
     const full = result.asUint8Array()
     const key = result.asUint8Array(32)
     expect(full).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
@@ -39,24 +72,295 @@ describe('TappdClient', () => {
     expect(key.length).not.eq(full.length)
   })
 
-  it('should able set quote hash_algorithm', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
-    const result = await client.tdxQuote('pure string', 'raw')
+  it('should be able to get quote', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.getQuote('pure string')
   })
 
-  it('should throw error on report_data large then 64 characters and using raw hash_algorithm', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
-    expect(() => client.tdxQuote('0'.padEnd(65, 'x'), 'raw')).rejects.toThrow()
+  it('should throw error on report_data large then 64 characters', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    await expect(() => client.getQuote('0'.padEnd(65, 'x'))).rejects.toThrow()
   })
 
-  it('should throw error on report_data large then 128 bytes and using raw hash_algorithm', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
-    expect(() => client.tdxQuote(Buffer.alloc(65), 'raw')).rejects.toThrow()
+  it('should throw error on report_data large then 64 bytes', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    await expect(() => client.getQuote(Buffer.alloc(65))).rejects.toThrow()
   })
 
-  it('should throw error on report_data large then 128 bytes and using raw hash_algorithm', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient()
+  it('should throw error on report_data large then 128 bytes', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
     const input = new Uint8Array(65).fill(0)
-    expect(() => client.tdxQuote(input, 'raw')).rejects.toThrow()
+    await expect(() => client.getQuote(input)).rejects.toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('should throw error on attest report_data larger than 64 bytes', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    await expect(() => client.attest(Buffer.alloc(65))).rejects.toThrow()
+  })
+
+  it('should be able to get info', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.info()
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('app_id')
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('instance_id')
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('tcb_info')
+    expect(result.app_id).not.toBe('')
+    expect(result.instance_id).not.toBe('')
+    expect(result.tcb_info).not.toBe('')
+    expect(result.tcb_info).toHaveProperty('os_image_hash')
+    expect(result.tcb_info).toHaveProperty('compose_hash')
+    expect(result.tcb_info).toHaveProperty('device_id')
+    expect(result.tcb_info).toHaveProperty('app_compose')
+    expect(result.tcb_info).toHaveProperty('event_log')
+  })
+
+  it('should be able to decode tcb info', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.info()
+    const tcbInfo = result.tcb_info
+    expect(tcbInfo).toHaveProperty('rtmr0')
+    expect(tcbInfo).toHaveProperty('rtmr1')
+    expect(tcbInfo).toHaveProperty('rtmr2')
+    expect(tcbInfo).toHaveProperty('rtmr3')
+    expect(tcbInfo).toHaveProperty('event_log')
+    expect(tcbInfo.rtmr0).not.toBe('')
+    expect(tcbInfo.rtmr1).not.toBe('')
+    expect(tcbInfo.rtmr2).not.toBe('')
+    expect(tcbInfo.rtmr3).not.toBe('')
+    expect(tcbInfo.event_log.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  it('should be able to get TLS key with alt names', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const altNames = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1']
+    const result = await client.getTlsKey({
+      subject: 'test-subject',
+      altNames,
+      usageRaTls: true,
+      usageServerAuth: true,
+      usageClientAuth: true,
+    })
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('key')
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('certificate_chain')
+    expect(result.key).not.toBe('')
+    expect(result.certificate_chain.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  it('should throw error when unix socket file does not exist', () => {
+    // Temporarily remove environment variable to test file check
+    const savedEnv = process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+    delete process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+
+    expect(() => new DstackClient('/non/existent/socket')).toThrow('Unix socket file /non/existent/socket does not exist')
+
+    // Restore environment variable
+    if (savedEnv) {
+      process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT = savedEnv
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('should not throw error for non-unix socket endpoints', () => {
+    // Temporarily remove environment variable to test non-unix socket paths
+    const savedEnv = process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+    delete process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+
+    expect(() => new DstackClient('http://localhost:8080')).not.toThrow()
+    expect(() => new DstackClient('https://example.com')).not.toThrow()
+
+    // Restore environment variable
+    if (savedEnv) {
+      process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT = savedEnv
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('should be able to check if service is reachable', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const isReachable = await client.isReachable()
+    expect(typeof isReachable).toBe('boolean')
+  })
+
+  describe('Sign and Verify Methods', () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const testData = 'Test message for signing'
+    const badData = 'This is not the original message'
+
+    it('should sign and verify with ed25519', async () => {
+      const algorithm = 'ed25519'
+      const signResp = await client.sign(algorithm, testData)
+
+      expect(signResp).toHaveProperty('signature')
+      expect(signResp).toHaveProperty('signature_chain')
+      expect(signResp).toHaveProperty('public_key')
+      expect(signResp.signature).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+      expect(signResp.public_key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+      expect(signResp.signature_chain.length).toBeGreaterThan(0) // Should have at least the signature itself
+      expect(signResp.signature_chain[0]).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+
+      // Verify success
+      const verifyResp = await client.verify(algorithm, testData, signResp.signature, signResp.public_key)
+      expect(verifyResp).toHaveProperty('valid', true)
+
+      // Verify failure (bad data)
+      const verifyRespBadData = await client.verify(algorithm, badData, signResp.signature, signResp.public_key)
+      expect(verifyRespBadData).toHaveProperty('valid', false)
+    })
+
+    it('should sign and verify with secp256k1', async () => {
+      const algorithm = 'secp256k1'
+      const signResp = await client.sign(algorithm, testData)
+
+      expect(signResp.signature).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+      expect(signResp.public_key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+      expect(signResp.signature_chain.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+
+      // Verify success
+      const verifyResp = await client.verify(algorithm, testData, signResp.signature, signResp.public_key)
+      expect(verifyResp).toHaveProperty('valid', true)
+
+      // Verify failure (bad data)
+      const verifyRespBadData = await client.verify(algorithm, badData, signResp.signature, signResp.public_key)
+      expect(verifyRespBadData).toHaveProperty('valid', false)
+    })
+
+    it('should sign and verify with secp256k1_prehashed', async () => {
+      const algorithm = 'secp256k1_prehashed'
+      const digest = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(testData).digest()
+      expect(digest.length).toBe(32) // Ensure it's 32 bytes
+
+      const signResp = await client.sign(algorithm, digest)
+
+      expect(signResp.signature).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+      expect(signResp.public_key).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+
+      // Verify success
+      const verifyResp = await client.verify(algorithm, digest, signResp.signature, signResp.public_key)
+      expect(verifyResp).toHaveProperty('valid', true)
+
+      // Verify failure (bad digest)
+      const badDigest = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(badData).digest()
+      const verifyRespBadData = await client.verify(algorithm, badDigest, signResp.signature, signResp.public_key)
+      expect(verifyRespBadData).toHaveProperty('valid', false)
+    })
+
+    it('should throw error when signing secp256k1_prehashed with incorrect data length', async () => {
+      const algorithm = 'secp256k1_prehashed'
+      const invalidData = 'This is not 32 bytes'
+      await expect(() => client.sign(algorithm, invalidData)).rejects.toThrow('Pre-hashed signing requires a 32-byte digest')
+
+      const invalidBuffer = Buffer.alloc(31) // Not 32 bytes
+      await expect(() => client.sign(algorithm, invalidBuffer)).rejects.toThrow('Pre-hashed signing requires a 32-byte digest')
+    })
+
+    it('should throw error for unsupported sign algorithm', async () => {
+      const algorithm = 'rsa'
+      await expect(() => client.sign(algorithm, testData)).rejects.toThrow() // Specific error depends on server impl.
+    })
+  })
+
+  it('should be able to get version', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const result = await client.version()
+    expect(result).toHaveProperty('version')
+    expect(result.version).not.toBe('')
+  })
+
+  it('should get key with k256 alias producing same result as secp256k1', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    const resultK256 = await client.getKey('/test', 'purpose', 'k256')
+    const resultSecp = await client.getKey('/test', 'purpose', 'secp256k1')
+    expect(resultK256.key).toEqual(resultSecp.key)
+  })
+
+  it('should reject secp256k1_prehashed in getKey', async () => {
+    const client = new DstackClient()
+    await expect(() => client.getKey('/test', 'purpose', 'secp256k1_prehashed')).rejects.toThrow()
+  })
+
+  describe('deprecated methods with TappdClient', () => {
+    it('should support deprecated deriveKey method with warning', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('key')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('certificate_chain')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('deriveKey is deprecated, please use getKey instead')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should support deprecated tdxQuote method with warning', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.tdxQuote('test data')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('quote')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('event_log')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tdxQuote is deprecated, please use getQuote instead')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should support tdxQuote with hash algorithm parameter', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.tdxQuote('test data', 'sha256')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('quote')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('event_log')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tdxQuote is deprecated, please use getQuote instead')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('deprecated methods with DstackClient', () => {
+    it('should throws error in deriveKey method', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      await expect(() => client.deriveKey('/', 'test')).rejects.toThrow('deriveKey is deprecated, please use getKey instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should throws error in tdxQuote method without hash algorithm parameter', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      await expect(() => client.tdxQuote('test data')).rejects.toThrow('tdxQuote only supports raw hash algorithm.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it("should throws error in tdxQuote method with hash algorithm parameter other than raw", async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      await expect(() => client.tdxQuote('test data', 'sha256')).rejects.toThrow('tdxQuote only supports raw hash algorithm.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get quote with plain report_data in tdxQuote method with warning', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.tdxQuote('test data', "raw")
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('quote')
+      expect(result).toHaveProperty('event_log')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tdxQuote is deprecated, please use getQuote instead')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should throws error in tdxQuote with hash algorithm parameter', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      await expect(() => client.tdxQuote('test data', 'sha256')).rejects.toThrow('tdxQuote only supports raw hash algorithm.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
   })
 })
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/send-rpc-request.test.ts b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/send-rpc-request.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5a7de8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/send-rpc-request.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { expect, describe, it, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest'
+import { send_rpc_request, __version__ } from '../send-rpc-request'
+import http from 'http'
+import https from 'https'
+import net from 'net'
+
+// Mock the modules
+vi.mock('http')
+vi.mock('https')
+vi.mock('net')
+
+describe('send_rpc_request', () => {
+  let mockHttpRequest: any
+  let mockHttpsRequest: any
+  let mockNetConnect: any
+  let mockReq: any
+  let mockRes: any
+  let mockClient: any
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Reset all mocks
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+
+    // Mock HTTP request
+    mockReq = {
+      write: vi.fn(),
+      end: vi.fn(),
+      on: vi.fn(),
+      destroy: vi.fn(),
+    }
+
+    mockRes = {
+      on: vi.fn(),
+      statusCode: 200,
+    }
+
+    mockHttpRequest = vi.fn(() => mockReq)
+    mockHttpsRequest = vi.fn(() => mockReq)
+
+    vi.mocked(http).request = mockHttpRequest
+    vi.mocked(https).request = mockHttpsRequest
+
+    // Mock net connection
+    mockClient = {
+      write: vi.fn(),
+      end: vi.fn(),
+      on: vi.fn(),
+      destroy: vi.fn(),
+    }
+
+    mockNetConnect = vi.fn(() => mockClient)
+    vi.mocked(net).createConnection = mockNetConnect
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  describe('HTTP requests', () => {
+    it('should make HTTP request with correct parameters', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      // Mock the request flow
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation((url, options, callback) => {
+        // Call the callback with mock response
+        callback(mockRes)
+
+        // Setup response data handling
+        const dataCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'data')?.[1]
+        const endCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'end')?.[1]
+
+        if (dataCallback) dataCallback('{"result": "success"}')
+        if (endCallback) endCallback()
+
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      const result = await send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)
+
+      expect(mockHttpRequest).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        new URL(path, endpoint),
+        expect.objectContaining({
+          method: 'POST',
+          headers: expect.objectContaining({
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(payload),
+            'User-Agent': `dstack-sdk-js/${__version__}`,
+          })
+        }),
+        expect.any(Function)
+      )
+
+      expect(mockReq.write).toHaveBeenCalledWith(payload)
+      expect(mockReq.end).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(result).toEqual({ result: 'success' })
+    })
+
+    it('should make HTTPS request with correct parameters', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'https://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      // Mock the request flow
+      mockHttpsRequest.mockImplementation((url, options, callback) => {
+        callback(mockRes)
+
+        const dataCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'data')?.[1]
+        const endCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'end')?.[1]
+
+        if (dataCallback) dataCallback('{"result": "success"}')
+        if (endCallback) endCallback()
+
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      const result = await send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)
+
+      expect(mockHttpsRequest).toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(result).toEqual({ result: 'success' })
+    })
+
+    it('should handle HTTP request errors', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation(() => {
+        // Set up error callback immediately
+        mockReq.on.mockImplementation((event, callback) => {
+          if (event === 'error') {
+            setTimeout(() => callback(new Error('connection failed')), 0)
+          }
+        })
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      await expect(send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)).rejects.toThrow('connection failed')
+    })
+
+    it('should handle invalid JSON response', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation((url, options, callback) => {
+        callback(mockRes)
+
+        const dataCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'data')?.[1]
+        const endCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'end')?.[1]
+
+        if (dataCallback) dataCallback('invalid json')
+        if (endCallback) endCallback()
+
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      await expect(send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)).rejects.toThrow('failed to parse response')
+    })
+  })
+
+    describe('Unix socket requests', () => {
+    it('should call createConnection with correct parameters', () => {
+      const endpoint = '/tmp/socket'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      // Mock the socket connection to never complete
+      mockNetConnect.mockImplementation((options, callback) => {
+        return mockClient
+      })
+
+      // Start the request but don't wait for completion
+      send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)
+
+      expect(mockNetConnect).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ path: endpoint }, expect.any(Function))
+    })
+
+    it('should handle Unix socket connection errors', async () => {
+      const endpoint = '/tmp/socket'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      mockNetConnect.mockImplementation(() => {
+        mockClient.on.mockImplementation((event, callback) => {
+          if (event === 'error') {
+            setTimeout(() => callback(new Error('socket connection failed')), 0)
+          }
+        })
+        return mockClient
+      })
+
+      await expect(send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)).rejects.toThrow('socket connection failed')
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('timeout functionality', () => {
+    it('should use default timeout of 30 seconds', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      // Mock setTimeout to capture timeout value
+      const originalSetTimeout = global.setTimeout
+      const mockSetTimeout = vi.fn(() => 123)
+      // @ts-ignore
+      global.setTimeout = mockSetTimeout
+
+      // Don't actually complete the request
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation(() => mockReq)
+
+      const promise = send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)
+
+      expect(mockSetTimeout).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.any(Function), 30_000)
+
+      global.setTimeout = originalSetTimeout
+    })
+
+    it('should use custom timeout when provided', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+      const customTimeout = 5000
+
+      const originalSetTimeout = global.setTimeout
+      const mockSetTimeout = vi.fn(() => 123)
+      // @ts-ignore
+      global.setTimeout = mockSetTimeout
+
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation(() => mockReq)
+
+      const promise = send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload, customTimeout)
+
+      expect(mockSetTimeout).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.any(Function), customTimeout)
+
+      global.setTimeout = originalSetTimeout
+    })
+
+    it('should timeout and reject with correct error message', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      // Mock real setTimeout to trigger timeout immediately
+      const originalSetTimeout = global.setTimeout
+      // @ts-ignore
+      global.setTimeout = vi.fn((callback, delay) => {
+        if (delay === 1) {
+          // Call timeout callback immediately for our test timeout
+          callback()
+          return 123 as any
+        }
+        return originalSetTimeout(callback, delay)
+      })
+
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation(() => {
+        // Never complete the request
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      await expect(send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload, 1)).rejects.toThrow('request timed out')
+
+      global.setTimeout = originalSetTimeout
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('abort functionality', () => {
+    it('should cleanup properly on successful requests', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation((url, options, callback) => {
+        callback(mockRes)
+
+        const dataCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'data')?.[1]
+        const endCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'end')?.[1]
+
+        if (dataCallback) dataCallback('{"result": "success"}')
+        if (endCallback) endCallback()
+
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      const result = await send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)
+      expect(result).toEqual({ result: 'success' })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('safe resolution/rejection', () => {
+    it('should not resolve/reject multiple times', async () => {
+      const endpoint = 'http://localhost:3000'
+      const path = '/api/test'
+      const payload = '{"test": "data"}'
+
+      mockHttpRequest.mockImplementation((url, options, callback) => {
+        callback(mockRes)
+
+        // Setup multiple data and end events
+        const dataCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'data')?.[1]
+        const endCallback = mockRes.on.mock.calls.find(call => call[0] === 'end')?.[1]
+
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          if (dataCallback) dataCallback('{"result": "success"}')
+          if (endCallback) {
+            endCallback() // First end
+            endCallback() // Second end - should be ignored
+          }
+        }, 10)
+
+        return mockReq
+      })
+
+      const result = await send_rpc_request(endpoint, path, payload)
+      expect(result).toEqual({ result: 'success' })
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/solana.test.ts b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/solana.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee908a900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/solana.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+
+import { expect, describe, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { Keypair } from '@solana/web3.js'
+
+import { DstackClient, TappdClient } from '../index'
+import { toKeypair, toKeypairSecure } from '../solana'
+
+describe('solana support', () => {
+  describe('toKeypair (legacy)', () => {
+    it('should able to get keypair from getKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const result = await client.getKey('/', 'test')
+      const keypair = toKeypair(result)
+      expect(keypair).toBeInstanceOf(Keypair)
+      expect(keypair.secretKey.length).toBe(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get keypair from deriveKey with TappdClient', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
+      const keypair = toKeypair(result)
+      expect(keypair).toBeInstanceOf(Keypair)
+      expect(keypair.secretKey.length).toBe(64)
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toKeypair: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get keypair from getTlsKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.getTlsKey()
+      const keypair = toKeypair(result)
+      expect(keypair).toBeInstanceOf(Keypair)
+      expect(keypair.secretKey.length).toBe(64)
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toKeypair: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('toKeypairSecure', () => {
+    it('should able to get keypair from getKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const result = await client.getKey('/', 'test')
+      const keypair = toKeypairSecure(result)
+      expect(keypair).toBeInstanceOf(Keypair)
+      expect(keypair.secretKey.length).toBe(64)
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get keypair from deriveKey with TappdClient', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
+      const keypair = toKeypairSecure(result)
+      expect(keypair).toBeInstanceOf(Keypair)
+      expect(keypair.secretKey.length).toBe(64)
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toKeypairSecure: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get keypair from getTlsKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.getTlsKey()
+      const keypair = toKeypairSecure(result)
+      expect(keypair).toBeInstanceOf(Keypair)
+      expect(keypair.secretKey.length).toBe(64)
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toKeypairSecure: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.test.ts b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..908b9e15d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey, verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy } from '../verify-env-encrypt-public-key'
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest'
+
+describe('verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy', () => {
+  it('should verify signature correctly with example data', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from('e33a1832c6562067ff8f844a61e51ad051f1180b66ec2551fb0251735f3ee90a', 'hex'))
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from('8542c49081fbf4e03f62034f13fbf70630bdf256a53032e38465a27c36fd6bed7a5e7111652004aef37f7fd92fbfc1285212c4ae6a6154203a48f5e16cad2cef00', 'hex'))
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy(publicKey, signature, appId)
+
+    expect(result).toBe('0x0217610d74cbd39b6143842c6d8bc310d79da1d82cc9d17f8876376221eda0c38f')
+  })
+
+  it('should handle 0x prefix in app_id', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from('e33a1832c6562067ff8f844a61e51ad051f1180b66ec2551fb0251735f3ee90a', 'hex'))
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(Buffer.from('8542c49081fbf4e03f62034f13fbf70630bdf256a53032e38465a27c36fd6bed7a5e7111652004aef37f7fd92fbfc1285212c4ae6a6154203a48f5e16cad2cef00', 'hex'))
+    const appId = '0x' + '00'.repeat(20)
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy(publicKey, signature, appId)
+
+    expect(result).toBe('0x0217610d74cbd39b6143842c6d8bc310d79da1d82cc9d17f8876376221eda0c38f')
+  })
+
+  it('should return null for invalid signature length', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(64) // Wrong length
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy(publicKey, signature, appId)
+
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('should return null for invalid signature data', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(65) // All zeros
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy(publicKey, signature, appId)
+
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey with timestamp', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // Mock Date.now to return a fixed timestamp for testing
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2024-01-15T12:00:00Z'))
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+  })
+
+  it('should return null for invalid signature length', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(64) // Wrong length
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+    const timestamp = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000))
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp)
+
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('should return null for stale timestamp', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(65)
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+    // Timestamp from 10 minutes ago (600 seconds)
+    const timestamp = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)) - 600n
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp)
+
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('should return null for timestamp too far in the future', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(65)
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+    // Timestamp 2 minutes in the future
+    const timestamp = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)) + 120n
+
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp)
+
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('should accept timestamp within allowed clock skew (future)', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(65) // Invalid signature, but we're testing timestamp check
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+    // Timestamp 30 seconds in the future (within 60s skew)
+    const timestamp = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)) + 30n
+
+    // Will return null due to invalid signature, not timestamp
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp)
+
+    // The function should not reject due to timestamp, but will fail signature verification
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('should accept custom maxAgeSeconds option', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(65)
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+    // Timestamp from 400 seconds ago (would fail default 300s, but pass 600s)
+    const timestamp = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)) - 400n
+
+    // With default maxAge (300s), this should fail due to stale timestamp
+    const result1 = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp)
+    expect(result1).toBeNull()
+
+    // With extended maxAge (600s), it would pass timestamp check but fail signature
+    const result2 = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp, { maxAgeSeconds: 600 })
+    // Still null due to invalid signature data, but the timestamp check passed
+    expect(result2).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('should accept number timestamp', () => {
+    const publicKey = new Uint8Array(32)
+    const signature = new Uint8Array(65)
+    const appId = '00'.repeat(20)
+    const timestamp = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) // number instead of bigint
+
+    // Will return null due to invalid signature, but should handle number timestamp
+    const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(publicKey, signature, appId, timestamp)
+    expect(result).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/viem.test.ts b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/viem.test.ts
index 0304da8b1..307ef49d4 100644
--- a/sdk/js/src/__tests__/viem.test.ts
+++ b/sdk/js/src/__tests__/viem.test.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,94 @@
-import { expect, describe, it } from 'vitest'
-import { TappdClient } from '../index'
-import { toViemAccount } from '../viem'
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-// const endpoint = '../../tappd.sock'
-const endpoint = 'http://127.0.0.1:8090'
+
+import { expect, describe, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { DstackClient, TappdClient } from '../index'
+import { toViemAccount, toViemAccountSecure } from '../viem'
 
 describe('viem support', () => {
-  it('should able to get account from deriveKey', async () => {
-    const client = new TappdClient(endpoint)
-    const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
-    const account =  toViemAccount(result)
-
-    expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
-    expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
-    expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+  describe('toViemAccount (legacy)', () => {
+    it('should able to get account from getKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const result = await client.getKey('/', 'test')
+      const account = toViemAccount(result)
+
+      expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
+      expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
+      expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get account from deriveKey with TappdClient', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
+      const account = toViemAccount(result)
+
+      expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
+      expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
+      expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toViemAccount: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get account from getTlsKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.getTlsKey()
+      const account = toViemAccount(result)
+
+      expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
+      expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
+      expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toViemAccount: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('toViemAccountSecure', () => {
+    it('should able to get account from getKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const result = await client.getKey('/', 'test')
+      const account = toViemAccountSecure(result)
+
+      expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
+      expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
+      expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get account from deriveKey with TappdClient', async () => {
+      const client = new TappdClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.deriveKey('/', 'test')
+      const account = toViemAccountSecure(result)
+
+      expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
+      expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
+      expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toViemAccountSecure: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
+
+    it('should able to get account from getTlsKey with DstackClient', async () => {
+      const client = new DstackClient()
+      const consoleSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+
+      const result = await client.getTlsKey()
+      const account = toViemAccountSecure(result)
+
+      expect(account.source).toBe('privateKey')
+      expect(typeof account.sign).toBe('function')
+      expect(typeof account.signMessage).toBe('function')
+      expect(consoleSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('toViemAccountSecure: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+
+      consoleSpy.mockRestore()
+    })
   })
 })
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/encrypt-env-vars.ts b/sdk/js/src/encrypt-env-vars.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b57f2001a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/encrypt-env-vars.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { x25519 } from "@noble/curves/ed25519"
+
+function hexToUint8Array(hex: string): Uint8Array {
+  hex = hex.startsWith("0x") ? hex.slice(2) : hex
+  return new Uint8Array(
+    hex.match(/.{1,2}/g)?.map((byte) => parseInt(byte, 16)) ?? [],
+  )
+}
+
+function uint8ArrayToHex(buffer: Uint8Array): string {
+  return Array.from(buffer)
+    .map((byte) => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, "0"))
+    .join("")
+}
+
+export interface EnvVar {
+  key: string
+  value: string
+}
+
+/**
+ * ECIES-encrypt a set of environment variables against a recipient's x25519
+ * public key. Works on Node 18+ and modern browsers — uses `globalThis.crypto`
+ * (Web Crypto API) and @noble/curves.
+ */
+export async function encryptEnvVars(
+  envs: EnvVar[],
+  publicKeyHex: string,
+): Promise<string> {
+  const envsJson = JSON.stringify({ env: envs })
+
+  const privateKey = x25519.utils.randomPrivateKey()
+  const publicKey = x25519.getPublicKey(privateKey)
+
+  const remotePubkey = hexToUint8Array(publicKeyHex)
+  const shared = x25519.getSharedSecret(privateKey, remotePubkey)
+
+  const importedShared = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
+    "raw",
+    new Uint8Array(shared),
+    { name: "AES-GCM", length: 256 },
+    true,
+    ["encrypt"],
+  )
+
+  const iv = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(12))
+  const encrypted = await crypto.subtle.encrypt(
+    { name: "AES-GCM", iv },
+    importedShared,
+    new TextEncoder().encode(envsJson),
+  )
+
+  const result = new Uint8Array(
+    publicKey.length + iv.length + encrypted.byteLength,
+  )
+  result.set(publicKey)
+  result.set(iv, publicKey.length)
+  result.set(new Uint8Array(encrypted), publicKey.length + iv.length)
+
+  return uint8ArrayToHex(result)
+}
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/get-compose-hash.ts b/sdk/js/src/get-compose-hash.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8cf0e8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/get-compose-hash.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { sha256 } from "@noble/hashes/sha256";
+import { bytesToHex } from "@noble/hashes/utils";
+
+type SortableValue = string | number | boolean | null | undefined | SortableObject | SortableArray;
+interface SortableObject {
+  [key: string]: SortableValue;
+}
+interface SortableArray extends Array<SortableValue> {}
+
+/**
+ * Recursively sorts object keys lexicographically.
+ * This is crucial for deterministic JSON.stringify in JavaScript.
+ * @param obj The object to sort.
+ * @returns A new object with sorted keys, or the original value if not an object.
+ */
+function sortObject(obj: SortableValue): SortableValue {
+  if (obj === undefined || obj === null) {
+    return obj;
+  }
+  if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
+    return obj.map(sortObject);
+  } else if (obj && typeof obj === "object" && obj.constructor === Object) {
+    return Object.keys(obj)
+      .sort()
+      .reduce((result: SortableObject, key) => {
+        const value = (obj as SortableObject)[key];
+        result[key] = sortObject(value);
+        return result;
+      }, {});
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+export type KeyProviderKind = "none" | "kms" | "local" | "tpm";
+export type RequirementPlatform =
+  | "dstack-tdx"
+  | "dstack-gcp-tdx"
+  | "dstack-amd-sev-snp"
+  | "dstack-nitro-enclave";
+
+export interface DockerConfig extends SortableObject {
+  registry?: string;
+  username?: string;
+  token_key?: string;
+}
+
+export interface Requirements extends SortableObject {
+  os_version?: string;
+  platforms?: RequirementPlatform[];
+  tdx_measure_acpi_tables?: boolean;
+  launch_token_hash?: string;
+}
+
+export interface AppCompose extends SortableObject {
+  manifest_version?: number | string;
+  name?: string;
+  // Deprecated
+  features?: string[];
+  runner: string;
+  snapshotter?: "overlayfs" | "stargz";
+  docker_compose_file?: string;
+  docker_config?: DockerConfig;
+  public_logs?: boolean;
+  public_sysinfo?: boolean;
+  public_tcbinfo?: boolean;
+  kms_enabled?: boolean;
+  gateway_enabled?: boolean;
+  // For backward compatibility with tproxy_enabled
+  tproxy_enabled?: boolean;
+  local_key_provider_enabled?: boolean;
+  key_provider?: KeyProviderKind;
+  key_provider_id?: string; // hex string
+  allowed_envs?: string[];
+  no_instance_id?: boolean;
+  secure_time?: boolean;
+  requirements?: Requirements;
+  // Legacy fields for backward compatibility
+  bash_script?: string;
+  pre_launch_script?: string;
+}
+
+function preprocessAppCompose(dic: AppCompose): AppCompose {
+  const obj: AppCompose = { ...dic };
+  if (obj.runner === "bash" && "docker_compose_file" in obj) {
+    delete obj.docker_compose_file;
+  } else if ((obj.runner === "docker-compose" || obj.runner === "nerdctl-compose") && "bash_script" in obj) {
+    delete obj.bash_script;
+  }
+  if ("pre_launch_script" in obj && !obj.pre_launch_script) {
+    delete obj.pre_launch_script;
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deterministic JSON serialization following cross-language standards.
+ * - Recursively sorts object keys lexicographically
+ * - Compact output (no spaces)
+ * - Handles special values (NaN, Infinity) by converting them to null
+ * - UTF-8 encoding (default in JavaScript)
+ */
+function toDeterministicJson(dic: AppCompose): string {
+  const ordered = sortObject(dic);
+  return JSON.stringify(ordered, (key, value) => {
+    // Convert NaN and Infinity to null for deterministic output
+    if (typeof value === 'number' && (isNaN(value) || !isFinite(value))) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return value;
+  }); // Omit the 'space' argument for compact output
+}
+
+export function getComposeHash(app_compose: AppCompose, normalize: boolean = false): string {
+  if (normalize) {
+    app_compose = preprocessAppCompose(app_compose);
+  }
+  const manifest_str = toDeterministicJson(app_compose);
+  return bytesToHex(sha256(new TextEncoder().encode(manifest_str)));
+}
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/index.ts b/sdk/js/src/index.ts
index 9516c0f61..a060d7656 100644
--- a/sdk/js/src/index.ts
+++ b/sdk/js/src/index.ts
@@ -1,27 +1,124 @@
-import net from 'net'
-import crypto from 'crypto'
-import http from 'http'
-import https from 'https'
-import { URL } from 'url'
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import fs from 'fs'
+import { send_rpc_request } from './send-rpc-request'
+export { getComposeHash } from './get-compose-hash'
+export { verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey, verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy } from './verify-env-encrypt-public-key'
+export type { VerifyOptions } from './verify-env-encrypt-public-key'
+
+export interface GetTlsKeyResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'GetTlsKeyResponse'>
 
-export interface DeriveKeyResponse {
   key: string
   certificate_chain: string[]
 
   asUint8Array: (max_length?: number) => Uint8Array
 }
 
-export type Hex = `0x${string}`
+export interface GetKeyResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'GetKeyResponse'>
+
+  key: Uint8Array
+  signature_chain: Uint8Array[]
+}
+
+export interface SignResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'SignResponse'>
+
+  signature: Uint8Array
+  signature_chain: Uint8Array[]
+  public_key: Uint8Array
+}
+
+export interface VerifyResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'VerifyResponse'>
+
+  valid: boolean
+}
+
+
+export type Hex = `${string}`
 
 export type TdxQuoteHashAlgorithms =
   'sha256' | 'sha384' | 'sha512' | 'sha3-256' | 'sha3-384' | 'sha3-512' |
   'keccak256' | 'keccak384' | 'keccak512' | 'raw'
 
-export interface TdxQuoteResponse {
+export interface EventLog {
+  imr: number
+  event_type: number
+  digest: string
+  event: string
+  event_payload: string
+  version?: 1 | 2
+  preimage?: string
+}
+
+export interface TcbInfo {
+  mrtd: string
+  rtmr0: string
+  rtmr1: string
+  rtmr2: string
+  rtmr3: string
+  app_compose: string
+  event_log: EventLog[]
+}
+
+export type TcbInfoV03x = TcbInfo & {
+  rootfs_hash?: string
+}
+
+export type TcbInfoV05x = TcbInfo & {
+  mr_aggregated: string
+  os_image_hash: string
+  compose_hash: string
+  device_id: string
+}
+
+export interface InfoResponse<VersionTcbInfo extends TcbInfo> {
+  app_id: string
+  instance_id: string
+  app_cert: string
+  tcb_info: VersionTcbInfo
+  app_name: string
+  device_id: string
+  mr_aggregated?: string
+  os_image_hash?: string // Optional: empty if OS image is not measured by KMS
+  key_provider_info: string
+  compose_hash: string
+  vm_config?: string
+  // Cloud provider sys_vendor (e.g. "Google"). Available on dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+  cloud_vendor?: string
+  // Cloud provider product_name (e.g. "Google Compute Engine"). Available on dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+  cloud_product?: string
+}
+
+export interface GetQuoteResponse {
   quote: Hex
   event_log: string
+  report_data?: Hex
+  vm_config?: string
+  attestation?: Hex
+}
+
+export interface AttestResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'AttestResponse'>
+
+  attestation: Hex
+}
+
+export interface GpuInfoResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'GpuInfoResponse'>
 
-  replayRtmrs: () => string[]
+  attestation: string
+}
+
+export interface VersionResponse {
+  __name__: Readonly<'VersionResponse'>
+
+  version: string
+  rev: string
 }
 
 export function to_hex(data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array): string {
@@ -49,183 +146,338 @@ function x509key_to_uint8array(pem: string, max_length?: number) {
   return result
 }
 
-function replay_rtmr(history: string[]): string {
-  const INIT_MR = "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-  if (history.length === 0) {
-      return INIT_MR
-  }
-  let mr = Buffer.from(INIT_MR, 'hex')
-  for (const content of history) {
-      // Convert hex string to buffer
-      let contentBuffer = Buffer.from(content, 'hex')
-      // Pad content with zeros if shorter than 48 bytes
-      if (contentBuffer.length < 48) {
-          const padding = Buffer.alloc(48 - contentBuffer.length, 0)
-          contentBuffer = Buffer.concat([contentBuffer, padding])
+export interface TlsKeyOptions {
+  path?: string;
+  subject?: string;
+  altNames?: string[];
+  usageRaTls?: boolean;
+  usageServerAuth?: boolean;
+  usageClientAuth?: boolean;
+  // Certificate validity start (seconds since UNIX epoch). Requires dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+  notBefore?: number;
+  // Certificate validity end (seconds since UNIX epoch). Requires dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+  notAfter?: number;
+  // Embed app info into the certificate. Requires dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+  withAppInfo?: boolean;
+}
+
+const SECP256K1_ALGORITHMS = new Set(['secp256k1', 'k256', ''])
+
+export class DstackClient<T extends TcbInfo = TcbInfoV05x> {
+  protected endpoint: string
+
+  constructor(endpoint: string | undefined = undefined) {
+    if (endpoint === undefined) {
+      if (process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT) {
+        console.warn(`Using simulator endpoint: ${process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT}`)
+        endpoint = process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+      } else {
+        // Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+        const socketPaths = [
+          '/var/run/dstack.sock',
+          '/run/dstack.sock',
+          '/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock',
+          '/run/dstack/dstack.sock',
+        ]
+        endpoint = socketPaths.find(p => fs.existsSync(p)) ?? socketPaths[0]
       }
-      mr = crypto.createHash('sha384')
-          .update(Buffer.concat([mr, contentBuffer]))
-          .digest()
+    }
+    if (endpoint.startsWith('/') && !fs.existsSync(endpoint)) {
+      throw new Error(`Unix socket file ${endpoint} does not exist`);
+    }
+    this.endpoint = endpoint
   }
-  return mr.toString('hex')
-}
 
-interface EventLog {
-  imr: number
-  digest: string
-}
+  private async ensureAlgorithmSupported(algorithm: string): Promise<void> {
+    if (SECP256K1_ALGORITHMS.has(algorithm)) return
+    try {
+      await this.version()
+    } catch {
+      throw new Error(`algorithm "${algorithm}" is not supported: OS version too old (Version RPC unavailable)`)
+    }
+  }
 
-function reply_rtmrs(event_log: EventLog[]): Record<number, string> {
-  const rtmrs: Array<string> = []
-  for (let idx = 0; idx < 4; idx++) {
-      const history = event_log
-          .filter(event => event.imr === idx)
-          .map(event => event.digest)
-      rtmrs[idx] = replay_rtmr(history)
+  private async ensureTlsKeyOptionsSupported(featureNames: string[]): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.version()
+    } catch {
+      throw new Error(`TLS key options [${featureNames.join(', ')}] are not supported: OS version too old (Version RPC unavailable)`)
+    }
   }
-  return rtmrs
-}
 
+  async getKey(path: string = '', purpose: string = '', algorithm: string = 'secp256k1'): Promise<GetKeyResponse> {
+    await this.ensureAlgorithmSupported(algorithm)
+    const payload = JSON.stringify({
+      path: path,
+      purpose: purpose,
+      algorithm: algorithm
+    })
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<{ key: string, signature_chain: string[] }>(this.endpoint, '/GetKey', payload)
+    return Object.freeze({
+      key: new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(result.key, 'hex')),
+      signature_chain: result.signature_chain.map(sig => new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(sig, 'hex'))),
+      __name__: 'GetKeyResponse',
+    })
+  }
 
-export function send_rpc_request<T = any>(endpoint: string, path: string, payload: string): Promise<T> {
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    const abortController = new AbortController()
-    const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
-      abortController.abort()
-      reject(new Error('Request timed out'))
-    }, 30_000) // 30 seconds timeout
+  async getTlsKey(options: TlsKeyOptions = {}): Promise<GetTlsKeyResponse> {
+    const {
+      subject = '',
+      altNames = [],
+      usageRaTls = false,
+      usageServerAuth = true,
+      usageClientAuth = false,
+      notBefore,
+      notAfter,
+      withAppInfo,
+    } = options;
 
-    const isHttp = endpoint.startsWith('http://') || endpoint.startsWith('https://')
+    const newFeatures: string[] = []
+    if (notBefore !== undefined) newFeatures.push('notBefore')
+    if (notAfter !== undefined) newFeatures.push('notAfter')
+    if (withAppInfo !== undefined) newFeatures.push('withAppInfo')
+    if (newFeatures.length > 0) {
+      await this.ensureTlsKeyOptionsSupported(newFeatures)
+    }
 
-    if (isHttp) {
-      const url = new URL(path, endpoint)
-      const options = {
-        method: 'POST',
-        headers: {
-          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-          'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(payload),
-        },
-      }
+    let raw: Record<string, any> = {
+      subject,
+      usage_ra_tls: usageRaTls,
+      usage_server_auth: usageServerAuth,
+      usage_client_auth: usageClientAuth,
+    }
+    if (altNames && altNames.length) {
+      raw['alt_names'] = altNames
+    }
+    if (notBefore !== undefined) {
+      raw['not_before'] = notBefore
+    }
+    if (notAfter !== undefined) {
+      raw['not_after'] = notAfter
+    }
+    if (withAppInfo !== undefined) {
+      raw['with_app_info'] = withAppInfo
+    }
+    const payload = JSON.stringify(raw)
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<GetTlsKeyResponse>(this.endpoint, '/GetTlsKey', payload)
+    const asUint8Array = (length?: number) => x509key_to_uint8array(result.key, length)
+    return Object.freeze({
+      ...result,
+      asUint8Array,
+      __name__: 'GetTlsKeyResponse',
+    })
+  }
 
-      const req = (url.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http).request(url, options, (res) => {
-        let data = ''
-        res.on('data', (chunk) => {
-          data += chunk
-        })
-        res.on('end', () => {
-          clearTimeout(timeout)
-          try {
-            const result = JSON.parse(data)
-            resolve(result as T)
-          } catch (error) {
-            reject(new Error('Failed to parse response'))
-          }
-        })
-      })
-
-      req.on('error', (error) => {
-        clearTimeout(timeout)
-        reject(error)
-      })
-
-      abortController.signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
-        req.destroy()
-        reject(new Error('Request aborted'))
-      })
-
-      req.write(payload)
-      req.end()
-    } else {
-      const client = net.createConnection({ path: endpoint }, () => {
-        client.write(`POST ${path} HTTP/1.1\r\n`)
-        client.write(`Host: localhost\r\n`)
-        client.write(`Content-Type: application/json\r\n`)
-        client.write(`Content-Length: ${payload.length}\r\n`)
-        client.write('\r\n')
-        client.write(payload)
-      })
-
-      let data = ''
-      let headers: Record<string, string> = {}
-      let headersParsed = false
-      let contentLength = 0
-      let bodyData = ''
-
-      client.on('data', (chunk) => {
-        data += chunk
-        if (!headersParsed) {
-          const headerEndIndex = data.indexOf('\r\n\r\n')
-          if (headerEndIndex !== -1) {
-            const headerLines = data.slice(0, headerEndIndex).split('\r\n')
-            headerLines.forEach(line => {
-              const [key, value] = line.split(': ')
-              if (key && value) {
-                headers[key.toLowerCase()] = value
-              }
-            })
-            headersParsed = true
-            contentLength = parseInt(headers['content-length'] || '0', 10)
-            bodyData = data.slice(headerEndIndex + 4)
-          }
-        } else {
-          bodyData += chunk
-        }
-
-        if (headersParsed && bodyData.length >= contentLength) {
-          client.end()
-        }
-      })
-
-      client.on('end', () => {
-        clearTimeout(timeout)
-        try {
-          const result = JSON.parse(bodyData.slice(0, contentLength))
-          resolve(result as T)
-        } catch (error) {
-          reject(new Error('Failed to parse response'))
-        }
-      })
-
-      client.on('error', (error) => {
-        clearTimeout(timeout)
-        reject(error)
-      })
-
-      abortController.signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
-        client.destroy()
-        reject(new Error('Request aborted'))
-      })
-    }
-  })
-}
-
-export class TappdClient {
-  private endpoint: string
-
-  constructor(endpoint: string = '/var/run/tappd.sock') {
-    if (process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT) {
-      console.debug(`Using simulator endpoint: ${process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT}`)
-      endpoint = process.env.DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+  async getQuote(report_data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array): Promise<GetQuoteResponse> {
+    let hex = to_hex(report_data)
+    if (hex.length > 128) {
+      throw new Error(`Report data is too large, it should be less than 64 bytes.`)
     }
-    this.endpoint = endpoint
+    const payload = JSON.stringify({ report_data: hex })
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<GetQuoteResponse>(this.endpoint, '/GetQuote', payload)
+    if ('error' in result) {
+      const err = result['error'] as string
+      throw new Error(err)
+    }
+    return Object.freeze(result)
+  }
+
+  async attest(report_data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array): Promise<AttestResponse> {
+    let hex = to_hex(report_data)
+    if (hex.length > 128) {
+      throw new Error(`Report data is too large, it should be less than 64 bytes.`)
+    }
+    const payload = JSON.stringify({ report_data: hex })
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<{ attestation: string }>(this.endpoint, '/Attest', payload)
+    if ('error' in (result as any)) {
+      const err = (result as any)['error'] as string
+      throw new Error(err)
+    }
+    return Object.freeze({
+      __name__: 'AttestResponse',
+      attestation: result.attestation as Hex,
+    })
+  }
+
+  async gpuInfo(): Promise<GpuInfoResponse> {
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<{ attestation: string }>(this.endpoint, '/GpuInfo', '{}')
+    return Object.freeze({
+      ...result,
+      __name__: 'GpuInfoResponse',
+    })
+  }
+
+  async info(): Promise<InfoResponse<T>> {
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<Omit<InfoResponse<TcbInfo>, 'tcb_info'> & { tcb_info: string }>(this.endpoint, '/Info', '{}')
+    return Object.freeze({
+      ...result,
+      tcb_info: JSON.parse(result.tcb_info) as T,
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Query the guest-agent version.
+   *
+   * Returns the version on OS >= 0.5.7.
+   * Throws on older OS versions that lack the Version RPC.
+   */
+  async version(): Promise<VersionResponse> {
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<{ version: string, rev: string }>(this.endpoint, '/Version', '{}')
+    return Object.freeze({
+      ...result,
+      __name__: 'VersionResponse',
+    })
+  }
+
+  async isReachable(): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      // Use info endpoint to test connectivity with 500ms timeout
+      await send_rpc_request(this.endpoint, '/Info', '{}', 500)
+      return true
+    } catch (error) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Signs a payload using a derived key.
+   * @param algorithm The algorithm to use (e.g., "ed25519", "secp256k1", "secp256k1_prehashed")
+   * @param data The data to sign. If algorithm is "secp256k1_prehashed", this must be a 32-byte hash.
+   * @returns A SignResponse containing the signature, signature chain, and public key.
+   */
+  async sign(algorithm: string, data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array): Promise<SignResponse> {
+    const hexData = to_hex(data);
+    if (algorithm === 'secp256k1_prehashed' && hexData.length !== 64) {
+        throw new Error(`Pre-hashed signing requires a 32-byte digest, but received ${hexData.length / 2} bytes`);
+    }
+
+    const payload = JSON.stringify({
+        algorithm: algorithm,
+        data: hexData
+    });
+
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<{ signature: string, signature_chain: string[], public_key: string }>(this.endpoint, '/Sign', payload);
+
+    return Object.freeze({
+        signature: new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(result.signature, 'hex')),
+        signature_chain: result.signature_chain.map(sig => new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(sig, 'hex'))),
+        public_key: new Uint8Array(Buffer.from(result.public_key, 'hex')),
+        __name__: 'SignResponse',
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verifies a payload signature.
+   * @param algorithm The algorithm to use (e.g., "ed25519", "secp256k1", "secp256k1_prehashed")
+   * @param data The data that was signed.
+   * @param signature The signature to verify.
+   * @param publicKey The public key to use for verification.
+   * @returns A VerifyResponse indicating if the signature is valid.
+   */
+  async verify(
+    algorithm: string,
+    data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array,
+    signature: string | Buffer | Uint8Array,
+    publicKey: string | Buffer | Uint8Array
+  ): Promise<VerifyResponse> {
+    const payload = JSON.stringify({
+        algorithm: algorithm,
+        data: to_hex(data),
+        signature: to_hex(signature),
+        public_key: to_hex(publicKey)
+    });
+
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<{ valid: boolean }>(this.endpoint, '/Verify', payload);
+
+    return Object.freeze({
+        ...result,
+        __name__: 'VerifyResponse',
+    });
+  }
+
+  //
+  // Legacy methods for backward compatibility with a warning to notify users about migrating to new methods.
+  // These methods don't mean fully compatible as past, but we keep them here until next major version.
+  //
+
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Use getKey instead.
+   * @param path The path to the key.
+   * @param subject The subject of the key.
+   * @param altNames The alternative names of the key.
+   * @returns The key.
+   */
+  async deriveKey(path?: string, subject?: string, altNames?: string[]): Promise<GetTlsKeyResponse> {
+    throw new Error('deriveKey is deprecated, please use getKey instead.')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Use getQuote instead.
+   * @param report_data The report data.
+   * @param hash_algorithm The hash algorithm.
+   * @returns The quote.
+   */
+  async tdxQuote(report_data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array, hash_algorithm?: TdxQuoteHashAlgorithms): Promise<GetQuoteResponse> {
+    console.warn('tdxQuote is deprecated, please use getQuote instead')
+    if (hash_algorithm !== "raw") {
+      throw new Error('tdxQuote only supports raw hash algorithm.')
+    }
+    return this.getQuote(report_data)
+  }
+}
+
+export class TappdClient extends DstackClient<TcbInfoV03x> {
+  constructor(endpoint: string | undefined = undefined) {
+    if (endpoint === undefined) {
+      if (process.env.TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT) {
+        console.warn(`Using tappd endpoint: ${process.env.TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT}`)
+        endpoint = process.env.TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT
+      } else {
+        // Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+        const socketPaths = [
+          '/var/run/tappd.sock',
+          '/run/tappd.sock',
+          '/var/run/dstack/tappd.sock',
+          '/run/dstack/tappd.sock',
+        ]
+        endpoint = socketPaths.find(p => fs.existsSync(p)) ?? socketPaths[0]
+      }
+    }
+    console.warn('TappdClient is deprecated, please use DstackClient instead')
+    super(endpoint)
   }
 
-  async deriveKey(path?: string, subject?: string, alt_names?: string[]): Promise<DeriveKeyResponse> {
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Use getKey instead.
+   * @param path The path to the key.
+   * @param subject The subject of the key.
+   * @param altNames The alternative names of the key.
+   * @returns The key.
+   */
+  async deriveKey(path?: string, subject?: string, alt_names?: string[]): Promise<GetTlsKeyResponse> {
+    console.warn('deriveKey is deprecated, please use getKey instead');
     let raw: Record<string, any> = { path: path || '', subject: subject || path || '' }
     if (alt_names && alt_names.length) {
       raw['alt_names'] = alt_names
     }
     const payload = JSON.stringify(raw)
-    const result = await send_rpc_request<DeriveKeyResponse>(this.endpoint, '/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey', payload)
-    Object.defineProperty(result, 'asUint8Array', {
-      get: () => (length?: number) => x509key_to_uint8array(result.key, length),
-      enumerable: true,
-      configurable: false,
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<GetTlsKeyResponse>(this.endpoint, '/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey', payload)
+    const asUint8Array = (length?: number) => x509key_to_uint8array(result.key, length)
+    return Object.freeze({
+      ...result,
+      asUint8Array,
+      __name__: 'GetTlsKeyResponse',
     })
-    return Object.freeze(result)
   }
 
-  async tdxQuote(report_data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array, hash_algorithm?: TdxQuoteHashAlgorithms): Promise<TdxQuoteResponse> {
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Use getQuote instead.
+   * @param report_data The report data.
+   * @param hash_algorithm The hash algorithm.
+   * @returns The quote.
+   */
+  async tdxQuote(report_data: string | Buffer | Uint8Array, hash_algorithm?: TdxQuoteHashAlgorithms): Promise<GetQuoteResponse> {
+    console.warn('tdxQuote is deprecated, please use getQuote instead');
     let hex = to_hex(report_data)
     if (hash_algorithm === 'raw') {
       if (hex.length > 128) {
@@ -236,16 +488,21 @@ export class TappdClient {
       }
     }
     const payload = JSON.stringify({ report_data: hex, hash_algorithm })
-    const result = await send_rpc_request<TdxQuoteResponse>(this.endpoint, '/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote', payload)
+    const result = await send_rpc_request<GetQuoteResponse>(this.endpoint, '/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote', payload)
     if ('error' in result) {
       const err = result['error'] as string
       throw new Error(err)
     }
-    Object.defineProperty(result, 'replayRtmrs', {
-      get: () => () => reply_rtmrs(JSON.parse(result.event_log) as EventLog[]),
-      enumerable: true,
-      configurable: false,
-    })
     return Object.freeze(result)
   }
+
+  async isReachable(): Promise<boolean> {
+    try {
+      // Use info endpoint to test connectivity with 500ms timeout
+      await send_rpc_request(this.endpoint, '/prpc/Tappd.Info', '{}', 500)
+      return true
+    } catch (error) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
 }
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/send-rpc-request.ts b/sdk/js/src/send-rpc-request.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e831c418f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/send-rpc-request.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import http from 'http'
+import https from 'https'
+import net from 'net'
+
+export const __version__ = "0.5.6"
+
+
+export function send_rpc_request<T = any>(endpoint: string, path: string, payload: string, timeoutMs?: number): Promise<T> {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const abortController = new AbortController()
+    let isCompleted = false
+
+    const safeReject = (error: Error) => {
+      if (!isCompleted) {
+        isCompleted = true
+        reject(error)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const safeResolve = (result: T) => {
+      if (!isCompleted) {
+        isCompleted = true
+        resolve(result)
+      }
+    }
+
+    const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+      abortController.abort()
+      safeReject(new Error('request timed out'))
+    }, timeoutMs || 30_000) // Default 30 seconds timeout
+
+    const cleanup = () => {
+      clearTimeout(timeout)
+      abortController.signal.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+    }
+
+    const onAbort = () => {
+      cleanup()
+      safeReject(new Error('request aborted'))
+    }
+
+    abortController.signal.addEventListener('abort', onAbort)
+
+    const isHttp = endpoint.startsWith('http://') || endpoint.startsWith('https://')
+
+    if (isHttp) {
+      const url = new URL(path, endpoint)
+      const options = {
+        method: 'POST',
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+          'Content-Length': Buffer.byteLength(payload),
+          'User-Agent': `dstack-sdk-js/${__version__}`,
+        },
+      }
+
+      const req = (url.protocol === 'https:' ? https : http).request(url, options, (res) => {
+        let data = ''
+        res.on('data', (chunk) => {
+          data += chunk
+        })
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          cleanup()
+          try {
+            const result = JSON.parse(data)
+            safeResolve(result as T)
+          } catch (error) {
+            safeReject(new Error('failed to parse response'))
+          }
+        })
+      })
+
+      req.on('error', (error) => {
+        cleanup()
+        safeReject(error)
+      })
+
+      abortController.signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
+        req.destroy()
+      })
+
+      req.write(payload)
+      req.end()
+    } else {
+      const client = net.createConnection({ path: endpoint }, () => {
+        client.write(`POST ${path} HTTP/1.1\r\n`)
+        client.write(`Host: localhost\r\n`)
+        client.write(`Content-Type: application/json\r\n`)
+        client.write(`Content-Length: ${payload.length}\r\n`)
+        client.write('\r\n')
+        client.write(payload)
+      })
+
+      let data = ''
+      let headers: Record<string, string> = {}
+      let headersParsed = false
+      let contentLength = 0
+      let bodyData = ''
+
+      client.on('data', (chunk) => {
+        data += chunk
+        if (!headersParsed) {
+          const headerEndIndex = data.indexOf('\r\n\r\n')
+          if (headerEndIndex !== -1) {
+            const headerLines = data.slice(0, headerEndIndex).split('\r\n')
+            headerLines.forEach(line => {
+              const [key, value] = line.split(': ')
+              if (key && value) {
+                headers[key.toLowerCase()] = value
+              }
+            })
+            headersParsed = true
+            contentLength = parseInt(headers['content-length'] || '0', 10)
+            bodyData = data.slice(headerEndIndex + 4)
+          }
+        } else {
+          bodyData += chunk
+        }
+
+        if (headersParsed && bodyData.length >= contentLength) {
+          client.end()
+        }
+      })
+
+      client.on('end', () => {
+        cleanup()
+        try {
+          const result = JSON.parse(bodyData.slice(0, contentLength))
+          safeResolve(result as T)
+        } catch (error) {
+          safeReject(new Error('failed to parse response'))
+        }
+      })
+
+      client.on('error', (error) => {
+        cleanup()
+        safeReject(error)
+      })
+
+      abortController.signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
+        client.destroy()
+      })
+    }
+  })
+}
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/solana.ts b/sdk/js/src/solana.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fe69f633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/solana.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256'
+import { type GetKeyResponse, type GetTlsKeyResponse } from './index'
+import { Keypair } from '@solana/web3.js'
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated use toKeypairSecure instead. This method has security concerns.
+ * Current implementation uses raw key material without proper hashing.
+ */
+export function toKeypair(keyResponse: GetTlsKeyResponse | GetKeyResponse) {
+  // Keep legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse, but with warning.
+  if (keyResponse.__name__ === 'GetTlsKeyResponse') {
+    console.warn('toKeypair: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+    // Restored original behavior: using first 32 bytes directly
+    const bytes = keyResponse.asUint8Array(32)
+    return Keypair.fromSeed(bytes)
+  }
+  return Keypair.fromSeed(keyResponse.key)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a Solana Keypair from DeriveKeyResponse using secure key derivation.
+ * This method applies SHA256 hashing to the complete key material for enhanced security.
+ */
+export function toKeypairSecure(keyResponse: GetTlsKeyResponse | GetKeyResponse) {
+  // Keep legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse, but with warning.
+  if (keyResponse.__name__ === 'GetTlsKeyResponse') {
+    console.warn('toKeypairSecure: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+    const buf = sha256(keyResponse.asUint8Array())
+    return Keypair.fromSeed(buf)
+  }
+  return Keypair.fromSeed(keyResponse.key)
+}
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.ts b/sdk/js/src/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40a33a908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/src/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { keccak_256 } from "@noble/hashes/sha3"
+import { secp256k1 } from "@noble/curves/secp256k1"
+
+const DEFAULT_MAX_AGE_SECONDS = 300
+
+export interface VerifyOptions {
+  /** Maximum age of the signed response in seconds. Default: 300 (5 minutes). */
+  maxAgeSeconds?: number
+}
+
+function bigintToBeBytes(value: bigint, length: number): Uint8Array {
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(length)
+  for (let i = length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    bytes[i] = Number(value & 0xffn)
+    value >>= 8n
+  }
+  return bytes
+}
+
+function hexToBytes(hex: string): Uint8Array | null {
+  if (hex.startsWith("0x") || hex.startsWith("0X")) hex = hex.slice(2)
+  if (hex.length % 2 !== 0 || !/^[0-9a-fA-F]*$/.test(hex)) return null
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(hex.length / 2)
+  for (let i = 0; i < hex.length; i += 2) {
+    bytes[i / 2] = parseInt(hex.substr(i, 2), 16)
+  }
+  return bytes
+}
+
+function bytesToHex(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
+  return Array.from(bytes, (b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("")
+}
+
+function concat(...parts: Uint8Array[]): Uint8Array {
+  const total = parts.reduce((n, p) => n + p.length, 0)
+  const out = new Uint8Array(total)
+  let offset = 0
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    out.set(part, offset)
+    offset += part.length
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function recoverSigner(
+  messageHash: Uint8Array,
+  signature: Uint8Array,
+): string | null {
+  try {
+    const sigBytes = signature.slice(0, 64)
+    const recovery = signature[64]
+    const recoveredPubKey = secp256k1.Signature.fromCompact(sigBytes)
+      .addRecoveryBit(recovery)
+      .recoverPublicKey(messageHash)
+    return "0x" + bytesToHex(recoveredPubKey.toRawBytes(true))
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error("signature verification failed:", error)
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Verify a timestamp-protected KMS env-encrypt public key signature.
+ *
+ * Returns the signer's compressed secp256k1 public key on success, or `null`
+ * on failure (bad length, expired timestamp, invalid signature).
+ */
+export function verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(
+  publicKey: Uint8Array,
+  signature: Uint8Array,
+  appId: string,
+  timestamp: bigint | number,
+  options?: VerifyOptions,
+): string | null {
+  if (signature.length !== 65) return null
+
+  const ts = typeof timestamp === "bigint" ? timestamp : BigInt(timestamp)
+  const maxAge = options?.maxAgeSeconds ?? DEFAULT_MAX_AGE_SECONDS
+  const now = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000))
+  const age = now - ts
+  if (age < -60n) {
+    console.error("timestamp is too far in the future")
+    return null
+  }
+  if (age > BigInt(maxAge)) {
+    console.error(`timestamp is too old: ${age}s > ${maxAge}s`)
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const appIdBytes = hexToBytes(appId)
+  if (!appIdBytes) return null
+
+  const prefix = new TextEncoder().encode("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey")
+  const separator = new TextEncoder().encode(":")
+  const timestampBytes = bigintToBeBytes(ts, 8)
+  const message = concat(
+    prefix,
+    separator,
+    appIdBytes,
+    timestampBytes,
+    publicKey,
+  )
+  return recoverSigner(keccak_256(message), signature)
+}
+
+/**
+ * @deprecated Use {@link verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey} with timestamp. Legacy
+ * signatures do not protect against replay attacks.
+ */
+export function verifyEnvEncryptPublicKeyLegacy(
+  publicKey: Uint8Array,
+  signature: Uint8Array,
+  appId: string,
+): string | null {
+  if (signature.length !== 65) return null
+
+  const appIdBytes = hexToBytes(appId)
+  if (!appIdBytes) return null
+
+  const prefix = new TextEncoder().encode("dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey")
+  const separator = new TextEncoder().encode(":")
+  const message = concat(prefix, separator, appIdBytes, publicKey)
+  return recoverSigner(keccak_256(message), signature)
+}
diff --git a/sdk/js/src/viem.ts b/sdk/js/src/viem.ts
index d0bd8899a..d2b505624 100644
--- a/sdk/js/src/viem.ts
+++ b/sdk/js/src/viem.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,38 @@
-import { type DeriveKeyResponse } from './index'
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256'
+import { bytesToHex } from '@noble/hashes/utils'
+import { type GetKeyResponse, type GetTlsKeyResponse } from './index'
 import { privateKeyToAccount } from 'viem/accounts'
 
-export function toViemAccount(deriveKeyResponse: DeriveKeyResponse) {
-  const hex = Array.from(deriveKeyResponse.asUint8Array(32)).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
+/**
+ * @deprecated use toViemAccountSecure instead. This method has security concerns.
+ * Current implementation uses raw key material without proper hashing.
+ */
+export function toViemAccount(keyResponse: GetKeyResponse | GetTlsKeyResponse) {
+  // Keep legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse, but with warning.
+  if (keyResponse.__name__ === 'GetTlsKeyResponse') {
+    console.warn('toViemAccount: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+    const hex = Array.from(keyResponse.asUint8Array(32)).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
+    return privateKeyToAccount(`0x${hex}`)
+  }
+  const hex = Array.from(keyResponse.key).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
+  return privateKeyToAccount(`0x${hex}`)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a Viem account from DeriveKeyResponse using secure key derivation.
+ * This method applies SHA256 hashing to the complete key material for enhanced security.
+ */
+export function toViemAccountSecure(keyResponse: GetKeyResponse | GetTlsKeyResponse) {
+  // Keep legacy behavior for GetTlsKeyResponse, but with warning.
+  if (keyResponse.__name__ === 'GetTlsKeyResponse') {
+    console.warn('toViemAccountSecure: Please don\'t use `deriveKey` method to get key, use `getKey` instead.')
+    const hex = bytesToHex(sha256(keyResponse.asUint8Array()))
+    return privateKeyToAccount(`0x${hex}`)
+  }
+  const hex = Array.from(keyResponse.key).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('')
   return privateKeyToAccount(`0x${hex}`)
 }
diff --git a/sdk/js/test-outputs.js b/sdk/js/test-outputs.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37aa18238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/test-outputs.js
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+const { DstackClient, TappdClient, getComposeHash, verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey } = require('./dist/node/index.js');
+const { toViemAccount, toViemAccountSecure } = require('./dist/node/viem.js');
+const { toKeypair, toKeypairSecure } = require('./dist/node/solana.js');
+
+async function main() {
+    console.log("=== JS SDK Output Test ===");
+
+    try {
+        // Test client get_key
+        const client = new DstackClient();
+        console.log("\n1. Testing DstackClient.getKey()");
+
+        const testPaths = [
+            { path: "test/wallet", purpose: "ethereum" },
+            { path: "test/signing", purpose: "solana" },
+            { path: "user/alice", purpose: "mainnet" }
+        ];
+
+        for (const { path, purpose } of testPaths) {
+            const keyResult = await client.getKey(path, purpose);
+            console.log(`getKey('${path}', '${purpose}'):`);
+            console.log(`  key: ${Buffer.from(keyResult.key).toString('hex')}`);
+            console.log(`  signature_chain length: ${keyResult.signature_chain.length}`);
+            console.log(`  signature_chain[0]: ${Buffer.from(keyResult.signature_chain[0]).toString('hex')}`);
+        }
+
+        // Test viem integration
+        console.log("\n2. Testing Viem Integration");
+        const ethKey = await client.getKey("eth/test", "wallet");
+
+        console.log("\n2.1 toViemAccount (legacy):");
+        try {
+            const account = toViemAccount(ethKey);
+            console.log(`  address: ${account.address}`);
+            console.log(`  type: ${account.type}`);
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.log(`  error: ${error.message}`);
+        }
+
+        console.log("\n2.2 toViemAccountSecure:");
+        try {
+            const accountSecure = toViemAccountSecure(ethKey);
+            console.log(`  address: ${accountSecure.address}`);
+            console.log(`  type: ${accountSecure.type}`);
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.log(`  error: ${error.message}`);
+        }
+
+        // Test solana integration
+        console.log("\n3. Testing Solana Integration");
+        const solKey = await client.getKey("sol/test", "wallet");
+
+        console.log("\n3.1 toKeypair (legacy):");
+        try {
+            const keypair = toKeypair(solKey);
+            console.log(`  publicKey: ${keypair.publicKey.toString()}`);
+            console.log(`  secretKey length: ${keypair.secretKey.length}`);
+            console.log(`  secretKey (first 32 bytes): ${Buffer.from(keypair.secretKey.slice(0, 32)).toString('hex')}`);
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.log(`  error: ${error.message}`);
+        }
+
+        console.log("\n3.2 toKeypairSecure:");
+        try {
+            const keypairSecure = toKeypairSecure(solKey);
+            console.log(`  publicKey: ${keypairSecure.publicKey.toString()}`);
+            console.log(`  secretKey length: ${keypairSecure.secretKey.length}`);
+            console.log(`  secretKey (first 32 bytes): ${Buffer.from(keypairSecure.secretKey.slice(0, 32)).toString('hex')}`);
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.log(`  error: ${error.message}`);
+        }
+
+        // Test TappdClient (deprecated)
+        console.log("\n4. Testing TappdClient (deprecated)");
+        try {
+            const tappdClient = new TappdClient();
+            console.log("\n4.1 TappdClient.getKey():");
+            const tappdKey = await tappdClient.getKey("test/wallet", "ethereum");
+            console.log(`  key: ${Buffer.from(tappdKey.key).toString('hex')}`);
+            console.log(`  signature_chain length: ${tappdKey.signature_chain.length}`);
+
+            console.log("\n4.2 TappdClient.tdxQuote():");
+            const tappdQuote = await tappdClient.tdxQuote("test-data", "raw");
+            console.log(`  quote length: ${tappdQuote.quote.length}`);
+            console.log(`  event_log length: ${tappdQuote.event_log.length}`);
+            console.log(`  rtmrs count: ${tappdQuote.replayRtmrs().length}`);
+        } catch (error) {
+            console.log(`  error: ${error.message}`);
+        }
+
+        // Test quotes
+        console.log("\n5. Testing Quote Methods");
+        console.log("\n5.1 DstackClient.getQuote():");
+        const dstackQuote = await client.getQuote("test-data-for-quote");
+        console.log(`  quote length: ${dstackQuote.quote.length}`);
+        console.log(`  event_log length: ${dstackQuote.event_log.length}`);
+        console.log(`  rtmrs count: ${dstackQuote.replayRtmrs().length}`);
+
+        // Test getComposeHash
+        console.log("\n6. Testing getComposeHash");
+        const testComposes = [
+            {
+                manifest_version: 1,
+                name: "test-app",
+                runner: "docker-compose",
+                docker_compose_file: "services:\\n  app:\\n    image: test\\n    ports:\\n      - 8080:8080"
+            },
+            {
+                manifest_version: 1,
+                name: "another-app",
+                runner: "docker-compose",
+                docker_compose_file: "services:\\n  web:\\n    build: .\\n    environment:\\n      - NODE_ENV=production"
+            }
+        ];
+
+        testComposes.forEach((compose, index) => {
+            const hash = getComposeHash(compose);
+            console.log(`compose ${index + 1}: ${hash}`);
+            console.log(`  name: ${compose.name}`);
+            console.log(`  runner: ${compose.runner}`);
+        });
+
+        // Test verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey
+        console.log("\n7. Testing verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey");
+        const testCases = [
+            {
+                publicKey: Buffer.from('e33a1832c6562067ff8f844a61e51ad051f1180b66ec2551fb0251735f3ee90a', 'hex'),
+                signature: Buffer.from('8542c49081fbf4e03f62034f13fbf70630bdf256a53032e38465a27c36fd6bed7a5e7111652004aef37f7fd92fbfc1285212c4ae6a6154203a48f5e16cad2cef00', 'hex'),
+                appId: '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+            },
+            {
+                publicKey: Buffer.from('deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef', 'hex'),
+                signature: Buffer.from('0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000', 'hex'),
+                appId: 'invalid-app-id'
+            }
+        ];
+
+        testCases.forEach((testCase, index) => {
+            try {
+                const result = verifyEnvEncryptPublicKey(testCase.publicKey, testCase.signature, testCase.appId);
+                console.log(`test case ${index + 1}: ${result ? Buffer.from(result).toString('hex') : 'null'}`);
+            } catch (error) {
+                console.log(`test case ${index + 1}: error - ${error.message}`);
+            }
+        });
+
+    } catch (error) {
+        console.error("Error:", error.message);
+        process.exit(1);
+    }
+}
+
+main().catch(console.error);
diff --git a/sdk/js/tsconfig.json b/sdk/js/tsconfig.json
index 9fc365351..47eaeb9b6 100644
--- a/sdk/js/tsconfig.json
+++ b/sdk/js/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 {
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "target": "es2018",
+    "target": "es2020",
     "module": "commonjs",
-    "lib": ["es2018"],
+    "lib": ["es2020"],
     "declaration": true,
     "declarationMap": true,
     "sourceMap": true,
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@
     "strict": true,
     "esModuleInterop": true,
     "skipLibCheck": true,
-    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true
+    "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
+    "moduleResolution": "node"
   },
   "include": ["src/**/*"],
   "exclude": ["node_modules", "**/*.test.ts"]
diff --git a/sdk/js/tsup.config.ts b/sdk/js/tsup.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..189631ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/js/tsup.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import { defineConfig } from "tsup"
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  entry: [
+    "src/index.ts",
+    "src/viem.ts",
+    "src/solana.ts",
+    "src/encrypt-env-vars.ts",
+    "src/get-compose-hash.ts",
+    "src/verify-env-encrypt-public-key.ts",
+  ],
+  format: ["cjs", "esm"],
+  dts: true,
+  clean: true,
+  sourcemap: false,
+  splitting: false,
+  treeshake: true,
+  target: "es2020",
+})
diff --git a/sdk/python/Makefile b/sdk/python/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..801027866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+.PHONY: install lint format type-check type-check-tests test check-all verify
+
+# Install dependencies including linting tools
+install:
+	pdm install -G lint
+
+# Run all formatters (using PDM scripts)
+format:
+	pdm run fmt
+
+# Alias for format
+fmt: format
+
+# Run linting tools (using PDM scripts)
+lint:
+	pdm run lint
+
+# Run type checking only
+type-check:
+	pdm run mypy src/
+
+# Run type checking on tests specifically
+type-check-tests:
+	pdm run mypy tests/test_mypy_check.py tests/test_typing.py
+
+# Run tests
+test:
+	@if [ -z "$$DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" ]; then \
+		echo "error: DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT environment variable is not set"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+	@if [ -z "$$TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" ]; then \
+		echo "error: TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT environment variable is not set"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+	@if [[ "$$DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" == /* ]] && [ ! -e "$$DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" ]; then \
+		echo "error: dstack socket file $$DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT does not exist"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+	@if [[ "$$TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" == /* ]] && [ ! -e "$$TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" ]; then \
+		echo "error: tappd socket file $$TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT does not exist"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+	pdm run test
+
+# Run all checks (format, lint, skip test)
+check-all:
+	pdm run fmt
+	pdm run lint
+
+# Check code without fixing (for CI)
+check:
+	pdm run check
+
+# Run verification without formatting (skip test)
+verify:
+	pdm run check
diff --git a/sdk/python/README.md b/sdk/python/README.md
index 5c187f7bc..d7c0de293 100644
--- a/sdk/python/README.md
+++ b/sdk/python/README.md
@@ -1,21 +1,367 @@
-# dstack-sdk
+# dstack SDK for Python
 
-The DStack SDK for Python.
+Access TEE features from your Python application running inside dstack. Derive deterministic keys, generate attestation quotes, create TLS certificates, and sign data—all backed by hardware security.
 
+## Installation
 
-# For Development
+```bash
+pip install dstack-sdk
+```
+
+Blockchain helpers are optional extras:
+
+| Extra | Pulls in | Use when |
+|---|---|---|
+| `dstack-sdk[ethereum]` | `eth-account` | You want `to_account` / `to_account_secure` for Ethereum signing |
+| `dstack-sdk[solana]` | `solders` | You want `to_keypair` / `to_keypair_secure` for Solana signing |
+| `dstack-sdk[all]` | both | You need both |
+
+Aliases `[eth]` and `[sol]` are accepted for convenience.
+
+## Quick Start
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+
+client = DstackClient()
+
+# Derive a deterministic key for your wallet
+key = client.get_key('wallet/eth')
+print(key.key)  # Same path always returns the same key
+
+# Generate an attestation quote
+quote = client.get_quote(b'my-app-state')
+print(quote.quote)
+```
+
+The client automatically connects to `/var/run/dstack.sock`. For local development with the simulator:
+
+```python
+client = DstackClient('http://localhost:8090')
+# or export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:8090
+```
+
+## Core API
+
+### Derive Keys
+
+`get_key()` derives deterministic keys bound to your application's identity (`app_id`). The same path always produces the same key for your app, but different apps get different keys even with the same path.
+
+```python
+# Derive keys by path
+eth_key = client.get_key('wallet/ethereum')
+btc_key = client.get_key('wallet/bitcoin')
+
+# Use path to separate keys
+mainnet_key = client.get_key('wallet/eth/mainnet')
+testnet_key = client.get_key('wallet/eth/testnet')
+
+# Use a different signature algorithm (requires dstack OS >= 0.5.7)
+ed_key = client.get_key('signing/key', algorithm='ed25519')
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `path` (optional): Key derivation path. Defaults to `""` (root).
+- `purpose` (optional): Included in the signature chain message; does not affect the derived key.
+- `algorithm` (optional): `'secp256k1'` (default) or `'ed25519'`. For compatibility, this selects how the same derived 32-byte material is interpreted; it does not domain-separate the derivation. Use algorithm-specific paths when independent keys are required.
+
+**Returns:** `GetKeyResponse`
+- `key`: Hex-encoded private key
+- `signature_chain`: Signatures proving the key was derived in a genuine TEE
+- `decode_key()` / `decode_signature_chain()`: Helpers that return `bytes`
+
+### Generate Attestation Quotes
+
+`get_quote()` creates a TDX quote proving your code runs in a genuine TEE.
+
+```python
+quote = client.get_quote(b'user:alice:nonce123')
+print(quote.event_log)
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `report_data`: Up to 64 bytes (`bytes` or `str`). Shorter inputs are padded with zeros; longer inputs should be hashed first (e.g., SHA-256).
 
-We use [PDM](https://pdm-project.org/en/latest/) for local development and creating an isolated environment.
+**Returns:** `GetQuoteResponse`
+- `quote`: Hex-encoded TDX quote
+- `event_log`: JSON string of measured events
+- `decode_quote()` / `decode_event_log()`: Helpers
 
-Just run the following command to initiate development:
+### Versioned Attestation
 
+`attest()` returns a versioned attestation payload that newer verifier APIs can dispatch on without sniffing the quote format.
+
+```python
+result = client.attest(b'user:alice:nonce123')
+print(result.attestation)        # hex string
+print(result.decode_attestation())  # bytes
+```
+
+### GPU Info
+
+`gpu_info()` returns GPU information collected during boot. Currently, this
+includes the complete NVIDIA `nvattest` JSON output.
+
+```python
+gpu = client.gpu_info()
+print(gpu.attestation)
+```
+
+The `attestation` field is empty when no GPU attestation output is available.
+The raw output is not trusted by itself; remote verifiers should compare its
+digest with the measured `gpu-attestation` runtime event.
+
+### Get Instance Info
+
+```python
+info = client.info()
+print(info.app_id)
+print(info.instance_id)
+print(info.tcb_info)
+print(info.cloud_vendor, info.cloud_product)  # 0.5.7+
+```
+
+**Returns:** `InfoResponse`
+- `app_id`, `instance_id`, `app_name`, `device_id`
+- `tcb_info`: TCB measurements (MRTD, RTMRs, event log, compose hash, ...)
+- `compose_hash`: Hash of the app configuration
+- `app_cert`: Application certificate (PEM)
+- `key_provider_info`: Key management configuration
+- `cloud_vendor` / `cloud_product`: Cloud provider strings (empty on older OS)
+
+### Generate TLS Certificates
+
+`get_tls_key()` creates fresh TLS certificates. Unlike `get_key()`, each call generates a new random key.
+
+```python
+tls = client.get_tls_key(
+    subject='api.example.com',
+    alt_names=['localhost'],
+    usage_ra_tls=True,    # Embed attestation in certificate
+    # 0.5.7+ options below:
+    not_before=1700000000,   # seconds since UNIX epoch
+    not_after=1800000000,
+    with_app_info=True,
+)
+print(tls.key)                  # PEM private key
+print(tls.certificate_chain)    # Certificate chain
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `subject` (optional): Certificate Common Name (e.g., domain name)
+- `alt_names` (optional): Subject Alternative Names
+- `usage_ra_tls` (optional): Embed TDX quote in a certificate extension (default `False`)
+- `usage_server_auth` (optional): Enable for server authentication (default `True`)
+- `usage_client_auth` (optional): Enable for client authentication (default `False`)
+- `not_before` / `not_after` (optional, kw-only): Validity window in seconds since UNIX epoch. Requires dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+- `with_app_info` (optional, kw-only): Embed app identity into the certificate. Requires dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+
+When any of the 0.5.7-only options is set, the SDK probes `Version` first and raises `RuntimeError` on older guest agents that lack it.
+
+**Returns:** `GetTlsKeyResponse`
+- `key`: PEM-encoded private key
+- `certificate_chain`: List of PEM certificates
+- `as_uint8array(max_length=None)`: Returns the DER-encoded private key bytes (handy when feeding key material into low-level crypto libraries)
+
+### Sign and Verify
+
+Sign data using TEE-derived keys:
+
+```python
+result = client.sign('ed25519', b'message to sign')
+print(result.signature)
+print(result.public_key)
+
+# Verify the signature
+valid = client.verify('ed25519', b'message to sign', result.signature, result.public_key)
+print(valid.valid)  # True
+```
+
+**`sign()` Parameters:**
+- `algorithm`: `'ed25519'`, `'secp256k1'`, or `'secp256k1_prehashed'`
+- `data`: Data to sign (`bytes` or `str`). For `secp256k1_prehashed`, must be a 32-byte digest.
+
+**`sign()` Returns:** `SignResponse`
+- `signature`: Hex-encoded signature
+- `public_key`: Hex-encoded public key
+- `signature_chain`: Signatures proving TEE origin
+
+**`verify()` Returns:** `VerifyResponse`
+- `valid`: Boolean indicating if the signature is valid
+
+### Diagnostics
+
+```python
+client.version()        # VersionResponse(version, rev) — raises on OS < 0.5.7
+client.is_reachable()   # Quick connectivity probe; never raises
+```
+
+## Async Client
+
+For async applications, use `AsyncDstackClient`. The API surface is identical, but every method is a coroutine:
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+
+async def main():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+    info = await client.info()
+    key = await client.get_key('wallet/eth')
+
+    # Run requests concurrently
+    keys = await asyncio.gather(
+        client.get_key('user/alice'),
+        client.get_key('user/bob'),
+    )
+
+asyncio.run(main())
+```
+
+`AsyncDstackClient` accepts the same constructor as `DstackClient` plus `use_sync_http: bool = False` for callers that need to issue sync HTTP from within an async context.
+
+## Blockchain Integration
+
+### Ethereum
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk.ethereum import to_account_secure
+
+key = client.get_key('wallet/ethereum')
+account = to_account_secure(key)
+print(account.address)
+```
+
+`to_account_secure(key)` hashes the full key material with SHA-256 before deriving the Ethereum private key. The legacy `to_account()` is kept for backward compatibility but uses raw key bytes—prefer the secure variant for new code.
+
+### Solana
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk.solana import to_keypair_secure
+
+key = client.get_key('wallet/solana', purpose='mainnet', algorithm='ed25519')
+keypair = to_keypair_secure(key)
+print(keypair.pubkey())
+```
+
+Same pattern: `to_keypair_secure(key)` SHA-256-hashes the key material; `to_keypair()` is the legacy raw-bytes variant.
+
+---
+
+## Deployment Utilities
+
+These utilities are for deployment scripts, not runtime SDK operations.
+
+### Encrypted Environment Variables
+
+The KMS returns a fresh X25519 public key (with a secp256k1 signature) that you encrypt secrets against before submitting them with your deployment. Always verify the signer before trusting the key:
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk import (
+    encrypt_env_vars,
+    verify_env_encrypt_public_key,
+    EnvVar,
+)
+
+# `public_key`, `signature_v1`, `timestamp` come from KMS /GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey.
+signer = verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+    public_key=public_key_bytes,
+    signature=signature_v1_bytes,
+    app_id=app_id_hex,
+    timestamp=timestamp,
+)
+if signer is None:
+    raise RuntimeError('invalid KMS env-encrypt public key')
+
+# Always compare the recovered signer against a known-good KMS signer
+# address, obtained out-of-band from the DstackKms contract or your
+# deployment configuration. Without this check, an attacker could sign
+# their own env-encrypt key and the verification above would still pass.
+EXPECTED_KMS_SIGNER = '0x...'  # replace with your known KMS signer address
+if signer != EXPECTED_KMS_SIGNER:
+    raise RuntimeError(
+        f'unexpected KMS signer: got {signer}, '
+        f'expected {EXPECTED_KMS_SIGNER}'
+    )
+
+env_vars = [
+    EnvVar(key='DATABASE_URL', value='postgresql://...'),
+    EnvVar(key='API_KEY', value='secret'),
+]
+encrypted = await encrypt_env_vars(env_vars, public_key_hex)
+# encrypt_env_vars_sync(...) is also available for non-async callers.
+```
+
+`verify_env_encrypt_public_key` returns the recovered compressed secp256k1 signer (`0x`-prefixed hex) on success, or `None` for any failure (bad length, expired/future timestamp, malformed `app_id`, invalid signature). The default `max_age_seconds` is 300; pass a larger value if your deployment workflow legitimately holds the response longer.
+
+`verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy` remains available only for deployments that explicitly support older KMS builds without `signature_v1`. It does not provide timestamp replay protection and should not be used for new deployments.
+
+### Calculate Compose Hash
+
+```python
+from dstack_sdk import get_compose_hash
+
+hash_value = get_compose_hash(app_compose_dict)
+```
+
+---
+
+## Compatibility
+
+| Feature | Required dstack OS |
+|---|---|
+| `get_key`, `get_quote`, `get_tls_key` (legacy fields), `info` (legacy fields) | 0.3+ |
+| `attest`, `sign` / `verify`, `is_reachable` | 0.5.0+ (sign/verify require server build with the feature) |
+| `version`, `algorithm='ed25519'` on `get_key`, `info.cloud_vendor` / `cloud_product`, `not_before` / `not_after` / `with_app_info` on `get_tls_key` | 0.5.7+ |
+| `verify_env_encrypt_public_key` (signature_v1 with timestamp) | Requires KMS build that emits `signature_v1`; legacy variant remains available |
+
+Calls that require 0.5.7-only fields probe the `Version` RPC first and raise a clear `RuntimeError` on older guest agents.
+
+## Development
+
+For local development without TDX hardware, use the simulator:
 
 ```bash
-pdm install -d
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack/sdk/simulator
+./build.sh
+./dstack-simulator
 ```
 
-Running test cases with local simulator via `/tmp/tappd.sock`:
+Then set the endpoint:
 
 ```bash
-DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=/tmp/tappd.sock pdm run pytest
+export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:8090
 ```
+
+Install dev dependencies and run tests with PDM:
+
+```bash
+cd sdk/python
+make install
+make test
+```
+
+## Migration from TappdClient
+
+Replace `TappdClient` with `DstackClient`:
+
+```python
+# Before
+from dstack_sdk import TappdClient
+client = TappdClient()
+
+# After
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+client = DstackClient()
+```
+
+Method changes:
+- `derive_key()` → `get_tls_key()` for TLS certificates
+- `tdx_quote()` → `get_quote()` (raw data only, no hash algorithms)
+- Socket path: `/var/run/tappd.sock` → `/var/run/dstack.sock`
+
+## License
+
+Apache License 2.0
diff --git a/sdk/python/mypy.ini b/sdk/python/mypy.ini
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c05c83ea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/mypy.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[mypy]
+python_version = 3.10
+warn_return_any = True
+warn_unused_configs = True
+disallow_untyped_defs = False
+disallow_incomplete_defs = False
+check_untyped_defs = True
+disallow_untyped_decorators = False
+no_implicit_optional = True
+warn_redundant_casts = True
+warn_unused_ignores = True
+warn_no_return = True
+warn_unreachable = True
+strict_equality = True
diff --git a/sdk/python/pdm.lock b/sdk/python/pdm.lock
index d3be6b571..3ffaff90c 100644
--- a/sdk/python/pdm.lock
+++ b/sdk/python/pdm.lock
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 
 [metadata]
-groups = ["default", "dev"]
+groups = ["default", "dev", "ethereum", "lint", "solana"]
 strategy = ["inherit_metadata"]
 lock_version = "4.5.0"
-content_hash = "sha256:43a0958126263e17148793409b1093d912249d70496eb66b0e520682f8e1c19e"
+content_hash = "sha256:9f51ba70b678858ab30777d25d4596d2ad8101438269cd2a4be5b2325eaa6c9b"
 
 [[metadata.targets]]
 requires_python = ">=3.10"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ name = "annotated-types"
 version = "0.7.0"
 requires_python = ">=3.8"
 summary = "Reusable constraint types to use with typing.Annotated"
-groups = ["default"]
+groups = ["default", "ethereum"]
 dependencies = [
     "typing-extensions>=4.0.0; python_version < \"3.9\"",
 ]
@@ -26,40 +26,241 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyio"
-version = "4.6.2.post1"
+version = "4.10.0"
 requires_python = ">=3.9"
-summary = "High level compatibility layer for multiple asynchronous event loop implementations"
+summary = "High-level concurrency and networking framework on top of asyncio or Trio"
 groups = ["default"]
 dependencies = [
     "exceptiongroup>=1.0.2; python_version < \"3.11\"",
     "idna>=2.8",
     "sniffio>=1.1",
-    "typing-extensions>=4.1; python_version < \"3.11\"",
+    "typing-extensions>=4.5; python_version < \"3.13\"",
 ]
 files = [
-    {file = "anyio-4.6.2.post1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:6d170c36fba3bdd840c73d3868c1e777e33676a69c3a72cf0a0d5d6d8009b61d"},
-    {file = "anyio-4.6.2.post1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4c8bc31ccdb51c7f7bd251f51c609e038d63e34219b44aa86e47576389880b4c"},
+    {file = "anyio-4.10.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:60e474ac86736bbfd6f210f7a61218939c318f43f9972497381f1c5e930ed3d1"},
+    {file = "anyio-4.10.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:3f3fae35c96039744587aa5b8371e7e8e603c0702999535961dd336026973ba6"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "asyncio"
-version = "3.4.3"
-summary = "reference implementation of PEP 3156"
+version = "4.0.0"
+requires_python = ">=3.4"
+summary = "Deprecated backport of asyncio; use the stdlib package instead"
 groups = ["default"]
 files = [
-    {file = "asyncio-3.4.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c4d18b22701821de07bd6aea8b53d21449ec0ec5680645e5317062ea21817d2d"},
-    {file = "asyncio-3.4.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:83360ff8bc97980e4ff25c964c7bd3923d333d177aa4f7fb736b019f26c7cb41"},
+    {file = "asyncio-4.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c1eddb0659231837046809e68103969b2bef8b0400d59cfa6363f6b5ed8cc88b"},
+    {file = "asyncio-4.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:570cd9e50db83bc1629152d4d0b7558d6451bb1bfd5dfc2e935d96fc2f40329b"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "backports-asyncio-runner"
+version = "1.2.0"
+requires_python = "<3.11,>=3.8"
+summary = "Backport of asyncio.Runner, a context manager that controls event loop life cycle."
+groups = ["dev"]
+marker = "python_version < \"3.11\""
+files = [
+    {file = "backports_asyncio_runner-1.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0da0a936a8aeb554eccb426dc55af3ba63bcdc69fa1a600b5bb305413a4477b5"},
+    {file = "backports_asyncio_runner-1.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a5aa7b2b7d8f8bfcaa2b57313f70792df84e32a2a746f585213373f900b42162"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitarray"
+version = "3.6.1"
+summary = "efficient arrays of booleans -- C extension"
+groups = ["ethereum"]
+files = [
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+groups = ["ethereum"]
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+groups = ["default", "ethereum"]
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 name = "evidence-api"
 version = "0.5.0"
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     "idna",
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+    {file = "solders-0.26.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:057533892d6fa432c1ce1e2f5e3428802964666c10b57d3d1bcaab86295f046c"},
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tomli"
-version = "2.0.2"
+version = "2.2.1"
 requires_python = ">=3.8"
 summary = "A lil' TOML parser"
-groups = ["dev"]
+groups = ["dev", "lint"]
 marker = "python_version < \"3.11\""
 files = [
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-    {file = "tomli-2.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d46d457a85337051c36524bc5349dd91b1877838e2979ac5ced3e710ed8a60ed"},
+    {file = "tomli-2.2.1-cp311-cp311-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:678e4fa69e4575eb77d103de3df8a895e1591b48e740211bd1067378c69e8249"},
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+    {file = "tomli-2.2.1-cp313-cp313-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:a198f10c4d1b1375d7687bc25294306e551bf1abfa4eace6650070a5c1ae2744"},
+    {file = "tomli-2.2.1-cp313-cp313-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:d3f5614314d758649ab2ab3a62d4f2004c825922f9e370b29416484086b264ec"},
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+    {file = "tomli-2.2.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:cd45e1dc79c835ce60f7404ec8119f2eb06d38b1deba146f07ced3bbc44505ff"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.12.2"
+name = "toolz"
+version = "1.0.0"
 requires_python = ">=3.8"
-summary = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
-groups = ["default"]
+summary = "List processing tools and functional utilities"
+groups = ["default", "ethereum"]
+marker = "implementation_name == \"pypy\" or implementation_name == \"cpython\""
+files = [
+    {file = "toolz-1.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:292c8f1c4e7516bf9086f8850935c799a874039c8bcf959d47b600e4c44a6236"},
+    {file = "toolz-1.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2c86e3d9a04798ac556793bced838816296a2f085017664e4995cb40a1047a02"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typing-extensions"
+version = "4.14.1"
+requires_python = ">=3.9"
+summary = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.9+"
+groups = ["default", "dev", "ethereum", "lint", "solana"]
+files = [
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.14.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d1e1e3b58374dc93031d6eda2420a48ea44a36c2b4766a4fdeb3710755731d76"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.14.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:38b39f4aeeab64884ce9f74c94263ef78f3c22467c8724005483154c26648d36"},
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "typing-inspection"
+version = "0.4.1"
+requires_python = ">=3.9"
+summary = "Runtime typing introspection tools"
+groups = ["default", "ethereum"]
+dependencies = [
+    "typing-extensions>=4.12.0",
+]
 files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:04e5ca0351e0f3f85c6853954072df659d0d13fac324d0072316b67d7794700d"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a7ead55c7e559dd4dee8856e3a88b41225abfe1ce8df57b7c13915fe121ffb8"},
+    {file = "typing_inspection-0.4.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:389055682238f53b04f7badcb49b989835495a96700ced5dab2d8feae4b26f51"},
+    {file = "typing_inspection-0.4.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6ae134cc0203c33377d43188d4064e9b357dba58cff3185f22924610e70a9d28"},
 ]
diff --git a/sdk/python/pyproject.toml b/sdk/python/pyproject.toml
index c6be4f638..76b528f01 100644
--- a/sdk/python/pyproject.toml
+++ b/sdk/python/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,32 +1,139 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 [project]
 name = "dstack-sdk"
-version = "0.1.5"
-description = "DStack SDK for Python"
+version = "0.5.4"
+description = "dstack SDK for Python"
 authors = [
     {name = "Leechael Yim", email = "yanleech@gmail.com"},
+    {name = "Kevin Wang", email = "wy721@qq.com"},
 ]
 dependencies = [
     "httpx>=0.27.2",
     "asyncio>=3.4.3",
     "pydantic>=2.9.2",
+    "cryptography>=43.0.0",
+    "eth-keys>=0.5.0",
+    "eth-utils>=4.0.0",
 ]
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = {text = "Apache-2.0"}
 
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+solana = ["solders"]
+ethereum = ["eth-account>=0.13.0"]
+sol = ["solders"]
+eth = ["eth-account>=0.13.0"]
+all = ["solders", "eth-account>=0.13.0"]
+
 [build-system]
 requires = ["pdm-backend"]
 build-backend = "pdm.backend"
 
+[dependency-groups]
+lint = [
+    "mypy>=1.8.0",
+]
+solana = [
+    "solders",
+]
+ethereum = [
+    "eth-account>=0.13.0",
+]
+
+[tool.mypy]
+python_version = "3.10"
+warn_return_any = true
+warn_unused_configs = true
+disallow_untyped_defs = true
+disallow_incomplete_defs = true
+check_untyped_defs = true
+disallow_untyped_decorators = true
+no_implicit_optional = true
+warn_redundant_casts = true
+warn_unused_ignores = true
+warn_no_return = true
+warn_unreachable = true
+strict_equality = true
+show_error_codes = true
+
+# Ruff configuration
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 88
+target-version = "py310"
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+extend-select = [
+    "E",  # pycodestyle errors
+    "F",  # pyflakes
+    "I",  # isort
+    "D",  # pydocstyle
+]
+extend-ignore = [
+    "E203",  # whitespace before ':'
+    "E501",  # line too long (handled by formatter)
+    "D203",  # one-blank-line-before-class (conflicts with D211)
+    "D213",  # multi-line-summary-second-line (conflicts with D212)
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+force-single-line = true
+force-sort-within-sections = true
+combine-as-imports = false
+known-first-party = ["dstack_sdk"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+"__init__.py" = ["F401"]  # imported but unused
+"tests/*.py" = ["D100", "D101", "D102", "D103", "D104"]  # relax docstring rules for tests
+"src/dstack_sdk/*.py" = ["D100", "D101", "D102", "D103", "D104", "D105", "D106", "D107"]  # relax all docstring rules for source code
+
+[tool.ruff.format]
+quote-style = "double"
+indent-style = "space"
+
 [tool.pdm]
 distribution = true
 
 [tool.pdm.publish]
 repository = "pypi"
 
-[dependency-groups]
+[tool.pdm.scripts]
+# Formatting scripts
+fmt = {composite = ["ruff format src/ tests/", "ruff check --fix src/ tests/"]}
+format = {composite = ["ruff format src/ tests/", "ruff check --fix src/ tests/"]}
+
+# Linting scripts
+lint = {composite = ["ruff check src/ tests/", "mypy src/"]}
+check = {composite = ["ruff check src/ tests/", "ruff format --check src/ tests/", "mypy src/"]}
+
+# Testing scripts
+test = "pytest"
+test-cov = "pytest --cov=src/"
+
+# Combined scripts
+check-all = {composite = ["fmt", "lint", "test"]}
+verify = {composite = ["check", "test"]}
+
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+asyncio_default_fixture_loop_scope = "function"
+markers = [
+    "asyncio: marks tests as asyncio (deselect with '-m \"not asyncio\"')"
+]
+
+[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]
 dev = [
+    "ruff>=0.12.9",
+    "mypy>=1.8.0",
     "pytest>=8.3.3",
     "pytest-asyncio>=0.24.0",
     "evidence-api>=0.5.0",
 ]
+solana = [
+    "solders",
+]
+ethereum = [
+    "eth-account>=0.13.0",
+]
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/__init__.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/__init__.py
index b4ad8f6b5..e93c6009f 100644
--- a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/__init__.py
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,56 @@
-from .tappd_client import TappdClient, AsyncTappdClient, DeriveKeyResponse, TdxQuoteResponse
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-__all__ = ['TappdClient', 'AsyncTappdClient', 'DeriveKeyResponse', 'TdxQuoteResponse']
+from .dstack_client import AsyncDstackClient
+from .dstack_client import AsyncTappdClient
+from .dstack_client import AttestResponse
+from .dstack_client import DstackClient
+from .dstack_client import EventLog
+from .dstack_client import GetKeyResponse
+from .dstack_client import GetQuoteResponse
+from .dstack_client import GetTlsKeyResponse
+from .dstack_client import GpuInfoResponse
+from .dstack_client import InfoResponse
+from .dstack_client import SignResponse
+from .dstack_client import TappdClient
+from .dstack_client import TcbInfo
+from .dstack_client import VerifyResponse
+from .dstack_client import VersionResponse
+from .encrypt_env_vars import EnvVar
+from .encrypt_env_vars import encrypt_env_vars
+from .encrypt_env_vars import encrypt_env_vars_sync
+from .get_compose_hash import AppCompose
+from .get_compose_hash import DockerConfig
+from .get_compose_hash import Requirements
+from .get_compose_hash import get_compose_hash
+from .verify_env_encrypt_public_key import verify_env_encrypt_public_key
+from .verify_env_encrypt_public_key import verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Core clients
+    "DstackClient",
+    "AsyncDstackClient",
+    "AsyncTappdClient",
+    "TappdClient",
+    # Response types
+    "GetKeyResponse",
+    "GetTlsKeyResponse",
+    "AttestResponse",
+    "GpuInfoResponse",
+    "GetQuoteResponse",
+    "InfoResponse",
+    "TcbInfo",
+    "EventLog",
+    "VersionResponse",
+    # Utility functions
+    "encrypt_env_vars_sync",
+    "encrypt_env_vars",
+    "EnvVar",
+    "get_compose_hash",
+    "AppCompose",
+    "DockerConfig",
+    "Requirements",
+    "verify_env_encrypt_public_key",
+    "verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy",
+]
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/dstack_client.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/dstack_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd206483b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/dstack_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import base64
+import binascii
+import functools
+from importlib.metadata import PackageNotFoundError
+from importlib.metadata import version as _pkg_version
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import cast
+import warnings
+
+import httpx
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("dstack_sdk")
+
+try:
+    __version__ = _pkg_version("dstack-sdk")
+except PackageNotFoundError:
+    __version__ = "0.0.0+unknown"
+
+
+def get_endpoint(endpoint: str | None = None) -> str:
+    if endpoint:
+        return endpoint
+    if "DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" in os.environ:
+        logger.info(
+            f"Using simulator endpoint: {os.environ['DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT']}"
+        )
+        return os.environ["DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"]
+    # Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+    socket_paths = [
+        "/var/run/dstack.sock",
+        "/run/dstack.sock",
+        "/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock",
+        "/run/dstack/dstack.sock",
+    ]
+    for path in socket_paths:
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            return path
+    # Default to new path even if not exists (will fail with clear error)
+    return socket_paths[0]
+
+
+def get_tappd_endpoint(endpoint: str | None = None) -> str:
+    if endpoint:
+        return endpoint
+    if "TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" in os.environ:
+        logger.info(f"Using tappd endpoint: {os.environ['TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT']}")
+        return os.environ["TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"]
+    # Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+    socket_paths = [
+        "/var/run/tappd.sock",
+        "/run/tappd.sock",
+        "/var/run/dstack/tappd.sock",
+        "/run/dstack/tappd.sock",
+    ]
+    for path in socket_paths:
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            return path
+    return socket_paths[0]
+
+
+def emit_deprecation_warning(message: str, stacklevel: int = 2) -> None:
+    warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def call_async(func):
+    """Call async methods synchronously.
+
+    This decorator wraps a method to call its async counterpart from
+    self.async_client and run it synchronously using `coro.send(None)`.
+
+    Supports being called from within async contexts by using
+    a sync HTTP client internally and a custom coroutine runner.
+    """
+
+    def _step_coro(coro):
+        """Step through a coroutine that only does sync operations."""
+        try:
+            result = coro.send(None)
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Coroutine yielded unexpected value: {result}")
+        except StopIteration as e:
+            return e.value
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        magic_map = {
+            "__enter__": "__aenter__",
+            "__exit__": "__aexit__",
+        }
+        async_method_name = magic_map.get(func.__name__) or func.__name__
+        async_method = getattr(self.async_client, async_method_name)
+        return _step_coro(async_method(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class GetTlsKeyResponse(BaseModel):
+    key: str
+    certificate_chain: List[str]
+
+    def as_uint8array(self, max_length: Optional[int] = None) -> bytes:
+        content = self.key.replace("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----", "")
+        content = content.replace("-----END PRIVATE KEY-----", "")
+        content = content.replace("\n", "").replace(" ", "")
+
+        binary_der = base64.b64decode(content)
+
+        if max_length is None:
+            return binary_der
+        else:
+            result = bytearray(max_length)
+            copy_len = min(len(binary_der), max_length)
+            result[:copy_len] = binary_der[:copy_len]
+            return bytes(result)
+
+
+class GetKeyResponse(BaseModel):
+    key: str
+    signature_chain: List[str]
+
+    def decode_key(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes.fromhex(self.key)
+
+    def decode_signature_chain(self) -> List[bytes]:
+        return [bytes.fromhex(chain) for chain in self.signature_chain]
+
+
+class GetQuoteResponse(BaseModel):
+    quote: str
+    event_log: str
+    report_data: str = ""
+    vm_config: str = ""
+    attestation: str = ""
+
+    def decode_quote(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes.fromhex(self.quote)
+
+    def decode_event_log(self) -> "List[EventLog]":
+        return [EventLog(**event) for event in json.loads(self.event_log)]
+
+
+class AttestResponse(BaseModel):
+    attestation: str
+
+    def decode_attestation(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes.fromhex(self.attestation)
+
+
+class GpuInfoResponse(BaseModel):
+    attestation: str
+
+
+class SignResponse(BaseModel):
+    signature: str
+    signature_chain: List[str]
+    public_key: str
+
+    def decode_signature(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes.fromhex(self.signature)
+
+    def decode_signature_chain(self) -> List[bytes]:
+        return [bytes.fromhex(chain) for chain in self.signature_chain]
+
+    def decode_public_key(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes.fromhex(self.public_key)
+
+
+class VerifyResponse(BaseModel):
+    valid: bool
+
+
+class VersionResponse(BaseModel):
+    version: str
+    rev: str
+
+
+class EventLog(BaseModel):
+    imr: int
+    event_type: int
+    digest: str
+    event: str
+    event_payload: str
+    version: Optional[int] = None
+    preimage: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class TcbInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Base TCB (Trusted Computing Base) information structure."""
+
+    mrtd: str
+    rtmr0: str
+    rtmr1: str
+    rtmr2: str
+    rtmr3: str
+    app_compose: str
+    event_log: List[EventLog]
+
+
+class TcbInfoV03x(TcbInfo):
+    """TCB information for dstack OS version 0.3.x."""
+
+    rootfs_hash: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class TcbInfoV05x(TcbInfo):
+    """TCB information for dstack OS version 0.5.x."""
+
+    mr_aggregated: str
+    os_image_hash: str
+    compose_hash: str
+    device_id: str
+
+
+# Type variable for TCB info versions
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=TcbInfo)
+
+
+class InfoResponse(BaseModel, Generic[T]):
+    app_id: str
+    instance_id: str
+    app_cert: str
+    tcb_info: T
+    app_name: str
+    device_id: str
+    mr_aggregated: str = ""
+    os_image_hash: str = ""
+    key_provider_info: str
+    compose_hash: str
+    vm_config: str = ""
+    # Cloud provider sys_vendor (e.g. "Google"). Available on dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+    cloud_vendor: str = ""
+    # Cloud provider product_name (e.g. "Google Compute Engine"). Available on dstack OS >= 0.5.7.
+    cloud_product: str = ""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_response(cls, obj: Any, tcb_info_type: type[T]) -> "InfoResponse[T]":
+        """Parse response from service, automatically deserializing tcb_info.
+
+        Args:
+            obj: Raw response object from service
+            tcb_info_type: The specific TcbInfo subclass to use for parsing
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(obj, dict)
+            and "tcb_info" in obj
+            and isinstance(obj["tcb_info"], str)
+        ):
+            obj = dict(obj)
+            obj["tcb_info"] = tcb_info_type(**json.loads(obj["tcb_info"]))
+        return cls(**obj)
+
+
+class BaseClient:
+    pass
+
+
+class AsyncDstackClient(BaseClient):
+    PATH_PREFIX = "/"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        endpoint: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        use_sync_http: bool = False,
+        timeout: float = 3,
+    ):
+        """Initialize async client with HTTP or Unix-socket transport.
+
+        Args:
+            endpoint: HTTP/HTTPS URL or Unix socket path
+            use_sync_http: If True, use sync HTTP client internally
+            timeout: Timeout in seconds
+
+        """
+        endpoint = get_endpoint(endpoint)
+        self.use_sync_http = use_sync_http
+        self._client: Optional[httpx.AsyncClient] = None
+        self._sync_client: Optional[httpx.Client] = None
+        self._client_ref_count = 0
+        self._timeout = timeout
+
+        if endpoint.startswith("http://") or endpoint.startswith("https://"):
+            self.async_transport = httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport()
+            self.sync_transport = httpx.HTTPTransport()
+            self.base_url = endpoint
+        else:
+            # Check if Unix socket file exists
+            if endpoint.startswith("/") and not os.path.exists(endpoint):
+                raise FileNotFoundError(f"Unix socket file {endpoint} does not exist")
+            self.async_transport = httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport(uds=endpoint)
+            self.sync_transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(uds=endpoint)
+            self.base_url = "http://localhost"
+
+    def _get_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
+        if self._client is None:
+            self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
+                transport=self.async_transport,
+                base_url=self.base_url,
+                timeout=self._timeout,
+            )
+        return self._client
+
+    def _get_sync_client(self) -> httpx.Client:
+        if self._sync_client is None:
+            self._sync_client = httpx.Client(
+                transport=self.sync_transport,
+                base_url=self.base_url,
+                timeout=self._timeout,
+            )
+        return self._sync_client
+
+    async def _send_rpc_request(
+        self, method: str, payload: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Send an RPC request and return parsed JSON.
+
+        Uses sync or async HTTP client based on use_sync_http flag.
+        Maintains async signature for compatibility.
+        """
+        path = self.PATH_PREFIX + method
+        headers = {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "User-Agent": f"dstack-sdk-python/{__version__}",
+        }
+
+        if self.use_sync_http:
+            # Use sync HTTP client - works from any context
+            sync_client: httpx.Client = self._get_sync_client()
+            response = sync_client.post(path, json=payload, headers=headers)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            return cast(Dict[str, Any], response.json())
+        else:
+            # Use async HTTP client - traditional async behavior
+            async_client: httpx.AsyncClient = self._get_client()
+            response = await async_client.post(path, json=payload, headers=headers)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            return cast(Dict[str, Any], response.json())
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        self._client_ref_count += 1
+        # Eagerly create client when entering context
+        if self.use_sync_http:
+            self._get_sync_client()
+        else:
+            self._get_client()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self._client_ref_count -= 1
+        if self._client_ref_count == 0:
+            if self._client:
+                await self._client.aclose()
+                self._client = None
+            if self._sync_client:
+                self._sync_client.close()
+                self._sync_client = None
+
+    async def _ensure_algorithm_supported(self, algorithm: str) -> None:
+        """Check OS version when a non-secp256k1 algorithm is requested."""
+        if algorithm in ("secp256k1", "k256", ""):
+            return
+        try:
+            await self.version()
+        except Exception:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f'algorithm "{algorithm}" is not supported: '
+                "OS version too old (Version RPC unavailable)"
+            )
+
+    async def _ensure_tls_key_options_supported(self, feature_names: List[str]) -> None:
+        """Check OS version when 0.5.7+ TLS key options are requested."""
+        try:
+            await self.version()
+        except Exception:
+            features = ", ".join(feature_names)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"TLS key options [{features}] are not supported: "
+                "OS version too old (Version RPC unavailable)"
+            )
+
+    async def get_key(
+        self,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        purpose: str | None = None,
+        algorithm: str = "secp256k1",
+    ) -> GetKeyResponse:
+        """Derive a key from the given path, purpose, and algorithm."""
+        await self._ensure_algorithm_supported(algorithm)
+        data: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "path": path or "",
+            "purpose": purpose or "",
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+        }
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("GetKey", data)
+        return GetKeyResponse(**result)
+
+    async def get_quote(
+        self,
+        report_data: str | bytes,
+    ) -> GetQuoteResponse:
+        """Request an attestation quote for the provided report data."""
+        if not report_data or not isinstance(report_data, (bytes, str)):
+            raise ValueError("report_data can not be empty")
+        report_bytes: bytes = (
+            report_data.encode() if isinstance(report_data, str) else report_data
+        )
+        if len(report_bytes) > 64:
+            raise ValueError("report_data must be less than 64 bytes")
+        hex = binascii.hexlify(report_bytes).decode()
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("GetQuote", {"report_data": hex})
+        return GetQuoteResponse(**result)
+
+    async def attest(
+        self,
+        report_data: str | bytes,
+    ) -> AttestResponse:
+        """Request a versioned attestation for the provided report data."""
+        if not report_data or not isinstance(report_data, (bytes, str)):
+            raise ValueError("report_data can not be empty")
+        report_bytes: bytes = (
+            report_data.encode() if isinstance(report_data, str) else report_data
+        )
+        if len(report_bytes) > 64:
+            raise ValueError("report_data must be less than 64 bytes")
+        hex = binascii.hexlify(report_bytes).decode()
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("Attest", {"report_data": hex})
+        return AttestResponse(**result)
+
+    async def gpu_info(self) -> GpuInfoResponse:
+        """Return GPU information collected during boot."""
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("GpuInfo", {})
+        return GpuInfoResponse(**result)
+
+    async def info(self) -> InfoResponse[TcbInfo]:
+        """Fetch service information including parsed TCB info."""
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("Info", {})
+        return InfoResponse.parse_response(result, TcbInfoV05x)
+
+    async def get_tls_key(
+        self,
+        subject: str | None = None,
+        alt_names: List[str] | None = None,
+        usage_ra_tls: bool = False,
+        usage_server_auth: bool = True,
+        usage_client_auth: bool = False,
+        *,
+        not_before: Optional[int] = None,
+        not_after: Optional[int] = None,
+        with_app_info: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> GetTlsKeyResponse:
+        """Request a TLS key from the service with optional parameters.
+
+        ``not_before`` / ``not_after`` (seconds since UNIX epoch) and
+        ``with_app_info`` require dstack OS >= 0.5.7. When any of them is set,
+        the SDK probes the guest agent ``Version`` RPC first and raises a
+        clear error on older OS images.
+        """
+        new_features: List[str] = []
+        if not_before is not None:
+            new_features.append("not_before")
+        if not_after is not None:
+            new_features.append("not_after")
+        if with_app_info is not None:
+            new_features.append("with_app_info")
+        if new_features:
+            await self._ensure_tls_key_options_supported(new_features)
+
+        data: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "subject": subject or "",
+            "usage_ra_tls": usage_ra_tls,
+            "usage_server_auth": usage_server_auth,
+            "usage_client_auth": usage_client_auth,
+        }
+        if alt_names:
+            data["alt_names"] = list(alt_names)
+        if not_before is not None:
+            data["not_before"] = not_before
+        if not_after is not None:
+            data["not_after"] = not_after
+        if with_app_info is not None:
+            data["with_app_info"] = with_app_info
+
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("GetTlsKey", data)
+        return GetTlsKeyResponse(**result)
+
+    async def sign(self, algorithm: str, data: str | bytes) -> SignResponse:
+        """Signs data using a derived key."""
+        data_bytes = data.encode() if isinstance(data, str) else data
+        if algorithm == "secp256k1_prehashed" and len(data_bytes) != 32:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Pre-hashed signing requires a 32-byte digest, but received {len(data_bytes)} bytes"
+            )
+
+        hex_data = binascii.hexlify(data_bytes).decode()
+        payload = {"algorithm": algorithm, "data": hex_data}
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("Sign", payload)
+        return SignResponse(**result)
+
+    async def verify(
+        self,
+        algorithm: str,
+        data: str | bytes,
+        signature: str | bytes,
+        public_key: str | bytes,
+    ) -> VerifyResponse:
+        """Verify a signature."""
+        data_bytes = data.encode() if isinstance(data, str) else data
+        sig_bytes = signature.encode() if isinstance(signature, str) else signature
+        pk_bytes = public_key.encode() if isinstance(public_key, str) else public_key
+
+        payload = {
+            "algorithm": algorithm,
+            "data": binascii.hexlify(data_bytes).decode(),
+            "signature": binascii.hexlify(sig_bytes).decode(),
+            "public_key": binascii.hexlify(pk_bytes).decode(),
+        }
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("Verify", payload)
+        return VerifyResponse(**result)
+
+    async def version(self) -> VersionResponse:
+        """Query the guest-agent version.
+
+        Returns the version on OS >= 0.5.7.
+        Raises an error on older OS versions that lack the Version RPC.
+        """
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("Version", {})
+        return VersionResponse(**result)
+
+    async def is_reachable(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the service responds to a quick health call."""
+        try:
+            await self._send_rpc_request("Info", {})
+            return True
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+
+
+class DstackClient(BaseClient):
+    PATH_PREFIX = "/"
+
+    def __init__(self, endpoint: str | None = None, *, timeout: float = 3):
+        """Initialize client with HTTP or Unix-socket transport.
+
+        If a non-HTTP(S) endpoint is provided, it is treated as a Unix socket
+        path and validated for existence.
+        """
+        self.async_client = AsyncDstackClient(
+            endpoint, use_sync_http=True, timeout=timeout
+        )
+
+    @call_async
+    def get_key(
+        self,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        purpose: str | None = None,
+        algorithm: str = "secp256k1",
+    ) -> GetKeyResponse:
+        """Derive a key from the given path, purpose, and algorithm."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def get_quote(
+        self,
+        report_data: str | bytes,
+    ) -> GetQuoteResponse:
+        """Request an attestation quote for the provided report data."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def attest(
+        self,
+        report_data: str | bytes,
+    ) -> AttestResponse:
+        """Request a versioned attestation for the provided report data."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def gpu_info(self) -> GpuInfoResponse:
+        """Return GPU information collected during boot."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def info(self) -> InfoResponse[TcbInfo]:
+        """Fetch service information including parsed TCB info."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def get_tls_key(
+        self,
+        subject: str | None = None,
+        alt_names: List[str] | None = None,
+        usage_ra_tls: bool = False,
+        usage_server_auth: bool = True,
+        usage_client_auth: bool = False,
+        *,
+        not_before: Optional[int] = None,
+        not_after: Optional[int] = None,
+        with_app_info: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> GetTlsKeyResponse:
+        """Request a TLS key from the service with optional parameters."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def sign(self, algorithm: str, data: str | bytes) -> SignResponse:
+        """Signs data using a derived key."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def verify(
+        self,
+        algorithm: str,
+        data: str | bytes,
+        signature: str | bytes,
+        public_key: str | bytes,
+    ) -> VerifyResponse:
+        """Verify a signature."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def version(self) -> VersionResponse:
+        """Query the guest-agent version."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def is_reachable(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the service responds to a quick health call."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def __enter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class AsyncTappdClient(AsyncDstackClient):
+    """Deprecated async client kept for backward compatibility.
+
+    DEPRECATED: Use ``AsyncDstackClient`` instead.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        endpoint: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        use_sync_http: bool = False,
+        timeout: float = 3,
+    ):
+        """Initialize deprecated async tappd client wrapper."""
+        if not use_sync_http:
+            # Already warned in TappdClient.__init__
+            emit_deprecation_warning(
+                "AsyncTappdClient is deprecated, please use AsyncDstackClient instead"
+            )
+
+        endpoint = get_tappd_endpoint(endpoint)
+        super().__init__(endpoint, use_sync_http=use_sync_http, timeout=timeout)
+        # Set the correct path prefix for tappd
+        self.PATH_PREFIX = "/prpc/Tappd."
+
+    async def derive_key(
+        self,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        subject: str | None = None,
+        alt_names: List[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> GetTlsKeyResponse:
+        """Use ``get_key`` instead (deprecated)."""
+        emit_deprecation_warning("derive_key is deprecated, please use get_key instead")
+
+        data: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "path": path or "",
+            "subject": subject or path or "",
+        }
+        if alt_names:
+            data["alt_names"] = alt_names
+
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("DeriveKey", data)
+        return GetTlsKeyResponse(**result)
+
+    async def tdx_quote(
+        self,
+        report_data: str | bytes,
+        hash_algorithm: str | None = None,
+    ) -> GetQuoteResponse:
+        """Use ``get_quote`` instead (deprecated)."""
+        emit_deprecation_warning(
+            "tdx_quote is deprecated, please use get_quote instead"
+        )
+
+        if not report_data or not isinstance(report_data, (bytes, str)):
+            raise ValueError("report_data can not be empty")
+
+        report_bytes: bytes = (
+            report_data.encode() if isinstance(report_data, str) else report_data
+        )
+        hex_data = binascii.hexlify(report_bytes).decode()
+
+        if hash_algorithm == "raw":
+            if len(hex_data) > 128:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Report data is too large, it should less then 64 bytes when hash_algorithm is raw."
+                )
+            if len(hex_data) < 128:
+                hex_data = hex_data.zfill(128)
+
+        payload = {"report_data": hex_data, "hash_algorithm": hash_algorithm or "raw"}
+
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("TdxQuote", payload)
+
+        if "error" in result:
+            raise RuntimeError(result["error"])
+
+        return GetQuoteResponse(**result)
+
+    async def info(self) -> InfoResponse[TcbInfo]:
+        """Fetch service information including parsed TCB info."""
+        result = await self._send_rpc_request("Info", {})
+        return InfoResponse.parse_response(result, TcbInfoV03x)
+
+
+class TappdClient(DstackClient):
+    """Deprecated client kept for backward compatibility.
+
+    DEPRECATED: Use ``DstackClient`` instead.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, endpoint: str | None = None, timeout: float = 3):
+        """Initialize deprecated tappd client wrapper."""
+        emit_deprecation_warning(
+            "TappdClient is deprecated, please use DstackClient instead"
+        )
+        endpoint = get_tappd_endpoint(endpoint)
+        self.async_client = AsyncTappdClient(
+            endpoint, use_sync_http=True, timeout=timeout
+        )
+
+    @call_async
+    def derive_key(
+        self,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        subject: str | None = None,
+        alt_names: List[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> GetTlsKeyResponse:
+        """Use ``get_key`` instead (deprecated)."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def tdx_quote(
+        self,
+        report_data: str | bytes,
+        hash_algorithm: str | None = None,
+    ) -> GetQuoteResponse:
+        """Use ``get_quote`` instead (deprecated)."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def info(self) -> InfoResponse[TcbInfo]:
+        """Fetch service information including parsed TCB info."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def __enter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @call_async
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/encrypt_env_vars.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/encrypt_env_vars.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b28cb4e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/encrypt_env_vars.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Environment variable encryption module for dstack SDK.
+
+Provides functionality to encrypt environment variables using X25519 key exchange
+and AES-GCM encryption, similar to the TypeScript implementation.
+"""
+
+import json
+import secrets
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.x25519 import X25519PrivateKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.x25519 import X25519PublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
+
+
+class EnvVar(NamedTuple):
+    """Environment variable key-value pair."""
+
+    key: str
+    value: str
+
+
+def hex_to_bytes(hex_str: str) -> bytes:
+    """Convert hex string to bytes."""
+    if hex_str.startswith("0x"):
+        hex_str = hex_str[2:]
+    return bytes.fromhex(hex_str)
+
+
+def bytes_to_hex(data: bytes) -> str:
+    """Convert bytes to hex string."""
+    return data.hex()
+
+
+async def encrypt_env_vars(envs: List[EnvVar], public_key_hex: str) -> str:
+    """Encrypt environment variables using X25519 and AES-GCM.
+
+    - Generate an ephemeral keypair and compute a shared secret with the remote
+      public key
+    - Encrypt the JSON payload with AES-GCM using the shared secret
+    - Return concatenation of ephemeral public key + IV + ciphertext as hex
+    """
+    # Prepare environment data as JSON
+    env_dict = {"env": [{"key": env.key, "value": env.value} for env in envs]}
+    env_json = json.dumps(env_dict).encode("utf-8")
+
+    # Generate private key and derive public key
+    private_key = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+    public_key = private_key.public_key()
+
+    # Get public key bytes (32 bytes for X25519)
+    public_key_bytes = public_key.public_bytes(
+        encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw, format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+    )
+
+    # Generate shared secret
+    remote_public_key = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(hex_to_bytes(public_key_hex))
+    shared_secret = private_key.exchange(remote_public_key)
+
+    # Encrypt the data using AES-GCM
+    aesgcm = AESGCM(shared_secret)
+    iv = secrets.token_bytes(12)  # 12 bytes IV for GCM
+    encrypted_data = aesgcm.encrypt(iv, env_json, None)
+
+    # Combine all components: public_key + iv + encrypted_data
+    result = public_key_bytes + iv + encrypted_data
+
+    return bytes_to_hex(result)
+
+
+def encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs: List[EnvVar], public_key_hex: str) -> str:
+    """Encrypt environment variables synchronously using X25519 and AES-GCM."""
+    # Prepare environment data as JSON
+    env_dict = {"env": [{"key": env.key, "value": env.value} for env in envs]}
+    env_json = json.dumps(env_dict).encode("utf-8")
+
+    # Generate private key and derive public key
+    private_key = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+    public_key = private_key.public_key()
+
+    # Get public key bytes (32 bytes for X25519)
+    public_key_bytes = public_key.public_bytes(
+        encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw, format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+    )
+
+    # Generate shared secret
+    remote_public_key = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(hex_to_bytes(public_key_hex))
+    shared_secret = private_key.exchange(remote_public_key)
+
+    # Encrypt the data using AES-GCM
+    aesgcm = AESGCM(shared_secret)
+    iv = secrets.token_bytes(12)  # 12 bytes IV for GCM
+    encrypted_data = aesgcm.encrypt(iv, env_json, None)
+
+    # Combine all components: public_key + iv + encrypted_data
+    result = public_key_bytes + iv + encrypted_data
+
+    return bytes_to_hex(result)
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/ethereum.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/ethereum.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9475f8370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/ethereum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Ethereum helpers for deriving accounts from dstack keys.
+
+Use with ``dstack_sdk.DstackClient`` responses to create ``eth_account``
+objects for signing and transacting.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import warnings
+
+from eth_account import Account
+from eth_account.signers.local import LocalAccount
+
+from .dstack_client import GetKeyResponse
+from .dstack_client import GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+
+def to_account(get_key_response: GetKeyResponse | GetTlsKeyResponse) -> LocalAccount:
+    """Create an Ethereum account from DstackClient key response.
+
+    DEPRECATED: Use to_account_secure instead. This method has security concerns.
+    Current implementation uses raw key material without proper hashing.
+
+    Args:
+        get_key_response: Response from get_key() or get_tls_key()
+
+    Returns:
+        Account: Ethereum account object
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(get_key_response, GetTlsKeyResponse):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "to_account: Please don't use getTlsKey method to get key, use getKey instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        key_bytes = get_key_response.as_uint8array(32)
+        return Account.from_key(key_bytes)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+    else:  # GetKeyResponse
+        return Account.from_key(get_key_response.decode_key())  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+def to_account_secure(
+    get_key_response: GetKeyResponse | GetTlsKeyResponse,
+) -> LocalAccount:
+    """Create an Ethereum account using SHA256 of full key material for security."""
+    if isinstance(get_key_response, GetTlsKeyResponse):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "to_account_secure: Please don't use getTlsKey method to get key, use getKey instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        try:
+            # Hash the complete key material with SHA256
+            key_bytes = get_key_response.as_uint8array()
+            hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(key_bytes).digest()
+            return Account.from_key(hashed_key)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "to_account_secure: missing SHA256 support, please upgrade your system"
+            ) from e
+    else:  # GetKeyResponse
+        return Account.from_key(get_key_response.decode_key())  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/get_compose_hash.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/get_compose_hash.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f8aeb9e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/get_compose_hash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Compose hash calculation module for dstack SDK.
+
+Provides deterministic JSON serialization and SHA256 hashing of AppCompose configurations,
+compatible with the TypeScript implementation.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import json
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Literal
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+KeyProviderKind = Literal["none", "kms", "local", "tpm"]
+
+
+class DockerConfig:
+    """Docker configuration for app compose."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        token_key: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a new ``DockerConfig`` instance."""
+        self.registry = registry
+        self.username = username
+        self.token_key = token_key
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a dictionary representation excluding ``None`` fields."""
+        result: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.registry is not None:
+            result["registry"] = self.registry
+        if self.username is not None:
+            result["username"] = self.username
+        if self.token_key is not None:
+            result["token_key"] = self.token_key
+        return result
+
+
+class Requirements:
+    """Guest-side requirements for app compose."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        os_version: Optional[str] = None,
+        platforms: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        tdx_measure_acpi_tables: Optional[bool] = None,
+        launch_token_hash: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a new ``Requirements`` instance."""
+        self.os_version = os_version
+        self.platforms = platforms
+        self.tdx_measure_acpi_tables = tdx_measure_acpi_tables
+        self.launch_token_hash = launch_token_hash
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a dictionary representation excluding ``None`` fields."""
+        result: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.os_version is not None:
+            result["os_version"] = self.os_version
+        if self.platforms is not None:
+            result["platforms"] = self.platforms
+        if self.tdx_measure_acpi_tables is not None:
+            result["tdx_measure_acpi_tables"] = self.tdx_measure_acpi_tables
+        if self.launch_token_hash is not None:
+            result["launch_token_hash"] = self.launch_token_hash
+        return result
+
+
+class AppCompose:
+    """App compose configuration."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        runner: str,
+        manifest_version: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        features: Optional[List[str]] = None,  # Deprecated
+        docker_compose_file: Optional[str] = None,
+        docker_config: Optional[DockerConfig] = None,
+        public_logs: Optional[bool] = None,
+        public_sysinfo: Optional[bool] = None,
+        public_tcbinfo: Optional[bool] = None,
+        kms_enabled: Optional[bool] = None,
+        gateway_enabled: Optional[bool] = None,
+        tproxy_enabled: Optional[bool] = None,  # For backward compatibility
+        local_key_provider_enabled: Optional[bool] = None,
+        key_provider: Optional[KeyProviderKind] = None,
+        key_provider_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        allowed_envs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        no_instance_id: Optional[bool] = None,
+        secure_time: Optional[bool] = None,
+        requirements: Optional[Union[Requirements, Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        bash_script: Optional[str] = None,  # Legacy
+        pre_launch_script: Optional[str] = None,  # Legacy
+        snapshotter: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a new ``AppCompose`` instance with arbitrary extra fields."""
+        self.runner = runner
+        self.snapshotter = snapshotter
+        self.manifest_version = manifest_version
+        self.name = name
+        self.features = features
+        self.docker_compose_file = docker_compose_file
+        self.docker_config = docker_config
+        self.public_logs = public_logs
+        self.public_sysinfo = public_sysinfo
+        self.public_tcbinfo = public_tcbinfo
+        self.kms_enabled = kms_enabled
+        self.gateway_enabled = gateway_enabled
+        self.tproxy_enabled = tproxy_enabled
+        self.local_key_provider_enabled = local_key_provider_enabled
+        self.key_provider = key_provider
+        self.key_provider_id = key_provider_id
+        self.allowed_envs = allowed_envs
+        self.no_instance_id = no_instance_id
+        self.secure_time = secure_time
+        self.requirements = requirements
+        self.bash_script = bash_script
+        self.pre_launch_script = pre_launch_script
+
+        # Add any additional fields
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert to dictionary representation."""
+        result: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # Add all attributes that are not None
+        for attr_name in dir(self):
+            if not attr_name.startswith("_") and not callable(getattr(self, attr_name)):
+                value = getattr(self, attr_name)
+                if value is not None:
+                    if isinstance(value, (DockerConfig, Requirements)):
+                        result[attr_name] = value.to_dict()
+                    else:
+                        # Handle special float values
+                        if isinstance(value, float):
+                            if value != value:  # NaN check
+                                result[attr_name] = None
+                            elif value == float("inf") or value == float("-inf"):
+                                result[attr_name] = None
+                            else:
+                                result[attr_name] = value
+                        else:
+                            result[attr_name] = value
+
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> "AppCompose":
+        """Create AppCompose from dictionary."""
+        # Handle docker_config
+        docker_config: Optional[DockerConfig] = None
+        if "docker_config" in data and data["docker_config"] is not None:
+            dc = data.pop("docker_config")
+            docker_config = DockerConfig(**dc)
+
+        # Handle requirements
+        requirements: Optional[Requirements] = None
+        if "requirements" in data and data["requirements"] is not None:
+            req = data.pop("requirements")
+            requirements = Requirements(**req)
+
+        # Handle special float values
+        processed_data: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        for key, value in data.items():
+            if isinstance(value, float):
+                if value != value:  # NaN check
+                    processed_data[key] = None
+                elif value == float("inf") or value == float("-inf"):
+                    processed_data[key] = None
+                else:
+                    processed_data[key] = value
+            else:
+                processed_data[key] = value
+
+        runner_value = processed_data.pop("runner")
+        runner: str = str(runner_value)
+        return cls(
+            runner=runner,
+            docker_config=docker_config,
+            requirements=requirements,
+            **processed_data,
+        )
+
+
+def sort_object(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Recursively sort object keys lexicographically.
+
+    This is crucial for deterministic JSON.stringify.
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return obj
+    elif isinstance(obj, list):
+        return [sort_object(item) for item in obj]
+    elif isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return {key: sort_object(value) for key, value in sorted(obj.items())}
+    else:
+        return obj
+
+
+def preprocess_app_compose(app_compose: AppCompose) -> AppCompose:
+    """Preprocess app compose by removing conflicting fields based on runner."""
+    # Create a copy
+    data = app_compose.to_dict()
+
+    if data.get("runner") == "bash" and "docker_compose_file" in data:
+        del data["docker_compose_file"]
+    elif (
+        data.get("runner") in ("docker-compose", "nerdctl-compose")
+        and "bash_script" in data
+    ):
+        del data["bash_script"]
+
+    if "pre_launch_script" in data and not data["pre_launch_script"]:
+        del data["pre_launch_script"]
+
+    return AppCompose.from_dict(data)
+
+
+def to_deterministic_json(app_compose: AppCompose) -> str:
+    """Serialize to deterministic JSON following cross-language standards.
+
+    - Recursively sorts object keys lexicographically
+    - Compact output (no spaces)
+    - Handles special values (NaN, Infinity) by converting them to null
+    - UTF-8 encoding (default in Python)
+    """
+    data = sort_object(app_compose.to_dict())
+
+    def convert_special_values(obj: Any) -> Any:
+        """Convert NaN and Infinity to null for deterministic output."""
+        if isinstance(obj, float):
+            if obj != obj:  # NaN check
+                return None
+            if obj == float("inf") or obj == float("-inf"):
+                return None
+        return obj
+
+    def json_serializer(obj: Any) -> Any:
+        """Handle special float values during JSON serialization."""
+        return convert_special_values(obj)
+
+    # Convert special values recursively
+    def process_data(obj: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(obj, dict):
+            return {key: process_data(value) for key, value in obj.items()}
+        elif isinstance(obj, list):
+            return [process_data(item) for item in obj]
+        else:
+            return convert_special_values(obj)
+
+    processed_data = process_data(data)
+    return json.dumps(processed_data, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=False)
+
+
+def get_compose_hash(
+    app_compose: Union[AppCompose, Dict[str, Any]], normalize: bool = False
+) -> str:
+    """Calculate SHA256 hash of app compose configuration.
+
+    Args:
+        app_compose: AppCompose object or dictionary
+        normalize: Whether to preprocess the compose (remove conflicting fields)
+
+    Returns:
+        str: SHA256 hash as hex string
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(app_compose, dict):
+        app_compose = AppCompose.from_dict(app_compose)
+
+    if normalize:
+        app_compose = preprocess_app_compose(app_compose)
+
+    manifest_str = to_deterministic_json(app_compose)
+    return hashlib.sha256(manifest_str.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/py.typed b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/solana.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/solana.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba8c1b153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/solana.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Solana helpers for deriving keypairs from dstack keys.
+
+Use with ``dstack_sdk.DstackClient`` responses to create ``solders.Keypair``
+objects for signing transactions on Solana.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import warnings
+
+from solders.keypair import Keypair
+
+from .dstack_client import GetKeyResponse
+from .dstack_client import GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+
+def to_keypair(get_key_response: GetKeyResponse | GetTlsKeyResponse) -> Keypair:
+    """Create a Solana Keypair from DstackClient key response.
+
+    DEPRECATED: Use to_keypair_secure instead. This method has security concerns.
+    Current implementation uses raw key material without proper hashing.
+
+    Args:
+        get_key_response: Response from get_key() or get_tls_key()
+
+    Returns:
+        Keypair: Solana keypair object
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(get_key_response, GetTlsKeyResponse):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "to_keypair: Please don't use getTlsKey method to get key, use getKey instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        # Restored original behavior: using first 32 bytes directly
+        key_bytes = get_key_response.as_uint8array(32)
+        return Keypair.from_seed(key_bytes)
+    else:  # GetKeyResponse
+        return Keypair.from_seed(get_key_response.decode_key())
+
+
+def to_keypair_secure(get_key_response: GetKeyResponse | GetTlsKeyResponse) -> Keypair:
+    """Create a Solana Keypair using SHA256 of full key material for security."""
+    if isinstance(get_key_response, GetTlsKeyResponse):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "to_keypair_secure: Please don't use getTlsKey method to get key, use getKey instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        try:
+            # Hash the complete key material with SHA256
+            key_bytes = get_key_response.as_uint8array()
+            hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(key_bytes).digest()
+            return Keypair.from_seed(hashed_key)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "to_keypair_secure: missing SHA256 support, please upgrade your system"
+            ) from e
+    else:  # GetKeyResponse
+        return Keypair.from_seed(get_key_response.decode_key())
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/tappd_client.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/tappd_client.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f91151d3f..000000000
--- a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/tappd_client.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Literal, Optional, List, Dict, Any
-import binascii
-import json
-import hashlib
-import os
-import logging
-import base64
-
-from pydantic import BaseModel
-import httpx
-
-logger = logging.getLogger('dstack_sdk')
-
-QuoteHashAlgorithms = Literal[
-  'sha256',
-  'sha384',
-  'sha512',
-  'sha3-256',
-  'sha3-384',
-  'sha3-512',
-  'keccak256',
-  'keccak384',
-  'keccak512',
-  'raw',
-  '', # Default value is sha512, so empty equals to sha512
-]
-
-INIT_MR = "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-
-def replay_rtmr(history: list[str]):
-    """
-    Replay the RTMR history to calculate the final RTMR value.
-    """
-    if len(history) == 0:
-        return INIT_MR
-    mr = bytes.fromhex(INIT_MR)
-    for content in history:
-        # mr = sha384(concat(mr, content))
-        # if content is shorter than 48 bytes, pad it with zeros
-        content = bytes.fromhex(content)
-        if len(content) < 48:
-            content = content.ljust(48, b'\0')
-        mr = hashlib.sha384(mr + content).digest()
-    return mr.hex()
-
-
-def get_endpoint(endpoint: str | None = None) -> str:
-    if endpoint:
-        return endpoint
-    if "DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" in os.environ:
-        logger.info(f"Using simulator endpoint: {os.environ['DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT']}")
-        return os.environ["DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"]
-    return "/var/run/tappd.sock"
-
-
-class DeriveKeyResponse(BaseModel):
-    key: str
-    certificate_chain: List[str]
-
-    def toBytes(self, max_length: Optional[int] = None) -> bytes:
-        content = self.key.replace("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----", "") \
-            .replace("-----END PRIVATE KEY-----", "") \
-            .replace("\n", "")
-        binary_der = base64.b64decode(content)
-        if max_length is None:
-            max_length = len(binary_der)
-        return binary_der[:max_length]
-
-
-class TdxQuoteResponse(BaseModel):
-    quote: str
-    event_log: str
-
-    def replay_rtmrs(self) -> Dict[int, str]:
-        # NOTE: before dstack-0.3.0, event log might not a JSON file.
-        parsed_event_log = json.loads(self.event_log)
-        rtmrs = {}
-        for idx in range(4):
-            history = []
-            for event in parsed_event_log:
-                if event.get('imr') == idx:
-                    history.append(event['digest'])
-            rtmrs[idx] = replay_rtmr(history)
-        return rtmrs
-
-
-class BaseClient:
-    pass
-
-
-class TappdClient(BaseClient):
-    def __init__(self, endpoint: str | None = None):
-        endpoint = get_endpoint(endpoint)
-        if endpoint.startswith("http://") or endpoint.startswith('https://'):
-            self.transport = httpx.HTTPTransport()
-            self.base_url = endpoint
-        else:
-            self.transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(uds=endpoint)
-            self.base_url = "http://localhost"
-
-    def _send_rpc_request(self, path, payload):
-        with httpx.Client(transport=self.transport, base_url=self.base_url) as client:
-            response = client.post(
-                path,
-                json=payload,
-                headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}
-            )
-            response.raise_for_status()
-            return response.json()
-
-    def derive_key(
-            self,
-            path: str | None = None,
-            subject: str | None = None,
-            alt_names: List[str] | None = None
-        ) -> DeriveKeyResponse:
-        data: Dict[str, Any] = {"path": path or '', "subject": subject or path or ''}
-        if alt_names:
-            data["alt_names"] = alt_names
-        result = self._send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey", data)
-        return DeriveKeyResponse(**result)
-
-    def tdx_quote(
-            self,
-            report_data: str | bytes,
-            hash_algorithm: QuoteHashAlgorithms = ''
-        ) -> TdxQuoteResponse:
-        if not report_data or not isinstance(report_data, (bytes, str)):
-            raise ValueError("report_data can not be empty")
-        is_str = isinstance(report_data, str)
-        if is_str:
-            report_data = report_data.encode()
-        hex = binascii.hexlify(report_data).decode()
-        if hash_algorithm == "raw":
-            if len(hex) < 128:
-                hex = hex.rjust(128, '0')
-            elif len(hex) > 128:
-                hint = is_str and '64 characters' or '128 bytes'
-                raise ValueError(f'Report data is too large, it should at most {hint} when hash_algorithm is raw.')
-        result = self._send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote", {"report_data": hex, "hash_algorithm": hash_algorithm})
-        return TdxQuoteResponse(**result)
-
-
-class AsyncTappdClient(BaseClient):
-    def __init__(self, endpoint=None):
-        endpoint = get_endpoint(endpoint)
-        if endpoint.startswith("http://") or endpoint.startswith('https://'):
-            self.transport = httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport()
-            self.base_url = endpoint
-        else:
-            self.transport = httpx.AsyncHTTPTransport(uds=endpoint)
-            self.base_url = "http://localhost"
-
-    async def _send_rpc_request(self, path, payload):
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient(transport=self.transport, base_url=self.base_url) as client:
-            response = await client.post(
-                path,
-                json=payload,
-                headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}
-            )
-            response.raise_for_status()
-            return response.json()
-
-    async def derive_key(
-            self,
-            path: str | None = None,
-            subject: str | None = None,
-            alt_names: List[str] | None = None
-        ) -> DeriveKeyResponse:
-        data: Dict[str, Any] = {"path": path or '', "subject": subject or path or ''}
-        if alt_names:
-            data["alt_names"] = alt_names
-        result = await self._send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey", data)
-        return DeriveKeyResponse(**result)
-
-    async def tdx_quote(
-            self,
-            report_data: str | bytes,
-            hash_algorithm: QuoteHashAlgorithms = ''
-        ) -> TdxQuoteResponse:
-        if not report_data or not isinstance(report_data, (bytes, str)):
-            raise ValueError("report_data can not be empty")
-        is_str = isinstance(report_data, str)
-        if is_str:
-            report_data = report_data.encode()
-        hex = binascii.hexlify(report_data).decode()
-        if hash_algorithm == "raw":
-            if len(hex) < 128:
-                hex = hex.rjust(128, '0')
-            elif len(hex) > 128:
-                hint = is_str and '64 characters' or '128 bytes'
-                raise ValueError(f'Report data is too large, it should at most {hint} when hash_algorithm is raw.')
-        result = await self._send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.TdxQuote", {"report_data": hex, "hash_algorithm": hash_algorithm})
-        return TdxQuoteResponse(**result)
diff --git a/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/verify_env_encrypt_public_key.py b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/verify_env_encrypt_public_key.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e24253d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/src/dstack_sdk/verify_env_encrypt_public_key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Verify ECDSA signatures on KMS env-encrypt public keys.
+
+The KMS signs the X25519 env-encrypt public key it returns from
+``/GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey`` so deployers can prove the key originated from a
+specific signer before encrypting secrets against it. There are two message
+formats:
+
+- ``signature_v1`` (preferred): includes a Unix timestamp to bound replay.
+- legacy: pubkey + app_id only. Kept for backward compatibility with old KMS
+  builds. Vulnerable to replay; use the v1 variant whenever available.
+
+Both formats sign ``keccak256(prefix + b":" + app_id + [timestamp_be_bytes] +
+public_key)`` with secp256k1, producing a 65-byte ``r || s || recovery_id``
+signature. This module recovers the signer's compressed public key.
+"""
+
+import time
+from typing import Optional
+import warnings
+
+from eth_keys import keys
+from eth_utils import keccak
+
+DEFAULT_MAX_AGE_SECONDS = 300
+_PREFIX = b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey"
+_SEPARATOR = b":"
+_FUTURE_SKEW_TOLERANCE_SECONDS = 60
+
+
+def _normalize_app_id(app_id: str) -> Optional[bytes]:
+    if app_id.startswith("0x"):
+        app_id = app_id[2:]
+    try:
+        return bytes.fromhex(app_id)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _recover_signer(msg_hash: bytes, signature: bytes) -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        recovered = keys.Signature(
+            signature_bytes=signature
+        ).recover_public_key_from_msg_hash(msg_hash)
+        return "0x" + recovered.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+    public_key: bytes,
+    signature: bytes,
+    app_id: str,
+    timestamp: int,
+    *,
+    max_age_seconds: int = DEFAULT_MAX_AGE_SECONDS,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Verify a timestamp-protected KMS env-encrypt public key signature.
+
+    Returns the signer's compressed secp256k1 public key (0x-prefixed hex) on
+    success, or ``None`` on bad signature length, expired/future timestamp,
+    invalid hex app_id, or signature recovery failure.
+    """
+    if len(signature) != 65:
+        return None
+
+    now = int(time.time())
+    age = now - timestamp
+    if age < -_FUTURE_SKEW_TOLERANCE_SECONDS:
+        return None
+    if age > max_age_seconds:
+        return None
+
+    app_id_bytes = _normalize_app_id(app_id)
+    if app_id_bytes is None:
+        return None
+
+    timestamp_bytes = timestamp.to_bytes(8, "big")
+    message = _PREFIX + _SEPARATOR + app_id_bytes + timestamp_bytes + public_key
+    return _recover_signer(keccak(message), signature)
+
+
+def verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+    public_key: bytes,
+    signature: bytes,
+    app_id: str,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Verify a legacy (non-timestamped) KMS signature.
+
+    .. deprecated::
+        Legacy signatures do not protect against replay attacks. Use
+        :func:`verify_env_encrypt_public_key` with a timestamp from the KMS
+        response whenever possible.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy is deprecated; use "
+        "verify_env_encrypt_public_key with a timestamp from KMS instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    if len(signature) != 65:
+        return None
+
+    app_id_bytes = _normalize_app_id(app_id)
+    if app_id_bytes is None:
+        return None
+
+    message = _PREFIX + _SEPARATOR + app_id_bytes + public_key
+    return _recover_signer(keccak(message), signature)
diff --git a/sdk/python/test_outputs.py b/sdk/python/test_outputs.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..169b291e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/test_outputs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Test script for verifying Python SDK outputs."""
+
+import asyncio
+import sys
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncTappdClient
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import TappdClient
+from dstack_sdk import get_compose_hash
+from dstack_sdk import verify_env_encrypt_public_key
+
+
+async def main():  # noqa: D103
+    print("=== Python SDK Output Test ===")
+
+    try:
+        # Test client get_key
+        client = DstackClient()
+        print("\n1. Testing DstackClient.get_key()")
+
+        test_paths = [
+            {"path": "test/wallet", "purpose": "ethereum"},
+            {"path": "test/signing", "purpose": "solana"},
+            {"path": "user/alice", "purpose": "mainnet"},
+        ]
+
+        for test_case in test_paths:
+            path, purpose = test_case["path"], test_case["purpose"]
+            key_result = client.get_key(path, purpose)
+            print(f"get_key('{path}', '{purpose}'):")
+            print(f"  key: {key_result.decode_key().hex()}")
+            print(f"  signature_chain length: {len(key_result.signature_chain)}")
+            print(
+                f"  signature_chain[0]: {key_result.decode_signature_chain()[0].hex()}"
+            )
+
+        # Test viem integration (if available)
+        print("\n2. Testing Viem Integration")
+        eth_key = client.get_key("eth/test", "wallet")
+
+        print("\n2.1 to_account (legacy):")
+        try:
+            from dstack_sdk.ethereum import to_account
+
+            account = to_account(eth_key)
+            print(f"  address: {account.address}")
+            print("  type: ethereum account")
+        except ImportError:
+            print(
+                "  error: Ethereum integration not available (install with pip install 'dstack-sdk[eth]')"
+            )
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f"  error: {error}")
+
+        print("\n2.2 to_account_secure:")
+        try:
+            from dstack_sdk.ethereum import to_account_secure
+
+            account_secure = to_account_secure(eth_key)
+            print(f"  address: {account_secure.address}")
+            print("  type: ethereum account")
+        except ImportError:
+            print(
+                "  error: Ethereum integration not available (install with pip install 'dstack-sdk[eth]')"
+            )
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f"  error: {error}")
+
+        # Test solana integration (if available)
+        print("\n3. Testing Solana Integration")
+        sol_key = client.get_key("sol/test", "wallet")
+
+        print("\n3.1 to_keypair (legacy):")
+        try:
+            from dstack_sdk.solana import to_keypair
+
+            keypair = to_keypair(sol_key)
+            print(f"  publicKey: {keypair.pubkey()}")
+            print(f"  secretKey length: {len(bytes(keypair))}")
+            print(f"  secretKey (first 32 bytes): {bytes(keypair)[:32].hex()}")
+        except ImportError:
+            print(
+                "  error: Solana integration not available (install with pip install 'dstack-sdk[sol]')"
+            )
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f"  error: {error}")
+
+        print("\n3.2 to_keypair_secure:")
+        try:
+            from dstack_sdk.solana import to_keypair_secure
+
+            keypair_secure = to_keypair_secure(sol_key)
+            print(f"  publicKey: {keypair_secure.pubkey()}")
+            print(f"  secretKey length: {len(bytes(keypair_secure))}")
+            print(f"  secretKey (first 32 bytes): {bytes(keypair_secure)[:32].hex()}")
+        except ImportError:
+            print(
+                "  error: Solana integration not available (install with pip install 'dstack-sdk[sol]')"
+            )
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f"  error: {error}")
+
+        # Test TappdClient (deprecated)
+        print("\n4. Testing TappdClient (deprecated)")
+        try:
+            tappd_client = TappdClient()
+            print("\n4.1 TappdClient.get_key():")
+            tappd_key = tappd_client.get_key("test/wallet", "ethereum")
+            print(f"  key: {tappd_key.decode_key().hex()}")
+            print(f"  signature_chain length: {len(tappd_key.signature_chain)}")
+
+            print("\n4.2 TappdClient.tdx_quote():")
+            tappd_quote = tappd_client.tdx_quote("test-data", "raw")
+            print(f"  quote length: {len(tappd_quote.quote)}")
+            print(f"  event_log length: {len(tappd_quote.event_log)}")
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f"  error: {error}")
+
+        # Test AsyncTappdClient (deprecated)
+        print("\n4.3 Testing AsyncTappdClient (deprecated)")
+        try:
+            async_tappd_client = AsyncTappdClient()
+            print("\n4.3.1 AsyncTappdClient.get_key():")
+            async_tappd_key = await async_tappd_client.get_key(
+                "test/wallet", "ethereum"
+            )
+            print(f"  key: {async_tappd_key.decode_key().hex()}")
+            print(f"  signature_chain length: {len(async_tappd_key.signature_chain)}")
+
+            print("\n4.3.2 AsyncTappdClient.tdx_quote():")
+            async_tappd_quote = await async_tappd_client.tdx_quote("test-data", "raw")
+            print(f"  quote length: {len(async_tappd_quote.quote)}")
+            print(f"  event_log length: {len(async_tappd_quote.event_log)}")
+        except Exception as error:
+            print(f"  error: {error}")
+
+        # Test quotes
+        print("\n5. Testing Quote Methods")
+        print("\n5.1 DstackClient.get_quote():")
+        dstack_quote = client.get_quote("test-data-for-quote")
+        print(f"  quote length: {len(dstack_quote.quote)}")
+        print(f"  event_log length: {len(dstack_quote.event_log)}")
+
+        print("\n5.2 AsyncDstackClient.get_quote():")
+        async_client = AsyncDstackClient()
+        async_dstack_quote = await async_client.get_quote("test-data-for-quote")
+        print(f"  quote length: {len(async_dstack_quote.quote)}")
+        print(f"  event_log length: {len(async_dstack_quote.event_log)}")
+
+        # Test get_compose_hash
+        print("\n6. Testing get_compose_hash")
+        test_composes = [
+            {
+                "manifest_version": 1,
+                "name": "test-app",
+                "runner": "docker-compose",
+                "docker_compose_file": "services:\\n  app:\\n    image: test\\n    ports:\\n      - 8080:8080",
+            },
+            {
+                "manifest_version": 1,
+                "name": "another-app",
+                "runner": "docker-compose",
+                "docker_compose_file": "services:\\n  web:\\n    build: .\\n    environment:\\n      - NODE_ENV=production",
+            },
+        ]
+
+        for index, compose in enumerate(test_composes):
+            hash_value = get_compose_hash(compose)
+            print(f"compose {index + 1}: {hash_value}")
+            print(f"  name: {compose['name']}")
+            print(f"  runner: {compose['runner']}")
+
+        # Test verify_env_encrypt_public_key
+        print("\n7. Testing verify_env_encrypt_public_key")
+        test_cases = [
+            {
+                "public_key": bytes.fromhex(
+                    "e33a1832c6562067ff8f844a61e51ad051f1180b66ec2551fb0251735f3ee90a"
+                ),
+                "signature": bytes.fromhex(
+                    "8542c49081fbf4e03f62034f13fbf70630bdf256a53032e38465a27c36fd6bed7a5e7111652004aef37f7fd92fbfc1285212c4ae6a6154203a48f5e16cad2cef00"
+                ),
+                "app_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
+            },
+            {
+                "public_key": bytes.fromhex(
+                    "deadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef"
+                ),
+                "signature": bytes.fromhex(
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                ),
+                "app_id": "invalid-app-id",
+            },
+        ]
+
+        for index, test_case in enumerate(test_cases):
+            try:
+                result = verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+                    test_case["public_key"], test_case["signature"], test_case["app_id"]
+                )
+                print(f"test case {index + 1}: {result.hex() if result else 'null'}")
+            except Exception as error:
+                print(f"test case {index + 1}: error - {error}")
+
+    except Exception as error:
+        print(f"Error: {error}")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    asyncio.run(main())
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_client.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_client.py
index 0c8c2a734..119561e80 100644
--- a/sdk/python/tests/test_client.py
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_client.py
@@ -1,68 +1,671 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 import hashlib
-import pytest
+import os
+import warnings
 
 from evidence_api.tdx.quote import TdxQuote
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncTappdClient
+from dstack_sdk import AttestResponse
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import GetKeyResponse
+from dstack_sdk import GetQuoteResponse
+from dstack_sdk import GetTlsKeyResponse
+from dstack_sdk import GpuInfoResponse
+from dstack_sdk import SignResponse
+from dstack_sdk import TappdClient
+from dstack_sdk import VerifyResponse
+from dstack_sdk import VersionResponse
+from dstack_sdk.dstack_client import InfoResponse
+from dstack_sdk.dstack_client import TcbInfo
+
+
+def test_sync_client_get_key():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_key()  # Test default algorithm (secp256k1)
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    assert isinstance(result.decode_key(), bytes)
+    assert len(result.decode_key()) == 32
+
+    # Test specifying algorithm
+    result_ed = client.get_key(algorithm="ed25519")
+    assert isinstance(result_ed, GetKeyResponse)
+    assert len(result_ed.decode_key()) == 32
+
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):  # Assuming unsupported algo raises error
+        client.get_key(algorithm="rsa")
+
+
+def test_sync_client_get_quote():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_quote("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, GetQuoteResponse)
+
 
-from dstack_sdk import TappdClient, AsyncTappdClient, DeriveKeyResponse, TdxQuoteResponse
+def test_sync_client_attest():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.attest("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, AttestResponse)
+    assert len(result.attestation) > 0
 
-def test_sync_client_derive_key():
-    client = TappdClient()
-    result = client.derive_key()
-    assert isinstance(result, DeriveKeyResponse)
-    asBytes = result.toBytes()
-    assert isinstance(asBytes, bytes)
-    asBytes = result.toBytes(32)
-    assert isinstance(asBytes, bytes)
-    assert len(asBytes) == 32
 
-def test_sync_client_tdx_quote():
-    client = TappdClient()
-    result = client.tdx_quote('test')
-    assert isinstance(result, TdxQuoteResponse)
+def test_sync_client_get_tls_key():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_tls_key()
+    assert isinstance(result, GetTlsKeyResponse)
+    assert isinstance(result.key, str)
+    assert len(result.key) > 0
+    assert len(result.certificate_chain) > 0
+
+
+def test_sync_client_get_info():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.info()
+    check_info_response(result)
+
+
+def check_info_response(result: InfoResponse):
+    assert isinstance(result, InfoResponse)
+    assert isinstance(result.app_id, str)
+    assert isinstance(result.instance_id, str)
+    assert isinstance(result.tcb_info, TcbInfo)
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.mrtd) == 96
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.rtmr0) == 96
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.rtmr1) == 96
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.rtmr2) == 96
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.rtmr3) == 96
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.compose_hash) == 64
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.device_id) == 64
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.app_compose) > 0
+    assert len(result.tcb_info.event_log) > 0
+    # Cloud provider fields available on dstack OS >= 0.5.7. Older OS or the
+    # simulator may omit them; the attribute must still exist and be a str.
+    assert isinstance(result.cloud_vendor, str)
+    assert isinstance(result.cloud_product, str)
+
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_async_client_derive_key():
-    client = AsyncTappdClient()
-    result = await client.derive_key()
-    assert isinstance(result, DeriveKeyResponse)
+async def test_async_client_get_key():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_key()  # Test default algorithm (secp256k1)
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    assert isinstance(result.decode_key(), bytes)
+    assert len(result.decode_key()) == 32
+
+    # Test specifying algorithm
+    result_ed = await client.get_key(algorithm="ed25519")
+    assert isinstance(result_ed, GetKeyResponse)
+    assert len(result_ed.decode_key()) == 32
+
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):  # Assuming unsupported algo raises error
+        await client.get_key(algorithm="rsa")
+
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_async_client_tdx_quote():
-    client = AsyncTappdClient()
-    result = await client.tdx_quote('test')
-    assert isinstance(result, TdxQuoteResponse)
+async def test_async_client_get_quote():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_quote("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, GetQuoteResponse)
+
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_replay_rtmr():
-    client = AsyncTappdClient()
-    result = await client.tdx_quote('test')
-    # TODO evidence_api is a bit out-of-date, we need an up-to-date implementation.
-    tdxQuote = TdxQuote(bytes.fromhex(result.quote[2:]))
-    rtmrs = result.replay_rtmrs()
-    assert rtmrs[0] == tdxQuote.body.rtmr0.hex()
-    assert rtmrs[1] == tdxQuote.body.rtmr1.hex()
-    assert rtmrs[2] == tdxQuote.body.rtmr2.hex()
-    assert rtmrs[3] == tdxQuote.body.rtmr3.hex()
+async def test_async_client_attest():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.attest("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, AttestResponse)
+    assert len(result.attestation) > 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_gpu_info(monkeypatch):
+    attestation = '{"result_code":0,"claims":[]}'
+
+    async def fake_send(self, method, payload):
+        assert method == "GpuInfo"
+        assert payload == {}
+        return {"attestation": attestation}
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT", "http://localhost:0")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(AsyncDstackClient, "_send_rpc_request", fake_send)
+    result = await AsyncDstackClient().gpu_info()
+    assert isinstance(result, GpuInfoResponse)
+    assert result.attestation == attestation
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_get_tls_key():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_tls_key()
+    assert isinstance(result, GetTlsKeyResponse)
+    assert isinstance(result.key, str)
+    assert result.key.startswith("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----")
+    assert len(result.certificate_chain) > 0
+
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_tdx_quote_raw_hash_error():
+async def test_async_client_get_info():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.info()
+    check_info_response(result)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_tls_key_uniqueness():
+    """Test that TLS keys are unique across multiple calls."""
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result1 = await client.get_tls_key()
+    result2 = await client.get_tls_key()
+    # TLS keys should be unique for each call
+    assert result1.key != result2.key
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_quote_raw_hash_error():
     with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
-        client = AsyncTappdClient()
-        await client.tdx_quote('0' * 65, 'raw')
-    assert '64 characters' in str(excinfo.value)
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+        await client.get_quote("0" * 65)
+    assert "64 bytes" in str(excinfo.value)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
-        client = AsyncTappdClient()
-        await client.tdx_quote(b'0' * 129, 'raw')
-    assert '128 bytes' in str(excinfo.value)
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+        await client.get_quote(b"0" * 129)
+    assert "64 bytes" in str(excinfo.value)
+
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_report_data():
-    reportdata = 'test'
+    reportdata = "test"
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_quote(reportdata)
+    tdxQuote = TdxQuote(bytearray(result.decode_quote()))
+    reportdata = reportdata.encode("utf-8") + b"\x00" * (64 - len(reportdata))
+    assert reportdata == tdxQuote.body.reportdata
+
+
+def test_sync_client_is_reachable():
+    """Test that sync client can check if service is reachable."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    is_reachable = client.is_reachable()
+    assert isinstance(is_reachable, bool)
+    assert is_reachable
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_is_reachable():
+    """Test that async client can check if service is reachable."""
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    is_reachable = await client.is_reachable()
+    assert isinstance(is_reachable, bool)
+    assert is_reachable
+
+
+def test_tls_key_as_uint8array():
+    """Test that TLS key can be converted to bytes with as_uint8array method."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_tls_key()
+
+    # Test full length
+    full_bytes = result.as_uint8array()
+    assert isinstance(full_bytes, bytes)
+    assert len(full_bytes) > 0
+
+    # Test with max_length
+    key_32 = result.as_uint8array(32)
+    assert isinstance(key_32, bytes)
+    assert len(key_32) == 32
+    assert len(key_32) != len(full_bytes)
+
+
+def test_tls_key_with_alt_names():
+    """Test TLS key generation with alt names."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    alt_names = ["localhost", "127.0.0.1"]
+    result = client.get_tls_key(
+        subject="test-subject",
+        alt_names=alt_names,
+        usage_ra_tls=True,
+        usage_server_auth=True,
+        usage_client_auth=True,
+    )
+    assert isinstance(result, GetTlsKeyResponse)
+    assert result.key is not None
+    assert len(result.certificate_chain) > 0
+
+
+def test_unix_socket_file_not_exist():
+    """Test that client raises error when Unix socket file doesn't exist."""
+    # Temporarily remove environment variable to test file check
+    saved_env = os.environ.get("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT")
+    if "DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" in os.environ:
+        del os.environ["DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"]
+
+    try:
+        with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError) as exc_info:
+            DstackClient("/non/existent/socket")
+        assert "Unix socket file /non/existent/socket does not exist" in str(
+            exc_info.value
+        )
+    finally:
+        # Restore environment variable
+        if saved_env:
+            os.environ["DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"] = saved_env
+
+
+def test_non_unix_socket_endpoints():
+    """Test that client doesn't throw error for non-unix socket paths."""
+    saved_env = os.environ.get("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT")
+    if "DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT" in os.environ:
+        del os.environ["DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"]
+
+    try:
+        # These should not raise errors
+        client1 = DstackClient("http://localhost:8080")
+        client2 = DstackClient("https://example.com")
+        assert client1 is not None
+        assert client2 is not None
+    finally:
+        # Restore environment variable
+        if saved_env:
+            os.environ["DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT"] = saved_env
+
+
+SIGN_TEST_DATA = b"Test message for signing"
+SIGN_BAD_DATA = b"This is not the original message"
+
+
+def test_sync_sign_verify_ed25519():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    algo = "ed25519"
+    sign_resp = client.sign(algo, SIGN_TEST_DATA)
+    assert isinstance(sign_resp, SignResponse)
+    assert len(sign_resp.decode_signature()) > 0
+    assert len(sign_resp.decode_public_key()) > 0
+    assert len(sign_resp.signature_chain) > 0
+
+    verify_resp = client.verify(
+        algo,
+        SIGN_TEST_DATA,
+        sign_resp.decode_signature(),
+        sign_resp.decode_public_key(),
+    )
+    assert isinstance(verify_resp, VerifyResponse)
+    assert verify_resp.valid is True
+
+    verify_bad = client.verify(
+        algo, SIGN_BAD_DATA, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_bad.valid is False
+
+
+def test_sync_sign_verify_secp256k1():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    algo = "secp256k1"
+    sign_resp = client.sign(algo, SIGN_TEST_DATA)
+    assert isinstance(sign_resp, SignResponse)
+
+    verify_resp = client.verify(
+        algo,
+        SIGN_TEST_DATA,
+        sign_resp.decode_signature(),
+        sign_resp.decode_public_key(),
+    )
+    assert verify_resp.valid is True
+
+    verify_bad = client.verify(
+        algo, SIGN_BAD_DATA, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_bad.valid is False
+
+
+def test_sync_sign_verify_secp256k1_prehashed():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    algo = "secp256k1_prehashed"
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(SIGN_TEST_DATA).digest()
+    assert len(digest) == 32
+
+    sign_resp = client.sign(algo, digest)
+    assert isinstance(sign_resp, SignResponse)
+
+    verify_resp = client.verify(
+        algo, digest, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_resp.valid is True
+
+    bad_digest = hashlib.sha256(SIGN_BAD_DATA).digest()
+    verify_bad = client.verify(
+        algo, bad_digest, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_bad.valid is False
+
+
+def test_sync_sign_prehashed_length_error():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    algo = "secp256k1_prehashed"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        client.sign(algo, b"too short")
+    assert "32-byte digest" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_sign_verify_ed25519():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    algo = "ed25519"
+    sign_resp = await client.sign(algo, SIGN_TEST_DATA)
+    assert isinstance(sign_resp, SignResponse)
+    assert len(sign_resp.decode_signature()) > 0
+    assert len(sign_resp.decode_public_key()) > 0
+
+    verify_resp = await client.verify(
+        algo,
+        SIGN_TEST_DATA,
+        sign_resp.decode_signature(),
+        sign_resp.decode_public_key(),
+    )
+    assert verify_resp.valid is True
+
+    verify_bad = await client.verify(
+        algo, SIGN_BAD_DATA, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_bad.valid is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_sign_verify_secp256k1():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    algo = "secp256k1"
+    sign_resp = await client.sign(algo, SIGN_TEST_DATA)
+    assert isinstance(sign_resp, SignResponse)
+
+    verify_resp = await client.verify(
+        algo,
+        SIGN_TEST_DATA,
+        sign_resp.decode_signature(),
+        sign_resp.decode_public_key(),
+    )
+    assert verify_resp.valid is True
+
+    verify_bad = await client.verify(
+        algo, SIGN_BAD_DATA, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_bad.valid is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_sign_verify_secp256k1_prehashed():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    algo = "secp256k1_prehashed"
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(SIGN_TEST_DATA).digest()
+
+    sign_resp = await client.sign(algo, digest)
+    assert isinstance(sign_resp, SignResponse)
+
+    verify_resp = await client.verify(
+        algo, digest, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_resp.valid is True
+
+    bad_digest = hashlib.sha256(SIGN_BAD_DATA).digest()
+    verify_bad = await client.verify(
+        algo, bad_digest, sign_resp.decode_signature(), sign_resp.decode_public_key()
+    )
+    assert verify_bad.valid is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_sign_prehashed_length_error():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    algo = "secp256k1_prehashed"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
+        await client.sign(algo, b"too short")
+    assert "32-byte digest" in str(excinfo.value)
+
+
+# Test deprecated TappdClient
+def test_tappd_client_deprecated():
+    """Test that TappdClient shows deprecation warning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        TappdClient()
+
+        # Filter for TappdClient deprecation warnings specifically
+        tappd_warnings = [
+            warning
+            for warning in w
+            if issubclass(warning.category, DeprecationWarning)
+            and "TappdClient is deprecated" in str(warning.message)
+        ]
+
+        assert len(tappd_warnings) == 1
+        assert "TappdClient is deprecated" in str(tappd_warnings[0].message)
+
+
+def test_tappd_client_derive_key_deprecated():
+    """Test that TappdClient.derive_key shows deprecation warning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        client = TappdClient()
+
+        client.derive_key("/", "test")
+        # Should have warnings for both constructor and derive_key
+        warning_messages = [str(warning.message) for warning in w]
+        assert any("TappdClient is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+        assert any("derive_key is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+
+
+def test_tappd_client_tdx_quote_deprecated():
+    """Test that TappdClient.tdx_quote shows deprecation warning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        client = TappdClient()
+
+        client.tdx_quote("test data", "raw")
+        # Should have warnings for both constructor and tdx_quote
+        warning_messages = [str(warning.message) for warning in w]
+        assert any("TappdClient is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+        assert any("tdx_quote is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+
+
+# Test AsyncTappdClient
+def test_async_tappd_client_deprecated():
+    """Test that AsyncTappdClient shows deprecation warning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        AsyncTappdClient()
+
+        # Filter for AsyncTappdClient deprecation warnings specifically
+        tappd_warnings = [
+            warning
+            for warning in w
+            if issubclass(warning.category, DeprecationWarning)
+            and "AsyncTappdClient is deprecated" in str(warning.message)
+        ]
+
+        assert len(tappd_warnings) == 1
+        assert "AsyncTappdClient is deprecated" in str(tappd_warnings[0].message)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_tappd_client_derive_key_deprecated():
+    """Test that AsyncTappdClient.derive_key shows deprecation warning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        client = AsyncTappdClient()
+
+        await client.derive_key("/", "test")
+        # Should have warnings for both constructor and derive_key
+        warning_messages = [str(warning.message) for warning in w]
+        assert any("AsyncTappdClient is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+        assert any("derive_key is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_tappd_client_tdx_quote_deprecated():
+    """Test that AsyncTappdClient.tdx_quote shows deprecation warning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        client = AsyncTappdClient()
+
+        await client.tdx_quote("test data", "raw")
+        # Should have warnings for both constructor and tdx_quote
+        warning_messages = [str(warning.message) for warning in w]
+        assert any("AsyncTappdClient is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+        assert any("tdx_quote is deprecated" in msg for msg in warning_messages)
+
+
+def test_sync_client_version():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.version()
+    assert isinstance(result, VersionResponse)
+    assert result.version != ""
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_version():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.version()
+    assert isinstance(result, VersionResponse)
+    assert result.version != ""
+
+
+def test_sync_client_get_key_k256_alias():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result_k256 = client.get_key(path="/test", purpose="p", algorithm="k256")
+    result_secp = client.get_key(path="/test", purpose="p", algorithm="secp256k1")
+    # k256 is an alias for secp256k1, should produce the same key
+    assert result_k256.decode_key() == result_secp.decode_key()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_get_key_k256_alias():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result_k256 = await client.get_key(path="/test", purpose="p", algorithm="k256")
+    result_secp = await client.get_key(path="/test", purpose="p", algorithm="secp256k1")
+    assert result_k256.decode_key() == result_secp.decode_key()
+
+
+def test_sync_client_get_key_secp256k1_prehashed_rejected():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        client.get_key(algorithm="secp256k1_prehashed")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_get_key_secp256k1_prehashed_rejected():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        await client.get_key(algorithm="secp256k1_prehashed")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_tappd_client_is_reachable():
+    """Test that AsyncTappdClient can check if service is reachable."""
     client = AsyncTappdClient()
-    result = await client.tdx_quote(reportdata)
-    tdxQuote = TdxQuote(bytes.fromhex(result.quote[2:]))
-    assert hashlib.sha512(b"app-data:" + reportdata.encode("utf8")).hexdigest() == tdxQuote.body.reportdata.hex()
-    # #2
-    result = await client.tdx_quote(reportdata, 'raw')
-    tdxQuote = TdxQuote(bytes.fromhex(result.quote[2:]))
-    print(tdxQuote.body.reportdata.lstrip(b'\x00') == reportdata.encode('utf8'))
+    is_reachable = await client.is_reachable()
+    assert isinstance(is_reachable, bool)
+    assert is_reachable
+
+
+# Test sync client called from async context
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sync_client_in_async_context_get_key():
+    """Test that sync client works when called from async context."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_key()
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    assert isinstance(result.decode_key(), bytes)
+    assert len(result.decode_key()) == 32
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sync_client_in_async_context_get_info():
+    """Test that sync client info works when called from async context."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.info()
+    check_info_response(result)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_mixed_sync_async_calls():
+    """Test mixing sync and async client calls in the same async context."""
+    sync_client = DstackClient()
+    async_client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+    # Call sync client from async context
+    sync_result = sync_client.get_key()
+    assert isinstance(sync_result, GetKeyResponse)
+
+    # Call async client normally
+    async_result = await async_client.get_key()
+    assert isinstance(async_result, GetKeyResponse)
+
+    # Both should work and return valid results
+    assert len(sync_result.decode_key()) == 32
+    assert len(async_result.decode_key()) == 32
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_tls_key_new_options_payload(monkeypatch):
+    """0.5.7+ TLS options reach the payload and trigger the Version probe."""
+    calls: list = []
+
+    async def fake_send(self, method, payload):
+        calls.append((method, payload))
+        if method == "Version":
+            return {"version": "0.5.7", "rev": "test"}
+        return {"key": "k", "certificate_chain": []}
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT", "http://localhost:0")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(AsyncDstackClient, "_send_rpc_request", fake_send)
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_tls_key(
+        subject="api.example.com",
+        not_before=1_700_000_000,
+        not_after=1_800_000_000,
+        with_app_info=True,
+    )
+    assert isinstance(result, GetTlsKeyResponse)
+    assert [c[0] for c in calls] == ["Version", "GetTlsKey"]
+    payload = calls[1][1]
+    assert payload["not_before"] == 1_700_000_000
+    assert payload["not_after"] == 1_800_000_000
+    assert payload["with_app_info"] is True
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_tls_key_legacy_options_skip_version_probe(monkeypatch):
+    """Calls without the new options must NOT probe Version (backward compat)."""
+    calls: list = []
+
+    async def fake_send(self, method, payload):
+        calls.append((method, payload))
+        return {"key": "k", "certificate_chain": []}
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT", "http://localhost:0")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(AsyncDstackClient, "_send_rpc_request", fake_send)
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    await client.get_tls_key(subject="api.example.com")
+    assert [c[0] for c in calls] == ["GetTlsKey"]
+    payload = calls[0][1]
+    assert "not_before" not in payload
+    assert "not_after" not in payload
+    assert "with_app_info" not in payload
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_get_tls_key_new_options_require_version(monkeypatch):
+    """Raise a clear error when Version RPC is unavailable on older OS."""
+
+    async def fake_send(self, method, payload):
+        if method == "Version":
+            raise RuntimeError("Version not implemented")
+        return {"key": "k", "certificate_chain": []}
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT", "http://localhost:0")
+    monkeypatch.setattr(AsyncDstackClient, "_send_rpc_request", fake_send)
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="TLS key options"):
+        await client.get_tls_key(with_app_info=False)
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_connection_reuse.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_connection_reuse.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73799828a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_connection_reuse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import unittest.mock
+
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+
+
+class TestConnectionReuse:
+    """Test TCP connection reuse functionality."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_context_manager_reuses_client(self):
+        """Test that async context manager creates and reuses a single client."""
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+        # Verify client is None initially
+        assert client._client is None
+
+        async with client:
+            # Verify client is created when entering context
+            assert client._client is not None
+            first_client = client._client
+
+            # Make multiple calls and verify same client is used
+            with unittest.mock.patch.object(client._client, "post") as mock_post:
+                # Mock successful response
+                mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
+                mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None
+                mock_response.json.return_value = {"key": "test", "signature_chain": []}
+                mock_post.return_value = mock_response
+
+                # Make first call
+                await client.get_key("test1")
+                # Make second call
+                await client.get_key("test2")
+
+                # Verify same client instance was used for both calls
+                assert client._client is first_client
+                assert mock_post.call_count == 2
+
+        # Verify client is cleaned up after exiting context
+        assert client._client is None
+
+    def test_sync_context_manager_reuses_client(self):
+        """Test that sync context manager creates and reuses a single client."""
+        client = DstackClient()
+
+        # Verify sync client is None initially
+        assert client.async_client._sync_client is None
+
+        with client:
+            # Verify client is created when entering context
+            assert client.async_client._sync_client is not None
+            first_client = client.async_client._sync_client
+
+            # Make multiple calls and verify same client is used
+            with unittest.mock.patch.object(
+                client.async_client._sync_client, "post"
+            ) as mock_post:
+                # Mock successful response
+                mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
+                mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None
+                mock_response.json.return_value = {"key": "test", "signature_chain": []}
+                mock_post.return_value = mock_response
+
+                # Make first call
+                client.get_key("test1")
+                # Make second call
+                client.get_key("test2")
+
+                # Verify same client instance was used for both calls
+                assert client.async_client._sync_client is first_client
+                assert mock_post.call_count == 2
+
+        # Verify client is cleaned up after exiting context
+        assert client.async_client._sync_client is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_without_context_manager_reuses_client(self):
+        """Test that without context manager, clients are still reused."""
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+        with unittest.mock.patch("httpx.AsyncClient") as mock_async_client_class:
+            # Mock the context manager behavior
+            mock_client_instance = unittest.mock.AsyncMock()
+            mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
+            mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None
+            mock_response.json.return_value = {"key": "test", "signature_chain": []}
+            mock_client_instance.post = unittest.mock.AsyncMock(
+                return_value=mock_response
+            )
+            mock_async_client_class.return_value = mock_client_instance
+
+            # Make two calls
+            await client.get_key("test1")
+            await client.get_key("test2")
+
+            # Verify that the client was created and reused (not created twice)
+            assert mock_async_client_class.call_count == 1
+
+    def test_sync_without_context_manager_reuses_client(self):
+        """Test that without context manager, clients are still reused."""
+        client = DstackClient()
+
+        with unittest.mock.patch("httpx.Client") as mock_client_class:
+            # Mock the context manager behavior
+            mock_client_instance = unittest.mock.Mock()
+            mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
+            mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None
+            mock_response.json.return_value = {"key": "test", "signature_chain": []}
+            mock_client_instance.post.return_value = mock_response
+            mock_client_class.return_value = mock_client_instance
+
+            # Make two calls
+            client.get_key("test1")
+            client.get_key("test2")
+
+            # Verify that the client was created and reused (not created twice)
+            assert mock_client_class.call_count == 1
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_context_manager_with_real_requests(self):
+        """Test async context manager with real requests to ensure connection reuse."""
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+        async with client:
+            # Make multiple requests - these should reuse the same connection
+            try:
+                result1 = await client.info()
+                result2 = await client.info()
+
+                # Both calls should succeed (assuming simulator is running)
+                assert result1 is not None
+                assert result2 is not None
+                assert hasattr(result1, "app_id")
+                assert hasattr(result2, "app_id")
+            except Exception:
+                # If simulator is not running, that's expected
+                # The important thing is that the context manager worked
+                pass
+
+    def test_sync_context_manager_with_real_requests(self):
+        """Test sync context manager with real requests to ensure connection reuse."""
+        client = DstackClient()
+
+        with client:
+            # Make multiple requests - these should reuse the same connection
+            try:
+                result1 = client.info()
+                result2 = client.info()
+
+                # Both calls should succeed (assuming simulator is running)
+                assert result1 is not None
+                assert result2 is not None
+                assert hasattr(result1, "app_id")
+                assert hasattr(result2, "app_id")
+            except Exception:
+                # If simulator is not running, that's expected
+                # The important thing is that the context manager worked
+                pass
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_nested_context_managers(self):
+        """Test that nested async context managers work correctly."""
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+        async with client:
+            first_client = client._client
+            assert first_client is not None
+
+            # Nested context should use the same client
+            async with client:
+                assert client._client is first_client
+
+            # After nested exit, client should still be active
+            assert client._client is first_client
+
+        # After outer exit, client should be None
+        assert client._client is None
+
+    def test_sync_nested_context_managers(self):
+        """Test that nested sync context managers work correctly."""
+        client = DstackClient()
+
+        with client:
+            first_client = client.async_client._sync_client
+            assert first_client is not None
+
+            # Nested context should use the same client
+            with client:
+                assert client.async_client._sync_client is first_client
+
+            # After nested exit, client should still be active
+            assert client.async_client._sync_client is first_client
+
+        # After outer exit, client should be None
+        assert client.async_client._sync_client is None
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_encrypt_env_vars.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_encrypt_env_vars.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d50bd51ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_encrypt_env_vars.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk.encrypt_env_vars import EnvVar
+from dstack_sdk.encrypt_env_vars import encrypt_env_vars
+from dstack_sdk.encrypt_env_vars import encrypt_env_vars_sync
+
+
+def test_encrypt_env_vars_sync():
+    """Test synchronous environment variable encryption."""
+    # Test data
+    envs = [
+        EnvVar(key="NODE_ENV", value="production"),
+        EnvVar(key="API_KEY", value="secret123"),
+        EnvVar(key="DATABASE_URL", value="postgres://localhost:5432/mydb"),
+    ]
+
+    # Mock public key (32 bytes hex)
+    public_key_hex = "deadbeef" * 8
+
+    # Test encryption
+    encrypted_hex = encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs, public_key_hex)
+
+    # Verify output
+    assert isinstance(encrypted_hex, str)
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) > 0
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) % 2 == 0  # Should be valid hex
+
+    # Should be able to decode as hex
+    encrypted_bytes = bytes.fromhex(encrypted_hex)
+
+    # Should contain: 32 bytes public key + 12 bytes IV + encrypted data
+    assert len(encrypted_bytes) >= 44  # At least 32 + 12 bytes
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_encrypt_env_vars_async():
+    """Test asynchronous environment variable encryption."""
+    # Test data
+    envs = [
+        EnvVar(key="NODE_ENV", value="production"),
+        EnvVar(key="API_KEY", value="secret123"),
+    ]
+
+    # Mock public key (32 bytes hex)
+    public_key_hex = "0x" + "deadbeef" * 8
+
+    # Test encryption
+    encrypted_hex = await encrypt_env_vars(envs, public_key_hex)
+
+    # Verify output
+    assert isinstance(encrypted_hex, str)
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) > 0
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) % 2 == 0  # Should be valid hex
+
+
+def test_encrypt_env_vars_empty():
+    """Test encryption with empty environment variables."""
+    envs = []
+    public_key_hex = "deadbeef" * 8
+
+    encrypted_hex = encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs, public_key_hex)
+    assert isinstance(encrypted_hex, str)
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) > 0
+
+
+def test_encrypt_env_vars_single():
+    """Test encryption with single environment variable."""
+    envs = [EnvVar(key="TEST", value="value")]
+    public_key_hex = "deadbeef" * 8
+
+    encrypted_hex = encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs, public_key_hex)
+    assert isinstance(encrypted_hex, str)
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) > 0
+
+
+def test_encrypt_env_vars_different_keys():
+    """Test that different public keys produce different results."""
+    envs = [EnvVar(key="TEST", value="value")]
+
+    public_key1 = "deadbeef" * 8
+    public_key2 = "abcdef01" * 8
+
+    encrypted1 = encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs, public_key1)
+    encrypted2 = encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs, public_key2)
+
+    # Should be different due to different public keys
+    assert encrypted1 != encrypted2
+
+
+def test_env_var_namedtuple():
+    """Test EnvVar namedtuple properties."""
+    env = EnvVar(key="TEST_KEY", value="test_value")
+
+    assert env.key == "TEST_KEY"
+    assert env.value == "test_value"
+    assert isinstance(env, tuple)
+
+
+def test_encrypt_env_vars_unicode():
+    """Test encryption with Unicode values."""
+    envs = [
+        EnvVar(key="MESSAGE", value="Hello 世界 🌍"),
+        EnvVar(key="EMOJI", value="🚀🎉💻"),
+    ]
+
+    public_key_hex = "deadbeef" * 8
+    encrypted_hex = encrypt_env_vars_sync(envs, public_key_hex)
+
+    assert isinstance(encrypted_hex, str)
+    assert len(encrypted_hex) > 0
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_ethereum.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_ethereum.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c270ae5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_ethereum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import warnings
+
+from eth_account.signers.local import LocalAccount
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk import GetKeyResponse
+from dstack_sdk.ethereum import to_account
+from dstack_sdk.ethereum import to_account_secure
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_account():
+    # Use mock GetKeyResponse instead of actual server call
+    mock_result = GetKeyResponse(
+        key="1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
+        signature_chain=["sig1", "sig2"],
+    )
+    assert isinstance(mock_result, GetKeyResponse)
+    account = to_account(mock_result)
+    assert isinstance(account, LocalAccount)
+
+
+def test_sync_to_account():
+    # Use mock GetKeyResponse instead of actual server call
+    mock_result = GetKeyResponse(
+        key="1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
+        signature_chain=["sig1", "sig2"],
+    )
+    assert isinstance(mock_result, GetKeyResponse)
+    account = to_account(mock_result)
+    assert isinstance(account, LocalAccount)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_account_secure():
+    # Use mock GetKeyResponse instead of actual server call
+    mock_result = GetKeyResponse(
+        key="1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
+        signature_chain=["sig1", "sig2"],
+    )
+    assert isinstance(mock_result, GetKeyResponse)
+    account = to_account_secure(mock_result)
+    assert isinstance(account, LocalAccount)
+
+
+def test_sync_to_account_secure():
+    # Use mock GetKeyResponse instead of actual server call
+    mock_result = GetKeyResponse(
+        key="1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
+        signature_chain=["sig1", "sig2"],
+    )
+    assert isinstance(mock_result, GetKeyResponse)
+    account = to_account_secure(mock_result)
+    assert isinstance(account, LocalAccount)
+
+
+def test_to_account_with_tls_key():
+    """Test to_account with TLS key response (should show warning)."""
+    from dstack_sdk import GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+    # Use mock TLS key response instead of actual server call
+    mock_result = GetTlsKeyResponse(
+        key="""-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgKONKWRjMvhgxHDmr
+SY7zfjPHe3Qp8vCO9HqjzjqhXNKhRANCAAT5XHKyj7JRGHl2nQ2SltGKjQ3A7MPJ
+/7JDkUxMNYhTxKqYdJZ6l1C8XrjKc7SFsVJhYgdJjLzQ3xKJz6l5jKzQ
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----""",
+        certificate_chain=["cert1", "cert2"],
+    )
+
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        account = to_account(mock_result)
+
+        assert isinstance(account, LocalAccount)
+        assert len(w) == 1
+        assert issubclass(w[0].category, DeprecationWarning)
+        assert "Please don't use getTlsKey method" in str(w[0].message)
+
+
+def test_to_account_secure_with_tls_key():
+    """Test to_account_secure with TLS key response (should show warning)."""
+    from dstack_sdk import GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+    # Use mock TLS key response instead of actual server call
+    mock_result = GetTlsKeyResponse(
+        key="""-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgKONKWRjMvhgxHDmr
+SY7zfjPHe3Qp8vCO9HqjzjqhXNKhRANCAAT5XHKyj7JRGHl2nQ2SltGKjQ3A7MPJ
+/7JDkUxMNYhTxKqYdJZ6l1C8XrjKc7SFsVJhYgdJjLzQ3xKJz6l5jKzQ
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----""",
+        certificate_chain=["cert1", "cert2"],
+    )
+
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        account = to_account_secure(mock_result)
+
+        assert isinstance(account, LocalAccount)
+        assert len(w) == 1
+        assert issubclass(w[0].category, DeprecationWarning)
+        assert "Please don't use getTlsKey method" in str(w[0].message)
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_get_compose_hash.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_get_compose_hash.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50ea9f0a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_get_compose_hash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+from dstack_sdk.get_compose_hash import AppCompose
+from dstack_sdk.get_compose_hash import DockerConfig
+from dstack_sdk.get_compose_hash import get_compose_hash
+from dstack_sdk.get_compose_hash import sort_object
+
+
+def test_deterministic_json_key_sorting():
+    """Test that object keys are sorted lexicographically."""
+    compose1 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml",
+        bash_script="start.sh",
+    )
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(
+        bash_script="start.sh",
+        docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml",
+        runner="docker-compose",
+    )
+
+    # Both should produce the same hash despite different key order
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1) == get_compose_hash(compose2)
+
+
+def test_nested_object_key_sorting():
+    """Test that nested object keys are sorted."""
+    config1 = DockerConfig(registry="docker.io", username="user", token_key="token")
+
+    config2 = DockerConfig(token_key="token", username="user", registry="docker.io")
+
+    compose1 = AppCompose(runner="docker-compose", docker_config=config1)
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(runner="docker-compose", docker_config=config2)
+
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1) == get_compose_hash(compose2)
+
+
+def test_array_order_preservation():
+    """Test that array order is preserved."""
+    compose1 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose", allowed_envs=["NODE_ENV", "PORT", "DB_URL"]
+    )
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose", allowed_envs=["PORT", "DB_URL", "NODE_ENV"]
+    )
+
+    # Different array orders should produce different hashes
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1) != get_compose_hash(compose2)
+
+
+def test_preprocessing_bash_runner():
+    """Test preprocessing removes docker_compose_file when runner is bash."""
+    compose = AppCompose(
+        runner="bash", bash_script="start.sh", docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml"
+    )
+
+    hash_normalized = get_compose_hash(compose, normalize=True)
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(runner="bash", bash_script="start.sh")
+
+    assert hash_normalized == get_compose_hash(compose2, normalize=True)
+
+
+def test_preprocessing_docker_compose_runner():
+    """Test preprocessing removes bash_script when runner is docker-compose."""
+    compose = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml",
+        bash_script="start.sh",
+    )
+
+    hash_normalized = get_compose_hash(compose, normalize=True)
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose", docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml"
+    )
+
+    assert hash_normalized == get_compose_hash(compose2, normalize=True)
+
+
+def test_preprocessing_empty_pre_launch_script():
+    """Test preprocessing removes empty pre_launch_script."""
+    compose1 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml",
+        pre_launch_script="",
+    )
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose", docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml"
+    )
+
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1, normalize=True) == get_compose_hash(
+        compose2, normalize=True
+    )
+
+
+def test_special_value_handling():
+    """Test that NaN and Infinity are converted to null."""
+    data_with_nan = {"runner": "docker-compose", "special_value": float("nan")}
+
+    data_with_null = {"runner": "docker-compose", "special_value": None}
+
+    compose1 = AppCompose.from_dict(data_with_nan)
+    compose2 = AppCompose.from_dict(data_with_null)
+
+    # Should produce same hash since NaN becomes null
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1) == get_compose_hash(compose2)
+
+
+def test_cross_language_compatibility():
+    """Test deterministic hash for reference data."""
+    compose = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose",
+        docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml",
+        manifest_version=1,
+        name="test-app",
+        public_logs=True,
+        kms_enabled=False,
+        allowed_envs=["NODE_ENV"],
+    )
+
+    hash_result = get_compose_hash(compose)
+
+    # Should be a deterministic 64-character hex hash
+    assert len(hash_result) == 64
+    assert all(c in "0123456789abcdef" for c in hash_result)
+
+    # Should be consistent across runs
+    assert hash_result == get_compose_hash(compose)
+
+
+def test_utf8_support():
+    """Test handling of non-ASCII characters."""
+    compose1 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose", name="测试应用", bash_script="echo '🚀 Deploy'"
+    )
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(
+        bash_script="echo '🚀 Deploy'", runner="docker-compose", name="测试应用"
+    )
+
+    # Should be same despite key order
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1) == get_compose_hash(compose2)
+
+
+def test_empty_compose():
+    """Test handling of minimal compose."""
+    compose = AppCompose(runner="bash")
+    hash_result = get_compose_hash(compose)
+
+    assert len(hash_result) == 64
+    assert isinstance(hash_result, str)
+
+
+def test_boolean_values():
+    """Test handling of boolean values."""
+    compose1 = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose", public_logs=True, kms_enabled=False, secure_time=True
+    )
+
+    compose2 = AppCompose(
+        secure_time=True, public_logs=True, runner="docker-compose", kms_enabled=False
+    )
+
+    assert get_compose_hash(compose1) == get_compose_hash(compose2)
+
+
+def test_normalize_parameter():
+    """Test that normalize parameter controls preprocessing."""
+    compose = AppCompose(
+        runner="bash", bash_script="start.sh", docker_compose_file="docker-compose.yml"
+    )
+
+    hash_without_normalize = get_compose_hash(compose, normalize=False)
+    hash_with_normalize = get_compose_hash(compose, normalize=True)
+
+    # Should be different because preprocessing is only applied with normalize=True
+    assert hash_without_normalize != hash_with_normalize
+
+
+def test_docker_config():
+    """Test DockerConfig handling."""
+    config = DockerConfig(
+        registry="docker.io", username="testuser", token_key="secret123"
+    )
+
+    compose = AppCompose(runner="docker-compose", docker_config=config)
+
+    hash_result = get_compose_hash(compose)
+    assert isinstance(hash_result, str)
+    assert len(hash_result) == 64
+
+
+def test_key_provider_fields():
+    """Test key provider related fields."""
+    compose = AppCompose(
+        runner="docker-compose",
+        key_provider="kms",
+        key_provider_id="abcd1234",
+        local_key_provider_enabled=True,
+    )
+
+    hash_result = get_compose_hash(compose)
+    assert isinstance(hash_result, str)
+    assert len(hash_result) == 64
+
+
+def test_from_dict_conversion():
+    """Test AppCompose.from_dict functionality."""
+    data = {
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "manifest_version": 1,
+        "name": "test-app",
+        "public_logs": True,
+        "docker_config": {"registry": "docker.io", "username": "user"},
+    }
+
+    compose = AppCompose.from_dict(data)
+
+    assert compose.runner == "docker-compose"
+    assert compose.manifest_version == 1
+    assert compose.name == "test-app"
+    assert compose.public_logs is True
+    assert isinstance(compose.docker_config, DockerConfig)
+    assert compose.docker_config.registry == "docker.io"
+
+
+def test_sort_object_function():
+    """Test the sort_object utility function."""
+    obj = {"gamma": 3, "alpha": 1, "beta": 2, "nested": {"z": 26, "a": 1}}
+
+    sorted_obj = sort_object(obj)
+    keys = list(sorted_obj.keys())
+
+    # Keys should be sorted
+    assert keys == ["alpha", "beta", "gamma", "nested"]
+
+    # Nested keys should also be sorted
+    nested_keys = list(sorted_obj["nested"].keys())
+    assert nested_keys == ["a", "z"]
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_mypy_check.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_mypy_check.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4067bf424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_mypy_check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Script to test mypy type checking on dstack client methods."""
+
+import os
+from unittest.mock import Mock
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+try:
+    from typing_extensions import reveal_type
+except ImportError:
+    from typing import reveal_type  # type: ignore
+
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+
+
+def test_sync_client_types():
+    """Test sync client method type inference with mypy."""
+    # Use the simulator endpoint if available, otherwise use a mock
+    endpoint = os.environ.get("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT", "http://localhost:8080")
+
+    with patch("httpx.Client.post") as mock_post:
+        # Mock the HTTP response for the tests
+        mock_response = Mock()
+        mock_response.status_code = 200
+
+        # Mock response for get_tls_key
+        mock_response.json.return_value = {
+            "key": "test_key",
+            "certificate_chain": ["test_cert_1", "test_cert_2"],
+        }
+        mock_post.return_value = mock_response
+
+        client = DstackClient(endpoint)
+
+        # Test get_tls_key - this should be GetTlsKeyResponse, not Coroutine
+        tls_result = client.get_tls_key()
+        reveal_type(tls_result)  # Should be GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+        # Mock response for get_key
+        mock_response.json.return_value = {
+            "key": "test_key_hex",
+            "signature_chain": ["sig1", "sig2"],
+        }
+
+        # Test get_key
+        key_result = client.get_key()
+        reveal_type(key_result)  # Should be GetKeyResponse
+
+        # Mock response for is_reachable
+        mock_response.json.return_value = True
+
+        # Test is_reachable
+        reachable = client.is_reachable()
+        reveal_type(reachable)  # Should be bool
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_client_types():
+    """Test async client method type inference with mypy."""
+    # Use the simulator endpoint if available, otherwise use a mock
+    endpoint = os.environ.get("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT", "http://localhost:8080")
+
+    with patch("httpx.AsyncClient.post") as mock_post:
+        # Mock the HTTP response for the tests
+        mock_response = Mock()
+        mock_response.status_code = 200
+
+        # Mock response for get_tls_key
+        mock_response.json.return_value = {
+            "key": "test_key",
+            "certificate_chain": ["test_cert_1", "test_cert_2"],
+        }
+        mock_post.return_value = mock_response
+
+        client = AsyncDstackClient(endpoint)
+
+        # Test get_tls_key - this should be GetTlsKeyResponse
+        tls_result = await client.get_tls_key()
+        reveal_type(tls_result)  # Should be GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+        # Mock response for get_key
+        mock_response.json.return_value = {
+            "key": "test_key_hex",
+            "signature_chain": ["sig1", "sig2"],
+        }
+
+        # Test get_key
+        key_result = await client.get_key()
+        reveal_type(key_result)  # Should be GetKeyResponse
+
+        # Mock response for is_reachable
+        mock_response.json.return_value = True
+
+        # Test is_reachable
+        reachable = await client.is_reachable()
+        reveal_type(reachable)  # Should be bool
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # This script is meant to be checked with mypy, not executed
+    pass
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_solana.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_solana.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b263184fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_solana.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import warnings
+
+import pytest
+from solders.keypair import Keypair
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import GetKeyResponse
+from dstack_sdk.solana import to_keypair
+from dstack_sdk.solana import to_keypair_secure
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_keypair():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_key("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    keypair = to_keypair(result)
+    assert isinstance(keypair, Keypair)
+
+
+def test_sync_to_keypair():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_key("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    keypair = to_keypair(result)
+    assert isinstance(keypair, Keypair)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_to_keypair_secure():
+    client = AsyncDstackClient()
+    result = await client.get_key("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    keypair = to_keypair_secure(result)
+    assert isinstance(keypair, Keypair)
+
+
+def test_sync_to_keypair_secure():
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_key("test")
+    assert isinstance(result, GetKeyResponse)
+    keypair = to_keypair_secure(result)
+    assert isinstance(keypair, Keypair)
+
+
+def test_to_keypair_with_tls_key():
+    """Test to_keypair with TLS key response (should show warning)."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_tls_key()
+
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        keypair = to_keypair(result)
+
+        assert isinstance(keypair, Keypair)
+        assert len(w) == 1
+        assert issubclass(w[0].category, DeprecationWarning)
+        assert "Please don't use getTlsKey method" in str(w[0].message)
+
+
+def test_to_keypair_secure_with_tls_key():
+    """Test to_keypair_secure with TLS key response (should show warning)."""
+    client = DstackClient()
+    result = client.get_tls_key()
+
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        keypair = to_keypair_secure(result)
+
+        assert isinstance(keypair, Keypair)
+        assert len(w) == 1
+        assert issubclass(w[0].category, DeprecationWarning)
+        assert "Please don't use getTlsKey method" in str(w[0].message)
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_tcp_connection_validation.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_tcp_connection_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c77e59c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_tcp_connection_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import unittest.mock
+
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+
+
+class TestTCPConnectionValidation:
+    """Test actual TCP connection behavior."""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_client_connection_object_reuse(self):
+        """Test that the actual httpx client object is reused in async context manager."""
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+        async with client:
+            first_client_obj = client._client
+            assert first_client_obj is not None
+
+            # Verify client object has expected attributes
+            assert hasattr(first_client_obj, "post")
+            assert hasattr(first_client_obj, "_transport")
+
+            # Make a request to establish connection state
+            with unittest.mock.patch.object(first_client_obj, "post") as mock_post:
+                mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
+                mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None
+                mock_response.json.return_value = {"key": "test", "signature_chain": []}
+                mock_post.return_value = mock_response
+
+                await client.get_key("test1")
+
+                # Verify the same client object is still being used
+                assert client._client is first_client_obj
+
+                await client.get_key("test2")
+
+                # Still the same client object
+                assert client._client is first_client_obj
+                assert mock_post.call_count == 2
+
+    def test_sync_client_connection_object_reuse(self):
+        """Test that the actual httpx client object is reused in sync context manager."""
+        client = DstackClient()
+
+        with client:
+            # For sync clients, check _sync_client instead of _client
+            first_client_obj = client.async_client._sync_client
+            assert first_client_obj is not None
+
+            # Verify client object has expected attributes
+            assert hasattr(first_client_obj, "post")
+            assert hasattr(first_client_obj, "_transport")
+
+            # Make a request to establish connection state
+            with unittest.mock.patch.object(first_client_obj, "post") as mock_post:
+                mock_response = unittest.mock.Mock()
+                mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None
+                mock_response.json.return_value = {"key": "test", "signature_chain": []}
+                mock_post.return_value = mock_response
+
+                client.get_key("test1")
+
+                # Verify the same client object is still being used
+                assert client.async_client._sync_client is first_client_obj
+
+                client.get_key("test2")
+
+                # Still the same client object
+                assert client.async_client._sync_client is first_client_obj
+                assert mock_post.call_count == 2
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_async_transport_configuration_preserved(self):
+        """Test that transport configuration is preserved when using context manager."""
+        # Test with HTTP endpoint
+        http_client = AsyncDstackClient(endpoint="http://localhost:8080")
+
+        async with http_client:
+            assert http_client._client is not None
+            assert isinstance(
+                http_client._client._transport, type(http_client.async_transport)
+            )
+            assert http_client._client.base_url == "http://localhost:8080"
+
+    def test_sync_transport_configuration_preserved(self):
+        """Test that transport configuration is preserved when using context manager."""
+        # Test with HTTP endpoint
+        http_client = DstackClient(endpoint="http://localhost:8080")
+
+        with http_client:
+            # For sync clients, check _sync_client instead of _client
+            assert http_client.async_client._sync_client is not None
+            assert isinstance(
+                http_client.async_client._sync_client._transport,
+                type(http_client.async_client.sync_transport),
+            )
+            assert (
+                http_client.async_client._sync_client.base_url
+                == "http://localhost:8080"
+            )
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_reference_counting_behavior(self):
+        """Test that reference counting works correctly for nested contexts."""
+        client = AsyncDstackClient()
+
+        # Initially no client and ref count is 0
+        assert client._client is None
+        assert client._client_ref_count == 0
+
+        async with client:  # ref_count = 1
+            assert client._client_ref_count == 1
+            first_client = client._client
+            assert first_client is not None
+
+            async with client:  # ref_count = 2
+                assert client._client_ref_count == 2
+                assert client._client is first_client  # Same client
+
+                async with client:  # ref_count = 3
+                    assert client._client_ref_count == 3
+                    assert client._client is first_client  # Still same client
+                # ref_count = 2
+                assert client._client_ref_count == 2
+                assert client._client is first_client  # Client still alive
+            # ref_count = 1
+            assert client._client_ref_count == 1
+            assert client._client is first_client  # Client still alive
+        # ref_count = 0
+        assert client._client_ref_count == 0
+        assert client._client is None  # Client closed
+
+    def test_sync_reference_counting_behavior(self):
+        """Test that reference counting works correctly for nested sync contexts."""
+        client = DstackClient()
+
+        # Initially no client and ref count is 0
+        assert client.async_client._sync_client is None
+        assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 0
+
+        with client:  # ref_count = 1
+            assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 1
+            first_client = client.async_client._sync_client
+            assert first_client is not None
+
+            with client:  # ref_count = 2
+                assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 2
+                assert client.async_client._sync_client is first_client  # Same client
+
+                with client:  # ref_count = 3
+                    assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 3
+                    assert (
+                        client.async_client._sync_client is first_client
+                    )  # Still same client
+                # ref_count = 2
+                assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 2
+                assert (
+                    client.async_client._sync_client is first_client
+                )  # Client still alive
+            # ref_count = 1
+            assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 1
+            assert (
+                client.async_client._sync_client is first_client
+            )  # Client still alive
+        # ref_count = 0
+        assert client.async_client._client_ref_count == 0
+        assert client.async_client._sync_client is None  # Client closed
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_typing.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4aa38e469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Test typing and mypy compatibility for sync/async methods."""
+
+import inspect
+from typing import get_type_hints
+
+from dstack_sdk import AsyncDstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import DstackClient
+from dstack_sdk import GetKeyResponse
+from dstack_sdk import GetQuoteResponse
+from dstack_sdk import GetTlsKeyResponse
+from dstack_sdk import GpuInfoResponse
+from dstack_sdk.dstack_client import InfoResponse
+
+# Use a test endpoint to avoid socket file not found errors
+TEST_ENDPOINT = "http://localhost:8080"
+
+
+def test_sync_method_type_annotations():
+    """Test that sync methods have correct type annotations, not Coroutine."""
+    client = DstackClient(TEST_ENDPOINT)
+
+    # Check get_tls_key method
+    get_tls_key_method = getattr(client, "get_tls_key")
+    assert callable(get_tls_key_method)
+
+    # Get type hints for the method
+    try:
+        type_hints = get_type_hints(get_tls_key_method)
+        print(f"get_tls_key type hints: {type_hints}")
+
+        # The return type should be GetTlsKeyResponse, not Coroutine
+        return_type = type_hints.get("return", None)
+        print(f"get_tls_key return type: {return_type}")
+
+        # This should pass - return type should be GetTlsKeyResponse
+        assert return_type == GetTlsKeyResponse or return_type is GetTlsKeyResponse
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error getting type hints for get_tls_key: {e}")
+        # If we can't get type hints, at least check it's not a coroutine function
+        assert not inspect.iscoroutinefunction(get_tls_key_method), (
+            "Sync method should not be a coroutine function"
+        )
+
+
+def test_all_sync_method_types():
+    """Test all sync business methods have correct type annotations."""
+    client = DstackClient(TEST_ENDPOINT)
+
+    expected_types = {
+        "get_key": GetKeyResponse,
+        "gpu_info": GpuInfoResponse,
+        "get_quote": GetQuoteResponse,
+        "get_tls_key": GetTlsKeyResponse,
+        "info": InfoResponse,
+        "is_reachable": bool,
+    }
+
+    for method_name, expected_return_type in expected_types.items():
+        method = getattr(client, method_name)
+        assert callable(method), f"{method_name} should be callable"
+
+        # Should not be coroutine function for sync client
+        assert not inspect.iscoroutinefunction(method), (
+            f"Sync {method_name} should not be coroutine function"
+        )
+
+        try:
+            type_hints = get_type_hints(method)
+            return_type = type_hints.get("return", None)
+            print(
+                f"{method_name} return type: {return_type}, expected: {expected_return_type}"
+            )
+
+            # Check that return type matches expected
+            if expected_return_type is not None:
+                assert (
+                    return_type == expected_return_type
+                    or return_type is expected_return_type
+                ), (
+                    f"{method_name} should return {expected_return_type}, got {return_type}"
+                )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Warning: Could not get type hints for {method_name}: {e}")
+
+
+def test_async_method_types():
+    """Test that async methods have correct type annotations."""
+    client = AsyncDstackClient(TEST_ENDPOINT)
+
+    expected_types = {
+        "get_key": GetKeyResponse,
+        "gpu_info": GpuInfoResponse,
+        "get_quote": GetQuoteResponse,
+        "get_tls_key": GetTlsKeyResponse,
+        "info": InfoResponse,
+        "is_reachable": bool,
+    }
+
+    for method_name, expected_return_type in expected_types.items():
+        method = getattr(client, method_name)
+        assert callable(method), f"{method_name} should be callable"
+
+        # Should be coroutine function for async client
+        assert inspect.iscoroutinefunction(method), (
+            f"Async {method_name} should be coroutine function"
+        )
+
+        try:
+            type_hints = get_type_hints(method)
+            return_type = type_hints.get("return", None)
+            print(
+                f"Async {method_name} return type: {return_type}, expected: {expected_return_type}"
+            )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Warning: Could not get type hints for async {method_name}: {e}")
+
+
+def test_method_signature_comparison():
+    """Compare method signatures between sync and async versions."""
+    sync_client = DstackClient(TEST_ENDPOINT)
+    async_client = AsyncDstackClient(TEST_ENDPOINT)
+
+    methods_to_check = [
+        "get_key",
+        "gpu_info",
+        "get_quote",
+        "get_tls_key",
+        "info",
+        "is_reachable",
+    ]
+
+    for method_name in methods_to_check:
+        sync_method = getattr(sync_client, method_name)
+        async_method = getattr(async_client, method_name)
+
+        sync_sig = inspect.signature(sync_method)
+        async_sig = inspect.signature(async_method)
+
+        print(f"\n{method_name}:")
+        print(f"  Sync signature: {sync_sig}")
+        print(f"  Async signature: {async_sig}")
+
+        # Parameters should be the same (excluding 'self')
+        sync_params = list(sync_sig.parameters.keys())
+        async_params = list(async_sig.parameters.keys())
+
+        if "self" in sync_params:
+            sync_params.remove("self")
+        if "self" in async_params:
+            async_params.remove("self")
+
+        assert sync_params == async_params, (
+            f"Parameter mismatch for {method_name}: sync={sync_params}, async={async_params}"
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # Run the tests manually to see output
+    test_sync_method_type_annotations()
+    test_all_sync_method_types()
+    test_async_method_types()
+    test_method_signature_comparison()
+    print("All typing tests completed!")
diff --git a/sdk/python/tests/test_verify_env_encrypt_public_key.py b/sdk/python/tests/test_verify_env_encrypt_public_key.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5744c2aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/python/tests/test_verify_env_encrypt_public_key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import time
+import warnings
+
+from eth_keys import keys
+from eth_utils import keccak
+import pytest
+
+from dstack_sdk import verify_env_encrypt_public_key
+from dstack_sdk import verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy
+
+# Known-good legacy fixture lifted from vmm-cli verify_signature docstring.
+LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY = bytes.fromhex(
+    "e33a1832c6562067ff8f844a61e51ad051f1180b66ec2551fb0251735f3ee90a"
+)
+LEGACY_SIGNATURE = bytes.fromhex(
+    "8542c49081fbf4e03f62034f13fbf70630bdf256a53032e38465a27c36fd6bed"
+    "7a5e7111652004aef37f7fd92fbfc1285212c4ae6a6154203a48f5e16cad2cef00"
+)
+LEGACY_APP_ID = "00" * 20
+LEGACY_EXPECTED_SIGNER = (
+    "0x0217610d74cbd39b6143842c6d8bc310d79da1d82cc9d17f8876376221eda0c38f"
+)
+
+
+def _sign_v1(
+    private_key: keys.PrivateKey,
+    public_key_bytes: bytes,
+    app_id_hex: str,
+    timestamp: int,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Build the v1 message exactly the way KMS does and sign it."""
+    message = (
+        b"dstack-env-encrypt-pubkey"
+        + b":"
+        + bytes.fromhex(app_id_hex)
+        + timestamp.to_bytes(8, "big")
+        + public_key_bytes
+    )
+    return private_key.sign_msg_hash(keccak(message)).to_bytes()
+
+
+def test_legacy_recovery_matches_known_signer():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
+        recovered = verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+            LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE, LEGACY_APP_ID
+        )
+    assert recovered == LEGACY_EXPECTED_SIGNER
+
+
+def test_legacy_recovery_strips_0x_prefix():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
+        with_prefix = verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+            LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE, "0x" + LEGACY_APP_ID
+        )
+        without_prefix = verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+            LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE, LEGACY_APP_ID
+        )
+    assert with_prefix == without_prefix == LEGACY_EXPECTED_SIGNER
+
+
+def test_legacy_emits_deprecation_warning():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as captured:
+        warnings.simplefilter("always")
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+            LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE, LEGACY_APP_ID
+        )
+    assert any(
+        issubclass(w.category, DeprecationWarning)
+        and "verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy" in str(w.message)
+        for w in captured
+    )
+
+
+def test_legacy_rejects_invalid_signature_length():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
+        too_short = verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+            LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE[:64], LEGACY_APP_ID
+        )
+        too_long = verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+            LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE + b"\x00", LEGACY_APP_ID
+        )
+    assert too_short is None
+    assert too_long is None
+
+
+def test_legacy_rejects_malformed_app_id():
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
+        assert (
+            verify_env_encrypt_public_key_legacy(
+                LEGACY_PUBLIC_KEY, LEGACY_SIGNATURE, "not-hex"
+            )
+            is None
+        )
+
+
+def test_v1_recovers_signer_for_round_trip_signature():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x01" * 32)
+    app_id = "ab" * 20
+    public_key = b"\xde" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time())
+    signature = _sign_v1(signer, public_key, app_id, timestamp)
+
+    recovered = verify_env_encrypt_public_key(public_key, signature, app_id, timestamp)
+    assert recovered == "0x" + signer.public_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+
+
+def test_v1_rejects_expired_timestamp():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x02" * 32)
+    app_id = "cd" * 20
+    public_key = b"\xab" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time()) - 10_000  # well beyond the 300s default
+    signature = _sign_v1(signer, public_key, app_id, timestamp)
+
+    assert (
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key(public_key, signature, app_id, timestamp) is None
+    )
+
+
+def test_v1_rejects_future_timestamp_beyond_skew():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x03" * 32)
+    app_id = "ef" * 20
+    public_key = b"\xcc" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time()) + 600  # outside the 60s future skew tolerance
+    signature = _sign_v1(signer, public_key, app_id, timestamp)
+
+    assert (
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key(public_key, signature, app_id, timestamp) is None
+    )
+
+
+def test_v1_accepts_small_future_skew():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x04" * 32)
+    app_id = "01" * 20
+    public_key = b"\x11" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time()) + 30  # within the 60s tolerance
+    signature = _sign_v1(signer, public_key, app_id, timestamp)
+
+    recovered = verify_env_encrypt_public_key(public_key, signature, app_id, timestamp)
+    assert recovered == "0x" + signer.public_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+
+
+def test_v1_respects_custom_max_age():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x05" * 32)
+    app_id = "02" * 20
+    public_key = b"\x22" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time()) - 400  # past default but within max_age=1000
+    signature = _sign_v1(signer, public_key, app_id, timestamp)
+
+    assert (
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key(public_key, signature, app_id, timestamp) is None
+    )
+    recovered = verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+        public_key, signature, app_id, timestamp, max_age_seconds=1000
+    )
+    assert recovered == "0x" + signer.public_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("bad_sig_len", [0, 32, 64, 66, 128])
+def test_v1_rejects_wrong_signature_length(bad_sig_len):
+    assert (
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+            b"\x00" * 32, b"\x00" * bad_sig_len, "00" * 20, int(time.time())
+        )
+        is None
+    )
+
+
+def test_v1_rejects_malformed_app_id():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x06" * 32)
+    public_key = b"\x33" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time())
+    # Sign with the well-formed app_id but verify with a malformed one.
+    signature = _sign_v1(signer, public_key, "ab" * 20, timestamp)
+    assert (
+        verify_env_encrypt_public_key(public_key, signature, "not-hex", timestamp)
+        is None
+    )
+
+
+def test_v1_returns_none_on_tampered_signature():
+    signer = keys.PrivateKey(b"\x07" * 32)
+    app_id = "03" * 20
+    public_key = b"\x44" * 32
+    timestamp = int(time.time())
+    signature = bytearray(_sign_v1(signer, public_key, app_id, timestamp))
+    signature[0] ^= 0xFF
+    # A flipped byte may either recover a wrong signer or fail outright; either
+    # way it must not match the genuine signer.
+    recovered = verify_env_encrypt_public_key(
+        public_key, bytes(signature), app_id, timestamp
+    )
+    assert recovered != "0x" + signer.public_key.to_compressed_bytes().hex()
diff --git a/sdk/run-tests.sh b/sdk/run-tests.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..a16e4a3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/run-tests.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -Eeuo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd -P)"
+SIMULATOR_DIR="$ROOT_DIR/simulator"
+SIMULATOR_LOG="$SIMULATOR_DIR/dstack-simulator.log"
+DSTACK_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/dstack.sock"
+TAPPD_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/tappd.sock"
+GUEST_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/guest.sock"
+EXTERNAL_SOCKET="$SIMULATOR_DIR/external.sock"
+SIMULATOR_PID=""
+
+cleanup() {
+    if [[ -n "${SIMULATOR_PID:-}" ]]; then
+        kill "$SIMULATOR_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+        wait "$SIMULATOR_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+    fi
+    rm -f "$DSTACK_SOCKET" "$TAPPD_SOCKET" "$GUEST_SOCKET" "$EXTERNAL_SOCKET"
+}
+
+print_simulator_logs() {
+    if [[ -f "$SIMULATOR_LOG" ]]; then
+        echo "Last simulator logs:"
+        tail -100 "$SIMULATOR_LOG" || true
+    fi
+}
+
+wait_for_socket() {
+    local socket_path="$1"
+    local name="$2"
+
+    for _ in {1..100}; do
+        if [[ -S "$socket_path" ]]; then
+            return 0
+        fi
+        if [[ -n "${SIMULATOR_PID:-}" ]] && ! kill -0 "$SIMULATOR_PID" 2>/dev/null; then
+            echo "Simulator exited before $name socket became ready."
+            print_simulator_logs
+            return 1
+        fi
+        sleep 0.2
+    done
+
+    echo "Timed out waiting for $name socket at $socket_path"
+    print_simulator_logs
+    return 1
+}
+
+trap 'print_simulator_logs' ERR
+trap cleanup EXIT INT TERM
+
+rm -f \
+    "$DSTACK_SOCKET" \
+    "$TAPPD_SOCKET" \
+    "$GUEST_SOCKET" \
+    "$EXTERNAL_SOCKET" \
+    "$SIMULATOR_LOG"
+export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT="$DSTACK_SOCKET"
+export TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT="$TAPPD_SOCKET"
+
+(
+    cd "$SIMULATOR_DIR"
+    ./build.sh
+)
+
+(
+    cd "$SIMULATOR_DIR"
+    ./dstack-simulator >"$SIMULATOR_LOG" 2>&1
+) &
+SIMULATOR_PID=$!
+
+wait_for_socket "$DSTACK_SOCKET" "dstack"
+wait_for_socket "$TAPPD_SOCKET" "tappd"
+
+pushd "$ROOT_DIR/rust"
+cargo test -- --show-output
+cargo run --example tappd_client_usage
+cargo run --example dstack_client_usage
+cargo test -p dstack-sdk-types --test no_std_test --no-default-features
+popd
+
+pushd "$ROOT_DIR/go"
+go clean -testcache
+go test -v ./dstack
+DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=$TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT go test -v ./tappd
+popd
+
+pushd "$ROOT_DIR/python"
+# Ensure PDM is installed
+if ! command -v pdm &> /dev/null; then
+    echo "Installing PDM..."
+    pip install pdm
+fi
+# Install dependencies and setup environment using PDM
+pdm install --dev
+# Run tests
+pdm run test
+# Run formatting check
+pdm run check
+popd
+
+pushd "$ROOT_DIR/js"
+npm install
+npm run test -- --run
+popd
diff --git a/sdk/rust/.gitignore b/sdk/rust/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b83d22266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/target/
diff --git a/sdk/rust/Cargo.lock b/sdk/rust/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18a5bc7d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,4713 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "alloy-core",
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+ "alloy-signer-local",
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+
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diff --git a/sdk/rust/Cargo.toml b/sdk/rust/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0393855a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 tuddman <tuddman@users.noreply.github.com>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[workspace]
+members = [".", "types", "no_std_check"]
+resolver = "2"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+anyhow = { version = "1.0.97", default-features = false }
+bon = { version = "3.4.0", default-features = false }
+borsh = { version = "1.5.7", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+hex = { version = "0.4.3", default-features = false }
+pkcs8 = { version = "0.10", default-features = false }
+serde = { version = "1.0.228", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.140", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }
+sha2 = { version = "0.10.8", default-features = false }
+dcap-qvl = "0.3.10"
+tokio = { version = "1.46.1" }
+alloy = { version = "1.0.32", default-features = false }
+http = "1.3.1"
+x509-parser = "0.16.0"
+dstack-sdk-types = { path = "types", version = "0.1.3", default-features = false }
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-sdk"
+version = "0.1.3"
+edition = "2021"
+license = "MIT"
+description = "This crate provides a rust client for communicating with dstack"
+authors = ["Encifher <encifher@rizelabs.io>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+alloy = { workspace = true, features = ["signers", "signer-local"] }
+anyhow.workspace = true
+dstack-sdk-types = { workspace = true, default-features = true }
+bon.workspace = true
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
+http.workspace = true
+http-client-unix-domain-socket = "0.1.1"
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = ["json", "rustls-tls", "charset"] }
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
+x509-parser.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
diff --git a/sdk/rust/README.md b/sdk/rust/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..630ecf3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# dstack SDK for Rust
+
+Access TEE features from your Rust application running inside dstack. Derive deterministic keys, generate attestation quotes, create TLS certificates, and sign data—all backed by hardware security.
+
+This directory is a **standalone Cargo workspace** (`dstack-sdk`, `dstack-sdk-types`, and a `no_std` check crate). It does not join the `dstack/` core workspace.
+
+## Installation
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+dstack-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git" }
+```
+
+## Quick Start
+
+```rust
+use dstack_sdk::dstack_client::DstackClient;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let client = DstackClient::new(None);
+
+    // Derive a deterministic key for your wallet
+    let key = client.get_key(Some("wallet/eth".to_string()), None).await?;
+    println!("{}", key.key);  // Same path always returns the same key
+
+    // Generate an attestation quote
+    let resp = client.attest(b"my-app-state".to_vec()).await?;
+    println!("{}", resp.attestation);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+```
+
+The client automatically connects to `/var/run/dstack.sock`. For local development with the simulator:
+
+```rust
+let client = DstackClient::new(Some("http://localhost:8090".to_string()));
+```
+
+## Core API
+
+### Derive Keys
+
+`get_key()` derives deterministic keys bound to your application's identity (`app_id`). The same path always produces the same key for your app, but different apps get different keys even with the same path.
+
+```rust
+// Derive keys by path
+let eth_key = client.get_key(Some("wallet/ethereum".to_string()), None).await?;
+let btc_key = client.get_key(Some("wallet/bitcoin".to_string()), None).await?;
+
+// Use path to separate keys
+let mainnet_key = client.get_key(Some("wallet/eth/mainnet".to_string()), None).await?;
+let testnet_key = client.get_key(Some("wallet/eth/testnet".to_string()), None).await?;
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `path`: Key derivation path (determines the key)
+- `purpose` (optional): Included in signature chain message, does not affect the derived key
+
+The Rust SDK currently requests the default `secp256k1` key material. Use distinct paths when keys must be independent.
+
+**Returns:** `GetKeyResponse`
+- `key`: Hex-encoded private key
+- `signature_chain`: Signatures proving the key was derived in a genuine TEE
+
+### Generate Attestation Quotes
+
+`get_quote()` creates a TDX quote proving your code runs in a genuine TEE.
+
+```rust
+let quote = client.get_quote(b"user:alice:nonce123".to_vec()).await?;
+println!("{}", quote.event_log);
+```
+
+**Parameters:**
+- `report_data`: Exactly 64 bytes recommended. If shorter, pad with zeros. If longer, hash it first (e.g., SHA-256).
+
+**Returns:** `GetQuoteResponse`
+- `quote`: Hex-encoded TDX quote
+- `event_log`: JSON string of measured events
+
+### Get Instance Info
+
+```rust
+let info = client.info().await?;
+println!("{}", info.app_id);
+println!("{}", info.instance_id);
+println!("{}", info.tcb_info);
+```
+
+**Returns:** `InfoResponse`
+- `app_id`: Application identifier
+- `instance_id`: Instance identifier
+- `app_name`: Application name
+- `tcb_info`: TCB measurements (JSON string)
+- `compose_hash`: Hash of the app configuration
+- `app_cert`: Application certificate (PEM)
+
+#### `attest(report_data: Vec<u8>) -> AttestResponse`
+Generates a versioned attestation with a custom 64-byte payload.
+- `attestation`: Hex-encoded attestation
+
+#### `gpu_info() -> GpuInfoResponse`
+
+Returns GPU information collected during boot. Currently, this includes the
+complete NVIDIA `nvattest` JSON output.
+
+```rust
+let gpu = client.gpu_info().await?;
+println!("{}", gpu.attestation);
+```
+
+The `attestation` field is empty when no GPU attestation output is available.
+The raw output is not trusted by itself; remote verifiers should compare its
+digest with the measured `gpu-attestation` runtime event.
+
+### Generate TLS Certificates
+
+`get_tls_key()` creates fresh TLS certificates. Unlike `get_key()`, each call generates a new random key.
+
+```rust
+use dstack_sdk_types::dstack::TlsKeyConfig;
+
+let tls_config = TlsKeyConfig::builder()
+    .subject("api.example.com")
+    .alt_names(vec!["localhost".to_string()])
+    .usage_ra_tls(true)  // Embed attestation in certificate
+    .usage_server_auth(true)
+    .build();
+
+let tls = client.get_tls_key(tls_config).await?;
+
+println!("{}", tls.key);                // PEM private key
+println!("{:?}", tls.certificate_chain);  // Certificate chain
+```
+
+**TlsKeyConfig Options:**
+- `.subject(name)`: Certificate common name (e.g., domain name)
+- `.alt_names(names)`: List of subject alternative names
+- `.usage_ra_tls(bool)`: Embed TDX quote in certificate extension
+- `.usage_server_auth(bool)`: Enable for server authentication
+- `.usage_client_auth(bool)`: Enable for client authentication
+
+**Returns:** `GetTlsKeyResponse`
+- `key`: PEM-encoded private key
+- `certificate_chain`: List of PEM certificates
+
+### Sign and Verify
+
+Sign data using TEE-derived keys (not yet released):
+
+```rust
+let result = client.sign("ed25519", b"message to sign".to_vec()).await?;
+println!("{:?}", result.signature);
+println!("{:?}", result.public_key);
+
+// Verify the signature
+let valid = client.verify(
+    "ed25519",
+    b"message to sign".to_vec(),
+    result.signature.clone(),
+    result.public_key.clone()
+).await?;
+println!("{}", valid.valid);  // true
+```
+
+**`sign()` Parameters:**
+- `algorithm`: `"ed25519"`, `"secp256k1"`, or `"secp256k1_prehashed"`
+- `data`: Data to sign
+
+**`sign()` Returns:** `SignResponse`
+- `signature`: Signature bytes
+- `public_key`: Public key bytes
+- `signature_chain`: Signatures proving TEE origin
+
+**`verify()` Parameters:**
+- `algorithm`: Algorithm used for signing
+- `data`: Original data
+- `signature`: Signature to verify
+- `public_key`: Public key to verify against
+
+**`verify()` Returns:** `VerifyResponse`
+- `valid`: Boolean indicating if signature is valid
+
+## Blockchain Integration
+
+### Ethereum with Alloy
+
+```rust
+use dstack_sdk::dstack_client::DstackClient;
+use dstack_sdk::ethereum::to_account;
+
+let key = client.get_key(Some("wallet/ethereum".to_string()), None).await?;
+let signer = to_account(&key)?;
+println!("Ethereum address: {}", signer.address());
+```
+
+## Development
+
+For local development without TDX hardware, use the simulator:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git
+cd dstack/sdk/simulator
+./build.sh
+./dstack-simulator
+```
+
+Then set the endpoint:
+
+```bash
+export DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:8090
+```
+
+Run examples:
+
+```bash
+cargo run --example dstack_client_usage
+```
+
+---
+
+## Migration from TappdClient
+
+Replace `TappdClient` with `DstackClient`:
+
+```rust
+// Before
+use dstack_sdk::tappd_client::TappdClient;
+let client = TappdClient::new(None);
+
+// After
+use dstack_sdk::dstack_client::DstackClient;
+let client = DstackClient::new(None);
+```
+
+Method changes:
+- `derive_key()` → `get_tls_key()` for TLS certificates
+- Socket path: `/var/run/tappd.sock` → `/var/run/dstack.sock`
+
+## License
+
+Apache License 2.0
diff --git a/sdk/rust/examples/dstack_client_usage.rs b/sdk/rust/examples/dstack_client_usage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0b19ed5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/examples/dstack_client_usage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_sdk::dstack_client::DstackClient;
+use dstack_sdk_types::dstack::TlsKeyConfig;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // Create a DstackClient with default endpoint (/var/run/dstack.sock)
+    let client = DstackClient::new(None);
+
+    // Or create with a custom endpoint
+    // let client = DstackClient::new(Some("/custom/path/dstack.sock"));
+
+    // Or create with HTTP endpoint for simulator
+    // let client = DstackClient::new(Some("http://localhost:8000"));
+
+    println!("DstackClient created successfully!");
+
+    // Example usage (these will fail without a running dstack service):
+
+    // 1. Get system info
+    let info = client.info().await?;
+    println!("System info retrieved successfully!");
+    println!("  App ID: {}", info.app_id);
+    println!("  Instance ID: {}", info.instance_id);
+    println!("  App Name: {}", info.app_name);
+    println!("  Device ID: {}", info.device_id);
+    println!("  Compose Hash: {}", info.compose_hash);
+    println!("  TCB Info - MRTD: {}", info.tcb_info.mrtd);
+    println!("  TCB Info - RTMR0: {}", info.tcb_info.rtmr0);
+
+    // 2. Derive a key
+    let response = client
+        .get_key(Some("my-app".to_string()), Some("encryption".to_string()))
+        .await?;
+    println!("Key derived successfully!");
+    println!("  Key length: {}", response.key.len());
+    println!(
+        "  Signature chain length: {}",
+        response.signature_chain.len()
+    );
+
+    // Decode the key
+    let key_bytes = response.decode_key()?;
+    println!("  Decoded key bytes length: {}", key_bytes.len());
+
+    // 3. Generate TDX quote
+    let report_data = b"Hello, dstack world!".to_vec();
+    let response = client.get_quote(report_data).await?;
+    println!("TDX quote generated successfully!");
+    println!("  Quote length: {}", response.quote.len());
+    println!("  Event log length: {}", response.event_log.len());
+
+    // Decode the quote
+    let quote_bytes = response.decode_quote()?;
+    println!("  Decoded quote bytes length: {}", quote_bytes.len());
+
+    // 4. Get TLS key for server authentication
+    let tls_config = TlsKeyConfig::builder()
+        .subject("my-app.example.com")
+        .alt_names(vec![
+            "www.my-app.com".to_string(),
+            "api.my-app.com".to_string(),
+        ])
+        .usage_server_auth(true)
+        .usage_client_auth(false)
+        .usage_ra_tls(true)
+        .build();
+
+    let response = client.get_tls_key(tls_config).await?;
+    println!("TLS key generated successfully!");
+    println!("  Key length: {}", response.key.len());
+    println!(
+        "  Certificate chain length: {}",
+        response.certificate_chain.len()
+    );
+
+    // 6. Get a simple key without purpose
+    let response = client.get_key(Some("simple-key".to_string()), None).await?;
+    println!("Simple key derived successfully!");
+    println!("  Key: {}", response.key);
+
+    // 7. Generate quote with minimal report data
+    let minimal_data = vec![0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04];
+    let response = client.get_quote(minimal_data).await?;
+    println!("Minimal quote generated successfully!");
+    println!("  Quote length: {}", response.quote.len());
+    println!("  Event log length: {}", response.event_log.len());
+
+    // Parse and display event log
+    let events = response.decode_event_log()?;
+    println!("  Event log contains {} events", events.len());
+    for (i, event) in events.iter().enumerate().take(3) {
+        // Show first 3 events
+        println!(
+            "    Event {}: IMR={}, Type={}, Event='{}'",
+            i, event.imr, event.event_type, event.event
+        );
+    }
+
+    let data_to_sign = b"my secret message".to_vec();
+    let algorithm = "secp256k1";
+    println!("Signing data with algorithm '{}'...", algorithm);
+    let sign_resp = client.sign(algorithm, data_to_sign.clone()).await?;
+    println!("  Signature: {}", sign_resp.signature);
+    println!("  Public Key: {}", sign_resp.public_key);
+
+    let sig_bytes = sign_resp.decode_signature()?;
+    let pub_key_bytes = sign_resp.decode_public_key()?;
+
+    let verify_resp = client
+        .verify(
+            algorithm,
+            data_to_sign.clone(),
+            sig_bytes.clone(),
+            pub_key_bytes.clone(),
+        )
+        .await?;
+    println!("  Verification successful: {}", verify_resp.valid);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/examples/tappd_client_usage.rs b/sdk/rust/examples/tappd_client_usage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9a426035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/examples/tappd_client_usage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_sdk::tappd_client::TappdClient;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // Create a TappdClient with default endpoint (/var/run/tappd.sock)
+    let client = TappdClient::new(None);
+
+    // Or create with a custom endpoint
+    // let client = TappdClient::new(Some("/custom/path/tappd.sock"));
+
+    // Or create with HTTP endpoint for simulator
+    // let client = TappdClient::new(Some("http://localhost:8080"));
+
+    println!("TappdClient created successfully!");
+
+    // Example usage (these will fail without a running tappd service):
+
+    // 1. Derive a key
+    let response = client.derive_key("my/key/path").await?;
+    println!("Key derived successfully!");
+    println!(
+        "Certificate chain length: {}",
+        response.certificate_chain.len()
+    );
+    let ecdsa_p256_key = response.decode_key().unwrap();
+    println!("ECDSA P-256 key length: {}", ecdsa_p256_key.len());
+
+    // 2. Get a quote with 64 bytes of report data
+    let mut report_data = b"Hello, world!".to_vec();
+    // Pad to exactly 64 bytes for get_quote
+    report_data.resize(64, 0);
+    let response = client.get_quote(report_data).await?;
+    println!("Quote generated successfully!");
+    println!("Quote length: {}", response.quote.len());
+
+    // 3. Get instance info
+    let response = client.info().await?;
+    println!("Instance info retrieved successfully!");
+    println!("App ID: {}", response.app_id);
+    println!("Instance ID: {}", response.instance_id);
+    println!("App Name: {}", response.app_name);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/no_std_check/Cargo.toml b/sdk/rust/no_std_check/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af53b2bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/no_std_check/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "no_std_check"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[dependencies]
+dstack-sdk-types = { workspace = true, features = ["borsh"] }
diff --git a/sdk/rust/no_std_check/src/lib.rs b/sdk/rust/no_std_check/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f2f3803f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/no_std_check/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Import the types we want to test
+use dstack_sdk_types as _;
diff --git a/sdk/rust/src/dstack_client.rs b/sdk/rust/src/dstack_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d33a04e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/src/dstack_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 tuddman <tuddman@users.noreply.github.com>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+use hex::encode as hex_encode;
+use http_client_unix_domain_socket::{ClientUnix, Method};
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Serialize};
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use std::env;
+
+pub use dstack_sdk_types::dstack::*;
+
+// Internal request structs for hex encoding
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+struct SignRequest<'a> {
+    algorithm: &'a str,
+    data: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+struct VerifyRequest<'a> {
+    algorithm: &'a str,
+    data: String,
+    signature: String,
+    public_key: String,
+}
+
+fn get_endpoint(endpoint: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    if let Some(e) = endpoint {
+        return e.to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(sim_endpoint) = env::var("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT") {
+        return sim_endpoint;
+    }
+    // Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+    const SOCKET_PATHS: &[&str] = &[
+        "/var/run/dstack.sock",
+        "/run/dstack.sock",
+        "/var/run/dstack/dstack.sock",
+        "/run/dstack/dstack.sock",
+    ];
+    for path in SOCKET_PATHS {
+        if std::path::Path::new(path).exists() {
+            return path.to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    // Default to new path even if not exists (will fail with clear error)
+    SOCKET_PATHS[0].to_string()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ClientKind {
+    Http,
+    Unix,
+}
+
+pub trait BaseClient {}
+
+/// The main client for interacting with the dstack service
+pub struct DstackClient {
+    /// The base URL for HTTP requests
+    base_url: String,
+    /// The endpoint for Unix domain socket communication
+    endpoint: String,
+    /// The type of client (HTTP or Unix domain socket)
+    client: ClientKind,
+}
+
+impl BaseClient for DstackClient {}
+
+impl DstackClient {
+    pub fn new(endpoint: Option<&str>) -> Self {
+        let endpoint = get_endpoint(endpoint);
+        let (base_url, client) = match endpoint {
+            ref e if e.starts_with("http://") || e.starts_with("https://") => {
+                (e.to_string(), ClientKind::Http)
+            }
+            _ => ("http://localhost".to_string(), ClientKind::Unix),
+        };
+
+        DstackClient {
+            base_url,
+            endpoint,
+            client,
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn send_rpc_request<S: Serialize, D: DeserializeOwned>(
+        &self,
+        path: &str,
+        payload: &S,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<D> {
+        match &self.client {
+            ClientKind::Http => {
+                let client = Client::new();
+                let url = format!(
+                    "{}/{}",
+                    self.base_url.trim_end_matches('/'),
+                    path.trim_start_matches('/')
+                );
+                let res = client
+                    .post(&url)
+                    .json(payload)
+                    .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                    .send()
+                    .await?
+                    .error_for_status()?;
+                Ok(res.json().await?)
+            }
+            ClientKind::Unix => {
+                let mut unix_client = ClientUnix::try_new(&self.endpoint).await?;
+                let res = unix_client
+                    .send_request_json::<_, _, Value>(
+                        path,
+                        Method::POST,
+                        &[("Content-Type", "application/json"), ("Host", "dstack")],
+                        Some(&payload),
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                Ok(res.1)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_key(
+        &self,
+        path: Option<String>,
+        purpose: Option<String>,
+    ) -> Result<GetKeyResponse> {
+        let data = json!({
+            "path": path.unwrap_or_default(),
+            "purpose": purpose.unwrap_or_default(),
+            "algorithm": "secp256k1", // Default or specify as needed
+        });
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/GetKey", &data).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<GetKeyResponse>(response)?;
+
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_quote(&self, report_data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<GetQuoteResponse> {
+        if report_data.is_empty() || report_data.len() > 64 {
+            anyhow::bail!("Invalid report data length")
+        }
+        let hex_data = hex_encode(report_data);
+        let data = json!({ "report_data": hex_data });
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/GetQuote", &data).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<GetQuoteResponse>(response)?;
+
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn attest(&self, report_data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<AttestResponse> {
+        if report_data.is_empty() || report_data.len() > 64 {
+            anyhow::bail!("Invalid report data length")
+        }
+        let hex_data = hex_encode(report_data);
+        let data = json!({ "report_data": hex_data });
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/Attest", &data).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<AttestResponse>(response)?;
+
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns GPU information collected during boot.
+    pub async fn gpu_info(&self) -> Result<GpuInfoResponse> {
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/GpuInfo", &json!({})).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<GpuInfoResponse>(response)?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn info(&self) -> Result<InfoResponse> {
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/Info", &json!({})).await?;
+        Ok(InfoResponse::validated_from_value(response)?)
+    }
+
+    /// Query the guest-agent version.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok(VersionResponse)` on OS >= 0.5.7.
+    /// Returns an error on older OS versions that lack the Version RPC.
+    pub async fn version(&self) -> Result<VersionResponse> {
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/Version", &json!({})).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<VersionResponse>(response)?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn get_tls_key(&self, tls_key_config: TlsKeyConfig) -> Result<GetTlsKeyResponse> {
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/GetTlsKey", &tls_key_config).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<GetTlsKeyResponse>(response)?;
+
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    /// Signs a payload using a derived key.
+    pub async fn sign(&self, algorithm: &str, data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<SignResponse> {
+        let payload = SignRequest {
+            algorithm,
+            data: hex_encode(data),
+        };
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/Sign", &payload).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<SignResponse>(response)?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies a payload signature.
+    pub async fn verify(
+        &self,
+        algorithm: &str,
+        data: Vec<u8>,
+        signature: Vec<u8>,
+        public_key: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<VerifyResponse> {
+        let payload = VerifyRequest {
+            algorithm,
+            data: hex_encode(data),
+            signature: hex_encode(signature),
+            public_key: hex_encode(public_key),
+        };
+        let response = self.send_rpc_request("/Verify", &payload).await?;
+        let response = serde_json::from_value::<VerifyResponse>(response)?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/src/ethereum.rs b/sdk/rust/src/ethereum.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1f8df0c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/src/ethereum.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use alloy::signers::local::PrivateKeySigner;
+use dstack_sdk_types::dstack::GetKeyResponse;
+
+pub fn to_account(
+    get_key_response: &GetKeyResponse,
+) -> Result<PrivateKeySigner, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let key_bytes = hex::decode(&get_key_response.key)?;
+    let wallet = PrivateKeySigner::from_slice(&key_bytes)?;
+    Ok(wallet)
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/src/lib.rs b/sdk/rust/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c09e5bae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+pub mod dstack_client;
+pub mod ethereum;
+pub mod tappd_client;
diff --git a/sdk/rust/src/tappd_client.rs b/sdk/rust/src/tappd_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e313c52eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/src/tappd_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use crate::dstack_client::BaseClient;
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use hex::encode as hex_encode;
+use http_client_unix_domain_socket::{ClientUnix, Method};
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use std::env;
+
+pub use dstack_sdk_types::tappd::*;
+
+fn get_tappd_endpoint(endpoint: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    if let Some(e) = endpoint {
+        return e.to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(sim_endpoint) = env::var("TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT") {
+        return sim_endpoint;
+    }
+    // Try paths in order: legacy paths first, then namespaced paths
+    const SOCKET_PATHS: &[&str] = &[
+        "/var/run/tappd.sock",
+        "/run/tappd.sock",
+        "/var/run/dstack/tappd.sock",
+        "/run/dstack/tappd.sock",
+    ];
+    for path in SOCKET_PATHS {
+        if std::path::Path::new(path).exists() {
+            return path.to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    SOCKET_PATHS[0].to_string()
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum TappdClientKind {
+    Http,
+    Unix,
+}
+
+/// The main client for interacting with the legacy Tappd service
+pub struct TappdClient {
+    /// The base URL for HTTP requests
+    base_url: String,
+    /// The endpoint for Unix domain socket communication
+    endpoint: String,
+    /// The type of client (HTTP or Unix domain socket)
+    client: TappdClientKind,
+}
+
+impl BaseClient for TappdClient {}
+
+impl TappdClient {
+    pub fn new(endpoint: Option<&str>) -> Self {
+        let endpoint = get_tappd_endpoint(endpoint);
+        let (base_url, client) = match endpoint {
+            ref e if e.starts_with("http://") || e.starts_with("https://") => {
+                (e.to_string(), TappdClientKind::Http)
+            }
+            _ => ("http://localhost".to_string(), TappdClientKind::Unix),
+        };
+
+        TappdClient {
+            base_url,
+            endpoint,
+            client,
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn send_rpc_request<S: Serialize, D: DeserializeOwned>(
+        &self,
+        path: &str,
+        payload: &S,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<D> {
+        match &self.client {
+            TappdClientKind::Http => {
+                let client = Client::new();
+                let url = format!(
+                    "{}/{}",
+                    self.base_url.trim_end_matches('/'),
+                    path.trim_start_matches('/')
+                );
+                let res = client
+                    .post(&url)
+                    .json(payload)
+                    .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                    .send()
+                    .await?
+                    .error_for_status()?;
+                Ok(res.json().await?)
+            }
+            TappdClientKind::Unix => {
+                let mut unix_client = ClientUnix::try_new(&self.endpoint).await?;
+                let res = unix_client
+                    .send_request_json::<_, _, Value>(
+                        path,
+                        Method::POST,
+                        &[("Content-Type", "application/json")],
+                        Some(&payload),
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                Ok(res.1)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Derives a key from the Tappd service using the path as both path and subject
+    pub async fn derive_key(&self, path: &str) -> Result<DeriveKeyResponse> {
+        self.derive_key_with_subject_and_alt_names(path, Some(path), None)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Derives a key from the Tappd service with a specific subject
+    pub async fn derive_key_with_subject(
+        &self,
+        path: &str,
+        subject: &str,
+    ) -> Result<DeriveKeyResponse> {
+        self.derive_key_with_subject_and_alt_names(path, Some(subject), None)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Derives a key from the Tappd service with full configuration
+    pub async fn derive_key_with_subject_and_alt_names(
+        &self,
+        path: &str,
+        subject: Option<&str>,
+        alt_names: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    ) -> Result<DeriveKeyResponse> {
+        let subject = subject.unwrap_or(path);
+
+        let mut payload = json!({
+            "path": path,
+            "subject": subject,
+        });
+
+        if let Some(alt_names) = alt_names {
+            if !alt_names.is_empty() {
+                payload["alt_names"] = json!(alt_names);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let response = self
+            .send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.DeriveKey", &payload)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    /// Sends a raw quote request with 64 bytes of report data
+    pub async fn get_quote(&self, report_data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<TdxQuoteResponse> {
+        if report_data.len() != 64 {
+            bail!("Report data must be exactly 64 bytes for raw quote");
+        }
+
+        let payload = json!({
+            "report_data": hex_encode(report_data),
+        });
+
+        let response = self
+            .send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.RawQuote", &payload)
+            .await?;
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves information about the Tappd instance
+    pub async fn info(&self) -> Result<TappdInfoResponse> {
+        #[derive(Deserialize)]
+        struct RawInfoResponse {
+            app_id: String,
+            instance_id: String,
+            app_cert: String,
+            tcb_info: String,
+            app_name: String,
+        }
+
+        let raw_response: RawInfoResponse = self
+            .send_rpc_request("/prpc/Tappd.Info", &json!({}))
+            .await?;
+
+        let tcb_info: TappdTcbInfo = serde_json::from_str(&raw_response.tcb_info)?;
+
+        Ok(TappdInfoResponse {
+            app_id: raw_response.app_id,
+            instance_id: raw_response.instance_id,
+            app_cert: raw_response.app_cert,
+            tcb_info,
+            app_name: raw_response.app_name,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/tests/test_client.rs b/sdk/rust/tests/test_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69da1d38f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/tests/test_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 tuddman <tuddman@users.noreply.github.com>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dcap_qvl::quote::Quote;
+use dstack_sdk::dstack_client::DstackClient as AsyncDstackClient;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_get_key() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let result = client.get_key(None, None).await.unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.key.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(result.decode_key().unwrap().len(), 32);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_get_quote() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let result = client.get_quote("test".into()).await.unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.quote.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_attest() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let result = client.attest(b"test".to_vec()).await.unwrap();
+    let attestation = result.decode_attestation().unwrap();
+    assert!(!attestation.is_empty());
+
+    let too_large = client.attest(vec![0_u8; 65]).await;
+    assert!(too_large.is_err());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_get_tls_key() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let key_config = dstack_sdk_types::dstack::TlsKeyConfig::builder().build();
+    let result = client.get_tls_key(key_config).await.unwrap();
+    assert!(result.key.starts_with("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----"));
+    assert!(!result.certificate_chain.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tls_key_uniqueness() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let key_config_1 = dstack_sdk_types::dstack::TlsKeyConfig::builder().build();
+    let key_config_2 = dstack_sdk_types::dstack::TlsKeyConfig::builder().build();
+    let result1 = client.get_tls_key(key_config_1).await.unwrap();
+    let result2 = client.get_tls_key(key_config_2).await.unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(result1.key, result2.key);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_report_data() {
+    let report_data = "test";
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let result = client.get_quote(report_data.into()).await.unwrap();
+    let quote = result.decode_quote().unwrap();
+
+    let tdx_quote = Quote::parse(&quote).unwrap();
+    let quote_report = tdx_quote.report.as_td10().unwrap();
+    let expected = {
+        let mut padded = report_data.as_bytes().to_vec();
+        padded.resize(64, 0);
+        padded
+    };
+    assert_eq!(&quote_report.report_data[..], &expected[..]);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_info() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let info = client.info().await.unwrap();
+    assert!(!info.app_id.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.instance_id.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.app_cert.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.mrtd.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr0.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr1.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr2.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr3.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.compose_hash.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.device_id.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.app_compose.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.event_log.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.app_name.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.device_id.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.key_provider_info.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.compose_hash.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_sign_and_verify_ed25519() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let data_to_sign = b"test message for ed25519".to_vec();
+    let algorithm = "ed25519";
+
+    let sign_resp = client.sign(algorithm, data_to_sign.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    assert!(!sign_resp.signature.is_empty());
+    assert!(!sign_resp.public_key.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(sign_resp.signature_chain.len(), 3);
+
+    let sig = sign_resp.decode_signature().unwrap();
+    let pub_key = sign_resp.decode_public_key().unwrap();
+
+    let verify_resp = client
+        .verify(
+            algorithm,
+            data_to_sign.clone(),
+            sig.clone(),
+            pub_key.clone(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(verify_resp.valid);
+
+    let bad_data = b"wrong message".to_vec();
+    let verify_resp_bad = client
+        .verify(algorithm, bad_data, sig, pub_key)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!verify_resp_bad.valid);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_sign_and_verify_secp256k1() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let data_to_sign = b"test message for secp256k1".to_vec();
+    let algorithm = "secp256k1";
+
+    let sign_resp = client.sign(algorithm, data_to_sign.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    let sig = sign_resp.decode_signature().unwrap();
+    let pub_key = sign_resp.decode_public_key().unwrap();
+
+    let verify_resp = client
+        .verify(algorithm, data_to_sign, sig, pub_key)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(verify_resp.valid);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_sign_and_verify_secp256k1_prehashed() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let data_to_sign = b"test message for secp256k1 prehashed";
+    let digest = Sha256::digest(data_to_sign).to_vec();
+    let algorithm = "secp256k1_prehashed";
+
+    let sign_resp = client.sign(algorithm, digest.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    let sig = sign_resp.decode_signature().unwrap();
+    let pub_key = sign_resp.decode_public_key().unwrap();
+
+    let verify_resp = client
+        .verify(algorithm, digest.clone(), sig, pub_key)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(verify_resp.valid);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_version() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let result = client.version().await.unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.version.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_get_key_k256_alias() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    // k256 should work as an alias for secp256k1
+    let result = client
+        .get_key(Some("test".to_string()), None)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!result.key.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(result.decode_key().unwrap().len(), 32);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_client_sign_k256_alias() {
+    let client = AsyncDstackClient::new(None);
+    let data = b"test message".to_vec();
+
+    // Sign with k256 alias
+    let resp_k256 = client.sign("k256", data.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    assert!(!resp_k256.signature.is_empty());
+    assert!(!resp_k256.public_key.is_empty());
+
+    // Sign with secp256k1 should produce the same public key
+    let resp_secp = client.sign("secp256k1", data.clone()).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(resp_k256.public_key, resp_secp.public_key);
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/tests/test_eth.rs b/sdk/rust/tests/test_eth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4078fe5d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/tests/test_eth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Created-for-a-purpose <rachitchahar@gmail.com>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 tuddman <tuddman@users.noreply.github.com>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_sdk::dstack_client::DstackClient;
+use dstack_sdk::ethereum::to_account;
+use dstack_sdk_types::dstack::GetKeyResponse;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_async_to_keypair() {
+    let client = DstackClient::new(None);
+    let result = client
+        .get_key(Some("test".to_string()), None)
+        .await
+        .expect("get_key failed");
+
+    let _: &GetKeyResponse = &result;
+    let _wallet = to_account(&result).expect("to_account failed");
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/tests/test_tappd_client.rs b/sdk/rust/tests/test_tappd_client.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a5ef116f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/tests/test_tappd_client.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use dstack_sdk::tappd_client::TappdClient;
+use dstack_sdk_types::tappd::DeriveKeyResponse;
+use std::env;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_creation() {
+    // Test client creation with default endpoint
+    let _client = TappdClient::new(None);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_with_custom_endpoint() {
+    // Test client creation with custom endpoint
+    let _client = TappdClient::new(Some("/custom/path/tappd.sock"));
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_with_http_endpoint() {
+    // Test client creation with HTTP endpoint
+    let _client = TappdClient::new(Some("http://localhost:8080"));
+}
+
+// Integration tests that require a running tappd service
+// These tests will be skipped if no tappd service is available
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_info_integration() {
+    let client = get_test_client();
+    let info = client.info().await.unwrap();
+
+    println!("✓ Info request successful");
+    println!("  App ID: {}", info.app_id);
+    println!("  Instance ID: {}", info.instance_id);
+    println!("  App Name: {}", info.app_name);
+
+    // Validate response structure
+    assert!(!info.app_id.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.instance_id.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.app_name.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.app_compose.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.mrtd.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr0.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr1.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr2.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.rtmr3.is_empty());
+    assert!(!info.tcb_info.event_log.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_derive_key_integration() {
+    let client = get_test_client();
+
+    let response = client.derive_key("test/key/path").await.unwrap();
+    println!("✓ Derive key request successful");
+    println!("  Key length: {}", response.key.len());
+    println!(
+        "  Certificate chain length: {}",
+        response.certificate_chain.len()
+    );
+
+    // Validate response structure
+    assert!(!response.key.is_empty());
+
+    // Test key decoding
+    let key_bytes = response.decode_key().unwrap();
+    println!("✓ Decoded key bytes length: {}", key_bytes.len());
+    assert_eq!(key_bytes.len(), 32);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_derive_key_with_subject_integration() {
+    let client = get_test_client();
+
+    let response = client
+        .derive_key_with_subject("test/key/path", "example.com")
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    println!("✓ Derive key with subject request successful");
+    println!("  Key length: {}", response.key.len());
+    println!(
+        "  Certificate chain length: {}",
+        response.certificate_chain.len()
+    );
+
+    // Validate response structure
+    assert!(!response.key.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_derive_key_with_alt_names_integration() {
+    let client = get_test_client();
+
+    let alt_names = vec!["www.example.com".to_string(), "api.example.com".to_string()];
+    let response = client
+        .derive_key_with_subject_and_alt_names(
+            "test/key/path",
+            Some("example.com"),
+            Some(alt_names),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    println!("✓ Derive key with alt names request successful");
+    println!("  Key length: {}", response.key.len());
+    println!(
+        "  Certificate chain length: {}",
+        response.certificate_chain.len()
+    );
+
+    // Validate response structure
+    assert!(!response.key.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_tappd_client_get_quote_integration() {
+    let client = get_test_client();
+
+    let mut report_data = b"test report data for quote".to_vec();
+    // Pad to exactly 64 bytes for get_quote
+    report_data.resize(64, 0);
+
+    let response = client.get_quote(report_data).await.unwrap();
+    println!("✓ Quote request successful");
+    println!("  Quote length: {}", response.quote.len());
+    println!("  Event log length: {}", response.event_log.len());
+
+    // Validate response structure
+    assert!(!response.quote.is_empty());
+    assert!(!response.event_log.is_empty());
+
+    // Test quote decoding
+    match response.decode_quote() {
+        Ok(quote_bytes) => {
+            println!("  Decoded quote bytes length: {}", quote_bytes.len());
+            assert!(!quote_bytes.is_empty());
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("  Quote decode error: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Helper function to get a test client
+fn get_test_client() -> TappdClient {
+    // Check for simulator endpoint first
+    if let Ok(endpoint) = env::var("TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT") {
+        println!("Using TAPPD_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT: {}", endpoint);
+        return TappdClient::new(Some(&endpoint));
+    }
+
+    // Check for DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT as fallback
+    if let Ok(endpoint) = env::var("DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT") {
+        println!("Using DSTACK_SIMULATOR_ENDPOINT as fallback: {}", endpoint);
+        return TappdClient::new(Some(&endpoint));
+    }
+
+    // Use default endpoint
+    println!("Using default tappd endpoint: /var/run/tappd.sock");
+    TappdClient::new(None)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_derive_key_response_decode() {
+    // Test with a valid ECDSA P-256 private key in PKCS#8 format
+    let pem_key = "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nMIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQg3/aZQhz0nBx0tqG1\nwPNlB/ILBqnY1xvHT7bkZl9oJP2hRANCAATEwT3ixOl0zFOjEEUhpwP6xBz1F2jY\n3B1LokSVHFcFJHUWEHVZJQcFhBAhFGdhEn1B/9HYBQz5w5H8Vl0z3T9U\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----";
+    let response = DeriveKeyResponse {
+        key: pem_key.to_string(),
+        certificate_chain: vec![],
+    };
+
+    // The implementation should return the decoded ECDSA P-256 private key bytes
+    let bytes = response.decode_key().unwrap();
+    assert!(!bytes.is_empty());
+    // For a valid ECDSA P-256 key, we should get either 32 bytes (the private key)
+    // or fall back to the full DER contents if parsing fails
+    assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 32);
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/types/Cargo.toml b/sdk/rust/types/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21c1f4228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/types/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[package]
+name = "dstack-sdk-types"
+version = "0.1.3"
+edition = "2021"
+license = "MIT"
+description = "This crate provides rust types for communication with dstack"
+authors = ["Encifher <encifher@rizelabs.io>"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow.workspace = true
+bon.workspace = true
+borsh = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+hex = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+pkcs8 = { workspace = true, features = ["pem"] }
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["alloc"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+dcap-qvl.workspace = true
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
+
+[features]
+default = ["std"]
+borsh = ["dep:borsh"]
+borsh_schema = ["borsh", "borsh/unstable__schema"]
+std = [
+    "anyhow/std",
+    "bon/std",
+    "hex/std",
+    "pkcs8/pem",
+    "serde/std",
+    "serde_json/std",
+    "borsh?/std",
+]
diff --git a/sdk/rust/types/README.md b/sdk/rust/types/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ca4a40c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/types/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# dstack SDK Types
+
+This crate provides Rust type definitions for communication with both the current dstack server and the legacy tappd service. It contains serializable structures and response types used by the dstack SDK clients.
+
+## Installation
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+dstack-sdk-types = { git = "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack.git" }
+```
+
+## Overview
+
+This crate is `#![no_std]` compatible and provides two main modules:
+
+- `dstack` - Types for the current dstack API
+- `tappd` - Types for the legacy tappd API
+
+## Basic Usage
+
+```rust
+use dstack_sdk_types::dstack::{GetKeyResponse, GetQuoteResponse, InfoResponse};
+use dstack_sdk_types::tappd::{DeriveKeyResponse, TdxQuoteResponse, TappdInfoResponse};
+
+// Parse a response from the dstack API
+let key_response: GetKeyResponse = serde_json::from_str(&json_data)?;
+let key_bytes = key_response.decode_key()?;
+
+// Parse a quote response
+let quote_response: GetQuoteResponse = serde_json::from_str(&json_data)?;
+let events = quote_response.decode_event_log()?;
+
+// Work with legacy tappd types
+let derive_response: DeriveKeyResponse = serde_json::from_str(&json_data)?;
+let private_key_bytes = derive_response.decode_key()?; // Extracts 32-byte ECDSA P-256 key
+```
+
+## License
+
+Apache License
diff --git a/sdk/rust/types/src/dstack.rs b/sdk/rust/types/src/dstack.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01a358abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/types/src/dstack.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use alloc::{string::String, vec::Vec};
+use hex::FromHexError;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::{from_str, Value};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "borsh_schema")]
+use borsh::BorshSchema;
+#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
+use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
+
+/// Represents an event log entry in the system
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct EventLog {
+    /// The index of the IMR (Integrity Measurement Register)
+    pub imr: u32,
+    /// The type of event being logged
+    pub event_type: u32,
+    /// The cryptographic digest of the event
+    pub digest: String,
+    /// The type of event as a string
+    pub event: String,
+    /// The payload data associated with the event
+    pub event_payload: String,
+}
+
+/// Configuration for TLS key generation
+#[derive(Debug, bon::Builder, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct TlsKeyConfig {
+    /// The subject name for the certificate
+    #[builder(into, default = String::new())]
+    pub subject: String,
+    /// Alternative names for the certificate
+    #[builder(default = Vec::new())]
+    pub alt_names: Vec<String>,
+    /// Whether the key should be used for remote attestation TLS
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    pub usage_ra_tls: bool,
+    /// Whether the key should be used for server authentication
+    #[builder(default = true)]
+    pub usage_server_auth: bool,
+    /// Whether the key should be used for client authentication
+    #[builder(default = false)]
+    pub usage_client_auth: bool,
+}
+
+/// Response containing a key and its signature chain
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct GetKeyResponse {
+    /// The key in hexadecimal format
+    pub key: String,
+    /// The chain of signatures verifying the key
+    pub signature_chain: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl GetKeyResponse {
+    pub fn decode_key(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.key)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_signature_chain(&self) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, FromHexError> {
+        self.signature_chain.iter().map(hex::decode).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Response containing a quote and associated event log
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct GetQuoteResponse {
+    /// The attestation quote in hexadecimal format
+    pub quote: String,
+    /// The event log associated with the quote
+    pub event_log: String,
+    /// The report data
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub report_data: String,
+    /// VM configuration
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub vm_config: String,
+    /// Platform-adaptive versioned attestation, hex-encoded. Populated on
+    /// non-TDX platforms; TDX uses `quote` and `event_log`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub attestation: String,
+}
+
+/// Response containing a versioned attestation
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct AttestResponse {
+    /// The attestation in hexadecimal format
+    pub attestation: String,
+}
+
+/// Response containing the complete NVIDIA GPU attestation output.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct GpuInfoResponse {
+    /// Complete JSON output produced by nvattest during guest boot.
+    pub attestation: String,
+}
+
+impl AttestResponse {
+    pub fn decode_attestation(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.attestation)
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetQuoteResponse {
+    pub fn decode_quote(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.quote)
+    }
+
+    /// Decode the platform-adaptive versioned attestation bytes, if present.
+    pub fn decode_attestation(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.attestation)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_event_log(&self) -> Result<Vec<EventLog>, serde_json::Error> {
+        serde_json::from_str(&self.event_log)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Response containing instance information and attestation data
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct InfoResponse {
+    /// The application identifier
+    pub app_id: String,
+    /// The instance identifier
+    pub instance_id: String,
+    /// The application certificate
+    pub app_cert: String,
+    /// Trusted Computing Base information
+    pub tcb_info: TcbInfo,
+    /// The name of the application
+    pub app_name: String,
+    /// The device identifier
+    pub device_id: String,
+    /// The aggregated measurement register
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub mr_aggregated: String,
+    /// The hash of the OS image
+    /// Optional: empty if OS image is not measured by KMS
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub os_image_hash: String,
+    /// Information about the key provider
+    pub key_provider_info: String,
+    /// The hash of the compose configuration
+    pub compose_hash: String,
+    /// VM configuration
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub vm_config: String,
+}
+
+impl InfoResponse {
+    pub fn validated_from_value(mut obj: Value) -> Result<Self, serde_json::Error> {
+        if let Some(tcb_info_str) = obj.get("tcb_info").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+            let parsed_tcb_info: TcbInfo = from_str(tcb_info_str)?;
+            obj["tcb_info"] = serde_json::to_value(parsed_tcb_info)?;
+        }
+        serde_json::from_value(obj)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trusted Computing Base information structure
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct TcbInfo {
+    /// The measurement root of trust
+    pub mrtd: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR0 (Runtime Measurement Register 0)
+    pub rtmr0: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR1 (Runtime Measurement Register 1)
+    pub rtmr1: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR2 (Runtime Measurement Register 2)
+    pub rtmr2: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR3 (Runtime Measurement Register 3)
+    pub rtmr3: String,
+    /// The hash of the OS image. This is empty if the OS image is not measured by KMS.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub os_image_hash: String,
+    /// The hash of the compose configuration
+    pub compose_hash: String,
+    /// The device identifier
+    pub device_id: String,
+    /// The app compose
+    pub app_compose: String,
+    /// The event log entries
+    pub event_log: Vec<EventLog>,
+}
+
+/// Response containing TLS key and certificate chain
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct GetTlsKeyResponse {
+    /// The TLS key in hexadecimal format
+    pub key: String,
+    /// The chain of certificates
+    pub certificate_chain: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Response from a Sign request
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct SignResponse {
+    /// The signature in hexadecimal format
+    pub signature: String,
+    /// The chain of signatures in hexadecimal format
+    pub signature_chain: Vec<String>,
+    /// The public key in hexadecimal format
+    pub public_key: String,
+}
+
+impl SignResponse {
+    /// Decodes the signature from hex to bytes
+    pub fn decode_signature(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.signature)
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes the public key from hex to bytes
+    pub fn decode_public_key(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.public_key)
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes the signature chain from hex to bytes
+    pub fn decode_signature_chain(&self) -> Result<Vec<Vec<u8>>, FromHexError> {
+        self.signature_chain.iter().map(hex::decode).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Response from a Verify request
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct VerifyResponse {
+    /// Whether the signature is valid
+    pub valid: bool,
+}
+
+/// Response from a Version request
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct VersionResponse {
+    /// The dstack version (e.g. "0.5.7")
+    pub version: String,
+    /// Git revision
+    pub rev: String,
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/types/src/lib.rs b/sdk/rust/types/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64befe356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/types/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+pub mod dstack;
+pub mod tappd;
diff --git a/sdk/rust/types/src/tappd.rs b/sdk/rust/types/src/tappd.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06e72e8d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/types/src/tappd.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+use alloc::{string::String, vec::Vec};
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use hex::FromHexError;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "borsh_schema")]
+use borsh::BorshSchema;
+#[cfg(feature = "borsh")]
+use borsh::{BorshDeserialize, BorshSerialize};
+
+use crate::dstack::EventLog;
+
+/// Hash algorithms supported by the TDX quote generation
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub enum QuoteHashAlgorithm {
+    Sha256,
+    Sha384,
+    Sha512,
+    Sha3_256,
+    Sha3_384,
+    Sha3_512,
+    Keccak256,
+    Keccak384,
+    Keccak512,
+    Raw,
+}
+
+impl QuoteHashAlgorithm {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Sha256 => "sha256",
+            Self::Sha384 => "sha384",
+            Self::Sha512 => "sha512",
+            Self::Sha3_256 => "sha3-256",
+            Self::Sha3_384 => "sha3-384",
+            Self::Sha3_512 => "sha3-512",
+            Self::Keccak256 => "keccak256",
+            Self::Keccak384 => "keccak384",
+            Self::Keccak512 => "keccak512",
+            Self::Raw => "raw",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Response from a key derivation request
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct DeriveKeyResponse {
+    /// The derived key (PEM format for certificates, hex for raw keys)
+    pub key: String,
+    /// The certificate chain
+    pub certificate_chain: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl DeriveKeyResponse {
+    /// Decodes the key from PEM format and extracts the raw ECDSA P-256 private key bytes
+    pub fn decode_key(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, anyhow::Error> {
+        use pkcs8::der::asn1::{Int, OctetString};
+        use pkcs8::der::{Decode, Document, Reader, SliceReader};
+        use pkcs8::PrivateKeyInfo;
+
+        let key_content = self.key.trim();
+
+        // Parse PEM to DER using der's Document
+        let (label, doc) = Document::from_pem(key_content)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse PEM: {:?}", e))?;
+
+        // Verify it's a private key
+        if label != "PRIVATE KEY" {
+            bail!("Expected PRIVATE KEY PEM label, got: {}", label);
+        }
+
+        // Parse as PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo
+        let private_key_info = PrivateKeyInfo::from_der(doc.as_bytes())
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse PKCS#8 private key: {:?}", e))?;
+
+        // Extract the private key bytes from the PKCS#8 structure
+        // For ECDSA P-256 keys, the private key data contains a DER-encoded ECPrivateKey
+        let private_key_data = private_key_info.private_key;
+
+        // Parse the ECPrivateKey structure to extract the raw key bytes
+        // ECPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
+        //   version INTEGER,
+        //   privateKey OCTET STRING,
+        //   parameters [0] EXPLICIT ECParameters OPTIONAL,
+        //   publicKey [1] EXPLICIT BIT STRING OPTIONAL
+        // }
+        let mut reader = SliceReader::new(private_key_data)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create reader: {:?}", e))?;
+        let key_bytes = reader
+            .sequence(|reader| {
+                // Skip version (INTEGER)
+                let _version: Int = reader.decode()?;
+                // Get the private key (OCTET STRING)
+                let private_key: OctetString = reader.decode()?;
+                // Skip optional fields (parameters and publicKey)
+                // We don't need to parse them, just consume remaining data
+                while !reader.is_finished() {
+                    let _: pkcs8::der::Any = reader.decode()?;
+                }
+                Ok(private_key.as_bytes().to_vec())
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse ECPrivateKey structure: {:?}", e))?;
+
+        if key_bytes.len() != 32 {
+            bail!(
+                "Expected 32-byte ECDSA P-256 private key, got {} bytes",
+                key_bytes.len()
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(key_bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Response from a TDX quote request
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct TdxQuoteResponse {
+    /// The TDX quote in hexadecimal format
+    pub quote: String,
+    /// The event log associated with the quote
+    pub event_log: String,
+    /// The hash algorithm used (if returned by server)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub hash_algorithm: Option<String>,
+    /// The prefix used (if returned by server)
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub prefix: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TdxQuoteResponse {
+    pub fn decode_quote(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FromHexError> {
+        hex::decode(&self.quote)
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_event_log(&self) -> Result<Vec<EventLog>, serde_json::Error> {
+        serde_json::from_str(&self.event_log)
+    }
+}
+
+/// TCB (Trusted Computing Base) information
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct TappdTcbInfo {
+    /// The measurement root of trust
+    pub mrtd: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR0 (Runtime Measurement Register 0)
+    pub rtmr0: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR1 (Runtime Measurement Register 1)
+    pub rtmr1: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR2 (Runtime Measurement Register 2)
+    pub rtmr2: String,
+    /// The value of RTMR3 (Runtime Measurement Register 3)
+    pub rtmr3: String,
+    /// The event log entries
+    pub event_log: Vec<EventLog>,
+    /// The application compose file
+    pub app_compose: String,
+}
+
+/// Response from a Tappd info request
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh", derive(BorshSerialize, BorshDeserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "borsh_schema", derive(BorshSchema))]
+pub struct TappdInfoResponse {
+    /// The application identifier
+    pub app_id: String,
+    /// The instance identifier
+    pub instance_id: String,
+    /// The application certificate
+    pub app_cert: String,
+    /// Trusted Computing Base information
+    pub tcb_info: TappdTcbInfo,
+    /// The name of the application
+    pub app_name: String,
+}
diff --git a/sdk/rust/types/tests/no_std_test.rs b/sdk/rust/types/tests/no_std_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..093b4bd46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/rust/types/tests/no_std_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#![no_std]
+
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Daniel Sharifi <daniel.sharifi@nearone.org>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+use alloc::string::String;
+use dstack_sdk_types::tappd::DeriveKeyResponse;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_no_std_compatibility() {
+    // Create a mock response (this would normally come from the service)
+    let response = DeriveKeyResponse {
+        key: String::from(
+            "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQg...
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----",
+        ),
+        certificate_chain: alloc::vec![],
+    };
+
+    // We don't care if it fails to parse (invalid key), just that it compiles and runs in no_std
+    let _ = response.decode_key();
+}
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/.gitignore b/sdk/simulator/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd1ce3bc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/simulator/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+dstack-simulator
+dstack-guest-agent
+*.lock
+*.log
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/app-compose.json b/sdk/simulator/app-compose.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fb0d5be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/simulator/app-compose.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"manifest_version":2,"name":"guest-agent","runner":"docker-compose","docker_compose_file":"services:\n  dstack-agent:\n    image: ubuntu\n    user: root\n    network_mode: host\n    volumes:\n      - /:/host/\n      - /var/run/tappd.sock:/var/run/tappd.sock\n      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock\n    entrypoint: |\n      bash -c '\n      apt-get update && apt-get install -y socat\n      socat TCP-LISTEN:2000,fork UNIX-CONNECT:/var/run/tappd.sock &\n      socat TCP-LISTEN:3000,fork UNIX-CONNECT:/var/run/dstack.sock &\n      tail -f /dev/null\n      '\n  dstack-verifier:\n    image: dstacktee/dstack-verifier:0.5.4\n    ports:\n      - \"8080:8080\"\n    restart: unless-stopped","gateway_enabled":true,"public_logs":true,"public_sysinfo":true,"public_tcbinfo":true,"key_provider_id":"","allowed_envs":[],"no_instance_id":false,"secure_time":false,"key_provider":"kms","kms_enabled":true,"storage_fs":"ext4","pre_launch_script":"docker run --rm --privileged --pid=host --net=host -v /:/host \\\n  -e SSH_GITHUB_USER=\"kvinwang\" \\\n  kvin/dstack-openssh-installer:latest"}
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/appkeys.json b/sdk/simulator/appkeys.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e564286cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/simulator/appkeys.json
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+    "disk_crypt_key": "2cbc10ccbed084b91af2ceff8400e6082402367f18a2c6248bac17d2fc951607",
+    "env_crypt_key": "4f3cf0a19a0444674c8e51222afd395b8df9fad2ba3cd7956f640a4b3c046db6",
+    "k256_key": "d6e88992cdeeee35fe70b5db61ab66cdb191fb9b6ec9313757ef162dd7214d5d",
+    "k256_signature": "9e618603e72d01fedb82deff6daf2d62a572becf0059eec3f89c1ab40e1f2e594d2a283f843f34e8f39e4cc49a612496ce67223a12ac923f8efe330346dfc6c500",
+    "gateway_app_id": "any",
+    "ca_cert": "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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\nbKkagb0uncr6sUKlhKrpHhID+WWTvqJj0TrkvbVdCg==\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n",
+    "key_provider": {
+        "None": {
+            "key": "-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nMIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQg1PYCFKYfDmUfv5fk\nstppasf4mPGqnz0fEoLEnGx8CnKhRANCAAQZskV92biqZEbZgPE2//eBLs1sd3QO\n6w4osQ1WwMAAKKW25Z3OowfVg70fcHaenBFt8rz7F1ipXYYT594chILA\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----\n"
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/attestation.bin b/sdk/simulator/attestation.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c4aef253
Binary files /dev/null and b/sdk/simulator/attestation.bin differ
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/build.sh b/sdk/simulator/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..8b81c0fd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/simulator/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
+REPO_ROOT="$(cd "$SCRIPT_DIR/../.." && pwd)"
+
+cargo build \
+    --manifest-path "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/Cargo.toml" \
+    --release \
+    -p dstack-guest-agent-simulator
+cp "$REPO_ROOT/dstack/target/release/dstack-simulator" "$SCRIPT_DIR/"
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/dstack.toml b/sdk/simulator/dstack.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1c7325a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/simulator/dstack.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+[default]
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack Simulator"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "debug"
+
+[default.core]
+keys_file = "appkeys.json"
+compose_file = "app-compose.json"
+sys_config_file = "sys-config.json"
+data_disks = ["/"]
+
+[default.core.simulator]
+attestation_file = "attestation.bin"
+patch_report_data = true
+
+[internal-v0]
+address = "unix:./tappd.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[internal]
+address = "unix:./dstack.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[external]
+address = "unix:./external.sock"
+reuse = true
+
+[guest-api]
+address = "unix:./guest.sock"
+reuse = true
diff --git a/sdk/simulator/sys-config.json b/sdk/simulator/sys-config.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4993438b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sdk/simulator/sys-config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+    "kms_urls": [
+        "https://kms.1022.dstack.org:12001"
+    ],
+    "gateway_urls": [
+        "https://tproxy.1022.dstack.org:12002"
+    ],
+    "pccs_url": "",
+    "docker_registry": "",
+    "host_api_url": "vsock://2:12000/api",
+    "vm_config": "{\"os_image_hash\":\"64f0d1545cd510a8dfed7ad609d105b5d41f0cb2afcfdda8867ede00c88add7a\",\"cpu_count\":1,\"memory_size\":2147483648}"
+}
diff --git a/supervisor/Cargo.toml b/supervisor/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index a2d12233a..000000000
--- a/supervisor/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "supervisor"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-bon.workspace = true
-clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "string"] }
-dashmap.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-git-version.workspace = true
-libc.workspace = true
-load_config.workspace = true
-notify.workspace = true
-rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["process", "sync", "macros", "rt-multi-thread", "io-util"] }
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
diff --git a/supervisor/client/Cargo.toml b/supervisor/client/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a9003e5c..000000000
--- a/supervisor/client/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "supervisor-client"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[[bin]]
-name = "supervisor-client"
-path = "src/main.rs"
-required-features = ["cli"]
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-clap = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-tokio.workspace = true
-hyperlocal.workspace = true
-hyper.workspace = true
-http.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-hyper-util.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-http-body-util.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-log.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
-
-supervisor.workspace = true
-http-client.workspace = true
-
-[features]
-cli = ["dep:clap", "tokio/full"]
diff --git a/supervisor/client/src/lib.rs b/supervisor/client/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b8596be24..000000000
--- a/supervisor/client/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-use std::{path::Path, sync::Arc, time::Duration};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use http_client::http_request;
-use log::info;
-use supervisor::{ProcessConfig, ProcessInfo, Response};
-
-pub use supervisor;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SupervisorClient {
-    base_url: Arc<String>,
-}
-
-impl SupervisorClient {
-    pub fn new(base_url: &str) -> Self {
-        SupervisorClient {
-            base_url: Arc::new(base_url.to_string()),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub async fn start_and_connect_uds(
-        supervisor_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
-        uds: impl AsRef<Path>,
-        pid_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
-        log_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let uri = format!("unix:{}", uds.as_ref().display());
-        let client = Self::new(&uri);
-        if client.probe(Duration::from_millis(100)).await.is_ok() {
-            info!("Connected to supervisor at {uri}");
-            return Ok(client);
-        }
-        info!("Failed to connect to supervisor at {uri}, trying to start supervisor");
-        // if the uds exists, remove it
-        if std::path::Path::new(uds.as_ref()).exists() {
-            fs_err::remove_file(uds.as_ref())?;
-        }
-        // start supervisor
-        let output = std::process::Command::new(supervisor_path.as_ref())
-            .arg("--uds")
-            .arg(uds.as_ref())
-            .arg("--pid-file")
-            .arg(pid_file.as_ref())
-            .arg("--log-file")
-            .arg(log_file.as_ref())
-            .arg("--detach")
-            .env("RUST_LOG", "info,rocket=warn")
-            .output()
-            .context("Failed to start supervisor")?;
-        if !output.status.success() {
-            anyhow::bail!(
-                "Failed to start supervisor: {}",
-                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-            );
-        }
-        // wait while ping returns pong
-        for i in 1..=10 {
-            if client.probe(Duration::from_millis(100)).await.is_ok() {
-                info!("connected to supervisor at {uri}");
-                return Ok(client);
-            }
-            info!("waiting for supervisor at {uri} to start, attempt {i}");
-            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100 * i)).await;
-        }
-        anyhow::bail!("failed to connect to supervisor at {uri}");
-    }
-
-    async fn http_request<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned, B: serde::Serialize>(
-        &self,
-        method: &str,
-        path: &str,
-        body: B,
-    ) -> Result<T> {
-        let body_bytes = match method {
-            "POST" | "PUT" | "PATCH" => serde_json::to_vec(&body)?,
-            _ => vec![],
-        };
-        let (status, response_bytes) =
-            http_request(method, &self.base_url, path, &body_bytes).await?;
-        if status != 200 {
-            anyhow::bail!("Server returned error: {}", status);
-        }
-        let response: Response<T> =
-            serde_json::from_slice(&response_bytes).context("Failed to parse response")?;
-        response.into_result().context("Server returned error")
-    }
-
-    async fn http_get<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(&self, path: &str) -> Result<T> {
-        self.http_request("GET", path, ()).await
-    }
-}
-
-// Async API
-impl SupervisorClient {
-    pub async fn deploy(&self, config: ProcessConfig) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", "/deploy", config).await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn start(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/start/{}", id), ())
-            .await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn stop(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/stop/{}", id), ())
-            .await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn remove(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("DELETE", &format!("/remove/{}", id), ())
-            .await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<ProcessInfo>> {
-        self.http_get("/list").await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn info(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<ProcessInfo>> {
-        self.http_get(&format!("/info/{}", id)).await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn ping(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        self.http_get("/ping").await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn probe(&self, timeout: Duration) -> Result<()> {
-        let response = tokio::time::timeout(timeout, self.ping()).await;
-        if matches!(response, Ok(Ok(_))) {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            anyhow::bail!("failed to probe supervisor")
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub async fn clear(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", "/clear", ()).await
-    }
-
-    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", "/shutdown", ()).await
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct SupervisorClientSync {
-    client: SupervisorClient,
-}
-
-impl From<SupervisorClient> for SupervisorClientSync {
-    fn from(client: SupervisorClient) -> Self {
-        SupervisorClientSync { client }
-    }
-}
-
-// Sync API
-impl SupervisorClientSync {
-    fn http_request<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned, B: serde::Serialize>(
-        &self,
-        method: &str,
-        path: &str,
-        body: B,
-    ) -> Result<T> {
-        futures::executor::block_on(async move {
-            tokio::time::timeout(
-                Duration::from_millis(1000),
-                self.client.http_request(method, path, body),
-            )
-            .await?
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn http_get<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(&self, path: &str) -> Result<T> {
-        self.http_request("GET", path, ())
-    }
-
-    pub fn deploy(&self, config: ProcessConfig) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", "/deploy", config)
-    }
-
-    pub fn start(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/start/{}", id), ())
-    }
-
-    pub fn stop(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("POST", &format!("/stop/{}", id), ())
-    }
-
-    pub fn remove(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.http_request("DELETE", &format!("/remove/{}", id), ())
-    }
-
-    pub fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<ProcessInfo>> {
-        self.http_get("/list")
-    }
-
-    pub fn info(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<ProcessInfo>> {
-        self.http_get(&format!("/info/{}", id))
-    }
-
-    pub fn ping(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        self.http_get("/ping")
-    }
-
-    pub fn probe(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        if self.ping().is_ok() {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            anyhow::bail!("failed to probe supervisor")
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/supervisor/client/src/main.rs b/supervisor/client/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a522c4d0..000000000
--- a/supervisor/client/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-use supervisor::ProcessConfig;
-use supervisor_client::SupervisorClient;
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
-struct Cli {
-    #[arg(long, default_value = "unix:/var/run/supervisor.sock")]
-    base_url: String,
-
-    #[command(subcommand)]
-    command: Commands,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand)]
-enum Commands {
-    Deploy {
-        #[arg(long)]
-        id: String,
-        #[arg(long)]
-        command: String,
-        #[arg(long = "arg")]
-        args: Vec<String>,
-    },
-    Start {
-        id: String,
-    },
-    Stop {
-        id: String,
-    },
-    Remove {
-        id: String,
-    },
-    List,
-    Info {
-        id: String,
-    },
-    Ping,
-    Clear,
-    Shutdown,
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-
-    let cli = Cli::parse();
-    let client = SupervisorClient::new(&cli.base_url);
-
-    match cli.command {
-        Commands::Deploy { id, command, args } => {
-            let config = ProcessConfig {
-                id,
-                name: String::new(),
-                command,
-                args,
-                env: Default::default(),
-                cwd: String::new(),
-                stdout: String::new(),
-                stderr: String::new(),
-                pidfile: String::new(),
-                cid: None,
-                note: String::new(),
-            };
-            print_json(&client.deploy(config).await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Start { id } => {
-            print_json(&client.start(&id).await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Stop { id } => {
-            print_json(&client.stop(&id).await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Remove { id } => {
-            print_json(&client.remove(&id).await?);
-        }
-        Commands::List => {
-            print_json(&client.list().await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Info { id } => {
-            print_json(&client.info(&id).await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Ping => {
-            print_json(&client.ping().await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Clear => {
-            print_json(&client.clear().await?);
-        }
-        Commands::Shutdown => {
-            print_json(&client.shutdown().await?);
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn print_json<T: serde::Serialize>(value: &T) {
-    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string(value).unwrap());
-}
diff --git a/supervisor/src/lib.rs b/supervisor/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f5296e13..000000000
--- a/supervisor/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-mod process;
-mod supervisor;
-pub mod web_api;
-pub use process::{ProcessConfig, ProcessInfo, ProcessState, ProcessStatus};
-pub use web_api::Response;
diff --git a/supervisor/src/main.rs b/supervisor/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a414f5954..000000000
--- a/supervisor/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use clap::Parser;
-use load_config::load_config;
-use rocket::{
-    fairing::AdHoc,
-    figment::Figment,
-    listener::{Bind, DefaultListener},
-};
-use supervisor::web_api;
-use tracing::error;
-use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
-
-pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../supervisor.toml");
-
-pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
-    load_config("supervisor", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, true)
-}
-
-fn app_version() -> String {
-    const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    const VERSION: &str = git_version::git_version!(
-        args = ["--abbrev=20", "--always", "--dirty=-modified"],
-        prefix = "git:",
-        fallback = "unknown"
-    );
-    format!("v{CARGO_PKG_VERSION} ({VERSION})")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
-struct Args {
-    /// Path to the configuration file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    config: Option<String>,
-    /// bind address
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    address: Option<String>,
-    /// bind port
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    port: Option<u16>,
-    /// bind on unix domain socket
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    uds: Option<String>,
-    /// remove existing socket
-    #[arg(long)]
-    remove_existing_uds: bool,
-    /// detach from terminal
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    detach: bool,
-    /// pid file
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pid_file: Option<String>,
-    /// log file
-    #[arg(long)]
-    log_file: Option<String>,
-}
-
-fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let args = Args::parse();
-    if let Some(log_file) = &args.log_file {
-        mk_parents(log_file)?;
-        let file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
-            .create(true)
-            .append(true)
-            .open(log_file)
-            .context("Failed to open log file")?;
-        tracing_subscriber::fmt()
-            .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())
-            .with_writer(file)
-            .init();
-    } else {
-        tracing_subscriber::fmt()
-            .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())
-            .init();
-    }
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    if args.detach {
-        // run in background
-        let ret = unsafe { libc::daemon(1, 0) };
-        if ret != 0 {
-            error!("Failed to run in background, error code: {ret}");
-            bail!("Failed to run in background, error code: {ret}");
-        }
-    }
-    if let Err(err) = async_main(args) {
-        error!("{err:?}");
-        return Err(err);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn async_main(args: Args) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut figment = load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
-    if let Some(uds) = args.uds {
-        mk_parents(&uds)?;
-        if args.remove_existing_uds {
-            std::fs::remove_file(&uds).ok();
-        }
-        figment = figment.join(("address", format!("unix:{uds}")));
-    } else if let Some(address) = args.address {
-        figment = figment.join(("address", address));
-    }
-    if let Some(port) = args.port {
-        figment = figment.join(("port", port));
-    }
-    let rocket = web_api::rocket(figment);
-    let rocket = rocket.attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
-        Box::pin(async move {
-            res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
-        })
-    }));
-    let ignite = rocket
-        .ignite()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
-        .context("Failed to ignite rocket")?;
-    let endpoint = DefaultListener::bind_endpoint(&ignite)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
-        .context("Failed to get endpoint")?;
-    let listener = DefaultListener::bind(&ignite)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
-        .context(format!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}"))?;
-    if let Some(pid_file) = &args.pid_file {
-        mk_parents(pid_file)?;
-        let pid = std::process::id();
-        fs_err::write(pid_file, pid.to_string()).context("Failed to write pid file")?;
-    }
-    ignite
-        .launch_on(listener)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("{err:?}"))
-        .context("Failed to launch rocket")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn mk_parents(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()> {
-    let path = path.as_ref();
-    let Some(parent) = path.parent() else {
-        return Ok(());
-    };
-    fs_err::create_dir_all(parent).context("Failed to create parent directory")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/supervisor/supervisor.toml b/supervisor/supervisor.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index cbc455707..000000000
--- a/supervisor/supervisor.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[default]
-workers = 8
-max_blocking = 64
-ident = "Supervisor"
-temp_dir = "/tmp"
-keep_alive = 10
-log_level = "info"
-address = "unix:/var/run/supervisor.sock"
-reuse = false
-
-[default.shutdown]
-ctrlc = false
-signals = []
-grace = 0
-mercy = 0
diff --git a/supervisor/tests/test.sh b/supervisor/tests/test.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 34f808f7a..000000000
--- a/supervisor/tests/test.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Base URL
-BASE_URL="http://localhost"
-UDS="./test.sock"
-PIDFILE="./test.pid"
-
-# Colors for output
-GREEN='\033[0;32m'
-RED='\033[0;31m'
-NC='\033[0m' # No Color
-
-PROG_ID_1="test-process-1"
-PROG_ID_2="test-process-2"
-
-info() {
-    printf "${GREEN}$1${NC}\n"
-}
-
-error() {
-    printf "${RED}$1${NC}\n"
-}
-
-assert_eq() {
-    local actual="$1"
-    local expected="$2"
-    local message="$3"
-    local assert_ok=n
-    if diff <(echo "$actual") <(echo "$expected") >/dev/null; then
-        assert_ok=y
-    fi
-    if [ $assert_ok == "n" ]; then
-        error "Assertion failed: $message"
-        error "Expected : $expected"
-        error "Got      : $actual"
-        exit 1
-    fi
-}
-
-info "Starting supervisor"
-if [ -f $PIDFILE ]; then
-    kill $(cat $PIDFILE) 2>/dev/null
-fi
-rm -f $UDS
-cargo run -q --bin supervisor -- --uds $UDS --pid-file $PIDFILE -d
-
-info "Testing Supervisor API endpoints..."
-
-http() {
-  curl --unix-socket $UDS -s -X "$1" "$2" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d "$3"
-}
-
-info "Cleaning up previous test processes"
-http POST "${BASE_URL}/clear" >/dev/null 2>&1
-
-info "Listing processes"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":[]}' "List should return empty array"
-
-# Deploy a new process
-info "Testing Deploy endpoint"
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/deploy" '{
-  "id": "'"$PROG_ID_1"'",
-  "command": "sleep",
-  "args": ["1000"],
-  "cwd": "/tmp"
-}')
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Deploy should return empty object"
-
-# Get info for specific process
-info "Testing Info endpoint"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/info/$PROG_ID_1")
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.id)" "$PROG_ID_1" "Info should return object with id"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.command)" "sleep" "Info should return correct command"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.args[0])" "1000" "Info should return correct args"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.cwd)" "/tmp" "Info should return correct working directory"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.status)" "running" "Info should show running status"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.started)" "true" "Info should show started as true"
-
-# Start the process
-info "Testing Start endpoint"
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/start/$PROG_ID_1")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"error":"Process is already running"}' "Start should return error"
-
-# Stop the process
-info "Testing Stop endpoint"
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/stop/$PROG_ID_1")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Stop should return empty object"
-
-# Get info again to see the stopped state
-info "Testing Info endpoint after stop"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/info/$PROG_ID_1")
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.id)" "$PROG_ID_1" "Info should return object with id"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.command)" "sleep" "Info should return correct command"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.args[0])" "1000" "Info should return correct args"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.cwd)" "/tmp" "Info should return correct working directory"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.status)" "stopped" "Info should show stopped status"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.started)" "false" "Info should show started as false"
-
-# Test list command after adding process
-info "Testing List command with process"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq '.data | length')" "1" "List should show one process"
-
-# Remove the process
-info "Testing Remove process"
-RES=$(http DELETE "${BASE_URL}/remove/$PROG_ID_1")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Remove should return empty object"
-
-# Can not start a removed process
-info "Testing Start endpoint after remove"
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/start/$PROG_ID_1")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"error":"Process not found"}' "Start should return error"
-
-
-# Test deploying with all optional parameters
-info "Testing Deploy with all parameters"
-rm -rf /tmp/stdout.log /tmp/stderr.log /tmp/test.pid /tmp/stdout.log.1
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/deploy" '
-{
-    "id": "'"$PROG_ID_2"'",
-    "name": "test-name",
-    "command": "bash",
-    "args": ["-c", "echo hello world, FOO=$FOO, pwd=$(pwd); echo hello stderr >&2; sleep 2; echo after rotation;"],
-    "env": {
-        "FOO": "bar",
-        "BAZ": "qux"
-    },
-    "cwd": "/var/tmp",
-    "stdout": "/tmp/stdout.log",
-    "stderr": "/tmp/stderr.log", 
-    "pidfile": "/tmp/test.pid"
-}')
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Deploy should return empty object"
-
-# Verify all parameters were set correctly
-info "Testing Info endpoint for process with all parameters"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/info/$PROG_ID_2")
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.id)" "$PROG_ID_2" "Info should return correct id"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.name)" "test-name" "Info should return correct name"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.command)" "bash" "Info should return correct command"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.env.FOO)" "bar" "Info should return correct env var FOO"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.env.BAZ)" "qux" "Info should return correct env var BAZ"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.cwd)" "/var/tmp" "Info should return correct working directory"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.stdout)" "/tmp/stdout.log" "Info should return correct stdout path"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.stderr)" "/tmp/stderr.log" "Info should return correct stderr path"
-assert_eq "$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.config.pidfile)" "/tmp/test.pid" "Info should return correct pidfile path"
-sleep 1
-
-# Check stdout file exists and contains expected output
-info "Testing stdout file contents"
-assert_eq "$(cat "/tmp/stdout.log")" "hello world, FOO=bar, pwd=/var/tmp"  
-
-# Check stderr file exists and contains expected output
-info "Testing stderr file contents" 
-assert_eq "$(cat "/tmp/stderr.log")" "hello stderr" "Stderr file should contain expected output"
-
-# Check pid file exists and contains expected pid
-info "Testing pid file contents"
-PID=$(echo "$RES" | jq -r .data.state.pid)
-if [ -f "/tmp/test.pid" ]; then
-    PIDFILE_CONTENTS=$(cat "/tmp/test.pid")
-    assert_eq "$PIDFILE_CONTENTS" "$PID" "Pidfile should contain correct pid"
-else
-    error "Pidfile does not exist"
-    exit 1
-fi
-mv "/tmp/stdout.log" "/tmp/stdout.log.1"
-sleep 2
-# Check stdout file contents after rotation
-info "Testing stdout file contents after rotation"
-assert_eq "$(cat "/tmp/stdout.log")" "after rotation" "Stdout file should contain expected output"
-
-# Clean up
-info "Cleaning up test process $PROG_ID_2"
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/stop/$PROG_ID_2")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Stop should return empty object"
-RES=$(http DELETE "${BASE_URL}/remove/$PROG_ID_2")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Remove should return empty object"
-
-# Test list command
-info "Testing List command"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":[]}' "List should return empty array"
-
-
-# Test ping endpoint
-info "Testing Ping endpoint"
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/ping")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":"pong"}' "Ping should return pong"
-
-# Test clear endpoint
-info "Testing Clear endpoint"
-RES=$(http POST "${BASE_URL}/clear")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":null}' "Clear should return empty object"
-
-# Verify list is empty after clear
-RES=$(http GET "${BASE_URL}/list")
-assert_eq "$RES" '{"data":[]}' "List should be empty after clear"
-
-info "Shutting down supervisor"
-http POST "${BASE_URL}/shutdown"
-kill $(cat $PIDFILE) 2>/dev/null
-rm -f $UDS $PIDFILE
-
-info "API testing completed!"
diff --git a/tappd/Cargo.toml b/tappd/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9220bdab1..000000000
--- a/tappd/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tappd"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-rocket.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-rcgen.workspace = true
-sha2.workspace = true
-clap.workspace = true
-tokio.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-bollard.workspace = true
-chrono.workspace = true
-base64.workspace = true
-rinja.workspace = true
-git-version.workspace = true
-
-ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["rocket"] }
-tappd-rpc.workspace = true
-ra-tls.workspace = true
-tdx-attest.workspace = true
-guest-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
-host-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
-sysinfo.workspace = true
-default-net.workspace = true
-rocket-vsock-listener.workspace = true
-sd-notify.workspace = true
-reqwest.workspace = true
-cmd_lib.workspace = true
-figment = { workspace = true, features = ["json", "toml"] }
-load_config.workspace = true
diff --git a/tappd/rpc/Cargo.toml b/tappd/rpc/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7da2f2ba6..000000000
--- a/tappd/rpc/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tappd-rpc"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-prpc.workspace = true
-prost.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-scale.workspace = true
-
-[build-dependencies]
-prpc-build.workspace = true
diff --git a/tappd/rpc/build.rs b/tappd/rpc/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c3b27eee..000000000
--- a/tappd/rpc/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    prpc_build::configure()
-        .out_dir("./src/generated")
-        .mod_prefix("super::")
-        .build_scale_ext(false)
-        .disable_package_emission()
-        .enable_serde_extension()
-        .compile_dir("./proto")
-        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
-}
diff --git a/tappd/rpc/proto/tappd_rpc.proto b/tappd/rpc/proto/tappd_rpc.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index 1bfc4af7e..000000000
--- a/tappd/rpc/proto/tappd_rpc.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-package tappd;
-
-service Tappd {
-  // Derives a cryptographic key from the specified key path.
-  // Returns the derived key along with its certificate chain.
-  rpc DeriveKey(DeriveKeyArgs) returns (DeriveKeyResponse) {}
-
-  // Generates a TDX quote
-  rpc TdxQuote(TdxQuoteArgs) returns (TdxQuoteResponse) {}
-
-  // Generates a TDX quote with raw report data.
-  // This is a low-level API that should be used with caution.
-  // When using quotes in multiple locations within your application,
-  // ensure proper quote differentiation by including a content type
-  // identifier in the report_data to avoid Quote Repurposing Attacks.
-  rpc RawQuote(RawQuoteArgs) returns (TdxQuoteResponse) {}
-
-  // Get worker info
-  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WorkerInfo) {}
-}
-
-// The request to derive a key
-message DeriveKeyArgs {
-  // Path to the key to derive
-  string path = 1;
-  // Subject of the certificate to request
-  string subject = 2;
-  // DNS alternative names for the certificate
-  repeated string alt_names = 3;
-}
-
-// The response to a DeriveKey request
-message DeriveKeyResponse {
-  // Derived key
-  string key = 1;
-  // Certificate chain
-  repeated string certificate_chain = 2;
-}
-
-// The request to get a TDX quote
-// The report data is prefixed with `app-data:` before hashing unless the algorithm is `raw`.
-// Final report data is hash(`app-data:` + report_data) if the algorithm is not `raw`.
-message TdxQuoteArgs {
-  // Report data
-  bytes report_data = 1;
-  // The hash algorithm to use to process the report data. Default is `sha512`.
-  // Supported algorithms are:
-  // - `sha256`
-  // - `sha384`
-  // - `sha512`
-  // - `sha3-256`
-  // - `sha3-384`
-  // - `sha3-512`
-  // - `keccak256`
-  // - `keccak384`
-  // - `keccak512`
-  // - `raw`: Passes the report_data directly to the driver without any processing
-  string hash_algorithm = 2;
-
-  // Custom prefix to prepend to report data before hashing.
-  // Defaults to 'app-data:' when hash_algorithm is not 'raw'.
-  string prefix = 3;
-}
-
-// The request to get a raw TDX quote
-message RawQuoteArgs {
-  // 64 bytes of report data
-  bytes report_data = 1;
-}
-
-message TdxQuoteResponse {
-  // TDX quote
-  bytes quote = 1;
-  // Event log
-  string event_log = 2;
-
-  // The following fields might be used for app debugging purposes
-  // Hash algorithm used to hash the caller passed in report data
-  string hash_algorithm = 3;
-  // Prefix added to the report data before hashing
-  string prefix = 4;
-}
-
-// The request to derive a key
-message WorkerInfo {
-  // App ID
-  string app_id = 1;
-  // App Instance ID
-  string instance_id = 2;
-  // App certificate
-  string app_cert = 3;
-  // TCB info
-  string tcb_info = 4;
-  // App name
-  string app_name = 5;
-  // Whether the app logs are public
-  bool public_logs = 6;
-  // Whether the app sysinfo is public
-  bool public_sysinfo = 7;
-}
-
-// The response to a WorkerInfo request
-message WorkerVersion {
-  // Tappd version
-  string version = 1;
-  // Git revision
-  string rev = 2;
-}
-
-service Worker {
-  // Get worker info
-  rpc Info(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WorkerInfo) {}
-  // Get tappd version
-  rpc Version(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (WorkerVersion) {}
-}
diff --git a/tappd/rpc/src/generated.rs b/tappd/rpc/src/generated.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3928abe38..000000000
--- a/tappd/rpc/src/generated.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub use tappd::*;
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-mod tappd;
diff --git a/tappd/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore b/tappd/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index d6b7ef32c..000000000
--- a/tappd/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-*
-!.gitignore
diff --git a/tappd/rpc/src/lib.rs b/tappd/rpc/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29aad437c..000000000
--- a/tappd/rpc/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub use generated::*;
-
-mod generated;
diff --git a/tappd/src/config.rs b/tappd/src/config.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e6fcc70de..000000000
--- a/tappd/src/config.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-use figment::Figment;
-use load_config::load_config;
-use serde::Deserialize;
-
-pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../tappd.toml");
-
-pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
-    load_config("tappd", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, true)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Deserialize)]
-pub struct BindAddr {
-    pub port: u16,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Config {
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub cert_file: String,
-    pub key_file: String,
-    pub public_logs: bool,
-    pub public_sysinfo: bool,
-    pub compose_file: String,
-}
diff --git a/tappd/src/guest_api_service.rs b/tappd/src/guest_api_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f790e7f1..000000000
--- a/tappd/src/guest_api_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
-use std::{fmt::Debug, path::Path};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use bollard::{container::ListContainersOptions, Docker};
-use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use guest_api::{
-    guest_api_server::{GuestApiRpc, GuestApiServer},
-    Container, DiskInfo, Gateway, GuestInfo, Interface, IpAddress, ListContainersResponse,
-    NetworkInformation, SystemInfo,
-};
-use host_api::Notification;
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use tappd_rpc::worker_server::WorkerRpc as _;
-use tracing::error;
-
-use crate::{rpc_service::ExternalRpcHandler, AppState};
-
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
-struct LocalConfig {
-    host_api_url: String,
-}
-
-pub struct GuestApiHandler {
-    state: AppState,
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<AppState> for GuestApiHandler {
-    type PrpcService = GuestApiServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            state: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl GuestApiRpc for GuestApiHandler {
-    async fn info(self) -> Result<GuestInfo> {
-        let ext_rpc = ExternalRpcHandler::new(self.state);
-        let info = ext_rpc.info().await?;
-        Ok(GuestInfo {
-            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
-            app_id: info.app_id,
-            instance_id: info.instance_id,
-            app_cert: info.app_cert,
-            tcb_info: info.tcb_info,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn shutdown(self) -> Result<()> {
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
-            notify_host("shutdown.progress", "stopping app").await.ok();
-            perr(cmd!(systemctl stop app-compose));
-            notify_host("shutdown.progress", "powering off").await.ok();
-            perr(cmd!(systemctl poweroff));
-        });
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn network_info(self) -> Result<NetworkInformation> {
-        let networks = sysinfo::Networks::new_with_refreshed_list();
-        for (interface_name, network) in &networks {
-            println!("[{interface_name}]: {network:?}");
-        }
-        Ok(NetworkInformation {
-            dns_servers: get_dns_servers(),
-            gateways: get_gateways(),
-            interfaces: get_interfaces(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn sys_info(self) -> Result<SystemInfo> {
-        use sysinfo::System;
-
-        let system = System::new_all();
-        let cpus = system.cpus();
-
-        let disks = sysinfo::Disks::new_with_refreshed_list();
-        let disks = disks
-            .list()
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|d| d.mount_point() == Path::new("/"))
-            .map(|d| DiskInfo {
-                name: d.name().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                mount_point: d.mount_point().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                total_size: d.total_space(),
-                free_size: d.available_space(),
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let avg = System::load_average();
-        Ok(SystemInfo {
-            os_name: System::name().unwrap_or_default(),
-            os_version: System::os_version().unwrap_or_default(),
-            kernel_version: System::kernel_version().unwrap_or_default(),
-            cpu_model: cpus.first().map_or("".into(), |cpu| {
-                format!("{} @{} MHz", cpu.name(), cpu.frequency())
-            }),
-            num_cpus: cpus.len() as _,
-            total_memory: system.total_memory(),
-            available_memory: system.available_memory(),
-            used_memory: system.used_memory(),
-            free_memory: system.free_memory(),
-            total_swap: system.total_swap(),
-            used_swap: system.used_swap(),
-            free_swap: system.free_swap(),
-            uptime: System::uptime(),
-            loadavg_one: (avg.one * 100.0) as u32,
-            loadavg_five: (avg.five * 100.0) as u32,
-            loadavg_fifteen: (avg.fifteen * 100.0) as u32,
-            disks,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn list_containers(self) -> Result<ListContainersResponse> {
-        list_containers().await
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn list_containers() -> Result<ListContainersResponse> {
-    let docker = Docker::connect_with_defaults().context("Failed to connect to Docker")?;
-    let containers = docker
-        .list_containers::<&str>(Some(ListContainersOptions {
-            all: true,
-            ..Default::default()
-        }))
-        .await
-        .context("Failed to list containers")?;
-    Ok(ListContainersResponse {
-        containers: containers
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|c| Container {
-                id: c.id.unwrap_or_default(),
-                names: c.names.unwrap_or_default(),
-                image: c.image.unwrap_or_default(),
-                image_id: c.image_id.unwrap_or_default(),
-                command: c.command.unwrap_or_default(),
-                created: c.created.unwrap_or_default(),
-                state: c.state.unwrap_or_default(),
-                status: c.status.unwrap_or_default(),
-            })
-            .collect(),
-    })
-}
-
-fn get_interfaces() -> Vec<Interface> {
-    sysinfo::Networks::new_with_refreshed_list()
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter_map(|(interface_name, network)| {
-            if !(interface_name == "wg0" || interface_name.starts_with("enp")) {
-                // We only get wg0 and enp interfaces.
-                // Docker bridge is not included due to privacy concerns.
-                return None;
-            }
-            Some(Interface {
-                name: interface_name.clone(),
-                addresses: network
-                    .ip_networks()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|ip| IpAddress {
-                        address: ip.addr.to_string(),
-                        prefix: ip.prefix as u32,
-                    })
-                    .collect(),
-                rx_bytes: network.total_received(),
-                tx_bytes: network.total_transmitted(),
-                rx_errors: network.total_errors_on_received(),
-                tx_errors: network.total_errors_on_transmitted(),
-            })
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn get_gateways() -> Vec<Gateway> {
-    default_net::get_interfaces()
-        .into_iter()
-        .flat_map(|iface| {
-            iface.gateway.map(|gw| Gateway {
-                address: gw.ip_addr.to_string(),
-            })
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn get_dns_servers() -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut dns_servers = Vec::new();
-    // read /etc/resolv.conf
-    let Ok(resolv_conf) = fs::read_to_string("/etc/resolv.conf") else {
-        return dns_servers;
-    };
-    for line in resolv_conf.lines() {
-        if line.starts_with("nameserver") {
-            let Some(ip) = line.split_whitespace().nth(1) else {
-                continue;
-            };
-            dns_servers.push(ip.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-    dns_servers
-}
-
-pub async fn notify_host(event: &str, payload: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    let local_config: LocalConfig =
-        serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string("/tapp/config.json")?)?;
-    let nc = host_api::client::new_client(local_config.host_api_url);
-    nc.notify(Notification {
-        event: event.to_string(),
-        payload: payload.to_string(),
-    })
-    .await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn perr<T, E: Debug>(result: Result<T, E>) {
-    if let Err(e) = &result {
-        error!("{e:?}");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tappd/src/main.rs b/tappd/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2926ce49f..000000000
--- a/tappd/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-use std::{fs::Permissions, future::pending, os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use clap::Parser;
-use config::BindAddr;
-use guest_api_service::GuestApiHandler;
-use rocket::{
-    fairing::AdHoc,
-    figment::Figment,
-    listener::{Bind, DefaultListener},
-};
-use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockListener;
-use rpc_service::{AppState, ExternalRpcHandler, InternalRpcHandler};
-use sd_notify::{notify as sd_notify, NotifyState};
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tracing::{error, info};
-
-mod config;
-mod guest_api_service;
-mod http_routes;
-mod models;
-mod rpc_service;
-
-const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-const GIT_REV: &str = git_version::git_version!(
-    args = ["--abbrev=20", "--always", "--dirty=-modified"],
-    prefix = "git:",
-    fallback = "unknown"
-);
-
-fn app_version() -> String {
-    format!("v{CARGO_PKG_VERSION} ({GIT_REV})")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
-struct Args {
-    /// Path to the configuration file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    config: Option<String>,
-
-    /// Enable systemd watchdog
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    watchdog: bool,
-}
-
-async fn run_internal(state: AppState, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
-    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .mount("/prpc/", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, InternalRpcHandler))
-        .manage(state);
-    let ignite = rocket
-        .ignite()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
-    let endpoint = DefaultListener::bind_endpoint(&ignite)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to get endpoint: {err}"))?;
-    let listener = DefaultListener::bind(&ignite)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind on {endpoint}: {err}"))?;
-    if let Some(path) = endpoint.unix() {
-        // Allow any user to connect to the socket
-        fs_err::set_permissions(path, Permissions::from_mode(0o777))?;
-    }
-    ignite
-        .launch_on(listener)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn run_external(state: AppState, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
-    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .mount("/", http_routes::external_routes(state.config()))
-        .mount("/prpc", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, ExternalRpcHandler))
-        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
-            })
-        }))
-        .manage(state);
-    let _ = rocket
-        .launch()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn run_guest_api(state: AppState, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
-    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .mount("/api", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(AppState, GuestApiHandler))
-        .manage(state);
-
-    let ignite = rocket
-        .ignite()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
-    let listener = VsockListener::bind_rocket(&ignite)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind guest API : {err}"))?;
-    ignite
-        .launch_on(listener)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn run_watchdog(port: u16) {
-    let mut watchdog_usec = 0;
-    let enabled = sd_notify::watchdog_enabled(false, &mut watchdog_usec);
-    if !enabled {
-        info!("Watchdog is not enabled in systemd service");
-        return pending::<()>().await;
-    }
-
-    info!("Starting watchdog");
-    // Notify systemd that we're ready
-    if let Err(err) = sd_notify(false, &[NotifyState::Ready]) {
-        error!("Failed to notify systemd: {err}");
-    }
-    let heatbeat_interval = Duration::from_micros(watchdog_usec / 2);
-    let heatbeat_interval = heatbeat_interval.max(Duration::from_secs(1));
-    info!("Watchdog enabled, interval={watchdog_usec}us, heartbeat={heatbeat_interval:?}",);
-    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(heatbeat_interval);
-
-    // Create HTTP client for health checks
-    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
-
-    let probe_url = format!("http://localhost:{port}/prpc/Worker.Version");
-    loop {
-        interval.tick().await;
-
-        // Perform health check
-        match client.get(&probe_url).send().await {
-            Ok(response) if response.status().is_success() => {
-                // Only notify systemd if health check passes
-                if let Err(err) = sd_notify(false, &[NotifyState::Watchdog]) {
-                    error!("Failed to notify systemd: {err}");
-                }
-            }
-            Ok(response) => {
-                error!("Health check failed with status: {}", response.status());
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                error!("Health check request failed: {}", err);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[rocket::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-    let args = Args::parse();
-    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
-    let state =
-        AppState::new(figment.focus("core").extract()?).context("Failed to create app state")?;
-    let internal_figment = figment.clone().select("internal");
-    let external_figment = figment.clone().select("external");
-    let bind_addr: BindAddr = external_figment
-        .extract()
-        .context("Failed to extract bind address")?;
-    let external_https_figment = figment.clone().select("external-https");
-    let guest_api_figment = figment.select("guest-api");
-    tokio::select!(
-        res = run_internal(state.clone(), internal_figment) => res?,
-        res = run_external(state.clone(), external_figment) => res?,
-        res = run_external(state.clone(), external_https_figment) => res?,
-        res = run_guest_api(state.clone(), guest_api_figment) => res?,
-        _ = async {
-            if args.watchdog {
-                run_watchdog(bind_addr.port).await;
-            } else {
-                pending::<()>().await;
-            }
-        } => {}
-    );
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/tappd/src/models.rs b/tappd/src/models.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 6004ab9da..000000000
--- a/tappd/src/models.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-use guest_api::{Container, SystemInfo};
-use rinja::Template;
-
-mod filters {
-    use anyhow::Result;
-
-    pub fn cname<'a>(s: &'a Option<&'a String>) -> Result<&'a str, rinja::Error> {
-        let name = s.map(|s| s.as_str()).unwrap_or_default();
-        Ok(name.strip_prefix("/").unwrap_or(name))
-    }
-
-    pub fn hsize(s: &u64) -> Result<String, rinja::Error> {
-        // convert bytes to human readable size
-        let mut size = *s as f64;
-        let units = ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB", "ZB", "YB"];
-        let mut unit_index = 0;
-        while size >= 1024.0 && unit_index < units.len() - 1 {
-            size /= 1024.0;
-            unit_index += 1;
-        }
-        Ok(format!(
-            "{:.2} {}",
-            size,
-            units.get(unit_index).unwrap_or(&"?")
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Template)]
-#[template(path = "dashboard.html")]
-pub struct Dashboard {
-    pub app_name: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub instance_id: String,
-    pub app_cert: String,
-    pub tcb_info: String,
-    pub containers: Vec<Container>,
-    pub system_info: SystemInfo,
-    pub public_sysinfo: bool,
-    pub public_logs: bool,
-}
diff --git a/tappd/src/rpc_service.rs b/tappd/src/rpc_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e8d0f121a..000000000
--- a/tappd/src/rpc_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
-use ra_tls::{
-    attestation::{QuoteContentType, DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM},
-    cert::{CaCert, CertRequest},
-    kdf::derive_ecdsa_key_pair,
-    qvl::quote::Report,
-};
-use serde_json::json;
-use tappd_rpc::{
-    tappd_server::{TappdRpc, TappdServer},
-    worker_server::{WorkerRpc, WorkerServer},
-    DeriveKeyArgs, DeriveKeyResponse, RawQuoteArgs, TdxQuoteArgs, TdxQuoteResponse, WorkerInfo,
-    WorkerVersion,
-};
-use tdx_attest::eventlog::read_event_logs;
-
-use crate::config::Config;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct AppState {
-    inner: Arc<AppStateInner>,
-}
-
-struct AppStateInner {
-    config: Config,
-    ca: CaCert,
-}
-
-impl AppState {
-    pub fn new(config: Config) -> Result<Self> {
-        let ca = CaCert::load(&config.cert_file, &config.key_file)
-            .context("Failed to load CA certificate")?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(AppStateInner { config, ca }),
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub fn config(&self) -> &Config {
-        &self.inner.config
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct InternalRpcHandler {
-    state: AppState,
-}
-
-impl TappdRpc for InternalRpcHandler {
-    async fn derive_key(self, request: DeriveKeyArgs) -> Result<DeriveKeyResponse> {
-        let derived_key =
-            derive_ecdsa_key_pair(&self.state.inner.ca.key, &[request.path.as_bytes()])
-                .context("Failed to derive key")?;
-        let req = CertRequest::builder()
-            .subject(&request.subject)
-            .alt_names(&request.alt_names)
-            .key(&derived_key)
-            .build();
-        let cert = self
-            .state
-            .inner
-            .ca
-            .sign(req)
-            .context("Failed to sign certificate")?;
-        Ok(DeriveKeyResponse {
-            key: derived_key.serialize_pem(),
-            certificate_chain: vec![cert.pem(), self.state.inner.ca.cert.pem()],
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn tdx_quote(self, request: TdxQuoteArgs) -> Result<TdxQuoteResponse> {
-        let content_type = if request.prefix.is_empty() {
-            QuoteContentType::AppData
-        } else {
-            QuoteContentType::Custom(&request.prefix)
-        };
-        let report_data =
-            content_type.to_report_data_with_hash(&request.report_data, &request.hash_algorithm)?;
-        let event_log = read_event_logs().context("Failed to decode event log")?;
-        let event_log =
-            serde_json::to_string(&event_log).context("Failed to serialize event log")?;
-        let (_, quote) =
-            tdx_attest::get_quote(&report_data, None).context("Failed to get quote")?;
-        let hash_algorithm = if request.hash_algorithm.is_empty() {
-            DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM
-        } else {
-            &request.hash_algorithm
-        };
-        let prefix = if hash_algorithm == "raw" {
-            "".into()
-        } else {
-            QuoteContentType::AppData.tag().to_string()
-        };
-        Ok(TdxQuoteResponse {
-            quote,
-            event_log,
-            hash_algorithm: hash_algorithm.to_string(),
-            prefix,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn raw_quote(self, request: RawQuoteArgs) -> Result<TdxQuoteResponse> {
-        self.tdx_quote(TdxQuoteArgs {
-            report_data: request.report_data,
-            hash_algorithm: "raw".to_string(),
-            prefix: "".to_string(),
-        })
-        .await
-    }
-
-    async fn info(self) -> Result<WorkerInfo> {
-        ExternalRpcHandler { state: self.state }.info().await
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<AppState> for InternalRpcHandler {
-    type PrpcService = TappdServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(InternalRpcHandler {
-            state: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct ExternalRpcHandler {
-    state: AppState,
-}
-
-impl ExternalRpcHandler {
-    pub(crate) fn new(state: AppState) -> Self {
-        Self { state }
-    }
-}
-
-impl WorkerRpc for ExternalRpcHandler {
-    async fn info(self) -> Result<WorkerInfo> {
-        let ca = &self.state.inner.ca;
-        let Some(attestation) = ca.decode_attestation().ok().flatten() else {
-            return Ok(WorkerInfo::default());
-        };
-        let app_id = attestation
-            .decode_app_id()
-            .context("Failed to decode app id")?;
-        let instance_id = attestation
-            .decode_instance_id()
-            .context("Failed to decode instance_id")?;
-        let quote = attestation
-            .decode_quote()
-            .context("Failed to decode quote")?;
-        let rootfs_hash = attestation
-            .decode_rootfs_hash()
-            .context("Failed to decode rootfs hash")?;
-        let report = match &quote.report {
-            Report::SgxEnclave(_) => bail!("SGX reports are not supported"),
-            Report::TD10(tdreport10) => tdreport10,
-            Report::TD15(tdreport15) => &tdreport15.base,
-        };
-        let event_log = &attestation.event_log;
-        let mrtd = hex::encode(report.mr_td);
-        let rtmr0 = hex::encode(report.rt_mr0);
-        let rtmr1 = hex::encode(report.rt_mr1);
-        let rtmr2 = hex::encode(report.rt_mr2);
-        let rtmr3 = hex::encode(report.rt_mr3);
-        let app_compose = fs::read_to_string(&self.state.config().compose_file).unwrap_or_default();
-        let tcb_info = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&json!({
-            "rootfs_hash": rootfs_hash,
-            "mrtd": mrtd,
-            "rtmr0": rtmr0,
-            "rtmr1": rtmr1,
-            "rtmr2": rtmr2,
-            "rtmr3": rtmr3,
-            "event_log": event_log,
-            "app_compose": app_compose,
-        }))
-        .unwrap_or_default();
-        Ok(WorkerInfo {
-            app_name: self.state.config().app_name.clone(),
-            app_id,
-            instance_id,
-            app_cert: ca.pem_cert.clone(),
-            tcb_info,
-            public_logs: self.state.config().public_logs,
-            public_sysinfo: self.state.config().public_sysinfo,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn version(self) -> Result<WorkerVersion> {
-        Ok(WorkerVersion {
-            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
-            rev: super::GIT_REV.to_string(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<AppState> for ExternalRpcHandler {
-    type PrpcService = WorkerServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(ExternalRpcHandler {
-            state: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tappd/tappd.toml b/tappd/tappd.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index e85aec01f..000000000
--- a/tappd/tappd.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-[default]
-workers = 8
-max_blocking = 64
-ident = "Tappd Server"
-temp_dir = "/tmp"
-keep_alive = 10
-log_level = "debug"
-
-[default.core]
-app_name = ""
-cert_file = "/etc/tappd/app-ca.cert"
-key_file = "/etc/tappd/app-ca.key"
-public_logs = true
-public_sysinfo = true
-compose_file = "/tapp/app-compose.json"
-
-[internal]
-address = "unix:/var/run/tappd.sock"
-reuse = false
-
-[external]
-address = "0.0.0.0"
-port = 8090
-
-[external-https]
-address = "0.0.0.0"
-port = 8043
-
-[external-https.tls]
-key = "/etc/tappd/tls.key"
-certs = "/etc/tappd/tls.cert"
-
-[guest-api]
-address = "vsock:0xffffffff"
-port = 8000
diff --git a/tappd/templates/dashboard.html b/tappd/templates/dashboard.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 68e8103c3..000000000
--- a/tappd/templates/dashboard.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,237 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Worker Information</title>
-    <style>
-        :root {
-            --primary-color: #2c3e50;
-            --secondary-color: #3498db;
-            --background-color: #f8f9fa;
-            --border-color: #e9ecef;
-        }
-
-        body {
-            font-family: 'Segoe UI', system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
-            line-height: 1.6;
-            padding: 30px;
-            max-width: 1000px;
-            margin: 0 auto;
-            background-color: var(--background-color);
-            color: var(--primary-color);
-        }
-
-        h1,
-        h2 {
-            color: var(--primary-color);
-            margin-bottom: 1rem;
-            border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border-color);
-            padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
-        }
-
-        textarea {
-            width: 100%;
-            height: 200px;
-            margin-bottom: 20px;
-            padding: 12px;
-            border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
-            border-radius: 6px;
-            font-family: monospace;
-            background-color: white;
-            resize: vertical;
-        }
-
-        table {
-            width: 100%;
-            border-collapse: separate;
-            border-spacing: 0;
-            margin-top: 20px;
-            background-color: white;
-            border-radius: 8px;
-            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
-        }
-
-        th,
-        td {
-            padding: 15px;
-            text-align: left;
-            border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color);
-        }
-
-        th {
-            background-color: var(--primary-color);
-            color: white;
-            font-weight: 500;
-        }
-
-        th:first-child {
-            border-top-left-radius: 8px;
-        }
-
-        th:last-child {
-            border-top-right-radius: 8px;
-        }
-
-        tr:last-child td:first-child {
-            border-bottom-left-radius: 8px;
-        }
-
-        tr:last-child td:last-child {
-            border-bottom-right-radius: 8px;
-        }
-
-        tbody tr:hover {
-            background-color: #f5f6f7;
-        }
-
-        a {
-            color: var(--secondary-color);
-            text-decoration: none;
-            padding: 6px 12px;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            transition: background-color 0.2s;
-        }
-
-        a:hover {
-            background-color: #edf2f7;
-        }
-
-        .info-section {
-            background-color: white;
-            padding: 20px;
-            border-radius: 8px;
-            margin-bottom: 20px;
-            box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
-        }
-
-        .info-grid {
-            display: grid;
-            gap: 12px;
-            margin-top: 16px;
-        }
-
-        .info-row {
-            display: grid;
-            grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
-            align-items: center;
-            padding: 4px 12px;
-            background-color: #f8f9fa;
-            border-radius: 6px;
-        }
-
-        .info-label {
-            font-weight: 600;
-            color: var(--primary-color);
-        }
-
-        .info-value {
-            font-family: monospace;
-            background-color: white;
-            padding: 6px 12px;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
-        }
-    </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-    <h1>Node Information</h1>
-    <div class="info-section">
-        <div class="info-grid">
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">App Name</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{app_name}}</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">App ID</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{app_id}}</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Instance ID</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{instance_id}}</div>
-            </div>
-            {% if public_sysinfo %}
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Operating System</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.os_name}} {{system_info.os_version}}</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Kernel Version</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.kernel_version}}</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">CPU</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.cpu_model}} ({{system_info.num_cpus}} cores)</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Memory Usage</div>
-                <div class="info-value">Used: {{system_info.used_memory|hsize}} / Total:
-                    {{system_info.total_memory|hsize}}
-                    (Available: {{system_info.available_memory|hsize}})</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Swap Usage</div>
-                <div class="info-value">Used: {{system_info.used_swap|hsize}} / Total: {{system_info.total_swap|hsize}}
-                    (Free:
-                    {{system_info.free_swap|hsize}})</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Load Average</div>
-                <div class="info-value">1min: {{system_info.loadavg_one as f32 / 100.0}}%, 5min:
-                    {{system_info.loadavg_five as f32 / 100.0}}%, 15min:
-                    {{system_info.loadavg_fifteen as f32 / 100.0}}%</div>
-            </div>
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">System Uptime</div>
-                <div class="info-value">{{system_info.uptime}}</div>
-            </div>
-            {% for disk in system_info.disks %}
-            <div class="info-row">
-                <div class="info-label">Disk</div>
-                <div class="info-value">Free: {{disk.free_size|hsize}} / Total: {{disk.total_size|hsize}}</div>
-            </div>
-            {% endfor %}
-            {% endif %}
-        </div>
-    </div>
-
-    <h2>Deployed Containers</h2>
-    <table>
-        <thead>
-            <tr>
-                <th>Name</th>
-                <th>Status</th>
-                {% if public_logs %}
-                <th>Logs</th>
-                {% endif %}
-            </tr>
-        </thead>
-        <tbody>
-            {% for container in containers %}
-            {% set name = container.names.get(0) %}
-            <tr>
-                <td>{{name|cname}}</td>
-                <td>{{container.status}}</td>
-                {% if public_logs %}
-                <td>
-                    <a href="/logs/{{name|cname}}?text&bare&timestamps&follow&tail=20" target="_blank">View
-                        Logs</a>
-                </td>
-                {% endif %}
-            </tr>
-            {% endfor %}
-        </tbody>
-    </table>
-
-    <h2>TCB Info</h2>
-    <textarea readonly>{{tcb_info}}</textarea>
-
-    <h2>App Certificate</h2>
-    <textarea readonly>{{app_cert}}</textarea>
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/Cargo.lock b/tdx-attest-sys/Cargo.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index 52d7f54c0..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/Cargo.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
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-# It is not intended for manual editing.
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- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc",
- "windows_i686_gnu",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm",
- "windows_i686_msvc",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc",
-]
-
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diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/Cargo.toml b/tdx-attest-sys/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 233005105..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tdx-attest-sys"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-
-[build-dependencies]
-bindgen.workspace = true
-cc.workspace = true
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/bindings.h b/tdx-attest-sys/bindings.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c889a454..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/bindings.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-#include "csrc/tdx_attest.h"
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/build.rs b/tdx-attest-sys/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 59ce17f5e..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use std::env;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
-fn main() {
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=csrc/tdx_attest.c");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=csrc/qgs_msg_lib.cpp");
-    let output_path = PathBuf::from(env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
-    bindgen::Builder::default()
-        .header("bindings.h")
-        .default_enum_style(bindgen::EnumVariation::ModuleConsts)
-        .generate()
-        .expect("Unable to generate bindings")
-        .write_to_file(output_path.join("bindings.rs"))
-        .expect("Couldn't write bindings!");
-    cc::Build::new()
-        .file("csrc/tdx_attest.c")
-        .file("csrc/qgs_msg_lib.cpp")
-        .compile("tdx_attest");
-}
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/qgs_msg_lib.cpp b/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/qgs_msg_lib.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 254f673f3..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/qgs_msg_lib.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1073 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011-2021 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *
- *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *     distribution.
- *   * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
- *     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
- *     from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
- * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
- * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
- * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
- * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
- * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- */
-
-#include "qgs_msg_lib.h"
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-const uint32_t QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER = 1;
-const uint32_t QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER = 1;
-
-void qgs_msg_free(void *p_buf) {
-    free(p_buf);
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Generate serialized get_quote request
- *
- * @param p_report  Cannot be NULL
- * @param report_size Cannot be 0
- * @param p_id_list Can be NULL
- * @param id_list_size Can be 0
- * @param pp_req returned serialized buffer, valid only if the return code is QGS_MSG_SUCCESS
- * @param p_req_size return size of the serialized buffer, valid only if the return code is QGS_MSG_SUCCESS
- * @return qgs_msg_error_t
- */
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_quote_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_report, uint32_t report_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_id_list, uint32_t id_list_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_req, uint32_t *p_req_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t *p_req = NULL;
-    uint32_t buf_size = 0;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_report || !report_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if ((!p_id_list && id_list_size) || (p_id_list && !id_list_size)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_req || !p_req_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(*p_req);
-    temp += report_size;
-    temp += id_list_size;
-    if (temp < UINT32_MAX) {
-        buf_size = temp & UINT32_MAX;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    p_req = (qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t *)calloc(buf_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_req) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req->header.major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_req->header.minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_req->header.type = GET_QUOTE_REQ;
-    p_req->header.size = buf_size;
-    p_req->header.error_code = 0;
-
-    p_req->report_size = report_size;
-    p_req->id_list_size = id_list_size;
-    memcpy(p_req->report_id_list, p_report, report_size);
-    if (id_list_size) {
-        memcpy(p_req->report_id_list + report_size, p_id_list, id_list_size);
-    }
-    *pp_req = (uint8_t *)p_req;
-    *p_req_size = buf_size;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point :
-    return ret;
-}
-
-/**
- * @brief Generate serialized get_collateral request
- *
- * @param p_fsmpc Cannot be NULL
- * @param fsmpc_size Cannot be 0
- * @param p_pckca Cannot be NULL
- * @param pckca_size Cannot be 0
- * @param pp_req returned serialized buffer, valid only if the return code is QGS_MSG_SUCCESS
- * @param p_req_size return size of the serialized buffer, valid only if the return code is QGS_MSG_SUCCESS
- * @return qgs_msg_error_t
- */
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_collateral_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_fsmpc, uint32_t fsmpc_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_pckca, uint32_t pckca_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_req, uint32_t *p_req_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t *p_req = NULL;
-    uint32_t buf_size = 0;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_fsmpc || !fsmpc_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!p_pckca || !pckca_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_req || !p_req_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(*p_req);
-    temp += fsmpc_size;
-    temp += pckca_size;
-    if (temp < UINT32_MAX) {
-        buf_size = temp & UINT32_MAX;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    p_req = (qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t *)calloc(buf_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_req) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req->header.major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_req->header.minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_req->header.type = GET_COLLATERAL_REQ;
-    p_req->header.size = buf_size;
-    p_req->header.error_code = 0;
-
-    p_req->fsmpc_size = fsmpc_size;
-    p_req->pckca_size = pckca_size;
-    memcpy(p_req->fsmpc_pckca, p_fsmpc, fsmpc_size);
-    memcpy(p_req->fsmpc_pckca + fsmpc_size, p_pckca, pckca_size);
-
-    *pp_req = (uint8_t *)p_req;
-    *p_req_size = buf_size;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_req, uint32_t size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_report, uint32_t *p_report_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_id_list, uint32_t *p_id_list_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t *p_req = NULL;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_serialized_req || !size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_report || !p_report_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_id_list || !p_id_list_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // sanity check, the size shouldn't smaller than qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req = (qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t *)p_serialized_req;
-    // Only major version is checked, minor change is deemed as compatible.
-    if (p_req->header.major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.type != GET_QUOTE_REQ) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.size != size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.error_code != 0) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!p_req->report_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t);
-    temp += p_req->report_size;
-    temp += p_req->id_list_size;
-    if (temp >= UINT32_MAX) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_req->header.size != temp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    *pp_report = p_req->report_id_list;
-    if (p_req->id_list_size) {
-        *pp_id_list = p_req->report_id_list + p_req->report_size;
-    } else {
-        *pp_id_list = NULL;
-    }
-
-    *p_report_size = p_req->report_size;
-    *p_id_list_size = p_req->id_list_size;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_collateral_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_req, uint32_t size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_fsmpc, uint32_t *p_fsmpc_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_pckca, uint32_t *p_pckca_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t *p_req = NULL;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_serialized_req || !size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_fsmpc || !p_fsmpc_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_pckca || !p_pckca_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // sanity check, the size shouldn't smaller than qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req = (qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t *)p_serialized_req;
-    // Only major version is checked, minor change is deemed as compatible.
-    if (p_req->header.major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.type != GET_COLLATERAL_REQ) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.size != size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.error_code != 0) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!p_req->fsmpc_size || !p_req->pckca_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t);
-    temp += p_req->fsmpc_size;
-    temp += p_req->pckca_size;
-    if (temp >= UINT32_MAX) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_req->header.size != temp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    *pp_fsmpc = p_req->fsmpc_pckca;
-    *pp_pckca = p_req->fsmpc_pckca + p_req->fsmpc_size;
-
-    *p_fsmpc_size = p_req->fsmpc_size;
-    *p_pckca_size = p_req->pckca_size;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_error_resp(
-    uint32_t error_code, uint32_t type,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    uint32_t buf_size = 0;
-    qgs_msg_header_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    if (error_code == QGS_MSG_SUCCESS) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_resp || !p_resp_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    switch (type) {
-    case GET_QUOTE_RESP:
-        buf_size = sizeof(qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t);
-        break;
-    case GET_COLLATERAL_RESP:
-        buf_size = sizeof(qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t);
-        break;
-    case GET_PLATFORM_INFO_RESP:
-        buf_size = sizeof(qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t);
-        break;
-    default:
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_header_t *)calloc(buf_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_resp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp->major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_resp->minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_resp->type = type;
-    p_resp->size = buf_size;
-    p_resp->error_code = error_code;
-
-    *pp_resp = (uint8_t *)p_resp;
-    *p_resp_size = buf_size;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_quote_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_selected_id, uint32_t id_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_quote, uint32_t quote_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    uint32_t buf_size = 0;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!pp_resp || !p_resp_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if ((!p_selected_id && id_size) || (p_selected_id && !id_size)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!p_quote || !quote_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(*p_resp);
-    temp += id_size;
-    temp += quote_size;
-    if (temp < UINT32_MAX) {
-        buf_size = temp & UINT32_MAX;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t *)calloc(buf_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_resp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp->header.major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_resp->header.minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_resp->header.type = GET_QUOTE_RESP;
-    p_resp->header.size = buf_size;
-    p_resp->header.error_code = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-    p_resp->selected_id_size = id_size;
-    p_resp->quote_size = quote_size;
-    if (id_size) {
-        memcpy(p_resp->id_quote, p_selected_id, id_size);
-    }
-    memcpy(p_resp->id_quote + id_size, p_quote, quote_size);
-
-    *pp_resp = (uint8_t *)p_resp;
-    *p_resp_size = buf_size;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point :
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_collateral_resp(
-    uint16_t major_version, uint16_t minor_version,
-    const uint8_t *p_pck_crl_issuer_chain, uint32_t pck_crl_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_root_ca_crl, uint32_t root_ca_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_pck_crl, uint32_t pck_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_tcb_info_issuer_chain, uint32_t tcb_info_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_tcb_info, uint32_t tcb_info_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_qe_identity_issuer_chain, uint32_t qe_identity_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_qe_identity, uint32_t qe_identity_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size,
-    const qgs_msg_header_t *p_req_header) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    uint8_t *p_ptr = NULL;
-    uint32_t buf_size = 0;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!pp_resp || !p_resp_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    //TODO major_version and minor_version are ignored here, is 0.0 a valid version?
-    if (!p_pck_crl_issuer_chain || !pck_crl_issuer_chain_size
-        || !p_root_ca_crl || !root_ca_crl_size
-        || !p_pck_crl || !pck_crl_size
-        || !p_tcb_info_issuer_chain || !tcb_info_issuer_chain_size
-        || !p_tcb_info || !tcb_info_size
-        || !p_qe_identity_issuer_chain || !qe_identity_issuer_chain_size
-        || !p_qe_identity || !qe_identity_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req_header->major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_req_header->minor_version == 0) {
-        temp = sizeof(major_version) + sizeof(minor_version) + sizeof(*p_resp);
-    } else {
-        temp = sizeof(*p_resp);
-    }
-    temp += pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-    temp += root_ca_crl_size;
-    temp += pck_crl_size;
-    temp += tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-    temp += tcb_info_size;
-    temp += qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-    temp += qe_identity_size;
-
-    if (temp < UINT32_MAX) {
-        buf_size = temp & UINT32_MAX;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t *)calloc(buf_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_resp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp->header.major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_resp->header.minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_resp->header.type = GET_COLLATERAL_RESP;
-    p_resp->header.size = buf_size;
-    p_resp->header.error_code = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-    p_resp->major_version = major_version;
-    p_resp->minor_version = minor_version;
-    p_ptr = p_resp->collaterals;
-    if (pck_crl_issuer_chain_size) {
-        p_resp->pck_crl_issuer_chain_size = pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_pck_crl_issuer_chain, pck_crl_issuer_chain_size);
-        p_ptr += pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-    }
-
-    if (root_ca_crl_size) {
-        p_resp->root_ca_crl_size = root_ca_crl_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_root_ca_crl, root_ca_crl_size);
-        p_ptr += root_ca_crl_size;
-    }
-
-    if (pck_crl_size) {
-        p_resp->pck_crl_size = pck_crl_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_pck_crl, pck_crl_size);
-        p_ptr += pck_crl_size;
-    }
-
-    if (tcb_info_issuer_chain_size) {
-        p_resp->tcb_info_issuer_chain_size = tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_tcb_info_issuer_chain, tcb_info_issuer_chain_size);
-        p_ptr += tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-    }
-
-    if (tcb_info_size) {
-        p_resp->tcb_info_size = tcb_info_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_tcb_info, tcb_info_size);
-        p_ptr += tcb_info_size;
-    }
-
-    if (qe_identity_issuer_chain_size) {
-        p_resp->qe_identity_issuer_chain_size = qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_qe_identity_issuer_chain, qe_identity_issuer_chain_size);
-        p_ptr += qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-    }
-
-    if (root_ca_crl_size) {
-        p_resp->qe_identity_size = qe_identity_size;
-        memcpy(p_ptr, p_qe_identity, qe_identity_size);
-    }
-
-    *pp_resp = (uint8_t *)p_resp;
-    *p_resp_size = buf_size;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_resp, uint32_t size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_selected_id, uint32_t *p_id_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_quote, uint32_t *p_quote_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_serialized_resp || !size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_selected_id || !p_id_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_quote || !p_quote_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // sanity check, the size shouldn't smaller than qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t *)p_serialized_resp;
-    // Only major version is checked, minor change is deemed as compatible.
-    if (p_resp->header.major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.type != GET_QUOTE_RESP) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.size != size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t);
-    temp += p_resp->selected_id_size;
-    temp += p_resp->quote_size;
-    if (temp >= UINT32_MAX) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_resp->header.size != temp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.error_code == QGS_MSG_SUCCESS) {
-        if (!p_resp->quote_size) {
-            // It makes no sense to return success and an empty quote
-            ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        if (p_resp->selected_id_size) {
-            *pp_selected_id = p_resp->id_quote;
-            *p_id_size = p_resp->selected_id_size;
-        } else {
-            *pp_selected_id = NULL;
-            *p_id_size = 0;
-        }
-        *pp_quote = p_resp->id_quote + p_resp->selected_id_size;
-        *p_quote_size = p_resp->quote_size;
-    } else if (p_resp->header.error_code < QGS_MSG_ERROR_MAX) {
-        if (p_resp->selected_id_size || p_resp->quote_size) {
-            ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        *pp_selected_id = NULL;
-        *p_id_size = 0;
-        *pp_quote = NULL;
-        *p_quote_size = 0;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_collateral_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_resp, uint32_t size,
-    uint16_t *p_major_version, uint16_t *p_minor_version,
-    const uint8_t **pp_pck_crl_issuer_chain, uint32_t *p_pck_crl_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_root_ca_crl, uint32_t *p_root_ca_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_pck_crl, uint32_t *p_pck_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_tcb_info_issuer_chain, uint32_t *p_tcb_info_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_tcb_info, uint32_t *p_tcb_info_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_qe_identity_issuer_chain, uint32_t *p_qe_identity_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_qe_identity, uint32_t *p_qe_identity_size) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_serialized_resp || !size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!p_major_version || !p_minor_version
-        || !pp_pck_crl_issuer_chain || !p_pck_crl_issuer_chain_size
-        || !pp_root_ca_crl || !p_root_ca_crl_size
-        || !pp_pck_crl || !p_pck_crl_size
-        || !pp_tcb_info_issuer_chain || !p_tcb_info_issuer_chain_size
-        || !pp_tcb_info || !p_tcb_info_size
-        || !pp_qe_identity_issuer_chain || !p_qe_identity_issuer_chain_size
-        || !pp_qe_identity || !p_qe_identity_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // sanity check, the size shouldn't smaller than qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t *)p_serialized_resp;
-    // Only major version is checked, minor change is deemed as compatible.
-    if (p_resp->header.major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.type != GET_COLLATERAL_RESP) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.size != size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.minor_version == 0) {
-        temp = sizeof(*p_resp) + sizeof(p_resp->major_version) + sizeof(p_resp->minor_version);
-    } else {
-        temp = sizeof(*p_resp);
-    }
-    temp += p_resp->pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-    temp += p_resp->root_ca_crl_size;
-    temp += p_resp->pck_crl_size;
-    temp += p_resp->tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-    temp += p_resp->tcb_info_size;
-    temp += p_resp->qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-    temp += p_resp->qe_identity_size;
-
-    if (temp >= UINT32_MAX) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_resp->header.size != temp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.error_code == QGS_MSG_SUCCESS) {
-        // It makes no sense to return success and empty collaterals
-        if (!p_resp->pck_crl_issuer_chain_size
-            || !p_resp->root_ca_crl_size
-            || !p_resp->pck_crl_size
-            || !p_resp->tcb_info_issuer_chain_size
-            || !p_resp->tcb_info_size
-            || !p_resp->qe_identity_issuer_chain_size
-            || !p_resp->qe_identity_size) {
-            ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        *p_major_version = p_resp->major_version;
-        *p_minor_version = p_resp->minor_version;
-
-        *pp_pck_crl_issuer_chain = p_resp->collaterals;
-        *p_pck_crl_issuer_chain_size = p_resp->pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-
-        *pp_root_ca_crl = *pp_pck_crl_issuer_chain + p_resp->pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-        *p_root_ca_crl_size = p_resp->root_ca_crl_size;
-
-        *pp_pck_crl = *pp_root_ca_crl + p_resp->root_ca_crl_size;
-        *p_pck_crl_size = p_resp->pck_crl_size;
-
-        *pp_tcb_info_issuer_chain = *pp_pck_crl + p_resp->pck_crl_size;
-        *p_tcb_info_issuer_chain_size = p_resp->tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-
-        *pp_tcb_info = *pp_tcb_info_issuer_chain + p_resp->tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-        *p_tcb_info_size = p_resp->tcb_info_size;
-
-        *pp_qe_identity_issuer_chain = *pp_tcb_info + p_resp->tcb_info_size;
-        *p_qe_identity_issuer_chain_size = p_resp->qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-
-        *pp_qe_identity = *pp_qe_identity_issuer_chain + p_resp->qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-        *p_qe_identity_size = p_resp->qe_identity_size;
-
-    } else if (p_resp->header.error_code < QGS_MSG_ERROR_MAX) {
-        if (p_resp->pck_crl_issuer_chain_size
-            || p_resp->root_ca_crl_size
-            || p_resp->pck_crl_size
-            || p_resp->tcb_info_issuer_chain_size
-            || p_resp->tcb_info_size
-            || p_resp->qe_identity_issuer_chain_size
-            || p_resp->qe_identity_size) {
-            ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        *p_major_version = 0;
-        *p_minor_version = 0;
-
-        *pp_pck_crl_issuer_chain = NULL;
-        *p_pck_crl_issuer_chain_size = 0;
-        *pp_root_ca_crl = NULL;
-        *p_root_ca_crl_size = 0;
-        *pp_pck_crl = NULL;
-        *p_pck_crl_size = 0;
-        *pp_tcb_info_issuer_chain = NULL;
-        *p_tcb_info_issuer_chain_size = 0;
-        *pp_tcb_info = NULL;
-        *p_tcb_info_size = 0;
-        *pp_qe_identity_issuer_chain = NULL;
-        *p_qe_identity_issuer_chain_size = 0;
-        *pp_qe_identity = NULL;
-        *p_qe_identity_size = 0;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-uint32_t qgs_msg_get_type(const uint8_t *p_serialized_msg, uint32_t size, uint32_t *p_type) {
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    const qgs_msg_header_t *p_header = (const qgs_msg_header_t *)p_serialized_msg;
-
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_header_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_header->major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_header->type >= QGS_MSG_TYPE_MAX) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    *p_type = p_header->type;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_platform_info_req(
-    uint8_t **pp_req, uint32_t *p_req_size)
-{
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t *p_req = NULL;
-
-    if (!pp_req || !p_req_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req = (qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t *)calloc(sizeof(*p_req), sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_req) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req->header.major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_req->header.minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_req->header.type = GET_PLATFORM_INFO_REQ;
-    p_req->header.size = sizeof(*p_req);
-    p_req->header.error_code = 0;
-
-    *pp_req = (uint8_t *)p_req;
-    *p_req_size = sizeof(*p_req);
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_platform_info_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_req, uint32_t size)
-{
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t *p_req = NULL;
-
-    if (!p_serialized_req || !size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // sanity check, the size shouldn't smaller than qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_req = (qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t *)p_serialized_req;
-    // Only major version is checked, minor change is deemed as compatible.
-    if (p_req->header.major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.type != GET_PLATFORM_INFO_REQ) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.size != size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_req->header.error_code != 0) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_platform_info_resp(
-    uint16_t tdqe_isvsvn, uint16_t pce_isvsvn,
-    const uint8_t *p_platform_id, uint32_t platform_id_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_cpusvn, uint32_t cpusvn_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size)
-{
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    uint32_t buf_size = 0;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-    uint8_t *p_ptr = NULL;
-
-    if (!pp_resp || !p_resp_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if ((!p_platform_id || !platform_id_size)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!p_cpusvn || !cpusvn_size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(tdqe_isvsvn) + sizeof(pce_isvsvn) + sizeof(*p_resp);
-    temp += platform_id_size + cpusvn_size;
-    if (temp < UINT32_MAX) {
-        buf_size = temp & UINT32_MAX;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t *)calloc(buf_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
-    if (!p_resp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp->header.major_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER;
-    p_resp->header.minor_version = QGS_MSG_LIB_MINOR_VER;
-    p_resp->header.type = GET_PLATFORM_INFO_RESP;
-    p_resp->header.size = buf_size;
-    p_resp->header.error_code = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-    p_resp->platform_id_size = platform_id_size;
-    p_resp->cpusvn_size = cpusvn_size;
-
-    p_resp->tdqe_isvsvn = tdqe_isvsvn;
-    p_resp->pce_isvsvn = pce_isvsvn;
-
-    p_ptr = p_resp->platform_id_cpusvn;
-    memcpy(p_ptr, p_platform_id, platform_id_size);
-    p_ptr += platform_id_size;
-
-    memcpy(p_ptr, p_cpusvn, cpusvn_size);
-
-    *pp_resp = (uint8_t *)p_resp;
-    *p_resp_size = buf_size;
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_platform_info_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_resp, uint32_t size,
-    uint16_t *p_tdqe_isvsvn, uint16_t *p_pce_isvsvn,
-    const uint8_t **pp_platform_id, uint32_t *p_platform_id_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_cpusvn, uint32_t *p_cpusvn_size)
-{
-    qgs_msg_error_t ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t *p_resp = NULL;
-    uint64_t temp = 0;
-
-    if (!p_serialized_resp || !size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (!pp_platform_id || !p_platform_id_size
-        || !pp_cpusvn  || !p_cpusvn_size
-        || !p_tdqe_isvsvn || !p_pce_isvsvn) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // sanity check, the size shouldn't smaller than qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t
-    if (size < sizeof(qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t)) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_resp = (qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t *)p_serialized_resp;
-    // Only major version is checked, minor change is deemed as compatible.
-    if (p_resp->header.major_version != QGS_MSG_LIB_MAJOR_VER) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.type != GET_PLATFORM_INFO_RESP) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.size != size) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    temp = sizeof(p_resp->tdqe_isvsvn) + sizeof(p_resp->pce_isvsvn) + sizeof(*p_resp);
-    temp += p_resp->platform_id_size;
-    temp += p_resp->cpusvn_size;
-    if (temp >= UINT32_MAX) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_resp->header.size != temp) {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_resp->header.error_code == QGS_MSG_SUCCESS) {
-        // It makes no sense to return success and empty platform info
-        if (!p_resp->platform_id_size || !p_resp->cpusvn_size) {
-            ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        *p_tdqe_isvsvn = p_resp->tdqe_isvsvn;
-        *p_pce_isvsvn = p_resp->pce_isvsvn;
-
-        *pp_platform_id = p_resp->platform_id_cpusvn;
-        *p_platform_id_size = p_resp->platform_id_size;
-
-        *pp_cpusvn = *pp_platform_id + p_resp->platform_id_size;
-        *p_cpusvn_size = p_resp->cpusvn_size;
-
-    } else if (p_resp->header.error_code < QGS_MSG_ERROR_MAX) {
-        if (p_resp->platform_id_size || p_resp->cpusvn_size) {
-            ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        *p_tdqe_isvsvn = 0;
-        *p_pce_isvsvn = 0;
-
-        *pp_platform_id = NULL;
-        *p_platform_id_size = 0;
-
-        *pp_cpusvn = NULL;
-        *p_cpusvn_size = 0;
-    } else {
-        ret = QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-ret_point:
-    return ret;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/qgs_msg_lib.h b/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/qgs_msg_lib.h
deleted file mode 100644
index c235806c9..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/qgs_msg_lib.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,209 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011-2021 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *
- *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *     distribution.
- *   * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
- *     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
- *     from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
- * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
- * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
- * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
- * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
- * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- */
-
-
-/**
- * File: qgs_msg_lib.h
- *
- * Description: Message and API definitions for TDX QGS messages
- *
- */
-#ifndef _QGS_MSG_DEF_H_
-#define _QGS_MSG_DEF_H_
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#ifndef QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR
-#define QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(x) (0x00012000 | (x))
-#endif
-
-#pragma pack(push, 1)
-
-/** Possible errors generated by the qgs message library. */
-typedef enum _qgs_msg_error_t {
-    QGS_MSG_SUCCESS = 0x0000,                                   ///< Success
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_UNEXPECTED = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0001),        ///< Unexpected error
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0002),     ///< Not enough memory is available to complete this operation
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0003), ///< The parameter is incorrect
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_VERSION = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0004),   ///< Unrecognized version of serialized data
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0005),      ///< Invalid message type found
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0006),      ///< Invalid message size found
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_INVALID_CODE = QGS_MSG_MK_ERROR(0x0007),      ///< Invalid error code
-
-    QGS_MSG_ERROR_MAX, ///< Indicate max error to allow better translation.
-} qgs_msg_error_t;
-
-typedef enum _qgs_msg_type_t {
-    GET_QUOTE_REQ = 0,
-    GET_QUOTE_RESP = 1,
-    GET_COLLATERAL_REQ = 2,
-    GET_COLLATERAL_RESP = 3,
-    GET_PLATFORM_INFO_REQ = 4,
-    GET_PLATFORM_INFO_RESP = 5,
-    QGS_MSG_TYPE_MAX
-} qgs_msg_type_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_header_t {
-    uint16_t major_version;
-    uint16_t minor_version;
-    uint32_t type;
-    uint32_t size;              // size of the whole message, include this header, in byte
-    uint32_t error_code;        // used in response only
-} qgs_msg_header_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t {
-    qgs_msg_header_t header;    // header.type = GET_QUOTE_REQ
-    uint32_t report_size;       // cannot be 0
-    uint32_t id_list_size;      // length of id_list, in byte, can be 0
-    uint8_t report_id_list[];   // report followed by id list
-} qgs_msg_get_quote_req_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_s {
-    qgs_msg_header_t header;    // header.type = GET_QUOTE_RESP
-    uint32_t selected_id_size;  // can be 0 in case only one id is sent in request
-    uint32_t quote_size;        // length of quote_data, in byte
-    uint8_t id_quote[];         // selected id followed by quote
-} qgs_msg_get_quote_resp_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t {
-    qgs_msg_header_t header;    // header.type = GET_COLLATERAL_REQ
-    uint32_t fsmpc_size;        // length of fsmpc, in byte
-    uint32_t pckca_size;        // length of pckca, in byte
-    uint8_t fsmpc_pckca[];      // fsmpc followed by pckca
-} qgs_msg_get_collateral_req_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_s {
-    qgs_msg_header_t header;    // header.type = GET_COLLATERAL_RESP
-    uint16_t major_version;
-    uint16_t minor_version;
-    uint32_t pck_crl_issuer_chain_size;
-    uint32_t root_ca_crl_size;
-    uint32_t pck_crl_size;
-    uint32_t tcb_info_issuer_chain_size;
-    uint32_t tcb_info_size;
-    uint32_t qe_identity_issuer_chain_size;
-    uint32_t qe_identity_size;
-    uint8_t collaterals[];      // payload filled in same order as upper sizes parameters
-} qgs_msg_get_collateral_resp_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t {
-    qgs_msg_header_t header;  // header.type = GET_PLATFORM_INFO_REQ
-} qgs_msg_get_platform_info_req_t;
-
-typedef struct _qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_s {
-    qgs_msg_header_t header;   // header.type = GET_PLATFORM_INFO_RESP
-    uint16_t tdqe_isvsvn;
-    uint16_t pce_isvsvn;
-    uint32_t platform_id_size;
-    uint32_t cpusvn_size;
-    uint8_t platform_id_cpusvn[];
-} qgs_msg_get_platform_info_resp_t;
-
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-void qgs_msg_free(void *buf);
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_quote_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_report, uint32_t report_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_id_list, uint32_t id_list_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_req, uint32_t *p_req_size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_collateral_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_fsmpc, uint32_t fsmpc_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_pckca, uint32_t pckca_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_req, uint32_t *p_req_size);
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_req, uint32_t size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_report, uint32_t *p_report_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_id_list, uint32_t *p_id_list_size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_collateral_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_req, uint32_t size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_fsmpc, uint32_t *p_fsmpc_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_pckca, uint32_t *p_pckca_size);
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_error_resp(
-    uint32_t error_code, uint32_t type,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size);
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_quote_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_selected_id, uint32_t id_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_quote, uint32_t quote_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_collateral_resp(
-    uint16_t major_version, uint16_t minor_version,
-    const uint8_t *p_pck_crl_issuer_chain, uint32_t pck_crl_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_root_ca_crl, uint32_t root_ca_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_pck_crl, uint32_t pck_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_tcb_info_issuer_chain, uint32_t tcb_info_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_tcb_info, uint32_t tcb_info_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_qe_identity_issuer_chain, uint32_t qe_identity_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_qe_identity, uint32_t qe_identity_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size,
-    const qgs_msg_header_t *p_req_header);
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_resp, uint32_t size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_selected_id, uint32_t *p_id_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_quote, uint32_t *p_quote_size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_collateral_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_resp, uint32_t size,
-    uint16_t *p_major_version, uint16_t *p_minor_version,
-    const uint8_t **pp_pck_crl_issuer_chain, uint32_t *p_pck_crl_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_root_ca_crl, uint32_t *p_root_ca_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_pck_crl, uint32_t *p_pck_crl_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_tcb_info_issuer_chain, uint32_t *p_tcb_info_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_tcb_info, uint32_t *p_tcb_info_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_qe_identity_issuer_chain, uint32_t *p_qe_identity_issuer_chain_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_qe_identity, uint32_t *p_qe_identity_size);
-uint32_t qgs_msg_get_type(const uint8_t *p_serialized_msg, uint32_t size, uint32_t *p_type);
-
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_platform_info_req(
-    uint8_t **pp_req, uint32_t *p_req_size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_platform_info_req(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_req, uint32_t size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_gen_get_platform_info_resp(
-    uint16_t tdqe_isvsvn, uint16_t pce_isvsvn,
-    const uint8_t *p_platform_id, uint32_t platform_id_size,
-    const uint8_t *p_cpusvn, uint32_t cpusvn_size,
-    uint8_t **pp_resp, uint32_t *p_resp_size);
-qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_inflate_get_platform_info_resp(
-    const uint8_t *p_serialized_resp, uint32_t size,
-    uint16_t *p_tdqe_isvsvn, uint16_t *p_pce_isvsvn,
-    const uint8_t **pp_platform_id, uint32_t *p_platform_id_size,
-    const uint8_t **pp_cpusvn, uint32_t *p_cpusvn_size);
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-}
-#endif
-
-#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/tdx_attest.c b/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/tdx_attest.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b6a9399f..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/tdx_attest.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1045 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011-2021 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *
- *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *     distribution.
- *   * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
- *     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
- *     from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
- * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
- * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
- * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
- * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
- * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- */
-
-#ifndef SERVTD_ATTEST
-
-#define _GNU_SOURCE
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <linux/vm_sockets.h>
-#include "qgs_msg_lib.h"
-#include "tdx_attest.h"
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <limits.h> // For strtoul
-#include <linux/ioctl.h>
-#include <linux/types.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/file.h>
-#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <syslog.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#define TDX_ATTEST_DEV_PATH "/dev/tdx_guest"
-#define CFG_FILE_PATH "/etc/tdx-attest.conf"
-#define DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV "DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH"
-#define QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH "/sys/kernel/config/tsm/report"
-#define DEFAULT_DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH"/com.intel.dcap"
-
-// TODO: Should include kernel header, but the header file are included by
-// different package in differnt distro, and installed in different locations.
-// So add these defines here. Need to remove them later when kernel header
-// became stable.
-
-#define TDX_CMD_GET_REPORT0 _IOWR('T', 1, struct tdx_report_req)
-#ifdef V3_DRIVER
-#define TDX_CMD_VERIFY_REPORT _IOWR('T', 2, struct tdx_verify_report_req)
-#define TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR _IOW('T', 3, struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req)
-#define TDX_CMD_GET_QUOTE _IOWR('T', 4, struct tdx_quote_req)
-#else
-#define TDX_CMD_VERIFY_REPORT _IOR('T', 2, struct tdx_verify_report_req)
-#define TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR _IOR('T', 3, struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req)
-#define TDX_CMD_GET_QUOTE _IOR('T', 4, struct tdx_quote_req)
-#endif
-
-
-/* TD Quote status codes */
-#define GET_QUOTE_SUCCESS               0
-#define GET_QUOTE_IN_FLIGHT             0xffffffffffffffff
-#define GET_QUOTE_ERROR                 0x8000000000000000
-#define GET_QUOTE_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE   0x8000000000000001
-
-#define TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN        48
-
-#ifdef DEBUG
-#define TDX_TRACE                                          \
-    do {                                                   \
-        fprintf(stderr, "\n[%s:%d] ", __FILE__, __LINE__); \
-        perror(NULL);                                      \
-    }while(0)
-#else
-#define TDX_TRACE
-#endif
-
-struct tdx_report_req {
-	__u8 reportdata[TDX_REPORT_DATA_SIZE];
-	__u8 tdreport[TDX_REPORT_SIZE];
-};
-
-struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req {
-	__u8 data[TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN];
-	__u8 index;
-};
-
-struct tdx_quote_hdr {
-    /* Quote version, filled by TD */
-    __u64 version;
-    /* Status code of Quote request, filled by VMM */
-    __u64 status;
-    /* Length of TDREPORT, filled by TD */
-    __u32 in_len;
-    /* Length of Quote, filled by VMM */
-    __u32 out_len;
-    /* Actual Quote data or TDREPORT on input */
-    __u64 data[0];
-};
-
-struct tdx_quote_req {
-    __u64 buf;
-    __u64 len;
-};
-
-static const unsigned HEADER_SIZE = 4;
-static const size_t REQ_BUF_SIZE = 4 * 4 * 1024; // 4 pages
-static const size_t QUOTE_BUF_SIZE = 8 * 1024; //8K
-static const size_t QUOTE_MIN_SIZE = 1020;
-
-static const tdx_uuid_t g_intel_tdqe_uuid = {TDX_SGX_ECDSA_ATTESTATION_ID};
-
-static unsigned int get_vsock_port(void)
-{
-    FILE *p_config_fd = NULL;
-    char *p_line = NULL;
-    char *p = NULL;
-    size_t line_len = 0;
-    long long_num = 0;
-    unsigned int port = 0;
-
-    p_config_fd = fopen(CFG_FILE_PATH, "r");
-    if (NULL == p_config_fd) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        return 0;
-    }
-    while(-1 != getline(&p_line, &line_len, p_config_fd)) {
-        char temp[11] = {0};
-        int number = 0;
-        int ret = sscanf(p_line, " %10[#]", temp);
-        if (ret == 1) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        /* leading or trailing white space are ignored, white space around '='
-           are also ignored. The number should no longer than 10 characters.
-           Trailing non-whitespace are not allowed. */
-        ret = sscanf(p_line, " port = %10[0-9] %n", temp, &number);
-        /* Make sure number is positive then make the cast. It's not likely to
-           have a negtive value, just a defense-in-depth. The cast is used to
-           suppress the -Wsign-compare warning. */
-        if (ret == 1 && number > 0 && ((size_t)number < line_len)
-            && !p_line[number]) {
-            errno = 0;
-            long_num = strtol(temp, &p, 10);
-            if (p == temp) {
-                TDX_TRACE;
-                port = 0;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // make sure that no range error occurred
-            if (errno == ERANGE || long_num > UINT_MAX) {
-                TDX_TRACE;
-                port = 0;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            // range is ok, so we can convert to int
-            port = (unsigned int)long_num & 0xFFFFFFFF;
-#ifdef DEBUG
-            fprintf(stdout, "\nGet the vsock port number [%u]\n", port);
-#endif
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* p_line is allocated by sscanf */
-    free(p_line);
-    fclose(p_config_fd);
-
-    return port;
-}
-
-static tdx_attest_error_t get_tdx_report(
-    int devfd,
-    const tdx_report_data_t *p_tdx_report_data,
-    tdx_report_t *p_tdx_report)
-{
-    if (-1 == devfd) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-    if (!p_tdx_report) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "\nNeed to input TDX report.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (!p_tdx_report_data) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "\nNeed to input TDX report data.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    struct tdx_report_req req = {0};
-    memcpy(req.reportdata, p_tdx_report_data->d, sizeof(req.reportdata));
-
-    if (-1 == ioctl(devfd, TDX_CMD_GET_REPORT0, &req)) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_REPORT_FAILURE;
-    }
-    memcpy(p_tdx_report->d, req.tdreport, sizeof(p_tdx_report->d));
-    return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-#define MAX_PATH 260
-
-static int b_mkdir = 1;
-pthread_mutex_t mkdir_mutex;
-
-void __attribute__((constructor)) init_mutex(void) { pthread_mutex_init(&mkdir_mutex, NULL); }
-void __attribute__((destructor)) destroy_mutex(void) { pthread_mutex_destroy(&mkdir_mutex); }
-
-static tdx_attest_error_t prepare_configfs(char **p_configfs_path) {
-    int ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-    char *configfs_path = NULL;
-    do {
-        // Retrive DCAP TDX quote configFS path from environment
-        configfs_path = secure_getenv(DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV);
-        if (configfs_path == NULL) {
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: env '%s' is not provided - try default path.",
-                   DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV);
-            break;
-        }
-        if (strnlen(configfs_path, MAX_PATH) >= MAX_PATH - 20) {
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: env '%s' is too long.", DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV);
-            return ret;
-        }
-
-        // Check whether the configFS directory exists
-        DIR *dir = opendir(configfs_path);
-        if (dir == NULL) {
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: env '%s' is not valid directory.",
-                   DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH_ENV);
-            return ret;
-        }
-        closedir(dir);
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-    } while (0);
-
-    while (ret != TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS) {
-        // Default DCAP TDX quote configFS path
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-        configfs_path = DEFAULT_DCAP_TDX_QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH;
-        pthread_mutex_lock(&mkdir_mutex);
-        DIR *dir = opendir(configfs_path);
-        if (dir != NULL) {
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-            closedir(dir);
-            break;
-        }
-        if (errno != ENOENT) {
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: default DCAP configFS not supported - fallback to vsock mode.");
-            break;
-        }
-
-        // Create default DCAP TDX quote configFS path only once
-        if (!b_mkdir) {
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: default DCAP configFS not supported - fallback to vsock mode.");
-            break;
-        }
-        b_mkdir = 0;
-
-        dir = opendir(QUOTE_CONFIGFS_PATH);
-        if (dir == NULL) {
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: configFS not supported - fallback to vsock mode.");
-                break;
-        }
-        closedir(dir);
-
-        if (mkdir(configfs_path, S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG)) {                    
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-            if (errno == EEXIST && (dir = opendir(configfs_path)) != NULL) {
-                // Another process has just created configfs_path
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-                closedir(dir);
-                break;
-            }
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: cannot create default configFS - fallback to vsock mode.");
-            break;
-        }
-        char provider_path[MAX_PATH];
-        snprintf(provider_path, sizeof(provider_path), "%s/provider", configfs_path);
-        for (size_t retry = 0; retry < 5; retry++) {
-            // Linux kernel will create provider, generation, inblob, outblob in configfs_path
-            // after configfs_path direcotry created.
-            if (access(provider_path, F_OK) == 0) {
-                pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-                break;
-            }
-            usleep((useconds_t)retry);
-        }
-        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mkdir_mutex);
-        syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: unavailable default configFS - fallback to vsock mode.");
-        break;
-    }
-
-    if (ret != TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS) {
-        //Both configfs path are unavailable
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    // For Intel TDX, provider is "tdx_guest"
-    char provider_path[MAX_PATH];
-    snprintf(provider_path, sizeof(provider_path), "%s/provider", configfs_path);
-    int fd = open(provider_path, O_RDONLY);
-    if (-1 == fd) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: cannot open configFS `%s`.", provider_path);
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-
-    // Read the entire file in one shot
-    char provider[16] = {0};
-    ssize_t byte_size = read(fd, provider, 15);
-    close(fd);
-
-    if (byte_size == -1 || byte_size == 0 ||
-        strncmp(provider, "tdx_guest", sizeof("tdx_guest") - 1)) {
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: configFS unsupported provider.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-    }
-    *p_configfs_path = configfs_path;
-    return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-static tdx_attest_error_t read_configfs_generation(char *generation_path, long* p_generation)
-{
-    int fd = open(generation_path, O_RDONLY);
-    if (-1 == fd) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to open configFS generation.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-#ifdef DEBUG
-    fprintf(stdout, "\nstart to read generation\n");
-#endif
-    #define GENERATION_MAX_LENGTH 20
-    char str_generation[GENERATION_MAX_LENGTH] = {0};
-    ssize_t byte_size = read(fd, str_generation, GENERATION_MAX_LENGTH);
-    if (byte_size == -1) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        close(fd);
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to read configFS generation.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-    close(fd);
-    if (byte_size == 0) {
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: no content of configFS generation.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-    if (byte_size >= GENERATION_MAX_LENGTH) {
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: too large configFS generation.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-
-    errno = 0;
-    long generation = strtol(str_generation, NULL, 10);
-    if (errno != 0) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: cannot parse configFS generation.");
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    }
-    *p_generation = generation;
-
-#ifdef DEBUG
-    fprintf(stdout, "\ngeneration: %ld\n", generation);
-#endif
-    return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-#define RETRY_WAIT_TIME_USEC 10000000
-
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_quote(
-    const tdx_report_data_t *p_tdx_report_data,
-    const tdx_uuid_t *p_att_key_id_list,
-    uint32_t list_size,
-    tdx_uuid_t *p_att_key_id,
-    uint8_t **pp_quote,
-    uint32_t *p_quote_size,
-    uint32_t flags)
-{
-    int s = -1;
-    int devfd = -1;
-
-    const uint8_t *p_quote = NULL;
-    uint32_t quote_size = 0;
-    tdx_attest_error_t ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    uint8_t *p_blob_payload = NULL;
-
-    if ((!p_att_key_id_list && list_size) ||
-        (p_att_key_id_list && !list_size)) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (!pp_quote) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (flags) {
-        //TODO: I think we need to have a runtime version to make this flag usable.
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-
-    // Currently only intel TDQE are supported
-    if (1 < list_size) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (p_att_key_id_list && memcmp(p_att_key_id_list, &g_intel_tdqe_uuid,
-                    sizeof(g_intel_tdqe_uuid))) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_ATT_KEY_ID;
-    }
-
-    *pp_quote = NULL;
-
-    do {
-        char *configfs_path = NULL;
-        if (prepare_configfs(&configfs_path) != TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS)
-            break;
-
-        char inblob_path[MAX_PATH];
-        snprintf(inblob_path, sizeof(inblob_path), "%s/inblob", configfs_path);
-
-        // Lock `inblob` to avoid other processes accessing it using libtdx_attest
-        // Will unlock it via close()
-        int fd_lock = open(inblob_path, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
-        if (-1 == fd_lock) {
-            TDX_TRACE;
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to open configFS inblob.");
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        }
-        if (flock(fd_lock, LOCK_EX)) {
-            TDX_TRACE;
-            close(fd_lock);
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to lock configFS inblob.");
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        }
-
-        /* Read and check generation value before writing inblob, after writing inblob and after
-           reading outblob to make sure that outblob matches inblob */
-        char generation_path[MAX_PATH];
-        snprintf(generation_path, sizeof(generation_path), "%s/generation", configfs_path);
-        long generation1;
-        ret = read_configfs_generation(generation_path, &generation1);
-        if (ret) {
-            close(fd_lock);
-            return ret;
-        }
-
-        // Write TDX report data to inblob
-        int fd_inblob = open(inblob_path, O_WRONLY);
-        if (-1 == fd_inblob) {
-            TDX_TRACE;
-            close(fd_lock);
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to open configFS inblob.");
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        }
-
-        ssize_t byte_size = 0;
-        // Wait and retry when EBUSY; other TDX Quotes are being generating
-        for (int retry = 0; retry < 3; retry++) {
-            errno = 0;
-            byte_size = write(fd_inblob, p_tdx_report_data, sizeof(*p_tdx_report_data));
-            if (errno != EBUSY)
-                break;
-            usleep(RETRY_WAIT_TIME_USEC);
-        }
-        if (byte_size != sizeof(*p_tdx_report_data)) {
-            if (errno == EBUSY) {
-                TDX_TRACE;
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-            } else {
-                TDX_TRACE;
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-            }
-            close(fd_lock);
-            close(fd_inblob);
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to write configFS inblob.");
-            return ret;
-        }
-        close(fd_inblob);
-
-        long generation2;
-        do {
-            ret = read_configfs_generation(generation_path, &generation2);
-            if (ret) {
-                close(fd_lock);
-                return ret;
-            }
-        // In rare cases, generation is not updated
-        } while (generation2 == generation1 && !usleep(0));
-        if (generation2 != generation1 + 1) {
-            // Another TDX quote generation has been triggered
-            close(fd_lock);
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-        }
-
-        // Read TDX quote from outblob
-        char outblob_path[MAX_PATH];
-        snprintf(outblob_path, sizeof(outblob_path), "%s/outblob", configfs_path);
-        int fd = open(outblob_path, O_RDONLY);
-        if (-1 == fd) {
-            TDX_TRACE;
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to open configFS outblob.");
-            close(fd_lock);
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        }
-
-        // Allocate memory for the entire file content
-        p_blob_payload = malloc(QUOTE_BUF_SIZE);
-        if (p_blob_payload == NULL) {
-            close(fd_lock);
-            close(fd);
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        }
-#ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nstart to read outblob\n");
-#endif
-        // Read the entire file in one shot
-        for (int retry = 0; retry < 3; retry++) {
-            errno = 0;
-            byte_size = read(fd, p_blob_payload, QUOTE_BUF_SIZE);
-            if (errno == EBUSY) {
-                usleep(RETRY_WAIT_TIME_USEC);
-            } else if (errno != EINTR && errno != ETIMEDOUT)
-                break;
-        }
-        if (byte_size == -1 || byte_size == 0) {
-            if (errno == EBUSY || errno == EINTR || errno == ETIMEDOUT) {
-                TDX_TRACE;
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-            } else
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE;
-            close(fd_lock);
-            close(fd);
-            free(p_blob_payload);
-            syslog(LOG_ERR, "libtdx_attest: failed to read outblob.");
-            return ret;
-        }
-        close(fd);
-
-        quote_size = (uint32_t)byte_size;
-#ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nquote size: %d\n", quote_size);
-#endif
-        if (quote_size <= QUOTE_MIN_SIZE || quote_size == QUOTE_BUF_SIZE) {
-            close(fd_lock);
-            free(p_blob_payload);
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE;
-        }
-
-        long generation3;
-        ret = read_configfs_generation(generation_path, &generation3);
-        close(fd_lock);
-        if (ret) {
-            free(p_blob_payload);
-            return ret;
-        }
-        // Another TDX quote generation is triggered
-        if (generation3 != generation2) {
-            free(p_blob_payload);
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-        }
-
-        void* tmp_p = realloc(p_blob_payload, quote_size);
-        if (tmp_p == NULL) {
-            free(p_blob_payload);
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        }
-        *pp_quote = tmp_p;
-
-        if (p_quote_size) {
-            *p_quote_size = quote_size;
-        }
-        if (p_att_key_id) {
-            *p_att_key_id = g_intel_tdqe_uuid;
-        }
-        return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-    } while (0);
-
-#ifdef DEBUG
-    fprintf(stdout, "\ngoto legacy logic\n");
-#endif
-
-    uint32_t recieved_bytes = 0;
-    uint32_t in_msg_size = 0;
-    unsigned int vsock_port = 0;
-    uint32_t msg_size = 0;
-    qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_header_t *p_header = NULL;
-    uint8_t *p_req = NULL;
-    const uint8_t *p_selected_id = NULL;
-    uint32_t id_size = 0;
-
-    tdx_report_t tdx_report;
-    memset(&tdx_report, 0, sizeof(tdx_report));
-
-    struct tdx_quote_hdr *p_get_quote_blob = malloc(REQ_BUF_SIZE);
-    if (!p_get_quote_blob) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    devfd = open(TDX_ATTEST_DEV_PATH, O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
-    if (-1 == devfd) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    ret = get_tdx_report(devfd, p_tdx_report_data, &tdx_report);
-    if (TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS != ret) {
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    qgs_msg_ret = qgs_msg_gen_get_quote_req(tdx_report.d, sizeof(tdx_report.d),
-        NULL, 0, &p_req, &msg_size);
-    if (QGS_MSG_SUCCESS != qgs_msg_ret) {
-#ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nqgs_msg_gen_get_quote_req return 0x%x\n", qgs_msg_ret);
-#endif
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (msg_size > REQ_BUF_SIZE - sizeof(struct tdx_quote_hdr) - HEADER_SIZE) {
-#ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nqmsg_size[%d] is too big\n", msg_size);
-        #endif
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_blob_payload = (uint8_t *)&p_get_quote_blob->data;
-    p_blob_payload[0] = (uint8_t)((msg_size >> 24) & 0xFF);
-    p_blob_payload[1] = (uint8_t)((msg_size >> 16) & 0xFF);
-    p_blob_payload[2] = (uint8_t)((msg_size >> 8) & 0xFF);
-    p_blob_payload[3] = (uint8_t)(msg_size & 0xFF);
-
-    memcpy(p_blob_payload + HEADER_SIZE, p_req, msg_size);
-
-    do {
-        vsock_port = get_vsock_port();
-        if (!vsock_port) {
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: cannot parse sock port - fallback to tdvmcall mode.");
-            break;
-        }
-        s = socket(AF_VSOCK, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
-        if (-1 == s) {
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: cannot create socket - fallback to tdvmcall mode.");
-            break;
-        }
-        struct sockaddr_vm vm_addr;
-        memset(&vm_addr, 0, sizeof(vm_addr));
-        vm_addr.svm_family = AF_VSOCK;
-        vm_addr.svm_reserved1 = 0;
-        vm_addr.svm_port = vsock_port;
-        vm_addr.svm_cid = VMADDR_CID_HOST;
-        if (connect(s, (struct sockaddr *)&vm_addr, sizeof(vm_addr))) {
-            syslog(LOG_INFO, "libtdx_attest: cannot connect - fallback to tdvmcall mode.");
-            break;
-        }
-
-        // Write to socket
-        if (HEADER_SIZE + msg_size != send(s, p_blob_payload,
-            HEADER_SIZE + msg_size, 0)) {
-            TDX_TRACE;
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_VSOCK_FAILURE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-
-        // Read the response size header
-        if (HEADER_SIZE != recv(s, p_blob_payload,
-            HEADER_SIZE, 0)) {
-            TDX_TRACE;
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_VSOCK_FAILURE;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-
-        // decode the size
-        for (unsigned i = 0; i < HEADER_SIZE; ++i) {
-            in_msg_size = in_msg_size * 256 + ((p_blob_payload[i]) & 0xFF);
-        }
-
-        // prepare the buffer and read the reply body
-        #ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nReply message body is %u bytes", in_msg_size);
-        #endif
-
-        if (REQ_BUF_SIZE - sizeof(struct tdx_quote_hdr) - HEADER_SIZE < in_msg_size) {
-            #ifdef DEBUG
-            fprintf(stdout, "\nReply message body is too big");
-            #endif
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-            goto ret_point;
-        }
-        while( recieved_bytes < in_msg_size) {
-            int recv_ret = (int)recv(s, p_blob_payload + HEADER_SIZE + recieved_bytes,
-                                     in_msg_size - recieved_bytes, 0);
-            if (recv_ret < 0) {
-                ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_VSOCK_FAILURE;
-                goto ret_point;
-            }
-            recieved_bytes += (uint32_t)recv_ret;
-        }
-        #ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nGet %u bytes response from vsock", recieved_bytes);
-        #endif
-
-        goto done;
-    } while (0);
-
-    int ioctl_ret;
-    struct tdx_quote_req arg;
-    p_get_quote_blob->version = 1;
-    p_get_quote_blob->status = 0;
-    p_get_quote_blob->in_len = HEADER_SIZE + msg_size;
-    p_get_quote_blob->out_len = 0;
-    arg.buf = (__u64)p_get_quote_blob;
-    arg.len = REQ_BUF_SIZE;
-
-    ioctl_ret = ioctl(devfd, TDX_CMD_GET_QUOTE, &arg);
-    if (EBUSY == ioctl_ret) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    } else if (ioctl_ret) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    if (p_get_quote_blob->status
-        || p_get_quote_blob->out_len <= HEADER_SIZE) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        if (GET_QUOTE_IN_FLIGHT == p_get_quote_blob->status) {
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-        } else if (GET_QUOTE_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE == p_get_quote_blob->status) {
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-        } else {
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        }
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    //in_msg_size is the size of serialized response
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < HEADER_SIZE; ++i) {
-        in_msg_size = in_msg_size * 256 + ((p_blob_payload[i]) & 0xFF);
-    }
-    if (in_msg_size != p_get_quote_blob->out_len - HEADER_SIZE) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    #ifdef DEBUG
-    fprintf(stdout, "\nGet %u bytes response from tdvmcall", in_msg_size);
-    #endif
-
-done:
-    qgs_msg_ret = qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp(
-        p_blob_payload + HEADER_SIZE, in_msg_size,
-        &p_selected_id, &id_size,
-        &p_quote, &quote_size);
-    if (QGS_MSG_SUCCESS != qgs_msg_ret) {
-        #ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nqgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp return 0x%x", qgs_msg_ret);
-        #endif
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // We've called qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp, the message type should be GET_QUOTE_RESP
-    p_header = (qgs_msg_header_t *)(p_blob_payload + HEADER_SIZE);
-    if (p_header->error_code != 0) {
-        #ifdef DEBUG
-        fprintf(stdout, "\nerror code in resp msg is 0x%x", p_header->error_code);
-        #endif
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    *pp_quote = malloc(quote_size);
-    if (!*pp_quote) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    memcpy(*pp_quote, p_quote, quote_size);
-    if (p_quote_size) {
-        *p_quote_size = quote_size;
-    }
-    if (p_att_key_id) {
-        *p_att_key_id = g_intel_tdqe_uuid;
-    }
-    ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    if (s >= 0) {
-        close(s);
-    }
-    if (-1 != devfd) {
-        close(devfd);
-    }
-    qgs_msg_free(p_req);
-    free(p_get_quote_blob);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_free_quote(
-    uint8_t *p_quote)
-{
-    free(p_quote);
-    return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_report(
-    const tdx_report_data_t *p_tdx_report_data,
-    tdx_report_t *p_tdx_report)
-{
-    int devfd;
-    tdx_attest_error_t ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-
-    devfd = open(TDX_ATTEST_DEV_PATH, O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
-    if (-1 == devfd) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-    ret = get_tdx_report(devfd, p_tdx_report_data, p_tdx_report);
-
-    close(devfd);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_supported_att_key_ids(
-        tdx_uuid_t *p_att_key_id_list,
-        uint32_t *p_list_size)
-{
-    if (!p_list_size) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (p_att_key_id_list && !*p_list_size) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (!p_att_key_id_list && *p_list_size) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (p_att_key_id_list) {
-        p_att_key_id_list[0] = g_intel_tdqe_uuid;
-    }
-    *p_list_size = 1;
-    return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-}
-
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_extend(
-    const tdx_rtmr_event_t *p_rtmr_event)
-{
-#ifdef TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR
-    int devfd = -1;
-    struct tdx_extend_rtmr_req req;
-    if (!p_rtmr_event || p_rtmr_event->version != 1) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-    if (p_rtmr_event->event_data_size) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-    }
-    if (p_rtmr_event->rtmr_index > 3) {
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-    }
-
-    devfd = open(TDX_ATTEST_DEV_PATH, O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
-    if (-1 == devfd) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE;
-    }
-
-    static_assert(TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN == sizeof(p_rtmr_event->extend_data),
-                  "rtmr extend size mismatch!");
-    req.index = (uint8_t)p_rtmr_event->rtmr_index;
-    memcpy(req.data, p_rtmr_event->extend_data, TDX_EXTEND_RTMR_DATA_LEN);
-    if (-1 == ioctl(devfd, TDX_CMD_EXTEND_RTMR, &req)) {
-        TDX_TRACE;
-        close(devfd);
-        if (EINVAL == errno) {
-            return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_RTMR_INDEX;
-        }
-        return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_EXTEND_FAILURE;
-    }
-    close(devfd);
-    return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-#else
-    (void)p_rtmr_event;
-    return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-#endif
-}
-
-#else
-
-#include "tdx_attest.h"
-#include "servtd_com.h"
-#include "servtd_external.h"
-#include "qgs_msg_lib.h"
-
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-
-__attribute__ ((visibility("default"))) tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_quote_by_report (
-               const void *p_tdx_report,
-               uint32_t tdx_report_size,
-               void *p_quote,
-               uint32_t *p_quote_size)
-{
-    uint32_t quote_size = 0;
-    uint32_t in_msg_size = 0;
-    tdx_attest_error_t ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-    struct servtd_tdx_quote_hdr *p_get_quote_blob = NULL;
-    uint8_t *p_blob_payload = NULL;
-    uint32_t msg_size = 0;
-    int servtd_get_quote_ret = 0;
-    const uint8_t *tmp_p_quote = NULL;
-    const uint8_t *p_selected_id = NULL;
-    uint32_t id_size = 0;
-    qgs_msg_error_t qgs_msg_ret = QGS_MSG_SUCCESS;
-    qgs_msg_header_t *p_header = NULL;
-    uint8_t *p_req = NULL;
-
-    if (NULL == p_tdx_report || TDX_REPORT_SIZE != tdx_report_size) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (NULL == p_quote || NULL == p_quote_size || 0 == *p_quote_size) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_get_quote_blob = (struct servtd_tdx_quote_hdr *)malloc(SERVTD_REQ_BUF_SIZE);
-    if (!p_get_quote_blob) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    qgs_msg_ret = qgs_msg_gen_get_quote_req(p_tdx_report, tdx_report_size,
-        NULL, 0, &p_req, &msg_size);
-    if (QGS_MSG_SUCCESS != qgs_msg_ret) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (msg_size > SERVTD_REQ_BUF_SIZE - sizeof(struct servtd_tdx_quote_hdr) - SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    p_blob_payload = (uint8_t *)&p_get_quote_blob->data;
-    p_blob_payload[0] = (uint8_t)((msg_size >> 24) & 0xFF);
-    p_blob_payload[1] = (uint8_t)((msg_size >> 16) & 0xFF);
-    p_blob_payload[2] = (uint8_t)((msg_size >> 8) & 0xFF);
-    p_blob_payload[3] = (uint8_t)(msg_size & 0xFF);
-
-    // Serialization
-    memcpy(p_blob_payload + SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE, p_req, msg_size);
-
-    p_get_quote_blob->version = 1;
-    p_get_quote_blob->status = 0;
-    p_get_quote_blob->in_len = SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE + msg_size;
-    p_get_quote_blob->out_len = 0;
-
-    servtd_get_quote_ret = servtd_get_quote(p_get_quote_blob, SERVTD_REQ_BUF_SIZE);
-    if (servtd_get_quote_ret) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (p_get_quote_blob->status
-        || p_get_quote_blob->out_len <= SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE) {
-        if (GET_QUOTE_IN_FLIGHT == p_get_quote_blob->status) {
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY;
-        } else if (GET_QUOTE_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE == p_get_quote_blob->status) {
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-        } else {
-            ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        }
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    //in_msg_size is the size of serialized response, remove 4bytes header
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE; ++i) {
-        in_msg_size = in_msg_size * 256 + ((p_blob_payload[i]) & 0xFF);
-    }
-    if (in_msg_size != p_get_quote_blob->out_len - SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    qgs_msg_ret = qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp(
-        p_blob_payload + SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE, in_msg_size,
-        &p_selected_id, &id_size,
-        (const uint8_t **)&tmp_p_quote, &quote_size);
-    if (QGS_MSG_SUCCESS != qgs_msg_ret) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    // We've called qgs_msg_inflate_get_quote_resp, the message type should be GET_QUOTE_RESP
-    p_header = (qgs_msg_header_t *)(p_blob_payload + SERVTD_HEADER_SIZE);
-    if (p_header->error_code != 0) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-
-    if (quote_size > *p_quote_size) {
-        ret = TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
-        goto ret_point;
-    }
-    memcpy(p_quote, tmp_p_quote, quote_size);
-
-    *p_quote_size = quote_size;
-    ret = TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS;
-
-ret_point:
-    qgs_msg_free(p_req);
-    SAFE_FREE(p_get_quote_blob);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-#endif
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/tdx_attest.h b/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/tdx_attest.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 258617bf9..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/csrc/tdx_attest.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,268 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011-2021 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *
- *   * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *   * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *     distribution.
- *   * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
- *     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
- *     from this software without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
- * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
- * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
- * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
- * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
- * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- *
- */
-
-
-/**
- * File: tdx_attest.h
- *
- * Description: API definitions for TDX Attestation library
- *
- */
-#ifndef _TDX_ATTEST_H_
-#define _TDX_ATTEST_H_
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-typedef enum _tdx_attest_error_t {
-    TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS = 0x0000,                        ///< Success
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_MIN = 0x0001,                      ///< Indicate min error to allow better translation.
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED = 0x0001,               ///< Unexpected error
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER = 0x0002,        ///< The parameter is incorrect
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY = 0x0003,            ///< Not enough memory is available to complete this operation
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_VSOCK_FAILURE = 0x0004,            ///< vsock related failure
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_REPORT_FAILURE = 0x0005,           ///< Failed to get the TD Report
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_EXTEND_FAILURE = 0x0006,           ///< Failed to extend rtmr
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED = 0x0007,            ///< Request feature is not supported
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE = 0x0008,            ///< Failed to get the TD Quote
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY = 0x0009,                     ///< The device driver return busy
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE = 0x000a,           ///< Failed to acess tdx attest device
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_RTMR_INDEX = 0x000b,       ///< Only supported RTMR index is 2 and 3
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_ATT_KEY_ID = 0x000c,   ///< The platform Quoting infrastructure does not support any of the keys described in att_key_id_list 
-    TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_MAX
-} tdx_attest_error_t;
-
-#define TDX_UUID_SIZE 16
-
-#pragma pack(push, 1)
-
-#define TDX_UUID_SIZE 16
-typedef struct _tdx_uuid_t
-{
-    uint8_t d[TDX_UUID_SIZE];
-} tdx_uuid_t;
-
-#define TDX_SGX_ECDSA_ATTESTATION_ID                   \
-{                                                      \
-    0xe8, 0x6c, 0x04, 0x6e, 0x8c, 0xc4, 0x4d, 0x95,    \
-    0x81, 0x73, 0xfc, 0x43, 0xc1, 0xfa, 0x4f, 0x3f     \
-}
-
-#define TDX_REPORT_DATA_SIZE 64
-typedef struct _tdx_report_data_t
-{
-    uint8_t d[TDX_REPORT_DATA_SIZE];
-} tdx_report_data_t;
-
-#define TDX_REPORT_SIZE 1024
-typedef struct _tdx_report_t
-{
-    uint8_t d[TDX_REPORT_SIZE];
-} tdx_report_t;
-
-typedef struct _tdx_rtmr_event_t {
-    uint32_t	version;
-    uint64_t 	rtmr_index;
-    uint8_t 	extend_data[48];
-    uint32_t 	event_type;
-    uint32_t 	event_data_size;
-    uint8_t 	event_data[];
-} tdx_rtmr_event_t;
-
-#pragma pack(pop)
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-#ifndef SERVTD_ATTEST
-/**
- * @brief Request a Quote of the calling TD.
- *
- * The caller provides data intended to be cryptographically bound to the
- * resulting Quote. (This data should not require confidentiality protection.)
- * The caller also provides information about the type of Quote signing that
- * should be used.
- *
- * In general, a given platform can create Quotes using
- * different cryptographic algorithms or using different vendors’ code/enclaves.
- * The att_key_id_list parameter is related to this. It is a list of key IDs
- * supported by the eventual verifier of the Quote. How the caller of this
- * function obtains this list is outside the scope of the R3AAL.
- *
- * A default key ID is supported and will be used when att_key_id_list == NULL.
- * In this case, the default key ID is returned via the p_att_key_id parameter.
- *
- * When the function returns successfully, p_quote will point to a buffer
- * containing the Quote. This buffer is allocated by the function. Use
- * tdx_att_free_quote to free this buffer.
- *
- * @param p_tdx_report_data [in] Pointer to data that the caller/TD wants to
- *                               cryptographically bind to the Quote,
- *                               typically a hash. Cannot be NULL. 
- * @param att_key_id_list [in] List (array) of the attestation key IDs supported
- *                             by the Quote verifier. The function compares the
- *                             key IDs in att_key_id_list to the key IDs that
- *                             the platform supports and uses the first match.
- *                             May be NULL. If NULL, the API will use the
- *                             platform’s default key ID. The uuid_t
- *                             corresponding to the key ID that’s used is
- *                             pointed to by p_att_key_id when the function
- *                             returns unless p_att_key_id == NULL.
- * @param list_size [in] Size of att_key_id_list in entries.
- * @param p_att_key_id [out] The selected attestation key ID when the function
- *                           returns. May be NULL indicating the platform’s
- *                           default key ID
- * @param pp_quote [out] Pointer to a pointer that the function will set equal
- *                       to the address of the buffer containing the Quote. The
- *                       function also allocates this buffer. Use
- *                       tdx_att_free_quote to free this buffe
- * @param p_quote_size [out] This function will place the size of the Quote, in
- *                           bytes, in the uint32_t pointed to by the
- *                           p_quote_size parameter. May be NULL.
- * @param flags [in] Reserved, must be zero.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS: Successfully generated the Quote.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED: An unexpected internal error occurred.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: The parameter is incorrect
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE: Failed to acess tdx attest device.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_REPORT_FAILURE: Failed to get TD report.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_VSOCK_FAILURE: Failed read/write in vsock mode
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE: Failed to get quote from QGS
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_UNSUPPORTED_ATT_KEY_ID: The platform Quoting
- *         infrastructure does not support any of the keys described in
- *         att_key_id_list.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_OUT_OF_MEMORY: Heap memory allocation error in library or
- *                                enclave.
- */
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_quote(
-    const tdx_report_data_t *p_tdx_report_data,
-    const tdx_uuid_t att_key_id_list[],
-    uint32_t list_size,
-    tdx_uuid_t *p_att_key_id,
-    uint8_t **pp_quote,
-    uint32_t *p_quote_size,
-    uint32_t flags);
-
-
-/**
- * @brief Free the Quote buffer allocated by tdx_att_get_quote.
- *
- * @param p_quote [in] The value of *p_quote returned by tdx_att_get_quote.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS: Successfully freed the p_quote.
- */
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_free_quote(
-    uint8_t *p_quote);
-
-/**
- * @brief Request a TDX Report of the calling TD.
- *
- * The caller provides data intended to be cryptographically bound to the
- * resulting Report.
- *
- * @param p_tdx_report_data [in] Pointer to data that the caller/TD wants to
- *                               cryptographically bind to the Quote, typically
- *                               a hash. Cannot be NULL. 
- * @param p_tdx_report [out] Pointer to the buffer that will contain the
- *                           generated TDX Report. Must not be NULL.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS: Successfully generated the Report.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: p_tdx_report == NULL
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE: Failed to acess tdx attest device.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_REPORT_FAILURE: Failed to get TD report.
- */
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_report(
-    const tdx_report_data_t *p_tdx_report_data,
-    tdx_report_t* p_tdx_report);
-
-
-/**
- * @brief Extend one of the TDX runtime measurement registers (RTMRs).
- *
- * RTMR[rtmr_index] = SHA384(RTMR[rtmr_index] || extend_data)
- * rtmr_index and extend_data are fields in the structure that is an input of
- * this API.
- * This API does not return either the new or old value of the specified RTMR.
- * The tdx_att_get_report API may be used for this.
- * The input to this API includes a description of the “extend data”. This is
- * intended to facilitate reconstruction of the RTMR value. This, in turn,
- * suggests maintenance of an event log by the callee. Currently, event_data is
- * not supported.
- *
- * @param p_rtmr_event [in] Pointer to structure that contains the index of the
- *                          RTMR to extend, the data with which to extend it and
- *                          a description of the data.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS: Successfully extended the RTMR.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: p_rtmr_event == NULL
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED: An unexpected internal error occurred.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE: Failed to acess tdx attest device.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_EXTEND_FAILURE: Failed to extend data.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED: p_rtmr_event->event_data_size != 0
- */
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_extend(
-    const tdx_rtmr_event_t *p_rtmr_event);
-
-
-/**
- * @brief Retrieve the list of attestation key IDs supported by the platform.
- *
- * Specify p_att_key_id_list = NULL to learn the number of entries in the list.
- *
- * @param p_att_key_id_list [out] List of the attestation key IDs that the
- *                                platform supports. May be NULL. If NULL, the
- *                                API will return the number of entries in the
- *                                list in the uint32_t pointed to by p_list_size
- * @param p_list_size [in/out] As input, pointer to a uint32_t specifying the
- *                             size of p_att_key_id_list in entries. As output,
- *                             this function will place the required size, in
- *                             entries, in the uint32_t pointed to by the
- *                             p_list_size parameter. If this value changes, the
- *                             new value will be the required size
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS: att_key_id_list populated and p_list_size points
- *                             to a uint32_t that indicates the number of
- *                             entries.
- * @return TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER: The parameter is incorrect
- */
-tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_supported_att_key_ids(
-    tdx_uuid_t *p_att_key_id_list,
-    uint32_t *p_list_size);
-
-#else
-__attribute__ ((visibility("default"))) tdx_attest_error_t tdx_att_get_quote_by_report (
-               const void *p_tdx_report,
-               uint32_t tdx_report_size,
-               void *p_quote,
-               uint32_t *p_quote_size);
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__cplusplus)
-}
-#endif
-
-
-#endif
-
diff --git a/tdx-attest-sys/src/lib.rs b/tdx-attest-sys/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ff7d0129..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest-sys/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
-#![allow(non_snake_case)]
-#![allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-#![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
-
-include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/bindings.rs"));
diff --git a/tdx-attest/Cargo.lock b/tdx-attest/Cargo.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index 84c027d74..000000000
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diff --git a/tdx-attest/Cargo.toml b/tdx-attest/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a0787df9..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tdx-attest"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-anyhow.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-num_enum.workspace = true
-scale.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
-tdx-attest-sys.workspace = true
-cc-eventlog.workspace = true
-thiserror.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-sha2.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-insta.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
diff --git a/tdx-attest/src/lib.rs b/tdx-attest/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cf787ee9a..000000000
--- a/tdx-attest/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Context;
-use eventlog::TdxEventLog;
-pub use tdx_attest_sys as sys;
-
-use std::io::Write;
-use std::ptr;
-use std::slice;
-
-use sys::*;
-
-use fs_err as fs;
-use num_enum::FromPrimitive;
-use thiserror::Error;
-
-pub use cc_eventlog as eventlog;
-
-pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, TdxAttestError>;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct TdxUuid(pub [u8; TDX_UUID_SIZE as usize]);
-
-pub type TdxReportData = [u8; TDX_REPORT_DATA_SIZE as usize];
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct TdxReport(pub [u8; TDX_REPORT_SIZE as usize]);
-
-#[repr(u32)]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, FromPrimitive, Error)]
-pub enum TdxAttestError {
-    #[error("unexpected")]
-    Unexpected = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNEXPECTED,
-    #[error("invalid parameter")]
-    InvalidParameter = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER,
-    #[error("out of memory")]
-    OutOfMemory = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY,
-    #[error("vsock failure")]
-    VsockFailure = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_VSOCK_FAILURE,
-    #[error("report failure")]
-    ReportFailure = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_REPORT_FAILURE,
-    #[error("extend failure")]
-    ExtendFailure = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_EXTEND_FAILURE,
-    #[error("not supported")]
-    NotSupported = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED,
-    #[error("quote failure")]
-    QuoteFailure = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_QUOTE_FAILURE,
-    #[error("busy")]
-    Busy = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_BUSY,
-    #[error("device failure")]
-    DeviceFailure = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_DEVICE_FAILURE,
-    #[error("invalid rtmr index")]
-    InvalidRtmrIndex = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_INVALID_RTMR_INDEX,
-    #[error("unsupported att key id")]
-    UnsupportedAttKeyId = _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_ATT_KEY_ID,
-    #[num_enum(catch_all)]
-    #[error("unknown error ({0})")]
-    UnknownError(u32),
-}
-
-pub fn get_quote(
-    report_data: &TdxReportData,
-    att_key_id_list: Option<&[TdxUuid]>,
-) -> Result<(TdxUuid, Vec<u8>)> {
-    let mut att_key_id = TdxUuid([0; TDX_UUID_SIZE as usize]);
-    let mut quote_ptr = ptr::null_mut();
-    let mut quote_size = 0;
-
-    let error = unsafe {
-        let key_id_list_ptr = att_key_id_list
-            .map(|list| list.as_ptr() as *const tdx_uuid_t)
-            .unwrap_or(ptr::null());
-        tdx_att_get_quote(
-            report_data as *const TdxReportData as *const tdx_report_data_t,
-            key_id_list_ptr,
-            att_key_id_list.map_or(0, |list| list.len() as u32),
-            &mut att_key_id as *mut TdxUuid as *mut tdx_uuid_t,
-            &mut quote_ptr,
-            &mut quote_size,
-            0,
-        )
-    };
-
-    if error != _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS {
-        return Err(error.into());
-    }
-
-    let quote = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(quote_ptr, quote_size as usize).to_vec() };
-
-    unsafe {
-        tdx_att_free_quote(quote_ptr);
-    }
-
-    Ok((att_key_id, quote))
-}
-
-pub fn get_report(report_data: &TdxReportData) -> Result<TdxReport> {
-    let mut report = TdxReport([0; TDX_REPORT_SIZE as usize]);
-
-    let error = unsafe {
-        tdx_att_get_report(
-            report_data as *const TdxReportData as *const tdx_report_data_t,
-            &mut report as *mut TdxReport as *mut tdx_report_t,
-        )
-    };
-
-    if error != _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS {
-        return Err(error.into());
-    }
-
-    Ok(report)
-}
-
-pub fn log_rtmr_event(log: &TdxEventLog) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    // Append to event log
-    let logline = serde_json::to_string(&log).context("Failed to serialize event log")?;
-
-    let logfile_path = std::path::Path::new(eventlog::RUNTIME_EVENT_LOG_FILE);
-    let logfile_dir = logfile_path
-        .parent()
-        .context("Failed to get event log directory")?;
-    fs::create_dir_all(logfile_dir).context("Failed to create event log directory")?;
-
-    let mut logfile = fs::OpenOptions::new()
-        .append(true)
-        .create(true)
-        .open(logfile_path)
-        .context("Failed to open event log file")?;
-    logfile
-        .write_all(logline.as_bytes())
-        .context("Failed to write to event log file")?;
-    logfile
-        .write_all(b"\n")
-        .context("Failed to write to event log file")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn extend_rtmr(index: u32, event_type: u32, digest: [u8; 48]) -> Result<()> {
-    let event = tdx_rtmr_event_t {
-        version: 1,
-        rtmr_index: index as u64,
-        extend_data: digest,
-        event_type,
-        event_data_size: 0,
-        event_data: Default::default(),
-    };
-    let error = unsafe { tdx_att_extend(&event) };
-    if error != _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS {
-        return Err(error.into());
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn get_supported_att_key_ids() -> Result<Vec<TdxUuid>> {
-    let mut list_size = 0;
-    let error = unsafe { tdx_att_get_supported_att_key_ids(ptr::null_mut(), &mut list_size) };
-
-    if error != _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS {
-        return Err(error.into());
-    }
-
-    let mut att_key_id_list = vec![TdxUuid([0; TDX_UUID_SIZE as usize]); list_size as usize];
-
-    let error = unsafe {
-        tdx_att_get_supported_att_key_ids(
-            att_key_id_list.as_mut_ptr() as *mut tdx_uuid_t,
-            &mut list_size,
-        )
-    };
-
-    if error != _tdx_attest_error_t::TDX_ATTEST_SUCCESS {
-        return Err(error.into());
-    }
-
-    Ok(att_key_id_list)
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/Cargo.lock b/tdxctl/Cargo.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index a6f342ddb..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/Cargo.lock
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,415 +0,0 @@
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b724f72796e036ab90c1021d4780d4d3d648aca59e491e6b98e725b84e99973"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc",
- "windows_i686_gnu",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm",
- "windows_i686_msvc",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
diff --git a/tdxctl/Cargo.toml b/tdxctl/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index b0ccdf456..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tdxctl"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-aes-gcm.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-clap.workspace = true
-curve25519-dalek.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-getrandom.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-hex_fmt.workspace = true
-regex.workspace = true
-scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-schnorrkel.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
-serde-human-bytes.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-sha2.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-x25519-dalek.workspace = true
-
-kms-rpc.workspace = true
-ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
-ra-tls.workspace = true
-tproxy-rpc.workspace = true
-tdx-attest.workspace = true
-host-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
-cmd_lib.workspace = true
-toml.workspace = true
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-rand.workspace = true
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/crypto.rs b/tdxctl/src/crypto.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 4724ed5de..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/crypto.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-use aes_gcm::{
-    aead::{Aead, Nonce},
-    Aes256Gcm, KeyInit,
-};
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use x25519_dalek::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
-
-pub fn dh_agree(secret: [u8; 32], their_pubkey: [u8; 32]) -> [u8; 32] {
-    let secret = StaticSecret::from(secret);
-    let their_public = PublicKey::from(their_pubkey);
-    let shared_secret = secret.diffie_hellman(&their_public);
-    shared_secret.to_bytes()
-}
-
-pub fn dh_decrypt(secret: [u8; 32], ciphertext: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    // Extract components (matching JS implementation)
-    let ephemeral_pubkey = ciphertext
-        .get(..32)
-        .ok_or(anyhow!("Invalid ephemeral public key length"))?
-        .try_into()
-        .map_err(|_| anyhow!("Invalid ephemeral public key length"))?;
-    let iv = &ciphertext.get(32..44).ok_or(anyhow!("Invalid IV length"))?;
-    let ciphertext = &ciphertext
-        .get(44..)
-        .ok_or(anyhow!("Invalid ciphertext length"))?;
-
-    // Derive shared secret using X25519
-    let shared_secret = dh_agree(secret, ephemeral_pubkey);
-
-    // Create AES-GCM cipher
-    let cipher = Aes256Gcm::new_from_slice(&shared_secret)
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to create cipher: {}", e))?;
-
-    // Decrypt using AES-GCM
-    cipher
-        .decrypt(Nonce::<Aes256Gcm>::from_slice(iv), ciphertext.as_ref())
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Decryption failed: {}", e))
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_dh_agree() {
-        use rand::Rng;
-        let secret = rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 32]>();
-        let pubkey = rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 32]>();
-        let shared = dh_agree(secret, pubkey);
-        assert_eq!(shared.len(), 32);
-        println!("secret: {:?}", hex::encode(secret));
-        println!("pubkey: {:?}", hex::encode(pubkey));
-        println!("shared: {:?}", hex::encode(shared));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_dh_decrypt_invalid_input() {
-        let secret = [0u8; 32];
-
-        // Test empty input
-        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[]).is_err());
-
-        // Test input too short for public key
-        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[0u8; 31]).is_err());
-
-        // Test input too short for IV
-        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[0u8; 43]).is_err());
-
-        // Test input with no ciphertext
-        assert!(dh_decrypt(secret, &[0u8; 44]).is_err());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_dh_decrypt() {
-        let secret: [u8; 32] =
-            hex::decode("7c282bf94b35dc47801dc953bfa0896fc2bd313381d3e8eca4e42f6536d2a96f")
-                .unwrap()
-                .try_into()
-                .unwrap();
-        let ciphertext = hex::decode("0bd18749612f4c8b9dd583c7d6a646b90abd34e3c731a7708d0caf9039095641e1f0948e775f0b7351788db7f246d51806954626dcccb6a60d64665ca3715c6bef75616cab476d27bba04080361200d6a58cec").unwrap();
-        let decrypted = dh_decrypt(secret, &ciphertext).unwrap();
-        let decrypted_str = String::from_utf8(decrypted).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(decrypted_str, "[{\"key\":\"\",\"value\":\"\"}]");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/fde_setup.rs b/tdxctl/src/fde_setup.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8849f3fc5..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/fde_setup.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,481 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::BTreeMap,
-    io::{Read, Write},
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    process::{Command, Stdio},
-};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use kms_rpc::GetAppKeyRequest;
-use ra_rpc::client::RaClient;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
-use crate::{
-    cmd_gen_app_keys, cmd_gen_ra_cert, cmd_show,
-    crypto::dh_decrypt,
-    notify_client::NotifyClient,
-    utils::{
-        deserialize_json_file, extend_rtmr3, sha256, sha256_file, AppCompose, AppKeys, HashingFile,
-        LocalConfig,
-    },
-    GenAppKeysArgs, GenRaCertArgs,
-};
-use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
-use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
-
-mod env_process;
-
-#[derive(clap::Parser)]
-/// Prepare full disk encryption
-pub struct SetupFdeArgs {
-    /// Host shared directory
-    #[arg(long)]
-    host_shared: PathBuf,
-    /// Copied host-shared directory
-    #[arg(long)]
-    host_shared_copy: PathBuf,
-    /// Working directory
-    #[arg(long)]
-    work_dir: PathBuf,
-    /// Root fs mount point
-    #[arg(long)]
-    rootfs_dir: PathBuf,
-    /// Root hard disk device
-    #[arg(long)]
-    root_hd: String,
-    /// Root fs cdrom device
-    #[arg(long)]
-    root_cdrom: String,
-    /// Root fs cdrom mount point
-    #[arg(long)]
-    root_cdrom_mnt: PathBuf,
-    /// Enabled rootfs integrity
-    #[arg(long)]
-    rootfs_integrity: bool,
-    /// Enabled rootfs encryption
-    #[arg(long, default_value_t = true)]
-    rootfs_encryption: std::primitive::bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Clone, Default)]
-struct InstanceInfo {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    bootstrapped: Option<bool>,
-    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
-    instance_id: Vec<u8>,
-    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
-    app_id: Vec<u8>,
-}
-
-impl InstanceInfo {
-    fn is_bootstrapped(&self) -> bool {
-        self.bootstrapped.unwrap_or(!self.instance_id.is_empty())
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct HostShareDir {
-    base_dir: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl From<&Path> for HostShareDir {
-    fn from(host_shared_dir: &Path) -> Self {
-        Self::new(host_shared_dir)
-    }
-}
-
-impl HostShareDir {
-    fn new(host_shared_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            base_dir: host_shared_dir.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn app_compose_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join("app-compose.json")
-    }
-
-    fn encrypted_env_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join("encrypted-env")
-    }
-
-    fn vm_config_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join("config.json")
-    }
-
-    fn instance_info_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join(".instance_info")
-    }
-
-    fn kms_ca_cert_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join("certs").join("ca.cert")
-    }
-
-    fn tmp_ca_cert_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join("certs").join("tmp-ca.cert")
-    }
-
-    fn tmp_ca_key_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.base_dir.join("certs").join("tmp-ca.key")
-    }
-}
-
-struct HostShared {
-    dir: HostShareDir,
-    vm_config: LocalConfig,
-    app_compose: AppCompose,
-    encrypted_env: Vec<u8>,
-    instance_info: InstanceInfo,
-}
-
-impl HostShared {
-    fn load(host_shared_dir: impl Into<HostShareDir>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let host_shared_dir = host_shared_dir.into();
-        let vm_config = deserialize_json_file(host_shared_dir.vm_config_file())?;
-        let app_compose = deserialize_json_file(host_shared_dir.app_compose_file())?;
-        let instance_info_file = host_shared_dir.instance_info_file();
-        let instance_info = if instance_info_file.exists() {
-            deserialize_json_file(instance_info_file)?
-        } else {
-            InstanceInfo::default()
-        };
-        let encrypted_env = fs::read(host_shared_dir.encrypted_env_file()).unwrap_or_default();
-        Ok(Self {
-            dir: host_shared_dir.clone(),
-            vm_config,
-            app_compose,
-            encrypted_env,
-            instance_info,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-fn truncate(s: &[u8], len: usize) -> &[u8] {
-    if s.len() > len {
-        &s[..len]
-    } else {
-        s
-    }
-}
-
-impl SetupFdeArgs {
-    fn app_keys_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.host_shared_copy.join("appkeys.json")
-    }
-
-    fn copy_host_shared(&self) -> Result<HostShared> {
-        let host_shared_dir = &self.host_shared;
-        let host_shared_copy_dir = &self.host_shared_copy;
-        cmd! {
-            info "Mounting host-shared";
-            mkdir -p $host_shared_dir;
-            mount -t 9p -o trans=virtio,version=9p2000.L,ro host-shared $host_shared_dir;
-            info "Copying host-shared";
-            mkdir -p $host_shared_copy_dir;
-            cp -r $host_shared_dir/. $host_shared_copy_dir;
-            info "Unmounting host-shared";
-            umount $host_shared_dir;
-        }?;
-        HostShared::load(host_shared_copy_dir.as_path())
-    }
-
-    async fn request_app_keys(&self, host_shared: &HostShared) -> Result<AppKeys> {
-        let kms_url = &host_shared.vm_config.kms_url;
-        let kms_enabled = host_shared.app_compose.kms_enabled();
-        if kms_enabled {
-            let Some(kms_url) = kms_url else {
-                bail!("KMS URL is not set");
-            };
-            info!("KMS is enabled, generating RA-TLS cert");
-            let gen_certs_dir = self.work_dir.join("certs");
-            fs::create_dir_all(&gen_certs_dir).context("Failed to create certs dir")?;
-            cmd_gen_ra_cert(GenRaCertArgs {
-                ca_cert: host_shared.dir.tmp_ca_cert_file(),
-                ca_key: host_shared.dir.tmp_ca_key_file(),
-                cert_path: gen_certs_dir.join("cert.pem"),
-                key_path: gen_certs_dir.join("key.pem"),
-            })?;
-            info!("Requesting app keys from KMS: {kms_url}");
-            let ra_client = RaClient::new_mtls(
-                format!("{kms_url}/prpc"),
-                fs::read_to_string(host_shared.dir.kms_ca_cert_file())?,
-                fs::read_to_string(gen_certs_dir.join("cert.pem"))?,
-                fs::read_to_string(gen_certs_dir.join("key.pem"))?,
-            )?;
-            let kms_client = kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient::new(ra_client);
-            let response = kms_client
-                .get_app_key(GetAppKeyRequest { upgradable: true })
-                .await
-                .context("Failed to get app key")?;
-            let keys_json =
-                serde_json::to_string(&response).context("Failed to serialize app keys")?;
-            fs::write(self.app_keys_file(), keys_json).context("Failed to write app keys")?;
-        } else {
-            info!("KMS is not enabled, generating local app keys");
-            cmd_gen_app_keys(GenAppKeysArgs {
-                ca_level: 1,
-                output: self.app_keys_file(),
-            })?;
-        }
-        deserialize_json_file(self.app_keys_file()).context("Failed to decode app keys")
-    }
-
-    fn decrypt_env_vars(&self, key: &[u8], ciphertext: &[u8]) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
-        let vars = if !key.is_empty() && !ciphertext.is_empty() {
-            info!("Processing encrypted env");
-            let env_crypt_key: [u8; 32] = key
-                .try_into()
-                .ok()
-                .context("Invalid env crypt key length")?;
-            let decrypted_json =
-                dh_decrypt(env_crypt_key, ciphertext).context("Failed to decrypt env file")?;
-            env_process::parse_env(&decrypted_json)?
-        } else {
-            info!("No encrypted env, using default");
-            Default::default()
-        };
-        Ok(vars)
-    }
-
-    fn mount_e2fs(dev: &str, mount_point: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-        cmd! {
-            info "Checking filesystem";
-            sh -c "e2fsck -f -p $dev || [ $? -le 2 ]";
-            info "Trying to resize filesystem if needed";
-            resize2fs $dev;
-            info "Mounting filesystem";
-            mount $dev $mount_point;
-        }?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn mount_rootfs(
-        &self,
-        host_shared: &HostShared,
-        disk_crypt_key: &str,
-        nc: &NotifyClient,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let rootfs_mountpoint = &self.rootfs_dir;
-        let rootfs_dev = if self.rootfs_encryption {
-            info!("Mounting encrypted rootfs");
-            let root_hd = &self.root_hd;
-            let disk_crypt_key = disk_crypt_key.trim();
-            cmd!(echo -n $disk_crypt_key | cryptsetup luksOpen --type luks2 -d- $root_hd rootfs_crypt)
-                .or(Err(anyhow!("Failed to open encrypted rootfs")))?;
-            "/dev/mapper/rootfs_crypt"
-        } else {
-            warn!("Rootfs encryption is disabled, skipping disk encryption");
-            &self.root_hd
-        };
-        Self::mount_e2fs(rootfs_dev, rootfs_mountpoint)?;
-
-        let hash_file = self.rootfs_dir.join(".rootfs_hash");
-        let existing_rootfs_hash = fs::read(&hash_file).unwrap_or_default();
-        if existing_rootfs_hash != host_shared.vm_config.rootfs_hash {
-            info!("Rootfs hash changed, upgrading the rootfs");
-            if hash_file.exists() {
-                fs::remove_file(&hash_file).context("Failed to remove old rootfs hash file")?;
-            }
-            nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "upgrading rootfs").await;
-            self.extract_rootfs(&host_shared.vm_config.rootfs_hash)
-                .await?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn luks_setup(&self, disk_crypt_key: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let opts = if self.rootfs_integrity {
-            vec!["--integrity", "hmac-sha256"]
-        } else {
-            vec![]
-        };
-        let root_hd = &self.root_hd;
-        cmd! {
-            info "Formatting encrypted rootfs";
-            echo -n $disk_crypt_key |
-                cryptsetup luksFormat --type luks2 --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --pbkdf pbkdf2 -d- $[opts] $root_hd rootfs_crypt;
-
-            info "Opening the device";
-            echo -n $disk_crypt_key |
-                cryptsetup luksOpen --type luks2 -d- $root_hd rootfs_crypt;
-        }.or(Err(anyhow!("Failed to setup luks volume")))?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn bootstrap_rootfs(
-        &self,
-        host_shared: &HostShared,
-        disk_crypt_key: &str,
-        instance_info: &InstanceInfo,
-        nc: &NotifyClient,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Setting up disk encryption");
-        info!("Formatting rootfs");
-        let rootfs_dev = if self.rootfs_encryption {
-            self.luks_setup(disk_crypt_key)?;
-            "/dev/mapper/rootfs_crypt"
-        } else {
-            warn!("Rootfs encryption is disabled, skipping disk encryption");
-            &self.root_hd
-        };
-        let rootfs_dir = &self.rootfs_dir;
-        cmd!(mkfs.ext4 -L dstack-rootfs $rootfs_dev)?;
-        cmd!(mount $rootfs_dev $rootfs_dir)?;
-
-        self.extract_rootfs(&host_shared.vm_config.rootfs_hash)
-            .await?;
-        nc.notify_q("instance.info", &serde_json::to_string(instance_info)?)
-            .await;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn extract_rootfs(&self, expected_rootfs_hash: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Extracting rootfs");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&self.root_cdrom_mnt)
-            .context("Failed to create rootfs cdrom mount point")?;
-
-        let cdrom_device = &self.root_cdrom;
-        let cdrom_mnt = &self.root_cdrom_mnt;
-        cmd!(mount -t iso9660 -o ro $cdrom_device $cdrom_mnt)?;
-
-        let rootfs_cpio = cdrom_mnt.join("rootfs.cpio");
-        if !rootfs_cpio.exists() {
-            bail!("Rootfs cpio file not found on cdrom");
-        }
-        let rootfs_cpio_file =
-            fs::File::open(rootfs_cpio).context("Failed to open rootfs cpio file")?;
-        let mut hashing_rootfs_cpio = HashingFile::<sha2::Sha256, _>::new(rootfs_cpio_file);
-        let mut status = Command::new("/usr/bin/env")
-            .args(["cpio", "-i", "-d", "-u"])
-            .current_dir(&self.rootfs_dir)
-            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
-            .spawn()
-            .context("Failed to extract rootfs")?;
-
-        {
-            let mut stdin = status.stdin.take().context("Failed to get stdin")?;
-            let mut buf = [0u8; 1024];
-            loop {
-                let n = hashing_rootfs_cpio
-                    .read(&mut buf)
-                    .context("Failed to read from rootfs cpio")?;
-                if n == 0 {
-                    break;
-                }
-                stdin
-                    .write_all(&buf[..n])
-                    .context("Failed to write to stdin")?;
-            }
-            drop(stdin);
-        }
-        let status = status.wait().context("Failed to wait for cpio")?;
-        if !status.success() {
-            bail!("Failed to extract rootfs, cpio returned {status:?}");
-        }
-        let rootfs_hash = hashing_rootfs_cpio.finalize();
-        if &rootfs_hash[..] != expected_rootfs_hash {
-            bail!("Rootfs hash mismatch");
-        }
-        info!("Rootfs hash is valid");
-        fs::write(self.rootfs_dir.join(".rootfs_hash"), rootfs_hash)
-            .context("Failed to write rootfs hash")?;
-        cmd!(umount $cdrom_mnt)?;
-        info!("Rootfs is ready");
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn write_decrypted_env(&self, decrypted_env: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Writing env");
-        fs::write(
-            self.host_shared_copy.join("env"),
-            env_process::convert_env_to_str(decrypted_env),
-        )
-        .context("Failed to write decrypted env file")?;
-        let env_json = fs::File::create(self.host_shared_copy.join("env.json"))
-            .context("Failed to create env file")?;
-        serde_json::to_writer(env_json, &decrypted_env)
-            .context("Failed to write decrypted env file")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn setup_rootfs(&self, nc: &NotifyClient, host_shared: &HostShared) -> Result<()> {
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "loading host-shared").await;
-        let rootfs_hash = &host_shared.vm_config.rootfs_hash;
-        let compose_hash = sha256_file(host_shared.dir.app_compose_file())?;
-        let truncated_compose_hash = truncate(&compose_hash, 20);
-        let kms_enabled = host_shared.app_compose.kms_enabled();
-        let ca_cert_hash = if kms_enabled {
-            sha256_file(host_shared.dir.kms_ca_cert_file())?
-        } else {
-            sha256(b"")
-        };
-
-        let mut instance_info = host_shared.instance_info.clone();
-        let is_bootstrapped = instance_info.is_bootstrapped();
-
-        if instance_info.app_id.is_empty() {
-            instance_info.app_id = truncated_compose_hash.to_vec();
-        }
-
-        let disk_reusable = kms_enabled || !self.rootfs_encryption;
-        if (!disk_reusable) || instance_info.instance_id.is_empty() {
-            instance_info.instance_id = {
-                let mut rand_id = vec![0u8; 20];
-                getrandom::getrandom(&mut rand_id)?;
-                rand_id.extend_from_slice(&instance_info.app_id);
-                sha256(&rand_id)[..20].to_vec()
-            };
-        }
-        if !kms_enabled && instance_info.app_id != truncated_compose_hash {
-            bail!("App upgrade is not supported without KMS");
-        }
-
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "extending RTMRs").await;
-
-        extend_rtmr3("rootfs-hash", rootfs_hash)?;
-        extend_rtmr3("app-id", &instance_info.app_id)?;
-        extend_rtmr3("compose-hash", &compose_hash)?;
-        extend_rtmr3("ca-cert-hash", &ca_cert_hash)?;
-        extend_rtmr3("instance-id", &instance_info.instance_id)?;
-
-        // Show the RTMR
-        cmd_show()?;
-
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "requesting app keys").await;
-
-        let app_keys = self.request_app_keys(host_shared).await?;
-        if app_keys.disk_crypt_key.is_empty() {
-            bail!("Failed to get valid key phrase from KMS");
-        }
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "decrypting env").await;
-        // Decrypt env file
-        let decrypted_env =
-            self.decrypt_env_vars(&app_keys.env_crypt_key, &host_shared.encrypted_env)?;
-        if is_bootstrapped {
-            nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "mounting rootfs").await;
-            self.mount_rootfs(host_shared, &app_keys.disk_crypt_key, nc)
-                .await?;
-        } else {
-            nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "initializing rootfs").await;
-            self.bootstrap_rootfs(host_shared, &app_keys.disk_crypt_key, &instance_info, nc)
-                .await?;
-        }
-        self.write_decrypted_env(&decrypted_env)?;
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "rootfs ready").await;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub async fn cmd_setup_fde(args: SetupFdeArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    let host_shared = args.copy_host_shared()?;
-    let nc = NotifyClient::new(host_shared.vm_config.host_api_url.clone());
-    match args.setup_rootfs(&nc, &host_shared).await {
-        Ok(_) => Ok(()),
-        Err(err) => {
-            nc.notify_q("boot.error", &format!("{err:?}")).await;
-            Err(err)
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/fde_setup/env_process.rs b/tdxctl/src/fde_setup/env_process.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cb5ffcc12..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/fde_setup/env_process.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use serde::Deserialize;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
-
-fn escape_value(v: &str) -> String {
-    let mut needs_quotes = false;
-    let mut escaped = String::with_capacity(v.len());
-
-    // Check if we need quotes (spaces or special chars)
-    if v.chars().any(|c| " \t|&;<>()$`\\\"'\n".contains(c)) {
-        needs_quotes = true;
-    }
-
-    // Escape special characters
-    for c in v.chars() {
-        match c {
-            '\n' => escaped.push_str("\\n"),
-            '"' => escaped.push_str("\\\""),
-            '$' => escaped.push_str("\\$"),
-            '`' => escaped.push_str("\\`"),
-            _ => escaped.push(c),
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Wrap in quotes if needed
-    if needs_quotes {
-        format!("\"{}\"", escaped)
-    } else {
-        escaped
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-struct Pair {
-    key: String,
-    value: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-struct Data {
-    env: Vec<Pair>,
-}
-
-pub fn parse_env(decrypted_json: &[u8]) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, String>> {
-    const MAX_ITEMS: usize = 1024;
-    const MAX_TOTAL_SIZE: usize = 1024 * 1024;
-
-    let data: Data = serde_json::from_slice(decrypted_json).context("Failed to parse env")?;
-
-    if data.env.len() > MAX_ITEMS {
-        bail!("Too many environment variables: {}", data.env.len());
-    }
-
-    const KEY_REGEX: &str = r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$";
-    let key_regex = regex::Regex::new(KEY_REGEX)
-        .context("Failed to compile environment key validation regex")?;
-
-    let mut env = BTreeMap::new();
-    let mut total_size = 0;
-
-    for Pair { key, value } in data.env {
-        // Check key length (common Linux limit is 255)
-        if key.len() > 255 {
-            bail!("Environment variable name too long: {}", key);
-        }
-
-        // Check value length (common Linux limit is around 128KB)
-        if value.len() > 128 * 1024 {
-            bail!("Environment variable value too long for key: {}", key);
-        }
-
-        // validate key
-        if !key_regex.is_match(&key) {
-            bail!("Invalid env key: {}", key);
-        }
-
-        total_size += key.len() + value.len();
-        if total_size > MAX_TOTAL_SIZE {
-            bail!("Environment variables total size too large");
-        }
-        env.insert(key, value);
-    }
-    Ok(env)
-}
-
-pub fn convert_env_to_str(parsed_env: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> String {
-    #[allow(clippy::format_collect)]
-    parsed_env
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(key, value)| format!("{}={}\n", key, escape_value(value)))
-        .collect()
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_escape_value() {
-        assert_eq!(escape_value("simple"), "simple");
-        assert_eq!(escape_value("hello world"), "\"hello world\"");
-        assert_eq!(escape_value("say \"hello\""), "\"say \\\"hello\\\"\"");
-        assert_eq!(escape_value("line1\nline2"), "\"line1\\nline2\"");
-        assert_eq!(escape_value("price=$100"), "\"price=\\$100\"");
-        assert_eq!(escape_value("command=`date`"), "\"command=\\`date\\`\"");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/main.rs b/tdxctl/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a2f960a1..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,436 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
-use fde_setup::{cmd_setup_fde, SetupFdeArgs};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use getrandom::getrandom;
-use notify_client::NotifyClient;
-use ra_tls::{attestation::QuoteContentType, cert::CaCert};
-use scale::Decode;
-use std::{
-    io::{self, Read, Write},
-    path::PathBuf,
-};
-use tboot::TbootArgs;
-use tdx_attest as att;
-use tracing::error;
-use utils::extend_rtmr;
-
-mod crypto;
-mod fde_setup;
-mod notify_client;
-mod tboot;
-mod utils;
-
-/// TDX control utility
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about)]
-struct Cli {
-    #[clap(subcommand)]
-    command: Commands,
-}
-
-#[derive(Subcommand)]
-enum Commands {
-    /// Get TDX report given report data from stdin
-    Report,
-    /// Generate a TDX quote given report data from stdin
-    Quote,
-    /// Extend RTMRs
-    Extend(ExtendArgs),
-    /// Show the current RTMR state
-    Show,
-    /// Hex encode data
-    Hex(HexCommand),
-    /// Generate a RA-TLS certificate
-    GenRaCert(GenRaCertArgs),
-    /// Generate a CA certificate
-    GenCaCert(GenCaCertArgs),
-    /// Generate app keys for an Tapp
-    GenAppKeys(GenAppKeysArgs),
-    /// Generate random data
-    Rand(RandArgs),
-    /// Setup Disk Encryption
-    SetupFde(SetupFdeArgs),
-    /// Boot the Tapp
-    Tboot(TbootArgs),
-    /// Notify the host about the Tapp
-    NotifyHost(HostNotifyArgs),
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Hex encode data
-struct HexCommand {
-    #[clap(value_parser)]
-    /// filename to hex encode
-    filename: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Extend RTMR
-struct ExtendArgs {
-    #[clap(short = 'i', long, default_value_t = 3)]
-    /// RTMR index (default: 3)
-    index: u32,
-
-    #[clap(short = 't', long, default_value_t = 1)]
-    /// event type (default: 1)
-    event_type: u32,
-
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    /// event name
-    event: String,
-
-    #[clap(short, long)]
-    /// hex encoded payload of the event
-    payload: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Generate a certificate
-struct GenRaCertArgs {
-    /// CA certificate used to sign the RA certificate
-    #[arg(long)]
-    ca_cert: PathBuf,
-
-    /// CA private key used to sign the RA certificate
-    #[arg(long)]
-    ca_key: PathBuf,
-
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    /// file path to store the certificate
-    cert_path: PathBuf,
-
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    /// file path to store the private key
-    key_path: PathBuf,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Generate CA certificate
-struct GenCaCertArgs {
-    /// path to store the certificate
-    #[arg(long)]
-    cert: PathBuf,
-    /// path to store the private key
-    #[arg(long)]
-    key: PathBuf,
-    /// CA level
-    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 1)]
-    ca_level: u8,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Generate app keys
-struct GenAppKeysArgs {
-    /// CA level
-    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 1)]
-    ca_level: u8,
-
-    /// path to store the app keys
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    output: PathBuf,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Generate random data
-struct RandArgs {
-    /// number of bytes to generate
-    #[arg(short = 'n', long, default_value_t = 20)]
-    bytes: usize,
-
-    /// output to file
-    #[arg(short = 'o', long)]
-    output: Option<String>,
-
-    /// hex encode output
-    #[arg(short = 'x', long)]
-    hex: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Test app feature. Print "true" if the feature is supported, otherwise print "false".
-struct TestAppFeatureArgs {
-    /// path to the app keys
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    feature: String,
-
-    /// path to the app compose file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    compose: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Notify the host about the Tapp
-struct HostNotifyArgs {
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    url: Option<String>,
-    /// event name
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    event: String,
-    /// event payload
-    #[arg(short = 'd', long)]
-    payload: String,
-}
-
-fn cmd_quote() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut report_data = [0; 64];
-    io::stdin()
-        .read_exact(&mut report_data)
-        .context("Failed to read report data")?;
-    let (_key_id, quote) = att::get_quote(&report_data, None).context("Failed to get quote")?;
-    io::stdout()
-        .write_all(&quote)
-        .context("Failed to write quote")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn cmd_extend(extend_args: ExtendArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    let payload = hex::decode(&extend_args.payload).context("Failed to decode payload")?;
-    extend_rtmr(
-        extend_args.index,
-        extend_args.event_type,
-        &extend_args.event,
-        &payload,
-    )
-}
-
-fn cmd_report() -> Result<()> {
-    let mut report_data = [0; 64];
-    io::stdin()
-        .read_exact(&mut report_data)
-        .context("Failed to read report data")?;
-    let report = att::get_report(&report_data).context("Failed to get report")?;
-    io::stdout()
-        .write_all(&report.0)
-        .context("Failed to write report")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn cmd_rand(rand_args: RandArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut data = vec![0u8; rand_args.bytes];
-    getrandom(&mut data).context("Failed to generate random data")?;
-    if rand_args.hex {
-        data = hex::encode(data).into_bytes();
-    }
-    io::stdout()
-        .write_all(&data)
-        .context("Failed to write random data")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[derive(Decode)]
-struct ParsedReport {
-    attributes: [u8; 8],
-    xfam: [u8; 8],
-    mrtd: [u8; 48],
-    mrconfigid: [u8; 48],
-    mrowner: [u8; 48],
-    mrownerconfig: [u8; 48],
-    rtmr0: [u8; 48],
-    rtmr1: [u8; 48],
-    rtmr2: [u8; 48],
-    rtmr3: [u8; 48],
-    servtd_hash: [u8; 48],
-}
-
-impl core::fmt::Debug for ParsedReport {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
-        use hex_fmt::HexFmt as HF;
-
-        f.debug_struct("ParsedReport")
-            .field("attributes", &HF(&self.attributes))
-            .field("xfam", &HF(&self.xfam))
-            .field("mrtd", &HF(&self.mrtd))
-            .field("mrconfigid", &HF(&self.mrconfigid))
-            .field("mrowner", &HF(&self.mrowner))
-            .field("mrownerconfig", &HF(&self.mrownerconfig))
-            .field("rtmr0", &HF(&self.rtmr0))
-            .field("rtmr1", &HF(&self.rtmr1))
-            .field("rtmr2", &HF(&self.rtmr2))
-            .field("rtmr3", &HF(&self.rtmr3))
-            .field("servtd_hash", &HF(&self.servtd_hash))
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-fn cmd_show() -> Result<()> {
-    let report_data = [0; 64];
-    let report = att::get_report(&report_data).context("Failed to get report")?;
-    let parsed_report =
-        ParsedReport::decode(&mut report.0.get(512..).context("Failed to get report")?)
-            .context("Failed to decode report")?;
-    println!("{:#?}", parsed_report);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn cmd_hex(hex_args: HexCommand) -> Result<()> {
-    fn hex_encode_io(io: &mut impl Read) -> Result<()> {
-        loop {
-            let mut buf = [0; 1024];
-            let n = io.read(&mut buf).context("Failed to read from stdin")?;
-            if n == 0 {
-                break;
-            }
-            print!("{}", hex_fmt::HexFmt(&buf[..n]));
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    if let Some(filename) = hex_args.filename {
-        let mut input =
-            fs::File::open(&filename).context(format!("Failed to open {}", filename))?;
-        hex_encode_io(&mut input)?;
-    } else {
-        hex_encode_io(&mut io::stdin())?;
-    };
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn cmd_gen_ra_cert(args: GenRaCertArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
-    use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
-
-    let ca = CaCert::load(&args.ca_cert, &args.ca_key).context("Failed to read CA certificate")?;
-
-    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
-    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
-    let (_, quote) = att::get_quote(&report_data, None).context("Failed to get quote")?;
-    let event_logs = att::eventlog::read_event_logs().context("Failed to read event logs")?;
-    let event_log = serde_json::to_vec(&event_logs).context("Failed to serialize event logs")?;
-    let req = CertRequest::builder()
-        .subject("RA-TLS TEMP Cert")
-        .quote(&quote)
-        .event_log(&event_log)
-        .key(&key)
-        .build();
-    let cert = ca.sign(req).context("Failed to sign certificate")?;
-
-    fs::write(&args.cert_path, cert.pem()).context("Failed to write certificate")?;
-    fs::write(&args.key_path, key.serialize_pem()).context("Failed to write private key")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn cmd_gen_ca_cert(args: GenCaCertArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
-    use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
-
-    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
-    let report_data = QuoteContentType::KmsRootCa.to_report_data(&pubkey);
-    let (_, quote) = att::get_quote(&report_data, None).context("Failed to get quote")?;
-    let event_logs = att::eventlog::read_event_logs().context("Failed to read event logs")?;
-    let event_log = serde_json::to_vec(&event_logs).context("Failed to serialize event logs")?;
-
-    let req = CertRequest::builder()
-        .subject("App Root CA")
-        .quote(&quote)
-        .event_log(&event_log)
-        .key(&key)
-        .ca_level(args.ca_level)
-        .build();
-
-    let cert = req
-        .self_signed()
-        .context("Failed to self-sign certificate")?;
-    fs::write(&args.cert, cert.pem()).context("Failed to write certificate")?;
-    fs::write(&args.key, key.serialize_pem()).context("Failed to write private key")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn cmd_gen_app_keys(args: GenAppKeysArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    use ra_tls::cert::CertRequest;
-    use ra_tls::rcgen::{KeyPair, PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256};
-
-    let key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let disk_key = KeyPair::generate_for(&PKCS_ECDSA_P256_SHA256)?;
-    let pubkey = key.public_key_der();
-    let report_data = QuoteContentType::RaTlsCert.to_report_data(&pubkey);
-    let (_, quote) = att::get_quote(&report_data, None).context("Failed to get quote")?;
-    let event_logs = att::eventlog::read_event_logs().context("Failed to read event logs")?;
-    let event_log = serde_json::to_vec(&event_logs).context("Failed to serialize event logs")?;
-    let req = CertRequest::builder()
-        .subject("App Root Cert")
-        .quote(&quote)
-        .event_log(&event_log)
-        .key(&key)
-        .ca_level(args.ca_level)
-        .build();
-    let cert = req
-        .self_signed()
-        .context("Failed to self-sign certificate")?;
-
-    let app_keys = serde_json::json!({
-        "app_key": key.serialize_pem(),
-        "disk_crypt_key": sha256(&disk_key.serialize_der()),
-        "certificate_chain": vec![cert.pem()],
-    });
-    let app_keys = serde_json::to_string(&app_keys).context("Failed to serialize app keys")?;
-    fs::write(&args.output, app_keys).context("Failed to write app keys")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn cmd_notify_host(args: HostNotifyArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    let client = NotifyClient::load_or_default(args.url)?;
-    client.notify(&args.event, &args.payload).await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn sha256(data: &[u8]) -> String {
-    use sha2::Digest;
-    let mut sha256 = sha2::Sha256::new();
-    sha256.update(data);
-    hex::encode(sha256.finalize())
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-
-    let cli = Cli::parse();
-
-    match cli.command {
-        Commands::Report => cmd_report()?,
-        Commands::Quote => cmd_quote()?,
-        Commands::Show => cmd_show()?,
-        Commands::Extend(extend_args) => {
-            cmd_extend(extend_args)?;
-        }
-        Commands::Hex(hex_args) => {
-            cmd_hex(hex_args)?;
-        }
-        Commands::GenRaCert(args) => {
-            cmd_gen_ra_cert(args)?;
-        }
-        Commands::Rand(rand_args) => {
-            cmd_rand(rand_args)?;
-        }
-        Commands::GenCaCert(args) => {
-            cmd_gen_ca_cert(args)?;
-        }
-        Commands::GenAppKeys(args) => {
-            cmd_gen_app_keys(args)?;
-        }
-        Commands::SetupFde(args) => {
-            cmd_setup_fde(args).await?;
-        }
-        Commands::Tboot(args) => {
-            if let Err(err) = tboot::tboot(&args).await {
-                error!("{:?}", err);
-                if args.shutdown_on_fail {
-                    cmd!(systemctl poweroff)?;
-                }
-                bail!("Failed to boot the Tapp");
-            }
-        }
-        Commands::NotifyHost(args) => {
-            cmd_notify_host(args).await?;
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/notify_client.rs b/tdxctl/src/notify_client.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index ae2d227d5..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/notify_client.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-use crate::utils::{deserialize_json_file, LocalConfig};
-use anyhow::Result;
-use host_api::{
-    client::{new_client, DefaultClient},
-    Notification,
-};
-use tracing::warn;
-
-pub(crate) struct NotifyClient {
-    client: DefaultClient,
-}
-
-impl Default for NotifyClient {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new("".into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl NotifyClient {
-    pub fn new(base_url: String) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            client: new_client(base_url),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn load_or_default(url: Option<String>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let url = match url {
-            Some(url) => url,
-            None => {
-                let local_config: LocalConfig = deserialize_json_file("/tapp/config.json")?;
-                local_config.host_api_url.clone()
-            }
-        };
-        Ok(Self::new(url))
-    }
-
-    pub async fn notify(&self, event: &str, payload: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.client
-            .notify(Notification {
-                event: event.to_string(),
-                payload: payload.to_string(),
-            })
-            .await?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn notify_q(&self, event: &str, payload: &str) {
-        if let Err(err) = self.notify(event, payload).await {
-            warn!("Failed to notify event {event} to host: {:?}", err);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/tboot.rs b/tdxctl/src/tboot.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ebe03435..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/tboot.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,296 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use clap::Parser;
-use cmd_lib::run_fun as cmd;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use ra_rpc::client::RaClient;
-use serde_json::Value;
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, io::Write};
-use tproxy_rpc::{tproxy_client::TproxyClient, RegisterCvmRequest};
-use tracing::info;
-
-use crate::{
-    cmd_gen_ra_cert,
-    notify_client::NotifyClient,
-    utils::{deserialize_json_file, AppCompose, AppKeys, LocalConfig},
-    GenRaCertArgs,
-};
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-/// Boot the Tapp
-pub(crate) struct TbootArgs {
-    /// shutdown if the tboot fails
-    #[arg(long)]
-    pub(crate) shutdown_on_fail: bool,
-    /// Source directory
-    #[arg(short, long, default_value = "")]
-    prefix: String,
-}
-
-impl TbootArgs {
-    pub(crate) fn resolve(&self, path: &str) -> String {
-        format!("{}/{}", self.prefix, path)
-    }
-}
-
-struct Setup<'a> {
-    args: &'a TbootArgs,
-    local_config: LocalConfig,
-    app_compose: AppCompose,
-    app_keys: AppKeys,
-    encrypted_env: BTreeMap<String, String>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Setup<'a> {
-    fn load(args: &'a TbootArgs) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            args,
-            local_config: deserialize_json_file(args.resolve("/tapp/config.json"))
-                .context("Failed to read config.json")?,
-            app_compose: deserialize_json_file(args.resolve("/tapp/app-compose.json"))
-                .context("Failed to read app-compose.json")?,
-            app_keys: deserialize_json_file(args.resolve("/tapp/appkeys.json"))
-                .context("Failed to read appkeys.json")?,
-            encrypted_env: deserialize_json_file(args.resolve("/tapp/env.json"))
-                .context("Failed to read env.json")?,
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn resolve(&self, path: &str) -> String {
-        self.args.resolve(path)
-    }
-
-    async fn setup(&self, nc: &NotifyClient) -> Result<()> {
-        self.prepare_certs()?;
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "setting up tproxy net").await;
-        self.setup_tappd_config()?;
-        self.setup_tproxy_net().await?;
-        nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "setting up docker").await;
-        self.setup_docker_registry()?;
-        self.setup_docker_account()?;
-        self.prepare_docker_compose()?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn setup_tproxy_net(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        if !self.app_compose.tproxy_enabled() {
-            info!("tproxy is not enabled");
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        info!("Setting up tproxy network");
-        // Generate WireGuard keys
-        let sk = cmd!(wg genkey)?;
-        let pk = cmd!(echo $sk | wg pubkey).or(Err(anyhow!("Failed to generate public key")))?;
-
-        // Read config and make API call
-        let tproxy_url = self
-            .local_config
-            .tproxy_url
-            .as_ref()
-            .context("Missing tproxy_url")?;
-
-        let url = format!("{}/prpc", tproxy_url);
-        let client = RaClient::new_mtls(
-            url,
-            fs::read_to_string(self.resolve("/etc/tappd/ca.cert"))?,
-            fs::read_to_string(self.resolve("/etc/tappd/tls.cert"))?,
-            fs::read_to_string(self.resolve("/etc/tappd/tls.key"))?,
-        )?;
-        let tproxy_client = TproxyClient::new(client);
-        let response = tproxy_client
-            .register_cvm(RegisterCvmRequest {
-                client_public_key: pk.to_string(),
-            })
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to register CVM")?;
-        let wg_info = response.wg.context("Missing wg info")?;
-        let _tappd_info = response.tappd.context("Missing tappd info")?;
-
-        let client_ip = &wg_info.client_ip;
-        let server_endpoint = &wg_info.server_endpoint;
-        let server_public_key = &wg_info.server_public_key;
-        let server_ip = &wg_info.server_ip;
-
-        // Create WireGuard config
-        fs::create_dir_all(self.resolve("/etc/wireguard"))?;
-        let wg_listen_port = "9182";
-        let config = format!(
-            "[Interface]\n\
-            PrivateKey = {sk}\n\
-            ListenPort = {wg_listen_port}\n\
-            Address = {client_ip}/32\n\n\
-            [Peer]\n\
-            PublicKey = {server_public_key}\n\
-            AllowedIPs = {server_ip}/32\n\
-            Endpoint = {server_endpoint}\n\
-            PersistentKeepalive = 25\n"
-        );
-        fs::write(self.resolve("/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf"), config)?;
-        // Add iptables rule to only allow packets from the WireGuard endpoint
-        let endpoint_ip = server_endpoint
-            .split(':')
-            .next()
-            .context("Invalid wireguard endpoint")?;
-        cmd!(iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport $wg_listen_port ! -s $endpoint_ip -j DROP)?;
-
-        info!("Starting WireGuard");
-        cmd!(wg-quick up wg0)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn prepare_certs(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Preparing certs");
-        if fs::metadata(self.resolve("/etc/tappd")).is_ok() {
-            fs::remove_dir_all(self.resolve("/etc/tappd"))?;
-        }
-        fs::create_dir_all(self.resolve("/etc/tappd"))?;
-
-        if self.app_keys.app_key.is_empty() {
-            bail!("Invalid app_key");
-        }
-        fs::write(
-            self.resolve("/etc/tappd/app-ca.key"),
-            &self.app_keys.app_key,
-        )?;
-
-        let kms_ca_cert = self.resolve("/tapp/certs/ca.cert");
-        if fs::metadata(&kms_ca_cert).is_ok() {
-            fs::copy(kms_ca_cert, self.resolve("/etc/tappd/ca.cert"))?;
-        } else {
-            // symbolic link the app-ca.cert to ca.cert
-            fs::os::unix::fs::symlink(
-                self.resolve("/etc/tappd/app-ca.cert"),
-                self.resolve("/etc/tappd/ca.cert"),
-            )?;
-        }
-
-        let cert_chain_str = self.app_keys.certificate_chain.join("\n");
-        fs::write(self.resolve("/etc/tappd/app-ca.cert"), cert_chain_str)?;
-
-        cmd_gen_ra_cert(GenRaCertArgs {
-            ca_key: self.resolve("/etc/tappd/app-ca.key").into(),
-            ca_cert: self.resolve("/etc/tappd/app-ca.cert").into(),
-            cert_path: self.resolve("/etc/tappd/tls.cert").into(),
-            key_path: self.resolve("/etc/tappd/tls.key").into(),
-        })
-        .context("Failed to generate RA cert")?;
-
-        let mut tls_cert = fs::OpenOptions::new()
-            .append(true)
-            .open(self.resolve("/etc/tappd/tls.cert"))?;
-        tls_cert.write_all(&fs::read(self.resolve("/etc/tappd/app-ca.cert"))?)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn setup_tappd_config(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Setting up tappd config");
-        let config = serde_json::json!({
-            "default": {
-                "core": {
-                    "app_name": self.app_compose.name,
-                    "public_logs": self.app_compose.public_logs,
-                    "public_sysinfo": self.app_compose.public_sysinfo,
-                }
-            }
-        });
-        let tappd_config = self.resolve("/etc/tappd/tappd.json");
-        fs::write(tappd_config, serde_json::to_string_pretty(&config)?)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn setup_docker_registry(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Setting up docker registry");
-        let registry_url = self
-            .app_compose
-            .docker_config
-            .registry
-            .as_deref()
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        let registry_url = if registry_url.is_empty() {
-            self.local_config
-                .docker_registry
-                .as_deref()
-                .unwrap_or_default()
-        } else {
-            registry_url
-        };
-        if registry_url.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        info!("Docker registry: {}", registry_url);
-        const DAEMON_ENV_FILE: &str = "/etc/docker/daemon.json";
-        let mut daemon_env: Value = if fs::metadata(DAEMON_ENV_FILE).is_ok() {
-            let daemon_env = fs::read_to_string(DAEMON_ENV_FILE)?;
-            serde_json::from_str(&daemon_env).context("Failed to parse daemon.json")?
-        } else {
-            serde_json::json!({})
-        };
-        if !daemon_env.is_object() {
-            bail!("Invalid daemon.json");
-        }
-        daemon_env["registry-mirrors"] =
-            Value::Array(vec![serde_json::Value::String(registry_url.to_string())]);
-        fs::write(DAEMON_ENV_FILE, serde_json::to_string(&daemon_env)?)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn setup_docker_account(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Setting up docker account");
-        let username = self
-            .app_compose
-            .docker_config
-            .username
-            .as_deref()
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        if username.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let token_key = self
-            .app_compose
-            .docker_config
-            .token_key
-            .as_deref()
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        if token_key.is_empty() {
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let token = self
-            .encrypted_env
-            .get(token_key)
-            .with_context(|| format!("Missing token for {username}"))?;
-        if token.is_empty() {
-            bail!("Missing token for {username}");
-        }
-        cmd!(docker login -u $username -p $token)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn prepare_docker_compose(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Preparing docker compose");
-        if self.app_compose.runner == "docker-compose" {
-            let docker_compose = self
-                .app_compose
-                .docker_compose_file
-                .as_ref()
-                .context("Missing docker_compose_file")?;
-            fs::write(self.resolve("/tapp/docker-compose.yaml"), docker_compose)?;
-        } else {
-            bail!("Unsupported runner: {}", self.app_compose.runner);
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub async fn tboot(args: &TbootArgs) -> Result<()> {
-    let nc = NotifyClient::load_or_default(None).unwrap_or_default();
-    if let Err(err) = tboot_inner(args, &nc).await {
-        nc.notify_q("boot.error", &format!("{err:?}")).await;
-        return Err(err);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub async fn tboot_inner(args: &TbootArgs, nc: &NotifyClient) -> Result<()> {
-    nc.notify_q("boot.progress", "enter system").await;
-    Setup::load(args)?.setup(nc).await?;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/tdxctl/src/utils.rs b/tdxctl/src/utils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d1f5583f..000000000
--- a/tdxctl/src/utils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    io::{self, Read},
-    path::Path,
-};
-
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize};
-use serde_human_bytes as hex_bytes;
-use sha2::{digest::Output, Digest};
-use tdx_attest as att;
-
-/// This code is not defined in the TCG specification.
-/// See https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/PC-ClientSpecific_Platform_Profile_for_TPM_2p0_Systems_v51.pdf
-const DSTACK_EVENT_TAG: u32 = 0x08000001;
-
-pub fn deserialize_json_file<T: DeserializeOwned>(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<T> {
-    let data = fs::read_to_string(path).context("Failed to read file")?;
-    serde_json::from_str(&data).context("Failed to parse json")
-}
-
-pub fn sha256(data: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
-    use sha2::Digest;
-    let mut sha256 = sha2::Sha256::new();
-    sha256.update(data);
-    sha256.finalize().into()
-}
-
-pub fn sha256_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<[u8; 32]> {
-    let data = fs::read(path).context("Failed to read file")?;
-    Ok(sha256(&data))
-}
-
-pub struct HashingFile<H, F> {
-    file: F,
-    hasher: H,
-}
-
-impl<H: Digest, F: Read> Read for HashingFile<H, F> {
-    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        let bytes_read = self.file.read(buf)?;
-        self.hasher.update(&buf[..bytes_read]);
-        Ok(bytes_read)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<H: Digest, F> HashingFile<H, F> {
-    pub fn new(file: F) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            file,
-            hasher: H::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn finalize(self) -> Output<H> {
-        self.hasher.finalize()
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn extend_rtmr3(event: &str, payload: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-    extend_rtmr(3, DSTACK_EVENT_TAG, event, payload)
-}
-
-pub fn extend_rtmr(index: u32, event_type: u32, event: &str, payload: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-    let log =
-        att::eventlog::TdxEventLog::new(index, event_type, event.to_string(), payload.to_vec());
-    att::extend_rtmr(index, event_type, log.digest).context("Failed to extend RTMR")?;
-    let hexed_payload = hex::encode(payload);
-    let hexed_digest = hex_fmt::HexFmt(&log.digest);
-    println!("Extended RTMR{index}: event={event}, payload={hexed_payload}, digest={hexed_digest}");
-    att::log_rtmr_event(&log).context("Failed to log RTMR extending event")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
-#[allow(unused)]
-pub struct AppCompose {
-    pub manifest_version: u32,
-    pub name: String,
-    // Deprecated
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub features: Vec<String>,
-    pub runner: String,
-    pub docker_compose_file: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub docker_config: DockerConfig,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub public_logs: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub public_sysinfo: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub kms_enabled: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub tproxy_enabled: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Debug, Default)]
-pub struct DockerConfig {
-    /// The URL of the Docker registry.
-    pub registry: Option<String>,
-    /// The username of the registry account.
-    pub username: Option<String>,
-    /// The key of the encrypted environment variables for registry account token.
-    pub token_key: Option<String>,
-}
-
-impl AppCompose {
-    fn feature_enabled(&self, feature: &str) -> bool {
-        self.features.contains(&feature.to_string())
-    }
-
-    pub fn tproxy_enabled(&self) -> bool {
-        self.tproxy_enabled || self.feature_enabled("tproxy-net")
-    }
-
-    pub fn kms_enabled(&self) -> bool {
-        self.kms_enabled || self.feature_enabled("kms")
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
-pub struct LocalConfig {
-    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes")]
-    pub rootfs_hash: Vec<u8>,
-    pub kms_url: Option<String>,
-    pub tproxy_url: Option<String>,
-    pub docker_registry: Option<String>,
-    pub host_api_url: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
-pub struct AppKeys {
-    pub app_key: String,
-    pub disk_crypt_key: String,
-    #[serde(with = "hex_bytes", default)]
-    pub env_crypt_key: Vec<u8>,
-    pub certificate_chain: Vec<String>,
-}
diff --git a/teepod/Cargo.toml b/teepod/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 23193e10b..000000000
--- a/teepod/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "teepod"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["mtls"] }
-rocket-vsock-listener = { workspace = true }
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber = { workspace = true, features = ["env-filter"] }
-anyhow.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-shared_child.workspace = true
-bon.workspace = true
-uuid = { workspace = true, features = ["v4"] }
-sha2.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-fs-err.workspace = true
-dirs.workspace = true
-which.workspace = true
-clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "string"] }
-humantime.workspace = true
-strip-ansi-escapes.workspace = true
-tailf.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-git-version.workspace = true
-rocket-apitoken.workspace = true
-
-supervisor-client.workspace = true
-ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["client", "rocket"] }
-teepod-rpc.workspace = true
-kms-rpc.workspace = true
-path-absolutize.workspace = true
-host-api.workspace = true
-safe-write.workspace = true
-guest-api = { workspace = true, features = ["client"] }
-load_config.workspace = true
diff --git a/teepod/rpc/Cargo.toml b/teepod/rpc/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 40e544f09..000000000
--- a/teepod/rpc/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "teepod-rpc"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-prpc.workspace = true
-prost.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-
-[build-dependencies]
-prpc-build.workspace = true
diff --git a/teepod/rpc/build.rs b/teepod/rpc/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c3b27eee..000000000
--- a/teepod/rpc/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    prpc_build::configure()
-        .out_dir("./src/generated")
-        .mod_prefix("super::")
-        .build_scale_ext(false)
-        .disable_package_emission()
-        .enable_serde_extension()
-        .compile_dir("./proto")
-        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
-}
diff --git a/teepod/rpc/proto/teepod_rpc.proto b/teepod/rpc/proto/teepod_rpc.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index ad9423f52..000000000
--- a/teepod/rpc/proto/teepod_rpc.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,193 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-package teepod;
-// Information about a Virtual Machine (VM)
-message VmInfo {
-  // Unique identifier for the VM
-  string id = 1;
-  // Name of the VM
-  string name = 2;
-  // Current status of the VM (e.g., running, stopped)
-  string status = 3;
-  // Uptime in human-readable format
-  string uptime = 4;
-  // URL to the Tappd console
-  optional string app_url = 5;
-  // App ID
-  string app_id = 6;
-  // Instance ID
-  optional string instance_id = 7;
-  // Configuration of the VM
-  VmConfiguration configuration = 8;
-  // Exit time
-  optional string exited_at = 9;
-  // Boot progress
-  string boot_progress = 10;
-  // Boot error
-  string boot_error = 11;
-  // Shutdown progress
-  string shutdown_progress = 12;
-  // Image version
-  string image_version = 13;
-}
-
-message Id {
-  // Unique identifier for the VM
-  string id = 1;
-}
-
-// Message for creating a VM request
-message VmConfiguration {
-  // Name of the VM
-  string name = 1;
-  // Image to be used for the VM
-  string image = 2;
-  // Compose file to be used for the VM
-  string compose_file = 3;
-  // Number of vCPUs
-  uint32 vcpu = 4;
-  // Memory in MB
-  uint32 memory = 5;
-  // Disk size in GB
-  uint32 disk_size = 6;
-  // Port mapping
-  repeated PortMapping ports = 7;
-  // Encrypted environment variables
-  bytes encrypted_env = 8;
-  // App ID.
-  // If not provided, it assumes the app is newly created.
-  // If provided, and KMS is enabled, it assumes the app is upgraded from given app_id.
-  // If provided, and KMS is disabled, it must equal to the actual app_id computed from compose_file, or the VM will fail to start.
-  optional string app_id = 9;
-}
-
-// Message for port mapping
-message PortMapping {
-  // Protocol
-  string protocol = 1;
-  // Host port
-  uint32 host_port = 2;
-  // VM port
-  uint32 vm_port = 3;
-}
-
-// Message for upgrading an app request
-message UpgradeAppRequest {
-  // ID of the VM
-  string id = 1;
-  // Compose file to be used for the VM
-  string compose_file = 2;
-  // Optional update encrypted environment variables. Leave empty to not update.
-  bytes encrypted_env = 3;
-}
-
-// Message for VM list response
-message StatusResponse {
-  // List of VMs
-  repeated VmInfo vms = 1;
-  // Port mapping enabled
-  bool port_mapping_enabled = 2;
-}
-
-message ImageListResponse {
-  repeated ImageInfo images = 1;
-}
-
-message ImageInfo {
-  string name = 1;
-  string description = 2;
-  string version = 3;
-  bool is_dev = 4;
-}
-
-message AppId {
-  string app_id = 1;
-}
-
-message PublicKeyResponse {
-  bytes public_key = 1;
-}
-
-message GetInfoResponse {
-  bool found = 1;
-  optional VmInfo info = 2;
-}
-
-message ResizeVmRequest {
-  // Unique identifier for the VM
-  string id = 1;
-  // Number of vCPUs
-  optional uint32 vcpu = 2;
-  // Memory in MB
-  optional uint32 memory = 3;
-  // Disk size in GB
-  optional uint32 disk_size = 4;
-  // Image name
-  optional string image = 5;
-}
-
-message KmsSettings {
-  string url = 1;
-}
-
-message TProxySettings {
-  string url = 1;
-  string base_domain = 2;
-  uint32 port = 3;
-  uint32 tappd_port = 4;
-}
-
-message ResourcesSettings {
-  uint32 max_cvm_number = 1; // equals to the cid pool size.
-  uint32 max_allocable_vcpu = 2;
-  uint32 max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 3; // in MB.
-  uint32 max_disk_size_in_gb = 4; // in GB.
-}
-
-message GetMetaResponse {
-  KmsSettings kms = 1;
-  TProxySettings tproxy = 2;
-  ResourcesSettings resources = 3;
-}
-
-message VersionResponse {
-  string version = 1;
-  string rev = 2;
-}
-
-// Service definition for Teepod
-service Teepod {
-  // RPC to create a VM
-  rpc CreateVm(VmConfiguration) returns (Id);
-  // RPC to start a VM
-  rpc StartVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-  // RPC to stop a VM
-  rpc StopVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-  // RPC to remove a VM
-  rpc RemoveVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-  // RPC to upgrade an app
-  rpc UpgradeApp(UpgradeAppRequest) returns (Id);
-  // Shutdown a VM
-  rpc ShutdownVm(Id) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-  // RPC to resize a VM
-  rpc ResizeVm(ResizeVmRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-
-  // RPC to list all VMs
-  rpc Status(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (StatusResponse);
-  // RPC to list all available images
-  rpc ListImages(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ImageListResponse);
-
-  // Get Env encrypt public key
-  rpc GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey(AppId) returns (PublicKeyResponse);
-
-  // Get VM info by ID
-  rpc GetInfo(Id) returns (GetInfoResponse);
-
-  // Get version info of the Teepod
-  rpc Version(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (VersionResponse);
-
-  // Get version info of the Teepod
-  rpc GetMeta(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetMetaResponse);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/teepod/rpc/src/generated.rs b/teepod/rpc/src/generated.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b2741d5e..000000000
--- a/teepod/rpc/src/generated.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub use teepod::*;
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-mod teepod;
diff --git a/teepod/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore b/teepod/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index d6b7ef32c..000000000
--- a/teepod/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-*
-!.gitignore
diff --git a/teepod/rpc/src/lib.rs b/teepod/rpc/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29aad437c..000000000
--- a/teepod/rpc/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub use generated::*;
-
-mod generated;
diff --git a/teepod/src/app.rs b/teepod/src/app.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f315ffd7..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/app.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,461 +0,0 @@
-use crate::config::{Config, Protocol};
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use bon::Builder;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use guest_api::client::DefaultClient as GuestClient;
-use id_pool::IdPool;
-use kms_rpc::kms_client::KmsClient;
-use ra_rpc::client::RaClient;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::net::IpAddr;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard};
-use supervisor_client::SupervisorClient;
-use teepod_rpc::{self as pb, VmConfiguration};
-use tracing::{error, info};
-
-pub use image::{Image, ImageInfo};
-pub use qemu::{VmConfig, VmWorkDir};
-
-mod id_pool;
-mod image;
-mod qemu;
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct PortMapping {
-    pub address: IpAddr,
-    pub protocol: Protocol,
-    pub from: u16,
-    pub to: u16,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Clone, Builder, Debug)]
-pub struct Manifest {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub name: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub vcpu: u32,
-    pub memory: u32,
-    pub disk_size: u32,
-    pub image: String,
-    pub port_map: Vec<PortMapping>,
-    pub created_at_ms: u64,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct App {
-    pub config: Arc<Config>,
-    pub supervisor: SupervisorClient,
-    state: Arc<Mutex<AppState>>,
-}
-
-impl App {
-    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<AppState> {
-        self.state.lock().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn vm_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.config.run_path.clone()
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn work_dir(&self, id: &str) -> VmWorkDir {
-        VmWorkDir::new(self.config.run_path.join(id))
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(config: Config, supervisor: SupervisorClient) -> Self {
-        let cid_start = config.cvm.cid_start;
-        let cid_end = cid_start.saturating_add(config.cvm.cid_pool_size);
-        let cid_pool = IdPool::new(cid_start, cid_end);
-        Self {
-            supervisor: supervisor.clone(),
-            state: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AppState {
-                cid_pool,
-                vms: HashMap::new(),
-            })),
-            config: Arc::new(config),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub async fn load_vm(
-        &self,
-        work_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
-        cids_assigned: &HashMap<String, u32>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let vm_work_dir = VmWorkDir::new(work_dir.as_ref());
-        let manifest = vm_work_dir.manifest().context("Failed to read manifest")?;
-        let todo = "sanitize the image name";
-        let image_path = self.config.image_path.join(&manifest.image);
-        let image = Image::load(&image_path).context("Failed to load image")?;
-        let vm_id = manifest.id.clone();
-        {
-            let mut teapot = self.lock();
-            let cid = teapot
-                .get(&vm_id)
-                .map(|vm| vm.config.cid)
-                .or_else(|| cids_assigned.get(&vm_id).cloned())
-                .or_else(|| teapot.cid_pool.allocate())
-                .context("CID pool exhausted")?;
-            let vm_config = VmConfig {
-                manifest,
-                image,
-                cid,
-                networking: self.config.networking.clone(),
-                workdir: vm_work_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
-            };
-            if vm_config.manifest.disk_size > self.config.cvm.max_disk_size {
-                bail!(
-                    "disk size too large, max size is {}",
-                    self.config.cvm.max_disk_size
-                );
-            }
-            teapot.add(VmState::new(vm_config));
-        };
-        let started = vm_work_dir.started().context("Failed to read VM state")?;
-        if started {
-            self.start_vm(&vm_id).await?;
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn start_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.sync_dynamic_config(id)?;
-        let is_running = self
-            .supervisor
-            .info(id)
-            .await?
-            .map_or(false, |info| info.state.status.is_running());
-        self.set_started(id, true)?;
-        let vm_config = {
-            let mut state = self.lock();
-            let vm_state = state.get_mut(id).context("VM not found")?;
-            // Older images does not support for progress reporting
-            if vm_state.config.image.info.shared_ro {
-                vm_state.state.start(is_running);
-            } else {
-                vm_state.state.reset_na();
-            }
-            vm_state.config.clone()
-        };
-        if !is_running {
-            let work_dir = self.work_dir(id);
-            for path in [work_dir.serial_pty(), work_dir.qmp_socket()] {
-                if path.exists() {
-                    fs::remove_file(path)?;
-                }
-            }
-            let process_config = vm_config.config_qemu(&work_dir, &self.config.cvm)?;
-            self.supervisor
-                .deploy(process_config)
-                .await
-                .with_context(|| format!("Failed to start VM {id}"))?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn set_started(&self, id: &str, started: bool) -> Result<()> {
-        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id);
-        work_dir
-            .set_started(started)
-            .context("Failed to set started")
-    }
-
-    pub async fn stop_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        self.set_started(id, false)?;
-        self.supervisor.stop(id).await?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn remove_vm(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let info = self.supervisor.info(id).await?;
-        let is_running = info.as_ref().map_or(false, |i| i.state.status.is_running());
-        if is_running {
-            bail!("VM is running, stop it first");
-        }
-
-        if let Some(info) = info {
-            if !info.state.status.is_stopped() {
-                self.supervisor.stop(id).await?;
-            }
-            self.supervisor.remove(id).await?;
-        }
-
-        {
-            let mut state = self.lock();
-            if let Some(vm_state) = state.remove(id) {
-                state.cid_pool.free(vm_state.config.cid);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let vm_path = self.work_dir(id);
-        fs::remove_dir_all(&vm_path).context("Failed to remove VM directory")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn reload_vms(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let vm_path = self.vm_dir();
-        let running_vms = self.supervisor.list().await.context("Failed to list VMs")?;
-        let occupied_cids = running_vms
-            .iter()
-            .flat_map(|p| p.config.cid.map(|cid| (p.config.id.clone(), cid)))
-            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
-        {
-            let mut state = self.lock();
-            for cid in occupied_cids.values() {
-                state.cid_pool.occupy(*cid)?;
-            }
-        }
-        if vm_path.exists() {
-            for entry in fs::read_dir(vm_path).context("Failed to read VM directory")? {
-                let entry = entry.context("Failed to read directory entry")?;
-                let vm_path = entry.path();
-                if vm_path.is_dir() {
-                    if let Err(err) = self.load_vm(vm_path, &occupied_cids).await {
-                        error!("Failed to load VM: {err:?}");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn list_vms(&self) -> Result<Vec<pb::VmInfo>> {
-        let vms = self
-            .supervisor
-            .list()
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to list VMs")?
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|p| (p.config.id.clone(), p))
-            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
-
-        let mut infos = self
-            .lock()
-            .iter_vms()
-            .map(|vm| {
-                vm.merged_info(
-                    vms.get(&vm.config.manifest.id),
-                    &self.work_dir(&vm.config.manifest.id),
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        infos.sort_by(|a, b| a.manifest.created_at_ms.cmp(&b.manifest.created_at_ms));
-        let gw = &self.config.gateway;
-
-        let lst = infos.into_iter().map(|info| info.to_pb(gw)).collect();
-        Ok(lst)
-    }
-
-    pub fn list_images(&self) -> Result<Vec<(String, ImageInfo)>> {
-        let image_path = self.config.image_path.clone();
-        let images = fs::read_dir(image_path).context("Failed to read image directory")?;
-        Ok(images
-            .flat_map(|entry| {
-                let path = entry.ok()?.path();
-                let img = Image::load(&path).ok()?;
-                Some((path.file_name()?.to_string_lossy().to_string(), img.info))
-            })
-            .collect())
-    }
-
-    pub async fn vm_info(&self, id: &str) -> Result<Option<pb::VmInfo>> {
-        let proc_state = self.supervisor.info(id).await?;
-        let state = self.lock();
-        let Some(vm_state) = state.get(id) else {
-            return Ok(None);
-        };
-        let info = vm_state
-            .merged_info(proc_state.as_ref(), &self.work_dir(id))
-            .to_pb(&self.config.gateway);
-        Ok(Some(info))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn vm_event_report(&self, cid: u32, event: &str, body: String) -> Result<()> {
-        info!(cid, event, "VM event");
-        if body.len() > 1024 * 4 {
-            error!("Event body too large, skipping");
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let mut state = self.lock();
-        let Some(vm) = state.vms.values_mut().find(|vm| vm.config.cid == cid) else {
-            bail!("VM not found");
-        };
-        match event {
-            "boot.progress" => {
-                vm.state.boot_progress = body;
-            }
-            "boot.error" => {
-                vm.state.boot_error = body;
-            }
-            "shutdown.progress" => {
-                if body == "powering off" {
-                    self.set_started(&vm.config.manifest.id, false)?;
-                }
-                vm.state.shutdown_progress = body;
-            }
-            "instance.info" => {
-                let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(vm.config.workdir.clone());
-                let instancd_info_path = workdir.instance_info_path();
-                safe_write::safe_write(&instancd_info_path, &body)?;
-            }
-            _ => {
-                error!("Guest reported unknown event: {event}");
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn compose_file_path(&self, id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-        self.shared_dir(id).join("app-compose.json")
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn encrypted_env_path(&self, id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-        self.shared_dir(id).join("encrypted-env")
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn shared_dir(&self, id: &str) -> PathBuf {
-        self.config.run_path.join(id).join("shared")
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn prepare_work_dir(&self, id: &str, req: &VmConfiguration) -> Result<VmWorkDir> {
-        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id);
-        let shared_dir = work_dir.join("shared");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&shared_dir).context("Failed to create shared directory")?;
-        fs::write(shared_dir.join("app-compose.json"), &req.compose_file)
-            .context("Failed to write compose file")?;
-        if !req.encrypted_env.is_empty() {
-            fs::write(shared_dir.join("encrypted-env"), &req.encrypted_env)
-                .context("Failed to write encrypted env")?;
-        }
-        let app_id = req.app_id.clone().unwrap_or_default();
-        if !app_id.is_empty() {
-            let instance_info = serde_json::json!({
-                "app_id": app_id,
-            });
-            fs::write(
-                shared_dir.join(".instance_info"),
-                serde_json::to_string(&instance_info)?,
-            )
-            .context("Failed to write vm config")?;
-        }
-        Ok(work_dir)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn sync_dynamic_config(&self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let work_dir = self.work_dir(id);
-        let shared_dir = self.shared_dir(id);
-        let manifest = work_dir.manifest().context("Failed to read manifest")?;
-        let certs_dir = shared_dir.join("certs");
-        fs::create_dir_all(&certs_dir).context("Failed to create certs directory")?;
-        let cfg = &self.config;
-        let image_path = cfg.image_path.join(&manifest.image);
-        let image_info = ImageInfo::load(image_path.join("metadata.json"))
-            .context("Failed to load image info")?;
-        let rootfs_hash = image_info
-            .rootfs_hash
-            .context("Rootfs hash not found in image info")?;
-        let vm_config = serde_json::json!({
-            "rootfs_hash": rootfs_hash,
-            "kms_url": cfg.cvm.kms_url,
-            "tproxy_url": cfg.cvm.tproxy_url,
-            "docker_registry": cfg.cvm.docker_registry,
-            "host_api_url": format!("vsock://2:{}/api", cfg.host_api.port),
-        });
-        let vm_config_str =
-            serde_json::to_string(&vm_config).context("Failed to serialize vm config")?;
-        fs::write(shared_dir.join("config.json"), vm_config_str)
-            .context("Failed to write vm config")?;
-        fs::copy(&cfg.cvm.ca_cert, certs_dir.join("ca.cert")).context("Failed to copy ca cert")?;
-        fs::copy(&cfg.cvm.tmp_ca_cert, certs_dir.join("tmp-ca.cert"))
-            .context("Failed to copy tmp ca cert")?;
-        fs::copy(&cfg.cvm.tmp_ca_key, certs_dir.join("tmp-ca.key"))
-            .context("Failed to copy tmp ca key")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn kms_client(&self) -> Result<KmsClient<RaClient>> {
-        if self.config.kms_url.is_empty() {
-            bail!("KMS is not configured");
-        }
-        let url = format!("{}/prpc", self.config.kms_url);
-        let prpc_client = RaClient::new(url, true);
-        Ok(KmsClient::new(prpc_client))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn tappd_client(&self, id: &str) -> Result<GuestClient> {
-        let cid = self.lock().get(id).context("vm not found")?.config.cid;
-        Ok(guest_api::client::new_client(format!(
-            "vsock://{cid}:8000/api"
-        )))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct VmState {
-    pub(crate) config: Arc<VmConfig>,
-    state: VmStateMut,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-struct VmStateMut {
-    boot_progress: String,
-    boot_error: String,
-    shutdown_progress: String,
-}
-
-impl VmStateMut {
-    pub fn start(&mut self, already_running: bool) {
-        self.boot_progress = if already_running {
-            "running".to_string()
-        } else {
-            "booting".to_string()
-        };
-        self.boot_error.clear();
-        self.shutdown_progress.clear();
-    }
-
-    pub fn reset_na(&mut self) {
-        self.boot_progress = "N/A".to_string();
-        self.shutdown_progress = "N/A".to_string();
-        self.boot_error.clear();
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmState {
-    pub fn new(config: VmConfig) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            config: Arc::new(config),
-            state: VmStateMut::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct AppState {
-    cid_pool: IdPool<u32>,
-    vms: HashMap<String, VmState>,
-}
-
-impl AppState {
-    pub fn add(&mut self, vm: VmState) {
-        self.vms.insert(vm.config.manifest.id.clone(), vm);
-    }
-
-    pub fn get(&self, id: &str) -> Option<&VmState> {
-        self.vms.get(id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn get_mut(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<&mut VmState> {
-        self.vms.get_mut(id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: &str) -> Option<VmState> {
-        self.vms.remove(id)
-    }
-
-    pub fn iter_vms(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &VmState> {
-        self.vms.values()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/app/id_pool.rs b/teepod/src/app/id_pool.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2451e5325..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/app/id_pool.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-use std::collections::BTreeSet;
-
-use anyhow::bail;
-
-macro_rules! impl_numbers {
-    ($($t:ty),*) => {
-        $(impl Number for $t {
-            fn next(&self) -> Option<Self> {
-                (*self).checked_add(1)
-            }
-        })*
-    };
-}
-pub trait Number: Ord + Sized + Clone {
-    fn next(&self) -> Option<Self>;
-}
-impl_numbers!(u8, u16, u32, u64, u128);
-impl_numbers!(i8, i16, i32, i64, i128);
-
-pub struct IdPool<T: Ord = u32> {
-    start: T,
-    end: T,
-    allocated: BTreeSet<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T: Number> IdPool<T> {
-    pub fn new(start: T, end: T) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            start,
-            end,
-            allocated: BTreeSet::new(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn occupy(&mut self, id: T) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-        if self.allocated.insert(id) {
-            Ok(())
-        } else {
-            bail!("id already occupied")
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn allocate(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
-        let mut id = self.start.clone();
-        while let Some(next) = id.next() {
-            if next >= self.end {
-                return None;
-            }
-            if !self.allocated.contains(&next) {
-                self.allocated.insert(next.clone());
-                return Some(next);
-            }
-            id = next;
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
-    pub fn free(&mut self, id: T) {
-        self.allocated.remove(&id);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/app/image.rs b/teepod/src/app/image.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 66f64db3a..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/app/image.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-use fs_err as fs;
-use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct ImageInfo {
-    pub cmdline: Option<String>,
-    pub kernel: String,
-    pub initrd: String,
-    pub hda: Option<String>,
-    pub rootfs: Option<String>,
-    pub bios: Option<String>,
-    pub rootfs_hash: Option<String>,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub shared_ro: bool,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub version: String,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub is_dev: bool,
-}
-
-impl ImageInfo {
-    pub fn load(filename: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let file = fs::File::open(filename.as_ref()).context("failed to open image info")?;
-        let info: ImageInfo =
-            serde_json::from_reader(file).context("failed to parse image info")?;
-        Ok(info)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct Image {
-    pub info: ImageInfo,
-    pub initrd: PathBuf,
-    pub kernel: PathBuf,
-    pub hda: Option<PathBuf>,
-    pub rootfs: Option<PathBuf>,
-    pub bios: Option<PathBuf>,
-}
-
-impl Image {
-    pub fn load(base_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let base_path = base_path.as_ref().absolutize()?;
-        let mut info = ImageInfo::load(base_path.join("metadata.json"))?;
-        let initrd = base_path.join(&info.initrd);
-        let kernel = base_path.join(&info.kernel);
-        let hda = info.hda.as_ref().map(|hda| base_path.join(hda));
-        let rootfs = info.rootfs.as_ref().map(|rootfs| base_path.join(rootfs));
-        let bios = info.bios.as_ref().map(|bios| base_path.join(bios));
-        if info.version.is_empty() {
-            // Older images does not have version field. Fallback to the version of the image folder name
-            info.version = guess_version(&base_path).unwrap_or_default();
-        }
-        Self {
-            info,
-            hda,
-            initrd,
-            kernel,
-            rootfs,
-            bios,
-        }
-        .ensure_exists()
-    }
-
-    fn ensure_exists(self) -> Result<Self> {
-        if !self.initrd.exists() {
-            bail!("Initrd does not exist: {}", self.initrd.display());
-        }
-        if !self.kernel.exists() {
-            bail!("Kernel does not exist: {}", self.kernel.display());
-        }
-        if let Some(hda) = &self.hda {
-            if !hda.exists() {
-                bail!("Hda does not exist: {}", hda.display());
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(rootfs) = &self.rootfs {
-            if !rootfs.exists() {
-                bail!("Rootfs does not exist: {}", rootfs.display());
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(bios) = &self.bios {
-            if !bios.exists() {
-                bail!("Bios does not exist: {}", bios.display());
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-}
-
-fn guess_version(base_path: &Path) -> Option<String> {
-    // name pattern: dstack-dev-0.2.3 or dstack-0.2.3
-    let basename = base_path.file_name()?.to_str()?.to_string();
-    let version = if basename.starts_with("dstack-dev-") {
-        basename.strip_prefix("dstack-dev-")?
-    } else if basename.starts_with("dstack-") {
-        basename.strip_prefix("dstack-")?
-    } else {
-        return None;
-    };
-    Some(version.to_string())
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/app/qemu.rs b/teepod/src/app/qemu.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index eb6c76aed..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/app/qemu.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,408 +0,0 @@
-//! QEMU related code
-use crate::{
-    app::Manifest,
-    config::{CvmConfig, GatewayConfig, Networking},
-};
-use std::{
-    ops::Deref,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    process::Command,
-    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
-};
-
-use super::{image::Image, VmState};
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use bon::Builder;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use supervisor_client::supervisor::{ProcessConfig, ProcessInfo};
-use teepod_rpc as pb;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
-pub struct InstanceInfo {
-    pub instance_id: String,
-}
-
-pub struct VmInfo {
-    pub manifest: Manifest,
-    pub workdir: PathBuf,
-    pub status: &'static str,
-    pub uptime: String,
-    pub exited_at: Option<String>,
-    pub instance_id: Option<String>,
-    pub boot_progress: String,
-    pub boot_error: String,
-    pub shutdown_progress: String,
-    pub image_version: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Builder)]
-pub struct VmConfig {
-    pub manifest: Manifest,
-    pub image: Image,
-    pub cid: u32,
-    pub networking: Networking,
-    pub workdir: PathBuf,
-}
-
-#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct State {
-    started: bool,
-}
-
-fn create_hd(
-    image_file: impl AsRef<Path>,
-    backing_file: Option<impl AsRef<Path>>,
-    size: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut command = Command::new("qemu-img");
-    command.arg("create").arg("-f").arg("qcow2");
-    if let Some(backing_file) = backing_file {
-        command
-            .arg("-o")
-            .arg(format!("backing_file={}", backing_file.as_ref().display()));
-        command.arg("-o").arg("backing_fmt=qcow2");
-    }
-    command.arg(image_file.as_ref());
-    command.arg(size);
-    let output = command.output()?;
-    if !output.status.success() {
-        bail!(
-            "Failed to create disk: {}",
-            String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-        );
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl VmInfo {
-    pub fn to_pb(&self, gw: &GatewayConfig) -> pb::VmInfo {
-        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(&self.workdir);
-        pb::VmInfo {
-            id: self.manifest.id.clone(),
-            name: self.manifest.name.clone(),
-            status: self.status.into(),
-            uptime: self.uptime.clone(),
-            boot_progress: self.boot_progress.clone(),
-            boot_error: self.boot_error.clone(),
-            shutdown_progress: self.shutdown_progress.clone(),
-            image_version: self.image_version.clone(),
-            configuration: Some(pb::VmConfiguration {
-                name: self.manifest.name.clone(),
-                image: self.manifest.image.clone(),
-                compose_file: {
-                    fs::read_to_string(workdir.app_compose_path()).unwrap_or_default()
-                },
-                encrypted_env: { fs::read(workdir.encrypted_env_path()).unwrap_or_default() },
-                vcpu: self.manifest.vcpu,
-                memory: self.manifest.memory,
-                disk_size: self.manifest.disk_size,
-                ports: self
-                    .manifest
-                    .port_map
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|pm| pb::PortMapping {
-                        protocol: pm.protocol.as_str().into(),
-                        host_port: pm.from as u32,
-                        vm_port: pm.to as u32,
-                    })
-                    .collect(),
-                app_id: Some(self.manifest.app_id.clone()),
-            }),
-            app_url: self.instance_id.as_ref().map(|id| {
-                format!(
-                    "https://{id}-{}.{}:{}",
-                    gw.tappd_port, gw.base_domain, gw.port
-                )
-            }),
-            app_id: self.manifest.app_id.clone(),
-            instance_id: self.instance_id.as_deref().map(Into::into),
-            exited_at: self.exited_at.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmState {
-    pub fn merged_info(&self, proc_state: Option<&ProcessInfo>, workdir: &VmWorkDir) -> VmInfo {
-        fn truncate(d: Duration) -> Duration {
-            Duration::from_secs(d.as_secs())
-        }
-        let is_running = match proc_state {
-            Some(info) => info.state.status.is_running(),
-            None => false,
-        };
-        let todo = "more light way to get started";
-        let started = workdir.started().unwrap_or(false);
-        let status = match (started, is_running) {
-            (true, true) => "running",
-            (true, false) => "exited",
-            (false, true) => "stopping",
-            (false, false) => "stopped",
-        };
-
-        fn display_ts(t: Option<&SystemTime>) -> String {
-            match t {
-                None => "never".into(),
-                Some(t) => {
-                    let ts = t.elapsed().unwrap_or(Duration::MAX);
-                    humantime::format_duration(truncate(ts)).to_string()
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        let uptime = display_ts(proc_state.and_then(|info| info.state.started_at.as_ref()));
-        let exited_at = display_ts(proc_state.and_then(|info| info.state.stopped_at.as_ref()));
-        let instance_id = workdir.instance_info().ok().map(|info| info.instance_id);
-        VmInfo {
-            manifest: self.config.manifest.clone(),
-            workdir: workdir.path().to_path_buf(),
-            instance_id,
-            status,
-            uptime,
-            exited_at: Some(exited_at),
-            boot_progress: self.state.boot_progress.clone(),
-            boot_error: self.state.boot_error.clone(),
-            shutdown_progress: self.state.shutdown_progress.clone(),
-            image_version: self.config.image.info.version.clone(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmConfig {
-    pub fn config_qemu(&self, workdir: impl AsRef<Path>, cfg: &CvmConfig) -> Result<ProcessConfig> {
-        let workdir = VmWorkDir::new(workdir);
-        let serial_file = workdir.serial_file();
-        let serial_pty = workdir.serial_pty();
-        let shared_dir = workdir.shared_dir();
-        let disk_size = format!("{}G", self.manifest.disk_size);
-        let hda_path = workdir.hda_path();
-        if !hda_path.exists() {
-            create_hd(&hda_path, self.image.hda.as_ref(), &disk_size)?;
-        }
-        if !shared_dir.exists() {
-            fs::create_dir_all(&shared_dir)?;
-        }
-        let qemu = &cfg.qemu_path;
-        let mut command = Command::new(qemu);
-        command.arg("-accel").arg("kvm");
-        command.arg("-cpu").arg("host");
-        command.arg("-smp").arg(self.manifest.vcpu.to_string());
-        command.arg("-m").arg(format!("{}M", self.manifest.memory));
-        command.arg("-nographic");
-        command.arg("-nodefaults");
-        command.arg("-chardev").arg(format!(
-            "pty,id=com0,path={},logfile={}",
-            serial_pty.display(),
-            serial_file.display()
-        ));
-        command.arg("-serial").arg("chardev:com0");
-        if cfg.qmp_socket {
-            command.arg("-qmp").arg(format!(
-                "unix:{},server,wait=off",
-                workdir.qmp_socket().display()
-            ));
-        }
-        command.arg("-kernel").arg(&self.image.kernel);
-        command.arg("-initrd").arg(&self.image.initrd);
-        command
-            .arg("-drive")
-            .arg(format!("file={},if=none,id=hd0", hda_path.display()))
-            .arg("-device")
-            .arg("virtio-blk-pci,drive=hd0");
-        if let Some(rootfs) = &self.image.rootfs {
-            command.arg("-cdrom").arg(rootfs);
-        }
-        if let Some(bios) = &self.image.bios {
-            command.arg("-bios").arg(bios);
-        }
-        let netdev = match &self.networking {
-            Networking::User(netcfg) => {
-                let mut netdev = format!(
-                    "user,id=net0,net={},dhcpstart={},restrict={}",
-                    netcfg.net,
-                    netcfg.dhcp_start,
-                    if netcfg.restrict { "yes" } else { "no" }
-                );
-                for pm in &self.manifest.port_map {
-                    netdev.push_str(&format!(
-                        ",hostfwd={}:{}:{}-:{}",
-                        pm.protocol.as_str(),
-                        pm.address,
-                        pm.from,
-                        pm.to
-                    ));
-                }
-                netdev
-            }
-            Networking::Custom(netcfg) => netcfg.netdev.clone(),
-        };
-        command.arg("-netdev").arg(netdev);
-        command.arg("-device").arg("virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0");
-
-        command
-            .arg("-machine")
-            .arg("q35,kernel-irqchip=split,confidential-guest-support=tdx,hpet=off");
-        command.arg("-object").arg("tdx-guest,id=tdx");
-        command
-            .arg("-device")
-            .arg(format!("vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid={}", self.cid));
-
-        let ro = if self.image.info.shared_ro {
-            "on"
-        } else {
-            "off"
-        };
-        command.arg("-virtfs").arg(format!(
-            "local,path={},mount_tag=host-shared,readonly={ro},security_model=mapped,id=virtfs0",
-            shared_dir.display(),
-        ));
-        if let Some(cmdline) = &self.image.info.cmdline {
-            command.arg("-append").arg(cmdline);
-        }
-
-        let args = command
-            .get_args()
-            .map(|arg| arg.to_string_lossy().to_string())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let pidfile_path = workdir.pid_file();
-        let stdout_path = workdir.stdout_file();
-        let stderr_path = workdir.stderr_file();
-
-        let workdir = workdir.path();
-        let process_config = ProcessConfig {
-            id: self.manifest.id.clone(),
-            args,
-            name: self.manifest.name.clone(),
-            command: qemu.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            env: Default::default(),
-            cwd: workdir.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            stdout: stdout_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            stderr: stderr_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            pidfile: pidfile_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-            cid: Some(self.cid),
-            note: "".into(),
-        };
-        Ok(process_config)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct VmWorkDir {
-    workdir: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl Deref for VmWorkDir {
-    type Target = PathBuf;
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.workdir
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsRef<Path> for &VmWorkDir {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.workdir.as_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmWorkDir {
-    pub fn new(workdir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            workdir: workdir.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn manifest_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("vm-manifest.json")
-    }
-
-    pub fn state_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("vm-state.json")
-    }
-
-    pub fn manifest(&self) -> Result<Manifest> {
-        let manifest_path = self.manifest_path();
-        let manifest = fs::read_to_string(manifest_path).context("Failed to read manifest")?;
-        let manifest: Manifest =
-            serde_json::from_str(&manifest).context("Failed to parse manifest")?;
-        Ok(manifest)
-    }
-
-    pub fn put_manifest(&self, manifest: &Manifest) -> Result<()> {
-        fs::create_dir_all(&self.workdir).context("Failed to create workdir")?;
-        let manifest_path = self.manifest_path();
-        fs::write(manifest_path, serde_json::to_string(manifest)?)
-            .context("Failed to write manifest")
-    }
-
-    pub fn started(&self) -> Result<bool> {
-        let state_path = self.state_path();
-        if !state_path.exists() {
-            return Ok(false);
-        }
-        let state: State =
-            serde_json::from_str(&fs::read_to_string(state_path).context("Failed to read state")?)
-                .context("Failed to parse state")?;
-        Ok(state.started)
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_started(&self, started: bool) -> Result<()> {
-        let state_path = self.state_path();
-        fs::write(state_path, serde_json::to_string(&State { started })?)
-            .context("Failed to write state")
-    }
-
-    pub fn shared_dir(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("shared")
-    }
-
-    pub fn app_compose_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.shared_dir().join("app-compose.json")
-    }
-
-    pub fn encrypted_env_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.shared_dir().join("encrypted-env")
-    }
-
-    pub fn serial_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("serial.log")
-    }
-
-    pub fn serial_pty(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("serial.pty")
-    }
-
-    pub fn stdout_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("stdout.log")
-    }
-
-    pub fn stderr_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("stderr.log")
-    }
-
-    pub fn pid_file(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("qemu.pid")
-    }
-
-    pub fn hda_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("hda.img")
-    }
-
-    pub fn qmp_socket(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.workdir.join("qmp.sock")
-    }
-
-    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
-        &self.workdir
-    }
-
-    pub fn instance_info_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.shared_dir().join(".instance_info")
-    }
-}
-
-impl VmWorkDir {
-    pub fn instance_info(&self) -> Result<InstanceInfo> {
-        let info_file = self.instance_info_path();
-        let info: InstanceInfo = serde_json::from_slice(&fs::read(&info_file)?)?;
-        Ok(info)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/config.rs b/teepod/src/config.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b5227032a..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/config.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-use std::{net::IpAddr, path::PathBuf, str::FromStr};
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use load_config::load_config;
-use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
-use rocket::figment::Figment;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../teepod.toml");
-pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
-    load_config("teepod", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, false)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
-pub enum Protocol {
-    Tcp,
-    Udp,
-}
-
-impl FromStr for Protocol {
-    type Err = anyhow::Error;
-
-    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        Ok(match s {
-            "tcp" => Protocol::Tcp,
-            "udp" => Protocol::Udp,
-            _ => bail!("Invalid protocol: {s}"),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl Protocol {
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        match self {
-            Protocol::Tcp => "tcp",
-            Protocol::Udp => "udp",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct PortRange {
-    pub protocol: Protocol,
-    pub from: u16,
-    pub to: u16,
-}
-
-impl PortRange {
-    pub fn contains(&self, protocol: &str, port: u16) -> bool {
-        self.protocol.as_str() == protocol && port >= self.from && port <= self.to
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct PortMappingConfig {
-    pub enabled: bool,
-    pub address: IpAddr,
-    pub range: Vec<PortRange>,
-}
-
-impl PortMappingConfig {
-    pub fn is_allowed(&self, protocol: &str, port: u16) -> bool {
-        if !self.enabled {
-            return false;
-        }
-        self.range.iter().any(|r| r.contains(protocol, port))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct CvmConfig {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub qemu_path: PathBuf,
-    pub ca_cert: PathBuf,
-    pub tmp_ca_cert: PathBuf,
-    pub tmp_ca_key: PathBuf,
-    /// The URL of the KMS server
-    pub kms_url: String,
-    /// The URL of the TProxy server
-    pub tproxy_url: String,
-    /// The URL of the Docker registry
-    pub docker_registry: String,
-    /// The maximum disk size in GB
-    pub max_disk_size: u32,
-    /// The start of the CID pool that allocates CIDs to VMs
-    pub cid_start: u32,
-    /// The size of the CID pool that allocates CIDs to VMs
-    pub cid_pool_size: u32,
-    /// Port mapping configuration
-    pub port_mapping: PortMappingConfig,
-    /// Max allocable resources. Not yet implement fully, only for inspect API `GetMeta`
-    pub max_allocable_vcpu: u32,
-    pub max_allocable_memory_in_mb: u32,
-    /// Enable qmp socket
-    pub qmp_socket: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
-pub struct AuthConfig {
-    /// Whether to enable API token authentication
-    pub enabled: bool,
-    /// The API tokens
-    pub tokens: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Deserialize)]
-pub struct SupervisorConfig {
-    pub exe: String,
-    pub sock: String,
-    pub pid_file: String,
-    pub log_file: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct GatewayConfig {
-    pub base_domain: String,
-    pub port: u16,
-    pub tappd_port: u16,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Config {
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub image_path: PathBuf,
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub run_path: PathBuf,
-    /// The URL of the KMS server
-    pub kms_url: String,
-
-    /// CVM configuration
-    pub cvm: CvmConfig,
-    /// Gateway configuration
-    pub gateway: GatewayConfig,
-
-    /// Networking configuration
-    pub networking: Networking,
-
-    /// Authentication configuration
-    pub auth: AuthConfig,
-
-    /// Supervisor configuration
-    pub supervisor: SupervisorConfig,
-
-    /// Host API configuration
-    pub host_api: HostApiConfig,
-}
-
-impl Config {
-    pub fn abs_path(self) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            image_path: self.image_path.absolutize()?.to_path_buf(),
-            run_path: self.run_path.absolutize()?.to_path_buf(),
-            ..self
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-#[serde(tag = "mode", rename_all = "lowercase")]
-pub enum Networking {
-    User(UserNetworking),
-    Custom(CustomNetworking),
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct UserNetworking {
-    pub net: String,
-    pub dhcp_start: String,
-    pub restrict: bool,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct CustomNetworking {
-    pub netdev: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct HostApiConfig {
-    pub address: String,
-    pub port: u32,
-}
-
-impl Config {
-    pub fn extract_or_default(figment: &Figment) -> Result<Self> {
-        let mut me: Self = figment.extract()?;
-        {
-            let home = dirs::home_dir().context("Failed to get home directory")?;
-            let app_home = home.join(".teepod");
-            if me.image_path == PathBuf::default() {
-                me.image_path = app_home.join("image");
-            }
-            if me.run_path == PathBuf::default() {
-                me.run_path = app_home.join("vm");
-            }
-            if me.cvm.qemu_path == PathBuf::default() {
-                let cpu_arch = std::env::consts::ARCH;
-                let qemu_path = which::which(format!("qemu-system-{}", cpu_arch))
-                    .context("Failed to find qemu executable")?;
-                me.cvm.qemu_path = qemu_path;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(me)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/console.html b/teepod/src/console.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 62491a0c0..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/console.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1556 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Teepod VM Management Console</title>
-    <script src="https://unpkg.com/vue@3.0.0/dist/vue.global.js"></script>
-    <script src="/res/x25519.js"></script>
-    <style>
-        body {
-            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
-            line-height: 1.6;
-            margin: 0;
-            padding: 20px;
-        }
-
-        h1 {
-            color: #333;
-        }
-
-        form {
-            margin-bottom: 20px;
-        }
-
-        input,
-        button,
-        textarea {
-            margin: 5px 0;
-            padding: 5px;
-        }
-
-        #vmList {
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            padding: 10px;
-        }
-
-        .vm-item {
-            border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
-            border-radius: 8px;
-            padding: 15px;
-            margin-bottom: 15px;
-            background: #fff;
-            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
-        }
-
-        .vm-info {
-            display: flex;
-            gap: 20px;
-            margin-bottom: 10px;
-        }
-
-        .vm-detail {
-            display: flex;
-            align-items: center;
-            gap: 5px;
-        }
-
-        .vm-actions {
-            display: flex;
-            gap: 10px;
-            flex-wrap: wrap;
-        }
-
-        .action-btn {
-            padding: 6px 12px;
-            border: none;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            cursor: pointer;
-            display: flex;
-            align-items: center;
-            gap: 5px;
-            transition: all 0.2s;
-            background: #1b6b73;
-            color: white;
-        }
-
-        .action-btn:hover {
-            transform: translateY(-1px);
-        }
-
-        .primary {
-            background: #4CAF50;
-            color: white;
-        }
-
-        .danger {
-            background: #f44336;
-            color: white;
-        }
-
-        .warning {
-            background: #FF9800;
-            color: white;
-        }
-
-        .status-created {
-            color: #FFC107;
-        }
-
-        .status-running {
-            color: #4CAF50;
-        }
-
-        .status-stopping {
-            color: #FF9800;
-        }
-
-        .status-stopped {
-            color: #f44336;
-        }
-
-        .status-exited {
-            color: #9E9E9E;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .create-vm-form {
-            max-width: 600px;
-            margin: 20px 0;
-        }
-
-        .form-group {
-            margin-bottom: 15px;
-        }
-
-        .form-group label {
-            display: block;
-            margin-bottom: 5px;
-            font-weight: bold;
-            color: #333;
-        }
-
-        .form-group input,
-        .form-group textarea {
-            width: 100%;
-            padding: 8px;
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            font-size: 14px;
-        }
-
-        .form-group textarea {
-            min-height: 120px;
-            resize: vertical;
-        }
-
-        .form-group input[type="file"] {
-            border: none;
-            padding: 0;
-        }
-
-        .form-group input[type="number"] {
-            width: 150px;
-        }
-
-        .submit-btn {
-            background-color: #2196F3;
-            color: white;
-            padding: 10px 20px;
-            border: none;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            cursor: pointer;
-            font-size: 16px;
-            transition: background-color 0.2s;
-        }
-
-        .submit-btn:hover {
-            background-color: #1976D2;
-        }
-
-        .submit-btn:active {
-            transform: translateY(1px);
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .form-grid {
-            display: grid;
-            grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));
-            gap: 15px;
-            margin-bottom: 15px;
-        }
-
-        .form-grid .form-group {
-            margin-bottom: 0;
-            padding: 10px;
-            border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            background-color: #f9f9f9;
-        }
-
-        .form-group.full-width {
-            grid-column: 1 / -1;
-        }
-
-        .form-grid .form-group input {
-            /* Adjust for padding */
-            width: calc(100% - 16px);
-            padding: 6px 8px;
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            background-color: white;
-            /* Include padding in width calculation */
-            box-sizing: border-box;
-        }
-
-        .form-group input:focus {
-            outline: none;
-            border-color: #2196F3;
-            box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(33, 150, 243, 0.1);
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        #vmList table {
-            background: white;
-            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
-            border-radius: 8px;
-        }
-
-        #vmList tr:hover {
-            background-color: #f5f5f5;
-        }
-
-        #vmList th {
-            font-weight: bold;
-            color: #333;
-        }
-
-        .vm-actions {
-            display: flex;
-            gap: 8px;
-            flex-wrap: wrap;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .dialog-overlay {
-            position: fixed;
-            top: 0;
-            left: 0;
-            right: 0;
-            bottom: 0;
-            background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
-            display: flex;
-            justify-content: center;
-            align-items: flex-start;
-            z-index: 1000;
-            overflow-y: auto;
-            padding: 20px;
-        }
-
-        .dialog {
-            background: white;
-            padding: 20px;
-            border-radius: 8px;
-            width: 500px;
-            max-width: 90%;
-            margin: 20px auto;
-        }
-
-        .upgrade {
-            background: #FF9800;
-            color: white;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .message-container {
-            position: fixed;
-            top: 20px;
-            right: 20px;
-            z-index: 1001;
-            min-width: 300px;
-            max-width: 600px;
-        }
-
-        .message {
-            margin: 10px 0;
-            padding: 15px;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            position: relative;
-            animation: slideIn 0.3s ease-out;
-        }
-
-        .success-message {
-            background: #E8F5E9;
-            border: 1px solid #4CAF50;
-            color: #2E7D32;
-        }
-
-        .error-message {
-            background: #FFEBEE;
-            border: 1px solid #F44336;
-            color: #C62828;
-        }
-
-        @keyframes slideIn {
-            from {
-                transform: translateX(100%);
-                opacity: 0;
-            }
-
-            to {
-                transform: translateX(0);
-                opacity: 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        .close-btn {
-            position: absolute;
-            top: 5px;
-            right: 5px;
-            background: none;
-            border: none;
-            font-size: 20px;
-            cursor: pointer;
-            padding: 0 5px;
-        }
-
-        .close-btn:hover {
-            color: #1B5E20;
-        }
-
-        .success-message .close-btn {
-            color: #2E7D32;
-        }
-
-        .error-message .close-btn {
-            color: #C62828;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .upgrade-message {
-            font-size: 16px;
-            margin-bottom: 10px;
-        }
-
-        .next-steps-header {
-            font-weight: bold;
-            margin-bottom: 8px;
-        }
-
-        .command-container {
-            display: inline-flex;
-            align-items: center;
-            gap: 8px;
-        }
-
-        .command-code {
-            background: #f0f0f0;
-            padding: 2px 4px;
-            border-radius: 3px;
-        }
-
-        .copy-button {
-            padding: 2px 6px;
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            border-radius: 3px;
-            cursor: pointer;
-            background: white;
-        }
-
-        .steps-list {
-            margin: 0;
-            padding-left: 20px;
-        }
-
-        .step-item {
-            margin-bottom: 5px;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .app-id-preview {
-            font-size: 14px;
-            color: #666;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .vm-details {
-            font-size: 14px;
-        }
-
-        .details-grid {
-            display: grid;
-            grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));
-            gap: 16px;
-        }
-
-        .detail-item {
-            display: flex;
-            flex-direction: column;
-            gap: 4px;
-        }
-
-        .detail-label {
-            color: #666;
-            font-weight: 500;
-        }
-
-        .detail-value {
-            color: #333;
-        }
-
-        .port-mappings {
-            display: flex;
-            flex-wrap: wrap;
-            gap: 12px;
-        }
-
-        .port-item {
-            background: #e9ecef;
-            padding: 4px 8px;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            font-family: monospace;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .docker-registry-section {
-            display: flex;
-            flex-direction: column;
-            gap: 12px;
-            margin-top: 12px;
-        }
-
-        .docker-registry-field {
-            display: flex;
-            flex-direction: column;
-        }
-
-        .docker-registry-label {
-            font-size: 12px;
-            margin-bottom: 4px;
-        }
-
-        .docker-registry-input {
-            width: 100%;
-            padding: 8px;
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <style>
-        .api-config-section {
-            margin: 16px 0;
-            padding: 12px;
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-        }
-
-        .api-token-field {
-            display: flex;
-            flex-direction: column;
-            gap: 8px;
-        }
-
-        .api-token-label {
-            font-size: 14px;
-            font-weight: 500;
-        }
-
-        .api-token-input {
-            padding: 8px;
-            border: 1px solid #ddd;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            font-family: monospace;
-        }
-    </style>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-    <div id="app">
-        <div class="api-config-section" v-show="false">
-            <div class="api-token-field">
-                <label class="api-token-label">API Token</label>
-                <input class="api-token-input" type="password" v-model="teepodApiToken"
-                    placeholder="Enter API token for RPC authentication">
-            </div>
-        </div>
-        <button class="action-btn" @click="showCreateDialog = true; clearEncryptedEnv()">Deploy a new instance</button>
-
-        <div v-if="showCreateDialog" class="dialog-overlay">
-            <div class="dialog">
-                <h2>Deploy a new instance</h2>
-                <form @submit.prevent="createVm" class="create-vm-form">
-                    <div class="form-grid">
-                        <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="vmName">Name</label>
-                            <input id="vmName" v-model="vmForm.name" type="text" placeholder="Enter VM name" required>
-                        </div>
-
-                        <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="vmImage">Image</label>
-                            <select id="vmImage" v-model="vmForm.image" required>
-                                <option value="" disabled>Select an image</option>
-                                <option v-for="image in availableImages" :key="image.name" :value="image.name">
-                                    {{ image.name }}
-                                </option>
-                            </select>
-                        </div>
-
-                        <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="vcpu">Number of vCPUs</label>
-                            <input id="vcpu" v-model.number="vmForm.vcpu" type="number" placeholder="vCPUs" required>
-                        </div>
-
-                        <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="memory">Memory (MB)</label>
-                            <input id="memory" v-model.number="vmForm.memory" type="number" placeholder="Memory in MB"
-                                required>
-                        </div>
-
-                        <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="diskSize">Disk Size (GB)</label>
-                            <input id="diskSize" v-model.number="vmForm.disk_size" type="number"
-                                placeholder="Disk size in GB" required>
-                        </div>
-
-                        <div class="form-group">
-                            <label for="fileInput">Upload Compose File</label>
-                            <input id="fileInput" type="file" @change="loadComposeFile" accept=".yml,.yaml,.txt">
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div class="form-group">
-                        <label for="composeFile">Docker Compose File</label>
-                        <textarea id="composeFile" v-model="vmForm.compose_file"
-                            placeholder="Paste your docker-compose.yml here" required></textarea>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="config.portMappingEnabled">
-                        <label>Port Mappings</label>
-                        <div v-for="(port, index) in vmForm.ports" :key="index"
-                            style="display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
-                            <select v-model="port.protocol" style="width: 100px;">
-                                <option value="tcp">TCP</option>
-                                <option value="udp">UDP</option>
-                            </select>
-                            <input type="number" v-model.number="port.host_port" placeholder="Host Port"
-                                style="width: 120px;" required>
-                            <input type="number" v-model.number="port.vm_port" placeholder="VM Port"
-                                style="width: 120px;" required>
-                            <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="removePort(index)">Remove</button>
-                        </div>
-                        <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="addPort">Add Port Mapping</button>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div class="form-group full-width">
-                        <label>Features</label>
-                        <div style="display: flex; gap: 20px;">
-                            <label style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;">
-                                <input type="checkbox" v-model="vmForm.kms_enabled">
-                                KMS
-                            </label>
-                            <label style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;">
-                                <input type="checkbox" v-model="vmForm.tproxy_enabled">
-                                TProxy
-                            </label>
-                            <label style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;">
-                                <input type="checkbox" v-model="vmForm.public_logs">
-                                Public Logs
-                            </label>
-                            <label style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 5px;">
-                                <input type="checkbox" v-model="vmForm.public_sysinfo">
-                                Public Sysinfo
-                            </label>
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div class="form-group full-width" v-if="vmForm.kms_enabled">
-                        <label>Encrypted Environment Variables</label>
-                        <div v-for="(env, index) in vmForm.encrypted_envs" :key="index"
-                            style="display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
-                            <input type="text" v-model="env.key" placeholder="Variable name" style="width: 200px;"
-                                required>
-                            <input type="password" v-model="env.value" placeholder="Value" style="flex-grow: 1;"
-                                required>
-                            <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="removeEncryptedEnv(index)">
-                                Remove
-                            </button>
-                        </div>
-                        <div style="display: flex; gap: 10px;">
-                            <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="addEncryptedEnv">Add</button>
-                            <input type="file" ref="envFile" @change="loadEnvFile" style="display: none"
-                                accept=".env,.txt">
-                            <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="$refs.envFile.click()">Load from
-                                file</button>
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div class="form-group full-width">
-                        <label style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
-                            Docker Registry Login
-                            <input type="checkbox" v-model="vmForm.docker_config.enabled"
-                                style="width: 16px; height: 16px;">
-                        </label>
-                        <div v-if="vmForm.docker_config.enabled" class="docker-registry-section">
-                            <div class="docker-registry-field" v-if="vmForm.kms_enabled">
-                                <label class="docker-registry-label">Username</label>
-                                <input type="text" v-model="vmForm.docker_config.username"
-                                    class="docker-registry-input">
-                            </div>
-                            <div class="docker-registry-field" v-if="vmForm.kms_enabled">
-                                <label class="docker-registry-label">Token Key</label>
-                                <input type="text" v-model="vmForm.docker_config.token_key"
-                                    placeholder="The key name in the encrypted environment variables"
-                                    class="docker-registry-input">
-                            </div>
-                        </div>
-                    </div>
-
-                    <div class="vm-actions">
-                        <button type="submit" class="action-btn primary">Deploy</button>
-                        <button type="button" class="action-btn remove"
-                            @click="showCreateDialog = false">Cancel</button>
-                    </div>
-                </form>
-            </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <h2>VM List</h2>
-        <div id="vmList">
-            <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;">
-                <thead>
-                    <tr>
-                        <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;">App ID</th>
-                        <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;">Name</th>
-                        <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;">Status</th>
-                        <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;">Uptime</th>
-                        <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;">Actions</th>
-                    </tr>
-                </thead>
-                <tbody>
-                    <template v-for="vm in vms" :key="vm.id">
-                        <tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;">
-                            <td style="padding: 12px;">
-                                <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
-                                    <button @click="toggleDetails(vm)" class="action-btn"
-                                        style="padding: 2px 6px; min-width: 24px;">
-                                        {{ expandedVMs.has(vm.id) ? '−' : '+' }}
-                                    </button>
-                                    {{ vm.app_id }}
-                                </div>
-                            </td>
-                            <td style="padding: 12px;">{{ vm.name }}</td>
-                            <td style="padding: 12px;">
-                                <span :class="'status-' + vm.status.toLowerCase()">{{ vmStatus(vm) }}</span>
-                            </td>
-                            <td style="padding: 12px;">{{ vm.status == 'running' ? vm.uptime : '' }}</td>
-                            <td style="padding: 12px;">
-                                <div class="vm-actions">
-                                    <button class="action-btn primary" @click="startVm(vm.id)" title="Start VM">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-play"></i> Start
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button v-if="imageFeatures(vm).graceful_shutdown" class="action-btn warning"
-                                        @click="shutdownVm(vm.id)" title="Shutdown VM">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-stop"></i> Shutdown
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button class="action-btn danger" @click="stopVm(vm)" title="Stop VM">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-kill"></i> Kill
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button class="action-btn warning" @click="removeVm(vm)" title="Remove VM">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-trash"></i> Remove
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button class="action-btn" @click="showLog(vm.id)" title="View Logs">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-file-alt"></i> Logs
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button v-if="dashboardAvailable(vm)" class="action-btn" @click="showDashboard(vm)"
-                                        title="View App Info">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-info-circle"></i> Board
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button class="action-btn" @click="showUpgradeDialog(vm)" title="Upgrade VM">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i> Update
-                                    </button>
-                                    <button class="action-btn" @click="showForkVm(vm)" title="Derive VM">
-                                        <i class="fas fa-code-branch"></i> Derive
-                                    </button>
-                                </div>
-                            </td>
-                        </tr>
-                        <tr v-if="expandedVMs.has(vm.id)" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;">
-                            <td colspan="5" style="padding: 16px;">
-                                <div class="vm-details">
-                                    <h4 style="margin: 0 0 12px 0;">Boot Status</h4>
-                                    <div style="margin-bottom: 16px;">
-                                        <table style="width: 100%;">
-                                            <tr>
-                                                <td style="width: 30%;">Boot Progress:</td>
-                                                <td>{{ vm.boot_progress || 'N/A' }}</td>
-                                            </tr>
-                                            <tr v-if="vm.boot_error">
-                                                <td style="width: 30%;">Boot Error</td>
-                                                <td style="color: #f44336;">{{ vm.boot_error }}</td>
-                                            </tr>
-                                        </table>
-                                    </div>
-                                    <div v-if="networkInfo[vm.id]">
-                                        <h4 style="margin: 0 0 12px 0;">Network Information</h4>
-                                        <div class="details-grid">
-                                            <div class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">DNS Servers:</span>
-                                                <span class="detail-value">{{ networkInfo[vm.id].dns_servers.join(', ')
-                                                    }}</span>
-                                            </div>
-                                            <div class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">Gateways:</span>
-                                                <span class="detail-value">{{ networkInfo[vm.id].gateways.map(gw =>
-                                                    gw.address).join(', ') }}</span>
-                                            </div>
-                                            <div v-for="iface in networkInfo[vm.id].interfaces" :key="iface.name"
-                                                class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">Interface {{ iface.name }}:</span>
-                                                <div class="interface-details">
-                                                    <div>IP: {{ iface.addresses.map(addr =>
-                                                        `${addr.address}/${addr.prefix}`).join(', ') }}</div>
-                                                    <div>RX: {{ iface.rx_bytes }} bytes ({{ iface.rx_errors }} errors)
-                                                    </div>
-                                                    <div>TX: {{ iface.tx_bytes }} bytes ({{ iface.tx_errors }} errors)
-                                                    </div>
-                                                </div>
-                                            </div>
-                                        </div>
-                                    </div>
-
-                                    <h4 style="margin: 0 0 12px 0;">VM Configuration</h4>
-                                    <div class="details-grid">
-                                        <div class="detail-item">
-                                            <span class="detail-label">Image:</span>
-                                            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.image }}</span>
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div class="detail-item">
-                                            <span class="detail-label">vCPUs:</span>
-                                            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.vcpu }}</span>
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div class="detail-item">
-                                            <span class="detail-label">Memory:</span>
-                                            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.memory }} MB</span>
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div class="detail-item">
-                                            <span class="detail-label">Disk Size:</span>
-                                            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.configuration?.disk_size }} GB</span>
-                                        </div>
-                                        <div class="detail-item">
-                                            <span class="detail-label">VM ID:</span>
-                                            <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.id }}</span>
-                                        </div>
-                                    </div>
-
-                                    <div v-if="vm.configuration?.ports?.length" style="margin-top: 16px;">
-                                        <h4 style="margin: 0 0 12px 0;">Port Mappings</h4>
-                                        <div class="port-mappings">
-                                            <div v-for="(port, index) in vm.configuration.ports" :key="index"
-                                                class="port-item">
-                                                {{ port.protocol.toUpperCase() }}: {{ port.host_port }} → {{
-                                                port.vm_port }}
-                                            </div>
-                                        </div>
-                                    </div>
-
-                                    <div style="margin-top: 16px;">
-                                        <h4 style="margin: 0 0 12px 0;">App Information</h4>
-                                        <div class="details-grid" style="margin-bottom: 16px;">
-                                            <div class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">App Name:</span>
-                                                <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.appCompose?.name }}</span>
-                                            </div>
-                                            <div class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">Runner:</span>
-                                                <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.appCompose?.runner }}</span>
-                                            </div>
-                                            <div class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">Features:</span>
-                                                <span class="detail-value">{{ getFlags(vm) ||
-                                                    'None' }}</span>
-                                            </div>
-                                            <div class="detail-item">
-                                                <span class="detail-label">Instance ID:</span>
-                                                <span class="detail-value">{{ vm.instance_id }}</span>
-                                            </div>
-                                        </div>
-
-                                        <h4 style="margin: 0 0 12px 0;">Docker Compose File</h4>
-                                        <pre
-                                            style="background: #f1f1f1; padding: 12px; border-radius: 4px; overflow-x: auto;">{{ vm.appCompose?.docker_compose_file }}</pre>
-                                    </div>
-                                </div>
-                            </td>
-                        </tr>
-                    </template>
-                </tbody>
-            </table>
-        </div>
-
-        <div v-if="upgradeDialog.show" class="dialog-overlay">
-            <div class="dialog">
-                <h3>Update VM Config</h3>
-
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="vcpu">Number of vCPUs</label>
-                    <input id="vcpu" v-model.number="upgradeDialog.vcpu" type="number" placeholder="vCPUs" required>
-                </div>
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="memory">Memory (MB)</label>
-                    <input id="memory" v-model.number="upgradeDialog.memory" type="number" placeholder="Memory in MB"
-                        required>
-                </div>
-
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="diskSize">Disk Size (GB)</label>
-                    <input id="diskSize" v-model.number="upgradeDialog.disk_size" type="number"
-                        placeholder="Disk size in GB" required>
-                </div>
-
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="image">Image</label>
-                    <select id="vmImage" v-model="upgradeDialog.image" required>
-                        <option value="" disabled>Select an image</option>
-                        <option v-for="image in availableImages" :key="image.name" :value="image.name">
-                            {{ image.name }}
-                        </option>
-                    </select>
-                </div>
-
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="upgradeFile">Upload New Compose File</label>
-                    <input id="upgradeFile" type="file" @change="loadUpgradeFile" accept=".yml,.yaml,.txt">
-                </div>
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="upgradeCompose">Docker Compose File</label>
-                    <textarea id="upgradeCompose" v-model="upgradeDialog.compose_file"
-                        placeholder="Paste your new docker-compose.yml here" required></textarea>
-                </div>
-                <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; margin-top: 16px;">
-                    <input type="checkbox" v-model="upgradeDialog.resetSecrets" style="width: 16px; height: 16px;">
-                    <span style="margin-left: 8px;">Reset secrets</span>
-                </div>
-                <div v-if="kmsEnabled(upgradeDialog.vm) && upgradeDialog.resetSecrets" style="margin-top: 16px;">
-                    <label>Encrypted Environment Variables</label>
-                    <div v-for="(env, index) in vmForm.encrypted_envs" :key="index"
-                        style="display: flex; gap: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
-                        <input type="text" v-model="env.key" placeholder="Variable name" style="width: 200px;" required>
-                        <input type="password" v-model="env.value" placeholder="Value" style="flex-grow: 1;" required>
-                        <button type="button" class="action-btn danger" @click="removeEncryptedEnv(index)">
-                            Remove
-                        </button>
-                    </div>
-                    <div style="display: flex; gap: 10px;">
-                        <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="addEncryptedEnv">Add</button>
-                        <input type="file" ref="envFile" @change="loadEnvFile" style="display: none" accept=".env,.txt">
-                        <button type="button" class="action-btn" @click="$refs.envFile.click()">Load from
-                            file</button>
-                    </div>
-                </div>
-
-                <div class="vm-actions">
-                    <button class="action-btn upgrade" @click="upgradeVM">Upgrade</button>
-                    <button class="action-btn remove" @click="upgradeDialog.show = false">Cancel</button>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <div v-if="forkDialog.show" class="dialog-overlay">
-            <div class="dialog">
-                <h3>Derive VM</h3>
-                <p style="color: #f44336; margin: 0 0 12px 0;">
-                    This will create a new VM instance with the same app id, but the disk state will NOT migrate to the
-                    new instance.
-                </p>
-
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="vmImage">Image</label>
-                    <select id="vmImage" v-model="forkDialog.image" required>
-                        <option value="" disabled>Select an image</option>
-                        <option v-for="image in availableImages" :key="image.name" :value="image.name">
-                            {{ image.name }}
-                        </option>
-                    </select>
-                </div>
-
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="vcpu">Number of vCPUs</label>
-                    <input id="vcpu" v-model.number="forkDialog.vcpu" type="number" placeholder="vCPUs" required>
-                </div>
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="memory">Memory (MB)</label>
-                    <input id="memory" v-model.number="forkDialog.memory" type="number" placeholder="Memory in MB"
-                        required>
-                </div>
-                <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="diskSize">Disk Size (GB)</label>
-                    <input id="diskSize" v-model.number="forkDialog.disk_size" type="number"
-                        placeholder="Disk size in GB" required>
-                </div>
-                <div class="vm-actions">
-                    <button class="action-btn upgrade" @click="forkVm">Derive</button>
-                    <button class="action-btn remove" @click="forkDialog.show = false">Cancel</button>
-                </div>
-            </div>
-        </div>
-
-        <div class="message-container">
-            <div v-if="upgradeMessage" class="message success-message">
-                <button class="close-btn" @click="upgradeMessage = ''">×</button>
-                <div v-html="upgradeMessage"></div>
-            </div>
-            <div v-if="errorMessage" class="message error-message">
-                {{ errorMessage }}
-                <button class="close-btn" @click="errorMessage = ''">×</button>
-            </div>
-        </div>
-        <div class="version-info" style="color: #666; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 16px; text-align: center;">
-            Version: v{{ version.version }} ({{ version.rev }})
-        </div>
-    </div>
-
-
-    <script>
-        const {
-            createApp,
-            ref,
-            onMounted,
-            watch
-        } = Vue;
-
-        createApp({
-            setup() {
-                const version = ref({
-                    version: '-',
-                    commit: ''
-                });
-                const vms = ref([]);
-                const expandedVMs = ref(new Set());
-                const networkInfo = ref({});
-                const vmForm = ref({
-                    name: '',
-                    image: '',
-                    compose_file: '',
-                    vcpu: 1,
-                    memory: 1024,
-                    disk_size: 20,
-                    ports: [],
-                    encrypted_envs: [],
-                    docker_config: {
-                        enabled: false,
-                        username: '',
-                        token_key: ''
-                    },
-                    kms_enabled: true,
-                    tproxy_enabled: true,
-                    public_logs: true,
-                    public_sysinfo: true
-                });
-                const availableImages = ref([]);
-                const upgradeDialog = ref({
-                    show: false,
-                    vm: null,
-                    compose_file: '',
-                    encrypted_envs: [],
-                    resetSecrets: false,
-                    vcpu: 0,
-                    memory: 0,
-                    disk_size: 0,
-                    image: ''
-                });
-                const upgradeMessage = ref('');
-                const errorMessage = ref('');
-
-                const forkDialog = ref({
-                    show: false,
-                    image: '',
-                    vcpu: 0,
-                    memory: 0,
-                    disk_size: 0
-                });
-
-                const showCreateDialog = ref(false);
-                const config = ref({
-                    portMappingEnabled: false
-                });
-
-                const teepodApiToken = ref(localStorage.getItem('teepodApiToken') || '');
-
-                const rpcCall = async (method, params) => {
-                    return await baseRpcCall(`/prpc/Teepod.${method}`, params)
-                }
-
-                const guestRpcCall = async (method, params) => {
-                    return await baseRpcCall(`/guest/${method}`, params)
-                }
-
-                const baseRpcCall = async (path, params) => {
-                    const headers = {
-                        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                    };
-
-                    if (teepodApiToken.value) {
-                        headers['Authorization'] = `Bearer ${teepodApiToken.value}`;
-                    }
-
-                    const response = await fetch(`${path}?json`, {
-                        method: 'POST',
-                        headers,
-                        body: JSON.stringify(params || {}),
-                    });
-                    if (!response.ok) {
-                        const error = await response.text();
-                        errorMessage.value = error;
-                        throw new Error(error);
-                    }
-                    return response;
-                };
-
-                const loadVMList = async () => {
-                    try {
-                        const response = await rpcCall('Status');
-                        const data = await response.json();
-                        vms.value = data.vms.map(vm => ({
-                            ...vm,
-                            appCompose: (() => {
-                                try {
-                                    return JSON.parse(vm.configuration?.compose_file || '{}');
-                                } catch (e) {
-                                    console.error('Error parsing app config:', e);
-                                    return {};
-                                }
-                            })()
-                        }));
-                        config.value = {
-                            portMappingEnabled: data.port_mapping_enabled
-                        };
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error loading VM list:', error);
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const makeAppComposeFile = () => {
-                    const app_compose = {
-                        "manifest_version": 2,
-                        "name": vmForm.value.name,
-                        "runner": "docker-compose",
-                        "docker_compose_file": vmForm.value.compose_file,
-                        "docker_config": vmForm.value.docker_config.enabled ? {
-                            "username": vmForm.value.docker_config.username,
-                            "token_key": vmForm.value.docker_config.token_key,
-                        } : {},
-                        "kms_enabled": vmForm.value.kms_enabled,
-                        "tproxy_enabled": vmForm.value.tproxy_enabled,
-                        "public_logs": vmForm.value.public_logs,
-                        "public_sysinfo": vmForm.value.public_sysinfo
-                    };
-                    const imgFeatures = imageVersionFeatures(imageVersion(vmForm.value.image));
-                    if (imgFeatures.compose_version < 2) {
-                        // Compatibility with old images
-                        const features = [];
-                        if (vmForm.value.kms_enabled) features.push("kms");
-                        if (vmForm.value.tproxy_enabled) features.push("tproxy-net");
-                        app_compose.features = features;
-                        app_compose.manifest_version = 1;
-                        app_compose.version = "1.0.0";
-                    }
-                    return JSON.stringify(app_compose);
-                };
-
-                const appIdOf = async (composeFile) => {
-                    const app_compose = makeAppComposeFile();
-                    const sha256Hash = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', new TextEncoder().encode(app_compose));
-                    return Array.from(new Uint8Array(sha256Hash)).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('').slice(0, 40);
-                };
-
-                const encryptEnv = async (envs, hexPublicKey) => {
-                    const envsJson = JSON.stringify({ env: envs });
-                    if (hexPublicKey.startsWith('0x')) {
-                        hexPublicKey = hexPublicKey.slice(2);
-                    }
-                    const remotePubkey = new Uint8Array(hexPublicKey.match(/.{1,2}/g).map(byte => parseInt(byte, 16)));
-
-                    const seed = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(32));
-                    const ephemeralKeyPair = x25519.generateKeyPair(seed);
-                    const shared = x25519.sharedKey(ephemeralKeyPair.private, remotePubkey);
-
-                    const importedShared = await crypto.subtle.importKey(
-                        "raw",
-                        shared,
-                        { name: "AES-GCM", length: 256 },
-                        true,
-                        ["encrypt"]
-                    );
-
-                    const iv = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(12));
-                    const encrypted = await crypto.subtle.encrypt(
-                        { name: "AES-GCM", iv },
-                        importedShared,
-                        new TextEncoder().encode(envsJson)
-                    );
-
-                    const result = new Uint8Array(ephemeralKeyPair.public.byteLength + iv.length + encrypted.byteLength);
-                    result.set(new Uint8Array(ephemeralKeyPair.public));
-                    result.set(iv, ephemeralKeyPair.public.byteLength);
-                    result.set(new Uint8Array(encrypted), ephemeralKeyPair.public.byteLength + iv.length);
-
-                    return Array.from(result).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
-                };
-
-                const makeEncryptedEnv = async (envs, kmsEnabled, appId) => {
-                    if (!kmsEnabled || envs.length === 0) return '';
-                    if (!appId) {
-                        appId = await appIdOf(vmForm.value.compose_file);
-                    }
-                    const response = await rpcCall('GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey', {
-                        app_id: appId
-                    });
-                    const encryptPubkey = await response.json();
-                    return await encryptEnv(envs, encryptPubkey.public_key);
-                };
-
-                const clearEncryptedEnv = () => {
-                    vmForm.value.encrypted_envs = [];
-                };
-
-                const createVm = async () => {
-                    try {
-                        const form = {
-                            ...vmForm.value,
-                            compose_file: makeAppComposeFile(),
-                            encrypted_env: await makeEncryptedEnv(
-                                vmForm.value.encrypted_envs,
-                                vmForm.value.kms_enabled,
-                                vmForm.value.app_id
-                            )
-                        };
-                        const _response = await rpcCall('CreateVm', form);
-                        loadVMList();
-                        showCreateDialog.value = false;
-                        clearEncryptedEnv();
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error creating VM:', error);
-                        alert('Failed to create VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const stopVm = async (vm) => {
-                    if (!confirm(`You are killing "${vm.name}". This might cause data corruption.`)) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    try {
-                        const _response = await rpcCall('StopVm', {
-                            id: vm.id
-                        });
-                        loadVMList();
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error stopping VM:', error);
-                        alert('Failed to stop VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const shutdownVm = async (id) => {
-                    try {
-                        const _response = await rpcCall('ShutdownVm', {
-                            id
-                        });
-                        loadVMList();
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error shutting down VM:', error);
-                        alert('Failed to shut down VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const startVm = async (id) => {
-                    try {
-                        const _response = await rpcCall('StartVm', {
-                            id
-                        });
-                        loadVMList();
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error starting VM:', error);
-                        alert('Failed to start VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const removeVm = async (vm) => {
-                    if (!confirm(`You are removing "${vm.name}". This action cannot be undone.`)) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    try {
-                        const _response = await rpcCall('RemoveVm', {
-                            id: vm.id
-                        });
-                        loadVMList();
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error removing VM:', error);
-                        alert('Failed to remove VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const showLog = async (id) => {
-                    window.open(`/logs?id=${id}&follow=true&ansi=false&lines=20`, '_blank');
-                };
-
-                const showDashboard = async (vm) => {
-                    if (vm.app_url) {
-                        window.open(vm.app_url, '_blank');
-                    } else {
-                        alert('No Tappd URL');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const kmsEnabled = (vm) => {
-                    return vm.appCompose?.kms_enabled || vm.appCompose?.features?.includes('kms');
-                };
-
-                const tproxyEnabled = (vm) => {
-                    return vm.appCompose?.tproxy_enabled || vm.appCompose?.features?.includes('tproxy-net');
-                };
-
-                const defaultTrue = (v) => {
-                    if (v === undefined) return true;
-                    return v;
-                };
-
-                const getFlags = (vm) => {
-                    const features = [];
-                    if (kmsEnabled(vm)) features.push("kms");
-                    if (tproxyEnabled(vm)) features.push("tproxy");
-                    if (defaultTrue(vm.appCompose?.public_logs)) features.push("logs");
-                    if (defaultTrue(vm.appCompose?.public_sysinfo)) features.push("sysinfo");
-                    return features.join(', ');
-                };
-
-                const dashboardAvailable = (vm) => {
-                    if (!tproxyEnabled(vm)) return false;
-                    return vm.app_url
-                };
-
-                const loadComposeFile = (event) => {
-                    const file = event.target.files[0];
-                    if (file) {
-                        const reader = new FileReader();
-                        reader.onload = (e) => {
-                            vmForm.value.compose_file = e.target.result;
-                        };
-                        reader.readAsText(file);
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const loadImages = async () => {
-                    try {
-                        const response = await rpcCall('ListImages');
-                        const data = await response.json();
-                        availableImages.value = data.images;
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('error loading images:', error);
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const showUpgradeDialog = (vm) => {
-                    upgradeDialog.value = {
-                        show: true,
-                        vm: vm,
-                        compose_file: '',
-                        resetSecrets: false,
-                        vcpu: vm.configuration?.vcpu,
-                        memory: vm.configuration?.memory,
-                        disk_size: vm.configuration?.disk_size,
-                        image: vm.configuration?.image,
-                    };
-                    clearEncryptedEnv();
-                };
-
-                const loadUpgradeFile = (event) => {
-                    const file = event.target.files[0];
-                    if (file) {
-                        const reader = new FileReader();
-                        reader.onload = (e) => {
-                            upgradeDialog.value.compose_file = e.target.result;
-                        };
-                        reader.readAsText(file);
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const upgradeVM = async () => {
-                    try {
-                        const vm = upgradeDialog.value.vm;
-                        const original = vm.configuration;
-                        const updated = upgradeDialog.value;
-
-                        const fieldsToCompare = ['vcpu', 'memory', 'disk_size', 'image'];
-                        if (fieldsToCompare.some(field => updated[field] != original[field])) {
-                            const response = await rpcCall('ResizeVm', {
-                                id: vm.id,
-                                vcpu: updated.vcpu,
-                                memory: updated.memory,
-                                disk_size: updated.disk_size,
-                                image: updated.image
-                            });
-                            await response.json();
-                        }
-                        const body = {
-                            id: upgradeDialog.value.vm.id,
-                        };
-                        if (upgradeDialog.value.compose_file) {
-                            const currentAppCompose = upgradeDialog.value.vm.appCompose;
-                            const app_compose = {
-                                ...currentAppCompose,
-                                docker_compose_file: upgradeDialog.value.compose_file
-                            };
-                            body.compose_file = JSON.stringify(app_compose);
-                        }
-
-                        if (upgradeDialog.value.resetSecrets) {
-                            body.encrypted_env = await makeEncryptedEnv(
-                                vmForm.value.encrypted_envs,
-                                kmsEnabled(upgradeDialog.value.vm),
-                                upgradeDialog.value.vm.app_id
-                            );
-                        }
-
-                        const response = await rpcCall('UpgradeApp', body);
-                        const data = await response.json();
-                        clearEncryptedEnv();
-                        upgradeDialog.value.show = false;
-                        if (body.compose_file) {
-                            upgradeMessage.value = `
-<div class="upgrade-message">✅ Upgrade initiated successfully!</div>
-<div class="next-steps-header">Next steps:</div>
-<ol class="steps-list">
-    <li class="step-item">
-        Run: 
-        <div class="command-container">
-            <code class="command-code">./kms-allow-upgrade.sh ${upgradeDialog.value.vm.app_id} ${data.id}</code>
-        </div>
-    </li>
-    <li>Restart the instance</li>
-</ol>`;
-                        }
-                        loadVMList();
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('error upgrading VM:', error);
-                        alert('failed to upgrade VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const addPort = () => {
-                    vmForm.value.ports.push({
-                        protocol: 'tcp',
-                        host_port: null,
-                        vm_port: null
-                    });
-                };
-
-                const removePort = (index) => {
-                    vmForm.value.ports.splice(index, 1);
-                };
-
-                const toggleDetails = (vm) => {
-                    if (expandedVMs.value.has(vm.id)) {
-                        expandedVMs.value.delete(vm.id);
-                    } else {
-                        expandedVMs.value.add(vm.id);
-                        refreshNetworkInfo(vm);
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const refreshNetworkInfo = async (vm) => {
-                    if (vm.status != 'running' || !imageFeatures(vm).network_info) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    const response = await guestRpcCall('NetworkInfo', {
-                        id: vm.id
-                    });
-                    const data = await response.json();
-                    networkInfo.value[vm.id] = data;
-                };
-
-                const addEncryptedEnv = () => {
-                    vmForm.value.encrypted_envs.push({
-                        key: '',
-                        value: ''
-                    });
-                };
-
-                const removeEncryptedEnv = (index) => {
-                    vmForm.value.encrypted_envs.splice(index, 1);
-                };
-
-                const loadEnvFile = (event) => {
-                    const file = event.target.files[0];
-                    if (file) {
-                        const reader = new FileReader();
-                        reader.onload = (e) => {
-                            const content = e.target.result;
-                            const lines = content.split('\n');
-
-                            vmForm.value.encrypted_envs = [];
-
-                            lines.forEach(line => {
-                                // Skip empty lines and comments
-                                if (!line.trim() || line.startsWith('#')) return;
-
-                                // Split on first = only
-                                const [key, ...valueParts] = line.split('=');
-                                const value = valueParts.join('=');
-
-                                if (key && value) {
-                                    vmForm.value.encrypted_envs.push({
-                                        key: key.trim(),
-                                        value: value.trim()
-                                    });
-                                }
-                            });
-
-                            // Reset the file input
-                            event.target.value = '';
-                        };
-                        reader.readAsText(file);
-                    }
-                };
-
-                watch(teepodApiToken, (newValue) => {
-                    localStorage.setItem('teepodApiToken', newValue);
-                });
-
-                onMounted(() => {
-                    (async () => {
-                        while (true) {
-                            try {
-                                await loadVMList();
-                            } catch (error) {
-                                console.error('error loading VM list:', error);
-                            }
-                            await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 3000));
-                        }
-                    })();
-                    loadImages();
-                    loadVersion();
-                });
-
-                const loadVersion = async () => {
-                    const response = await rpcCall('Version');
-                    const data = await response.json();
-                    version.value = data;
-                };
-
-                const showForkVm = (vm) => {
-                    forkDialog.value = {
-                        ...vm.configuration,
-                        show: true
-                    };
-                };
-
-                const forkVm = async () => {
-                    try {
-                        const _response = await rpcCall('CreateVm', forkDialog.value);
-                        loadVMList();
-                        forkDialog.value.show = false;
-                    } catch (error) {
-                        console.error('Error creating VM:', error);
-                        alert('Failed to create VM');
-                    }
-                };
-
-                const imageFeatures = (vm) => {
-                    return imageVersionFeatures(vm.image_version);
-                };
-
-                const imageVersion = (imageName) => {
-                    const image = availableImages.value.find(image => image.name == imageName);
-                    return image?.version;
-                };
-
-                const imageVersionFeatures = (versionStr) => {
-                    const features = {
-                        progress: false,
-                        graceful_shutdown: false,
-                        network_info: false,
-                        compose_version: 1,
-                    }
-                    if (!versionStr) {
-                        return features;
-                    }
-                    const version = versionStr.split('.').map(Number);
-                    if (version[0] >= 0 && version[1] >= 3 && version[2] >= 3) {
-                        features.progress = true;
-                        features.graceful_shutdown = true;
-                        features.network_info = true;
-                        features.compose_version = 2;
-                    }
-                    return features;
-                };
-
-                const vmStatus = (vm) => {
-                    const features = imageFeatures(vm);
-                    if (!features.progress) {
-                        return vm.status;
-                    }
-                    if (vm.status != 'running') {
-                        return vm.status;
-                    }
-                    if (vm.shutdown_progress) {
-                        return "shutting down";
-                    }
-                    // If boot_progress is 'running', it means the vm is already running before
-                    // teepod was started, so it's state is unknown to teepod.
-                    // TODO: read the status from the guest
-                    if (vm.boot_progress == 'running') {
-                        return "running";
-                    }
-                    if (vm.boot_progress != 'done') {
-                        return "booting";
-                    }
-                    return "running";
-                };
-
-                return {
-                    vms,
-                    vmForm,
-                    availableImages,
-                    createVm,
-                    stopVm,
-                    startVm,
-                    removeVm,
-                    showLog,
-                    showDashboard,
-                    loadComposeFile,
-                    upgradeDialog,
-                    upgradeMessage,
-                    errorMessage,
-                    showUpgradeDialog,
-                    loadUpgradeFile,
-                    upgradeVM,
-                    showCreateDialog,
-                    addPort,
-                    removePort,
-                    config,
-                    toggleDetails,
-                    expandedVMs,
-                    networkInfo,
-                    dashboardAvailable,
-                    addEncryptedEnv,
-                    removeEncryptedEnv,
-                    clearEncryptedEnv,
-                    teepodApiToken,
-                    showForkVm,
-                    forkDialog,
-                    forkVm,
-                    loadEnvFile,
-                    vmStatus,
-                    imageFeatures,
-                    shutdownVm,
-                    kmsEnabled,
-                    tproxyEnabled,
-                    getFlags,
-                    version,
-                };
-            }
-        }).mount('#app');
-    </script>
-</body>
-
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/teepod/src/guest_api_service.rs b/teepod/src/guest_api_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index baa3cc9dc..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/guest_api_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-use crate::App as AppState;
-use anyhow::Result;
-use guest_api::{
-    proxied_guest_api_server::{ProxiedGuestApiRpc, ProxiedGuestApiServer},
-    GuestInfo, Id, ListContainersResponse, NetworkInformation, SystemInfo,
-};
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
-use std::ops::Deref;
-
-pub struct GuestApiHandler {
-    state: AppState,
-}
-
-impl Deref for GuestApiHandler {
-    type Target = AppState;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.state
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<AppState> for GuestApiHandler {
-    type PrpcService = ProxiedGuestApiServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, AppState>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            state: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl ProxiedGuestApiRpc for GuestApiHandler {
-    async fn info(self, request: Id) -> Result<GuestInfo> {
-        self.tappd_client(&request.id)?
-            .info()
-            .await
-            .map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    async fn sys_info(self, request: Id) -> Result<SystemInfo> {
-        self.tappd_client(&request.id)?
-            .sys_info()
-            .await
-            .map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    async fn network_info(self, request: Id) -> Result<NetworkInformation> {
-        self.tappd_client(&request.id)?
-            .network_info()
-            .await
-            .map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    async fn list_containers(self, request: Id) -> Result<ListContainersResponse> {
-        self.tappd_client(&request.id)?
-            .list_containers()
-            .await
-            .map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-
-    async fn shutdown(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
-        self.tappd_client(&request.id)?
-            .shutdown()
-            .await
-            .map_err(Into::into)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/host_api_service.rs b/teepod/src/host_api_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 02359c694..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/host_api_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{bail, Result};
-use host_api::{
-    host_api_server::{HostApiRpc, HostApiServer},
-    HostInfo, Notification,
-};
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RemoteEndpoint, RpcCall};
-use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockEndpoint;
-
-use crate::app::App;
-
-pub struct HostApiHandler {
-    endpoint: VsockEndpoint,
-    app: App,
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<App> for HostApiHandler {
-    type PrpcService = HostApiServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, App>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let Some(RemoteEndpoint::Vsock { cid, port }) = context.remote_endpoint else {
-            bail!("invalid remote endpoint: {:?}", context.remote_endpoint);
-        };
-        Ok(Self {
-            endpoint: VsockEndpoint { cid, port },
-            app: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl HostApiRpc for HostApiHandler {
-    async fn info(self) -> Result<HostInfo> {
-        let host_info = HostInfo {
-            name: "Teepod".to_string(),
-            version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
-        };
-        Ok(host_info)
-    }
-
-    async fn notify(self, request: Notification) -> Result<()> {
-        self.app
-            .vm_event_report(self.endpoint.cid, &request.event, request.payload)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/main.rs b/teepod/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9e331b5e8..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-use std::path::Path;
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
-use app::App;
-use clap::Parser;
-use config::Config;
-use guest_api_service::GuestApiHandler;
-use host_api_service::HostApiHandler;
-use main_service::RpcHandler;
-use path_absolutize::Absolutize;
-use rocket::{
-    fairing::AdHoc,
-    figment::{providers::Serialized, Figment},
-};
-use rocket_apitoken::ApiToken;
-use rocket_vsock_listener::VsockListener;
-use supervisor_client::SupervisorClient;
-
-mod app;
-mod config;
-mod guest_api_service;
-mod host_api_service;
-mod main_routes;
-mod main_service;
-
-const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-const GIT_REV: &str = git_version::git_version!(
-    args = ["--abbrev=20", "--always", "--dirty=-modified"],
-    prefix = "git:",
-    fallback = "unknown"
-);
-
-fn app_version() -> String {
-    format!("v{CARGO_PKG_VERSION} ({GIT_REV})")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
-struct Args {
-    /// Path to the configuration file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    config: Option<String>,
-}
-
-async fn run_external_api(app: App, figment: Figment, api_auth: ApiToken) -> Result<()> {
-    let external_api = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .mount("/", main_routes::routes())
-        .mount("/guest", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, GuestApiHandler))
-        .mount("/api", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, HostApiHandler))
-        .mount("/prpc", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, RpcHandler))
-        .manage(app)
-        .manage(api_auth)
-        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app rev header", |_req, res| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
-            })
-        }))
-        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Disable buffering", |_req, res| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                res.set_raw_header("X-Accel-Buffering", "no");
-            })
-        }));
-
-    let _ = external_api
-        .launch()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-async fn run_host_api(app: App, figment: Figment) -> Result<()> {
-    let figment = figment
-        .clone()
-        .merge(Serialized::defaults(figment.find_value("host_api")?));
-    let rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .mount("/api", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(App, HostApiHandler))
-        .manage(app);
-    let ignite = rocket
-        .ignite()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to ignite rocket: {err}"))?;
-    let listener = VsockListener::bind_rocket(&ignite)
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!("Failed to bind host API : {err}"))?;
-    ignite
-        .launch_on(listener)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[rocket::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-
-    let args = Args::parse();
-    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
-    let config = Config::extract_or_default(&figment)?.abs_path()?;
-    let api_auth = ApiToken::new(config.auth.tokens.clone(), config.auth.enabled);
-    let supervisor = {
-        let cfg = &config.supervisor;
-        let abs_exe = Path::new(&cfg.exe).absolutize()?;
-        SupervisorClient::start_and_connect_uds(&abs_exe, &cfg.sock, &cfg.pid_file, &cfg.log_file)
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to start supervisor")?
-    };
-    let state = app::App::new(config, supervisor);
-    state.reload_vms().await.context("Failed to reload VMs")?;
-
-    tokio::select! {
-        result = run_external_api(state.clone(), figment.clone(), api_auth) => {
-            result.context("Failed to run external API")?;
-        }
-        result = run_host_api(state, figment) => {
-            result.context("Failed to run host API")?;
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/main_routes.rs b/teepod/src/main_routes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index dbfd4159a..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/main_routes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-use crate::app::App;
-use anyhow::Result;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use rocket::{
-    get,
-    http::ContentType,
-    response::{status::Custom, stream::TextStream},
-    routes, Route, State,
-};
-use rocket_apitoken::Authorized;
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tokio::time::timeout;
-use tracing::{debug, info};
-
-macro_rules! file_or_include_str {
-    ($path:literal) => {
-        fs::metadata($path)
-            .is_ok()
-            .then(|| fs::read_to_string($path).ok())
-            .flatten()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| include_str!($path).to_string())
-    };
-}
-
-#[get("/")]
-async fn index() -> (ContentType, String) {
-    (ContentType::HTML, file_or_include_str!("console.html"))
-}
-
-#[get("/res/<path>")]
-async fn res(path: &str) -> Result<(ContentType, String), Custom<String>> {
-    match path {
-        "x25519.js" => Ok((ContentType::JavaScript, file_or_include_str!("x25519.js"))),
-        _ => Err(Custom(
-            rocket::http::Status::NotFound,
-            "Not found".to_string(),
-        )),
-    }
-}
-
-static STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
-static STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
-
-struct StreamCounter {
-    id: usize,
-}
-
-impl StreamCounter {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        let id = STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        info!(
-            "Stream {id} created, created: {}, dropped: {}",
-            STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
-            STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
-        );
-        Self { id }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for StreamCounter {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        info!(
-            "Stream {} dropped, created: {}, dropped: {}",
-            self.id,
-            STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
-            STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-#[get("/logs?<id>&<follow>&<ansi>&<lines>&<ch>")]
-fn vm_logs(
-    _auth: Authorized,
-    app: &State<App>,
-    id: String,
-    follow: bool,
-    ansi: bool,
-    lines: Option<usize>,
-    ch: Option<&str>,
-) -> TextStream![String] {
-    let workdir = app.work_dir(&id);
-    let ch = ch.unwrap_or("serial").to_string();
-    TextStream! {
-        let log_file = match ch.as_str() {
-            "serial" => workdir.serial_file(),
-            "stdout" => workdir.stdout_file(),
-            "stderr" => workdir.stderr_file(),
-            _ => {
-                yield format!("Unknown channel {ch}");
-                return;
-            }
-        };
-
-        let counter = StreamCounter::new();
-
-        const DEFAULT_TAIL_LINES: usize = 10000;
-        let tailer_result = tailf::Options::builder()
-            .num_lines(lines.or(Some(DEFAULT_TAIL_LINES)))
-            .follow(follow)
-            .build()
-            .tail(log_file);
-        let mut tailer = match tailer_result {
-            Err(err) => {
-                yield format!("{err:?}");
-                return;
-            }
-            Ok(tailer) => tailer,
-        };
-
-        loop {
-            // This is a workaround for https://github.com/rwf2/Rocket/issues/2888
-            // However, If is is accessed via vscode's port forwarding, it will still get trouble:
-            // https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-remote-release/issues/3561
-            let next = match timeout(Duration::from_secs(60), tailer.next()).await {
-                Ok(next) => next,
-                Err(_) => {
-                    yield format!("[teepod heartbeat]\n");
-                    let created = STREAM_CREATED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-                    let dropped = STREAM_DROPPED_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-                    let diff = created.saturating_sub(dropped);
-                    debug!(
-                        "Stream {} heartbeat, created: {created}, dropped: {dropped}, diff: {diff}",
-                        counter.id,
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                }
-            };
-            match next {
-                Ok(Some(line)) => {
-                    let line_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&line);
-                    if ansi {
-                        yield line_str.to_string();
-                    } else {
-                        yield strip_ansi_escapes::strip_str(&line_str);
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok(None) => {
-                    break;
-                }
-                Err(err) => {
-                    yield format!("<failed to read line: {err}>");
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
-    routes![index, res, vm_logs]
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/main_service.rs b/teepod/src/main_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e7c1359f..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/main_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,342 +0,0 @@
-use std::ops::Deref;
-use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
-
-use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
-use teepod_rpc::teepod_server::{TeepodRpc, TeepodServer};
-use teepod_rpc::{
-    AppId, GetInfoResponse, GetMetaResponse, Id, ImageInfo as RpcImageInfo, ImageListResponse,
-    KmsSettings, PublicKeyResponse, ResizeVmRequest, ResourcesSettings, StatusResponse,
-    TProxySettings, UpgradeAppRequest, VersionResponse, VmConfiguration,
-};
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
-use crate::app::{App, Manifest, PortMapping, VmWorkDir};
-
-fn hex_sha256(data: &str) -> String {
-    use sha2::Digest;
-    let mut hasher = sha2::Sha256::new();
-    hasher.update(data);
-    hex::encode(hasher.finalize())
-}
-
-pub struct RpcHandler {
-    app: App,
-}
-
-impl Deref for RpcHandler {
-    type Target = App;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.app
-    }
-}
-
-fn app_id_of(compose_file: &str) -> String {
-    fn truncate40(s: &str) -> &str {
-        if s.len() > 40 {
-            &s[..40]
-        } else {
-            s
-        }
-    }
-    truncate40(&hex_sha256(compose_file)).to_string()
-}
-
-/// Validate the label of the VM. Valid chars are alphanumeric, dash and underscore.
-fn validate_label(label: &str) -> Result<()> {
-    if label
-        .chars()
-        .any(|c| !c.is_alphanumeric() && c != '-' && c != '_')
-    {
-        bail!("Invalid name: {}", label);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-impl TeepodRpc for RpcHandler {
-    async fn create_vm(self, request: VmConfiguration) -> Result<Id> {
-        validate_label(&request.name)?;
-
-        let pm_cfg = &self.app.config.cvm.port_mapping;
-        if !(request.ports.is_empty() || pm_cfg.enabled) {
-            bail!("Port mapping is disabled");
-        }
-        let port_map = request
-            .ports
-            .iter()
-            .map(|p| {
-                let from = p.host_port.try_into().context("Invalid host port")?;
-                let to = p.vm_port.try_into().context("Invalid vm port")?;
-                if !pm_cfg.is_allowed(&p.protocol, from) {
-                    bail!("Port mapping is not allowed for {}:{}", p.protocol, from);
-                }
-                let protocol = p.protocol.parse().context("Invalid protocol")?;
-                Ok(PortMapping {
-                    address: pm_cfg.address,
-                    protocol,
-                    from,
-                    to,
-                })
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
-
-        let app_id = match &request.app_id {
-            Some(id) => id.clone(),
-            None => app_id_of(&request.compose_file),
-        };
-        let id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-        let now = SystemTime::now()
-            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-            .as_millis() as u64;
-        let manifest = Manifest::builder()
-            .id(id.clone())
-            .name(request.name.clone())
-            .app_id(app_id.clone())
-            .image(request.image.clone())
-            .vcpu(request.vcpu)
-            .memory(request.memory)
-            .disk_size(request.disk_size)
-            .port_map(port_map)
-            .created_at_ms(now)
-            .build();
-        let vm_work_dir = self.app.work_dir(&id);
-        vm_work_dir
-            .put_manifest(&manifest)
-            .context("Failed to write manifest")?;
-        let work_dir = self.prepare_work_dir(&id, &request)?;
-        if let Err(err) = vm_work_dir.set_started(true) {
-            warn!("Failed to set started: {}", err);
-        }
-
-        let result = self
-            .app
-            .load_vm(&work_dir, &Default::default())
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to load VM");
-        if let Err(err) = result {
-            if let Err(err) = fs::remove_dir_all(&work_dir) {
-                warn!("Failed to remove work dir: {}", err);
-            }
-            return Err(err);
-        }
-
-        Ok(Id { id })
-    }
-
-    async fn start_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
-        self.app
-            .start_vm(&request.id)
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to start VM")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn stop_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
-        self.app
-            .stop_vm(&request.id)
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to stop VM")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn remove_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
-        self.app
-            .remove_vm(&request.id)
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to remove VM")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn status(self) -> Result<StatusResponse> {
-        Ok(StatusResponse {
-            vms: self.app.list_vms().await?,
-            port_mapping_enabled: self.app.config.cvm.port_mapping.enabled,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn list_images(self) -> Result<ImageListResponse> {
-        Ok(ImageListResponse {
-            images: self
-                .app
-                .list_images()?
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|(name, info)| RpcImageInfo {
-                    name,
-                    description: serde_json::to_string(&info).unwrap_or_default(),
-                    version: info.version,
-                    is_dev: info.is_dev,
-                })
-                .collect(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn upgrade_app(self, request: UpgradeAppRequest) -> Result<Id> {
-        let new_id = if !request.compose_file.is_empty() {
-            {
-                // check the compose file is valid
-                let todo = "import from external crate";
-                #[allow(dead_code)]
-                #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-                struct AppCompose {
-                    manifest_version: u32,
-                    name: String,
-                    runner: String,
-                    docker_compose_file: Option<String>,
-                }
-                let app_compose: AppCompose =
-                    serde_json::from_str(&request.compose_file).context("Invalid compose file")?;
-                if app_compose.docker_compose_file.is_none() {
-                    bail!("Docker compose file cannot be empty");
-                }
-            }
-            let compose_file_path = self.compose_file_path(&request.id);
-            if !compose_file_path.exists() {
-                bail!("The instance {} not found", request.id);
-            }
-            fs::write(compose_file_path, &request.compose_file)
-                .context("Failed to write compose file")?;
-
-            app_id_of(&request.compose_file)
-        } else {
-            Default::default()
-        };
-        if !request.encrypted_env.is_empty() {
-            let encrypted_env_path = self.encrypted_env_path(&request.id);
-            fs::write(encrypted_env_path, &request.encrypted_env)
-                .context("Failed to write encrypted env")?;
-        }
-        Ok(Id { id: new_id })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(self, request: AppId) -> Result<PublicKeyResponse> {
-        let kms = self.kms_client()?;
-        let response = kms
-            .get_app_env_encrypt_pub_key(kms_rpc::AppId {
-                app_id: request.app_id,
-            })
-            .await?;
-        Ok(PublicKeyResponse {
-            public_key: response.public_key,
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_info(self, request: Id) -> Result<GetInfoResponse> {
-        if let Some(vm) = self.app.vm_info(&request.id).await? {
-            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
-                found: true,
-                info: Some(vm),
-            })
-        } else {
-            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
-                found: false,
-                info: None,
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[tracing::instrument(skip(self, request), fields(id = request.id))]
-    async fn resize_vm(self, request: ResizeVmRequest) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Resizing VM: {:?}", request);
-        let vm = self
-            .app
-            .vm_info(&request.id)
-            .await?
-            .context("vm not found")?;
-        if !["stopped", "exited"].contains(&vm.status.as_str()) {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
-                "vm should be stopped before resize: {}",
-                request.id
-            ));
-        }
-        let work_dir = self.app.config.run_path.join(&request.id);
-        let vm_work_dir = VmWorkDir::new(&work_dir);
-        let mut manifest = vm_work_dir.manifest().context("failed to read manifest")?;
-        if let Some(vcpu) = request.vcpu {
-            manifest.vcpu = vcpu;
-        }
-        if let Some(memory) = request.memory {
-            manifest.memory = memory;
-        }
-        if let Some(image) = request.image {
-            manifest.image = image;
-        }
-        if let Some(disk_size) = request.disk_size {
-            let max_disk_size = self.app.config.cvm.max_disk_size;
-            if disk_size > max_disk_size {
-                bail!("Disk size is too large, max is {max_disk_size}GB");
-            }
-            if disk_size < manifest.disk_size {
-                bail!("Cannot shrink disk size");
-            }
-            manifest.disk_size = disk_size;
-
-            // Run qemu-img resize to resize the disk
-            info!("Resizing disk to {}GB", disk_size);
-            let hda_path = vm_work_dir.hda_path();
-            let new_size_str = format!("{}G", disk_size);
-            let output = std::process::Command::new("qemu-img")
-                .args(["resize", &hda_path.display().to_string(), &new_size_str])
-                .output()
-                .context("Failed to resize disk")?;
-            if !output.status.success() {
-                bail!(
-                    "Failed to resize disk: {}",
-                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        vm_work_dir
-            .put_manifest(&manifest)
-            .context("failed to update manifest")?;
-        self.app
-            .load_vm(work_dir, &Default::default())
-            .await
-            .context("Failed to load VM")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn shutdown_vm(self, request: Id) -> Result<()> {
-        self.tappd_client(&request.id)?.shutdown().await?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    async fn version(self) -> Result<VersionResponse> {
-        Ok(VersionResponse {
-            version: crate::CARGO_PKG_VERSION.to_string(),
-            rev: crate::GIT_REV.to_string(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_meta(self) -> Result<GetMetaResponse> {
-        Ok(GetMetaResponse {
-            kms: Some(KmsSettings {
-                url: self.app.config.cvm.kms_url.clone(),
-            }),
-            tproxy: Some(TProxySettings {
-                url: self.app.config.cvm.tproxy_url.clone(),
-                base_domain: self.app.config.gateway.base_domain.clone(),
-                port: self.app.config.gateway.port.into(),
-                tappd_port: self.app.config.gateway.tappd_port.into(),
-            }),
-            resources: Some(ResourcesSettings {
-                max_cvm_number: self.app.config.cvm.cid_pool_size,
-                max_allocable_vcpu: self.app.config.cvm.max_allocable_vcpu,
-                max_allocable_memory_in_mb: self.app.config.cvm.max_allocable_memory_in_mb,
-                max_disk_size_in_gb: self.app.config.cvm.max_disk_size,
-            }),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<App> for RpcHandler {
-    type PrpcService = TeepodServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, App>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(RpcHandler {
-            app: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
diff --git a/teepod/src/x25519.js b/teepod/src/x25519.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3346083b6..000000000
--- a/teepod/src/x25519.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1671 +0,0 @@
-(() => {
-    let _0 = new Uint8Array(16);
-    let _9 = new Uint8Array(32);
-    _9[0] = 9;
-    function gf(init) {
-        var i, r = new Float64Array(16);
-        if (init)
-            for (i = 0; i < init.length; i++)
-                r[i] = init[i];
-        return r;
-    }
-    ;
-    const gf0 = gf(), gf1 = gf([1]), _121665 = gf([0xdb41, 1]), D = gf([
-        0x78a3,
-        0x1359,
-        0x4dca,
-        0x75eb,
-        0xd8ab,
-        0x4141,
-        0x0a4d,
-        0x0070,
-        0xe898,
-        0x7779,
-        0x4079,
-        0x8cc7,
-        0xfe73,
-        0x2b6f,
-        0x6cee,
-        0x5203,
-    ]), D2 = gf([
-        0xf159,
-        0x26b2,
-        0x9b94,
-        0xebd6,
-        0xb156,
-        0x8283,
-        0x149a,
-        0x00e0,
-        0xd130,
-        0xeef3,
-        0x80f2,
-        0x198e,
-        0xfce7,
-        0x56df,
-        0xd9dc,
-        0x2406,
-    ]), X = gf([
-        0xd51a,
-        0x8f25,
-        0x2d60,
-        0xc956,
-        0xa7b2,
-        0x9525,
-        0xc760,
-        0x692c,
-        0xdc5c,
-        0xfdd6,
-        0xe231,
-        0xc0a4,
-        0x53fe,
-        0xcd6e,
-        0x36d3,
-        0x2169,
-    ]), Y = gf([
-        0x6658,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-        0x6666,
-    ]), I = gf([
-        0xa0b0,
-        0x4a0e,
-        0x1b27,
-        0xc4ee,
-        0xe478,
-        0xad2f,
-        0x1806,
-        0x2f43,
-        0xd7a7,
-        0x3dfb,
-        0x0099,
-        0x2b4d,
-        0xdf0b,
-        0x4fc1,
-        0x2480,
-        0x2b83,
-    ]);
-    function ts64(x, i, h, l) {
-        x[i] = (h >> 24) & 0xff;
-        x[i + 1] = (h >> 16) & 0xff;
-        x[i + 2] = (h >> 8) & 0xff;
-        x[i + 3] = h & 0xff;
-        x[i + 4] = (l >> 24) & 0xff;
-        x[i + 5] = (l >> 16) & 0xff;
-        x[i + 6] = (l >> 8) & 0xff;
-        x[i + 7] = l & 0xff;
-    }
-    function vn(x, xi, y, yi, n) {
-        var i, d = 0;
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            d |= x[xi + i] ^ y[yi + i];
-        return (1 & ((d - 1) >>> 8)) - 1;
-    }
-    function crypto_verify_32(x, xi, y, yi) {
-        return vn(x, xi, y, yi, 32);
-    }
-    function set25519(r, a) {
-        var i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-            r[i] = a[i] | 0;
-    }
-    function car25519(o) {
-        var i, v, c = 1;
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-            v = o[i] + c + 65535;
-            c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-            o[i] = v - c * 65536;
-        }
-        o[0] += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
-    }
-    function sel25519(p, q, b) {
-        var t, c = ~(b - 1);
-        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-            t = c & (p[i] ^ q[i]);
-            p[i] ^= t;
-            q[i] ^= t;
-        }
-    }
-    function pack25519(o, n) {
-        var i, j, b;
-        var m = gf(), t = gf();
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-            t[i] = n[i];
-        car25519(t);
-        car25519(t);
-        car25519(t);
-        for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
-            m[0] = t[0] - 0xffed;
-            for (i = 1; i < 15; i++) {
-                m[i] = t[i] - 0xffff - ((m[i - 1] >> 16) & 1);
-                m[i - 1] &= 0xffff;
-            }
-            m[15] = t[15] - 0x7fff - ((m[14] >> 16) & 1);
-            b = (m[15] >> 16) & 1;
-            m[14] &= 0xffff;
-            sel25519(t, m, 1 - b);
-        }
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-            o[2 * i] = t[i] & 0xff;
-            o[2 * i + 1] = t[i] >> 8;
-        }
-    }
-    function neq25519(a, b) {
-        var c = new Uint8Array(32), d = new Uint8Array(32);
-        pack25519(c, a);
-        pack25519(d, b);
-        return crypto_verify_32(c, 0, d, 0);
-    }
-    function par25519(a) {
-        var d = new Uint8Array(32);
-        pack25519(d, a);
-        return d[0] & 1;
-    }
-    function unpack25519(o, n) {
-        var i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-            o[i] = n[2 * i] + (n[2 * i + 1] << 8);
-        o[15] &= 0x7fff;
-    }
-    function A(o, a, b) {
-        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-            o[i] = a[i] + b[i];
-    }
-    function Z(o, a, b) {
-        for (var i = 0; i < 16; i++)
-            o[i] = a[i] - b[i];
-    }
-    function M(o, a, b) {
-        var v, c, t0 = 0, t1 = 0, t2 = 0, t3 = 0, t4 = 0, t5 = 0, t6 = 0, t7 = 0, t8 = 0, t9 = 0, t10 = 0, t11 = 0, t12 = 0, t13 = 0, t14 = 0, t15 = 0, t16 = 0, t17 = 0, t18 = 0, t19 = 0, t20 = 0, t21 = 0, t22 = 0, t23 = 0, t24 = 0, t25 = 0, t26 = 0, t27 = 0, t28 = 0, t29 = 0, t30 = 0, b0 = b[0], b1 = b[1], b2 = b[2], b3 = b[3], b4 = b[4], b5 = b[5], b6 = b[6], b7 = b[7], b8 = b[8], b9 = b[9], b10 = b[10], b11 = b[11], b12 = b[12], b13 = b[13], b14 = b[14], b15 = b[15];
-        v = a[0];
-        t0 += v * b0;
-        t1 += v * b1;
-        t2 += v * b2;
-        t3 += v * b3;
-        t4 += v * b4;
-        t5 += v * b5;
-        t6 += v * b6;
-        t7 += v * b7;
-        t8 += v * b8;
-        t9 += v * b9;
-        t10 += v * b10;
-        t11 += v * b11;
-        t12 += v * b12;
-        t13 += v * b13;
-        t14 += v * b14;
-        t15 += v * b15;
-        v = a[1];
-        t1 += v * b0;
-        t2 += v * b1;
-        t3 += v * b2;
-        t4 += v * b3;
-        t5 += v * b4;
-        t6 += v * b5;
-        t7 += v * b6;
-        t8 += v * b7;
-        t9 += v * b8;
-        t10 += v * b9;
-        t11 += v * b10;
-        t12 += v * b11;
-        t13 += v * b12;
-        t14 += v * b13;
-        t15 += v * b14;
-        t16 += v * b15;
-        v = a[2];
-        t2 += v * b0;
-        t3 += v * b1;
-        t4 += v * b2;
-        t5 += v * b3;
-        t6 += v * b4;
-        t7 += v * b5;
-        t8 += v * b6;
-        t9 += v * b7;
-        t10 += v * b8;
-        t11 += v * b9;
-        t12 += v * b10;
-        t13 += v * b11;
-        t14 += v * b12;
-        t15 += v * b13;
-        t16 += v * b14;
-        t17 += v * b15;
-        v = a[3];
-        t3 += v * b0;
-        t4 += v * b1;
-        t5 += v * b2;
-        t6 += v * b3;
-        t7 += v * b4;
-        t8 += v * b5;
-        t9 += v * b6;
-        t10 += v * b7;
-        t11 += v * b8;
-        t12 += v * b9;
-        t13 += v * b10;
-        t14 += v * b11;
-        t15 += v * b12;
-        t16 += v * b13;
-        t17 += v * b14;
-        t18 += v * b15;
-        v = a[4];
-        t4 += v * b0;
-        t5 += v * b1;
-        t6 += v * b2;
-        t7 += v * b3;
-        t8 += v * b4;
-        t9 += v * b5;
-        t10 += v * b6;
-        t11 += v * b7;
-        t12 += v * b8;
-        t13 += v * b9;
-        t14 += v * b10;
-        t15 += v * b11;
-        t16 += v * b12;
-        t17 += v * b13;
-        t18 += v * b14;
-        t19 += v * b15;
-        v = a[5];
-        t5 += v * b0;
-        t6 += v * b1;
-        t7 += v * b2;
-        t8 += v * b3;
-        t9 += v * b4;
-        t10 += v * b5;
-        t11 += v * b6;
-        t12 += v * b7;
-        t13 += v * b8;
-        t14 += v * b9;
-        t15 += v * b10;
-        t16 += v * b11;
-        t17 += v * b12;
-        t18 += v * b13;
-        t19 += v * b14;
-        t20 += v * b15;
-        v = a[6];
-        t6 += v * b0;
-        t7 += v * b1;
-        t8 += v * b2;
-        t9 += v * b3;
-        t10 += v * b4;
-        t11 += v * b5;
-        t12 += v * b6;
-        t13 += v * b7;
-        t14 += v * b8;
-        t15 += v * b9;
-        t16 += v * b10;
-        t17 += v * b11;
-        t18 += v * b12;
-        t19 += v * b13;
-        t20 += v * b14;
-        t21 += v * b15;
-        v = a[7];
-        t7 += v * b0;
-        t8 += v * b1;
-        t9 += v * b2;
-        t10 += v * b3;
-        t11 += v * b4;
-        t12 += v * b5;
-        t13 += v * b6;
-        t14 += v * b7;
-        t15 += v * b8;
-        t16 += v * b9;
-        t17 += v * b10;
-        t18 += v * b11;
-        t19 += v * b12;
-        t20 += v * b13;
-        t21 += v * b14;
-        t22 += v * b15;
-        v = a[8];
-        t8 += v * b0;
-        t9 += v * b1;
-        t10 += v * b2;
-        t11 += v * b3;
-        t12 += v * b4;
-        t13 += v * b5;
-        t14 += v * b6;
-        t15 += v * b7;
-        t16 += v * b8;
-        t17 += v * b9;
-        t18 += v * b10;
-        t19 += v * b11;
-        t20 += v * b12;
-        t21 += v * b13;
-        t22 += v * b14;
-        t23 += v * b15;
-        v = a[9];
-        t9 += v * b0;
-        t10 += v * b1;
-        t11 += v * b2;
-        t12 += v * b3;
-        t13 += v * b4;
-        t14 += v * b5;
-        t15 += v * b6;
-        t16 += v * b7;
-        t17 += v * b8;
-        t18 += v * b9;
-        t19 += v * b10;
-        t20 += v * b11;
-        t21 += v * b12;
-        t22 += v * b13;
-        t23 += v * b14;
-        t24 += v * b15;
-        v = a[10];
-        t10 += v * b0;
-        t11 += v * b1;
-        t12 += v * b2;
-        t13 += v * b3;
-        t14 += v * b4;
-        t15 += v * b5;
-        t16 += v * b6;
-        t17 += v * b7;
-        t18 += v * b8;
-        t19 += v * b9;
-        t20 += v * b10;
-        t21 += v * b11;
-        t22 += v * b12;
-        t23 += v * b13;
-        t24 += v * b14;
-        t25 += v * b15;
-        v = a[11];
-        t11 += v * b0;
-        t12 += v * b1;
-        t13 += v * b2;
-        t14 += v * b3;
-        t15 += v * b4;
-        t16 += v * b5;
-        t17 += v * b6;
-        t18 += v * b7;
-        t19 += v * b8;
-        t20 += v * b9;
-        t21 += v * b10;
-        t22 += v * b11;
-        t23 += v * b12;
-        t24 += v * b13;
-        t25 += v * b14;
-        t26 += v * b15;
-        v = a[12];
-        t12 += v * b0;
-        t13 += v * b1;
-        t14 += v * b2;
-        t15 += v * b3;
-        t16 += v * b4;
-        t17 += v * b5;
-        t18 += v * b6;
-        t19 += v * b7;
-        t20 += v * b8;
-        t21 += v * b9;
-        t22 += v * b10;
-        t23 += v * b11;
-        t24 += v * b12;
-        t25 += v * b13;
-        t26 += v * b14;
-        t27 += v * b15;
-        v = a[13];
-        t13 += v * b0;
-        t14 += v * b1;
-        t15 += v * b2;
-        t16 += v * b3;
-        t17 += v * b4;
-        t18 += v * b5;
-        t19 += v * b6;
-        t20 += v * b7;
-        t21 += v * b8;
-        t22 += v * b9;
-        t23 += v * b10;
-        t24 += v * b11;
-        t25 += v * b12;
-        t26 += v * b13;
-        t27 += v * b14;
-        t28 += v * b15;
-        v = a[14];
-        t14 += v * b0;
-        t15 += v * b1;
-        t16 += v * b2;
-        t17 += v * b3;
-        t18 += v * b4;
-        t19 += v * b5;
-        t20 += v * b6;
-        t21 += v * b7;
-        t22 += v * b8;
-        t23 += v * b9;
-        t24 += v * b10;
-        t25 += v * b11;
-        t26 += v * b12;
-        t27 += v * b13;
-        t28 += v * b14;
-        t29 += v * b15;
-        v = a[15];
-        t15 += v * b0;
-        t16 += v * b1;
-        t17 += v * b2;
-        t18 += v * b3;
-        t19 += v * b4;
-        t20 += v * b5;
-        t21 += v * b6;
-        t22 += v * b7;
-        t23 += v * b8;
-        t24 += v * b9;
-        t25 += v * b10;
-        t26 += v * b11;
-        t27 += v * b12;
-        t28 += v * b13;
-        t29 += v * b14;
-        t30 += v * b15;
-        t0 += 38 * t16;
-        t1 += 38 * t17;
-        t2 += 38 * t18;
-        t3 += 38 * t19;
-        t4 += 38 * t20;
-        t5 += 38 * t21;
-        t6 += 38 * t22;
-        t7 += 38 * t23;
-        t8 += 38 * t24;
-        t9 += 38 * t25;
-        t10 += 38 * t26;
-        t11 += 38 * t27;
-        t12 += 38 * t28;
-        t13 += 38 * t29;
-        t14 += 38 * t30;
-        // t15 left as is
-        // first car
-        c = 1;
-        v = t0 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t0 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t1 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t1 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t2 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t2 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t3 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t3 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t4 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t4 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t5 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t5 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t6 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t6 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t7 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t7 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t8 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t8 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t9 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t9 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t10 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t10 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t11 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t11 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t12 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t12 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t13 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t13 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t14 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t14 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t15 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t15 = v - c * 65536;
-        t0 += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
-        // second car
-        c = 1;
-        v = t0 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t0 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t1 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t1 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t2 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t2 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t3 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t3 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t4 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t4 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t5 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t5 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t6 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t6 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t7 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t7 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t8 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t8 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t9 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t9 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t10 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t10 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t11 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t11 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t12 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t12 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t13 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t13 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t14 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t14 = v - c * 65536;
-        v = t15 + c + 65535;
-        c = Math.floor(v / 65536);
-        t15 = v - c * 65536;
-        t0 += c - 1 + 37 * (c - 1);
-        o[0] = t0;
-        o[1] = t1;
-        o[2] = t2;
-        o[3] = t3;
-        o[4] = t4;
-        o[5] = t5;
-        o[6] = t6;
-        o[7] = t7;
-        o[8] = t8;
-        o[9] = t9;
-        o[10] = t10;
-        o[11] = t11;
-        o[12] = t12;
-        o[13] = t13;
-        o[14] = t14;
-        o[15] = t15;
-    }
-    function S(o, a) {
-        M(o, a, a);
-    }
-    function inv25519(o, i) {
-        var c = gf();
-        var a;
-        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
-            c[a] = i[a];
-        for (a = 253; a >= 0; a--) {
-            S(c, c);
-            if (a !== 2 && a !== 4)
-                M(c, c, i);
-        }
-        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
-            o[a] = c[a];
-    }
-    function pow2523(o, i) {
-        var c = gf();
-        var a;
-        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
-            c[a] = i[a];
-        for (a = 250; a >= 0; a--) {
-            S(c, c);
-            if (a !== 1)
-                M(c, c, i);
-        }
-        for (a = 0; a < 16; a++)
-            o[a] = c[a];
-    }
-    function crypto_scalarmult(q, n, p) {
-        var z = new Uint8Array(32);
-        var x = new Float64Array(80), r, i;
-        var a = gf(), b = gf(), c = gf(), d = gf(), e = gf(), f = gf();
-        for (i = 0; i < 31; i++)
-            z[i] = n[i];
-        z[31] = (n[31] & 127) | 64;
-        z[0] &= 248;
-        unpack25519(x, p);
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-            b[i] = x[i];
-            d[i] = a[i] = c[i] = 0;
-        }
-        a[0] = d[0] = 1;
-        for (i = 254; i >= 0; --i) {
-            r = (z[i >>> 3] >>> (i & 7)) & 1;
-            sel25519(a, b, r);
-            sel25519(c, d, r);
-            A(e, a, c);
-            Z(a, a, c);
-            A(c, b, d);
-            Z(b, b, d);
-            S(d, e);
-            S(f, a);
-            M(a, c, a);
-            M(c, b, e);
-            A(e, a, c);
-            Z(a, a, c);
-            S(b, a);
-            Z(c, d, f);
-            M(a, c, _121665);
-            A(a, a, d);
-            M(c, c, a);
-            M(a, d, f);
-            M(d, b, x);
-            S(b, e);
-            sel25519(a, b, r);
-            sel25519(c, d, r);
-        }
-        for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-            x[i + 16] = a[i];
-            x[i + 32] = c[i];
-            x[i + 48] = b[i];
-            x[i + 64] = d[i];
-        }
-        var x32 = x.subarray(32);
-        var x16 = x.subarray(16);
-        inv25519(x32, x32);
-        M(x16, x16, x32);
-        pack25519(q, x16);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    function crypto_scalarmult_base(q, n) {
-        return crypto_scalarmult(q, n, _9);
-    }
-    var K = [
-        0x428a2f98,
-        0xd728ae22,
-        0x71374491,
-        0x23ef65cd,
-        0xb5c0fbcf,
-        0xec4d3b2f,
-        0xe9b5dba5,
-        0x8189dbbc,
-        0x3956c25b,
-        0xf348b538,
-        0x59f111f1,
-        0xb605d019,
-        0x923f82a4,
-        0xaf194f9b,
-        0xab1c5ed5,
-        0xda6d8118,
-        0xd807aa98,
-        0xa3030242,
-        0x12835b01,
-        0x45706fbe,
-        0x243185be,
-        0x4ee4b28c,
-        0x550c7dc3,
-        0xd5ffb4e2,
-        0x72be5d74,
-        0xf27b896f,
-        0x80deb1fe,
-        0x3b1696b1,
-        0x9bdc06a7,
-        0x25c71235,
-        0xc19bf174,
-        0xcf692694,
-        0xe49b69c1,
-        0x9ef14ad2,
-        0xefbe4786,
-        0x384f25e3,
-        0x0fc19dc6,
-        0x8b8cd5b5,
-        0x240ca1cc,
-        0x77ac9c65,
-        0x2de92c6f,
-        0x592b0275,
-        0x4a7484aa,
-        0x6ea6e483,
-        0x5cb0a9dc,
-        0xbd41fbd4,
-        0x76f988da,
-        0x831153b5,
-        0x983e5152,
-        0xee66dfab,
-        0xa831c66d,
-        0x2db43210,
-        0xb00327c8,
-        0x98fb213f,
-        0xbf597fc7,
-        0xbeef0ee4,
-        0xc6e00bf3,
-        0x3da88fc2,
-        0xd5a79147,
-        0x930aa725,
-        0x06ca6351,
-        0xe003826f,
-        0x14292967,
-        0x0a0e6e70,
-        0x27b70a85,
-        0x46d22ffc,
-        0x2e1b2138,
-        0x5c26c926,
-        0x4d2c6dfc,
-        0x5ac42aed,
-        0x53380d13,
-        0x9d95b3df,
-        0x650a7354,
-        0x8baf63de,
-        0x766a0abb,
-        0x3c77b2a8,
-        0x81c2c92e,
-        0x47edaee6,
-        0x92722c85,
-        0x1482353b,
-        0xa2bfe8a1,
-        0x4cf10364,
-        0xa81a664b,
-        0xbc423001,
-        0xc24b8b70,
-        0xd0f89791,
-        0xc76c51a3,
-        0x0654be30,
-        0xd192e819,
-        0xd6ef5218,
-        0xd6990624,
-        0x5565a910,
-        0xf40e3585,
-        0x5771202a,
-        0x106aa070,
-        0x32bbd1b8,
-        0x19a4c116,
-        0xb8d2d0c8,
-        0x1e376c08,
-        0x5141ab53,
-        0x2748774c,
-        0xdf8eeb99,
-        0x34b0bcb5,
-        0xe19b48a8,
-        0x391c0cb3,
-        0xc5c95a63,
-        0x4ed8aa4a,
-        0xe3418acb,
-        0x5b9cca4f,
-        0x7763e373,
-        0x682e6ff3,
-        0xd6b2b8a3,
-        0x748f82ee,
-        0x5defb2fc,
-        0x78a5636f,
-        0x43172f60,
-        0x84c87814,
-        0xa1f0ab72,
-        0x8cc70208,
-        0x1a6439ec,
-        0x90befffa,
-        0x23631e28,
-        0xa4506ceb,
-        0xde82bde9,
-        0xbef9a3f7,
-        0xb2c67915,
-        0xc67178f2,
-        0xe372532b,
-        0xca273ece,
-        0xea26619c,
-        0xd186b8c7,
-        0x21c0c207,
-        0xeada7dd6,
-        0xcde0eb1e,
-        0xf57d4f7f,
-        0xee6ed178,
-        0x06f067aa,
-        0x72176fba,
-        0x0a637dc5,
-        0xa2c898a6,
-        0x113f9804,
-        0xbef90dae,
-        0x1b710b35,
-        0x131c471b,
-        0x28db77f5,
-        0x23047d84,
-        0x32caab7b,
-        0x40c72493,
-        0x3c9ebe0a,
-        0x15c9bebc,
-        0x431d67c4,
-        0x9c100d4c,
-        0x4cc5d4be,
-        0xcb3e42b6,
-        0x597f299c,
-        0xfc657e2a,
-        0x5fcb6fab,
-        0x3ad6faec,
-        0x6c44198c,
-        0x4a475817,
-    ];
-    function crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, m, n) {
-        var wh = new Int32Array(16), wl = new Int32Array(16), bh0, bh1, bh2, bh3, bh4, bh5, bh6, bh7, bl0, bl1, bl2, bl3, bl4, bl5, bl6, bl7, th, tl, i, j, h, l, a, b, c, d;
-        var ah0 = hh[0], ah1 = hh[1], ah2 = hh[2], ah3 = hh[3], ah4 = hh[4], ah5 = hh[5], ah6 = hh[6], ah7 = hh[7], al0 = hl[0], al1 = hl[1], al2 = hl[2], al3 = hl[3], al4 = hl[4], al5 = hl[5], al6 = hl[6], al7 = hl[7];
-        var pos = 0;
-        while (n >= 128) {
-            for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-                j = 8 * i + pos;
-                wh[i] = (m[j + 0] << 24) | (m[j + 1] << 16) | (m[j + 2] << 8) | m[j + 3];
-                wl[i] = (m[j + 4] << 24) | (m[j + 5] << 16) | (m[j + 6] << 8) | m[j + 7];
-            }
-            for (i = 0; i < 80; i++) {
-                bh0 = ah0;
-                bh1 = ah1;
-                bh2 = ah2;
-                bh3 = ah3;
-                bh4 = ah4;
-                bh5 = ah5;
-                bh6 = ah6;
-                bh7 = ah7;
-                bl0 = al0;
-                bl1 = al1;
-                bl2 = al2;
-                bl3 = al3;
-                bl4 = al4;
-                bl5 = al5;
-                bl6 = al6;
-                bl7 = al7;
-                // add
-                h = ah7;
-                l = al7;
-                a = l & 0xffff;
-                b = l >>> 16;
-                c = h & 0xffff;
-                d = h >>> 16;
-                // Sigma1
-                h =
-                    ((ah4 >>> 14) | (al4 << (32 - 14))) ^
-                    ((ah4 >>> 18) | (al4 << (32 - 18))) ^
-                    ((al4 >>> (41 - 32)) | (ah4 << (32 - (41 - 32))));
-                l =
-                    ((al4 >>> 14) | (ah4 << (32 - 14))) ^
-                    ((al4 >>> 18) | (ah4 << (32 - 18))) ^
-                    ((ah4 >>> (41 - 32)) | (al4 << (32 - (41 - 32))));
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                // Ch
-                h = (ah4 & ah5) ^ (~ah4 & ah6);
-                l = (al4 & al5) ^ (~al4 & al6);
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                // K
-                h = K[i * 2];
-                l = K[i * 2 + 1];
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                // w
-                h = wh[i % 16];
-                l = wl[i % 16];
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                b += a >>> 16;
-                c += b >>> 16;
-                d += c >>> 16;
-                th = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-                tl = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-                // add
-                h = th;
-                l = tl;
-                a = l & 0xffff;
-                b = l >>> 16;
-                c = h & 0xffff;
-                d = h >>> 16;
-                // Sigma0
-                h =
-                    ((ah0 >>> 28) | (al0 << (32 - 28))) ^
-                    ((al0 >>> (34 - 32)) | (ah0 << (32 - (34 - 32)))) ^
-                    ((al0 >>> (39 - 32)) | (ah0 << (32 - (39 - 32))));
-                l =
-                    ((al0 >>> 28) | (ah0 << (32 - 28))) ^
-                    ((ah0 >>> (34 - 32)) | (al0 << (32 - (34 - 32)))) ^
-                    ((ah0 >>> (39 - 32)) | (al0 << (32 - (39 - 32))));
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                // Maj
-                h = (ah0 & ah1) ^ (ah0 & ah2) ^ (ah1 & ah2);
-                l = (al0 & al1) ^ (al0 & al2) ^ (al1 & al2);
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                b += a >>> 16;
-                c += b >>> 16;
-                d += c >>> 16;
-                bh7 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-                bl7 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-                // add
-                h = bh3;
-                l = bl3;
-                a = l & 0xffff;
-                b = l >>> 16;
-                c = h & 0xffff;
-                d = h >>> 16;
-                h = th;
-                l = tl;
-                a += l & 0xffff;
-                b += l >>> 16;
-                c += h & 0xffff;
-                d += h >>> 16;
-                b += a >>> 16;
-                c += b >>> 16;
-                d += c >>> 16;
-                bh3 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-                bl3 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-                ah1 = bh0;
-                ah2 = bh1;
-                ah3 = bh2;
-                ah4 = bh3;
-                ah5 = bh4;
-                ah6 = bh5;
-                ah7 = bh6;
-                ah0 = bh7;
-                al1 = bl0;
-                al2 = bl1;
-                al3 = bl2;
-                al4 = bl3;
-                al5 = bl4;
-                al6 = bl5;
-                al7 = bl6;
-                al0 = bl7;
-                if (i % 16 === 15) {
-                    for (j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
-                        // add
-                        h = wh[j];
-                        l = wl[j];
-                        a = l & 0xffff;
-                        b = l >>> 16;
-                        c = h & 0xffff;
-                        d = h >>> 16;
-                        h = wh[(j + 9) % 16];
-                        l = wl[(j + 9) % 16];
-                        a += l & 0xffff;
-                        b += l >>> 16;
-                        c += h & 0xffff;
-                        d += h >>> 16;
-                        // sigma0
-                        th = wh[(j + 1) % 16];
-                        tl = wl[(j + 1) % 16];
-                        h = ((th >>> 1) | (tl << (32 - 1))) ^ ((th >>> 8) | (tl << (32 - 8))) ^ (th >>> 7);
-                        l = ((tl >>> 1) | (th << (32 - 1))) ^ ((tl >>> 8) | (th << (32 - 8))) ^ ((tl >>> 7) | (th << (32 - 7)));
-                        a += l & 0xffff;
-                        b += l >>> 16;
-                        c += h & 0xffff;
-                        d += h >>> 16;
-                        // sigma1
-                        th = wh[(j + 14) % 16];
-                        tl = wl[(j + 14) % 16];
-                        h = ((th >>> 19) | (tl << (32 - 19))) ^ ((tl >>> (61 - 32)) | (th << (32 - (61 - 32)))) ^ (th >>> 6);
-                        l =
-                            ((tl >>> 19) | (th << (32 - 19))) ^
-                            ((th >>> (61 - 32)) | (tl << (32 - (61 - 32)))) ^
-                            ((tl >>> 6) | (th << (32 - 6)));
-                        a += l & 0xffff;
-                        b += l >>> 16;
-                        c += h & 0xffff;
-                        d += h >>> 16;
-                        b += a >>> 16;
-                        c += b >>> 16;
-                        d += c >>> 16;
-                        wh[j] = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-                        wl[j] = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // add
-            h = ah0;
-            l = al0;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[0];
-            l = hl[0];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[0] = ah0 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[0] = al0 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah1;
-            l = al1;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[1];
-            l = hl[1];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[1] = ah1 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[1] = al1 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah2;
-            l = al2;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[2];
-            l = hl[2];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[2] = ah2 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[2] = al2 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah3;
-            l = al3;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[3];
-            l = hl[3];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[3] = ah3 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[3] = al3 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah4;
-            l = al4;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[4];
-            l = hl[4];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[4] = ah4 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[4] = al4 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah5;
-            l = al5;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[5];
-            l = hl[5];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[5] = ah5 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[5] = al5 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah6;
-            l = al6;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[6];
-            l = hl[6];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[6] = ah6 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[6] = al6 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            h = ah7;
-            l = al7;
-            a = l & 0xffff;
-            b = l >>> 16;
-            c = h & 0xffff;
-            d = h >>> 16;
-            h = hh[7];
-            l = hl[7];
-            a += l & 0xffff;
-            b += l >>> 16;
-            c += h & 0xffff;
-            d += h >>> 16;
-            b += a >>> 16;
-            c += b >>> 16;
-            d += c >>> 16;
-            hh[7] = ah7 = (c & 0xffff) | (d << 16);
-            hl[7] = al7 = (a & 0xffff) | (b << 16);
-            pos += 128;
-            n -= 128;
-        }
-        return n;
-    }
-    function crypto_hash(out, m, n) {
-        var hh = new Int32Array(8), hl = new Int32Array(8), x = new Uint8Array(256), i, b = n;
-        hh[0] = 0x6a09e667;
-        hh[1] = 0xbb67ae85;
-        hh[2] = 0x3c6ef372;
-        hh[3] = 0xa54ff53a;
-        hh[4] = 0x510e527f;
-        hh[5] = 0x9b05688c;
-        hh[6] = 0x1f83d9ab;
-        hh[7] = 0x5be0cd19;
-        hl[0] = 0xf3bcc908;
-        hl[1] = 0x84caa73b;
-        hl[2] = 0xfe94f82b;
-        hl[3] = 0x5f1d36f1;
-        hl[4] = 0xade682d1;
-        hl[5] = 0x2b3e6c1f;
-        hl[6] = 0xfb41bd6b;
-        hl[7] = 0x137e2179;
-        crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, m, n);
-        n %= 128;
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            x[i] = m[b - n + i];
-        x[n] = 128;
-        n = 256 - 128 * (n < 112 ? 1 : 0);
-        x[n - 9] = 0;
-        ts64(x, n - 8, (b / 0x20000000) | 0, b << 3);
-        crypto_hashblocks_hl(hh, hl, x, n);
-        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
-            ts64(out, 8 * i, hh[i], hl[i]);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    function add(p, q) {
-        var a = gf(), b = gf(), c = gf(), d = gf(), e = gf(), f = gf(), g = gf(), h = gf(), t = gf();
-        Z(a, p[1], p[0]);
-        Z(t, q[1], q[0]);
-        M(a, a, t);
-        A(b, p[0], p[1]);
-        A(t, q[0], q[1]);
-        M(b, b, t);
-        M(c, p[3], q[3]);
-        M(c, c, D2);
-        M(d, p[2], q[2]);
-        A(d, d, d);
-        Z(e, b, a);
-        Z(f, d, c);
-        A(g, d, c);
-        A(h, b, a);
-        M(p[0], e, f);
-        M(p[1], h, g);
-        M(p[2], g, f);
-        M(p[3], e, h);
-    }
-    function cswap(p, q, b) {
-        var i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-            sel25519(p[i], q[i], b);
-        }
-    }
-    function pack(r, p) {
-        var tx = gf(), ty = gf(), zi = gf();
-        inv25519(zi, p[2]);
-        M(tx, p[0], zi);
-        M(ty, p[1], zi);
-        pack25519(r, ty);
-        r[31] ^= par25519(tx) << 7;
-    }
-    function scalarmult(p, q, s) {
-        var b, i;
-        set25519(p[0], gf0);
-        set25519(p[1], gf1);
-        set25519(p[2], gf1);
-        set25519(p[3], gf0);
-        for (i = 255; i >= 0; --i) {
-            b = (s[(i / 8) | 0] >> (i & 7)) & 1;
-            cswap(p, q, b);
-            add(q, p);
-            add(p, p);
-            cswap(p, q, b);
-        }
-    }
-    function scalarbase(p, s) {
-        var q = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
-        set25519(q[0], X);
-        set25519(q[1], Y);
-        set25519(q[2], gf1);
-        M(q[3], X, Y);
-        scalarmult(p, q, s);
-    }
-    var L = new Float64Array([
-        0xed,
-        0xd3,
-        0xf5,
-        0x5c,
-        0x1a,
-        0x63,
-        0x12,
-        0x58,
-        0xd6,
-        0x9c,
-        0xf7,
-        0xa2,
-        0xde,
-        0xf9,
-        0xde,
-        0x14,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0,
-        0x10,
-    ]);
-    function modL(r, x) {
-        var carry, i, j, k;
-        for (i = 63; i >= 32; --i) {
-            carry = 0;
-            for (j = i - 32, k = i - 12; j < k; ++j) {
-                x[j] += carry - 16 * x[i] * L[j - (i - 32)];
-                carry = (x[j] + 128) >> 8;
-                x[j] -= carry * 256;
-            }
-            x[j] += carry;
-            x[i] = 0;
-        }
-        carry = 0;
-        for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
-            x[j] += carry - (x[31] >> 4) * L[j];
-            carry = x[j] >> 8;
-            x[j] &= 255;
-        }
-        for (j = 0; j < 32; j++)
-            x[j] -= carry * L[j];
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
-            x[i + 1] += x[i] >> 8;
-            r[i] = x[i] & 255;
-        }
-    }
-    function reduce(r) {
-        var x = new Float64Array(64), i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            x[i] = r[i];
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            r[i] = 0;
-        modL(r, x);
-    }
-    // Like crypto_sign, but uses secret key directly in hash.
-    function crypto_sign_direct(sm, m, n, sk) {
-        var h = new Uint8Array(64), r = new Uint8Array(64);
-        var i, j, x = new Float64Array(64);
-        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            sm[64 + i] = m[i];
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            sm[32 + i] = sk[i];
-        crypto_hash(r, sm.subarray(32), n + 32);
-        reduce(r);
-        scalarbase(p, r);
-        pack(sm, p);
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            sm[i + 32] = sk[32 + i];
-        crypto_hash(h, sm, n + 64);
-        reduce(h);
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            x[i] = 0;
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            x[i] = r[i];
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
-            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
-                x[i + j] += h[i] * sk[j];
-            }
-        }
-        modL(sm.subarray(32), x);
-        return n + 64;
-    }
-    // Note: sm must be n+128.
-    function crypto_sign_direct_rnd(sm, m, n, sk, rnd) {
-        var h = new Uint8Array(64), r = new Uint8Array(64);
-        var i, j, x = new Float64Array(64);
-        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
-        // Hash separation.
-        sm[0] = 0xfe;
-        for (i = 1; i < 32; i++)
-            sm[i] = 0xff;
-        // Secret key.
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            sm[32 + i] = sk[i];
-        // Message.
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            sm[64 + i] = m[i];
-        // Random suffix.
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            sm[n + 64 + i] = rnd[i];
-        crypto_hash(r, sm, n + 128);
-        reduce(r);
-        scalarbase(p, r);
-        pack(sm, p);
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            sm[i + 32] = sk[32 + i];
-        crypto_hash(h, sm, n + 64);
-        reduce(h);
-        // Wipe out random suffix.
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            sm[n + 64 + i] = 0;
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            x[i] = 0;
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            x[i] = r[i];
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
-            for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
-                x[i + j] += h[i] * sk[j];
-            }
-        }
-        modL(sm.subarray(32, n + 64), x);
-        return n + 64;
-    }
-    function curve25519_sign(sm, m, n, sk, opt_rnd) {
-        // If opt_rnd is provided, sm must have n + 128,
-        // otherwise it must have n + 64 bytes.
-        // Convert Curve25519 secret key into Ed25519 secret key (includes pub key).
-        var edsk = new Uint8Array(64);
-        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
-        for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            edsk[i] = sk[i];
-        // Ensure private key is in the correct format.
-        edsk[0] &= 248;
-        edsk[31] &= 127;
-        edsk[31] |= 64;
-        scalarbase(p, edsk);
-        pack(edsk.subarray(32), p);
-        // Remember sign bit.
-        var signBit = edsk[63] & 128;
-        var smlen;
-        if (opt_rnd) {
-            smlen = crypto_sign_direct_rnd(sm, m, n, edsk, opt_rnd);
-        }
-        else {
-            smlen = crypto_sign_direct(sm, m, n, edsk);
-        }
-        // Copy sign bit from public key into signature.
-        sm[63] |= signBit;
-        return smlen;
-    }
-    function unpackneg(r, p) {
-        var t = gf(), chk = gf(), num = gf(), den = gf(), den2 = gf(), den4 = gf(), den6 = gf();
-        set25519(r[2], gf1);
-        unpack25519(r[1], p);
-        S(num, r[1]);
-        M(den, num, D);
-        Z(num, num, r[2]);
-        A(den, r[2], den);
-        S(den2, den);
-        S(den4, den2);
-        M(den6, den4, den2);
-        M(t, den6, num);
-        M(t, t, den);
-        pow2523(t, t);
-        M(t, t, num);
-        M(t, t, den);
-        M(t, t, den);
-        M(r[0], t, den);
-        S(chk, r[0]);
-        M(chk, chk, den);
-        if (neq25519(chk, num))
-            M(r[0], r[0], I);
-        S(chk, r[0]);
-        M(chk, chk, den);
-        if (neq25519(chk, num))
-            return -1;
-        if (par25519(r[0]) === p[31] >> 7)
-            Z(r[0], gf0, r[0]);
-        M(r[3], r[0], r[1]);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    function crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {
-        var i, mlen;
-        var t = new Uint8Array(32), h = new Uint8Array(64);
-        var p = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()], q = [gf(), gf(), gf(), gf()];
-        mlen = -1;
-        if (n < 64)
-            return -1;
-        if (unpackneg(q, pk))
-            return -1;
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            m[i] = sm[i];
-        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            m[i + 32] = pk[i];
-        crypto_hash(h, m, n);
-        reduce(h);
-        scalarmult(p, q, h);
-        scalarbase(q, sm.subarray(32));
-        add(p, q);
-        pack(t, p);
-        n -= 64;
-        if (crypto_verify_32(sm, 0, t, 0)) {
-            for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-                m[i] = 0;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-            m[i] = sm[i + 64];
-        mlen = n;
-        return mlen;
-    }
-    // Converts Curve25519 public key back to Ed25519 public key.
-    // edwardsY = (montgomeryX - 1) / (montgomeryX + 1)
-    function convertPublicKey(pk) {
-        var z = new Uint8Array(32), x = gf(), a = gf(), b = gf();
-        unpack25519(x, pk);
-        A(a, x, gf1);
-        Z(b, x, gf1);
-        inv25519(a, a);
-        M(a, a, b);
-        pack25519(z, a);
-        return z;
-    }
-    function curve25519_sign_open(m, sm, n, pk) {
-        // Convert Curve25519 public key into Ed25519 public key.
-        var edpk = convertPublicKey(pk);
-        // Restore sign bit from signature.
-        edpk[31] |= sm[63] & 128;
-        // Remove sign bit from signature.
-        sm[63] &= 127;
-        // Verify signed message.
-        return crypto_sign_open(m, sm, n, edpk);
-    }
-    /* High-level API */
-    function checkArrayTypes(...args) {
-        var t, i;
-        for (i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
-            if ((t = Object.prototype.toString.call(arguments[i])) !== '[object Uint8Array]')
-                throw new TypeError('unexpected type ' + t + ', use Uint8Array');
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns a raw shared key between own private key and peer's public key (in other words, this is an ECC Diffie-Hellman function X25519, performing scalar multiplication).
-     *
-     * The result should not be used directly as a key, but should be processed with a one-way function (e.g. HSalsa20 as in NaCl, or any secure cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-256, or key derivation function, such as HKDF).
-     *
-     * @export
-     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
-     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
-     * @returns Uint8Array
-     */
-    function sharedKey(secretKey, publicKey) {
-        checkArrayTypes(publicKey, secretKey);
-        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
-        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
-        var sharedKey = new Uint8Array(32);
-        crypto_scalarmult(sharedKey, secretKey, publicKey);
-        return sharedKey;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Signs the given message using the private key and returns a signed message (signature concatenated with the message copy).
-     *
-     * Optional random data argument (which must have 64 random bytes) turns on hash separation and randomization to make signatures non-deterministic.
-     *
-     * @export
-     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
-     * @param {*} msg
-     * @param {Uint8Array} opt_random
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function signMessage(secretKey, msg, opt_random) {
-        checkArrayTypes(msg, secretKey);
-        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
-        if (opt_random) {
-            checkArrayTypes(opt_random);
-            if (opt_random.length !== 64)
-                throw new Error('wrong random data length');
-            var buf = new Uint8Array(128 + msg.length);
-            curve25519_sign(buf, msg, msg.length, secretKey, opt_random);
-            return new Uint8Array(buf.subarray(0, 64 + msg.length));
-        }
-        else {
-            var signedMsg = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
-            curve25519_sign(signedMsg, msg, msg.length, secretKey);
-            return signedMsg;
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Verifies signed message with the public key and returns the original message without signature if it's correct or null if verification fails.
-     *
-     * @export
-     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
-     * @param {*} signedMsg
-     * @returns Message
-     */
-    function openMessage(publicKey, signedMsg) {
-        checkArrayTypes(signedMsg, publicKey);
-        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
-        var tmp = new Uint8Array(signedMsg.length);
-        var mlen = curve25519_sign_open(tmp, signedMsg, signedMsg.length, publicKey);
-        if (mlen < 0)
-            return null;
-        var m = new Uint8Array(mlen);
-        for (var i = 0; i < m.length; i++)
-            m[i] = tmp[i];
-        return m;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Signs the given message using the private key and returns signature.
-     *
-     * Optional random data argument (which must have 64 random bytes) turns on hash separation and randomization to make signatures non-deterministic.
-     *
-     * @export
-     * @param {Uint8Array} secretKey
-     * @param {*} msg
-     * @param {Uint8Array} opt_random
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function sign(secretKey, msg, opt_random) {
-        checkArrayTypes(secretKey, msg);
-        if (secretKey.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong secret key length');
-        if (opt_random) {
-            checkArrayTypes(opt_random);
-            if (opt_random.length !== 64)
-                throw new Error('wrong random data length');
-        }
-        var buf = new Uint8Array((opt_random ? 128 : 64) + msg.length);
-        curve25519_sign(buf, msg, msg.length, secretKey, opt_random);
-        var signature = new Uint8Array(64);
-        for (var i = 0; i < signature.length; i++)
-            signature[i] = buf[i];
-        return signature;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Verifies the given signature for the message using the given private key. Returns true if the signature is valid, false otherwise.
-     *
-     * @export
-     * @param {Uint8Array} publicKey
-     * @param {*} msg
-     * @param {*} signature
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function verify(publicKey, msg, signature) {
-        checkArrayTypes(msg, signature, publicKey);
-        if (signature.length !== 64)
-            throw new Error('wrong signature length');
-        if (publicKey.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong public key length');
-        var sm = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
-        var m = new Uint8Array(64 + msg.length);
-        var i;
-        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
-            sm[i] = signature[i];
-        for (i = 0; i < msg.length; i++)
-            sm[i + 64] = msg[i];
-        return curve25519_sign_open(m, sm, sm.length, publicKey) >= 0;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Generates a new key pair from the given 32-byte secret seed (which should be generated with a CSPRNG) and returns it as object.
-     *
-     * The returned keys can be used for signing and key agreement.
-     *
-     * @export
-     * @param {Uint8Array} seed required
-     * @returns
-     */
-    function generateKeyPair(seed) {
-        checkArrayTypes(seed);
-        if (seed.length !== 32)
-            throw new Error('wrong seed length');
-        var sk = new Uint8Array(32);
-        var pk = new Uint8Array(32);
-        for (var i = 0; i < 32; i++)
-            sk[i] = seed[i];
-        crypto_scalarmult_base(pk, sk);
-        // Turn secret key into the correct format.
-        sk[0] &= 248;
-        sk[31] &= 127;
-        sk[31] |= 64;
-        // Remove sign bit from public key.
-        pk[31] &= 127;
-        return {
-            public: pk,
-            private: sk,
-        };
-    }
-
-    globalThis.x25519 = {
-        sharedKey,
-        signMessage,
-        openMessage,
-        sign,
-        verify,
-        generateKeyPair,
-    };
-})();
diff --git a/teepod/teepod.toml b/teepod/teepod.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index ebe37d926..000000000
--- a/teepod/teepod.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-workers = 8
-max_blocking = 64
-ident = "Teepod"
-temp_dir = "/tmp"
-keep_alive = 10
-log_level = "debug"
-port = 8080
-kms_url = "http://127.0.0.1:8081"
-
-
-[networking]
-mode = "user"
-net = "10.0.2.0/24"
-dhcp_start = "10.0.2.10"
-restrict = false
-
-[cvm]
-ca_cert = "../certs/ca.cert"
-tmp_ca_cert = "../certs/tmp-ca.cert"
-tmp_ca_key = "../certs/tmp-ca.key"
-kms_url = "http://127.0.0.1:8081"
-tproxy_url = "http://127.0.0.1:8082"
-docker_registry = ""
-max_disk_size = 100
-cid_start = 1000
-cid_pool_size = 1000
-max_allocable_vcpu = 20
-max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 100_000 # MB
-qmp_socket = true
-
-[cvm.port_mapping]
-enabled = false
-address = "127.0.0.1"
-range = [
-    { protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
-]
-
-[gateway]
-base_domain = "localhost"
-port = 8082
-tappd_port = 8083
-
-[auth]
-enabled = false
-tokens = []
-
-[supervisor]
-exe = "./supervisor"
-sock = "./run/supervisor.sock"
-pid_file = "./run/supervisor.pid"
-log_file = "./run/supervisor.log"
-
-[host_api]
-ident = "Teepod"
-address = "vsock:2"
-port = 10000
diff --git a/test-scripts/get-app-key.sh b/test-scripts/get-app-key.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 2e1ae9473..000000000
--- a/test-scripts/get-app-key.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-CERT_FILE=${1}
-KEY_FILE=${CERT_FILE%.*}.key
-CERT_DIR=../certs
-URL=https://localhost:8043/prpc/KMS.GetAppKey
-
-if [ -z "$CERT_FILE" ]; then
-    curl -s --cacert ${CERT_DIR}/ca.cert ${URL}
-else
-    curl -vv --cacert ${CERT_DIR}/ca.cert --cert ${CERT_FILE} --key ${KEY_FILE} ${URL}
-fi
diff --git a/test-scripts/inspect-cert.sh b/test-scripts/inspect-cert.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 68c3945f2..000000000
--- a/test-scripts/inspect-cert.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-openssl x509 -text -noout -in $1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test-scripts/tproxy-reg.sh b/test-scripts/tproxy-reg.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 96cc6b215..000000000
--- a/test-scripts/tproxy-reg.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-CERT_FILE=${1}
-KEY_FILE=${CERT_FILE%.*}.key
-CERT_DIR=../certs
-URL=https://localhost:8010/prpc/Tproxy.RegisterCvm?json
-
-D='{"client_public_key": "4WyZldIHByffCulT674/n/ZLFH8jsfMZPkEnNOPaaW8="}'
-
-if [ -z "$CERT_FILE" ]; then
-    curl -s -d ${D} --cacert ${CERT_DIR}/ca.cert ${URL}
-else
-    curl -s -d "${D}" --cacert ${CERT_DIR}/ca.cert --cert ${CERT_FILE} --key ${KEY_FILE} ${URL}
-fi
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/.env.example b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/.env.example
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7fbc5cb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/.env.example
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Directory containing unpacked dstack guest images:
+# <store>/<image-name>/{bzImage,initramfs...,rootfs...,digest.txt,sha256sum.txt}
+DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_STORE=../../../meta-dstack/build/images
+DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_NAME=dstack-0.6.0
+DSTACK_E2E_OLD_IMAGE_NAME=dstack-0.5.11
+DSTACK_E2E_PLATFORM=tdx
+
+# Exact released upgrade sources. Both are digest-pinned on Docker Hub and
+# checked by their in-image --version output before any CVM is launched.
+DSTACK_E2E_OLD_KMS_IMAGE=dstacktee/dstack-kms:0.5.8@sha256:9650dcb47dad0065470f432f00e78e012912214ef1a5b1d7272918817e61a26d
+DSTACK_E2E_OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE=dstacktee/dstack-gateway:0.5.8@sha256:6eb1dc1a5000f37cc5b0322d3fdb71e7f2e31859b5e3a611634919278cee2411
+DSTACK_E2E_APP_IMAGE=nginx:alpine
+
+# Mock ACME/DNS + externally visible test domain for Gateway SNI.
+DSTACK_E2E_BASE_DOMAIN=e2e.test
+DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_IMAGE=kvin/pebble:latest
+
+# Host ports. Defaults are chosen to avoid common dstackup ports.
+DSTACK_E2E_VMM_PORT=29080
+DSTACK_E2E_AUTH_PORT=28011
+DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_PORT=38081
+DSTACK_E2E_KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT=28082
+DSTACK_E2E_KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT=28083
+# KMS 0.5.8 encodes this value as a DNS SAN. It must resolve to the test host
+# from BOTH the host-side deployment client and each CVM. If omitted, the
+# renderer derives <host-default-route-ip>.nip.io (for example below).
+# DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN=192.168.1.90.nip.io
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT=28000
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT=28001
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT=28443
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT=28120
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT=28100
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT=28101
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT=28543
+DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT=28121
+DSTACK_E2E_KEY_PROVIDER_PORT=13443
+DSTACK_E2E_HOST_API_PORT=20011
+DSTACK_E2E_MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT=38080
+DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT=34000
+DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_MGMT_PORT=35000
+
+# Optional exact 20-byte Gateway application ID. If omitted, the renderer
+# deterministically derives one. "any" is intentionally rejected.
+# DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_APP_ID=0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef01234567
+
+# VMM/QEMU knobs.
+DSTACK_E2E_CID_START=15000
+DSTACK_E2E_QGS_PORT=4050
+DSTACK_E2E_QEMU_PATH=/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64
+
+# Host SGX QCNL config used by the Local-Key-Provider that seals each KMS CVM disk.
+# It should point at a PCCS provisioned for this physical platform.
+DSTACK_E2E_QCNL_CONF=/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf
+
+# Runner behaviour.
+DSTACK_E2E_CLEAN_START=true
+DSTACK_E2E_CLEANUP_AFTER=false
+DSTACK_E2E_UPGRADE_CLEAN_STATE=true
+DSTACK_E2E_KEEP_STACK=true
+
+# Set only when the current x86_64-musl KMS/Gateway binaries were already built.
+DSTACK_E2E_SKIP_CURRENT_BUILD=false
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/.gitignore b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89e702f8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+.env
+/state/*
+!/state/.gitkeep
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/README.md b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..132b91acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+-->
+
+# Production-compatible KMS/Gateway upgrade E2E
+
+This suite runs the stateful services and applications in **real TDX CVMs**.
+Docker Compose is used only for host infrastructure (VMM, authorization,
+Local-Key-Provider, image server, and mock ACME/DNS):
+
+```text
+host Docker Compose
+  ├─ dstack-vmm + dstack-auth
+  ├─ AESMD + SGX Local-Key-Provider
+  ├─ verified OS/image artifact server
+  └─ Pebble + mock Cloudflare DNS
+
+real TDX CVMs
+  ├─ KMS 0.5.8 (Local-Key-Provider, quote-enabled onboarding)
+  ├─ current KMS (new CVM, quote-attested replication from 0.5.8)
+  ├─ two-node Gateway 0.5.8 cluster, rolled one node at a time to current
+  ├─ forced-legacy nginx app CVM
+  └─ forced-lite nginx app CVM
+```
+
+The upgrade scenario intentionally rejects the development trust settings that
+would make a passing result irrelevant to production:
+
+- KMS 0.5.8 uses `quote_enabled = true`.
+- Both KMS manifests explicitly set `enforce_self_authorization = true`.
+- KMS OS image verification is enabled and downloads a checksum-verified image
+  archive from an initially empty cache.
+- KMS root keys and Gateway TLS identity are created inside TDX CVMs; the suite
+  never generates or injects them on the host.
+- The authorization webhook pins one OS digest, exact KMS aggregate
+  measurements, the quote-derived physical TDX device ID, exact app compose
+  hashes, and a concrete 20-byte Gateway app ID. `allowAnyDevice = true` and
+  `gatewayAppId = "any"` are rejected.
+- Container references in measured app manifests are content-addressed Docker
+  image IDs. Tags are used only as the Docker Hub/build inputs that are pulled,
+  inspected, saved, and imported before boot.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+1. Build the host-side control binaries:
+
+   ```bash
+   cargo build --release --manifest-path ../../dstack/Cargo.toml \
+     -p dstack-cli -p dstack-auth -p dstack-vmm -p supervisor
+   ```
+
+   The driver builds current KMS and Gateway binaries for
+   `x86_64-unknown-linux-musl` and places them in test-only container images.
+   The static binaries are layered on the released 0.5.8 production runtime;
+   the KMS production builder still uses the same Debian/QEMU revision, and the
+   current Gateway entrypoint is copied from this checkout. The built binaries
+   and in-CVM version endpoints must report the current workspace version and
+   Git revision, so Docker cache or an old binary cannot silently turn the
+   upgrade into a no-op.
+
+2. Provide a TDX/SGX host with:
+
+   - `/dev/kvm`, `/dev/vhost-vsock`, Intel TDX, and QGS (default port `4050`)
+   - `/dev/sgx_enclave` and `/dev/sgx_provision`
+   - a working host SGX QCNL configuration at `/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf`
+     whose PCCS is provisioned for this physical platform; override its path
+     with `DSTACK_E2E_QCNL_CONF` when needed. A public PCCS only works after
+     this platform's PCK certificate has been registered there.
+   - an IPv4/DNS name for the host that is reachable from both the host-side
+     deployment client and QEMU user-networked CVMs; the suite derives
+     `<default-route-ip>.nip.io`, or accepts `DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN`
+   - Docker and WireGuard kernel support
+
+3. Provide an unpacked dstack image directory containing `digest.txt` and
+   `sha256sum.txt` for both the current image (`DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_NAME`) and the
+   v0.5.11 compatibility image (`DSTACK_E2E_OLD_IMAGE_NAME`). Copy
+   `.env.example` to `.env` when paths or ports differ.
+
+## Run
+
+```bash
+DOCKER_BUILDKIT=0 ./run-upgrade-e2e.sh
+```
+
+The defaults pull these released images from Docker Hub:
+
+- `dstacktee/dstack-kms:0.5.8@sha256:9650dcb47dad0065470f432f00e78e012912214ef1a5b1d7272918817e61a26d`
+- `dstacktee/dstack-gateway:0.5.8@sha256:6eb1dc1a5000f37cc5b0322d3fdb71e7f2e31859b5e3a611634919278cee2411`
+
+The driver checks each released binary's `--version` output before deploying
+anything. Set `DSTACK_E2E_SKIP_CURRENT_BUILD=true` only when the current musl
+binaries were already built.
+
+## Upgrade sequence and assertions
+
+### KMS 0.5.8 to current
+
+1. Deploy KMS 0.5.8 as a Local-Key-Provider TDX CVM with no pre-created keys.
+2. Call `Onboard.GetAttestationInfo`, authorize its exact `mrAggregated`, then
+   bootstrap it. The bootstrap response must contain non-empty attestation.
+3. Boot the forced-legacy app through KMS 0.5.8 and record the KMS CA SPKI,
+   root k256 public key, and the app's derived environment-encryption public
+   key. (The expected onboarding path reissues the self-signed CA certificate,
+   so its DER bytes/expiry are not a stable identity; its private key/SPKI is.)
+4. Deploy current KMS in a new Local-Key-Provider TDX CVM, authorize its exact
+   measurement, and call `Onboard.Onboard` against KMS 0.5.8. This exercises the
+   production RA-TLS root-key replication path; it is not a directory copy.
+5. Require all recorded identities/derived keys to be byte-for-byte equal,
+   stop KMS 0.5.8, and force the legacy app to boot against only current KMS.
+6. Boot a fresh forced-lite app against current KMS. Both modes must reach
+   `boot_progress=done`, which occurs after boot-time `GetAppKey` succeeds.
+
+The artifact server journal must contain two successful GETs for the exact
+measured OS archive (one from each fresh KMS data disk). VM logs are also
+rejected if they say image verification or self-authorization is disabled.
+
+### Gateway 0.5.8 to current
+
+1. Deploy two Gateway 0.5.8 TDX CVMs under one pinned Gateway app ID. Both get
+   app keys and RA-TLS certificates from KMS; their environment is encrypted by
+   VMM/KMS.
+2. Form a WaveKV cluster, configure Pebble/Cloudflare mock DNS once, and require
+   the second node to receive the configuration and wildcard certificate.
+3. Verify the legacy and lite app SNI routes through **both** Gateway nodes.
+4. Snapshot each node's UUID, CVM registrations/IPs, certbot configuration, DNS
+   credential metadata, ZT domains, and wildcard-certificate fingerprint.
+5. Run a rapid HA probe that alternates the preferred physical Gateway for
+   every legacy/lite request and falls back to the other node in the same cycle.
+6. Stop, update the measured app compose, and restart node 1 on current KMS;
+   require it to carry both apps and retain all durable state. Repeat for node 2.
+7. Require zero failed HA cycles and unchanged durable state/certificates.
+8. Force certificate issuance through each upgraded node against a mock DNS API
+   that rejects anything except the original bearer token. This proves the DNS
+   credential value survived even though the current admin API redacts it.
+
+This is a production-style **rolling two-node** zero-downtime assertion. The
+suite does not claim that rebooting a single Gateway CVM can preserve that
+node's listener; availability is maintained by the peer, as it must be in a
+production rollout.
+
+Artifacts, manifests, version headers, canonical state snapshots, probe
+results, attestation information, and VM logs are written to `state/work/`.
+The stack is retained by default for inspection; set
+`DSTACK_E2E_KEEP_STACK=false` and/or `DSTACK_E2E_CLEANUP_AFTER=true` to clean it.
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/compose.yml b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/compose.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0565e6de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+name: dstack-full-e2e
+
+x-suite-env: &suite-env
+  DSTACK_E2E_STATE_DIR: /suite-state
+  DSTACK_E2E_CONFIG_DIR: /suite-state/config
+  DSTACK_E2E_RUN_DIR: /suite-state/run
+  DSTACK_E2E_VM_DIR: /suite-state/vm
+  DSTACK_E2E_VOLUMES_DIR: /suite-state/volumes
+  DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_ROOT: /images
+  DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_NAME: ${DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_NAME:-dstack-0.6.0}
+  DSTACK_E2E_PLATFORM: ${DSTACK_E2E_PLATFORM:-tdx}
+  DSTACK_E2E_VMM_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_VMM_PORT:-29080}
+  DSTACK_E2E_AUTH_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_AUTH_PORT:-28011}
+  DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_PORT:-38081}
+  DSTACK_E2E_KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT:-28082}
+  DSTACK_E2E_KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT:-28083}
+  DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN: ${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN:-}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT:-28000}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT:-28001}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT:-28443}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT:-28120}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT:-28100}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT:-28101}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT:-28543}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT:-28121}
+  DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_APP_ID: ${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_APP_ID:-}
+  DSTACK_E2E_KEY_PROVIDER_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_KEY_PROVIDER_PORT:-13443}
+  DSTACK_E2E_HOST_API_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_HOST_API_PORT:-20011}
+  DSTACK_E2E_CID_START: ${DSTACK_E2E_CID_START:-15000}
+  DSTACK_E2E_QGS_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_QGS_PORT:-4050}
+  DSTACK_E2E_QEMU_PATH: ${DSTACK_E2E_QEMU_PATH:-/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64}
+  DSTACK_E2E_BASE_DOMAIN: ${DSTACK_E2E_BASE_DOMAIN:-e2e.test}
+  DSTACK_E2E_MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT:-38080}
+  DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT: ${DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT:-34000}
+  DSTACK_E2E_APP_NAME: ${DSTACK_E2E_APP_NAME:-dstack-e2e-nginx}
+  DSTACK_E2E_NAME_PREFIX: ${DSTACK_E2E_NAME_PREFIX:-dstack-e2e}
+  DSTACK_E2E_PHASE: ${DSTACK_E2E_PHASE:-upgrade}
+  DSTACK_E2E_CURRENT_VERSION: ${DSTACK_E2E_CURRENT_VERSION:-0.6.0}
+
+services:
+  init-config:
+    build:
+      context: ./runtime
+    image: dstack-e2e-runtime:local
+    network_mode: host
+    volumes:
+      - ./state:/suite-state
+      - ./scripts:/suite/scripts:ro
+      - ${DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_STORE:-../../../meta-dstack/build/images}:/images:ro
+    environment:
+      <<: *suite-env
+    command: ["/suite/scripts/render-config.sh"]
+
+  mock-cf-dns-api:
+    build:
+      context: ./mock-cf-dns
+    image: dstack-e2e-mock-cf-dns:local
+    networks:
+      e2e-net:
+        ipv4_address: 172.31.0.10
+    ports:
+      - "0.0.0.0:${DSTACK_E2E_MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT:-38080}:8080"
+    environment:
+      PORT: 8080
+      DEBUG: ${DSTACK_E2E_MOCK_DEBUG:-false}
+      MOCK_CF_ZONES: ${DSTACK_E2E_BASE_DOMAIN:-e2e.test},test,local
+      MOCK_CF_API_TOKEN: test-token
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "python", "-c", "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://127.0.0.1:8080/health')"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 10
+
+  pebble:
+    # Custom Pebble build used by the existing gateway E2E suite. It supports
+    # plain HTTP ACME URLs, which keeps the host-side Gateway bootstrap simple.
+    image: ${DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_IMAGE:-kvin/pebble:latest}
+    command: ["-http", "-dnsserver", "172.31.0.10:53"]
+    networks:
+      e2e-net:
+        ipv4_address: 172.31.0.11
+    ports:
+      - "0.0.0.0:${DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT:-34000}:14000"
+      - "0.0.0.0:${DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_MGMT_PORT:-35000}:15000"
+    environment:
+      PEBBLE_VA_NOSLEEP: "1"
+      PEBBLE_VA_ALWAYS_VALID: "1"
+    depends_on:
+      mock-cf-dns-api:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "wget -q --spider http://127.0.0.1:14000/dir || curl -fsS http://127.0.0.1:14000/dir >/dev/null"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 20
+
+  aesmd:
+    build:
+      context: ../../dstack/local-key-provider
+      dockerfile: build/Dockerfile.aesmd
+    image: dstack-e2e-aesmd:local
+    privileged: true
+    network_mode: host
+    devices:
+      - "/dev/sgx_enclave:/dev/sgx_enclave"
+      - "/dev/sgx_provision:/dev/sgx_provision"
+    volumes:
+      - ${DSTACK_E2E_QCNL_CONF:-/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf}:/etc/sgx_default_qcnl.conf:ro
+      - aesmd-sock:/var/run/aesmd/
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  local-keyprovider:
+    build:
+      context: ../../dstack
+      dockerfile: local-key-provider/build/Dockerfile.key-provider
+      args:
+        APT_SNAPSHOT: ${APT_SNAPSHOT:-20260423T000000Z}
+        SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: ${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH:-1776902400}
+        RUSTUP_VERSION: ${RUSTUP_VERSION:-1.28.2}
+        RUSTUP_INIT_SHA256: ${RUSTUP_INIT_SHA256:-20a06e644b0d9bd2fbdbfd52d42540bdde820ea7df86e92e533c073da0cdd43c}
+        RUST_TOOLCHAIN: ${RUST_TOOLCHAIN:-1.92.0}
+    image: dstack-e2e-local-keyprovider:local
+    privileged: true
+    devices:
+      - "/dev/sgx_enclave:/dev/sgx_enclave"
+      - "/dev/sgx_provision:/dev/sgx_provision"
+    depends_on:
+      - aesmd
+    environment:
+      PCCS_URL: ${PCCS_URL:-https://pccs.phala.network}
+      LISTEN_ADDR: 0.0.0.0:3443
+    volumes:
+      - aesmd-sock:/var/run/aesmd/
+    ports:
+      - "127.0.0.1:${DSTACK_E2E_KEY_PROVIDER_PORT:-13443}:3443"
+    healthcheck:
+      # The provider is a raw TCP service without an HTTP health endpoint.
+      # Opening the socket proves that the production SGX enclave was loaded;
+      # the container cannot listen while AESMD/DCAP provisioning is broken.
+      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "timeout 2 bash -c '</dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/3443'"]
+      interval: 2s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 45
+      start_period: 10s
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  auth:
+    image: dstack-e2e-runtime:local
+    network_mode: host
+    depends_on:
+      init-config:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
+    volumes:
+      - ./state:/suite-state
+      - ../../dstack:/workspace:ro
+    command:
+      - bash
+      - -lc
+      - exec /workspace/target/release/dstack-auth --config /suite-state/config/auth-allowlist.json --address 0.0.0.0 --port ${DSTACK_E2E_AUTH_PORT:-28011}
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  artifacts:
+    image: dstack-e2e-runtime:local
+    network_mode: host
+    depends_on:
+      init-config:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
+    volumes:
+      - ./state:/suite-state
+    # Keep an in-band request journal.  The runner uses the exact successful
+    # OS archive GETs as evidence that both KMS versions exercised image
+    # download/verification; VM serial logs do not include container stdout.
+    command:
+      - bash
+      - -lc
+      - >-
+        exec python3 -u -m http.server "${DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_PORT:-38081}"
+        --bind 0.0.0.0 --directory /suite-state/artifacts
+        2> >(tee -a /suite-state/work/artifacts-access.log >&2)
+    healthcheck:
+      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-fsS", "http://127.0.0.1:${DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_PORT:-38081}/"]
+      interval: 5s
+      timeout: 3s
+      retries: 20
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  vmm:
+    image: dstack-e2e-runtime:local
+    privileged: true
+    pid: host
+    network_mode: host
+    devices:
+      - "/dev/kvm:/dev/kvm"
+      - "/dev/vhost-vsock:/dev/vhost-vsock"
+    depends_on:
+      init-config:
+        condition: service_completed_successfully
+      auth:
+        condition: service_started
+      artifacts:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      local-keyprovider:
+        condition: service_healthy
+    volumes:
+      - ./state:/suite-state
+      - ../../dstack:/workspace:ro
+      - ${DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_STORE:-../../../meta-dstack/build/images}:/images:ro
+      - /dev:/dev
+      - /lib/modules:/lib/modules:ro
+    environment:
+      RUST_LOG: ${DSTACK_E2E_VMM_RUST_LOG:-info,dstack_vmm=info}
+    command:
+      - bash
+      - -lc
+      - exec /workspace/target/release/dstack-vmm -c /suite-state/config/vmm.toml
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+  runner:
+    image: dstack-e2e-runtime:local
+    network_mode: host
+    depends_on:
+      mock-cf-dns-api:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      pebble:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      auth:
+        condition: service_started
+      artifacts:
+        condition: service_healthy
+      vmm:
+        condition: service_started
+    volumes:
+      - ./state:/suite-state
+      - ./scripts:/suite/scripts:ro
+      - ../../dstack:/workspace:ro
+    environment:
+      <<: *suite-env
+      DSTACK_E2E_CLEAN_START: ${DSTACK_E2E_CLEAN_START:-true}
+      DSTACK_E2E_CLEANUP_AFTER: ${DSTACK_E2E_CLEANUP_AFTER:-false}
+      DSTACK_E2E_APP_VCPU: ${DSTACK_E2E_APP_VCPU:-2}
+      DSTACK_E2E_APP_MEMORY: ${DSTACK_E2E_APP_MEMORY:-2048}
+    command: ["/suite/scripts/runner.sh"]
+
+networks:
+  e2e-net:
+    driver: bridge
+    ipam:
+      config:
+        - subnet: 172.31.0.0/24
+
+volumes:
+  aesmd-sock:
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/mock-cf-dns/Dockerfile b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/mock-cf-dns/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c68f2ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/mock-cf-dns/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM python:3.12-slim
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY server.py /app/server.py
+EXPOSE 8080/tcp 53/udp
+CMD ["python", "/app/server.py"]
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/mock-cf-dns/server.py b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/mock-cf-dns/server.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b3bc07d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/mock-cf-dns/server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Tiny Cloudflare DNS API + UDP TXT DNS mock for dstack gateway E2E.
+
+It implements just the Cloudflare endpoints used by certbot's CloudflareClient:
+  GET    /client/v4/zones
+  GET    /client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records?name=<fqdn>
+  POST   /client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records
+  DELETE /client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records/<record_id>
+
+It also serves TXT answers on UDP/53 so Pebble can validate DNS-01 when the
+ACME server is not configured with PEBBLE_VA_ALWAYS_VALID=1.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+import threading
+import time
+import urllib.parse
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, ThreadingHTTPServer
+from typing import Any
+
+STATE_LOCK = threading.RLock()
+RECORDS: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+NEXT_ID = 1
+
+
+def _zones() -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    raw = os.environ.get("MOCK_CF_ZONES", "e2e.test test local")
+    names = [
+        z.strip().strip(".").lower() for z in re.split(r"[,\s]+", raw) if z.strip()
+    ]
+    if not names:
+        names = ["e2e.test"]
+    out = []
+    seen = set()
+    for name in names:
+        if name in seen:
+            continue
+        seen.add(name)
+        out.append({"id": zone_id_for(name), "name": name})
+    return out
+
+
+def zone_id_for(name: str) -> str:
+    """Return a deterministic mock zone ID for a DNS name."""
+    safe = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", name.lower()).strip("-") or "zone"
+    return f"zone-{safe}"
+
+
+def _json(handler: BaseHTTPRequestHandler, code: int, body: Any) -> None:
+    data = json.dumps(body, sort_keys=True).encode()
+    handler.send_response(code)
+    handler.send_header("content-type", "application/json")
+    handler.send_header("content-length", str(len(data)))
+    handler.end_headers()
+    handler.wfile.write(data)
+
+
+def _record_content(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    if "content" in payload:
+        return str(payload.get("content") or "")
+    data = payload.get("data") or {}
+    if payload.get("type") == "CAA" and isinstance(data, dict):
+        return f'{data.get("flags", 0)} {data.get("tag", "issue")} "{data.get("value", "")}"'
+    return ""
+
+
+def _authorized(handler: BaseHTTPRequestHandler) -> bool:
+    """Require the configured Cloudflare bearer token for API operations."""
+    expected = os.environ.get("MOCK_CF_API_TOKEN", "test-token")
+    if handler.headers.get("Authorization", "") == f"Bearer {expected}":
+        return True
+    _json(
+        handler,
+        403,
+        {"success": False, "errors": [{"message": "invalid API token"}]},
+    )
+    return False
+
+
+class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    """Handle the mock Cloudflare HTTP API."""
+
+    server_version = "dstack-mock-cf-dns/0.1"
+
+    def log_message(self, fmt: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+        """Emit request logs when debug logging is enabled."""
+        if os.environ.get("DEBUG", "").lower() in {"1", "true", "yes"}:
+            super().log_message(fmt, *args)
+
+    def do_GET(self) -> None:  # noqa: N802
+        """Handle supported HTTP GET endpoints."""
+        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.path)
+        path = parsed.path.rstrip("/") or "/"
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed.query)
+        if path == "/health":
+            _json(self, 200, {"ok": True})
+            return
+        if path == "/api/records":
+            with STATE_LOCK:
+                _json(self, 200, {"records": RECORDS})
+            return
+        if path.startswith("/client/v4/") and not _authorized(self):
+            return
+        if path == "/client/v4/zones":
+            zones = _zones()
+            _json(
+                self,
+                200,
+                {
+                    "success": True,
+                    "result": zones,
+                    "result_info": {
+                        "page": 1,
+                        "per_page": 50,
+                        "total_pages": 1,
+                        "count": len(zones),
+                        "total_count": len(zones),
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+            return
+        m = re.fullmatch(r"/client/v4/zones/([^/]+)/dns_records", path)
+        if m:
+            name = (query.get("name") or [""])[0].strip().strip(".").lower()
+            with STATE_LOCK:
+                records = [
+                    r
+                    for r in RECORDS
+                    if not name or r["name"].strip(".").lower() == name
+                ]
+            _json(
+                self,
+                200,
+                {
+                    "success": True,
+                    "result": records,
+                    "result_info": {"page": 1, "per_page": 100, "total_pages": 1},
+                },
+            )
+            return
+        _json(
+            self, 404, {"success": False, "errors": [{"message": f"not found: {path}"}]}
+        )
+
+    def do_POST(self) -> None:  # noqa: N802
+        """Create a mock DNS record."""
+        global NEXT_ID
+        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.path)
+        path = parsed.path.rstrip("/") or "/"
+        m = re.fullmatch(r"/client/v4/zones/([^/]+)/dns_records", path)
+        if not m:
+            _json(
+                self,
+                404,
+                {"success": False, "errors": [{"message": f"not found: {path}"}]},
+            )
+            return
+        if not _authorized(self):
+            return
+        length = int(self.headers.get("content-length", "0") or "0")
+        payload = json.loads(self.rfile.read(length) or b"{}")
+        with STATE_LOCK:
+            record_id = f"rec-{NEXT_ID}"
+            NEXT_ID += 1
+            record = {
+                "id": record_id,
+                "zone_id": m.group(1),
+                "type": str(payload.get("type") or "TXT").upper(),
+                "name": str(payload.get("name") or "").strip().strip("."),
+                "content": _record_content(payload),
+                "ttl": int(payload.get("ttl") or 60),
+                "created_on": int(time.time()),
+            }
+            RECORDS.append(record)
+        _json(self, 200, {"success": True, "result": record})
+
+    def do_DELETE(self) -> None:  # noqa: N802
+        """Delete a mock DNS record."""
+        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.path)
+        path = parsed.path.rstrip("/") or "/"
+        m = re.fullmatch(r"/client/v4/zones/([^/]+)/dns_records/([^/]+)", path)
+        if not m:
+            _json(
+                self,
+                404,
+                {"success": False, "errors": [{"message": f"not found: {path}"}]},
+            )
+            return
+        if not _authorized(self):
+            return
+        record_id = urllib.parse.unquote(m.group(2))
+        with STATE_LOCK:
+            before = len(RECORDS)
+            RECORDS[:] = [r for r in RECORDS if r["id"] != record_id]
+            removed = before != len(RECORDS)
+        _json(
+            self,
+            200,
+            {"success": True, "result": {"id": record_id, "removed": removed}},
+        )
+
+
+def parse_qname(packet: bytes, offset: int = 12) -> tuple[str, int]:
+    """Parse a DNS question name and return its value and end offset."""
+    labels: list[str] = []
+    while True:
+        if offset >= len(packet):
+            raise ValueError("bad qname")
+        length = packet[offset]
+        offset += 1
+        if length == 0:
+            break
+        labels.append(packet[offset : offset + length].decode("ascii", "ignore"))
+        offset += length
+    return ".".join(labels).strip(".").lower(), offset
+
+
+def txt_rdata(text: str) -> bytes:
+    """Encode text as DNS TXT record data."""
+    raw = text.encode()
+    chunks = [raw[i : i + 255] for i in range(0, len(raw), 255)] or [b""]
+    return b"".join(bytes([len(c)]) + c for c in chunks)
+
+
+def dns_response(packet: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Build a DNS response containing matching TXT records."""
+    if len(packet) < 12:
+        return b""
+    txid = packet[:2]
+    qdcount = struct.unpack("!H", packet[4:6])[0]
+    if qdcount < 1:
+        return b""
+    name, qend = parse_qname(packet)
+    question = packet[12 : qend + 4]
+    qtype = (
+        struct.unpack("!H", packet[qend : qend + 2])[0]
+        if qend + 4 <= len(packet)
+        else 16
+    )
+    with STATE_LOCK:
+        answers = [
+            r
+            for r in RECORDS
+            if r["type"] == "TXT" and r["name"].strip(".").lower() == name
+        ]
+    if qtype not in (16, 255):
+        answers = []
+    header = txid + struct.pack("!HHHHH", 0x8180, 1, len(answers), 0, 0)
+    body = question
+    for record in answers:
+        rdata = txt_rdata(record["content"])
+        body += (
+            b"\xc0\x0c"
+            + struct.pack("!HHIH", 16, 1, int(record.get("ttl", 60)), len(rdata))
+            + rdata
+        )
+    return header + body
+
+
+def dns_loop() -> None:
+    """Serve mock DNS responses over UDP."""
+    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+    sock.bind(("0.0.0.0", 53))
+    while True:
+        packet, addr = sock.recvfrom(4096)
+        try:
+            response = dns_response(packet)
+            if response:
+                sock.sendto(response, addr)
+        except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - diagnostic only
+            if os.environ.get("DEBUG", "").lower() in {"1", "true", "yes"}:
+                print(f"dns error from {addr}: {exc}", flush=True)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Run the mock Cloudflare API and DNS servers."""
+    threading.Thread(target=dns_loop, daemon=True).start()
+    port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", "8080"))
+    print(f"mock CF API on :{port}; zones={_zones()}", flush=True)
+    ThreadingHTTPServer(("0.0.0.0", port), Handler).serve_forever()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/run-upgrade-e2e.sh b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/run-upgrade-e2e.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b0ee43b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/run-upgrade-e2e.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_DIR=$(cd -- "$SCRIPT_DIR/../.." && pwd)
+STATE_DIR="$SCRIPT_DIR/state"
+ENV_FILE=${DSTACK_E2E_ENV_FILE:-$SCRIPT_DIR/.env}
+
+setting() {
+  local name=$1 fallback=$2 line value
+  if [[ -v $name ]]; then
+    printf '%s' "${!name}"
+    return
+  fi
+  if [[ -f "$ENV_FILE" ]]; then
+    line=$(grep -E "^[[:space:]]*${name}=" "$ENV_FILE" | tail -n1 || true)
+    if [[ -n "$line" ]]; then
+      value=${line#*=}
+      value=${value%$'\r'}
+      if [[ "$value" == \"*\" && "$value" == *\" ]]; then
+        value=${value:1:${#value}-2}
+      elif [[ "$value" == \'*\' && "$value" == *\' ]]; then
+        value=${value:1:${#value}-2}
+      fi
+      printf '%s' "$value"
+      return
+    fi
+  fi
+  printf '%s' "$fallback"
+}
+
+OLD_KMS_IMAGE=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_OLD_KMS_IMAGE \
+  dstacktee/dstack-kms:0.5.8@sha256:9650dcb47dad0065470f432f00e78e012912214ef1a5b1d7272918817e61a26d)
+OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE \
+  dstacktee/dstack-gateway:0.5.8@sha256:6eb1dc1a5000f37cc5b0322d3fdb71e7f2e31859b5e3a611634919278cee2411)
+APP_IMAGE=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_APP_IMAGE nginx:alpine)
+KEEP_STACK=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_KEEP_STACK true)
+CLEAN_STATE=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_UPGRADE_CLEAN_STATE true)
+SKIP_BUILD=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_SKIP_CURRENT_BUILD false)
+# dstack's build metadata deliberately embeds a 20-hex abbreviated revision.
+CURRENT_REV=$(git -C "$REPO_DIR" rev-parse --short=20 HEAD)
+CURRENT_VERSION=$(sed -n 's/^version = "\([^"]*\)"/\1/p' \
+  "$REPO_DIR/dstack/Cargo.toml" | head -n1)
+[[ -n "$CURRENT_VERSION" ]] || {
+  echo "ERROR: could not read current workspace version" >&2
+  exit 1
+}
+
+COMPOSE=(docker compose -f "$SCRIPT_DIR/compose.yml")
+if [[ -f "$ENV_FILE" ]]; then
+  COMPOSE=(docker compose --env-file "$ENV_FILE" -f "$SCRIPT_DIR/compose.yml")
+fi
+
+log() { printf '[%(%H:%M:%S)T] %s\n' -1 "$*"; }
+die() { log "ERROR: $*" >&2; exit 1; }
+compose() { "${COMPOSE[@]}" "$@"; }
+
+need_bin() {
+  [[ -x "$1" ]] || die "missing executable $1"
+}
+
+pull_released_image() {
+  local image=$1 component=$2
+  log "pulling released $component image from Docker Hub: $image"
+  docker pull "$image" || die "cannot pull released $component image $image"
+}
+
+reset_state() {
+  log "resetting Compose stack and E2E state"
+  compose down --remove-orphans >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  docker run --rm -v "$STATE_DIR:/state" alpine:3.22 sh -c \
+    'find /state -mindepth 1 ! -name .gitkeep -exec rm -rf {} +'
+}
+
+build_current_binaries() {
+  if [[ "$SKIP_BUILD" == true ]]; then
+    log "using prebuilt current musl KMS/Gateway binaries"
+  else
+    log "building current KMS/Gateway as production-style static musl binaries"
+    cargo build --manifest-path "$REPO_DIR/dstack/Cargo.toml" \
+      --release --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl \
+      -p dstack-kms -p dstack-gateway
+  fi
+  need_bin "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-kms"
+  need_bin "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-gateway"
+}
+
+prepare_container_artifacts() {
+  local artifact_dir="$STATE_DIR/artifacts/images"
+  local context_dir="$STATE_DIR/image-build"
+  local rev current_kms_image current_gateway_image
+  local old_kms_id old_gateway_id current_kms_id current_gateway_id app_id
+  rev=$(git -C "$REPO_DIR" rev-parse --short=16 HEAD)
+  current_kms_image="dstack-e2e-kms-current:${rev}"
+  current_gateway_image="dstack-e2e-gateway-current:${rev}"
+  mkdir -p "$artifact_dir" "$context_dir/kms" "$context_dir/gateway"
+
+  cp "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-kms" \
+    "$context_dir/kms/dstack-kms"
+  cat > "$context_dir/kms/Dockerfile" <<EOF
+ARG BASE
+FROM \${BASE}
+COPY dstack-kms /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+RUN chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-kms
+EOF
+  docker build --build-arg "BASE=$OLD_KMS_IMAGE" -t "$current_kms_image" "$context_dir/kms"
+
+  cp "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/dstack-gateway" \
+    "$context_dir/gateway/dstack-gateway"
+  cp "$REPO_DIR/dstack/gateway/dstack-app/builder/entrypoint.sh" \
+    "$context_dir/gateway/entrypoint.sh"
+  cat > "$context_dir/gateway/Dockerfile" <<EOF
+ARG BASE
+FROM \${BASE}
+COPY dstack-gateway /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway
+COPY entrypoint.sh /app/entrypoint.sh
+RUN chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/dstack-gateway /app/entrypoint.sh
+EOF
+  docker build --build-arg "BASE=$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE" -t "$current_gateway_image" "$context_dir/gateway"
+
+  old_kms_id=$(docker image inspect -f '{{.Id}}' "$OLD_KMS_IMAGE")
+  old_gateway_id=$(docker image inspect -f '{{.Id}}' "$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE")
+  current_kms_id=$(docker image inspect -f '{{.Id}}' "$current_kms_image")
+  current_gateway_id=$(docker image inspect -f '{{.Id}}' "$current_gateway_image")
+  app_id=$(docker image inspect -f '{{.Id}}' "$APP_IMAGE")
+
+  log "saving content-addressed images for import inside CVMs"
+  docker save -o "$artifact_dir/kms-0.5.8.tar" "$OLD_KMS_IMAGE"
+  docker save -o "$artifact_dir/kms-current.tar" "$current_kms_image"
+  docker save -o "$artifact_dir/gateway-0.5.8.tar" "$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE"
+  docker save -o "$artifact_dir/gateway-current.tar" "$current_gateway_image"
+  docker save -o "$artifact_dir/app.tar" "$APP_IMAGE"
+
+  cat > "$STATE_DIR/artifacts/images.env" <<EOF
+OLD_KMS_IMAGE=$OLD_KMS_IMAGE
+OLD_KMS_IMAGE_ID=$old_kms_id
+OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE=$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE
+OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE_ID=$old_gateway_id
+CURRENT_KMS_IMAGE=$current_kms_image
+CURRENT_KMS_IMAGE_ID=$current_kms_id
+CURRENT_GATEWAY_IMAGE=$current_gateway_image
+CURRENT_GATEWAY_IMAGE_ID=$current_gateway_id
+APP_IMAGE=$APP_IMAGE
+APP_IMAGE_ID=$app_id
+EOF
+
+  docker run --rm --entrypoint dstack-kms "$OLD_KMS_IMAGE" --version \
+    | tee "$STATE_DIR/work/kms-old.version.txt"
+  docker run --rm --entrypoint dstack-kms "$current_kms_image" --version \
+    | tee "$STATE_DIR/work/kms-current.version.txt"
+  docker run --rm --entrypoint dstack-gateway "$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE" --version \
+    | tee "$STATE_DIR/work/gateway-old.version.txt"
+  docker run --rm --entrypoint dstack-gateway "$current_gateway_image" --version \
+    | tee "$STATE_DIR/work/gateway-current.version.txt"
+
+  grep -E '^dstack-kms v0\.5\.8 \(git:' "$STATE_DIR/work/kms-old.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+    || die "$OLD_KMS_IMAGE is not KMS 0.5.8"
+  grep -E '^dstack-gateway v0\.5\.8 \(git:' "$STATE_DIR/work/gateway-old.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+    || die "$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE is not Gateway 0.5.8"
+  grep -E "^dstack-kms v${CURRENT_VERSION//./\\.} \\(git:" \
+    "$STATE_DIR/work/kms-current.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+    || die "locally built KMS is not current v$CURRENT_VERSION"
+  grep -E "^dstack-gateway v${CURRENT_VERSION//./\\.} \\(git:" \
+    "$STATE_DIR/work/gateway-current.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+    || die "locally built Gateway is not current v$CURRENT_VERSION"
+  grep -F "$CURRENT_REV" "$STATE_DIR/work/kms-current.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+    || die "KMS binary was not built from current revision $CURRENT_REV"
+  grep -F "$CURRENT_REV" "$STATE_DIR/work/gateway-current.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+    || die "Gateway binary was not built from current revision $CURRENT_REV"
+}
+
+wait_local_key_provider() {
+  local port deadline status
+  port=$(setting DSTACK_E2E_KEY_PROVIDER_PORT 13443)
+  deadline=$((SECONDS + 120))
+  log "waiting for production SGX Local-Key-Provider on 127.0.0.1:${port}"
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    status=$(compose ps --format json local-keyprovider 2>/dev/null \
+      | jq -rs 'map(select(.Service == "local-keyprovider"))[0].Health // ""' 2>/dev/null \
+      || true)
+    if [[ "$status" == healthy ]]; then
+      log "Local-Key-Provider enclave is healthy"
+      return 0
+    fi
+    sleep 2
+  done
+  compose logs --tail=200 aesmd local-keyprovider >&2 || true
+  die "Local-Key-Provider did not become healthy; fix SGX/DCAP/PCCS provisioning rather than disabling attestation"
+}
+
+on_exit() {
+  local rc=$?
+  if (( rc != 0 )); then
+    log "upgrade E2E failed; recent infrastructure logs follow"
+    compose logs --tail=250 auth artifacts vmm runner >&2 || true
+  fi
+  if [[ "$KEEP_STACK" != true ]]; then
+    compose down --remove-orphans >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  else
+    log "leaving stack running for inspection (DSTACK_E2E_KEEP_STACK=true)"
+  fi
+  exit "$rc"
+}
+trap on_exit EXIT
+
+main() {
+  need_bin "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/release/dstack"
+  need_bin "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/release/dstack-auth"
+  need_bin "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/release/dstack-vmm"
+  need_bin "$REPO_DIR/dstack/target/release/supervisor"
+
+  pull_released_image "$OLD_KMS_IMAGE" kms
+  pull_released_image "$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE" gateway
+  pull_released_image "$APP_IMAGE" application
+  build_current_binaries
+  [[ "$CLEAN_STATE" == true ]] && reset_state
+
+  log "building E2E infrastructure"
+  compose build init-config mock-cf-dns-api aesmd local-keyprovider
+  compose run --rm init-config
+  prepare_container_artifacts
+
+  log "starting authorization, artifact, attestation, ACME and VMM infrastructure"
+  compose up -d mock-cf-dns-api pebble aesmd local-keyprovider auth artifacts
+  wait_local_key_provider
+  compose up -d vmm
+
+  log "running production-compatible KMS/Gateway rolling-upgrade E2E"
+  # Keep the complete runner transcript in state/work even though the runner is
+  # an ephemeral Compose container.  This is especially important for failures
+  # during deployment, before a per-VM log file exists.
+  DSTACK_E2E_PHASE=upgrade compose run --rm --no-deps \
+    -e DSTACK_E2E_PHASE=upgrade \
+    -e DSTACK_E2E_CURRENT_VERSION="$CURRENT_VERSION" \
+    -e DSTACK_E2E_CURRENT_REV="$CURRENT_REV" runner \
+    2>&1 | tee "$STATE_DIR/work/runner.log"
+
+  log "upgrade E2E success"
+  log "artifacts: $STATE_DIR/work"
+}
+
+main "$@"
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/runtime/Dockerfile b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/runtime/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d6fc1ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/runtime/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM ubuntu:24.04
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+RUN apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+      ca-certificates \
+      software-properties-common \
+    && add-apt-repository -y ppa:kobuk-team/tdx-release && \
+    apt-get update && \
+    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+      bash \
+      coreutils \
+      curl \
+      iproute2 \
+      iptables \
+      iputils-ping \
+      jq \
+      netcat-openbsd \
+      openssl \
+      procps \
+      python3 \
+      python3-venv \
+      qemu-system-x86 \
+      qemu-utils \
+      socat \
+      tini \
+      wireguard-tools \
+      xz-utils \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# vmm-cli encrypts deployment environment variables with the KMS key and
+# verifies the KMS signature before a production CVM is created.
+COPY requirements.txt /tmp/vmm-requirements.txt
+RUN python3 -m venv /opt/dstack-venv && \
+    /opt/dstack-venv/bin/pip install --no-cache-dir \
+      -r /tmp/vmm-requirements.txt && \
+    rm /tmp/vmm-requirements.txt
+ENV PATH="/opt/dstack-venv/bin:${PATH}"
+
+WORKDIR /suite
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/tini", "--"]
+CMD ["bash"]
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/runtime/requirements.txt b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/runtime/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6258ffb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/runtime/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Keep the runtime subset synchronized with dstack/vmm/requirements.txt.
+cryptography==50.0.0
+eth-hash[pycryptodome]==0.7.1
+eth-keys==0.7.0
+eth-utils==5.3.0
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/allowlist.py b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/allowlist.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d67865cdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/allowlist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Manage the mutable KMS authorization allowlist for the compose E2E suite."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def norm_hex(value: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize a possibly prefixed hexadecimal string."""
+    value = value.strip()
+    if value.lower().startswith("0x"):
+        value = value[2:]
+    return value.lower()
+
+
+def checked_hex(value: str, length: int, label: str) -> str:
+    """Normalize and validate a fixed-width hexadecimal authorization value."""
+    value = norm_hex(value)
+    if len(value) != length or any(ch not in "0123456789abcdef" for ch in value):
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid {label}: expected {length} hexadecimal characters")
+    return value
+
+
+def load(path: Path) -> dict:
+    """Load an allowlist or return an empty default policy."""
+    if path.exists():
+        return json.loads(path.read_text())
+    return {
+        "osImages": [],
+        "gatewayAppId": "",
+        "kms": {"mrAggregated": [], "devices": [], "allowAnyDevice": False},
+        "apps": {},
+    }
+
+
+def save(path: Path, data: dict) -> None:
+    """Atomically write an allowlist to disk."""
+    tmp = path.with_suffix(path.suffix + ".tmp")
+    tmp.write_text(json.dumps(data, indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n")
+    os.replace(tmp, path)
+
+
+def add_app(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    """Add an application and compose hash to the allowlist."""
+    path = Path(args.path)
+    data = load(path)
+    apps = data.setdefault("apps", {})
+    app_id = checked_hex(args.app_id, 40, "app ID")
+    compose_hash = checked_hex(args.compose_hash, 64, "compose hash")
+    device_id = checked_hex(args.device_id, 64, "device ID")
+    entry = apps.setdefault(
+        app_id, {"composeHashes": [], "devices": [], "allowAnyDevice": False}
+    )
+    hashes = entry.setdefault("composeHashes", [])
+    if not any(norm_hex(h) == compose_hash for h in hashes):
+        hashes.append(compose_hash)
+    devices = entry.setdefault("devices", [])
+    if not any(norm_hex(item) == device_id for item in devices):
+        devices.append(device_id)
+    entry["allowAnyDevice"] = False
+    if args.gateway_app_id is not None:
+        data["gatewayAppId"] = checked_hex(args.gateway_app_id, 40, "Gateway app ID")
+    save(path, data)
+    print(json.dumps({"appId": app_id, "composeHash": compose_hash, "path": str(path)}))
+
+
+def set_gateway(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    """Set the allowlisted Gateway application ID."""
+    path = Path(args.path)
+    data = load(path)
+    data["gatewayAppId"] = checked_hex(args.gateway_app_id, 40, "Gateway app ID")
+    save(path, data)
+    print(json.dumps({"gatewayAppId": data["gatewayAppId"], "path": str(path)}))
+
+
+def add_kms(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    """Authorize one exact KMS aggregate measurement."""
+    path = Path(args.path)
+    data = load(path)
+    kms = data.setdefault(
+        "kms", {"mrAggregated": [], "devices": [], "allowAnyDevice": False}
+    )
+    measurement = checked_hex(args.mr_aggregated, 64, "KMS mrAggregated")
+    device_id = checked_hex(args.device_id, 64, "device ID")
+    measurements = kms.setdefault("mrAggregated", [])
+    if not any(norm_hex(item) == measurement for item in measurements):
+        measurements.append(measurement)
+    devices = kms.setdefault("devices", [])
+    if not any(norm_hex(item) == device_id for item in devices):
+        devices.append(device_id)
+    kms["allowAnyDevice"] = False
+    save(path, data)
+    print(json.dumps({"mrAggregated": measurement, "path": str(path)}))
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Parse command-line arguments and update the allowlist."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(required=True)
+    p = sub.add_parser("add-app")
+    p.add_argument("--path", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--app-id", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--compose-hash", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--device-id", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--gateway-app-id")
+    p.set_defaults(func=add_app)
+    p = sub.add_parser("set-gateway")
+    p.add_argument("--path", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--gateway-app-id", required=True)
+    p.set_defaults(func=set_gateway)
+    p = sub.add_parser("add-kms")
+    p.add_argument("--path", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--mr-aggregated", required=True)
+    p.add_argument("--device-id", required=True)
+    p.set_defaults(func=add_kms)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    args.func(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/app_compose.py b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/app_compose.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6a8cd579a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/app_compose.py
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Render measured app-compose manifests used by the full-stack E2E suite."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def image_loader(artifact_port: int, archive: str) -> str:
+    """Return a pre-launch script that imports one content-addressed image."""
+    return f"""set -eu
+archive=/tmp/{archive}
+curl -fL --retry 5 --retry-delay 1 \\
+  http://10.0.2.2:{artifact_port}/images/{archive} -o "$archive"
+docker load -i "$archive"
+rm -f "$archive"
+"""
+
+
+def write_manifest(path: Path, manifest: dict) -> None:
+    """Write a manifest and print its byte-exact derived identifiers."""
+    body = json.dumps(manifest, indent=2, sort_keys=True) + "\n"
+    path.write_text(body)
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(body.encode()).hexdigest()
+    print(json.dumps({"path": str(path), "composeHash": digest, "appId": digest[:40]}))
+
+
+def common_manifest(name: str, docker_compose: str, pre_launch_script: str) -> dict:
+    """Return the production CVM manifest baseline used by service apps."""
+    return {
+        "docker_compose_file": docker_compose,
+        "gateway_enabled": False,
+        "kms_enabled": False,
+        "local_key_provider_enabled": False,
+        "manifest_version": 2,
+        "name": name,
+        "no_instance_id": True,
+        "pre_launch_script": pre_launch_script,
+        "public_logs": True,
+        "public_sysinfo": True,
+        "runner": "docker-compose",
+        "secure_time": True,
+        "storage_fs": "ext4",
+    }
+
+
+def kms(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    """Render a KMS CVM using the production onboarding and verifier path."""
+    config = f"""[rpc]
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8000
+
+[rpc.tls]
+key = "/kms/certs/rpc.key"
+certs = "/kms/certs/rpc.crt"
+
+[rpc.tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "/kms/certs/tmp-ca.crt"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+cert_dir = "/kms/certs"
+admin_token_hash = ""
+pccs_url = ""
+enforce_self_authorization = true
+
+[core.image]
+verify = true
+cache_dir = "/kms/images"
+download_url = "http://10.0.2.2:{args.artifact_port}/os/mr_{{OS_IMAGE_HASH}}.tar.gz"
+download_timeout = "2m"
+
+[core.metrics]
+enabled = true
+
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "webhook"
+
+[core.auth_api.webhook]
+url = "http://10.0.2.2:{args.auth_port}"
+
+[core.onboard]
+enabled = true
+auto_bootstrap_domain = ""
+# Required by KMS 0.5.8. Current KMS ignores this retired field.
+quote_enabled = true
+address = "0.0.0.0"
+port = 8000
+"""
+    docker_compose = f"""services:
+  kms:
+    image: {args.image_ref}
+    volumes:
+      - kms-volume:/kms
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+    ports:
+      - "8000:8000"
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    configs:
+      - source: kms_config
+        target: /kms/kms.toml
+    command: sh -c 'mkdir -p /kms/certs /kms/images && exec dstack-kms -c /kms/kms.toml'
+
+volumes:
+  kms-volume:
+
+configs:
+  kms_config:
+    content: |
+""" + "".join(f"      {line}\n" for line in config.splitlines())
+    manifest = common_manifest(
+        args.name,
+        docker_compose,
+        image_loader(args.artifact_port, args.image_archive),
+    )
+    manifest["local_key_provider_enabled"] = True
+    write_manifest(Path(args.output), manifest)
+
+
+def gateway(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    """Render one production Gateway CVM node."""
+    docker_compose = f"""services:
+  gateway:
+    image: {args.image_ref}
+    volumes:
+      - /var/run/dstack.sock:/var/run/dstack.sock
+      - /dstack:/dstack
+      - data:/data
+    network_mode: host
+    privileged: true
+    environment:
+      - WG_ENDPOINT=${{WG_ENDPOINT}}
+      - MY_URL=${{MY_URL}}
+      - BOOTNODE_URL=${{BOOTNODE_URL}}
+      - WG_IP=${{WG_IP}}
+      - WG_RESERVED_NET=${{WG_RESERVED_NET}}
+      - WG_CLIENT_RANGE=${{WG_CLIENT_RANGE}}
+      - NODE_ID=${{NODE_ID}}
+      - RUST_LOG=info,certbot=debug
+      - PCCS_URL=${{PCCS_URL}}
+      - RPC_DOMAIN=${{RPC_DOMAIN}}
+      - PROXY_LISTEN_PORT=443
+      - PROXY_WORKERS=4
+      - SYNC_INTERVAL=1s
+      - SYNC_TIMEOUT=10s
+      - SYNC_PERSIST_INTERVAL=1s
+      - SYNC_CONNECTIONS_ENABLED=true
+      - SYNC_CONNECTIONS_INTERVAL=1s
+      - ADMIN_LISTEN_ADDR=0.0.0.0
+      - ADMIN_LISTEN_PORT=8001
+      - ADMIN_API_TOKEN=${{ADMIN_API_TOKEN}}
+    restart: always
+
+volumes:
+  data:
+"""
+    manifest = common_manifest(
+        args.name,
+        docker_compose,
+        image_loader(args.artifact_port, args.image_archive),
+    )
+    manifest["kms_enabled"] = True
+    manifest["allowed_envs"] = [
+        "ADMIN_API_TOKEN",
+        "BOOTNODE_URL",
+        "MY_URL",
+        "NODE_ID",
+        "PCCS_URL",
+        "RPC_DOMAIN",
+        "WG_CLIENT_RANGE",
+        "WG_ENDPOINT",
+        "WG_IP",
+        "WG_RESERVED_NET",
+    ]
+    write_manifest(Path(args.output), manifest)
+
+
+def nginx(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    """Render a digest-pinned nginx application CVM."""
+    docker_compose = f"""services:
+  web:
+    image: {args.image_ref}
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+"""
+    manifest = common_manifest(
+        args.name,
+        docker_compose,
+        image_loader(args.artifact_port, args.image_archive),
+    )
+    manifest.update(
+        {
+            "gateway_enabled": True,
+            "kms_enabled": True,
+            "no_instance_id": False,
+            "secure_time": False,
+        }
+    )
+    if args.attestation_mode != "auto":
+        # A string v3 manifest makes old guests fail closed instead of silently
+        # ignoring the requested TDX quote mode.
+        manifest["manifest_version"] = "3"
+        manifest["requirements"] = {
+            "tdx_measure_acpi_tables": args.attestation_mode == "legacy"
+        }
+    write_manifest(Path(args.output), manifest)
+
+
+def add_image_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    """Add the content-addressed container-image arguments shared by apps."""
+    parser.add_argument("--image-ref", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--image-archive", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--artifact-port", required=True, type=int)
+    parser.add_argument("--name", required=True)
+    parser.add_argument("--output", required=True)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Parse command-line arguments and render a manifest."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(required=True)
+
+    p = sub.add_parser("kms")
+    add_image_args(p)
+    p.add_argument("--auth-port", required=True, type=int)
+    p.set_defaults(func=kms)
+
+    p = sub.add_parser("gateway")
+    add_image_args(p)
+    p.set_defaults(func=gateway)
+
+    p = sub.add_parser("nginx")
+    add_image_args(p)
+    p.add_argument(
+        "--attestation-mode",
+        choices=("auto", "legacy", "lite"),
+        default="auto",
+    )
+    p.set_defaults(func=nginx)
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    args.func(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/network-probe.sh b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/network-probe.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..9e0387bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/network-probe.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+STATE_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_STATE_DIR:-/suite-state}
+WORK_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_WORK_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/work}
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+source "$STATE_DIR/state.env"
+
+ready="$WORK_DIR/network-probe.ready"
+stop="$WORK_DIR/network-probe.stop"
+result="$WORK_DIR/network-probe.result.json"
+attempts=0
+failures=0
+failovers=0
+cycle=0
+started_ns=$(date +%s%N)
+
+probe_endpoint() {
+  local label=$1 instance=$2 port=$3 sni
+  sni="${instance}-80.${BASE_DOMAIN}"
+  curl -kfsS --connect-timeout 1 --max-time 2 \
+    --connect-to "${sni}:${port}:127.0.0.1:${port}" \
+    "https://${sni}:${port}/" 2>/dev/null \
+    | grep -qi 'welcome to nginx'
+}
+
+probe_ha() {
+  local label=$1 instance=$2 first second
+  if (( cycle % 2 == 0 )); then
+    first=$GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT
+    second=$GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT
+  else
+    first=$GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT
+    second=$GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT
+  fi
+  attempts=$((attempts + 1))
+  if probe_endpoint "$label" "$instance" "$first"; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+  if probe_endpoint "$label" "$instance" "$second"; then
+    failovers=$((failovers + 1))
+    return 0
+  fi
+  failures=$((failures + 1))
+  printf '%(%FT%T%z)T route unavailable label=%s preferred=%s fallback=%s\n' \
+    -1 "$label" "$first" "$second" >&2
+  return 1
+}
+
+declare -a labels=(legacy lite)
+declare -A instances
+for label in "${labels[@]}"; do
+  instances[$label]=$(jq -r '.instance_id // ""' "$WORK_DIR/${label}.info.json")
+  [[ -n "${instances[$label]}" ]] || {
+    echo "missing instance id for $label" >&2
+    exit 1
+  }
+done
+
+# Warm up against both physical Gateway nodes before declaring the HA probe live.
+for label in "${labels[@]}"; do
+  for port in "$GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT" "$GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT"; do
+    probe_endpoint "$label" "${instances[$label]}" "$port" || {
+      echo "warmup failed: $label via Gateway proxy port $port" >&2
+      exit 1
+    }
+  done
+done
+touch "$ready"
+
+while [[ ! -e "$stop" ]]; do
+  cycle=$((cycle + 1))
+  for label in "${labels[@]}"; do
+    probe_ha "$label" "${instances[$label]}" || true
+  done
+  sleep 0.05
+done
+
+ended_ns=$(date +%s%N)
+duration_ms=$(((ended_ns - started_ns) / 1000000))
+jq -n \
+  --argjson duration_ms "$duration_ms" \
+  --argjson attempts "$attempts" \
+  --argjson failures "$failures" \
+  --argjson failovers "$failovers" \
+  '{duration_ms:$duration_ms,attempts:$attempts,failures:$failures,successful_failovers:$failovers}' \
+  | tee "$result"
+
+(( failures == 0 ))
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/render-config.sh b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/render-config.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0a2314923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/render-config.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+STATE_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_STATE_DIR:-/suite-state}
+CONFIG_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_CONFIG_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/config}
+RUN_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_RUN_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/run}
+VM_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_VM_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/vm}
+VOLUMES_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_VOLUMES_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/volumes}
+ARTIFACT_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/artifacts}
+IMAGE_ROOT=${DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_ROOT:-/images}
+IMAGE_NAME=${DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_NAME:-dstack-0.6.0}
+OLD_IMAGE_NAME=${DSTACK_E2E_OLD_IMAGE_NAME:-dstack-0.5.11}
+PLATFORM=${DSTACK_E2E_PLATFORM:-tdx}
+
+VMM_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_VMM_PORT:-29080}
+AUTH_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_AUTH_PORT:-28011}
+ARTIFACT_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_ARTIFACT_PORT:-38081}
+KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT:-28082}
+KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT:-28083}
+KMS_RPC_DOMAIN=${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN:-}
+GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT:-28000}
+GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT:-28001}
+GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT:-28443}
+GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT:-28120}
+GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT:-28100}
+GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT:-28101}
+GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT:-28543}
+GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT:-28121}
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_APP_ID:-$(printf dstack-e2e-gateway | sha256sum | cut -c1-40)}
+KEY_PROVIDER_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_KEY_PROVIDER_PORT:-13443}
+HOST_API_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_HOST_API_PORT:-20011}
+CID_START=${DSTACK_E2E_CID_START:-15000}
+QGS_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_QGS_PORT:-4050}
+QEMU_PATH=${DSTACK_E2E_QEMU_PATH:-/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64}
+BASE_DOMAIN=${DSTACK_E2E_BASE_DOMAIN:-e2e.test}
+MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT:-38080}
+PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT=${DSTACK_E2E_PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT:-34000}
+APP_NAME=${DSTACK_E2E_APP_NAME:-dstack-e2e-nginx}
+SUITE_PREFIX=${DSTACK_E2E_NAME_PREFIX:-dstack-e2e}
+
+mkdir -p \
+  "$CONFIG_DIR" "$RUN_DIR" "$VM_DIR" "$VOLUMES_DIR" \
+  "$ARTIFACT_DIR/images" "$ARTIFACT_DIR/os" "$ARTIFACT_DIR/control" \
+  "$STATE_DIR/work"
+chmod 0777 "$STATE_DIR/work" "$ARTIFACT_DIR" "$ARTIFACT_DIR/images" "$ARTIFACT_DIR/control"
+
+if [[ ! "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" =~ ^[0-9a-fA-F]{40}$ ]]; then
+  echo "ERROR: DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_APP_ID must be an exact 20-byte hex app id" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=${GATEWAY_APP_ID,,}
+
+if [[ -z "$KMS_RPC_DOMAIN" ]]; then
+  host_ip=$(ip -4 route get 1.1.1.1 2>/dev/null \
+    | sed -n 's/.* src \([^ ]*\).*/\1/p' | head -n1)
+  if [[ ! "$host_ip" =~ ^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: unable to derive a host IPv4 address; set DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  KMS_RPC_DOMAIN="${host_ip}.nip.io"
+fi
+if ! getent ahostsv4 "$KMS_RPC_DOMAIN" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  echo "ERROR: DSTACK_E2E_KMS_RPC_DOMAIN does not resolve: $KMS_RPC_DOMAIN" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+digest_file=digest.txt
+if [[ "$PLATFORM" == "amd-sev-snp" || "$PLATFORM" == "sev-snp" || "$PLATFORM" == "snp" ]]; then
+  PLATFORM=amd-sev-snp
+  digest_file=digest.sev.txt
+elif [[ "$PLATFORM" != tdx ]]; then
+  echo "ERROR: unsupported DSTACK_E2E_PLATFORM=$PLATFORM (expected tdx or amd-sev-snp)" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+package_os_image() {
+  local name=$1 image_dir="$IMAGE_ROOT/$1" image_hash
+  if [[ ! -d "$image_dir" ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: image directory not found: $image_dir" >&2
+    echo "Set DSTACK_E2E_IMAGE_STORE to a host directory containing $name/" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  if [[ ! -s "$image_dir/$digest_file" ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: missing $image_dir/$digest_file; production-compatible E2E never permits an unpinned OS image" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+  image_hash=$(tr -d '[:space:]' < "$image_dir/$digest_file")
+  if [[ ! "$image_hash" =~ ^[0-9a-f]{64}$ ]]; then
+    echo "ERROR: invalid OS image digest for $name: $image_hash" >&2
+    exit 1
+  fi
+
+  # Build the exact flat archive consumed by the KMS verifier. Verify the
+  # source first and include only files named by sha256sum.txt.
+  (
+    cd "$image_dir"
+    sha256sum -c sha256sum.txt >&2
+    mapfile -t measured_files < <(awk '{print $2}' sha256sum.txt)
+    for file in "${measured_files[@]}"; do
+      [[ "$file" != */* && -f "$file" ]] || {
+        echo "ERROR: unsafe or missing measured image file: $file" >&2
+        exit 1
+      }
+    done
+    tar -czf "$ARTIFACT_DIR/os/mr_${image_hash}.tar.gz.tmp" \
+      sha256sum.txt "${measured_files[@]}"
+  )
+  mv "$ARTIFACT_DIR/os/mr_${image_hash}.tar.gz.tmp" \
+    "$ARTIFACT_DIR/os/mr_${image_hash}.tar.gz"
+  printf '%s' "$image_hash"
+}
+
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(package_os_image "$IMAGE_NAME")
+if [[ "$OLD_IMAGE_NAME" == "$IMAGE_NAME" ]]; then
+  OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH=$OS_IMAGE_HASH
+else
+  OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH=$(package_os_image "$OLD_IMAGE_NAME")
+fi
+
+token_file="$STATE_DIR/gateway-admin-token"
+if [[ ! -s "$token_file" ]]; then
+  (umask 077; openssl rand -hex 24 > "$token_file")
+fi
+GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN=$(tr -d '[:space:]' < "$token_file")
+
+cat > "$CONFIG_DIR/auth-allowlist.json" <<JSON
+{
+  "osImages": ["$OS_IMAGE_HASH", "$OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH"],
+  "gatewayAppId": "$GATEWAY_APP_ID",
+  "kms": {
+    "mrAggregated": [],
+    "devices": [],
+    "allowAnyDevice": false
+  },
+  "apps": {}
+}
+JSON
+
+cat > "$CONFIG_DIR/vmm.toml" <<EOF_VMM
+# generated by dstack full-stack compose E2E
+
+workers = 8
+max_blocking = 64
+ident = "dstack E2E VMM"
+temp_dir = "/tmp"
+keep_alive = 10
+log_level = "info"
+address = "tcp:127.0.0.1:${VMM_PORT}"
+reuse = true
+kms_url = "https://127.0.0.1:${KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT}"
+event_buffer_size = 100
+node_name = "compose-e2e"
+run_path = "${VM_DIR}"
+
+[image]
+path = "${IMAGE_ROOT}"
+registry = ""
+
+[cvm]
+platform = "${PLATFORM}"
+qemu_path = "${QEMU_PATH}"
+kms_urls = ["https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT}"]
+gateway_urls = [
+  "https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT}",
+  "https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT}",
+]
+pccs_url = ""
+docker_registry = ""
+volumes_dir = "${VOLUMES_DIR}"
+cid_start = ${CID_START}
+cid_pool_size = 1000
+max_allocable_vcpu = 64
+max_allocable_memory_in_mb = 262144
+qmp_socket = false
+user = ""
+use_mrconfigid = false
+qemu_pci_hole64_size = 0
+qemu_hotplug_off = false
+tdx_attestation_variant = "auto"
+host_share_mode = "9p"
+qgs_port = ${QGS_PORT}
+
+[cvm.product]
+sys_vendor = "dstack"
+product_name = "dstack-e2e"
+
+[cvm.networking]
+mode = "user"
+net = "10.0.2.0/24"
+dhcp_start = "10.0.2.10"
+restrict = false
+forward_service_enabled = false
+
+[cvm.port_mapping]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+range = [
+    { protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 65535 },
+    { protocol = "udp", from = 1, to = 65535 },
+]
+
+[cvm.auto_restart]
+enabled = true
+interval = 20
+
+[cvm.gpu]
+enabled = false
+listing = []
+exclude = []
+include = []
+allow_attach_all = false
+
+[gateway]
+base_domain = "${BASE_DOMAIN}"
+port = ${GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT}
+agent_port = 8090
+
+[auth]
+enabled = false
+tokens = []
+
+[supervisor]
+exe = "/workspace/target/release/supervisor"
+sock = "${RUN_DIR}/supervisor.sock"
+pid_file = "${RUN_DIR}/supervisor.pid"
+log_file = "${RUN_DIR}/supervisor.log"
+detached = true
+auto_start = true
+
+[host_api]
+address = "vsock:2"
+port = ${HOST_API_PORT}
+
+[key_provider]
+enabled = true
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = ${KEY_PROVIDER_PORT}
+EOF_VMM
+
+cat > "$STATE_DIR/state.env" <<EOF_ENV
+STATE_DIR=$STATE_DIR
+CONFIG_DIR=$CONFIG_DIR
+RUN_DIR=$RUN_DIR
+VM_DIR=$VM_DIR
+ARTIFACT_DIR=$ARTIFACT_DIR
+IMAGE_ROOT=$IMAGE_ROOT
+IMAGE_NAME=$IMAGE_NAME
+OLD_IMAGE_NAME=$OLD_IMAGE_NAME
+PLATFORM=$PLATFORM
+OS_IMAGE_HASH=$OS_IMAGE_HASH
+OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH=$OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH
+VMM_PORT=$VMM_PORT
+AUTH_PORT=$AUTH_PORT
+ARTIFACT_PORT=$ARTIFACT_PORT
+KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT=$KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT
+KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT=$KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT
+KMS_RPC_DOMAIN=$KMS_RPC_DOMAIN
+GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT=$GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT
+GATEWAY_APP_ID=$GATEWAY_APP_ID
+KEY_PROVIDER_PORT=$KEY_PROVIDER_PORT
+HOST_API_PORT=$HOST_API_PORT
+BASE_DOMAIN=$BASE_DOMAIN
+MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT=$MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT
+PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT=$PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT
+APP_NAME=$APP_NAME
+SUITE_PREFIX=$SUITE_PREFIX
+GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN=$GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN
+EOF_ENV
+chmod 0600 "$STATE_DIR/state.env"
+
+echo "Rendered production-compatible dstack E2E config:"
+echo "  vmm:          http://127.0.0.1:${VMM_PORT}"
+echo "  auth:         http://10.0.2.2:${AUTH_PORT}"
+echo "  artifacts:    http://10.0.2.2:${ARTIFACT_PORT}"
+echo "  old KMS:      https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT}"
+echo "  latest KMS:   https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT}"
+echo "  current image: ${IMAGE_NAME} (${OS_IMAGE_HASH})"
+echo "  old image:     ${OLD_IMAGE_NAME} (${OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH})"
+echo "  gateway app:  ${GATEWAY_APP_ID}"
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/runner.sh b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/runner.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0143ff6fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/scripts/runner.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,913 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+set -euo pipefail
+
+STATE_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_STATE_DIR:-/suite-state}
+CONFIG_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_CONFIG_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/config}
+WORK_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_WORK_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/work}
+VM_DIR=${DSTACK_E2E_VM_DIR:-$STATE_DIR/vm}
+PHASE=${DSTACK_E2E_PHASE:-upgrade}
+CURRENT_VERSION=${DSTACK_E2E_CURRENT_VERSION:?missing current workspace version}
+CURRENT_REV=${DSTACK_E2E_CURRENT_REV:?missing current workspace revision}
+mkdir -p "$WORK_DIR"
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+source "$STATE_DIR/state.env"
+# shellcheck disable=SC1091
+source "$STATE_DIR/artifacts/images.env"
+
+VMM_URL="http://127.0.0.1:${VMM_PORT}"
+VMM_CLI=(python3 /workspace/vmm/src/vmm-cli.py --url "$VMM_URL")
+DSTACK_CLI=(/workspace/target/release/dstack --host "$VMM_URL")
+ALLOWLIST="$CONFIG_DIR/auth-allowlist.json"
+KMS_OLD_URL="https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT}"
+KMS_LATEST_URL="https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT}"
+GATEWAY1_URL="https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT}"
+GATEWAY2_URL="https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT}"
+probe_pid=""
+ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID=""
+
+log() { printf '[%(%H:%M:%S)T] %s\n' -1 "$*"; }
+die() { log "ERROR: $*" >&2; exit 1; }
+
+need_bin() {
+  [[ -x "$1" ]] || die "missing executable $1"
+}
+
+wait_vmm() {
+  log "waiting for VMM at $VMM_URL"
+  for _ in $(seq 1 120); do
+    if "${DSTACK_CLI[@]}" apps -j >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      log "VMM ready"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 2
+  done
+  die "VMM not ready"
+}
+
+vm_ids_by_prefix() {
+  local prefix=$1
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" lsvm --json 2>/dev/null \
+    | jq -r --arg p "$prefix" '.[] | select(.name | startswith($p)) | .id'
+}
+
+remove_vm() {
+  local id=$1
+  [[ -n "$id" ]] || return 0
+  log "removing VM $id"
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" remove "$id" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
+}
+
+clean_start() {
+  [[ "${DSTACK_E2E_CLEAN_START:-true}" == true ]] || return 0
+  while read -r id; do
+    remove_vm "$id"
+  done < <(vm_ids_by_prefix "$SUITE_PREFIX")
+  for _ in $(seq 1 90); do
+    [[ -z "$(vm_ids_by_prefix "$SUITE_PREFIX")" ]] && return 0
+    sleep 2
+  done
+  die "stale VMs were not removed"
+}
+
+print_vm_info_safe() {
+  jq '{id,name,status,uptime,app_id,instance_id,boot_progress,boot_error,image_version,events}' <<<"$1"
+}
+
+wait_boot_done() {
+  local id=$1 label=$2 timeout=${3:-720}
+  local deadline=$((SECONDS + timeout)) last=""
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    local info status progress error line
+    info=$("${VMM_CLI[@]}" info "$id" --json 2>/dev/null || true)
+    if [[ -n "$info" ]]; then
+      status=$(jq -r '.status // ""' <<<"$info")
+      progress=$(jq -r '.boot_progress // ""' <<<"$info")
+      error=$(jq -r '.boot_error // ""' <<<"$info")
+      line="status=$status progress=${progress:-none} error=${error:-none}"
+      if [[ "$line" != "$last" ]]; then
+        log "$label: $line"
+        last=$line
+      fi
+      if [[ -n "$error" && "$error" != null ]]; then
+        print_vm_info_safe "$info" >&2 || true
+        "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$id" -n 240 >&2 || true
+        die "$label boot failed: $error"
+      fi
+      if [[ "$status" == running && "$progress" == "done" ]]; then
+        printf '%s' "$info" > "$WORK_DIR/${label}.info.json"
+        return
+      fi
+      if [[ "$status" == exited || "$status" == stopped ]]; then
+        print_vm_info_safe "$info" >&2 || true
+        "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$id" -n 240 >&2 || true
+        die "$label exited before boot finished"
+      fi
+    fi
+    sleep 5
+  done
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$id" -n 300 >&2 || true
+  die "timed out waiting for $label"
+}
+
+wait_vm_stopped() {
+  local id=$1 deadline=$((SECONDS + 180)) status
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    status=$("${VMM_CLI[@]}" info "$id" --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.status // ""' || true)
+    [[ "$status" == stopped || "$status" == exited ]] && return
+    sleep 2
+  done
+  die "VM $id did not stop"
+}
+
+stop_vm() {
+  local id=$1 label=$2
+  log "stopping $label ($id)"
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" stop "$id" --force >/dev/null
+  wait_vm_stopped "$id"
+}
+
+start_vm() {
+  local id=$1 label=$2
+  log "starting $label ($id)"
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" start "$id" >/dev/null
+  wait_boot_done "$id" "$label"
+}
+
+register_app() {
+  local app_id=$1 hash=$2
+  [[ -n "$ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID" ]] || die "cannot authorize app before pinning the attested TDX device"
+  /suite/scripts/allowlist.py add-app --path "$ALLOWLIST" \
+    --app-id "$app_id" --compose-hash "$hash" \
+    --device-id "$ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID" >/dev/null
+}
+
+register_kms_measurement() {
+  local measurement=$1 device_id=$2
+  /suite/scripts/allowlist.py add-kms --path "$ALLOWLIST" \
+    --mr-aggregated "$measurement" --device-id "$device_id" >/dev/null
+}
+
+render_kms() {
+  local stage=$1 image_ref=$2 archive=$3 meta
+  meta=$(/suite/scripts/app_compose.py kms \
+    --name "dstack-e2e-kms-${stage}" \
+    --image-ref "$image_ref" \
+    --image-archive "$archive" \
+    --artifact-port "$ARTIFACT_PORT" \
+    --auth-port "$AUTH_PORT" \
+    --output "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.app-compose.json")
+  printf '%s\n' "$meta" > "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.manifest-meta.json"
+}
+
+deploy_kms_onboard() {
+  local stage=$1 port=$2 out vm_id
+  log "deploying $stage KMS CVM in Local-Key-Provider mode"
+  if ! out=$("${VMM_CLI[@]}" deploy \
+    --name "${SUITE_PREFIX}-kms-${stage}" \
+    --image "$IMAGE_NAME" \
+    --compose "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.app-compose.json" \
+    --port "tcp:0.0.0.0:${port}:8000" \
+    --vcpu "${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_VCPU:-4}" \
+    --memory "${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_MEMORY:-4096}" \
+    --disk "${DSTACK_E2E_KMS_DISK:-30}" 2>&1); then
+    die "failed to deploy $stage KMS CVM: $out"
+  fi
+  printf '%s\n' "$out" | tee "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.deploy.log"
+  vm_id=$(sed -n 's/^Created VM with ID: //p' <<<"$out" | tail -n1)
+  [[ -n "$vm_id" ]] || die "failed to parse $stage KMS VM id"
+  printf '%s' "$vm_id" > "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.vm_id"
+  wait_boot_done "$vm_id" "kms-${stage}"
+}
+
+wait_onboard() {
+  local stage=$1 port=$2 deadline=$((SECONDS + 300)) url
+  url="http://127.0.0.1:${port}/prpc/Onboard.GetAttestationInfo?json"
+  log "waiting for $stage KMS quote-enabled onboarding endpoint"
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    if curl -fsS "$url" -o "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.attestation-info.json"; then
+      jq -e '((.mr_aggregated // .mrAggregated // "") | length) > 0 and ((.device_id // .deviceId // "") | length) > 0' \
+        "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.attestation-info.json" >/dev/null && return
+    fi
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$(cat "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.vm_id")" -n 300 >&2 || true
+  die "$stage KMS onboarding endpoint not ready"
+}
+
+authorize_kms_from_attestation() {
+  local stage=$1 measurement device_id
+  measurement=$(jq -r '.mr_aggregated // .mrAggregated' "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.attestation-info.json")
+  device_id=$(jq -r '.device_id // .deviceId' "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.attestation-info.json")
+  [[ "$measurement" =~ ^[0-9a-fA-F]+$ ]] || die "invalid $stage KMS mrAggregated"
+  [[ "$device_id" =~ ^[0-9a-fA-F]{64}$ ]] || die "invalid $stage KMS device ID"
+  if [[ -n "$ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID" && "$device_id" != "$ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID" ]]; then
+    die "$stage KMS quote came from unexpected TDX device $device_id"
+  fi
+  ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID=$device_id
+  register_kms_measurement "$measurement" "$device_id"
+  log "authorized exact $stage KMS mrAggregated=${measurement} on device=${device_id}"
+}
+
+onboard_rpc() {
+  local port=$1 method=$2 data=$3 out=$4
+  curl -fsS -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+    "http://127.0.0.1:${port}/prpc/Onboard.${method}?json" \
+    --data-raw "$data" -o "$out"
+  jq -e 'has("error") | not' "$out" >/dev/null \
+    || die "Onboard.${method} returned an error: $(cat "$out")"
+  log "Onboard.${method} completed"
+}
+
+finish_onboarding() {
+  local stage=$1 port=$2
+  curl -fsS "http://127.0.0.1:${port}/finish" > "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.finish.txt"
+  wait_kms_tls "$stage" "$port"
+}
+
+wait_kms_tls() {
+  local stage=$1 port=$2 deadline=$((SECONDS + 300))
+  log "waiting for $stage KMS TLS service"
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    if curl -kfsS "https://127.0.0.1:${port}/prpc/GetMeta?json" \
+      -o "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.ready-meta.json"; then
+      log "$stage KMS TLS service ready"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$(cat "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.vm_id")" -n 300 >&2 || true
+  die "$stage KMS TLS service not ready"
+}
+
+kms_rpc_get() {
+  local port=$1 method=$2
+  curl -kfsS "https://127.0.0.1:${port}/prpc/${method}?json"
+}
+
+kms_rpc_post() {
+  local port=$1 method=$2 data=$3
+  curl -kfsS -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+    "https://127.0.0.1:${port}/prpc/${method}?json" --data-raw "$data"
+}
+
+capture_kms_identity() {
+  local stage=$1 port=$2 app_id=$3 ca_pem ca_spki k256_pubkey
+  ca_pem="$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.ca.pem"
+  kms_rpc_get "$port" GetMeta | tee "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.meta.raw.json" \
+    | jq -S '{ca_cert, k256_pubkey}' > "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.meta.json"
+  jq -er '.ca_cert' "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.meta.json" > "$ca_pem"
+  openssl x509 -in "$ca_pem" -noout -checkend 0 >/dev/null
+  ca_spki=$(openssl x509 -in "$ca_pem" -pubkey -noout \
+    | openssl pkey -pubin -outform DER \
+    | openssl dgst -sha256 \
+    | awk '{print $NF}')
+  k256_pubkey=$(jq -er '.k256_pubkey' "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.meta.json")
+  jq -nS --arg ca_spki_sha256 "$ca_spki" --arg k256_pubkey "$k256_pubkey" \
+    '{ca_spki_sha256:$ca_spki_sha256,k256_pubkey:$k256_pubkey}' \
+    > "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.identity.json"
+  kms_rpc_post "$port" GetAppEnvEncryptPubKey \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg id "$app_id" '{app_id:$id}')" \
+    | tee "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.app-key.raw.json" \
+    | jq -S '{public_key}' > "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.app-key.json"
+  jq -e '.ca_spki_sha256 != "" and .k256_pubkey != ""' \
+    "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.identity.json" >/dev/null
+  jq -e '.public_key != ""' "$WORK_DIR/kms-${stage}.app-key.json" >/dev/null
+}
+
+assert_kms_identity_unchanged() {
+  # Onboarding deliberately reissues the self-signed CA certificate with a new
+  # validity end time.  The transferable identity is its private key/SPKI, not
+  # the DER bytes of that freshly issued certificate.
+  diff -u "$WORK_DIR/kms-old.identity.json" "$WORK_DIR/kms-latest.identity.json" \
+    || die "KMS CA key or root k256 key changed during 0.5.8 -> current onboarding"
+  diff -u "$WORK_DIR/kms-old.app-key.json" "$WORK_DIR/kms-latest.app-key.json" \
+    || die "per-app environment encryption key changed during KMS upgrade"
+  log "KMS CA SPKI, root k256 key and per-app environment key are unchanged"
+}
+
+render_gateway_manifests() {
+  local stage=$1 image_ref=$2 archive=$3 meta
+  meta=$(/suite/scripts/app_compose.py gateway \
+    --name dstack-e2e-gateway \
+    --image-ref "$image_ref" \
+    --image-archive "$archive" \
+    --artifact-port "$ARTIFACT_PORT" \
+    --output "$WORK_DIR/gateway-${stage}.app-compose.json")
+  printf '%s\n' "$meta" > "$WORK_DIR/gateway-${stage}.manifest-meta.json"
+  register_app "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" "$(jq -r .composeHash <<<"$meta")"
+}
+
+write_gateway_env() {
+  local node=$1 rpc_port wg_port third_octet bootnode
+  if [[ "$node" == 1 ]]; then
+    rpc_port=$GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT
+    wg_port=$GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT
+    third_octet=0
+    bootnode=""
+  else
+    rpc_port=$GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT
+    wg_port=$GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT
+    third_octet=64
+    bootnode="$GATEWAY1_URL"
+  fi
+  cat > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.env" <<EOF
+WG_ENDPOINT=10.0.2.2:${wg_port}
+MY_URL=https://${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}:${rpc_port}
+BOOTNODE_URL=${bootnode}
+WG_IP=10.8.${third_octet}.1/16
+WG_RESERVED_NET=10.8.${third_octet}.1/32
+WG_CLIENT_RANGE=10.8.${third_octet}.0/18
+NODE_ID=${node}
+PCCS_URL=
+RPC_DOMAIN=${KMS_RPC_DOMAIN}
+ADMIN_API_TOKEN=${GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN}
+EOF
+  chmod 0600 "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.env"
+}
+
+gateway_ports() {
+  local node=$1
+  if [[ "$node" == 1 ]]; then
+    printf '%s %s %s %s\n' "$GATEWAY1_RPC_HOST_PORT" "$GATEWAY1_ADMIN_HOST_PORT" \
+      "$GATEWAY1_PROXY_HOST_PORT" "$GATEWAY1_WG_HOST_PORT"
+  else
+    printf '%s %s %s %s\n' "$GATEWAY2_RPC_HOST_PORT" "$GATEWAY2_ADMIN_HOST_PORT" \
+      "$GATEWAY2_PROXY_HOST_PORT" "$GATEWAY2_WG_HOST_PORT"
+  fi
+}
+
+deploy_gateway() {
+  local node=$1 stage=$2 kms_url=$3 rpc admin proxy wg out vm_id
+  read -r rpc admin proxy wg < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  log "deploying Gateway node $node ($stage) with pinned app id $GATEWAY_APP_ID"
+  if ! out=$("${VMM_CLI[@]}" deploy \
+    --name "${SUITE_PREFIX}-gateway-${node}" \
+    --app-id "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" \
+    --image "$IMAGE_NAME" \
+    --compose "$WORK_DIR/gateway-${stage}.app-compose.json" \
+    --env-file "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.env" \
+    --kms-url "$kms_url" \
+    --port "tcp:0.0.0.0:${rpc}:8000" \
+    --port "tcp:127.0.0.1:${admin}:8001" \
+    --port "tcp:127.0.0.1:${proxy}:443" \
+    --port "udp:0.0.0.0:${wg}:51820" \
+    --vcpu "${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_VCPU:-4}" \
+    --memory "${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_MEMORY:-4096}" \
+    --disk "${DSTACK_E2E_GATEWAY_DISK:-30}" 2>&1); then
+    die "failed to deploy Gateway node $node ($stage): $out"
+  fi
+  printf '%s\n' "$out" | tee "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.${stage}.deploy.log"
+  vm_id=$(sed -n 's/^Created VM with ID: //p' <<<"$out" | tail -n1)
+  [[ -n "$vm_id" ]] || die "failed to parse Gateway node $node VM id"
+  printf '%s' "$vm_id" > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.vm_id"
+  wait_boot_done "$vm_id" "gateway${node}-${stage}"
+  wait_gateway "$node"
+}
+
+gateway_version() {
+  local node=$1 stage=$2 rpc _
+  read -r rpc _ < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  curl -kfsS -D "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.headers" -o /dev/null \
+    "https://127.0.0.1:${rpc}/prpc/Info?json"
+  tr -d '\r' < "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.headers" \
+    | awk 'tolower($1)=="x-app-version:" {$1=""; sub(/^ /,""); print}' \
+    > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.version.txt"
+  [[ -s "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.version.txt" ]] \
+    || die "Gateway node $node did not return X-App-Version"
+  if [[ "$stage" == old ]]; then
+    grep -E '^v0\.5\.8 \(git:' "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+      || die "Gateway node $node did not run released v0.5.8"
+  else
+    grep -E "^v${CURRENT_VERSION//./\\.} \\(git:" \
+      "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+      || die "Gateway node $node did not run current v$CURRENT_VERSION"
+    grep -F "$CURRENT_REV" "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.version.txt" >/dev/null \
+      || die "Gateway node $node did not run current revision $CURRENT_REV"
+  fi
+  log "Gateway node $node $stage: $(cat "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.version.txt")"
+}
+
+admin_curl() {
+  local node=$1 method=$2 data=${3:-'{}'} admin out code
+  read -r _ admin _ < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  out=$(mktemp)
+  code=$(curl -sS -o "$out" -w '%{http_code}' -X POST \
+    -H "Authorization: Bearer ${GATEWAY_ADMIN_TOKEN}" \
+    -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
+    "http://127.0.0.1:${admin}/prpc/Admin.${method}?json" \
+    --data-raw "$data" || true)
+  if [[ "$code" =~ ^2 ]]; then
+    cat "$out"
+    rm -f "$out"
+    return
+  fi
+  log "Gateway $node Admin.${method} failed HTTP $code: $(cat "$out")" >&2
+  rm -f "$out"
+  return 1
+}
+
+wait_gateway() {
+  local node=$1 rpc deadline=$((SECONDS + 300))
+  read -r rpc _ < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    if curl -kfsS "https://127.0.0.1:${rpc}/prpc/Info?json" >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+      && admin_curl "$node" Status >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      log "Gateway node $node ready"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$(cat "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.vm_id")" -n 300 >&2 || true
+  die "Gateway node $node not ready"
+}
+
+bootstrap_gateway() {
+  log "configuring Gateway cluster through node 1"
+  admin_curl 1 SetCertbotConfig \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg u "http://10.0.2.2:${PEBBLE_HTTP_PORT}/dir" \
+      '{acme_url:$u, renew_before_expiration_secs:3600}')" >/dev/null
+  admin_curl 1 CreateDnsCredential \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg u "http://10.0.2.2:${MOCK_CF_HTTP_PORT}/client/v4" \
+      '{name:"mock-cloudflare",provider_type:"cloudflare",cf_api_token:"test-token",cf_api_url:$u,set_as_default:true,dns_txt_ttl:1,max_dns_wait:0}')" \
+    >/dev/null
+  admin_curl 1 AddZtDomain \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg d "$BASE_DOMAIN" '{domain:$d,port:443,priority:100}')" \
+    >/dev/null
+  admin_curl 1 RenewZtDomainCert \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg d "$BASE_DOMAIN" '{domain:$d,force:true}')" \
+    | tee "$WORK_DIR/gateway-renew-cert.json"
+  wait_gateway_cert 1
+  wait_gateway_cluster_sync
+  wait_gateway_cert 2
+}
+
+wait_gateway_cluster_sync() {
+  local deadline=$((SECONDS + 240)) domains certbot
+  log "waiting for Gateway WaveKV config/certificate sync to node 2"
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    domains=$(admin_curl 2 ListZtDomains 2>/dev/null || true)
+    certbot=$(admin_curl 2 GetCertbotConfig 2>/dev/null || true)
+    if jq -e --arg d "$BASE_DOMAIN" '.domains[]? | (.domain // .config.domain) == $d' \
+      <<<"$domains" >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+      && jq -e '.acme_url != ""' <<<"$certbot" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      log "Gateway cluster state synced"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  die "Gateway node 2 did not receive synced cluster state"
+}
+
+wait_gateway_cert() {
+  local node=$1 proxy deadline=$((SECONDS + 300)) sni="gateway.${BASE_DOMAIN}"
+  read -r _ _ proxy _ < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    if echo | timeout 8 openssl s_client -connect "127.0.0.1:${proxy}" -servername "$sni" 2>/dev/null \
+      | openssl x509 -noout -ext subjectAltName 2>/dev/null \
+      | grep -Fq "*.${BASE_DOMAIN}"; then
+      log "Gateway node $node wildcard certificate active"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  die "Gateway node $node wildcard certificate not active"
+}
+
+gateway_cert_fingerprint() {
+  local node=$1 proxy sni="gateway.${BASE_DOMAIN}"
+  read -r _ _ proxy _ < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  echo | timeout 8 openssl s_client -connect "127.0.0.1:${proxy}" -servername "$sni" 2>/dev/null \
+    | openssl x509 -noout -fingerprint -sha256 2>/dev/null
+}
+
+wait_gateway_persisted() {
+  local node=$1 deadline=$((SECONDS + 120)) status
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    status=$(admin_curl "$node" WaveKvStatus 2>/dev/null || true)
+    if jq -e '.persistent.dirty == false and .persistent.n_keys > 0' <<<"$status" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 2
+  done
+  die "Gateway node $node persistent store did not flush"
+}
+
+capture_gateway_state() {
+  local node=$1 stage=$2
+  wait_gateway_persisted "$node"
+  admin_curl "$node" Status | tee "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.status.raw.json" \
+    | jq -S '. as $status | {
+        id: $status.id,
+        uuid: ([$status.nodes[] | select(.id == $status.id)][0].uuid),
+        # The active WireGuard address can move to the surviving Gateway
+        # subnet during a rolling restart. It is runtime routing state, not a
+        # durable identity invariant.
+        hosts: ([$status.hosts[] | {instance_id,app_id,base_domain}] | sort_by(.instance_id))
+      }' \
+    > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.status.json"
+  admin_curl "$node" GetCertbotConfig | jq -S \
+    '{acme_url,renew_interval_secs,renew_before_expiration_secs,renew_timeout_secs}' \
+    > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.certbot.json"
+  admin_curl "$node" ListDnsCredentials | jq -S \
+    '{default_id,credentials:([.credentials[]|{
+      id,name,provider_type,
+      cf_api_token_set: ((.cf_api_token // "") | length > 0),
+      cf_zone_id,cf_api_url,dns_txt_ttl,max_dns_wait
+    }]|sort_by(.id))}' \
+    > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.dns.json"
+  admin_curl "$node" ListZtDomains | jq -S \
+    '{domains:([.domains[]|(.config // .)]|sort_by(.domain))}' \
+    > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.domains.json"
+  gateway_cert_fingerprint "$node" > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-${stage}.cert.txt"
+}
+
+assert_gateway_state_unchanged() {
+  local node=$1 file
+  capture_gateway_state "$node" after
+  for file in status certbot dns domains; do
+    diff -u "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-before.${file}.json" \
+      "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-after.${file}.json" \
+      || die "Gateway node $node $file state changed across upgrade"
+  done
+  diff -u "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-before.cert.txt" "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-after.cert.txt" \
+    || die "Gateway node $node wildcard certificate changed across upgrade"
+  log "Gateway node $node durable state is unchanged"
+}
+
+assert_gateway_dns_credential_usable() {
+  local node=$1 result deadline=$((SECONDS + 90))
+  log "proving Gateway node $node retained the Cloudflare credential"
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    result=$(admin_curl "$node" RenewZtDomainCert \
+      "$(jq -cn --arg d "$BASE_DOMAIN" '{domain:$d,force:true}')")
+    printf '%s\n' "$result" > "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}-post-upgrade-renew.json"
+    if jq -e '.renewed == true and .not_after > 0' <<<"$result" >/dev/null; then
+      wait_gateway_cert "$node"
+      return
+    fi
+    # WaveKV's distributed certificate lock may still be held by the peer's
+    # immediately preceding issuance.
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  die "Gateway node $node could not issue with its persisted DNS credential"
+}
+
+render_app() {
+  local label=$1 mode=$2 meta app_id hash image_ref=$APP_IMAGE_ID
+  # The v0.5.11 Docker Compose treats a local image ID (`sha256:...`) as a
+  # repository name and tries to pull it. The pre-launch script has already
+  # loaded the digest-recorded archive under its original tag.
+  [[ "$mode" == auto ]] && image_ref=$APP_IMAGE
+  meta=$(/suite/scripts/app_compose.py nginx \
+    --name "${APP_NAME}-${label}" \
+    --image-ref "$image_ref" \
+    --image-archive app.tar \
+    --artifact-port "$ARTIFACT_PORT" \
+    --attestation-mode "$mode" \
+    --output "$WORK_DIR/${label}.app-compose.json")
+  printf '%s\n' "$meta" > "$WORK_DIR/${label}.manifest-meta.json"
+  app_id=$(jq -r .appId <<<"$meta")
+  hash=$(jq -r .composeHash <<<"$meta")
+  printf '%s' "$app_id" > "$WORK_DIR/${label}.app_id"
+  register_app "$app_id" "$hash"
+}
+
+deploy_app() {
+  local label=$1 mode=$2 kms_url=$3 guest_image=${4:-$IMAGE_NAME} manifest_mode out vm_id
+  manifest_mode=$mode
+  # v0.5.11 only accepts numeric manifest versions. Omitting v3 requirements
+  # lets that released guest select its native legacy TDX attestation path.
+  [[ "$guest_image" == "$OLD_IMAGE_NAME" ]] && manifest_mode=auto
+  render_app "$label" "$manifest_mode"
+  log "deploying $label app CVM (forced TDX $mode)"
+  if ! out=$("${VMM_CLI[@]}" deploy \
+    --name "${SUITE_PREFIX}-${label}" \
+    --image "$guest_image" \
+    --compose "$WORK_DIR/${label}.app-compose.json" \
+    --kms-url "$kms_url" \
+    --gateway-url "$GATEWAY1_URL" \
+    --gateway-url "$GATEWAY2_URL" \
+    --vcpu "${DSTACK_E2E_APP_VCPU:-2}" \
+    --memory "${DSTACK_E2E_APP_MEMORY:-2048}" \
+    --disk "${DSTACK_E2E_APP_DISK:-20}" 2>&1); then
+    die "failed to deploy $label app CVM: $out"
+  fi
+  printf '%s\n' "$out" | tee "$WORK_DIR/${label}.deploy.log"
+  vm_id=$(sed -n 's/^Created VM with ID: //p' <<<"$out" | tail -n1)
+  [[ -n "$vm_id" ]] || die "failed to parse $label VM id"
+  printf '%s' "$vm_id" > "$WORK_DIR/${label}.vm_id"
+  wait_boot_done "$vm_id" "$label"
+  assert_attestation_mode "$label" "$mode"
+}
+
+assert_attestation_mode() {
+  local label=$1 expected=$2 id sys_config actual
+  id=$(cat "$WORK_DIR/${label}.vm_id")
+  sys_config="$VM_DIR/$id/shared/.sys-config.json"
+  [[ -s "$sys_config" ]] || die "missing $label sys config"
+  actual=$(jq -r '.vm_config | fromjson | .tdx_attestation_variant // "legacy"' "$sys_config")
+  [[ "$actual" == "$expected" ]] || die "$label mode=$actual, expected $expected"
+  jq -e '(.kms_urls | length) > 0 and (.gateway_urls | length) == 2' "$sys_config" >/dev/null
+  log "$label completed boot-time KMS key provisioning in TDX $actual mode"
+}
+
+verify_app_via_gateway() {
+  local label=$1 node=$2 instance sni proxy url deadline
+  instance=$(jq -r '.instance_id' "$WORK_DIR/${label}.info.json")
+  read -r _ _ proxy _ < <(gateway_ports "$node")
+  sni="${instance}-80.${BASE_DOMAIN}"
+  url="https://${sni}:${proxy}/"
+  deadline=$((SECONDS + 300))
+  while (( SECONDS < deadline )); do
+    if curl -kfsS --max-time 5 \
+      --connect-to "${sni}:${proxy}:127.0.0.1:${proxy}" "$url" \
+      | grep -qi 'welcome to nginx'; then
+      log "$label reachable through Gateway node $node"
+      return
+    fi
+    sleep 3
+  done
+  die "$label not reachable through Gateway node $node"
+}
+
+verify_all_routes() {
+  local label node
+  for label in legacy lite; do
+    for node in 1 2; do
+      verify_app_via_gateway "$label" "$node"
+    done
+  done
+}
+
+restart_legacy_on_latest_kms() {
+  local id
+  id=$(cat "$WORK_DIR/legacy.vm_id")
+  stop_vm "$id" legacy
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" update "$id" --kms-url "$KMS_LATEST_URL" >/dev/null
+  start_vm "$id" legacy
+  assert_attestation_mode legacy legacy
+}
+
+upgrade_gateway_node() {
+  local node=$1 id
+  id=$(cat "$WORK_DIR/gateway${node}.vm_id")
+  stop_vm "$id" "Gateway node $node"
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" update-app-compose "$id" "$WORK_DIR/gateway-latest.app-compose.json" >/dev/null
+  "${VMM_CLI[@]}" update "$id" --kms-url "$KMS_LATEST_URL" >/dev/null
+  start_vm "$id" "gateway${node}-latest"
+  wait_gateway "$node"
+  wait_gateway_cert "$node"
+  gateway_version "$node" latest
+  # The newly restarted node must carry traffic before its peer is touched.
+  verify_app_via_gateway legacy "$node"
+  verify_app_via_gateway lite "$node"
+  assert_gateway_state_unchanged "$node"
+}
+
+start_network_probe() {
+  rm -f "$WORK_DIR/network-probe."{ready,stop,result.json,log}
+  /suite/scripts/network-probe.sh > "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.log" 2>&1 &
+  probe_pid=$!
+  for _ in $(seq 1 120); do
+    [[ -e "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.ready" ]] && return
+    kill -0 "$probe_pid" 2>/dev/null || {
+      cat "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.log" >&2
+      die "HA network probe exited during warmup"
+    }
+    sleep 1
+  done
+  die "HA network probe did not become ready"
+}
+
+stop_network_probe() {
+  touch "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.stop"
+  if ! wait "$probe_pid"; then
+    cat "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.log" >&2
+    die "CVM traffic had downtime during rolling Gateway upgrade"
+  fi
+  probe_pid=""
+  cat "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.log"
+  jq -e '.attempts > 0 and .failures == 0 and .successful_failovers > 0' \
+    "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.result.json" >/dev/null \
+    || die "HA probe reported downtime"
+}
+
+assert_no_insecure_shortcuts() {
+  log "auditing rendered manifests for production trust settings"
+  local manifest
+  local forbidden='quote_enabled[[:space:]]*=[[:space:]]*false|attest_rpc_cert[[:space:]]*=[[:space:]]*false|insecure_skip_attestation[[:space:]]*=[[:space:]]*true|enforce_self_authorization[[:space:]]*=[[:space:]]*false|verify[[:space:]]*=[[:space:]]*false'
+  if grep -R -E "$forbidden" "$WORK_DIR"/*.app-compose.json; then
+    die "rendered app manifest contains a forbidden development trust setting"
+  fi
+
+  for manifest in "$WORK_DIR/kms-old.app-compose.json" \
+    "$WORK_DIR/kms-latest.app-compose.json"; do
+    if ! python3 - "$manifest" <<'PY'
+import json
+import sys
+import tomllib
+
+manifest = json.load(open(sys.argv[1], encoding="utf-8"))
+assert manifest["local_key_provider_enabled"] is True
+assert manifest["kms_enabled"] is False
+
+# Parse the actual kms.toml embedded in the rendered Compose YAML.  Checking
+# TOML values instead of matching adjacent strings keeps this guard strict
+# while allowing comments and blank lines in the production-style config.
+marker = "configs:\n  kms_config:\n    content: |\n"
+compose = manifest["docker_compose_file"]
+assert compose.count(marker) == 1
+indented_config = compose.split(marker, 1)[1]
+config_lines = []
+for line in indented_config.splitlines():
+    if line and not line.startswith("      "):
+        break
+    config_lines.append(line[6:] if line else "")
+config = tomllib.loads("\n".join(config_lines))
+
+core = config["core"]
+assert core["enforce_self_authorization"] is True
+assert core["image"]["verify"] is True
+assert core["auth_api"]["type"] == "webhook"
+assert core["onboard"]["enabled"] is True
+assert core["onboard"]["quote_enabled"] is True
+PY
+    then
+      die "$manifest does not use quote-attested production KMS settings"
+    fi
+  done
+
+  for manifest in "$WORK_DIR/gateway-old.app-compose.json" \
+    "$WORK_DIR/gateway-latest.app-compose.json"; do
+    jq -e '.kms_enabled == true and .local_key_provider_enabled == false' \
+      "$manifest" >/dev/null \
+      || die "$manifest does not obtain its keys from KMS"
+  done
+
+  jq -e '
+    .kms_enabled == true and .gateway_enabled == true
+    and .manifest_version == 2
+    and (has("requirements") | not)
+  ' "$WORK_DIR/legacy.app-compose.json" >/dev/null \
+    || die "v0.5.11 app manifest is not legacy-compatible"
+  jq -e '
+    .kms_enabled == true and .gateway_enabled == true
+    and .manifest_version == "3"
+    and .requirements.tdx_measure_acpi_tables == false
+  ' "$WORK_DIR/lite.app-compose.json" >/dev/null \
+    || die "lite app manifest did not force the lite TDX verifier"
+
+  jq -e --arg id "$GATEWAY_APP_ID" \
+    --arg device "$ATTESTED_DEVICE_ID" \
+    --arg current_image "$OS_IMAGE_HASH" \
+    --arg old_image "$OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH" \
+    '.gatewayAppId == $id and .gatewayAppId != "any"
+      and (.osImages | sort == ([$current_image, $old_image] | sort))
+      and (.kms.mrAggregated | length) == 2
+      and (.kms.allowAnyDevice == false)
+      and (.kms.devices == [$device])
+      and (.apps | length) == 3
+      and ([.apps[].allowAnyDevice] | all(. == false))
+      and ([.apps[].devices] | all(. == [$device]))' \
+    "$ALLOWLIST" >/dev/null
+}
+
+save_vm_logs() {
+  local name file id
+  for file in "$WORK_DIR"/*.vm_id; do
+    [[ -s "$file" ]] || continue
+    name=$(basename "$file" .vm_id)
+    id=$(cat "$file")
+    "${VMM_CLI[@]}" logs "$id" -n 2000 > "$WORK_DIR/${name}.vm.log" 2>&1 || true
+  done
+}
+
+cleanup_after() {
+  [[ "${DSTACK_E2E_CLEANUP_AFTER:-false}" == true ]] || return 0
+  local file
+  for file in "$WORK_DIR"/*.vm_id; do
+    [[ -s "$file" ]] && remove_vm "$(cat "$file")"
+  done
+}
+
+phase_upgrade() {
+  [[ "$PLATFORM" == tdx ]] || die "upgrade phase requires TDX"
+  wait_vmm
+  clean_start
+
+  render_kms old "$OLD_KMS_IMAGE_ID" kms-0.5.8.tar
+  deploy_kms_onboard old "$KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT"
+  wait_onboard old "$KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT"
+  authorize_kms_from_attestation old
+  onboard_rpc "$KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT" Bootstrap \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg d "$KMS_RPC_DOMAIN" '{domain:$d}')" \
+    "$WORK_DIR/kms-old.bootstrap.json"
+  jq -e '(.attestation // "") | length > 0' "$WORK_DIR/kms-old.bootstrap.json" >/dev/null \
+    || die "KMS 0.5.8 bootstrap did not return quote-bound attestation"
+  log "KMS 0.5.8 bootstrap returned quote-bound attestation"
+  finish_onboarding old "$KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT"
+
+  render_gateway_manifests old "$OLD_GATEWAY_IMAGE_ID" gateway-0.5.8.tar
+  render_gateway_manifests latest "$CURRENT_GATEWAY_IMAGE_ID" gateway-current.tar
+  write_gateway_env 1
+  write_gateway_env 2
+  deploy_gateway 1 old "$KMS_OLD_URL"
+  gateway_version 1 old
+  deploy_gateway 2 old "$KMS_OLD_URL"
+  gateway_version 2 old
+  bootstrap_gateway
+
+  deploy_app legacy legacy "$KMS_OLD_URL" "$OLD_IMAGE_NAME"
+  verify_app_via_gateway legacy 1
+  verify_app_via_gateway legacy 2
+  capture_kms_identity old "$KMS_OLD_HOST_PORT" "$(cat "$WORK_DIR/legacy.app_id")"
+
+  # Production KMS upgrades are rolling, quote-attested replication into a new
+  # Local-Key-Provider CVM, not an unmeasured binary swap in the old CVM.
+  render_kms latest "$CURRENT_KMS_IMAGE_ID" kms-current.tar
+  deploy_kms_onboard latest "$KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT"
+  wait_onboard latest "$KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT"
+  authorize_kms_from_attestation latest
+  onboard_rpc "$KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT" Onboard \
+    "$(jq -cn --arg s "$KMS_OLD_URL" --arg d "$KMS_RPC_DOMAIN" '{source_url:$s,domain:$d}')" \
+    "$WORK_DIR/kms-latest.onboard.json"
+  # Current Onboard returns only the replicated public key. Quote evidence is
+  # carried by the mutual RA-TLS connection and authorized above through the
+  # target's exact quote-derived measurement and physical TDX device ID.
+  finish_onboarding latest "$KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT"
+  capture_kms_identity latest "$KMS_LATEST_HOST_PORT" "$(cat "$WORK_DIR/legacy.app_id")"
+  assert_kms_identity_unchanged
+
+  stop_vm "$(cat "$WORK_DIR/kms-old.vm_id")" "KMS 0.5.8 after cutover"
+  restart_legacy_on_latest_kms
+  deploy_app lite lite "$KMS_LATEST_URL"
+  verify_all_routes
+
+  capture_gateway_state 1 before
+  capture_gateway_state 2 before
+  start_network_probe
+  upgrade_gateway_node 1
+  upgrade_gateway_node 2
+  stop_network_probe
+  verify_all_routes
+  # The current API redacts stored tokens, so metadata equality alone cannot
+  # prove the secret survived. The mock rejects any token other than the exact
+  # original value; a forced issuance through each upgraded node proves it.
+  assert_gateway_dns_credential_usable 1
+  assert_gateway_dns_credential_usable 2
+
+  assert_no_insecure_shortcuts
+  save_vm_logs
+  # dstack-kms runs in an inner container, whose stdout is not part of the CVM
+  # serial log returned by VMM.  Require an observed successful fetch of each
+  # exact measured archive, but do not require one fetch per KMS: onboarding
+  # deliberately copies durable KMS state and its verified-image cache.  The
+  # exact two-image allowlist asserted above, absence of disabled-verification
+  # paths below, and successful key delivery to old/current-image guests prove
+  # that the serving KMS accepted both images without assuming cache misses.
+  local os_archive_gets
+  os_archive_gets=$(grep -Fc \
+    "GET /os/mr_${OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz HTTP/1.1\" 200" \
+    "$WORK_DIR/artifacts-access.log" || true)
+  (( os_archive_gets >= 1 )) \
+    || die "expected a verified current OS image archive download, saw ${os_archive_gets}"
+  os_archive_gets=$(grep -Fc \
+    "GET /os/mr_${OLD_OS_IMAGE_HASH}.tar.gz HTTP/1.1\" 200" \
+    "$WORK_DIR/artifacts-access.log" || true)
+  (( os_archive_gets >= 1 )) \
+    || die "expected a verified v0.5.11 OS image archive download, saw ${os_archive_gets}"
+  if grep -E 'Image verification is disabled|self-authorization is disabled' \
+    "$WORK_DIR/kms-"*.vm.log; then
+    die "KMS logs contain a forbidden disabled verification path"
+  fi
+
+  log "production-compatible KMS/Gateway rolling-upgrade E2E success"
+  cleanup_after
+}
+
+on_exit() {
+  local rc=$?
+  if [[ -n "$probe_pid" ]] && kill -0 "$probe_pid" 2>/dev/null; then
+    touch "$WORK_DIR/network-probe.stop" 2>/dev/null || true
+    wait "$probe_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
+  fi
+  if (( rc != 0 )); then
+    save_vm_logs || true
+  fi
+  exit "$rc"
+}
+trap on_exit EXIT
+
+main() {
+  need_bin /workspace/target/release/dstack
+  [[ -s "$STATE_DIR/artifacts/images.env" ]] || die "missing prepared image metadata"
+  case "$PHASE" in
+    upgrade) phase_upgrade ;;
+    *) die "unknown DSTACK_E2E_PHASE=$PHASE" ;;
+  esac
+  log "Work artifacts: $WORK_DIR"
+}
+
+main "$@"
diff --git a/test-suites/full-stack-compose/state/.gitkeep b/test-suites/full-stack-compose/state/.gitkeep
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
diff --git a/tools/README.md b/tools/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87a2704cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Repository tools
+
+This directory contains developer and operator utilities that do not belong to
+one runtime component or one guest-OS backend.
+
+- `add-spdx-attribution.py` updates SPDX attribution metadata.
+- `mock-cf-dns-api/` provides a local Cloudflare DNS API test double.
+- `sca/` builds self-contained application images.
+- `dev-stack.sh` preserves the unsupported legacy all-in-one host, guest, and
+  deployment helper.
+- `vm-runner/` preserves the unsupported legacy direct-QEMU runner and GPU
+  passthrough helper.
+
+The legacy tools are kept out of `os/yocto/` because they cross host, guest,
+and deployment boundaries. Use the Rust `dstack` and `dstackup` CLIs for
+supported workflows.
diff --git a/tools/add-spdx-attribution.py b/tools/add-spdx-attribution.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d98e78ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/add-spdx-attribution.py
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""SPDX header attribution script.
+
+Analyze git blame data to determine contributors and add appropriate
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText headers using the REUSE tool.
+
+Features:
+- Excludes third-party code based on .spdx-exclude patterns
+- Maps company email domains to company names
+- Uses .mailmap for canonical contributor information
+- Integrates with REUSE tool for consistent header formatting
+- Supports dry-run mode for safe testing
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import fnmatch
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections import defaultdict
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+
+class SPDXAttributor:
+    """Add SPDX attribution headers to source files based on git blame."""
+
+    def __init__(self, repo_root: str, dry_run: bool = False):
+        """Initialize the attributor with a repository root and options."""
+        self.repo_root = Path(repo_root).resolve()
+        self.dry_run = dry_run
+        self.exclude_patterns = self._load_exclude_patterns()
+        self.mailmap = self._parse_mailmap()
+        self.company_domains = self._build_company_domain_map()
+
+    def _load_exclude_patterns(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Load exclusion patterns from .spdx-exclude file."""
+        exclude_file = self.repo_root / ".spdx-exclude"
+        patterns = []
+
+        if exclude_file.exists():
+            with open(exclude_file, "r") as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.strip()
+                    if line and not line.startswith("#"):
+                        patterns.append(line)
+
+        return patterns
+
+    def _parse_mailmap(self) -> Dict[str, Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Parse .mailmap file to get canonical name/email mappings."""
+        mailmap_file = self.repo_root / ".mailmap"
+        mailmap = {}
+
+        if not mailmap_file.exists():
+            print("Warning: .mailmap file not found")
+            return mailmap
+
+        with open(mailmap_file, "r") as f:
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                    continue
+
+                # Parse mailmap format: "Proper Name <proper@email.com> <commit@email.com>"
+                # or "Proper Name <proper@email.com> Commit Name <commit@email.com>"
+                if ">" in line:
+                    parts = line.split(">")
+                    if len(parts) >= 2:
+                        proper_part = parts[0].strip()
+                        commit_part = parts[1].strip()
+
+                        # Extract proper name and email
+                        if "<" in proper_part:
+                            proper_name = proper_part.split("<")[0].strip()
+                            proper_email = proper_part.split("<")[1].strip()
+                        else:
+                            continue
+
+                        # Extract commit email (and possibly name)
+                        if "<" in commit_part:
+                            commit_email = (
+                                commit_part.split("<")[1].split(">")[0].strip()
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            commit_email = commit_part.strip()
+
+                        mailmap[commit_email] = (proper_name, proper_email)
+
+        return mailmap
+
+    def _build_company_domain_map(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """Build mapping from email domains to company names."""
+        return {
+            "phala.network": "Phala Network",
+            "near.ai": "Near Foundation",
+            "nethermind.io": "Nethermind",
+            "rizelabs.io": "Rize Labs",
+            "testinprod.io": "Test in Prod",
+        }
+
+    def _is_excluded(self, file_path: Path) -> bool:
+        """Check if a file should be excluded based on patterns."""
+        rel_path = file_path.relative_to(self.repo_root)
+        rel_path_str = str(rel_path)
+
+        for pattern in self.exclude_patterns:
+            # Handle directory patterns
+            if pattern.endswith("/"):
+                if (
+                    rel_path_str.startswith(pattern)
+                    or f"/{pattern}" in f"/{rel_path_str}/"
+                ):
+                    return True
+            # Handle glob patterns
+            elif fnmatch.fnmatch(rel_path_str, pattern):
+                return True
+            # Handle wildcard patterns
+            elif "*" in pattern and fnmatch.fnmatch(rel_path_str, pattern):
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def _get_canonical_contributor(self, email: str, name: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+        """Get canonical name and email for a contributor using mailmap."""
+        if email in self.mailmap:
+            return self.mailmap[email]
+        return name.strip(), email.strip()
+
+    def _get_company_name(self, email: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get company name for an email domain, or None for individual contributors."""
+        domain = email.split("@")[-1].lower()
+        return self.company_domains.get(domain)
+
+    def _get_company_contact_email(self, company: str) -> str:
+        """Get the standardized contact email for a company."""
+        # Company-specific contact emails
+        company_contacts = {
+            "Phala Network": "dstack@phala.network",
+            "Near Foundation": "contact@near.ai",
+            "Nethermind": "contact@nethermind.io",
+            "Rize Labs": "contact@rizelabs.io",
+            "Test in Prod": "contact@testinprod.io",
+        }
+
+        return company_contacts.get(
+            company, f"contact@{company.lower().replace(' ', '')}.com"
+        )
+
+    def _analyze_git_blame(self, file_path: Path) -> Dict[str, Set[int]]:
+        """Analyze git blame to get contributors and their contribution years."""
+        try:
+            # Run git blame to get author info and dates
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ["git", "blame", "--porcelain", str(file_path)],
+                capture_output=True,
+                text=True,
+                cwd=self.repo_root,
+            )
+
+            if result.returncode != 0:
+                print(f"Warning: Could not run git blame on {file_path}")
+                return {}
+
+            contributors = defaultdict(set)
+            current_commit = None
+
+            for line in result.stdout.split("\n"):
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+
+                # Parse commit hash line
+                if re.match(r"^[0-9a-f]{40}", line):
+                    current_commit = line.split()[0]
+                # Parse author email
+                elif line.startswith("author-mail "):
+                    email = line[12:].strip("<>")
+
+                    # Skip SPDX-only commits to avoid counting license header changes as contributions
+                    if self._is_spdx_only_commit(current_commit):
+                        continue
+
+                    # Get the year for this commit
+                    year = self._get_commit_year(current_commit)
+                    if year and email:
+                        contributors[email].add(year)
+
+            return contributors
+
+        except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
+            print(f"Error running git blame on {file_path}: {e}")
+            return {}
+
+    def _is_spdx_only_commit(self, commit_hash: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a commit only contains SPDX header changes."""
+        try:
+            # Get commit message
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ["git", "show", "-s", "--format=%s%n%b", commit_hash],
+                capture_output=True,
+                text=True,
+                cwd=self.repo_root,
+            )
+
+            if result.returncode != 0:
+                return False
+
+            commit_message = result.stdout.lower()
+
+            # Check for SPDX-related keywords in commit message
+            spdx_keywords = [
+                "spdx",
+                "license header",
+                "copyright header",
+                "add license",
+                "update license",
+                "license annotation",
+                "reuse annotate",
+                "add spdx",
+                "update spdx",
+                "copyright attribution",
+            ]
+
+            if any(keyword in commit_message for keyword in spdx_keywords):
+                # Get the diff to see if it's only header changes
+                diff_result = subprocess.run(
+                    ["git", "show", "--format=", commit_hash],
+                    capture_output=True,
+                    text=True,
+                    cwd=self.repo_root,
+                )
+
+                if diff_result.returncode == 0:
+                    diff_content = diff_result.stdout
+
+                    # Check if the diff only contains SPDX/copyright/license changes
+                    # Look for lines that are only adding/removing headers
+                    diff_lines = diff_content.split("\n")
+                    substantial_changes = 0
+
+                    for line in diff_lines:
+                        if line.startswith(("+", "-")) and not line.startswith(
+                            ("+++", "---")
+                        ):
+                            # Skip lines that are just SPDX/copyright/license related
+                            line_content = line[1:].strip()
+                            if line_content and not any(
+                                marker in line_content.lower()
+                                for marker in [
+                                    "spdx-",
+                                    "copyright",
+                                    "license-identifier",
+                                    "filepyrighttext",
+                                    "©",
+                                    "(c)",
+                                    "all rights reserved",
+                                ]
+                            ):
+                                substantial_changes += 1
+
+                    # If we have very few substantial changes, likely an SPDX-only commit
+                    return substantial_changes <= 2
+
+            return False
+
+        except subprocess.SubprocessError:
+            return False
+
+    def _get_commit_year(self, commit_hash: str) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Get the year of a commit."""
+        try:
+            result = subprocess.run(
+                ["git", "show", "-s", "--format=%ad", "--date=format:%Y", commit_hash],
+                capture_output=True,
+                text=True,
+                cwd=self.repo_root,
+            )
+
+            if result.returncode == 0:
+                return int(result.stdout.strip())
+        except (subprocess.SubprocessError, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        return None
+
+    def _generate_spdx_headers(self, contributors: Dict[str, Set[int]]) -> List[str]:
+        """Generate SPDX-FileCopyrightText headers for contributors."""
+        headers = []
+        company_years = defaultdict(set)  # Track years by company
+        individual_contributors = {}  # Track individual contributors
+
+        # First pass: group contributors by company vs individual
+        for email, years in contributors.items():
+            # Get canonical name and email
+            name, canonical_email = self._get_canonical_contributor(email, "Unknown")
+
+            # Check if this is a company contributor
+            company = self._get_company_name(canonical_email)
+
+            if company:
+                # Accumulate years for this company
+                company_years[company].update(years)
+            else:
+                # Individual contributor
+                individual_contributors[canonical_email] = (name, years)
+
+        # Generate company headers (one per company)
+        for company, years in company_years.items():
+            year_list = sorted(years)
+            if len(year_list) == 1:
+                year_str = str(year_list[0])
+            else:
+                year_str = f"{year_list[0]}-{year_list[-1]}"
+
+            contact_email = self._get_company_contact_email(company)
+            header = f"SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © {year_str} {company} <{contact_email}>"
+            headers.append(header)
+
+        # Generate individual headers
+        for canonical_email, (name, years) in individual_contributors.items():
+            year_list = sorted(years)
+            if len(year_list) == 1:
+                year_str = str(year_list[0])
+            else:
+                year_str = f"{year_list[0]}-{year_list[-1]}"
+
+            header = f"SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © {year_str} {name} <{canonical_email}>"
+            headers.append(header)
+
+        return sorted(headers)
+
+    def _remove_existing_spdx_headers(self, file_path: Path) -> bool:
+        """Remove existing SPDX headers from a file."""
+        if not file_path.exists():
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                lines = f.readlines()
+
+            # Find and remove existing SPDX lines
+            new_lines = []
+            for line in lines:
+                if not (
+                    line.strip().startswith("// SPDX-")
+                    or line.strip().startswith("# SPDX-")
+                    or line.strip().startswith("/* SPDX-")
+                    or line.strip().startswith(" * SPDX-")
+                ):
+                    new_lines.append(line)
+
+            # Write back if changes were made
+            if len(new_lines) != len(lines):
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    with open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                        f.writelines(new_lines)
+                return True
+
+        except (IOError, UnicodeDecodeError) as e:
+            print(f"Warning: Could not process {file_path}: {e}")
+
+        return False
+
+    def _get_existing_license(self, file_path: Path) -> str:
+        """Get the existing SPDX license identifier from a file."""
+        try:
+            with open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                content = f.read()
+
+            # Look for existing SPDX-License-Identifier
+            lines = content.split("\n")[:20]  # Check first 20 lines
+            for line in lines:
+                if "SPDX-License-Identifier:" in line:
+                    # Extract the license identifier
+                    parts = line.split("SPDX-License-Identifier:")
+                    if len(parts) > 1:
+                        return parts[1].strip().rstrip("*/")
+
+            # Default to Apache-2.0 if no existing license found
+            return "Apache-2.0"
+
+        except Exception:
+            return "Apache-2.0"
+
+    def _apply_reuse_annotation(self, file_path: Path, headers: List[str]) -> bool:
+        """Apply SPDX headers using the REUSE tool."""
+        if not headers:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            # Prepare REUSE command - pass full SPDX-FileCopyrightText headers directly
+            cmd = ["reuse", "annotate"]
+
+            # Add all copyright lines with full SPDX-FileCopyrightText format
+            for header in headers:
+                cmd.extend(
+                    ["--copyright", header]
+                )  # Keep the full SPDX-FileCopyrightText: format
+
+            # Preserve existing license or use Apache-2.0 as default
+            existing_license = self._get_existing_license(file_path)
+            cmd.extend(["--license", existing_license])
+
+            # Handle Solidity files which need explicit style specification
+            if file_path.suffix == ".sol":
+                cmd.extend(["--style", "c"])
+
+            # Add the file
+            cmd.append(str(file_path))
+
+            if self.dry_run:
+                print(f"Would run: {' '.join(cmd)}")
+                return True
+            else:
+                result = subprocess.run(
+                    cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, cwd=self.repo_root
+                )
+                if result.returncode != 0:
+                    print(f"REUSE command failed for {file_path}: {result.stderr}")
+                    return False
+                return True
+
+        except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
+            print(f"Error running REUSE on {file_path}: {e}")
+            return False
+
+    def process_file(self, file_path: Path) -> bool:
+        """Process a single file to add SPDX attribution."""
+        # Convert to absolute path if it's relative
+        if not file_path.is_absolute():
+            file_path = self.repo_root / file_path
+
+        if self._is_excluded(file_path):
+            if self.dry_run:
+                print(f"Excluded: {file_path}")
+            return False
+
+        # Analyze git blame
+        contributors = self._analyze_git_blame(file_path)
+        if not contributors:
+            print(f"No contributors found for {file_path}")
+            return False
+
+        # Generate SPDX headers
+        headers = self._generate_spdx_headers(contributors)
+
+        if self.dry_run:
+            print(f"\nFile: {file_path}")
+            print(f"Contributors: {len(contributors)}")
+            for header in headers:
+                print(f"  {header}")
+            return True
+
+        # Remove existing SPDX headers
+        self._remove_existing_spdx_headers(file_path)
+
+        # Apply new headers with REUSE
+        success = self._apply_reuse_annotation(file_path, headers)
+
+        if success:
+            print(f"✓ Updated: {file_path}")
+        else:
+            print(f"✗ Failed: {file_path}")
+
+        return success
+
+    def find_source_files(self) -> List[Path]:
+        """Find all source files that should be processed."""
+        extensions = {
+            ".rs",
+            ".py",
+            ".go",
+            ".ts",
+            ".js",
+            ".c",
+            ".h",
+            ".cpp",
+            ".hpp",
+            ".sol",
+        }
+        source_files = []
+
+        for ext in extensions:
+            for file_path in self.repo_root.rglob(f"*{ext}"):
+                if file_path.is_file() and not self._is_excluded(file_path):
+                    source_files.append(file_path)
+
+        return sorted(source_files)
+
+
+def main():
+    """Parse arguments and run SPDX attribution on source files."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Add SPDX attribution headers to source files"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--dry-run",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Show what would be done without making changes",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--file", type=str, help="Process a specific file instead of all source files"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--repo-root", type=str, default=".", help="Repository root directory"
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    # Initialize the attributor
+    attributor = SPDXAttributor(args.repo_root, dry_run=args.dry_run)
+
+    if args.file:
+        # Process single file
+        file_path = Path(args.file)
+        if not file_path.exists():
+            print(f"Error: File {file_path} does not exist")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        attributor.process_file(file_path)
+    else:
+        # Process all source files
+        source_files = attributor.find_source_files()
+
+        if args.dry_run:
+            print(f"Found {len(source_files)} source files to process")
+            print("\nDry run - showing what would be done:\n")
+
+        success_count = 0
+        for file_path in source_files:
+            if attributor.process_file(file_path):
+                success_count += 1
+
+        if not args.dry_run:
+            print(f"\nProcessed {success_count}/{len(source_files)} files successfully")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tools/dev-stack.sh b/tools/dev-stack.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..442fb745b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/dev-stack.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+# Legacy all-in-one host development helper. It is retained outside both the
+# supported dstack CLI and the Yocto backend because it crosses host build,
+# guest build, and deployment/configuration boundaries.
+TOOL_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+REPO_ROOT=$(realpath "$TOOL_DIR/..")
+ACTION=$1
+
+YOCTO_DIR=$REPO_ROOT/os/yocto
+DSTACK_DIR=$REPO_ROOT/dstack
+CERTS_DIR=$(pwd)/certs
+IMAGES_DIR=$(pwd)/images
+RUN_DIR=$(pwd)/run
+RUST_BUILD_DIR=$(pwd)/rust-target
+CERBOT_WORKDIR=$RUN_DIR/certbot
+KMS_UPGRADE_REGISTRY_DIR=$RUN_DIR/kms/upgrade_registry
+KMS_CERT_LOG_DIR=$RUN_DIR/kms/cert_log/
+
+GATEWAY_CERT=${GATEWAY_CERT:-$CERTS_DIR/live/cert.pem}
+GATEWAY_KEY=${GATEWAY_KEY:-$CERTS_DIR/live/key.pem}
+
+CONFIG_FILE=./build-config.sh
+
+check_config() {
+    local template_file=$1
+    local config_file=$2
+
+    # extract all variables in template file
+    local variables=$(grep -oE '^\s*[A-Z_]+=' $template_file | sort)
+
+    # check if each variable is set in config file
+    local var missing=0
+    for var in $variables; do
+        if ! grep -qE "^\s*$var" $config_file; then
+            echo "Variable $var is not set in $config_file"
+            missing=1
+        fi
+    done
+    if [ $missing -ne 0 ]; then
+        return 1
+    fi
+    return 0
+}
+
+require_config() {
+
+    # Base port for RPC services
+    BASE_PORT=$(($RANDOM % 1000 * 10 + 10000))
+    CID_POOL_START=$(($RANDOM % 1000 * 1000 + 20000))
+    SUBNET_INDEX=$(($RANDOM % 240 + 10))
+
+    cat <<EOF >build-config.sh.tpl
+# DNS domain of kms rpc and dstack-gateway rpc
+# *.1022.dstack.org resolves to 10.0.2.2 which is the IP of the host system
+# from CVMs point of view
+KMS_DOMAIN=kms.1022.dstack.org
+GATEWAY_DOMAIN=gateway.1022.dstack.org
+
+# CIDs allocated to VMs start from this number of type unsigned int32
+VMM_CID_POOL_START=$CID_POOL_START
+# CID pool size
+VMM_CID_POOL_SIZE=1000
+
+VMM_RPC_LISTEN_PORT=$BASE_PORT
+# Whether port mapping from host to CVM is allowed
+VMM_PORT_MAPPING_ENABLED=true
+# Host API configuration, type of uint32
+VMM_VSOCK_LISTEN_PORT=$BASE_PORT
+# Whether to enable GPU support
+VMM_ENABLE_GPU=false
+
+KMS_RPC_LISTEN_PORT=$(($BASE_PORT + 1))
+GATEWAY_RPC_LISTEN_PORT=$(($BASE_PORT + 2))
+
+GATEWAY_WG_INTERFACE=dgw-$USER
+GATEWAY_WG_LISTEN_PORT=$(($BASE_PORT + 3))
+GATEWAY_WG_IP=10.$SUBNET_INDEX.3.1
+GATEWAY_SERVE_PORT=$(($BASE_PORT + 4))
+GATEWAY_CERT=$CERBOT_WORKDIR/live/cert.pem
+GATEWAY_KEY=$CERBOT_WORKDIR/live/key.pem
+
+BIND_PUBLIC_IP=0.0.0.0
+
+GATEWAY_PUBLIC_DOMAIN=<your domain for zt-https>
+
+# for certbot
+CERTBOT_ENABLED=false
+CF_API_TOKEN=
+ACME_URL=https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
+EOF
+    if [ -f $CONFIG_FILE ]; then
+        source $CONFIG_FILE
+        # check if any variable in build-config.sh.tpl is not set in build-config.sh.
+        # This might occur if the build-config.sh is generated from and old repo.
+        check_config build-config.sh.tpl $CONFIG_FILE
+        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+            exit 1
+        fi
+        rm -f build-config.sh.tpl
+
+        if [ -z "$GATEWAY_SERVE_PORT" ]; then
+            GATEWAY_SERVE_PORT=${GATEWAY_LISTEN_PORT1}
+        fi
+        AGENT_PORT=8090
+    else
+        mv build-config.sh.tpl $CONFIG_FILE
+        echo "Config file $CONFIG_FILE created, please edit it to configure the build"
+        exit 1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Step 1: build binaries
+build_host() {
+    echo "Building binaries"
+    (cd $DSTACK_DIR && cargo build --release --target-dir ${RUST_BUILD_DIR})
+    for bin in dstack-gateway dstack-kms dstack-vmm supervisor; do
+        cp "${RUST_BUILD_DIR}/release/${bin}" ".${bin}.new"
+        mv -f ".${bin}.new" "./${bin}"
+    done
+}
+
+# Step 2: build guest images
+build_guest() {
+    echo "Building guest images"
+    if [ -z "$BBPATH" ]; then
+        source "$YOCTO_DIR/dev-setup" "$1"
+    fi
+    make -C "$YOCTO_DIR" dist DIST_DIR=$IMAGES_DIR BB_BUILD_DIR=${BBPATH}
+}
+
+# Step 4: generate config files
+
+build_cfg() {
+    echo "Building config files"
+    if [ -f "gateway.toml" ]; then
+        echo "Reading existing WireGuard key from gateway.toml"
+        GATEWAY_WG_KEY=$(awk '
+            /^\s*private_key\s*=/ {
+                # Remove leading whitespace and "private_key ="
+                gsub(/^\s*private_key\s*=\s*/, "")
+                # Remove quotes (both single and double)
+                gsub(/^["'"'"']|["'"'"']$/, "")
+                # Remove trailing whitespace and comments
+                gsub(/\s*(#.*)?$/, "")
+                if (length($0) > 0) {
+                    print $0
+                    exit
+                }
+            }
+        ' gateway.toml)
+
+        if [ -z "$GATEWAY_WG_KEY" ]; then
+            echo "Error: Could not read WireGuard key from existing gateway.toml"
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    else
+        echo "Generating new WireGuard key"
+        GATEWAY_WG_KEY=$(wg genkey)
+    fi
+
+    GATEWAY_WG_PUBKEY=$(echo $GATEWAY_WG_KEY | wg pubkey)
+    # kms
+    cat <<EOF >kms.toml
+log_level = "info"
+
+[rpc]
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = $KMS_RPC_LISTEN_PORT
+
+[rpc.tls]
+key = "$CERTS_DIR/rpc.key"
+certs = "$CERTS_DIR/rpc.crt"
+
+[rpc.tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "$CERTS_DIR/tmp-ca.crt"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+cert_dir = "$CERTS_DIR"
+attest_rpc_cert = false
+enforce_self_authorization = false
+
+[core.gpu]
+enabled = $VMM_ENABLE_GPU
+
+[core.auth_api]
+type = "dev"
+
+[core.onboard]
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = $KMS_RPC_LISTEN_PORT
+auto_bootstrap_domain = "$KMS_DOMAIN"
+
+[core.image]
+verify = false
+EOF
+
+    # dstack-gateway
+    cat <<EOF >gateway.toml
+log_level = "info"
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = $GATEWAY_RPC_LISTEN_PORT
+
+[tls]
+key = "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.key"
+certs = "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-rpc.cert"
+
+[tls.mutual]
+ca_certs = "$CERTS_DIR/gateway-ca.cert"
+mandatory = false
+
+[core]
+rpc_domain = ""
+
+[core.sync]
+enabled = false
+
+[core.certbot]
+enabled = $CERTBOT_ENABLED
+# Path to the working directory
+workdir = "$CERBOT_WORKDIR"
+# ACME server URL
+acme_url = "$ACME_URL"
+# Cloudflare API token
+cf_api_token = "$CF_API_TOKEN"
+# Auto set CAA record
+auto_set_caa = true
+# Domain to issue certificates for
+domain = "*.$GATEWAY_PUBLIC_DOMAIN"
+# Check renewal interval
+renew_interval = "30m"
+# Number of days before expiration to trigger renewal
+renew_days_before = "10d"
+# Renew timeout
+renew_timeout = "10m"
+
+[core.wg]
+private_key = "$GATEWAY_WG_KEY"
+public_key = "$GATEWAY_WG_PUBKEY"
+listen_port = $GATEWAY_WG_LISTEN_PORT
+ip = "$GATEWAY_WG_IP/24"
+reserved_net = ["$GATEWAY_WG_IP/31"]
+client_ip_range = "$GATEWAY_WG_IP/24"
+config_path = "$RUN_DIR/wg.conf"
+interface = "$GATEWAY_WG_INTERFACE"
+endpoint = "10.0.2.2:$GATEWAY_WG_LISTEN_PORT"
+
+[core.proxy]
+cert_chain = "$GATEWAY_CERT"
+cert_key = "$GATEWAY_KEY"
+base_domain = "$GATEWAY_PUBLIC_DOMAIN"
+listen_addr = "$BIND_PUBLIC_IP"
+listen_port = $GATEWAY_SERVE_PORT
+agent_port = $AGENT_PORT
+app_address_ns_prefix = "_tapp-address"
+EOF
+
+    # dstack-vmm config
+    cat <<EOF >vmm.toml
+log_level = "info"
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+port = $VMM_RPC_LISTEN_PORT
+image_path = "$IMAGES_DIR"
+run_path = "$RUN_DIR/vm"
+kms_url = "https://localhost:$KMS_RPC_LISTEN_PORT"
+
+[cvm]
+kms_urls = ["https://$KMS_DOMAIN:$KMS_RPC_LISTEN_PORT"]
+gateway_urls = ["https://$GATEWAY_DOMAIN:$GATEWAY_RPC_LISTEN_PORT"]
+cid_start = $VMM_CID_POOL_START
+cid_pool_size = $VMM_CID_POOL_SIZE
+[cvm.port_mapping]
+enabled = $VMM_PORT_MAPPING_ENABLED
+address = "127.0.0.1"
+range = [
+    { protocol = "tcp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
+    { protocol = "udp", from = 1, to = 20000 },
+]
+
+[gateway]
+base_domain = "$GATEWAY_PUBLIC_DOMAIN"
+port = $GATEWAY_SERVE_PORT
+agent_port = $AGENT_PORT
+
+[host_api]
+port = $VMM_VSOCK_LISTEN_PORT
+EOF
+
+    mkdir -p $RUN_DIR
+    mkdir -p $CERBOT_WORKDIR/backup/preinstalled
+}
+
+guest_os_release_url() {
+    local VERSION=$1
+    local BASENAME=$2
+
+    if [[ ! "$VERSION" =~ ^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)([-.][0-9A-Za-z.-]+)?$ ]]; then
+        echo "Invalid guest OS version: $VERSION" >&2
+        return 1
+    fi
+
+    local MAJOR=$((10#${BASH_REMATCH[1]}))
+    local MINOR=$((10#${BASH_REMATCH[2]}))
+    if (( MAJOR == 0 && MINOR < 6 )); then
+        echo "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/meta-dstack/releases/download/v$VERSION/$BASENAME.tar.gz"
+    else
+        echo "https://github.com/Dstack-TEE/dstack/releases/download/guest-os-v$VERSION/$BASENAME.tar.gz"
+    fi
+}
+
+download_image() {
+    local VERSION=""
+    local IS_DEV=""
+
+    # Parse arguments to support both formats
+    if [[ "$1" == "-dev" ]]; then
+        IS_DEV=1
+        VERSION=$2
+    else
+        VERSION=$1
+    fi
+
+    echo "Downloading image $VERSION${IS_DEV:+ (dev)}"
+
+    if [ x"$IS_DEV" = x"1" ]; then
+        BASENAME=dstack-dev-$VERSION
+    else
+        BASENAME=dstack-$VERSION
+    fi
+    if ! URL=$(guest_os_release_url "$VERSION" "$BASENAME"); then
+        return 1
+    fi
+    if [ -d $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME ]; then
+        echo "Image already exists"
+    else
+        mkdir -p $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tmp
+        curl -fL "$URL" -o $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tar.gz
+        tar -xvf $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tar.gz -C $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tmp
+        rm -f $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tar.gz
+        if [ -d $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tmp/$BASENAME ]; then
+            mv $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tmp/$BASENAME $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME
+            rm -rf $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tmp
+        else
+            mv $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME.tmp $IMAGES_DIR/$BASENAME
+        fi
+    fi
+}
+
+usage() {
+    cat <<EOF
+Usage: ${0##*/} <action> [args]
+
+Actions:
+  host     - Build host binaries only
+  image    - Build guest images (backend interface)
+  guest    - Alias for image
+  cfg      - Generate configuration files only
+  dl       - Download a specific image
+  hostcfg  - Build host binaries and generate configuration files
+  all      - Build everything (host, guest, and configuration)
+  help     - Show this help
+
+Build a specific guest flavor (default builds production): set the FLAVORS env var.
+  flavor      -> output image
+  prod        -> dstack
+  dev         -> dstack-dev
+
+  Examples:
+    $0 guest                     # build dstack (default)
+    FLAVORS=dev $0 guest         # build only dstack-dev
+    FLAVORS="prod dev" $0 guest  # build both flavors
+EOF
+}
+
+case $ACTION in
+host)
+    build_host
+    ;;
+image|guest)
+    build_guest $2
+    ;;
+cfg)
+    require_config
+    build_cfg
+    ;;
+dl)
+    download_image $2 $3
+    ;;
+hostcfg)
+    require_config
+    build_host
+    build_cfg
+    ;;
+all)
+    require_config
+    build_host
+    build_guest
+    build_cfg
+    ;;
+help|-h|--help)
+    usage
+    ;;
+*)
+    [ -n "$ACTION" ] && echo "Invalid action: $ACTION" >&2
+    usage
+    exit 1
+    ;;
+esac
diff --git a/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/Dockerfile b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081b9625b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+FROM python:3.12-slim
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+# Install dependencies
+COPY requirements.txt .
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
+
+# Copy application
+COPY app.py .
+
+# Environment variables
+ENV PORT=8080
+ENV DEBUG=false
+
+# Expose port
+EXPOSE 8080
+
+# Health check
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
+    CMD curl -f http://localhost:8080/health || exit 1
+
+# Run with gunicorn for production
+CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8080", "--workers", "2", "--threads", "4", "app:app"]
diff --git a/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/app.py b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/app.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daf97894f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Mock Cloudflare DNS API server.
+
+A mock server that simulates Cloudflare's DNS API for testing purposes.
+Supports the following endpoints used by certbot:
+- POST /client/v4/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records - Create DNS record
+- GET /client/v4/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records - List DNS records
+- DELETE /client/v4/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id} - Delete DNS record
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime
+from functools import wraps
+
+from flask import Flask, jsonify, render_template_string, request
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+# In-memory storage for DNS records
+# Structure: {zone_id: {record_id: record_data}}
+dns_records = {}
+
+# Request/Response logs for debugging
+request_logs = []
+MAX_LOGS = 100
+
+# Valid API tokens (for testing, accept any non-empty token or use env var)
+VALID_TOKENS = (
+    os.environ.get("CF_API_TOKENS", "").split(",")
+    if os.environ.get("CF_API_TOKENS")
+    else None
+)
+
+
+def log_request(zone_id, method, path, req_data, resp_data, status_code):
+    """Log API requests for the management UI."""
+    log_entry = {
+        "timestamp": datetime.now().isoformat(),
+        "zone_id": zone_id,
+        "method": method,
+        "path": path,
+        "request": req_data,
+        "response": resp_data,
+        "status_code": status_code,
+    }
+    request_logs.insert(0, log_entry)
+    if len(request_logs) > MAX_LOGS:
+        request_logs.pop()
+
+
+def generate_record_id():
+    """Generate a Cloudflare-style record ID."""
+    return uuid.uuid4().hex[:32]
+
+
+def get_current_time():
+    """Get current time in Cloudflare format."""
+    return datetime.utcnow().strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000000Z")
+
+
+def verify_auth(f):
+    """Verify Bearer token authentication."""
+
+    @wraps(f)
+    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
+        auth_header = request.headers.get("Authorization", "")
+        if not auth_header.startswith("Bearer "):
+            return jsonify(
+                {
+                    "success": False,
+                    "errors": [{"code": 10000, "message": "Authentication error"}],
+                    "messages": [],
+                    "result": None,
+                }
+            ), 401
+
+        token = auth_header[7:]  # Remove "Bearer " prefix
+
+        # If VALID_TOKENS is set, validate against it; otherwise accept any token
+        if VALID_TOKENS and token not in VALID_TOKENS:
+            return jsonify(
+                {
+                    "success": False,
+                    "errors": [{"code": 10000, "message": "Invalid API token"}],
+                    "messages": [],
+                    "result": None,
+                }
+            ), 403
+
+        return f(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return decorated
+
+
+def cf_response(result, success=True, errors=None, messages=None):
+    """Create a Cloudflare-style API response."""
+    return {
+        "success": success,
+        "errors": errors or [],
+        "messages": messages or [],
+        "result": result,
+    }
+
+
+def cf_error(message, code=1000):
+    """Create a Cloudflare-style error response."""
+    return cf_response(None, success=False, errors=[{"code": code, "message": message}])
+
+
+# ==================== DNS Record Endpoints ====================
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records", methods=["POST"])
+@verify_auth
+def create_dns_record(zone_id):
+    """Create a new DNS record."""
+    data = request.get_json()
+
+    if not data:
+        resp = cf_error("Invalid request body")
+        log_request(zone_id, "POST", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records", None, resp, 400)
+        return jsonify(resp), 400
+
+    record_type = data.get("type")
+    name = data.get("name")
+
+    if not record_type or not name:
+        resp = cf_error("Missing required fields: type, name")
+        log_request(zone_id, "POST", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records", data, resp, 400)
+        return jsonify(resp), 400
+
+    # Initialize zone if not exists
+    if zone_id not in dns_records:
+        dns_records[zone_id] = {}
+
+    record_id = generate_record_id()
+    now = get_current_time()
+
+    # Build record based on type
+    record = {
+        "id": record_id,
+        "zone_id": zone_id,
+        "zone_name": f"zone-{zone_id[:8]}.example.com",
+        "name": name,
+        "type": record_type,
+        "ttl": data.get("ttl", 1),
+        "proxied": data.get("proxied", False),
+        "proxiable": False,
+        "locked": False,
+        "created_on": now,
+        "modified_on": now,
+        "meta": {
+            "auto_added": False,
+            "managed_by_apps": False,
+            "managed_by_argo_tunnel": False,
+        },
+    }
+
+    # Handle different record types
+    if record_type == "TXT":
+        record["content"] = data.get("content", "")
+    elif record_type == "CAA":
+        caa_data = data.get("data", {})
+        record["data"] = caa_data
+        # Format content as Cloudflare does
+        flags = caa_data.get("flags", 0)
+        tag = caa_data.get("tag", "")
+        value = caa_data.get("value", "")
+        record["content"] = f'{flags} {tag} "{value}"'
+    elif record_type == "A":
+        record["content"] = data.get("content", "")
+    elif record_type == "AAAA":
+        record["content"] = data.get("content", "")
+    elif record_type == "CNAME":
+        record["content"] = data.get("content", "")
+    else:
+        record["content"] = data.get("content", "")
+
+    dns_records[zone_id][record_id] = record
+
+    resp = cf_response(record)
+    log_request(zone_id, "POST", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records", data, resp, 200)
+
+    print(
+        f"[CREATE] Zone: {zone_id}, Record: {record_id}, Type: {record_type}, Name: {name}"
+    )
+
+    return jsonify(resp), 200
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records", methods=["GET"])
+@verify_auth
+def list_dns_records(zone_id):
+    """List DNS records for a zone."""
+    zone_records = dns_records.get(zone_id, {})
+    records_list = list(zone_records.values())
+
+    # Filter by type if specified
+    record_type = request.args.get("type")
+    if record_type:
+        records_list = [r for r in records_list if r["type"] == record_type]
+
+    # Filter by name if specified
+    name = request.args.get("name")
+    if name:
+        records_list = [r for r in records_list if r["name"] == name]
+
+    # Get pagination params
+    page = int(request.args.get("page", 1))
+    per_page = int(request.args.get("per_page", 100))
+
+    # Pagination
+    total_count = len(records_list)
+    total_pages = max(1, (total_count + per_page - 1) // per_page)
+    start_idx = (page - 1) * per_page
+    end_idx = start_idx + per_page
+    page_records = records_list[start_idx:end_idx]
+
+    resp = {
+        "success": True,
+        "errors": [],
+        "messages": [],
+        "result": page_records,
+        "result_info": {
+            "page": page,
+            "per_page": per_page,
+            "count": len(page_records),
+            "total_count": total_count,
+            "total_pages": total_pages,
+        },
+    }
+    log_request(
+        zone_id, "GET", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records", dict(request.args), resp, 200
+    )
+
+    return jsonify(resp), 200
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records/<record_id>", methods=["GET"])
+@verify_auth
+def get_dns_record(zone_id, record_id):
+    """Get a specific DNS record."""
+    zone_records = dns_records.get(zone_id, {})
+    record = zone_records.get(record_id)
+
+    if not record:
+        resp = cf_error("Record not found", 81044)
+        log_request(
+            zone_id, "GET", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}", None, resp, 404
+        )
+        return jsonify(resp), 404
+
+    resp = cf_response(record)
+    log_request(
+        zone_id, "GET", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}", None, resp, 200
+    )
+
+    return jsonify(resp), 200
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records/<record_id>", methods=["PUT"])
+@verify_auth
+def update_dns_record(zone_id, record_id):
+    """Update a DNS record."""
+    zone_records = dns_records.get(zone_id, {})
+    record = zone_records.get(record_id)
+
+    if not record:
+        resp = cf_error("Record not found", 81044)
+        log_request(
+            zone_id, "PUT", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}", None, resp, 404
+        )
+        return jsonify(resp), 404
+
+    data = request.get_json()
+    if not data:
+        resp = cf_error("Invalid request body")
+        log_request(
+            zone_id, "PUT", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}", None, resp, 400
+        )
+        return jsonify(resp), 400
+
+    # Update allowed fields
+    for field in ["name", "type", "content", "ttl", "proxied", "data"]:
+        if field in data:
+            record[field] = data[field]
+
+    record["modified_on"] = get_current_time()
+
+    resp = cf_response(record)
+    log_request(
+        zone_id, "PUT", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}", data, resp, 200
+    )
+
+    print(f"[UPDATE] Zone: {zone_id}, Record: {record_id}")
+
+    return jsonify(resp), 200
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones/<zone_id>/dns_records/<record_id>", methods=["DELETE"])
+@verify_auth
+def delete_dns_record(zone_id, record_id):
+    """Delete a DNS record."""
+    zone_records = dns_records.get(zone_id, {})
+
+    if record_id not in zone_records:
+        resp = cf_error("Record not found", 81044)
+        log_request(
+            zone_id,
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}",
+            None,
+            resp,
+            404,
+        )
+        return jsonify(resp), 404
+
+    del zone_records[record_id]
+
+    resp = cf_response({"id": record_id})
+    log_request(
+        zone_id, "DELETE", f"/zones/{zone_id}/dns_records/{record_id}", None, resp, 200
+    )
+
+    print(f"[DELETE] Zone: {zone_id}, Record: {record_id}")
+
+    return jsonify(resp), 200
+
+
+# ==================== Zone Endpoints ====================
+
+# Pre-configured zones for testing
+# Can be configured via MOCK_ZONES environment variable (JSON format)
+# Example: MOCK_ZONES='[{"id":"zone123","name":"example.com"},{"id":"zone456","name":"test.local"}]'
+DEFAULT_ZONES = [
+    {"id": "mock-zone-test-local", "name": "test.local"},
+    {"id": "mock-zone-example-com", "name": "example.com"},
+    {"id": "mock-zone-test0-local", "name": "test0.local"},
+    {"id": "mock-zone-test1-local", "name": "test1.local"},
+    {"id": "mock-zone-test2-local", "name": "test2.local"},
+]
+
+
+def get_configured_zones():
+    """Get zones from environment or use defaults."""
+    zones_json = os.environ.get("MOCK_ZONES")
+    if zones_json:
+        try:
+            return json.loads(zones_json)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            print("Warning: Invalid MOCK_ZONES JSON, using defaults")
+    return DEFAULT_ZONES
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones", methods=["GET"])
+@verify_auth
+def list_zones():
+    """List all zones (paginated)."""
+    page = int(request.args.get("page", 1))
+    per_page = int(request.args.get("per_page", 50))
+    name_filter = request.args.get("name")
+
+    zones = get_configured_zones()
+
+    # Filter by name if specified
+    if name_filter:
+        zones = [z for z in zones if z["name"] == name_filter]
+
+    # Build full zone objects
+    full_zones = []
+    for z in zones:
+        full_zones.append(
+            {
+                "id": z["id"],
+                "name": z["name"],
+                "status": "active",
+                "paused": False,
+                "type": "full",
+                "development_mode": 0,
+                "name_servers": ["ns1.mock-cloudflare.com", "ns2.mock-cloudflare.com"],
+                "created_on": "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z",
+                "modified_on": get_current_time(),
+            }
+        )
+
+    # Pagination
+    total_count = len(full_zones)
+    total_pages = max(1, (total_count + per_page - 1) // per_page)
+    start_idx = (page - 1) * per_page
+    end_idx = start_idx + per_page
+    page_zones = full_zones[start_idx:end_idx]
+
+    result = {
+        "success": True,
+        "errors": [],
+        "messages": [],
+        "result": page_zones,
+        "result_info": {
+            "page": page,
+            "per_page": per_page,
+            "count": len(page_zones),
+            "total_count": total_count,
+            "total_pages": total_pages,
+        },
+    }
+
+    log_request("*", "GET", "/zones", dict(request.args), result, 200)
+    print(
+        f"[LIST ZONES] page={page}, per_page={per_page}, count={len(page_zones)}, total={total_count}"
+    )
+
+    return jsonify(result), 200
+
+
+@app.route("/client/v4/zones/<zone_id>", methods=["GET"])
+@verify_auth
+def get_zone(zone_id):
+    """Get zone details (mock)."""
+    # Try to find zone in configured zones
+    zones = get_configured_zones()
+    zone_info = next((z for z in zones if z["id"] == zone_id), None)
+
+    if zone_info:
+        zone_name = zone_info["name"]
+    else:
+        # Fallback for unknown zone IDs
+        zone_name = f"zone-{zone_id[:8]}.example.com"
+
+    zone = {
+        "id": zone_id,
+        "name": zone_name,
+        "status": "active",
+        "paused": False,
+        "type": "full",
+        "development_mode": 0,
+        "name_servers": ["ns1.mock-cloudflare.com", "ns2.mock-cloudflare.com"],
+        "created_on": "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000000Z",
+        "modified_on": get_current_time(),
+    }
+
+    resp = cf_response(zone)
+    log_request(zone_id, "GET", f"/zones/{zone_id}", None, resp, 200)
+
+    return jsonify(resp), 200
+
+
+# ==================== Management UI ====================
+
+MANAGEMENT_HTML = """
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+    <title>Mock Cloudflare DNS API - Management</title>
+    <style>
+        * {
+            box-sizing: border-box;
+            margin: 0;
+            padding: 0;
+        }
+        body {
+            font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, sans-serif;
+            background: #1a1a2e;
+            color: #eaeaea;
+            min-height: 100vh;
+        }
+        .container {
+            max-width: 1400px;
+            margin: 0 auto;
+            padding: 20px;
+        }
+        header {
+            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f6821f 0%, #faad3f 100%);
+            padding: 20px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+        }
+        header h1 {
+            color: #1a1a2e;
+            font-size: 1.5em;
+        }
+        header p {
+            color: #333;
+            margin-top: 5px;
+        }
+        .stats {
+            display: grid;
+            grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
+            gap: 15px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+        }
+        .stat-card {
+            background: #25274d;
+            padding: 20px;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            text-align: center;
+        }
+        .stat-card h3 {
+            font-size: 2em;
+            color: #f6821f;
+        }
+        .stat-card p {
+            color: #888;
+            margin-top: 5px;
+        }
+        .section {
+            background: #25274d;
+            border-radius: 8px;
+            margin-bottom: 20px;
+            overflow: hidden;
+        }
+        .section-header {
+            background: #2e3156;
+            padding: 15px 20px;
+            display: flex;
+            justify-content: space-between;
+            align-items: center;
+        }
+        .section-header h2 {
+            font-size: 1.1em;
+        }
+        .section-content {
+            padding: 20px;
+        }
+        table {
+            width: 100%;
+            border-collapse: collapse;
+        }
+        th, td {
+            padding: 12px;
+            text-align: left;
+            border-bottom: 1px solid #3a3d6b;
+        }
+        th {
+            background: #2e3156;
+            font-weight: 600;
+        }
+        tr:hover {
+            background: #2e3156;
+        }
+        .record-type {
+            display: inline-block;
+            padding: 2px 8px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            font-size: 0.85em;
+            font-weight: 600;
+        }
+        .record-type.TXT { background: #3b82f6; }
+        .record-type.CAA { background: #8b5cf6; }
+        .record-type.A { background: #10b981; }
+        .record-type.AAAA { background: #06b6d4; }
+        .record-type.CNAME { background: #f59e0b; }
+        .method {
+            display: inline-block;
+            padding: 2px 8px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            font-size: 0.85em;
+            font-weight: 600;
+        }
+        .method.GET { background: #10b981; }
+        .method.POST { background: #3b82f6; }
+        .method.PUT { background: #f59e0b; }
+        .method.DELETE { background: #ef4444; }
+        .btn {
+            background: #f6821f;
+            color: #1a1a2e;
+            border: none;
+            padding: 8px 16px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            font-weight: 600;
+        }
+        .btn:hover {
+            background: #faad3f;
+        }
+        .btn-danger {
+            background: #ef4444;
+            color: white;
+        }
+        .btn-danger:hover {
+            background: #dc2626;
+        }
+        .content-preview {
+            max-width: 300px;
+            overflow: hidden;
+            text-overflow: ellipsis;
+            white-space: nowrap;
+            font-family: monospace;
+            font-size: 0.9em;
+        }
+        .log-entry {
+            background: #1a1a2e;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            padding: 10px;
+            margin-bottom: 10px;
+            font-family: monospace;
+            font-size: 0.85em;
+        }
+        .log-time {
+            color: #888;
+        }
+        .empty-state {
+            text-align: center;
+            padding: 40px;
+            color: #666;
+        }
+        .tabs {
+            display: flex;
+            border-bottom: 1px solid #3a3d6b;
+            margin-bottom: 15px;
+        }
+        .tab {
+            padding: 10px 20px;
+            cursor: pointer;
+            border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
+        }
+        .tab.active {
+            border-bottom-color: #f6821f;
+            color: #f6821f;
+        }
+        .tab-content {
+            display: none;
+        }
+        .tab-content.active {
+            display: block;
+        }
+        pre {
+            background: #1a1a2e;
+            padding: 10px;
+            border-radius: 4px;
+            overflow-x: auto;
+            font-size: 0.85em;
+        }
+        .refresh-btn {
+            position: fixed;
+            bottom: 20px;
+            right: 20px;
+            width: 50px;
+            height: 50px;
+            border-radius: 50%;
+            font-size: 1.5em;
+            display: flex;
+            align-items: center;
+            justify-content: center;
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+    <div class="container">
+        <header>
+            <h1>Mock Cloudflare DNS API</h1>
+            <p>Testing server for ACME DNS-01 challenges</p>
+        </header>
+
+        <div class="stats">
+            <div class="stat-card">
+                <h3 id="zone-count">{{ zone_count }}</h3>
+                <p>Zones</p>
+            </div>
+            <div class="stat-card">
+                <h3 id="record-count">{{ record_count }}</h3>
+                <p>DNS Records</p>
+            </div>
+            <div class="stat-card">
+                <h3 id="request-count">{{ request_count }}</h3>
+                <p>API Requests</p>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="section">
+            <div class="section-header">
+                <h2>DNS Records</h2>
+                <button class="btn btn-danger" onclick="clearAllRecords()">Clear All</button>
+            </div>
+            <div class="section-content">
+                {% if records %}
+                <table>
+                    <thead>
+                        <tr>
+                            <th>Zone ID</th>
+                            <th>Type</th>
+                            <th>Name</th>
+                            <th>Content</th>
+                            <th>Created</th>
+                            <th>Actions</th>
+                        </tr>
+                    </thead>
+                    <tbody>
+                        {% for record in records %}
+                        <tr>
+                            <td><code>{{ record.zone_id[:12] }}...</code></td>
+                            <td><span class="record-type {{ record.type }}">{{ record.type }}</span></td>
+                            <td>{{ record.name }}</td>
+                            <td class="content-preview" title="{{ record.content }}">{{ record.content }}</td>
+                            <td>{{ record.created_on[:19] }}</td>
+                            <td>
+                                <button class="btn btn-danger" onclick="deleteRecord('{{ record.zone_id }}', '{{ record.id }}')">Delete</button>
+                            </td>
+                        </tr>
+                        {% endfor %}
+                    </tbody>
+                </table>
+                {% else %}
+                <div class="empty-state">
+                    <p>No DNS records yet. Records created via API will appear here.</p>
+                </div>
+                {% endif %}
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="section">
+            <div class="section-header">
+                <h2>Recent API Requests</h2>
+                <button class="btn" onclick="clearLogs()">Clear Logs</button>
+            </div>
+            <div class="section-content">
+                {% if logs %}
+                {% for log in logs %}
+                <div class="log-entry">
+                    <span class="log-time">{{ log.timestamp }}</span>
+                    <span class="method {{ log.method }}">{{ log.method }}</span>
+                    <span>{{ log.path }}</span>
+                    <span style="color: {% if log.status_code == 200 %}#10b981{% else %}#ef4444{% endif %}">
+                        ({{ log.status_code }})
+                    </span>
+                    {% if log.request %}
+                    <details>
+                        <summary>Request/Response</summary>
+                        <pre>Request: {{ log.request | tojson(indent=2) }}</pre>
+                        <pre>Response: {{ log.response | tojson(indent=2) }}</pre>
+                    </details>
+                    {% endif %}
+                </div>
+                {% endfor %}
+                {% else %}
+                <div class="empty-state">
+                    <p>No API requests yet.</p>
+                </div>
+                {% endif %}
+            </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="section">
+            <div class="section-header">
+                <h2>API Usage</h2>
+            </div>
+            <div class="section-content">
+                <p style="margin-bottom: 15px;">Base URL: <code id="base-url"></code></p>
+                <pre id="api-examples"></pre>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <button class="btn refresh-btn" onclick="location.reload()">&#x21bb;</button>
+
+    <script>
+        function deleteRecord(zoneId, recordId) {
+            if (!confirm('Delete this record?')) return;
+            fetch(`/api/records/${zoneId}/${recordId}`, { method: 'DELETE' })
+                .then(() => location.reload());
+        }
+
+        function clearAllRecords() {
+            if (!confirm('Clear all DNS records?')) return;
+            fetch('/api/records', { method: 'DELETE' })
+                .then(() => location.reload());
+        }
+
+        function clearLogs() {
+            fetch('/api/logs', { method: 'DELETE' })
+                .then(() => location.reload());
+        }
+
+        // Auto-refresh every 5 seconds
+        setTimeout(() => location.reload(), 5000);
+
+        // Set API base URL from browser location
+        const baseUrl = window.location.origin + '/client/v4';
+        document.getElementById('base-url').textContent = baseUrl;
+        document.getElementById('api-examples').textContent = `# Create TXT record
+curl -X POST "${baseUrl}/zones/YOUR_ZONE_ID/dns_records" \\
+     -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_TOKEN" \\
+     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \\
+     --data '{"type":"TXT","name":"_acme-challenge.example.com","content":"test-value"}'
+
+# List records
+curl -X GET "${baseUrl}/zones/YOUR_ZONE_ID/dns_records" \\
+     -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_TOKEN"
+
+# Delete record
+curl -X DELETE "${baseUrl}/zones/YOUR_ZONE_ID/dns_records/RECORD_ID" \\
+     -H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_TOKEN"`;
+    </script>
+</body>
+</html>
+"""
+
+
+@app.route("/")
+def management_ui():
+    """Render the management UI."""
+    all_records = []
+    for zone_id, records in dns_records.items():
+        all_records.extend(records.values())
+
+    # Sort by created time, newest first
+    all_records.sort(key=lambda r: r.get("created_on", ""), reverse=True)
+
+    return render_template_string(
+        MANAGEMENT_HTML,
+        zone_count=len(dns_records),
+        record_count=sum(len(r) for r in dns_records.values()),
+        request_count=len(request_logs),
+        records=all_records,
+        logs=request_logs[:20],
+        port=os.environ.get("PORT", 8080),
+    )
+
+
+# ==================== Management API ====================
+
+
+@app.route("/api/records", methods=["DELETE"])
+def clear_all_records():
+    """Clear all DNS records."""
+    dns_records.clear()
+    return jsonify({"success": True})
+
+
+@app.route("/api/records/<zone_id>/<record_id>", methods=["DELETE"])
+def delete_record_ui(zone_id, record_id):
+    """Delete a specific record from UI."""
+    if zone_id in dns_records and record_id in dns_records[zone_id]:
+        del dns_records[zone_id][record_id]
+    return jsonify({"success": True})
+
+
+@app.route("/api/logs", methods=["DELETE"])
+def clear_logs():
+    """Clear request logs."""
+    request_logs.clear()
+    return jsonify({"success": True})
+
+
+@app.route("/api/records", methods=["GET"])
+def get_all_records():
+    """Get all records as JSON."""
+    all_records = []
+    for zone_id, records in dns_records.items():
+        all_records.extend(records.values())
+    return jsonify(all_records)
+
+
+@app.route("/health")
+def health():
+    """Health check endpoint."""
+    return jsonify(
+        {"status": "healthy", "records": sum(len(r) for r in dns_records.values())}
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    port = int(os.environ.get("PORT", 8080))
+    debug = os.environ.get("DEBUG", "false").lower() == "true"
+
+    print(f"""
+    ╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
+    ║         Mock Cloudflare DNS API Server                        ║
+    ╠═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
+    ║  Management UI:  http://localhost:{port}/                         ║
+    ║  API Base URL:   http://localhost:{port}/client/v4                ║
+    ╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
+    """)
+
+    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=port, debug=debug)
diff --git a/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/docker-compose.yml b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/docker-compose.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..951bd68b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/docker-compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2024-2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+version: "3.8"
+
+services:
+  mock-cf-dns-api:
+    image: kvin/mock-cf-dns-api:latest
+    ports:
+      - "8080:8080"
+    environment:
+      - PORT=8080
+      - DEBUG=false
+      # Optional: comma-separated list of valid API tokens
+      # - CF_API_TOKENS=token1,token2
+    restart: unless-stopped
diff --git a/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/requirements.txt b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a36229c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mock-cf-dns-api/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+flask>=3.0.0
+gunicorn>=21.0.0
diff --git a/tools/mock-github-releases.py b/tools/mock-github-releases.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5132507eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/mock-github-releases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2026 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Local GitHub Releases API overlay for dstackup development.
+
+Locally published releases shadow GitHub. Requests not satisfied locally are
+relayed to https://api.github.com. Release assets can be copied into --asset-dir
+by specifying an asset's "local_path" in the publish request.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import mimetypes
+import shutil
+import sys
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, ThreadingHTTPServer
+from pathlib import Path
+from urllib.parse import unquote, urlsplit
+
+UPSTREAM = "https://api.github.com"
+
+
+class State:
+    """Thread-safe-by-snapshot in-memory release overlay."""
+
+    def __init__(self, asset_dir: Path):
+        """Create an empty overlay and its local asset directory."""
+        self.asset_dir = asset_dir.resolve()
+        self.asset_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        self.releases = {}  # repo -> tag -> release; insertion order is newest first
+
+    def publish(self, repo, release, public_base):
+        """Publish a release as the newest local release for a repository."""
+        tag = release.get("tag_name")
+        if not isinstance(tag, str) or not tag:
+            raise ValueError("tag_name must be a non-empty string")
+        assets = []
+        for source in release.get("assets", []):
+            asset = dict(source)
+            local_path = asset.pop("local_path", None)
+            if local_path:
+                src = Path(local_path).resolve(strict=True)
+                name = asset.get("name") or src.name
+                if Path(name).name != name:
+                    raise ValueError(f"unsafe asset name: {name!r}")
+                dst = self.asset_dir / name
+                shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
+                digest = hashlib.sha256(dst.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+                asset.update(
+                    name=name,
+                    browser_download_url=f"{public_base}/__assets/{name}",
+                    digest=f"sha256:{digest}",
+                )
+            if not asset.get("name") or not asset.get("browser_download_url"):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "each asset needs name and browser_download_url, or local_path"
+                )
+            assets.append(asset)
+        release = dict(release, assets=assets)
+        # Build a new snapshot rather than mutating one observed by a concurrent
+        # GET handler. Assignment is atomic under CPython's GIL.
+        releases = self.releases.get(repo, {})
+        self.releases[repo] = {
+            tag: release,
+            **{old_tag: old for old_tag, old in releases.items() if old_tag != tag},
+        }
+        return release
+
+
+class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    """Serve the local release overlay and relay misses to GitHub."""
+
+    server_version = "dstack-release-mock/1"
+
+    def json_response(self, status, value):
+        """Send a JSON response with a fixed content length."""
+        body = json.dumps(value, indent=2).encode()
+        self.send_response(status)
+        self.send_header("content-type", "application/json")
+        self.send_header("content-length", str(len(body)))
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(body)
+
+    def do_POST(self):
+        """Publish a release through the local administration endpoint."""
+        # POST /__admin/repos/{owner}/{repo}/releases
+        parts = self.path.strip("/").split("/")
+        if (
+            len(parts) != 5
+            or parts[:2] != ["__admin", "repos"]
+            or parts[4:] != ["releases"]
+        ):
+            self.send_error(404)
+            return
+        try:
+            size = int(self.headers.get("content-length", "0"))
+            release = json.loads(self.rfile.read(size))
+            repo = "/".join(parts[2:4])
+            host = self.headers.get("host", f"127.0.0.1:{self.server.server_port}")
+            public_base = f"http://{host}"
+            release = self.server.state.publish(repo, release, public_base)
+            self.json_response(201, release)
+        except (ValueError, OSError, json.JSONDecodeError) as error:
+            self.json_response(400, {"error": str(error)})
+
+    def do_GET(self):
+        """Serve an asset or a GitHub-compatible releases API request."""
+        path = urlsplit(self.path).path
+        if path.startswith("/__assets/"):
+            self.serve_asset(unquote(path.removeprefix("/__assets/")))
+            return
+        # GitHub-compatible paths below /repos/{owner}/{repo}/releases...
+        parts = path.strip("/").split("/")
+        if len(parts) >= 4 and parts[0] == "repos":
+            repo = "/".join(parts[1:3])
+            suffix = parts[3:]
+            local = self.server.state.releases.get(repo, {})
+            if suffix == ["releases"] and local:
+                # Preserve local newest-first ordering, then add non-shadowed upstream releases.
+                upstream = self.fetch_upstream_json()
+                if isinstance(upstream, list):
+                    local_tags = set(local)
+                    upstream = [
+                        r for r in upstream if r.get("tag_name") not in local_tags
+                    ]
+                else:
+                    upstream = []
+                self.json_response(200, list(local.values()) + upstream)
+                return
+            if suffix == ["releases", "latest"] and local:
+                self.json_response(200, next(iter(local.values())))
+                return
+            if len(suffix) == 3 and suffix[:2] == ["releases", "tags"]:
+                release = local.get(unquote(suffix[2]))
+                if release:
+                    self.json_response(200, release)
+                    return
+        self.relay()
+
+    def serve_asset(self, name):
+        """Serve one basename-only file from the configured asset directory."""
+        if not name or Path(name).name != name:
+            self.send_error(400, "invalid asset name")
+            return
+        path = self.server.state.asset_dir / name
+        if not path.is_file():
+            self.send_error(404)
+            return
+        self.send_response(200)
+        self.send_header(
+            "content-type", mimetypes.guess_type(name)[0] or "application/octet-stream"
+        )
+        self.send_header("content-length", str(path.stat().st_size))
+        self.end_headers()
+        with path.open("rb") as source:
+            shutil.copyfileobj(source, self.wfile)
+
+    def upstream_request(self):
+        """Build the corresponding authenticated GitHub API request."""
+        url = UPSTREAM + self.path
+        headers = {
+            "user-agent": "dstack-release-mock",
+            "accept": "application/vnd.github+json",
+        }
+        auth = self.headers.get("authorization")
+        if auth:
+            headers["authorization"] = auth
+        return urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)
+
+    def fetch_upstream_json(self):
+        """Fetch upstream JSON for merging, returning an empty list on failure."""
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(
+                self.upstream_request(), timeout=30
+            ) as response:
+                return json.load(response)
+        except (urllib.error.URLError, json.JSONDecodeError):
+            return []
+
+    def relay(self):
+        """Relay the current request and its HTTP status to GitHub."""
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(
+                self.upstream_request(), timeout=30
+            ) as response:
+                body = response.read()
+                self.send_response(response.status)
+                self.send_header(
+                    "content-type",
+                    response.headers.get("content-type", "application/json"),
+                )
+                self.send_header("content-length", str(len(body)))
+                self.end_headers()
+                self.wfile.write(body)
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as error:
+            body = error.read()
+            self.send_response(error.code)
+            self.send_header(
+                "content-type", error.headers.get("content-type", "application/json")
+            )
+            self.send_header("content-length", str(len(body)))
+            self.end_headers()
+            self.wfile.write(body)
+        except urllib.error.URLError as error:
+            self.json_response(502, {"error": f"upstream request failed: {error}"})
+
+    def log_message(self, fmt, *args):
+        """Write HTTP access logs to stderr."""
+        sys.stderr.write("%s - %s\n" % (self.address_string(), fmt % args))
+
+
+class Server(ThreadingHTTPServer):
+    """Threading HTTP server carrying shared overlay state."""
+
+    def __init__(self, address, state):
+        """Bind the server and attach its overlay state."""
+        super().__init__(address, Handler)
+        self.state = state
+
+
+def main():
+    """Run the local releases API overlay until interrupted."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("--listen", default="127.0.0.1")
+    parser.add_argument("--port", type=int, default=8000)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--asset-dir", type=Path, default=Path("/tmp/dstack-release-mock-assets")
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    server = Server((args.listen, args.port), State(args.asset_dir))
+    print(f"release API: http://{args.listen}:{args.port}/repos", flush=True)
+    print(
+        f"publish API: http://{args.listen}:{args.port}/__admin/repos/OWNER/REPO/releases",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    try:
+        server.serve_forever()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tools/sca/README.md b/tools/sca/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daa0d7d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# sca — self-contained dstack app builder
+
+`sca` packages an application **directly into `app-compose.json`** so a dstack
+CVM can run it with **no docker and no registry pull**. You lay out a `rootfs/`
+tree that mirrors the CVM filesystem; `sca build` packs the whole tree
+(deterministic `tar.gz` + base64) into the compose file. At boot, a generated
+`bash_script` extracts the tree onto the CVM and starts your **systemd**
+service, which supervises the app the way docker would.
+
+Because the entire `app-compose.json` (including the embedded rootfs) is hashed
+into the **compose-hash** and extended to **RTMR3**, the exact bytes you ship
+are covered by remote attestation and gated by the on-chain whitelist.
+
+## Why
+
+For small, self-contained apps that don't need a container image: ship a static
+binary (or scripts/assets) inline instead of pulling from a Docker registry.
+No dockerd, no image pull, smaller TCB, and the payload is measured.
+
+## How it works
+
+```
+sca build                         at CVM boot (runner: bash)
+─────────                         ──────────────────────────
+rootfs/  ──tar.gz+base64──►  app-compose.json
+                                   │  app-compose.sh runs .bash_script:
+                                   │    jq .sca_rootfs | openssl base64 -d
+                                   │      | tar -xz -C /         (extract tree)
+                                   │    systemctl start <svc>    (systemd runs app)
+                                   ▼
+                            your app, supervised by systemd (Restart=always)
+```
+
+## Requirements
+
+- **Build side:** Python 3 (stdlib only — no pip installs). Bring your own
+  compiler if your app is a binary.
+- **CVM side (already present in dstack guest images, verified on a live CVM):**
+  busybox `openssl`, `tar`, `gzip`, `jq`, and systemd. Note the guest busybox
+  has **no `base64`**, which is why decoding uses `openssl`.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```bash
+# 1. scaffold a project (optionally set compose options inline)
+./sca.py new myapp --key-provider kms --gateway
+
+# 2. drop your prebuilt binary into the rootfs
+cp ./my-static-binary myapp/rootfs/run/sca/bin/app
+
+# 3. build app-compose.json (prints compose-hash + app-id)
+cd myapp && ../sca.py build
+
+# 4. add the compose-hash to your on-chain DstackApp whitelist, then deploy
+./vmm-cli.py deploy --name myapp --image dstack-0.5.11 \
+    --compose app-compose.json --vcpu 1 --memory 1G --disk 3G
+```
+
+## Subcommands
+
+### `sca new <dir>`
+Scaffolds a project:
+
+```
+config.json                          build config
+rootfs/                              mirrors the CVM filesystem (packed whole)
+  run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh          what the service runs (edit/extend)
+  run/sca/bin/app                    <-- drop your prebuilt binary here
+  etc/systemd/system/sca.service     the systemd unit (Restart=always)
+README.md
+```
+
+Anything under `rootfs/` lands at the same path inside the CVM. File modes are
+preserved (keep executables `chmod +x`). Paths like `/run`, `/etc`, `/usr` are
+writable in the guest.
+
+### `sca build`
+Packs `rootfs/` and writes `app-compose.json`, printing the size, **compose-hash**
+and **app-id** (first 20 bytes of the hash). The build is reproducible: tar
+metadata is normalized (sorted entries, `mtime=0`, uid/gid=0, modes forced to
+0644/0755 by exec bit) and the tar format is pinned, so identical content yields
+an identical compose-hash.
+
+## config.json
+
+```json
+{
+  "name": "myapp",
+  "manifest_version": 2,
+  "rootfs": "rootfs",
+  "services": ["sca.service"],
+  "compose": {
+    "key_provider": "none",
+    "gateway_enabled": false,
+    "public_logs": true,
+    "public_sysinfo": true,
+    "secure_time": false,
+    "no_instance_id": false,
+    "allowed_envs": [],
+    "key_provider_id": ""
+  }
+}
+```
+
+- `services` — systemd units to `systemctl start` after the rootfs is extracted.
+- `key_provider` — `none | kms | local | tpm` (dstack's `KeyProviderKind`).
+  Replaces the legacy `kms_enabled` / `local_key_provider_enabled` booleans.
+- `gateway_enabled` — expose the app via dstack-gateway. **Requires
+  `key_provider: kms`** (the gateway needs a KMS identity, otherwise the CVM
+  fails boot with `Missing allowed dstack-gateway app id`).
+
+## CLI options
+
+Every `compose` option is settable on **both** `new` (baked into config.json)
+and `build` (overrides config; precedence is defaults < config.json < CLI):
+
+```
+--key-provider none|kms|local|tpm   key provider (gateway requires kms)
+--gateway / --no-gateway            expose via dstack-gateway
+--public-logs / --no-public-logs
+--public-sysinfo / --no-public-sysinfo
+--secure-time / --no-secure-time
+--no-instance-id / --instance-id
+--allowed-env NAME                  (repeatable)
+--key-provider-id HEX
+```
+
+## Security model
+
+- The embedded `sca_rootfs` and the generated `bash_script` are part of
+  `app-compose.json`, so they're measured into the compose-hash → RTMR3. The
+  exact bytes you run are attested; changing any file changes the app-id and
+  requires re-whitelisting on-chain.
+- The boot script runs as **root**; service unit names in `services` are
+  validated against a strict pattern and shell-quoted before use.
+- Don't add heavy systemd sandboxing (`ProtectSystem=strict`, etc.) to your unit
+  if the app needs the guest-agent socket at `/var/run/dstack.sock` (for quotes
+  / key derivation).
+
+## Size limits
+
+`app-compose.json` must stay under **50 MiB** (the in-guest copy cap). The rootfs
+is gzip'd before base64, so the practical budget is roughly the *compressed*
+tree. Note there are **other limits in front of the VMM** that a large compose
+can hit independently:
+
+| Layer | Typical limit | Where |
+| ----- | ------------- | ----- |
+| reverse proxy (nginx) | `client_max_body_size` (default ~1 MiB) | in front of the VMM |
+| pRPC payload | 10 MiB default per method | dstack-vmm |
+| in-guest copy | 50 MiB | dstack-util `HostShared::copy` |
+
+For small self-contained apps (a stripped static binary is tens of KB to a few
+MB) none of these are a problem.
+
+## Examples
+
+See [`examples/`](examples/):
+
+- [`hello-c/`](examples/hello-c/) — a ~30 KB static C HTTP server, exposed via
+  the gateway (key_provider kms). Compile + build + deploy; reachable over HTTPS.
+- [`heartbeat/`](examples/heartbeat/) — the simplest possible app: the service
+  is a shell script (no compiler needed), plus an extra config file to show
+  multi-file packing. No gateway/KMS.
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/.gitignore b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58a982388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/app-compose.json
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/README.md b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa331df66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# heartbeat
+
+The simplest possible self-contained app: **no compiler, no binary**. The
+service is the shell script `entrypoint.sh` itself, which logs a heartbeat to
+the journal using an interval read from an embedded config file
+(`/etc/heartbeat/interval`) — demonstrating multi-file rootfs packing.
+
+No gateway, no KMS (`key_provider: none`).
+
+## layout
+
+```
+config.json
+rootfs/
+  run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh          the "app" (a logging loop)
+  etc/heartbeat/interval             config: seconds between heartbeats
+  etc/systemd/system/sca.service     Restart=always
+```
+
+## build & deploy
+
+```sh
+../../sca.py build
+./vmm-cli.py deploy --name heartbeat --image dstack-0.5.11 \
+    --compose app-compose.json --vcpu 1 --memory 512M --disk 2G
+```
+
+Check it ran via the boot events / logs:
+
+```sh
+./vmm-cli.py info <vm-id> | grep sca:
+./vmm-cli.py logs <vm-id> | grep heartbeat
+```
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/config.json b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/config.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a9afa14c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "name": "heartbeat",
+  "manifest_version": 2,
+  "rootfs": "rootfs",
+  "services": [
+    "sca.service"
+  ],
+  "compose": {
+    "key_provider": "none",
+    "gateway_enabled": false,
+    "public_logs": true,
+    "public_sysinfo": true,
+    "secure_time": false,
+    "no_instance_id": false,
+    "allowed_envs": [],
+    "key_provider_id": ""
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/heartbeat/interval b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/heartbeat/interval
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ed6ff82d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/heartbeat/interval
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+5
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6ffc9a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+Description=heartbeat (dstack self-contained app)
+After=dstack-guest-agent.service
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=2
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c0a0e7e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/heartbeat/rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# the whole "app" is this script — no compiled binary, no toolchain needed.
+# it reads an interval from an embedded config file and logs a heartbeat.
+set -e
+INTERVAL=$(cat /etc/heartbeat/interval 2>/dev/null || echo 5)
+echo "heartbeat: starting (interval=${INTERVAL}s)"
+i=0
+while true; do
+    echo "heartbeat: alive $i"
+    i=$((i + 1))
+    sleep "$INTERVAL"
+done
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/.gitignore b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f28de469
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# build artifacts (produced by build.sh)
+/rootfs/run/sca/bin/app
+/app-compose.json
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/README.md b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5cfae2f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# hello-c
+
+A ~30 KB **static C HTTP server** embedded into `app-compose.json` and exposed
+through dstack-gateway. No docker, no registry pull.
+
+This example uses `key_provider: kms` + `gateway_enabled: true` (the gateway
+requires a KMS identity).
+
+## layout
+
+```
+config.json                          key_provider kms + gateway enabled
+src/server.c                         the server source
+build.sh                             compile (musl) -> rootfs, then sca build
+rootfs/
+  run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh          execs /run/sca/bin/app
+  run/sca/bin/app                    <-- produced by build.sh (gitignored)
+  etc/systemd/system/sca.service     Restart=always
+```
+
+## build
+
+```sh
+./build.sh        # needs musl-gcc (apt install musl-tools)
+```
+
+This compiles `src/server.c` into `rootfs/run/sca/bin/app` and writes
+`app-compose.json`, printing the compose-hash / app-id.
+
+## deploy
+
+```sh
+# add the compose-hash to your on-chain DstackApp whitelist first, then:
+./vmm-cli.py deploy --name hello-c --image dstack-0.5.11 \
+    --compose app-compose.json --vcpu 1 --memory 1G --disk 3G
+```
+
+The app listens on `:8080`. Reach it via the gateway ingress (note the `-8080`
+port suffix; the default app URL points at a different port):
+
+```
+https://<instance-id>-8080.<gateway-domain>
+```
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/build.sh b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..33bd47639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# compile the static server into the rootfs, then build app-compose.json.
+# requires musl-gcc (apt install musl-tools). produces a ~30 KB static binary.
+set -e
+cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+
+echo "==> compiling static server (musl, -static)"
+musl-gcc -static -Os -s -o rootfs/run/sca/bin/app src/server.c
+chmod +x rootfs/run/sca/bin/app
+
+echo "==> building app-compose.json"
+../../sca.py build
+
+cat <<'EOF'
+
+next:
+  add the printed compose-hash to your on-chain DstackApp whitelist, then:
+    ./vmm-cli.py deploy --name hello-c --image dstack-0.5.11 \
+        --compose app-compose.json --vcpu 1 --memory 1G --disk 3G
+  the app listens on :8080; reach it via the gateway ingress
+    https://<instance-id>-8080.<gateway-domain>
+EOF
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/config.json b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/config.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..001b1111a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "name": "hello-c",
+  "manifest_version": 2,
+  "rootfs": "rootfs",
+  "services": [
+    "sca.service"
+  ],
+  "compose": {
+    "key_provider": "kms",
+    "gateway_enabled": true,
+    "public_logs": true,
+    "public_sysinfo": true,
+    "secure_time": false,
+    "no_instance_id": false,
+    "allowed_envs": [],
+    "key_provider_id": ""
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b68cb61a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+[Unit]
+Description=hello-c (dstack self-contained app)
+After=dstack-guest-agent.service
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=2
+EnvironmentFile=-/dstack/.host-shared/.decrypted-env
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..37aed5b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+# runs inside the CVM under systemd (sca.service)
+set -e
+echo "hello-c: starting self-contained server"
+exec /run/sca/bin/app
diff --git a/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/src/server.c b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/src/server.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a56c36cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/examples/hello-c/src/server.c
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+/* tiny static HTTP server for the sca hello-c example.
+ * single-threaded, serves one fixed page. build with:
+ *   musl-gcc -static -Os -s -o ../rootfs/run/sca/bin/app server.c
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+static const char *BODY =
+"<!doctype html>\n"
+"<h1>hello from a self-contained dstack app \xF0\x9F\x8E\x89</h1>\n"
+"<p>This static C binary was embedded (base64) directly in <code>app-compose.json</code>,\n"
+"extracted into a tmpfs rootfs at boot, and run by systemd \xE2\x80\x94 <b>no docker, no registry pull</b>.</p>\n"
+"<p>The exact bytes are measured into the compose-hash / RTMR3.</p>\n";
+
+int main(void) {
+    signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
+    signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
+    int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    int one = 1;
+    setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
+    struct sockaddr_in a;
+    memset(&a, 0, sizeof(a));
+    a.sin_family = AF_INET;
+    a.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
+    a.sin_port = htons(8080);
+    if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&a, sizeof(a)) < 0) { perror("bind"); return 1; }
+    if (listen(s, 16) < 0) { perror("listen"); return 1; }
+    printf("hello-c: listening on :8080\n");
+    fflush(stdout);
+    for (;;) {
+        int c = accept(s, 0, 0);
+        if (c < 0) continue;
+        char buf[2048];
+        (void)read(c, buf, sizeof(buf));
+        char hdr[256];
+        int blen = (int)strlen(BODY);
+        int n = snprintf(hdr, sizeof(hdr),
+            "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n"
+            "Content-Length: %d\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n", blen);
+        (void)write(c, hdr, n);
+        (void)write(c, BODY, blen);
+        close(c);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tools/sca/sca.py b/tools/sca/sca.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..3851e2875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/sca/sca.py
@@ -0,0 +1,609 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: © 2025 Phala Network <dstack@phala.network>
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""sca — self-contained dstack app builder.
+
+build a dstack `app-compose.json` whose application is embedded directly inside
+it, with NO docker and NO registry pull. you lay out a `rootfs/` directory that
+mirrors the CVM filesystem; `sca build` packs the whole tree (tar+gzip+base64)
+into app-compose.json. at boot the measured `bash_script` extracts the tree onto
+the CVM root and starts your systemd service(s), so systemd supervises the app
+the way docker would.
+
+why this is secure: the whole app-compose.json (including the embedded rootfs)
+is hashed into the compose-hash and extended to RTMR3, so the exact bytes you
+ship are covered by remote attestation and gated by the on-chain whitelist.
+
+subcommands:
+  new <dir>     scaffold a project (config.json + rootfs/ defaults + README)
+  build         pack rootfs/ and emit app-compose.json
+
+constraints baked in from the dstack guest runtime (verified on a live CVM):
+  - guest userland is busybox: no `base64`, but `openssl`, `tar`, `gzip` exist.
+  - `/run`, `/tmp`, `/dev/shm` are tmpfs and mounted exec; `/etc`, `/usr` are
+    writable overlays. extracting the tree onto `/` therefore works.
+  - init is systemd; `systemctl` is available.
+  - cwd of the script is /dstack, where `app-compose.json` is symlinked.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import base64
+import gzip
+import hashlib
+import io
+import json
+import re
+import shlex
+import sys
+import tarfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# the guest copies app-compose.json into the CVM with this hard cap
+# (dstack-util HostShared::copy). the rootfs is gzip-compressed before base64,
+# but base64 still adds ~33% on top of the compressed size.
+APP_COMPOSE_MAX_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024
+
+# systemd unit names we allow in `services` (these reach a root shell at boot
+# via `systemctl start <name>`, so keep the alphabet strict).
+UNIT_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9@:._-]+\.(service|socket|target|timer|path|mount)$")
+
+# app-compose flags this tool exposes, both as config.json `compose` keys and as
+# CLI options on `new`/`build`. `key_provider` is the modern enum field
+# (matches dstack-types KeyProviderKind) that replaces the legacy kms_enabled /
+# local_key_provider_enabled booleans; gateway is independent of the provider.
+KEY_PROVIDERS = ("none", "kms", "local", "tpm")
+
+COMPOSE_DEFAULTS = {
+    "key_provider": "none",
+    "gateway_enabled": False,
+    "public_logs": True,
+    "public_sysinfo": True,
+    "secure_time": False,
+    "no_instance_id": False,
+    "allowed_envs": [],
+    "key_provider_id": "",
+}
+
+# compose keys overridable from the CLI (argparse dest == compose key)
+_COMPOSE_KEYS = (
+    "key_provider",
+    "gateway_enabled",
+    "public_logs",
+    "public_sysinfo",
+    "secure_time",
+    "no_instance_id",
+    "allowed_envs",
+    "key_provider_id",
+)
+
+
+def _add_bool_pair(group, name: str, dest: str, help_on: str) -> None:
+    # tri-state: --flag -> True, --no-flag -> False, absent -> None (keep base)
+    group.add_argument(
+        f"--{name}",
+        dest=dest,
+        action="store_const",
+        const=True,
+        default=None,
+        help=help_on,
+    )
+    group.add_argument(
+        f"--no-{name}",
+        dest=dest,
+        action="store_const",
+        const=False,
+        help=f"disable {name}",
+    )
+
+
+def add_compose_args(parser: "argparse.ArgumentParser") -> None:
+    """Attach the app-compose options (shared by `new` and `build`).
+
+    every option defaults to None so an unset flag keeps the config/default
+    value while an explicit flag overrides it.
+    """
+    g = parser.add_argument_group("app-compose options")
+    g.add_argument(
+        "--key-provider",
+        choices=KEY_PROVIDERS,
+        default=None,
+        help="key provider (default: none); gateway requires kms",
+    )
+    _add_bool_pair(
+        g,
+        "gateway",
+        "gateway_enabled",
+        "expose the app via dstack-gateway (needs --key-provider kms)",
+    )
+    _add_bool_pair(g, "public-logs", "public_logs", "allow public access to logs")
+    _add_bool_pair(g, "public-sysinfo", "public_sysinfo", "allow public sysinfo")
+    _add_bool_pair(g, "secure-time", "secure_time", "require secure time at boot")
+    g.add_argument(
+        "--no-instance-id",
+        dest="no_instance_id",
+        action="store_const",
+        const=True,
+        default=None,
+        help="don't derive a per-instance id",
+    )
+    g.add_argument(
+        "--instance-id",
+        dest="no_instance_id",
+        action="store_const",
+        const=False,
+        help="derive a per-instance id (default)",
+    )
+    g.add_argument(
+        "--allowed-env",
+        dest="allowed_envs",
+        action="append",
+        default=None,
+        metavar="NAME",
+        help="env var name the app may receive (repeatable)",
+    )
+    g.add_argument(
+        "--key-provider-id",
+        dest="key_provider_id",
+        default=None,
+        help="hex key-provider id (KMS app contract)",
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_compose(base: dict, args) -> dict:
+    """Layer CLI overrides (non-None values) on top of a base compose dict."""
+    out = dict(base)
+    for key in _COMPOSE_KEYS:
+        val = getattr(args, key, None)
+        if val is not None:
+            out[key] = val
+    return out
+
+
+def validate_compose(compose: dict) -> None:
+    """Validate compose option types and warn on risky combinations."""
+    kp = compose.get("key_provider", "none")
+    if kp not in KEY_PROVIDERS:
+        die(f"key_provider must be one of {KEY_PROVIDERS} (got {kp!r})")
+    for key in (
+        "gateway_enabled",
+        "public_logs",
+        "public_sysinfo",
+        "secure_time",
+        "no_instance_id",
+    ):
+        if not isinstance(compose.get(key, False), bool):
+            die(f"compose.{key} must be a JSON boolean (got {compose.get(key)!r})")
+    allowed = compose.get("allowed_envs", [])
+    if not isinstance(allowed, list) or not all(isinstance(e, str) for e in allowed):
+        die(f"compose.allowed_envs must be a list of strings (got {allowed!r})")
+    kp_id = compose.get("key_provider_id", "")
+    if not isinstance(kp_id, str):
+        die(f"compose.key_provider_id must be a hex string (got {kp_id!r})")
+    if kp_id and not re.fullmatch(r"(?:0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]+", kp_id):
+        die(f"compose.key_provider_id must be hex (got {kp_id!r})")
+    swap = compose.get("swap_size_mb")
+    # bool is a subclass of int, so reject it explicitly
+    if swap is not None and (
+        isinstance(swap, bool) or not isinstance(swap, int) or swap < 0
+    ):
+        die(f"compose.swap_size_mb must be a non-negative integer (got {swap!r})")
+    if compose.get("gateway_enabled") and kp != "kms":
+        print(
+            "  warning: gateway_enabled but key_provider is not 'kms'; the "
+            "gateway will reject the app (it needs a KMS identity)",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# helpers
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+def die(msg: str) -> "None":
+    """Print an error to stderr and exit non-zero."""
+    print(f"error: {msg}", file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def slugify(name: str) -> str:
+    """Turn an app name into a filesystem/url-safe slug."""
+    slug = re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+", "-", name.strip()).strip("-")
+    return slug or "app"
+
+
+def human(n: int) -> str:
+    """Format a byte count as a human-readable string."""
+    f = float(n)
+    for unit in ("B", "KiB", "MiB", "GiB"):
+        if f < 1024 or unit == "GiB":
+            return f"{int(f)} B" if unit == "B" else f"{f:.1f} {unit}"
+        f /= 1024
+    return f"{n} B"
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# rootfs packing (deterministic tar.gz so the compose-hash is reproducible)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+def _normalized_mode(info: "tarfile.TarInfo") -> int:
+    """Force modes so the archive doesn't depend on the builder's umask.
+
+    directories -> 0755, symlinks -> 0777 (ignored on extract), regular files
+    keep only the executable intent (0755 if any exec bit was set, else 0644).
+    """
+    if info.isdir():
+        return 0o755
+    if info.issym():
+        return 0o777
+    return 0o755 if (info.mode & 0o111) else 0o644
+
+
+def pack_rootfs(rootfs: Path) -> tuple[bytes, int, int]:
+    """tar+gzip the rootfs tree deterministically.
+
+    returns (gzip_bytes, file_count, uncompressed_total_bytes).
+
+    note: the whole archive is built in memory (tar + gzip + later base64 + json
+    blob), so a very large rootfs is bounded by available RAM, not just the
+    50 MiB compose cap. that's fine for the intended small self-contained apps.
+    """
+    paths = sorted(rootfs.rglob("*"), key=lambda p: p.relative_to(rootfs).as_posix())
+    if not paths:
+        die(f"rootfs is empty: {rootfs}")
+
+    tar_buf = io.BytesIO()
+    nfiles = 0
+    raw_total = 0
+    # pin GNU format so the bytes don't change with the Python version (the
+    # default flipped from GNU to PAX in 3.8, which would shift the compose-hash).
+    with tarfile.open(fileobj=tar_buf, mode="w", format=tarfile.GNU_FORMAT) as tar:
+        for p in paths:
+            rel = p.relative_to(rootfs).as_posix()
+            info = tar.gettarinfo(str(p), arcname=rel)
+            # gettarinfo only returns None for sockets; FIFOs, device nodes and
+            # hardlinks still produce a TarInfo, so enforce the invariant here
+            # rather than letting them be embedded and extracted onto the guest /.
+            if info is None or not (info.isreg() or info.isdir() or info.issym()):
+                die(
+                    f"unsupported file type in rootfs: {p} "
+                    "(only regular files, directories, and symlinks are allowed)"
+                )
+            # normalize all metadata for a reproducible archive
+            info.uid = info.gid = 0
+            info.uname = info.gname = ""
+            info.mtime = 0
+            info.mode = _normalized_mode(info)
+            if info.isreg():
+                with open(p, "rb") as fh:
+                    tar.addfile(info, fh)
+                nfiles += 1
+                raw_total += info.size
+            else:
+                tar.addfile(info)
+
+    gz_buf = io.BytesIO()
+    with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=gz_buf, mode="wb", mtime=0, compresslevel=9) as gz:
+        gz.write(tar_buf.getvalue())
+    return gz_buf.getvalue(), nfiles, raw_total
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# bash_script generation
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+def render_bash_script(services: list[str]) -> str:
+    """Render the boot script that extracts the rootfs and starts services."""
+    # shell-quote (not json.dumps): service names land in a root shell at boot,
+    # and they're already validated against UNIT_RE before we get here.
+    start_lines = "\n".join(f"systemctl start {shlex.quote(s)}" for s in services)
+    # runs via `jq -r '.bash_script' app-compose.json | bash` from /dstack.
+    return f"""# generated by sca — do not edit by hand
+set -euo pipefail
+
+COMPOSE_FILE=app-compose.json
+note() {{ dstack-util notify-host -e boot.progress -d "$1" || true; }}
+
+note "sca: extracting rootfs"
+# the guest has no `base64`; openssl decodes, busybox tar/gzip unpack onto /.
+jq -r '.sca_rootfs' "$COMPOSE_FILE" | openssl base64 -d -A | tar -xz -C /
+
+note "sca: starting services"
+systemctl daemon-reload
+# `start` returns immediately so the oneshot app-compose.service completes and
+# boot is marked done; systemd then supervises the app (Restart=always).
+{start_lines}
+note "sca: started"
+"""
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# build
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+def build_app_compose(
+    cfg: dict, compose: dict, rootfs_b64: str, services: list[str]
+) -> dict:
+    """Assemble the app-compose dict with the embedded rootfs and boot script."""
+    out: dict = {
+        "manifest_version": cfg.get("manifest_version", 2),
+        "name": cfg["name"],
+        "runner": "bash",
+        # modern key-provider enum (none|kms|local|tpm); gateway is separate
+        "key_provider": compose.get("key_provider", "none"),
+        "gateway_enabled": bool(compose.get("gateway_enabled", False)),
+        "public_logs": bool(compose.get("public_logs", True)),
+        "public_sysinfo": bool(compose.get("public_sysinfo", True)),
+        "no_instance_id": bool(compose.get("no_instance_id", False)),
+        "secure_time": bool(compose.get("secure_time", False)),
+        "allowed_envs": list(compose.get("allowed_envs") or []),
+    }
+    kp_id = compose.get("key_provider_id") or ""
+    if kp_id:
+        out["key_provider_id"] = kp_id
+    if compose.get("swap_size_mb"):
+        out["swap_size"] = int(compose["swap_size_mb"]) * 1024 * 1024
+
+    out["bash_script"] = render_bash_script(services)
+    out["sca_rootfs"] = rootfs_b64
+    return out
+
+
+def cmd_build(args) -> None:
+    """Pack the rootfs tree and write app-compose.json."""
+    cfg_path = Path(args.config).resolve()
+    if not cfg_path.is_file():
+        die(f"config not found: {cfg_path} (run `sca new <dir>` first)")
+    try:
+        cfg = json.loads(cfg_path.read_text())
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as exc:
+        die(f"invalid JSON in {cfg_path}: {exc}")
+    if not cfg.get("name"):
+        die("config is missing required key 'name'")
+
+    base_dir = cfg_path.parent
+    rootfs = (base_dir / cfg.get("rootfs", "rootfs")).resolve()
+    if not rootfs.is_dir():
+        die(f"rootfs directory not found: {rootfs}")
+
+    # only default when the key is absent or null; an explicit [] must error
+    # rather than silently shipping an unintended service set.
+    services = cfg.get("services")
+    if services is None:
+        services = ["sca.service"]
+    if not isinstance(services, list) or not services:
+        die("config 'services' must be a non-empty list of unit names")
+    for s in services:
+        if not isinstance(s, str) or not UNIT_RE.match(s):
+            die(f"invalid service unit name: {s!r} (must match {UNIT_RE.pattern})")
+
+    compose_cfg = cfg.get("compose", {})
+    if not isinstance(compose_cfg, dict):
+        die("config 'compose' must be an object")
+    # precedence: built-in defaults < config.json < CLI flags
+    compose = resolve_compose({**COMPOSE_DEFAULTS, **compose_cfg}, args)
+    validate_compose(compose)
+
+    gz, nfiles, raw_total = pack_rootfs(rootfs)
+    rootfs_b64 = base64.b64encode(gz).decode("ascii")
+
+    app_compose = build_app_compose(cfg, compose, rootfs_b64, services)
+    blob = json.dumps(app_compose, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False).encode("utf-8")
+
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(blob).hexdigest()
+    size = len(blob)
+    slug = slugify(cfg["name"])
+
+    # check the cap BEFORE writing so a failed build never leaves an
+    # oversized, undeployable app-compose.json behind.
+    if size > APP_COMPOSE_MAX_BYTES:
+        die(
+            f"app-compose.json would be {human(size)}, over the "
+            f"{human(APP_COMPOSE_MAX_BYTES)} guest copy limit; shrink the rootfs"
+        )
+
+    out_path = Path(args.output).resolve()
+    out_path.write_bytes(blob)
+
+    print(f"wrote {out_path}")
+    print(
+        f"  rootfs      : {nfiles} file(s), {human(raw_total)} raw "
+        f"-> {human(len(gz))} packed (tar.gz)"
+    )
+    print(f"  services    : {', '.join(services)}")
+    print(
+        f"  key provider: {compose['key_provider']}  |  "
+        f"gateway: {str(compose['gateway_enabled']).lower()}"
+    )
+    print(
+        f"  size        : {human(size)} / {human(APP_COMPOSE_MAX_BYTES)} cap "
+        f"({100 * size / APP_COMPOSE_MAX_BYTES:.1f}%)"
+    )
+    print(f"  compose-hash: {digest}")
+    print(f"  app-id      : {digest[:40]}")
+    if size > APP_COMPOSE_MAX_BYTES * 0.9:
+        print("  warning: within 10% of the size cap", file=sys.stderr)
+    print()
+    print("next: deploy with vmm-cli, e.g.")
+    print(f"  ./vmm-cli.py deploy --name {slug} --image <os-image> \\")
+    print(f"      --compose {out_path.name} --vcpu 1 --memory 1024 --disk 10")
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# new (scaffold)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+def config_json_template(name: str, compose: dict) -> str:
+    """Render the default config.json contents for a new project."""
+    cfg = {
+        "name": name,
+        "manifest_version": 2,
+        # rootfs tree to embed (relative to this file). defaults to "rootfs".
+        "rootfs": "rootfs",
+        # systemd units to start after the rootfs is extracted.
+        "services": ["sca.service"],
+        # app-compose options; key_provider is none|kms|local|tpm
+        # (gateway requires kms).
+        "compose": compose,
+    }
+    return json.dumps(cfg, indent=2) + "\n"
+
+
+ENTRYPOINT_SH = """#!/bin/sh
+# sca entrypoint — runs inside the CVM under systemd (sca.service).
+# put your prebuilt binary at rootfs/run/sca/bin/app, or edit this script.
+set -e
+exec /run/sca/bin/app "$@"
+"""
+
+SCA_SERVICE = """[Unit]
+Description=sca self-contained app
+After=dstack-guest-agent.service
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=2
+# decrypted env from KMS (optional; '-' means don't fail if absent).
+EnvironmentFile=-/dstack/.host-shared/.decrypted-env
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+"""
+
+README_TEMPLATE = """# {name}
+
+self-contained dstack app: a `rootfs/` tree is embedded in `app-compose.json`
+and extracted onto the CVM at boot, then run under systemd — no docker, no
+registry pull.
+
+## layout
+
+    config.json                          build config (edit this)
+    rootfs/                              mirrors the CVM filesystem; whole tree
+                                         is packed into app-compose.json
+      run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh          what the service runs (edit/extend)
+      run/sca/bin/app                    <-- drop your prebuilt binary here
+      etc/systemd/system/sca.service     the systemd unit (Restart=always)
+
+anything you add under `rootfs/` lands at the same path inside the CVM (paths
+like /run, /etc, /usr are writable). file modes are preserved, so keep
+executables `chmod +x`.
+
+## build
+
+    sca build                 # packs rootfs/, writes app-compose.json
+
+prints the compose-hash and app-id. add the compose-hash to your on-chain
+DstackApp whitelist before deploying.
+
+## options
+
+app-compose options live under `compose` in config.json and can also be set on
+`sca new` / `sca build` (CLI overrides config):
+
+    --key-provider none|kms|local|tpm   key provider (gateway requires kms)
+    --gateway / --no-gateway            expose via dstack-gateway
+    --public-logs / --no-public-logs
+    --public-sysinfo / --no-public-sysinfo
+    --secure-time / --no-secure-time
+    --no-instance-id / --instance-id
+    --allowed-env NAME                  (repeatable)
+    --key-provider-id HEX
+
+## deploy
+
+    ./vmm-cli.py deploy --name {slug} --image <os-image> \\
+        --compose app-compose.json --vcpu 1 --memory 1024 --disk 10
+
+## notes
+
+- the whole rootfs is measured into RTMR3 via the compose-hash, so the exact
+  bytes are attested. changing any file changes the compose-hash (re-whitelist).
+- size cap: app-compose.json must stay under 50 MiB. the rootfs is gzip'd before
+  base64, so the practical budget is roughly the *compressed* tree under ~37 MB.
+- the app can reach the guest-agent socket at /var/run/dstack.sock — don't add
+  heavy unit sandboxing that would hide it.
+"""
+
+
+def write_file(path: Path, content: str, mode: int | None = None) -> None:
+    """Write a text file, creating parent dirs and optionally setting mode."""
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    path.write_text(content)
+    if mode is not None:
+        path.chmod(mode)
+
+
+def cmd_new(args) -> None:
+    """Scaffold a new self-contained app project directory."""
+    target = Path(args.dir).resolve()
+    name = args.name or target.name
+    slug = slugify(name)
+
+    if target.exists() and not target.is_dir():
+        die(f"path '{target}' exists and is not a directory")
+    if target.is_dir() and any(target.iterdir()):
+        die(f"directory '{target}' exists and is not empty")
+
+    compose = resolve_compose(dict(COMPOSE_DEFAULTS), args)
+    validate_compose(compose)
+
+    write_file(target / "config.json", config_json_template(name, compose))
+    write_file(target / "README.md", README_TEMPLATE.format(name=name, slug=slug))
+    write_file(
+        target / "rootfs" / "run" / "sca" / "bin" / "entrypoint.sh",
+        ENTRYPOINT_SH,
+        mode=0o755,
+    )
+    write_file(
+        target / "rootfs" / "etc" / "systemd" / "system" / "sca.service", SCA_SERVICE
+    )
+
+    print(f"scaffolded self-contained app '{name}' at {target}")
+    print("  config.json")
+    print("  rootfs/run/sca/bin/entrypoint.sh   (0755)")
+    print("  rootfs/etc/systemd/system/sca.service")
+    print("  README.md")
+    print()
+    print("next:")
+    print(f"  cp <your-binary> {target}/rootfs/run/sca/bin/app")
+    print(f"  cd {target} && sca build")
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# cli
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+def main(argv=None) -> None:
+    """Parse arguments and dispatch to the selected subcommand."""
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        prog="sca",
+        description="build self-contained dstack apps (no docker, no registry)",
+    )
+    sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", required=True)
+
+    p_new = sub.add_parser("new", help="scaffold a new self-contained app project")
+    p_new.add_argument("dir", help="target directory to create")
+    p_new.add_argument("--name", help="app name (defaults to directory name)")
+    add_compose_args(p_new)
+    p_new.set_defaults(func=cmd_new)
+
+    p_build = sub.add_parser("build", help="pack rootfs/ into app-compose.json")
+    p_build.add_argument(
+        "-c",
+        "--config",
+        default="config.json",
+        help="path to config.json (default: ./config.json)",
+    )
+    p_build.add_argument(
+        "-o",
+        "--output",
+        default="app-compose.json",
+        help="output path (default: ./app-compose.json)",
+    )
+    add_compose_args(p_build)
+    p_build.set_defaults(func=cmd_build)
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    args.func(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tools/vm-runner/README.md b/tools/vm-runner/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc569fdbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm-runner/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Legacy direct-QEMU runner
+
+This directory contains the imported direct-QEMU development runner. It is
+retained for low-level image debugging; normal deployments should use
+`dstack-vmm`, `dstack`, or `dstackup`.
+
+Run it explicitly instead of adding the directory to `PATH`:
+
+```bash
+python3 tools/vm-runner/vm-runner.py --help
+```
+
+`enable-vfio-passthrough.sh` is the matching standalone host helper for NVIDIA
+GPU/NVSwitch passthrough. The `samples/` directory contains the historical CUDA
+notebook workload used with this runner.
diff --git a/tools/vm-runner/enable-vfio-passthrough.sh b/tools/vm-runner/enable-vfio-passthrough.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b4259ad3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm-runner/enable-vfio-passthrough.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+echo "==> Detecting NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches"
+mapfile -t GPU_BDFS < <(
+  lspci -d 10de: -nn | grep '3D controller' | awk '{print $1}'
+)
+mapfile -t GPU_DEV_IDS < <(
+  lspci -d 10de: -nn | grep '3D controller' | sed -n 's/.*\[10de:\([0-9A-Fa-f]\+\)\].*/\1/p'
+)
+mapfile -t SW_BDFS < <(
+  lspci -d 10de: -nn | grep 'Bridge' | awk '{print $1}'
+)
+mapfile -t SW_DEV_IDS < <(
+  lspci -d 10de: -nn | grep 'Bridge' | sed -n 's/.*\[10de:\([0-9A-Fa-f]\+\)\].*/\1/p'
+)
+
+NGPU=${#GPU_BDFS[@]}
+NSW=${#SW_BDFS[@]}
+TOTAL=$((NGPU+NSW))
+
+if [ $TOTAL -eq 0 ]; then
+  echo "No NVIDIA GPUs or NVSwitches found. Exiting."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "Found $NGPU GPU(s): ${GPU_BDFS[*]}"
+echo "Found $NSW NVSwitch(s): ${SW_BDFS[*]}"
+
+echo "==> Loading VFIO modules"
+sudo modprobe vfio vfio_pci
+
+echo "==> Tagging devices for VFIO passthrough"
+# GPUs first
+for idx in "${!GPU_BDFS[@]}"; do
+  BDF=${GPU_BDFS[$idx]}; DEV=${GPU_DEV_IDS[$idx]}
+  echo "Tagging GPU $BDF (DevID=10de:$DEV)"
+  if ! echo "10de $DEV" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id > /dev/null; then
+    echo "  -> failure, removing and retrying"
+    echo "10de $DEV" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/remove_id > /dev/null || true
+    echo "10de $DEV" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id > /dev/null
+  fi
+done
+# NVSwitches
+for idx in "${!SW_BDFS[@]}"; do
+  BDF=${SW_BDFS[$idx]}; DEV=${SW_DEV_IDS[$idx]}
+  echo "Tagging NVSwitch $BDF (DevID=10de:$DEV)"
+  if ! echo "10de $DEV" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id > /dev/null; then
+    echo "  -> failure, removing and retrying"
+    echo "10de $DEV" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/remove_id > /dev/null || true
+    echo "10de $DEV" | sudo tee /sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id > /dev/null
+  fi
+done
diff --git a/tools/vm-runner/host_api.py b/tools/vm-runner/host_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e1e870df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm-runner/host_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""Minimal host API used by the legacy direct-QEMU development runner."""
+
+import os
+import json
+import struct
+import socket
+import urllib
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ServerConfig:
+    kp_address: str
+    kp_port: int
+    vm_dir: str
+
+
+class QuoteError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class QuoteResponse:
+    encrypted_key: bytes
+    provider_quote: bytes
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_json(cls, data: dict) -> 'QuoteResponse':
+        return cls(
+            encrypted_key=bytes(data['encrypted_key']),
+            provider_quote=bytes(data['provider_quote'])
+        )
+
+
+def get_key(quote: bytes, address: str, port: int) -> QuoteResponse:
+    sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    sock.connect((address, port))
+
+    try:
+        payload = {"quote": list(quote)}
+        serialized = json.dumps(payload).encode()
+        length = len(serialized)
+
+        sock.sendall(struct.pack('>I', length))
+        sock.sendall(serialized)
+
+        response_length_bytes = sock.recv(4)
+        response_length = struct.unpack('>I', response_length_bytes)[0]
+
+        response_data = b''
+        while len(response_data) < response_length:
+            chunk = sock.recv(min(4096, response_length - len(response_data)))
+            if not chunk:
+                raise ConnectionError("Connection closed prematurely")
+            response_data += chunk
+
+        response_json = json.loads(response_data)
+        return QuoteResponse.from_json(response_json)
+
+    finally:
+        sock.close()
+
+
+class QuoteHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def __init__(self, config: ServerConfig, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.config = config
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def do_POST(self):
+        parsed_path = urllib.parse.urlparse(self.path)
+
+        content_length = int(self.headers['Content-Length'])
+        if content_length > 1024 * 128:
+            self.respond(400, json.dumps({'error': 'Request body too large'}).encode())
+            return
+
+        body = self.rfile.read(content_length)
+
+        match parsed_path.path:
+            case "/api/GetSealingKey":
+                quote = json.loads(body)
+                response = get_key(bytes.fromhex(quote['quote']), self.config.kp_address, self.config.kp_port)
+                response_data = {
+                    'encrypted_key': response.encrypted_key.hex(),
+                    'provider_quote': response.provider_quote.hex()
+                }
+                response_bytes = json.dumps(response_data).encode()
+            case "/api/Notify":
+                info = json.loads(body)
+                if info['event'] == 'instance.info':
+                    info_path = os.path.join(self.config.vm_dir, 'shared', '.instance_info')
+                    open(info_path, 'w').write(info['payload'])
+                response_bytes = b'null'
+            case _:
+                self.respond(404, b'null')
+                return
+
+        self.respond(200, response_bytes)
+
+    def respond(self, status: int, data: bytes):
+        self.send_response(status)
+        self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
+        self.send_header('Content-Length', len(data))
+        self.end_headers()
+        self.wfile.write(data)
+
+
+def create_http_server(config: ServerConfig):
+    def handler(*args):
+        QuoteHandler(config, *args)
+
+    server = HTTPServer(('localhost', 0), handler)
+    chosen_port = server.server_port
+    return server, chosen_port
diff --git a/tools/vm-runner/samples/Dockerfile b/tools/vm-runner/samples/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a916aa02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm-runner/samples/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+FROM nvidia/cuda:12.4.0-devel-ubuntu20.04
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+ENV TZ=Etc/UTC
+
+# Add deadsnakes PPA to get Python 3.10
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y software-properties-common
+RUN add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
+
+# Install Python 3.10 and dependencies
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
+    python3.10 \
+    python3.10-distutils \
+    python3.10-venv \
+    curl \
+    ca-certificates \
+    build-essential \
+    cmake \
+    git \
+    libjpeg-dev \
+    libpng-dev \
+    vim \
+    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# Update alternatives to use Python 3.10
+RUN update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.10 1
+
+# Install pip for Python 3.10
+RUN curl -sS https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3.10
+
+# Install Python packages
+RUN python3 -m pip install torch torchvision torchaudio --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu124
+RUN python3 -m pip install jupyterlab networkx six
+
+# Create a working directory
+WORKDIR /workspace
+
+# Expose the port JupyterLab will be accessible on
+EXPOSE 8888
+
+# Command to start JupyterLab
+CMD ["jupyter", "lab", "--ip=0.0.0.0", "--port=8888", "--no-browser", "--allow-root"]
diff --git a/tools/vm-runner/samples/docker-compose.yaml b/tools/vm-runner/samples/docker-compose.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6eba3a293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm-runner/samples/docker-compose.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+services:
+  jupyter:
+    image: kvin/cuda-notebook
+    user: root
+    privileged: true
+    ports:
+      - "8888:8888"
+    deploy:
+      resources:
+        reservations:
+          devices:
+            - driver: nvidia
+              count: all
+              capabilities: [gpu]
+    runtime: nvidia
diff --git a/tools/vm-runner/vm-runner.py b/tools/vm-runner/vm-runner.py
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..7bce7fe4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm-runner/vm-runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,877 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) Hashforest Technology LLC
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""Legacy direct-QEMU development runner for dstack guest OS images."""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import random
+import re
+import string
+import subprocess
+import uuid
+import configparser
+import host_api
+import threading
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List, Dict, Optional
+from functools import reduce
+
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level=logging.INFO,
+    format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
+)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def generate_config_paths():
+    paths = [
+        "/etc/dstack/client.conf",
+        os.path.expanduser("~/.config/dstack/client.conf"),
+    ]
+    current_dir = os.getcwd()
+    while current_dir != "/":
+        paths.append(os.path.join(current_dir, ".dstack", "client.conf"))
+        current_dir = os.path.dirname(current_dir)
+    return paths
+
+
+def merge2(a, b):
+    if isinstance(a, dict) and isinstance(b, dict):
+        c = a.copy()
+        for k, v in b.items():
+            c[k] = merge2(a.get(k), v)
+        return c
+    if b is None:
+        return a
+    return b
+
+
+def test_merge2():
+    assert merge2({"a": 1}, {"b": 2}) == {"a": 1, "b": 2}
+    assert merge2({"a": 1}, {"a": 2}) == {"a": 2}
+    assert merge2({"a": {"b": 1}}, {"a": {"c": 2}}) == {"a": {"b": 1, "c": 2}}
+
+
+def merge_dicts(*dicts):
+    return reduce(merge2, dicts, {})
+
+
+def test_merge_dicts():
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": 1}, {"b": 2}) == {"a": 1, "b": 2}
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": 1}, {"a": 2}) == {"a": 2}
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": {"b": 1}}, {"a": {"c": 2}}) == {
+        "a": {"b": 1, "c": 2}}
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": {"b": 1}}, {"a": {"b": 2}}) == {"a": {"b": 2}}
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": {"b": 1}}, {"a": {"b": 2}, "c": 3}) == {
+        "a": {"b": 2}, "c": 3}
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": 1}, {"b": 2}, {"c": 3}) == {
+        "a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
+    assert merge_dicts({"a": 1}, {"a": 2}, {"c": 3}) == {"a": 2, "c": 3}
+
+
+def round_up(value, multiple):
+    """
+    Round up a value to the nearest multiple of another value.
+    If the value is already a multiple, it remains unchanged.
+
+    Args:
+        value (int): The value to round up
+        multiple (int): The multiple to round up to
+
+    Returns:
+        int: The rounded up value
+    """
+    if multiple <= 1:
+        return value
+
+    remainder = value % multiple
+    if remainder == 0:
+        return value
+
+    return value + (multiple - remainder)
+
+
+def ini_to_dict(filename):
+    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    config.read(filename)
+
+    result = {}
+    for section in config.sections():
+        result[section] = {}
+        for key, value in config.items(section):
+            result[section][key] = value
+    return result
+
+
+def load_configs_merged(config_paths):
+    config = {}
+    for config_path in config_paths:
+        if os.path.exists(config_path):
+            logger.info(f"Loading configuration from {config_path}")
+            config = merge_dicts(config, ini_to_dict(config_path))
+    return config
+
+
+def update_guest_config(config_file: str, data: Dict):
+    if not os.path.exists(config_file):
+        config = {}
+    else:
+        with open(config_file, 'r') as f:
+            config = json.load(f)
+    config.update(data)
+    with open(config_file, 'w') as f:
+        json.dump(config, f, indent=4)
+
+
+def gen_vm_config(vm_dir, host_port, manifest=None, os_image_hash=None):
+    shared_dir = os.path.join(vm_dir, 'shared')
+    for filename in ['config.json', '.sys-config.json']:
+        config_file = os.path.join(shared_dir, filename)
+        update_guest_config(config_file, {
+            "host_api_url": f"http://10.0.2.2:{host_port}/api",
+            "host_vsock_port": host_port
+        })
+        if manifest:
+            update_guest_config(config_file, {
+                "vm_config": json.dumps({
+                    "os_image_hash": os_image_hash,
+                    "cpu_count": manifest['vcpu'],
+                    "memory_size": manifest['memory'] * 1024 * 1024
+                })
+            })
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DstackConfig:
+    """Configuration for dstack client."""
+    docker_registry: Optional[str] = None
+    default_image_name: str = ''
+    qemu_path: str = 'qemu-system-x86_64'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load(cls) -> 'DstackConfig':
+        """Load configuration from file."""
+        cfgs = load_configs_merged(generate_config_paths())
+
+        def cfg_get(section, key, fallback):
+            if section in cfgs and key in cfgs[section]:
+                return cfgs[section][key]
+            return fallback
+        me = cls()
+        me.docker_registry = cfg_get('docker', 'registry', cls.docker_registry)
+        me.default_image_name = cfg_get(
+            'image', 'default', cls.default_image_name)
+        me.qemu_path = cfg_get('qemu', 'path', cls.qemu_path)
+        return me
+
+
+class DstackManager:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.run_path = os.path.abspath(os.getenv('RUN_PATH', './vms'))
+        self.config = DstackConfig.load()
+
+    def _generate_instance_id(self) -> str:
+        """Generate a random instance ID."""
+        return str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+    def _read_compose_file(self, compose_file: str) -> str:
+        """Read and validate compose file."""
+        if not os.path.isfile(compose_file):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Compose file not found: {compose_file}")
+        with open(compose_file, 'r') as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def _create_directories(self, work_dir: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        """Create necessary directories."""
+        if os.path.exists(work_dir):
+            raise FileExistsError(f"The instance already exists at {work_dir}")
+
+        shared_dir = os.path.join(work_dir, 'shared')
+        certs_dir = os.path.join(shared_dir, 'certs')
+        os.makedirs(shared_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(certs_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        return shared_dir, certs_dir
+
+    def _convert_memory_to_mb(self, memory: str) -> int:
+        """Convert memory string to MB."""
+        if memory.upper().endswith('T'):
+            return int(memory[:-1]) * 1024 * 1024
+        if memory.upper().endswith('G'):
+            return int(memory[:-1]) * 1024
+        if memory.upper().endswith('M'):
+            return int(memory[:-1])
+        return int(memory)
+
+    def _parse_port_mapping(self, port_str: str) -> dict:
+        """Parse port mapping string in format 'protocol[:address]:from:to'."""
+        try:
+            parts = port_str.split(':')
+            if len(parts) == 3:
+                proto, from_port, to_port = parts
+                address = "127.0.0.1"  # default to localhost
+            elif len(parts) == 4:
+                proto, address, from_port, to_port = parts
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Invalid port mapping format. Use 'protocol[:address]:from:to'")
+
+            return {
+                "address": address,
+                "protocol": proto.lower(),
+                "from": int(from_port),
+                "to": int(to_port)
+            }
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid port mapping '{port_str}': {str(e)}")
+
+    def setup_instance(self, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+        """Set up a new instance with the provided configuration."""
+        try:
+            # Generate instance ID if work_dir not provided
+            instance_id = os.path.basename(
+                args.dir) if args.dir else self._generate_instance_id()
+            work_dir = args.dir or os.path.join(self.run_path, instance_id)
+
+            # Create directories
+            shared_dir, certs_dir = self._create_directories(work_dir)
+
+            # Read compose file
+            compose_content = self._read_compose_file(args.compose_file)
+
+            # Create app-compose.json
+            app_compose = {
+                "manifest_version": 1,
+                "name": "example",
+                "version": "1.0.0",
+                "features": [],
+                "runner": "docker-compose",
+                "docker_compose_file": compose_content,
+                "local_key_provider_enabled": args.local_key_provider,
+                "secure_time": False,
+            }
+            with open(os.path.join(shared_dir, 'app-compose.json'), 'w') as f:
+                json.dump(app_compose, f, indent=4)
+            # Read image metadata and create config.json
+
+            if self.config.docker_registry:
+                update_guest_config(os.path.join(shared_dir, '.sys-config.json'), {
+                    "docker_registry": self.config.docker_registry,
+                })
+
+            # Create VM manifest
+            memory = self._convert_memory_to_mb(str(args.memory))
+            disk_size = self._convert_memory_to_mb(str(args.disk)) // 1024
+            port_map = []
+            if args.port:
+                for port_str in args.port:
+                    port_map.append(self._parse_port_mapping(port_str))
+
+            if args.gpu == ['all']:
+                gpus = {
+                    "attach_mode": "all",
+                }
+            elif args.gpu == ['none'] or not args.gpu:
+                gpus = {
+                    "attach_mode": "listed",
+                    "gpus": []
+                }
+            else:
+                gpus = {
+                    "attach_mode": "listed",
+                    "gpus": [
+                        {"slot": gpu} for gpu in args.gpu
+                    ]
+                }
+            gpus = self.resolve_gpus(gpus)
+            vm_config = {
+                "id": instance_id,
+                "name": "",
+                "vcpu": args.vcpus,
+                "gpus": gpus,
+                "memory": memory,
+                "disk_size": disk_size,
+                "image_path": args.image,
+                "image": os.path.basename(args.image.rstrip('/')),
+                "port_map": port_map,
+                "pin_numa": args.pin_numa,
+                "hugepages": args.hugepages,
+                "created_at_ms": int(datetime.now().timestamp() * 1000)
+            }
+            with open(os.path.join(work_dir, 'vm-manifest.json'), 'w') as f:
+                json.dump(vm_config, f, indent=4)
+            logger.info(f"Work directory prepared successfully at: {work_dir}")
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to setup instance: {str(e)}")
+            raise
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def collect_all_gpus() -> dict:
+        """Collect available NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches."""
+        try:
+            # Find all NVIDIA GPUs (3D controllers)
+            gpu_cmd = subprocess.run(
+                ['lspci', '-d', '10de:', '-nn'],
+                capture_output=True, text=True, check=True
+            )
+            gpu_output = gpu_cmd.stdout.strip()
+
+            gpus = []
+            bridges = []
+
+            # Process each line of output
+            for line in gpu_output.split('\n'):
+                if not line.strip():
+                    continue
+
+                slot = line.split()[0]  # Bus:Device.Function
+
+                # Extract device ID from the line
+                match = re.search(r'\[10de:([0-9A-Fa-f]+)\]', line)
+                if not match:
+                    continue
+                # Check if it's a GPU (3D controller) or NVSwitch (Bridge)
+                if '3D controller' in line:
+                    gpus.append({
+                        "slot": slot,
+                    })
+                elif 'Bridge' in line:
+                    bridges.append({
+                        "slot": slot,
+                    })
+
+            logger.info(
+                f"Found {len(gpus)} GPU(s) and {len(bridges)} NVSwitch(es)")
+
+            return {
+                "attach_mode": "all",
+                "gpus": gpus,
+                "bridges": bridges
+            }
+        except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Failed to collect GPU information: {str(e)}")
+            return {
+                "attach_mode": "all",
+                "gpus": [],
+                "bridges": []
+            }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def resolve_gpus(gpus: dict) -> dict:
+        """Resolve GPU slots."""
+        match gpus['attach_mode']:
+            case 'listed':
+                return gpus
+            case 'all':
+                return DstackManager.collect_all_gpus()
+            case _:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Invalid GPU attach mode: {gpus['attach_mode']}")
+
+    def run_instance(self, vm_dir: str, host_port: int, imgdir: Optional[str] = None, dry_run: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Run a VM instance from the specified directory.
+
+        Args:
+            vm_dir: Directory containing the VM configuration
+            dry_run: Whether to run in dry run mode
+        """
+
+        manifest_path = os.path.join(vm_dir, 'vm-manifest.json')
+        if not os.path.exists(manifest_path):
+            raise ValueError(f"VM manifest not found in {vm_dir}")
+
+        with open(manifest_path, 'r') as f:
+            manifest = json.load(f)
+
+        if dry_run:
+            print("Manifest:")
+            print(json.dumps(manifest, indent=4))
+
+        # Get image path and metadata
+        image_path = manifest.get('image_path') or os.path.join(
+            imgdir, manifest['image'])
+        img_metadata_path = os.path.join(image_path, 'metadata.json')
+
+        if not os.path.exists(img_metadata_path):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Image metadata not found at {img_metadata_path}")
+
+        with open(img_metadata_path, 'r') as f:
+            img_metadata = json.load(f)
+
+        os_image_hash = open(os.path.join(
+            image_path, 'digest.txt'), 'r').read().strip()
+        gen_vm_config(vm_dir, host_port, manifest, os_image_hash)
+
+        mem_gb = manifest['memory'] // 1024
+        vcpu_count = manifest['vcpu']
+        disk_size = manifest['disk_size']
+
+        vda = os.path.join(vm_dir, 'hda.img')
+        config_dir = os.path.join(vm_dir, 'shared')
+
+        # Create disk if it doesn't exist
+        if not os.path.exists(vda):
+            subprocess.run(['qemu-img', 'create', '-f', 'qcow2',
+                           vda, f"{disk_size}G"], check=True)
+
+        cid = random.randint(1, 10000) + 3
+
+        # Prepare QEMU command
+        cmd_args = []
+        rootfs_image = os.path.join(image_path, img_metadata['rootfs'])
+        if rootfs_image.endswith('.img.verity'):
+            cmd_args.extend([
+                '-drive', f'file={rootfs_image},if=none,id=virtio-disk0,format=raw',
+                '-device', 'virtio-blk-pci,drive=virtio-disk0',
+            ])
+        elif rootfs_image.endswith('.img'):
+            cmd_args.extend(['-cdrom', rootfs_image])
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unsupported rootfs image format: {rootfs_image}")
+        cmd_args.extend(['-drive', f'file={vda},if=none,id=virtio-disk1'])
+        cmd_args.extend(['-device', 'virtio-blk-pci,drive=virtio-disk1'])
+
+        # Add network configuration
+        port_args = []
+        for port_map in manifest.get('port_map', []):
+            protocol = port_map.get('protocol', 'tcp')
+            bind_address = port_map.get('address', '127.0.0.1')
+            host_port = port_map['from']
+            vm_port = port_map['to']
+            port_args.append(
+                f"hostfwd={protocol}:{bind_address}:{host_port}-:{vm_port}")
+        cmd_args.extend([
+            '-device', 'virtio-net-pci,netdev=nic0_td',
+            '-netdev', f"user,id=nic0_td{','+','.join(port_args) if len(port_args) > 0 else ''}"
+        ])
+
+        # Handle GPUs
+        gpus_cfg = manifest.get('gpus') or {}
+        gpus = gpus_cfg.get('gpus') or []
+        bridges = gpus_cfg.get('bridges') or []
+        dev_num = 1
+        hugepages = manifest.get('hugepages', False)
+        if hugepages:
+            numa_nodes = {}
+            if gpus:
+                for dev in gpus:
+                    node = numa_node_of_device(dev['slot'])
+                    if node not in numa_nodes:
+                        numa_nodes[node] = 0
+                    numa_nodes[node] += 1
+            else:
+                numa_nodes[0] = 0
+            n_numa = len(numa_nodes)
+            # Round up cpu cores and memory to multiple times of numa nodes
+            vcpu_count = round_up(vcpu_count, n_numa)
+            mem_gb = round_up(mem_gb, n_numa)
+            vcpu_per_node = vcpu_count // n_numa
+            mem_per_node = mem_gb // n_numa
+
+            bus_nr = 5
+            for ind, (node, count) in enumerate(numa_nodes.items()):
+                cmd_args.extend([
+                    '-numa', f'node,nodeid={ind},cpus={ind * vcpu_per_node}-{(ind + 1) * vcpu_per_node - 1},memdev=mem{ind}',
+                    '-object', f'memory-backend-file,id=mem{ind},size={mem_per_node}G,mem-path=/dev/hugepages,share=on,prealloc=yes,host-nodes={node},policy=bind',
+                    '-device', f'pxb-pcie,id=pcie.node{node},bus=pcie.0,addr={0xa + ind},numa_node={ind},bus_nr={bus_nr}'
+                ])
+                bus_nr += count + 1
+        if gpus:
+            cmd_args.extend(['-object', 'iommufd,id=iommufd0'])
+            if not hugepages:
+                for dev in gpus:
+                    slot = dev['slot']
+                    cmd_args.extend([
+                        '-device', f'pcie-root-port,id=pci.{dev_num},bus=pcie.0,chassis={dev_num}',
+                        '-device', f'vfio-pci,host={slot},bus=pci.{dev_num},iommufd=iommufd0',
+                    ])
+                    dev_num += 1
+            else:
+                for dev in gpus:
+                    slot = dev['slot']
+                    node = numa_node_of_device(slot)
+                    cmd_args.extend([
+                        '-device', f'pcie-root-port,id=pci.{dev_num},bus=pcie.node{node},chassis={dev_num}',
+                        '-device', f'vfio-pci,host={slot},bus=pci.{dev_num},iommufd=iommufd0',
+                    ])
+                    dev_num += 1
+            for bridge in bridges:
+                slot = bridge['slot']
+                cmd_args.extend([
+                    '-device', f'pcie-root-port,id=pci.{dev_num},bus=pcie.0,chassis={dev_num}',
+                    '-device', f'vfio-pci,host={slot},bus=pci.{dev_num},iommufd=iommufd0',
+                ])
+                dev_num += 1
+        # Add kernel command line
+        cmd_args.extend(['-append', img_metadata['cmdline']])
+
+        base_args = [
+            self.config.qemu_path,
+            '-accel', 'kvm',
+            '-m', f'{mem_gb}G',
+            '-smp', str(vcpu_count),
+            '-cpu', 'host',
+            '-machine', 'q35,kernel_irqchip=split,confidential-guest-support=tdx,hpet=off',
+            '-object', 'tdx-guest,id=tdx',
+            '-nographic',
+            '-nodefaults',
+            '-chardev', 'stdio,id=ser0,signal=on',
+            '-serial', 'chardev:ser0',
+            '-kernel', os.path.join(image_path, img_metadata['kernel']),
+            '-initrd', os.path.join(image_path, img_metadata['initrd']),
+            '-bios', os.path.join(image_path, img_metadata['bios']),
+            '-virtfs', f'local,path={config_dir},mount_tag=host-shared,readonly=off,security_model=mapped,id=virtfs0',
+            '-device', f'vhost-vsock-pci,guest-cid={cid}',
+        ]
+
+        pin_numa = manifest.get('pin_numa', False)
+        if pin_numa:
+            if gpus:
+                numa_node = numa_node_of_device(gpus[0]['slot'])
+            else:
+                numa_node = 0
+            cpus = open(
+                f'/sys/devices/system/node/node{numa_node}/cpulist').read().strip()
+            base_args = ['taskset', '-c', cpus] + base_args
+        cmd = base_args + cmd_args
+        print(" \n".join(cmd))
+        if dry_run:
+            return
+        # Run the command
+        try:
+            subprocess.run(cmd, check=True)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to start VM: {e}")
+
+
+def numa_node_of_device(pci_slot):
+    """
+    Get the NUMA node associated with a PCI device.
+
+    Args:
+        pci_slot (str): PCI slot in format "domain:bus:device.function" (e.g., "0000:ab:00.0")
+
+    Returns:
+        int: NUMA node number, or -1 if device doesn't exist or has no NUMA affinity
+    """
+    # Normalize the PCI slot format if needed
+    if not pci_slot.startswith("0000:"):
+        pci_slot = f"0000:{pci_slot}"
+    # Try to read NUMA node from sysfs
+    numa_path = f"/sys/bus/pci/devices/{pci_slot}/numa_node"
+
+    with open(numa_path, 'r') as f:
+        numa_node = int(f.read().strip())
+        return numa_node
+
+
+def list_available_gpus() -> None:
+    """List available NVIDIA GPUs."""
+    try:
+        # Run lspci with verbose output to get detailed information
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            ['lspci', '-vvk'], capture_output=True, text=True)
+        output_lines = result.stdout.split('\n')
+
+        # Find all GPU entries and their details
+        gpu_blocks = []
+        current_block = []
+        in_gpu_block = False
+
+        for line in output_lines:
+            if 'NVIDIA' in line and '3D controller' in line:
+                # Start of a new GPU block
+                if current_block:
+                    gpu_blocks.append(current_block)
+                current_block = [line]
+                in_gpu_block = True
+            elif in_gpu_block:
+                if line.strip() == '' or (line[0] != '\t' and line[0] != ' ' and len(current_block) > 1):
+                    # End of the current block
+                    gpu_blocks.append(current_block)
+                    current_block = []
+                    in_gpu_block = False
+                else:
+                    # Continue adding lines to the current block
+                    current_block.append(line)
+
+        # Add the last block if it exists
+        if current_block:
+            gpu_blocks.append(current_block)
+
+        if gpu_blocks:
+            print("\nAvailable GPU IDs:")
+            print("ID   Numa Node  In Use    Description")
+            print("-------------------------------------")
+
+            for block in gpu_blocks:
+                # Extract device ID from the first line
+                device_id = block[0].split()[0]
+                description = block[0].split(':', 2)[2].strip()
+
+                # Check if GPU is in use by examining Control line and Latency
+                in_use = False
+                for line in block:
+                    if 'Control:' in line and 'I/O+' in line and 'BusMaster+' in line:
+                        in_use = True
+                    elif 'Latency:' in line:
+                        in_use = True
+
+                status = "Yes" if in_use else "No"
+                node = numa_node_of_device(device_id)
+                print(f"{device_id}   {node}   {status:8}  {description}")
+            print()
+    except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
+        logger.warning(f"Could not list GPU devices: {str(e)}")
+
+
+def start_server(dir: str, kp_port: int):
+    config = host_api.ServerConfig(
+        vm_dir=dir, kp_address="127.0.0.1", kp_port=kp_port)
+    api, host_port = host_api.create_http_server(config)
+    print(f"Starting HTTP server on localhost:{host_port}")
+    thread = threading.Thread(target=api.serve_forever, daemon=True)
+    thread.host_port = host_port
+    thread.start()
+    return thread
+
+
+def tag_vfio():
+    """
+    Tag NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches for VFIO passthrough.
+    Detects NVIDIA devices and configures them for VFIO passthrough.
+    """
+    logging.info("==> Detecting NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches")
+
+    try:
+        # Use a more structured approach to detect devices
+        devices = detect_nvidia_devices()
+
+        if not devices['gpus'] and not devices['switches']:
+            logging.error("No NVIDIA GPUs or NVSwitches found. Exiting.")
+            return
+
+        ngpu = len(devices['gpus'])
+        nsw = len(devices['switches'])
+
+        logging.info(f"Found {ngpu} GPU(s)")
+        logging.info(f"Found {nsw} NVSwitch(es)")
+
+        # Load VFIO modules
+        logging.info("==> Loading VFIO modules")
+        load_vfio_modules()
+
+        # Tag devices for VFIO passthrough
+        logging.info("==> Tagging devices for VFIO passthrough")
+
+        # Deduplicate device IDs
+        unique_dev_ids = {}
+        for device_type, device_list in devices.items():
+            device_name = "GPU" if device_type == "gpus" else "NVSwitch"
+            for device in device_list:
+                dev_id = device['dev_id']
+                if dev_id not in unique_dev_ids:
+                    unique_dev_ids[dev_id] = device_name
+                # If the device ID is already in the dict but with a different type,
+                # we'll keep the original type for simplicity
+
+        # Process unique device IDs
+        for dev_id, device_name in unique_dev_ids.items():
+            tag_device_for_vfio(dev_id, device_name)
+
+        logging.info("VFIO passthrough setup complete")
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logging.error(f"Failed to enable VFIO passthrough: {e}")
+
+
+def detect_nvidia_devices():
+    """
+    Detect NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches in the system.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: Dictionary with 'gpus' and 'switches' keys, each containing a list of
+              dictionaries with 'dev_id' for each device.
+    """
+    devices = {
+        'gpus': [],
+        'switches': []
+    }
+
+    try:
+        # Run lspci once and parse the output
+        lspci_output = subprocess.check_output(
+            "lspci -d 10de: -nn",
+            shell=True, text=True
+        ).strip().split('\n')
+
+        for line in lspci_output:
+            if not line:
+                continue
+
+            # Extract Device ID
+            dev_id_match = re.search(r'\[10de:([0-9A-Fa-f]+)\]', line)
+            if not dev_id_match:
+                continue
+
+            dev_id = dev_id_match.group(1)
+
+            # Categorize device
+            if '3D controller' in line:
+                devices['gpus'].append({'dev_id': dev_id})
+            elif 'Bridge' in line:
+                devices['switches'].append({'dev_id': dev_id})
+
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        logging.error(f"Failed to detect NVIDIA devices: {e}")
+
+    return devices
+
+
+def load_vfio_modules():
+    """
+    Load the VFIO kernel modules required for device passthrough.
+    Assumes the script is run with appropriate permissions.
+
+    Raises:
+        RuntimeError: If modules cannot be loaded
+    """
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(["modprobe", "vfio"], check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["modprobe", "vfio_pci"], check=True)
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        logging.error(f"Failed to load VFIO modules: {e}")
+        raise RuntimeError("Failed to load VFIO modules") from e
+
+
+def tag_device_for_vfio(dev_id, device_type):
+    """
+    Tag a PCI device for VFIO passthrough.
+
+    Args:
+        dev_id (str): Device ID
+        device_type (str): Type of device (GPU or NVSwitch)
+    """
+    logging.info(f"Tagging {device_type} (DevID=10de:{dev_id})")
+
+    new_id_path = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/new_id"
+    remove_id_path = "/sys/bus/pci/drivers/vfio-pci/remove_id"
+    device_id_value = f"10de {dev_id}"
+
+    try:
+        # Directly write to the sysfs file
+        write_to_sysfs(new_id_path, device_id_value)
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            # Remove the ID first in case it's already there
+            try:
+                write_to_sysfs(remove_id_path, device_id_value)
+            except Exception:
+                # Ignore errors when removing
+                pass
+
+            # Try adding again
+            write_to_sysfs(new_id_path, device_id_value)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logging.error(f"Failed to tag {device_type}: {e}")
+
+
+def write_to_sysfs(path, value):
+    """
+    Write a value directly to a sysfs file.
+    Assumes the script is run with appropriate permissions.
+
+    Args:
+        path (str): Path to the sysfs file
+        value (str): Value to write
+
+    Raises:
+        IOError: If the write fails
+    """
+    with open(path, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(value)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Legacy direct-QEMU dstack VM runner')
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command', help='Commands')
+
+    # Setup command
+    setup_parser = subparsers.add_parser('new', help='Setup a new instance')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('compose_file', type=str,
+                              help='Docker compose file')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('-o', '--dir', type=str, help='Work directory')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('-i', '--image', type=str, help='VM image path')
+    setup_parser.add_argument(
+        '-c', '--vcpus', type=int, default=1, help='Number of vCPUs')
+    setup_parser.add_argument(
+        '-m', '--memory', type=str, default='2G', help='Memory size (e.g., 1G, 512M)')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('-d', '--disk', type=str,
+                              default='20G', help='Disk size (e.g., 20G)')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('-g', '--gpu', type=str,
+                              action='append', help='GPU device')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', action='append', type=str,
+                              help='Port mapping in format: protocol[:address]:from:to')
+    setup_parser.add_argument('--local-key-provider', '--lkp',
+                              action='store_true', help='Enable local key provider')
+    setup_parser.add_argument(
+        '--pin-numa', action='store_true', help='Pin vCPUs to NUMA node')
+    setup_parser.add_argument(
+        '--hugepages', action='store_true', help='Enable hugepages')
+
+    # Start command
+    start_parser = subparsers.add_parser('run', help='Start an instance')
+    start_parser.add_argument('dir', type=str, help='Work directory')
+    start_parser.add_argument('--imgdir', type=str, help='The image directory')
+    start_parser.add_argument(
+        '--kp-port', type=int, default=3443, help='The key provider listening port')
+    start_parser.add_argument(
+        '--dry-run', action='store_true', help='Run in dry run mode')
+
+    # List Gpus command
+    subparsers.add_parser('lsgpu', help='List available GPUs')
+
+    # Tag VFIO command
+    subparsers.add_parser(
+        'tag-vfio', help='Tag NVIDIA GPUs and NVSwitches for VFIO passthrough')
+
+    # Run the host server only
+    serve_parser = subparsers.add_parser(
+        'serve', help='Run the host server only')
+    serve_parser.add_argument('dir', type=str, help='Work directory')
+    serve_parser.add_argument(
+        '--kp-port', type=int, default=3443, help='The key provider listening port')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.command == 'new':
+        manager = DstackManager()
+        manager.setup_instance(args)
+    elif args.command == 'run':
+        manager = DstackManager()
+        thread = start_server(args.dir, args.kp_port)
+        manager.run_instance(args.dir, thread.host_port,
+                             imgdir=args.imgdir, dry_run=args.dry_run)
+    elif args.command == 'lsgpu':
+        list_available_gpus()
+    elif args.command == 'tag-vfio':
+        tag_vfio()
+    elif args.command == 'serve':
+        thread = start_server(args.dir, args.kp_port)
+        gen_vm_config(args.dir, thread.host_port)
+        thread.join()
+    else:
+        parser.print_help()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/tproxy/Cargo.toml b/tproxy/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f99f5e14..000000000
--- a/tproxy/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tproxy"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-rocket = { workspace = true, features = ["mtls"] }
-tracing.workspace = true
-tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-ipnet = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
-fs-err.workspace = true
-clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "string"] }
-shared_child.workspace = true
-tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
-rustls.workspace = true
-tokio-rustls = { workspace = true, features = ["ring"] }
-rinja.workspace = true
-hex.workspace = true
-parcelona.workspace = true
-hickory-resolver.workspace = true
-pin-project.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-rand.workspace = true
-git-version.workspace = true
-
-ra-rpc = { workspace = true, features = ["rocket"] }
-tproxy-rpc.workspace = true
-certbot.workspace = true
-bytes.workspace = true
-safe-write.workspace = true
-smallvec.workspace = true
-futures.workspace = true
-cmd_lib.workspace = true
-load_config.workspace = true
-
-[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
-nix = { workspace = true, features = ["resource"] }
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-insta.workspace = true
diff --git a/tproxy/rpc/Cargo.toml b/tproxy/rpc/Cargo.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e6d20ed9..000000000
--- a/tproxy/rpc/Cargo.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "tproxy-rpc"
-version.workspace = true
-authors.workspace = true
-edition.workspace = true
-license.workspace = true
-
-[dependencies]
-prpc.workspace = true
-prost.workspace = true
-serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json.workspace = true
-anyhow.workspace = true
-scale = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
-
-[build-dependencies]
-prpc-build.workspace = true
diff --git a/tproxy/rpc/build.rs b/tproxy/rpc/build.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c3b27eee..000000000
--- a/tproxy/rpc/build.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    prpc_build::configure()
-        .out_dir("./src/generated")
-        .mod_prefix("super::")
-        .build_scale_ext(false)
-        .disable_package_emission()
-        .enable_serde_extension()
-        .compile_dir("./proto")
-        .expect("failed to compile proto files");
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/rpc/proto/tproxy_rpc.proto b/tproxy/rpc/proto/tproxy_rpc.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index eef305b31..000000000
--- a/tproxy/rpc/proto/tproxy_rpc.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-package tproxy;
-
-// RegisterCvmRequest is the request for RegisterCvm.
-message RegisterCvmRequest {
-  // The public key of the WireGuard interface of the CVM.
-  string client_public_key = 1;
-}
-
-// RegisterCvmResponse is the response for RegisterCvm.
-message RegisterCvmResponse {
-  // WireGuard configuration
-  WireGuardConfig wg = 1;
-  // Tappd configuration
-  TappdConfig tappd = 2;
-}
-
-// WireGuardConfig is the configuration of the WireGuard.
-message WireGuardConfig {
-  // The public key of the WireGuard interface of the TProxy.
-  string server_public_key = 1;
-  // The IP address of the CVM.
-  string client_ip = 2;
-  // The IP address of the TProxy.
-  string server_ip = 3;
-  // The endpoint of the TProxy.
-  string server_endpoint = 4;
-}
-
-// TappdConfig is the configuration of the Tappd.
-message TappdConfig {
-  // The external port of the Tappd.
-  uint32 external_port = 1;
-  // The in CVM port of the Tappd.
-  uint32 internal_port = 2;
-  // The domain of the Tappd.
-  string domain = 3;
-}
-
-// ListResponse is the response for List.
-message ListResponse {
-  // The list of proxied CVMs.
-  repeated HostInfo hosts = 1;
-}
-
-// HostInfo is the information of a host.
-message HostInfo {
-  // The Instance id
-  string instance_id = 1;
-  // The IP address of the host.
-  string ip = 2;
-  // The app id of the host.
-  string app_id = 3;
-  // The base domain of the HTTPS endpoint of the host.
-  string base_domain = 4;
-  // The external port of the host.
-  uint32 port = 5;
-  // The latest handshake time of the host.
-  uint64 latest_handshake = 6;
-}
-
-
-// AcmeInfoResponse is the response for AcmeInfo.
-message AcmeInfoResponse {
-  // The ACME account URI.
-  string account_uri = 1;
-  // The public key history of the certificate.
-  repeated bytes hist_keys = 2;
-}
-
-// Get HostInfo for associated instance id.
-message GetInfoRequest {
-  string id = 1;
-}
-
-message GetInfoResponse {
-  bool found = 1;
-  optional HostInfo info = 2;
-}
-
-message GetMetaResponse {
-  uint32 registered = 1;
-  uint32 online = 2;
-}
-
-service Tproxy {
-  // Register a new proxied CVM.
-  rpc RegisterCvm(RegisterCvmRequest) returns (RegisterCvmResponse) {}
-  // List all proxied CVMs.
-  rpc List(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (ListResponse) {}
-  // List all ACME account URIs and the public key history of the certificates for the Content Addressable HTTPS.
-  rpc AcmeInfo(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (AcmeInfoResponse) {}
-  // Find Proxied HostInfo by instance ID
-  rpc GetInfo(GetInfoRequest) returns (GetInfoResponse) {}
-  // Summary API for inspect.
-  rpc GetMeta(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (GetMetaResponse);
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/rpc/src/generated.rs b/tproxy/rpc/src/generated.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c1da2064d..000000000
--- a/tproxy/rpc/src/generated.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-pub use tproxy::*;
-
-#[allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
-mod tproxy;
diff --git a/tproxy/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore b/tproxy/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index d6b7ef32c..000000000
--- a/tproxy/rpc/src/generated/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-*
-!.gitignore
diff --git a/tproxy/rpc/src/lib.rs b/tproxy/rpc/src/lib.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 29aad437c..000000000
--- a/tproxy/rpc/src/lib.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-extern crate alloc;
-
-pub use generated::*;
-
-mod generated;
diff --git a/tproxy/src/config.rs b/tproxy/src/config.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index abc4b210b..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/config.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::Result;
-use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
-use ipnet::Ipv4Net;
-use load_config::load_config;
-use rocket::figment::Figment;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use tracing::info;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct WgConfig {
-    pub public_key: String,
-    pub private_key: String,
-    pub listen_port: u16,
-    pub ip: Ipv4Addr,
-    pub client_ip_range: Ipv4Net,
-    pub interface: String,
-    pub config_path: String,
-    pub endpoint: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct ProxyConfig {
-    pub cert_chain: String,
-    pub cert_key: String,
-    pub base_domain: String,
-    pub listen_addr: Ipv4Addr,
-    pub listen_port: u16,
-    pub tappd_port: u16,
-    pub timeouts: Timeouts,
-    pub buffer_size: usize,
-    pub connect_top_n: usize,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Timeouts {
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub connect: Duration,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub handshake: Duration,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub total: Duration,
-
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub cache_top_n: Duration,
-
-    pub data_timeout_enabled: bool,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub idle: Duration,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub write: Duration,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub shutdown: Duration,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct CertbotConfig {
-    pub workdir: String,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-pub struct RecycleConfig {
-    pub enabled: bool,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub interval: Duration,
-    #[serde(with = "serde_duration")]
-    pub timeout: Duration,
-}
-
-mod serde_duration {
-    use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serializer};
-    use std::time::Duration;
-
-    pub fn serialize<S>(duration: &Duration, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
-    where
-        S: Serializer,
-    {
-        if duration == &Duration::MAX {
-            return serializer.serialize_str("never");
-        }
-        let (value, unit) = if duration.as_secs() % (24 * 3600) == 0 {
-            (duration.as_secs() / (24 * 3600), "d")
-        } else if duration.as_secs() % 3600 == 0 {
-            (duration.as_secs() / 3600, "h")
-        } else if duration.as_secs() % 60 == 0 {
-            (duration.as_secs() / 60, "m")
-        } else {
-            (duration.as_secs(), "s")
-        };
-        serializer.serialize_str(&format!("{}{}", value, unit))
-    }
-
-    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Duration, D::Error>
-    where
-        D: Deserializer<'de>,
-    {
-        let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
-        if s.is_empty() {
-            return Err(serde::de::Error::custom("Duration string cannot be empty"));
-        }
-        if s == "never" {
-            return Ok(Duration::MAX);
-        }
-        let (value, unit) = s.split_at(s.len() - 1);
-        let value = value.parse::<u64>().map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
-
-        let seconds = match unit {
-            "s" => value,
-            "m" => value * 60,
-            "h" => value * 3600,
-            "d" => value * 24 * 3600,
-            _ => {
-                return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(
-                    "Invalid time unit. Use s, m, h, or d",
-                ))
-            }
-        };
-
-        Ok(Duration::from_secs(seconds))
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
-pub struct Config {
-    pub wg: WgConfig,
-    pub proxy: ProxyConfig,
-    pub certbot: CertbotConfig,
-    pub pccs_url: String,
-    pub recycle: RecycleConfig,
-    pub state_path: String,
-    pub set_ulimit: bool,
-}
-
-pub const DEFAULT_CONFIG: &str = include_str!("../tproxy.toml");
-pub fn load_config_figment(config_file: Option<&str>) -> Figment {
-    load_config("tproxy", DEFAULT_CONFIG, config_file, false)
-}
-
-pub fn setup_wireguard(config: &WgConfig) -> Result<()> {
-    info!("Setting up wireguard interface");
-
-    let ifname = &config.interface;
-
-    // Check if interface exists by trying to run ip link show
-    if cmd!(ip link show $ifname > /dev/null).is_ok() {
-        info!("WireGuard interface {ifname} already exists");
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    let addr = format!("{}/{}", config.ip, config.client_ip_range.prefix_len());
-    // Interface doesn't exist, create and configure it
-    cmd! {
-        ip link add $ifname type wireguard;
-        ip address add $addr dev $ifname;
-        ip link set $ifname up;
-    }?;
-
-    info!("Created and configured WireGuard interface {ifname}");
-
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main.rs b/tproxy/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 36f24d35d..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
-use clap::Parser;
-use config::Config;
-use main_service::{Proxy, RpcHandler};
-use ra_rpc::rocket_helper::QuoteVerifier;
-use rocket::fairing::AdHoc;
-
-mod config;
-mod main_service;
-mod models;
-mod proxy;
-mod web_routes;
-
-fn app_version() -> String {
-    const CARGO_PKG_VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
-    const VERSION: &str = git_version::git_version!(
-        args = ["--abbrev=20", "--always", "--dirty=-modified"],
-        prefix = "git:",
-        fallback = "unknown"
-    );
-    format!("v{CARGO_PKG_VERSION} ({VERSION})")
-}
-
-#[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_version = app_version())]
-struct Args {
-    /// Path to the configuration file
-    #[arg(short, long)]
-    config: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[cfg(unix)]
-fn set_max_ulimit() -> Result<()> {
-    use nix::sys::resource::{getrlimit, setrlimit, Resource};
-    let (soft, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE)?;
-    if soft < hard {
-        setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE, hard, hard)?;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[rocket::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    {
-        use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
-        let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info"));
-        fmt().with_env_filter(filter).init();
-    }
-
-    let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
-
-    let args = Args::parse();
-    let figment = config::load_config_figment(args.config.as_deref());
-
-    let config = figment.focus("core").extract::<Config>()?;
-    config::setup_wireguard(&config.wg)?;
-
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    if config.set_ulimit {
-        set_max_ulimit()?;
-    }
-
-    let proxy_config = config.proxy.clone();
-    let pccs_url = config.pccs_url.clone();
-    let state = main_service::Proxy::new(config)?;
-    state.lock().reconfigure()?;
-    proxy::start(proxy_config, state.clone());
-
-    let mut rocket = rocket::custom(figment)
-        .mount("/", web_routes::routes())
-        .mount("/prpc", ra_rpc::prpc_routes!(Proxy, RpcHandler))
-        .attach(AdHoc::on_response("Add app version header", |_req, res| {
-            Box::pin(async move {
-                res.set_raw_header("X-App-Version", app_version());
-            })
-        }))
-        .manage(state);
-    if !pccs_url.is_empty() {
-        let verifier = QuoteVerifier::new(pccs_url);
-        rocket = rocket.manage(verifier);
-    }
-    rocket
-        .launch()
-        .await
-        .map_err(|err| anyhow!(err.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main_service.rs b/tproxy/src/main_service.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index eb5714a3a..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main_service.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,491 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet},
-    net::Ipv4Addr,
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard, Weak},
-    time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
-};
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use certbot::WorkDir;
-use cmd_lib::run_cmd as cmd;
-use fs_err as fs;
-use ra_rpc::{Attestation, CallContext, RpcCall};
-use rand::seq::IteratorRandom;
-use rinja::Template as _;
-use safe_write::safe_write;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
-use tproxy_rpc::{
-    tproxy_server::{TproxyRpc, TproxyServer},
-    AcmeInfoResponse, GetInfoRequest, GetInfoResponse, GetMetaResponse, HostInfo as PbHostInfo,
-    ListResponse, RegisterCvmRequest, RegisterCvmResponse, TappdConfig, WireGuardConfig,
-};
-use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
-
-use crate::{
-    config::Config,
-    models::{InstanceInfo, WgConf},
-    proxy::AddressGroup,
-};
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct Proxy {
-    pub(crate) config: Arc<Config>,
-    inner: Arc<Mutex<ProxyState>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct ProxyStateMut {
-    apps: BTreeMap<String, BTreeSet<String>>,
-    instances: BTreeMap<String, InstanceInfo>,
-    allocated_addresses: BTreeSet<Ipv4Addr>,
-    #[serde(skip)]
-    top_n: BTreeMap<String, (AddressGroup, Instant)>,
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct ProxyState {
-    config: Arc<Config>,
-    state: ProxyStateMut,
-}
-
-impl Proxy {
-    pub(crate) fn lock(&self) -> MutexGuard<ProxyState> {
-        self.inner.lock().expect("Failed to lock AppState")
-    }
-
-    pub fn new(config: Config) -> Result<Self> {
-        let config = Arc::new(config);
-        let state_path = &config.state_path;
-        let state = if fs::metadata(state_path).is_ok() {
-            let state_str = fs::read_to_string(state_path).context("Failed to read state")?;
-            serde_json::from_str(&state_str).context("Failed to load state")?
-        } else {
-            ProxyStateMut {
-                apps: BTreeMap::new(),
-                top_n: BTreeMap::new(),
-                instances: BTreeMap::new(),
-                allocated_addresses: BTreeSet::new(),
-            }
-        };
-        let inner = Arc::new(Mutex::new(ProxyState {
-            config: config.clone(),
-            state,
-        }));
-        start_recycle_thread(Arc::downgrade(&inner), config.clone());
-        Ok(Self { config, inner })
-    }
-}
-
-fn start_recycle_thread(state: Weak<Mutex<ProxyState>>, config: Arc<Config>) {
-    if !config.recycle.enabled {
-        info!("recycle is disabled");
-        return;
-    }
-    std::thread::spawn(move || loop {
-        std::thread::sleep(config.recycle.interval);
-        let Some(state) = state.upgrade() else {
-            break;
-        };
-        if let Err(err) = state.lock().unwrap().recycle() {
-            error!("failed to run recycle: {err}");
-        };
-    });
-}
-
-impl ProxyState {
-    fn alloc_ip(&mut self) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
-        for ip in self.config.wg.client_ip_range.hosts() {
-            if ip == self.config.wg.ip {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if self.state.allocated_addresses.contains(&ip) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            self.state.allocated_addresses.insert(ip);
-            return Some(ip);
-        }
-        None
-    }
-
-    fn new_client_by_id(
-        &mut self,
-        id: &str,
-        app_id: &str,
-        public_key: &str,
-    ) -> Option<InstanceInfo> {
-        if id.is_empty() || public_key.is_empty() || app_id.is_empty() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        if let Some(existing) = self.state.instances.get_mut(id) {
-            if existing.public_key != public_key {
-                info!("public key changed for instance {id}, new key: {public_key}");
-                existing.public_key = public_key.to_string();
-            }
-            return Some(existing.clone());
-        }
-        let ip = self.alloc_ip()?;
-        let host_info = InstanceInfo {
-            id: id.to_string(),
-            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-            ip,
-            public_key: public_key.to_string(),
-            reg_time: SystemTime::now(),
-        };
-        self.state
-            .instances
-            .insert(id.to_string(), host_info.clone());
-        self.state
-            .apps
-            .entry(app_id.to_string())
-            .or_default()
-            .insert(id.to_string());
-        Some(host_info)
-    }
-
-    fn generate_wg_config(&self) -> Result<String> {
-        let model = WgConf {
-            private_key: &self.config.wg.private_key,
-            listen_port: self.config.wg.listen_port,
-            peers: (&self.state.instances).into(),
-        };
-        Ok(model.render()?)
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn reconfigure(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let wg_config = self.generate_wg_config()?;
-        safe_write(&self.config.wg.config_path, wg_config).context("Failed to write wg config")?;
-        // wg setconf <interface_name> <config_path>
-        let ifname = &self.config.wg.interface;
-        let config_path = &self.config.wg.config_path;
-
-        match cmd!(wg syncconf $ifname $config_path) {
-            Ok(_) => info!("wg config updated"),
-            Err(e) => error!("failed to set wg config: {e}"),
-        }
-        let state_str = serde_json::to_string(&self.state).context("Failed to serialize state")?;
-        safe_write(&self.config.state_path, state_str).context("Failed to write state")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn select_top_n_hosts(&mut self, id: &str) -> Result<AddressGroup> {
-        let n = self.config.proxy.connect_top_n;
-        if let Some(instance) = self.state.instances.get(id) {
-            return Ok(smallvec![instance.ip]);
-        };
-        let app_instances = self.state.apps.get(id).context("app not found")?;
-        if n == 0 {
-            // fallback to random selection
-            return Ok(self.random_select_a_host(id).unwrap_or_default());
-        }
-        let (top_n, insert_time) = self
-            .state
-            .top_n
-            .entry(id.to_string())
-            .or_insert((SmallVec::new(), Instant::now()));
-        if !top_n.is_empty() && insert_time.elapsed() < self.config.proxy.timeouts.cache_top_n {
-            return Ok(top_n.clone());
-        }
-
-        let handshakes = self.latest_handshakes(None);
-        let mut instances = match handshakes {
-            Err(err) => {
-                warn!("Failed to get handshakes, fallback to random selection: {err}");
-                return Ok(self.random_select_a_host(id).unwrap_or_default());
-            }
-            Ok(handshakes) => app_instances
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|instance_id| {
-                    let instance = self.state.instances.get(instance_id)?;
-                    let (_, elapsed) = handshakes.get(&instance.public_key)?;
-                    Some((instance.ip, *elapsed))
-                })
-                .collect::<SmallVec<[_; 4]>>(),
-        };
-        instances.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.cmp(&b.1));
-        instances.truncate(n);
-        Ok(instances.into_iter().map(|(ip, _)| ip).collect())
-    }
-
-    fn random_select_a_host(&self, id: &str) -> Option<AddressGroup> {
-        // Direct instance lookup first
-        if let Some(info) = self.state.instances.get(id).cloned() {
-            return Some(smallvec![info.ip]);
-        }
-
-        let app_instances = self.state.apps.get(id)?;
-
-        // Get latest handshakes to check instance health
-        let handshakes = self.latest_handshakes(None).ok()?;
-
-        // Filter healthy instances and choose randomly among them
-        let healthy_instances = app_instances.iter().filter(|instance_id| {
-            if let Some(instance) = self.state.instances.get(*instance_id) {
-                // Consider instance healthy if it had a recent handshake
-                handshakes
-                    .get(&instance.public_key)
-                    .map(|(_, elapsed)| *elapsed < Duration::from_secs(300))
-                    .unwrap_or(false)
-            } else {
-                false
-            }
-        });
-
-        let selected = healthy_instances.choose(&mut rand::thread_rng())?;
-        self.state
-            .instances
-            .get(selected)
-            .map(|info| smallvec![info.ip])
-    }
-
-    /// Get latest handshakes
-    ///
-    /// Return a map of public key to (timestamp, elapsed)
-    fn latest_handshakes(
-        &self,
-        stale_timeout: Option<Duration>,
-    ) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, (u64, Duration)>> {
-        /*
-        $wg show tproxy-kvin1 latest-handshakes
-        eHBq6OjihPy1IZ2cFDomSesjeD+new7KNdWn9MHdQC8=    1730190589
-        SRuIdjZ1CkR54jJ1g7JC4cy9nxHPezXf2bZlkZHjFxE=    1732085583
-        YobeKV6YpmuTAQd0+Tx30Pe4JP12fPFwftC04Umt6Bw=    1731214390
-        9pgMHikM4onpoiNPJkya003BFAdzRMiD2WMDSMb64zo=    1731213050
-        oZppF/Rk7NgnuPkkfGUiBpY9HbThJvq3jACNGW2vnVA=    1731213485
-        3OxwGWcnC+4TZ31rnmDpfgbLBi8DCWdEk4k/7gFG5HU=    1732085521
-        */
-        let ifname = &self.config.wg.interface;
-        let output = cmd_lib::run_fun!(wg show $ifname latest-handshakes)?;
-        let now = SystemTime::now()
-            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-            .context("system time before Unix epoch")?;
-        let mut handshakes = BTreeMap::new();
-        for line in output.lines() {
-            let parts: Vec<&str> = line.split_whitespace().collect();
-            if parts.len() != 2 {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            let pubkey = parts[0].trim().to_string();
-            let timestamp = parts[1]
-                .trim()
-                .parse::<u64>()
-                .context("invalid timestamp")?;
-            let timestamp_duration = Duration::from_secs(timestamp);
-
-            if timestamp == 0 {
-                handshakes.insert(pubkey, (0, Duration::MAX));
-            } else {
-                let elapsed = now.checked_sub(timestamp_duration).unwrap_or_default();
-                match stale_timeout {
-                    Some(min_duration) if elapsed < min_duration => continue,
-                    _ => (),
-                }
-                handshakes.insert(pubkey, (timestamp, elapsed));
-            }
-        }
-
-        Ok(handshakes)
-    }
-
-    fn remove_instance(&mut self, id: &str) -> Result<()> {
-        let info = self
-            .state
-            .instances
-            .remove(id)
-            .context("instance not found")?;
-        self.state.allocated_addresses.remove(&info.ip);
-        if let Some(app_instances) = self.state.apps.get_mut(&info.app_id) {
-            app_instances.remove(id);
-            if app_instances.is_empty() {
-                self.state.apps.remove(&info.app_id);
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn recycle(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let stale_timeout = self.config.recycle.timeout;
-        let stale_handshakes = self.latest_handshakes(Some(stale_timeout))?;
-        if tracing::enabled!(tracing::Level::DEBUG) {
-            for (pubkey, (ts, elapsed)) in &stale_handshakes {
-                debug!("stale instance: {pubkey} recent={ts} ({elapsed:?} ago)");
-            }
-        }
-        // Find and remove instances with matching public keys
-        let stale_instances: Vec<_> = self
-            .state
-            .instances
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|(_, info)| {
-                stale_handshakes.contains_key(&info.public_key) && {
-                    info.reg_time.elapsed().unwrap_or_default() > stale_timeout
-                }
-            })
-            .map(|(id, _info)| id.clone())
-            .collect();
-        debug!("stale instances: {:#?}", stale_instances);
-        let num_recycled = stale_instances.len();
-        for id in stale_instances {
-            self.remove_instance(&id)?;
-        }
-        info!("recycled {num_recycled} stale instances");
-        // Reconfigure WireGuard with updated peers
-        if num_recycled > 0 {
-            self.reconfigure()?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct RpcHandler {
-    attestation: Option<Attestation>,
-    state: Proxy,
-}
-
-impl TproxyRpc for RpcHandler {
-    async fn register_cvm(self, request: RegisterCvmRequest) -> Result<RegisterCvmResponse> {
-        let Some(ra) = &self.attestation else {
-            bail!("no attestation provided");
-        };
-        let app_id = ra
-            .decode_app_id()
-            .context("failed to decode app-id from attestation")?;
-        let instance_id = ra
-            .decode_instance_id()
-            .context("failed to decode instance-id from attestation")?;
-        let mut state = self.state.lock();
-        if request.client_public_key.is_empty() {
-            bail!("[{instance_id}] client public key is empty");
-        }
-        let client_info = state
-            .new_client_by_id(&instance_id, &app_id, &request.client_public_key)
-            .context("failed to allocate IP address for client")?;
-        if let Err(err) = state.reconfigure() {
-            error!("failed to reconfigure: {}", err);
-        }
-        Ok(RegisterCvmResponse {
-            wg: Some(WireGuardConfig {
-                server_public_key: state.config.wg.public_key.clone(),
-                client_ip: client_info.ip.to_string(),
-                server_ip: state.config.wg.ip.to_string(),
-                server_endpoint: state.config.wg.endpoint.clone(),
-            }),
-            tappd: Some(TappdConfig {
-                external_port: state.config.proxy.listen_port as u32,
-                internal_port: state.config.proxy.tappd_port as u32,
-                domain: state.config.proxy.base_domain.clone(),
-            }),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn list(self) -> Result<ListResponse> {
-        let state = self.state.lock();
-        let base_domain = &state.config.proxy.base_domain;
-        let handshakes = state.latest_handshakes(None)?;
-        let hosts = state
-            .state
-            .instances
-            .values()
-            .map(|instance| PbHostInfo {
-                instance_id: instance.id.clone(),
-                ip: instance.ip.to_string(),
-                app_id: instance.app_id.clone(),
-                base_domain: base_domain.clone(),
-                port: state.config.proxy.listen_port as u32,
-                latest_handshake: {
-                    let (ts, _) = handshakes
-                        .get(&instance.public_key)
-                        .copied()
-                        .unwrap_or_default();
-                    ts
-                },
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        Ok(ListResponse { hosts })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_info(self, request: GetInfoRequest) -> Result<GetInfoResponse> {
-        let state = self.state.lock();
-        let base_domain = &state.config.proxy.base_domain;
-        let handshakes = state.latest_handshakes(None)?;
-
-        if let Some(instance) = state.state.instances.get(&request.id) {
-            let host_info = PbHostInfo {
-                instance_id: instance.id.clone(),
-                ip: instance.ip.to_string(),
-                app_id: instance.app_id.clone(),
-                base_domain: base_domain.clone(),
-                port: state.config.proxy.listen_port as u32,
-                latest_handshake: {
-                    let (ts, _) = handshakes
-                        .get(&instance.public_key)
-                        .copied()
-                        .unwrap_or_default();
-                    ts
-                },
-            };
-            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
-                found: true,
-                info: Some(host_info),
-            })
-        } else {
-            Ok(GetInfoResponse {
-                found: false,
-                info: None,
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
-    async fn acme_info(self) -> Result<AcmeInfoResponse> {
-        let state = self.state.lock();
-        let workdir = WorkDir::new(&state.config.certbot.workdir);
-        let account_uri = workdir.acme_account_uri().unwrap_or_default();
-        let keys = workdir.list_cert_public_keys().unwrap_or_default();
-        Ok(AcmeInfoResponse {
-            account_uri,
-            hist_keys: keys.into_iter().collect(),
-        })
-    }
-
-    async fn get_meta(self) -> Result<GetMetaResponse> {
-        let state = self.state.lock();
-        let handshakes = state.latest_handshakes(None)?;
-
-        // Total registered instances
-        let registered = state.state.instances.len();
-
-        // Get current timestamp
-        let now = SystemTime::now()
-            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-            .context("system time before Unix epoch")?
-            .as_secs();
-
-        // Count online instances (those with handshakes in last 5 minutes)
-        let online = handshakes
-            .values()
-            .filter(|(ts, _)| {
-                // Skip instances that never connected (ts == 0)
-                *ts != 0 && (now - *ts) < 300
-            })
-            .count();
-
-        Ok(GetMetaResponse {
-            registered: registered as u32,
-            online: online as u32,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl RpcCall<Proxy> for RpcHandler {
-    type PrpcService = TproxyServer<Self>;
-
-    fn construct(context: CallContext<'_, Proxy>) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(RpcHandler {
-            attestation: context.attestation,
-            state: context.state.clone(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests;
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config-2.snap b/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config-2.snap
deleted file mode 100644
index b94da0940..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config-2.snap
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
----
-source: tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs
-assertion_line: 32
-expression: info1
-snapshot_kind: text
----
-InstanceInfo {
-    id: "test-id-1",
-    app_id: "app-id-1",
-    ip: 10.0.0.3,
-    public_key: "test-pubkey-1",
-    reg_time: SystemTime {
-        tv_sec: 0,
-        tv_nsec: 0,
-    },
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config-3.snap b/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config-3.snap
deleted file mode 100644
index 7756b1e9f..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config-3.snap
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
----
-source: tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs
-assertion_line: 34
-expression: wg_config
-snapshot_kind: text
----
-[Interface]
-PrivateKey = 
-ListenPort = 51820
-
-
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = test-pubkey-0
-AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32
-
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = test-pubkey-1
-AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.3/32
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config.snap b/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config.snap
deleted file mode 100644
index 786c1eb53..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__config.snap
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
----
-source: tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs
-assertion_line: 26
-expression: info
-snapshot_kind: text
----
-InstanceInfo {
-    id: "test-id-0",
-    app_id: "app-id-0",
-    ip: 10.0.0.2,
-    public_key: "test-pubkey-0",
-    reg_time: SystemTime {
-        tv_sec: 0,
-        tv_nsec: 0,
-    },
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__empty_config.snap b/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__empty_config.snap
deleted file mode 100644
index 99bd0c8fb..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main_service/snapshots/tproxy__main_service__tests__empty_config.snap
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
----
-source: tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs
-assertion_line: 14
-expression: wg_config
-snapshot_kind: text
----
-[Interface]
-PrivateKey = 
-ListenPort = 51820
diff --git a/tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs b/tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b29eb7d0b..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/main_service/tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-use crate::config::{load_config_figment, Config};
-
-fn create_test_state() -> Proxy {
-    let figment = load_config_figment(None);
-    let config = figment.focus("core").extract::<Config>().unwrap();
-    Proxy::new(config).expect("failed to create app state")
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_empty_config() {
-    let state = create_test_state();
-    let wg_config = state.lock().generate_wg_config().unwrap();
-    insta::assert_snapshot!(wg_config);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_config() {
-    let state = create_test_state();
-    let mut info = state
-        .lock()
-        .new_client_by_id("test-id-0", "app-id-0", "test-pubkey-0")
-        .unwrap();
-
-    info.reg_time = SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
-    insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(info);
-    let mut info1 = state
-        .lock()
-        .new_client_by_id("test-id-1", "app-id-1", "test-pubkey-1")
-        .unwrap();
-    info1.reg_time = SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
-    insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(info1);
-    let wg_config = state.lock().generate_wg_config().unwrap();
-    insta::assert_snapshot!(wg_config);
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/models.rs b/tproxy/src/models.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 04ab471b1..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/models.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-use rinja::Template;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{
-    collections::{btree_map::Iter, BTreeMap},
-    net::Ipv4Addr,
-    time::SystemTime,
-};
-use tproxy_rpc::{AcmeInfoResponse, HostInfo as PbHostInfo};
-
-mod filters {
-    pub fn hex(data: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> rinja::Result<String> {
-        Ok(hex::encode(data))
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct MapValues<'a, K, V>(pub &'a BTreeMap<K, V>);
-impl<K, V> Copy for MapValues<'_, K, V> {}
-impl<K, V> Clone for MapValues<'_, K, V> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        *self
-    }
-}
-impl<'a, K, V> From<&'a BTreeMap<K, V>> for MapValues<'a, K, V> {
-    fn from(map: &'a BTreeMap<K, V>) -> Self {
-        MapValues(map)
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct MapValuesIter<'a, K, V>(Iter<'a, K, V>);
-
-impl<'a, K, V> IntoIterator for MapValues<'a, K, V> {
-    type Item = &'a V;
-    type IntoIter = MapValuesIter<'a, K, V>;
-
-    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
-        MapValuesIter(self.0.iter())
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, K, V> Iterator for MapValuesIter<'a, K, V> {
-    type Item = &'a V;
-
-    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.0.next().map(|(_, v)| v)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct InstanceInfo {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub app_id: String,
-    pub ip: Ipv4Addr,
-    pub public_key: String,
-    pub reg_time: SystemTime,
-}
-
-#[derive(Template)]
-#[template(path = "wg.conf", escape = "none")]
-pub struct WgConf<'a> {
-    pub private_key: &'a str,
-    pub listen_port: u16,
-    pub peers: MapValues<'a, String, InstanceInfo>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Template)]
-#[template(path = "cvmlist.html")]
-pub struct CvmList<'a> {
-    pub hosts: &'a [PbHostInfo],
-    pub acme_info: &'a AcmeInfoResponse,
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/proxy.rs b/tproxy/src/proxy.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b6613164..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/proxy.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,294 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    net::Ipv4Addr,
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
-        Arc,
-    },
-};
-
-use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use sni::extract_sni;
-use tls_terminate::TlsTerminateProxy;
-use tokio::{
-    io::AsyncReadExt,
-    net::{TcpListener, TcpStream},
-    time::timeout,
-};
-use tracing::{debug, error, info, info_span, Instrument};
-
-use crate::{config::ProxyConfig, main_service::Proxy};
-
-pub(crate) type AddressGroup = smallvec::SmallVec<[Ipv4Addr; 4]>;
-
-mod io_bridge;
-mod sni;
-mod tls_passthough;
-mod tls_terminate;
-
-async fn take_sni(stream: &mut TcpStream) -> Result<(Option<String>, Vec<u8>)> {
-    let mut buffer = vec![0u8; 4096];
-    let mut data_len = 0;
-    loop {
-        // read data from stream
-        let n = stream
-            .read(&mut buffer[data_len..])
-            .await
-            .context("failed to read from incoming tcp stream")?;
-        if n == 0 {
-            break;
-        }
-        data_len += n;
-
-        if let Some(sni) = extract_sni(&buffer[..data_len]) {
-            let sni = String::from_utf8(sni.to_vec()).context("sni: invalid utf-8")?;
-            debug!("got sni: {sni}");
-            buffer.truncate(data_len);
-            return Ok((Some(sni), buffer));
-        }
-    }
-    buffer.truncate(data_len);
-    Ok((None, buffer))
-}
-
-fn is_subdomain(sni: &str, base_domain: &str) -> bool {
-    sni.ends_with(base_domain)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct DstInfo {
-    app_id: String,
-    port: u16,
-    is_tls: bool,
-}
-
-fn parse_destination(sni: &str, dotted_base_domain: &str) -> Result<DstInfo> {
-    // format: <app_id>[-<port>][s].<base_domain>
-    let subdomain = sni
-        .strip_suffix(dotted_base_domain)
-        .context("invalid sni format")?;
-    if subdomain.contains('.') {
-        bail!("only one level of subdomain is supported");
-    }
-    let mut parts = subdomain.split('-');
-    let app_id = parts.next().context("no app id found")?.to_owned();
-    if app_id.is_empty() {
-        bail!("app id is empty");
-    }
-    let last_part = parts.next();
-    let is_tls;
-    let port;
-    match last_part {
-        None => {
-            is_tls = false;
-            port = None;
-        }
-        Some(last_part) => {
-            let port_str = match last_part.strip_suffix('s') {
-                None => {
-                    is_tls = false;
-                    last_part
-                }
-                Some(last_part) => {
-                    is_tls = true;
-                    last_part
-                }
-            };
-            port = if port_str.is_empty() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(port_str.parse::<u16>().context("invalid port")?)
-            };
-        }
-    };
-    let port = port.unwrap_or(if is_tls { 443 } else { 80 });
-    if parts.next().is_some() {
-        bail!("invalid sni format");
-    }
-    Ok(DstInfo {
-        app_id,
-        port,
-        is_tls,
-    })
-}
-
-async fn handle_connection(
-    mut inbound: TcpStream,
-    state: Proxy,
-    dotted_base_domain: &str,
-    tls_terminate_proxy: Arc<TlsTerminateProxy>,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let timeouts = &state.config.proxy.timeouts;
-    let (sni, buffer) = timeout(timeouts.handshake, take_sni(&mut inbound))
-        .await
-        .context("take sni timeout")?
-        .context("failed to take sni")?;
-    let Some(sni) = sni else {
-        bail!("no sni found");
-    };
-    if is_subdomain(&sni, dotted_base_domain) {
-        let dst = parse_destination(&sni, dotted_base_domain)?;
-        debug!("dst: {dst:?}");
-        if dst.is_tls {
-            tls_passthough::proxy_to_app(state, inbound, buffer, &dst.app_id, dst.port).await
-        } else {
-            tls_terminate_proxy
-                .proxy(inbound, buffer, &dst.app_id, dst.port)
-                .await
-        }
-    } else {
-        tls_passthough::proxy_with_sni(state, inbound, buffer, &sni).await
-    }
-}
-
-pub async fn run(config: &ProxyConfig, app_state: Proxy) -> Result<()> {
-    let dotted_base_domain = {
-        let base_domain = config.base_domain.as_str();
-        let base_domain = base_domain.strip_prefix(".").unwrap_or(base_domain);
-        Arc::new(format!(".{base_domain}"))
-    };
-    let tls_terminate_proxy =
-        TlsTerminateProxy::new(&app_state, &config.cert_chain, &config.cert_key)
-            .context("failed to create tls terminate proxy")?;
-    let tls_terminate_proxy = Arc::new(tls_terminate_proxy);
-
-    let listener = TcpListener::bind((config.listen_addr, config.listen_port))
-        .await
-        .with_context(|| {
-            format!(
-                "failed to bind {}:{}",
-                config.listen_addr, config.listen_port
-            )
-        })?;
-    info!(
-        "tcp bridge listening on {}:{}",
-        config.listen_addr, config.listen_port
-    );
-
-    loop {
-        match listener.accept().await {
-            Ok((inbound, from)) => {
-                let span = info_span!("conn", id = next_connection_id());
-                let _enter = span.enter();
-
-                info!(%from, "new connection");
-                let app_state = app_state.clone();
-                let dotted_base_domain = dotted_base_domain.clone();
-                let tls_terminate_proxy = tls_terminate_proxy.clone();
-                tokio::spawn(
-                    async move {
-                        let timeouts = &app_state.config.proxy.timeouts;
-                        let result = timeout(
-                            timeouts.total,
-                            handle_connection(
-                                inbound,
-                                app_state,
-                                &dotted_base_domain,
-                                tls_terminate_proxy,
-                            ),
-                        )
-                        .await;
-                        match result {
-                            Ok(Ok(_)) => {
-                                info!("connection closed");
-                            }
-                            Ok(Err(e)) => {
-                                error!("connection error: {e:?}");
-                            }
-                            Err(_) => {
-                                error!("connection kept too long, force closing");
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    .in_current_span(),
-                );
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                error!("failed to accept connection: {e:?}");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn next_connection_id() -> usize {
-    static COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
-    COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
-}
-
-pub fn start(config: ProxyConfig, app_state: Proxy) {
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        if let Err(err) = run(&config, app_state).await {
-            error!(
-                "error on {}:{}: {err:?}",
-                config.listen_addr, config.listen_port
-            );
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_destination() {
-        let base_domain = ".example.com";
-
-        // Test basic app_id only
-        let result = parse_destination("myapp.example.com", base_domain).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
-        assert_eq!(result.port, 80);
-        assert!(!result.is_tls);
-
-        // Test app_id with custom port
-        let result = parse_destination("myapp-8080.example.com", base_domain).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
-        assert_eq!(result.port, 8080);
-        assert!(!result.is_tls);
-
-        // Test app_id with TLS
-        let result = parse_destination("myapp-443s.example.com", base_domain).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
-        assert_eq!(result.port, 443);
-        assert!(result.is_tls);
-
-        // Test app_id with custom port and TLS
-        let result = parse_destination("myapp-8443s.example.com", base_domain).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
-        assert_eq!(result.port, 8443);
-        assert!(result.is_tls);
-
-        // Test default port but ends with s
-        let result = parse_destination("myapps.example.com", base_domain).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapps");
-        assert_eq!(result.port, 80);
-        assert!(!result.is_tls);
-
-        // Test default port but ends with s in port part
-        let result = parse_destination("myapp-s.example.com", base_domain).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.app_id, "myapp");
-        assert_eq!(result.port, 443);
-        assert!(result.is_tls);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_parse_destination_errors() {
-        let base_domain = ".example.com";
-
-        // Test invalid domain suffix
-        assert!(parse_destination("myapp.wrong.com", base_domain).is_err());
-
-        // Test multiple subdomains
-        assert!(parse_destination("invalid.myapp.example.com", base_domain).is_err());
-
-        // Test invalid port format
-        assert!(parse_destination("myapp-65536.example.com", base_domain).is_err());
-        assert!(parse_destination("myapp-abc.example.com", base_domain).is_err());
-
-        // Test too many parts
-        assert!(parse_destination("myapp-8080-extra.example.com", base_domain).is_err());
-
-        // Test empty app_id
-        assert!(parse_destination("-8080.example.com", base_domain).is_err());
-        assert!(parse_destination("myapp-8080ss.example.com", base_domain).is_err());
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/proxy/io_bridge.rs b/tproxy/src/proxy/io_bridge.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b39d9260..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/proxy/io_bridge.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-use crate::config::ProxyConfig;
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use bytes::BytesMut;
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt};
-use tokio::time::timeout;
-use tracing::{debug, trace};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-enum NextStep {
-    Read,
-    Write,
-    Flush,
-    Shutdown,
-    Done,
-}
-
-struct OneDirection<'a, R, W> {
-    dir: &'static str,
-    cfg: &'a ProxyConfig,
-    buf: BytesMut,
-    reader: &'a mut R,
-    writer: &'a mut W,
-    next_step: NextStep,
-}
-
-impl<'a, R, W> OneDirection<'a, R, W>
-where
-    R: AsyncRead + Unpin,
-    W: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
-{
-    async fn step(&mut self) -> Result<bool> {
-        match self.next_step {
-            NextStep::Read => {
-                let n = timeout(self.cfg.timeouts.idle, self.reader.read_buf(&mut self.buf))
-                    .await
-                    .ok()
-                    .context("idle timeout")?
-                    .context("read error")?;
-                trace!(direction = %self.dir, "read: {n} bytes");
-                if n == 0 {
-                    self.next_step = NextStep::Shutdown;
-                } else {
-                    self.next_step = NextStep::Write;
-                }
-                Ok(false)
-            }
-            NextStep::Write => {
-                timeout(
-                    self.cfg.timeouts.write,
-                    self.writer.write_buf(&mut self.buf),
-                )
-                .await
-                .ok()
-                .context("write timeout")?
-                .context("write error")?;
-                if self.buf.is_empty() {
-                    self.next_step = NextStep::Flush;
-                }
-                Ok(false)
-            }
-            NextStep::Flush => {
-                timeout(self.cfg.timeouts.write, self.writer.flush())
-                    .await
-                    .ok()
-                    .context("flush timeout")?
-                    .context("flush error")?;
-                self.next_step = NextStep::Read;
-                Ok(false)
-            }
-            NextStep::Shutdown => {
-                timeout(self.cfg.timeouts.shutdown, self.writer.shutdown())
-                    .await
-                    .ok()
-                    .context("shutdown timeout")?
-                    .context("shutdown error")?;
-                self.next_step = NextStep::Done;
-                Ok(true)
-            }
-            NextStep::Done => Ok(true),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-enum Rest<A, B> {
-    A2b(A),
-    B2a(B),
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn bridge<A, B>(mut a: A, mut b: B, config: &ProxyConfig) -> Result<()>
-where
-    A: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
-    B: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
-{
-    let buf_size = config.buffer_size;
-    if !config.timeouts.data_timeout_enabled {
-        debug!("copying bidirectionally");
-        tokio::io::copy_bidirectional_with_sizes(&mut a, &mut b, buf_size, buf_size)
-            .await
-            .context("failed to copy")?;
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    let (mut ra, mut wa) = tokio::io::split(a);
-    let (mut rb, mut wb) = tokio::io::split(b);
-
-    let mut a2b = OneDirection {
-        dir: "a2b",
-        cfg: config,
-        buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(buf_size),
-        reader: &mut ra,
-        writer: &mut wb,
-        next_step: NextStep::Read,
-    };
-    let mut b2a = OneDirection {
-        dir: "b2a",
-        cfg: config,
-        buf: BytesMut::with_capacity(buf_size),
-        reader: &mut rb,
-        writer: &mut wa,
-        next_step: NextStep::Read,
-    };
-
-    let mut rest;
-    // Transfer data between a and b bidirectionally.
-    loop {
-        tokio::select! {
-            done = a2b.step() => {
-                if done? {
-                    // a to b is EOF, switch to b to a only
-                    rest = Rest::B2a(b2a);
-                    drop(a2b);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            done = b2a.step() => {
-                if done? {
-                    // b to a is EOF, switch to a to b only
-                    rest = Rest::A2b(a2b);
-                    drop(b2a);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // One of the direction is closed, copy the other direction.
-    match &mut rest {
-        Rest::A2b(a2b) => loop {
-            if a2b.step().await? {
-                break;
-            }
-        },
-        Rest::B2a(b2a) => loop {
-            if b2a.step().await? {
-                break;
-            }
-        },
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/proxy/tls_passthough.rs b/tproxy/src/proxy/tls_passthough.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 38bc8389d..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/proxy/tls_passthough.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use std::fmt::Debug;
-use tokio::{io::AsyncWriteExt, net::TcpStream, task::JoinSet, time::timeout};
-use tracing::{debug, info};
-
-use crate::main_service::Proxy;
-
-use super::{io_bridge::bridge, AddressGroup};
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct TappAddress {
-    app_id: String,
-    port: u16,
-}
-
-impl TappAddress {
-    fn parse(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        // format: "3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577:555"
-        let data = String::from_utf8(data.to_vec()).context("invalid tapp address")?;
-        let (app_id, port) = data.split_once(':').context("invalid tapp address")?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            app_id: app_id.to_string(),
-            port: port.parse().context("invalid port")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-/// resolve tapp address by sni
-async fn resolve_tapp_address(sni: &str) -> Result<TappAddress> {
-    let txt_domain = format!("_tapp-address.{sni}");
-    let resolver = hickory_resolver::AsyncResolver::tokio_from_system_conf()
-        .context("failed to create dns resolver")?;
-    let lookup = resolver
-        .txt_lookup(txt_domain)
-        .await
-        .context("failed to lookup tapp address")?;
-    let txt_record = lookup.iter().next().context("no txt record found")?;
-    let data = txt_record
-        .txt_data()
-        .first()
-        .context("no data in txt record")?;
-    TappAddress::parse(data).context("failed to parse tapp address")
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn proxy_with_sni(
-    state: Proxy,
-    inbound: TcpStream,
-    buffer: Vec<u8>,
-    sni: &str,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let tapp_addr = resolve_tapp_address(sni)
-        .await
-        .context("failed to resolve tapp address")?;
-    debug!("target address is {}:{}", tapp_addr.app_id, tapp_addr.port);
-    proxy_to_app(state, inbound, buffer, &tapp_addr.app_id, tapp_addr.port).await
-}
-
-/// connect to multiple hosts simultaneously and return the first successful connection
-pub(crate) async fn connect_multiple_hosts(
-    addresses: AddressGroup,
-    port: u16,
-) -> Result<TcpStream> {
-    let mut join_set = JoinSet::new();
-    for addr in addresses {
-        debug!("connecting to {addr}:{port}");
-        let future = TcpStream::connect((addr, port));
-        join_set.spawn(async move { future.await.map_err(|e| (e, addr, port)) });
-    }
-    // select the first successful connection
-    let connection = loop {
-        let result = join_set
-            .join_next()
-            .await
-            .context("No connection success")?
-            .context("Failed to join the connect task")?;
-        match result {
-            Ok(connection) => break connection,
-            Err((e, addr, port)) => {
-                info!("failed to connect to tapp@{addr}:{port}: {e}");
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    debug!("connected to {:?}", connection.peer_addr());
-    Ok(connection)
-}
-
-pub(crate) async fn proxy_to_app(
-    state: Proxy,
-    inbound: TcpStream,
-    buffer: Vec<u8>,
-    app_id: &str,
-    port: u16,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let addresses = state.lock().select_top_n_hosts(app_id)?;
-    let mut outbound = timeout(
-        state.config.proxy.timeouts.connect,
-        connect_multiple_hosts(addresses.clone(), port),
-    )
-    .await
-    .with_context(|| format!("connecting timeout to tapp {app_id}: {addresses:?}:{port}"))?
-    .with_context(|| format!("failed to connect to tapp {app_id}: {addresses:?}:{port}"))?;
-    outbound
-        .write_all(&buffer)
-        .await
-        .context("failed to write to tapp")?;
-    bridge(inbound, outbound, &state.config.proxy)
-        .await
-        .context("failed to copy between inbound and outbound")?;
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_resolve_tapp_address() {
-        let tapp_addr =
-            resolve_tapp_address("3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577.app.kvin.wang")
-                .await
-                .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(tapp_addr.app_id, "3327603e03f5bd1f830812ca4a789277fc31f577");
-        assert_eq!(tapp_addr.port, 8090);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/proxy/tls_terminate.rs b/tproxy/src/proxy/tls_terminate.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 297b94eb8..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/proxy/tls_terminate.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-use std::io;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::task::{Context, Poll};
-
-use anyhow::{Context as _, Result};
-use fs_err as fs;
-use rustls::pki_types::pem::PemObject;
-use rustls::pki_types::{CertificateDer, PrivateKeyDer};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, ReadBuf};
-use tokio::net::TcpStream;
-use tokio::time::timeout;
-use tokio_rustls::{rustls, TlsAcceptor};
-use tracing::debug;
-
-use crate::main_service::Proxy;
-
-use super::io_bridge::bridge;
-use super::tls_passthough::connect_multiple_hosts;
-
-#[pin_project::pin_project]
-struct IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S> {
-    #[pin]
-    stream: S,
-}
-
-impl<S> IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S> {
-    fn new(stream: S) -> Self {
-        Self { stream }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> AsyncRead for IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S>
-where
-    S: AsyncRead + Unpin,
-{
-    fn poll_read(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        match self.project().stream.poll_read(cx, buf) {
-            Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => Poll::Ready(Ok(())),
-            output => output,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S> AsyncWrite for IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream<S>
-where
-    S: AsyncWrite + Unpin,
-{
-    fn poll_write(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-        buf: &[u8],
-    ) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_write(cx, buf)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_flush(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<std::result::Result<(), io::Error>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_flush(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_shutdown(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<std::result::Result<(), io::Error>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_shutdown(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_write_vectored(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-        bufs: &[io::IoSlice<'_>],
-    ) -> Poll<std::result::Result<usize, io::Error>> {
-        self.project().stream.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
-    }
-
-    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
-        self.stream.is_write_vectored()
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct TlsTerminateProxy {
-    app_state: Proxy,
-    acceptor: TlsAcceptor,
-}
-
-impl TlsTerminateProxy {
-    pub fn new(app_state: &Proxy, cert: impl AsRef<Path>, key: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
-        let cert_pem = fs::read(cert.as_ref()).context("failed to read certificate")?;
-        let key_pem = fs::read(key.as_ref()).context("failed to read private key")?;
-        let certs = CertificateDer::pem_slice_iter(cert_pem.as_slice())
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
-            .context("failed to parse certificate")?;
-        let key = PrivateKeyDer::from_pem_slice(key_pem.as_slice())
-            .context("failed to parse private key")?;
-
-        let config = rustls::ServerConfig::builder()
-            .with_no_client_auth()
-            .with_single_cert(certs, key)?;
-
-        let acceptor = TlsAcceptor::from(Arc::new(config));
-
-        Ok(Self {
-            app_state: app_state.clone(),
-            acceptor,
-        })
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) async fn proxy(
-        &self,
-        inbound: TcpStream,
-        buffer: Vec<u8>,
-        app_id: &str,
-        port: u16,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let addresses = self
-            .app_state
-            .lock()
-            .select_top_n_hosts(app_id)
-            .with_context(|| format!("tapp {app_id} not found"))?;
-        debug!("selected top n hosts: {addresses:?}");
-        let stream = MergedStream {
-            buffer,
-            buffer_cursor: 0,
-            inbound,
-        };
-        let tls_stream = timeout(
-            self.app_state.config.proxy.timeouts.handshake,
-            self.acceptor.accept(stream),
-        )
-        .await
-        .context("handshake timeout")?
-        .context("failed to accept tls connection")?;
-        let outbound = timeout(
-            self.app_state.config.proxy.timeouts.connect,
-            connect_multiple_hosts(addresses, port),
-        )
-        .await
-        .map_err(|_| anyhow::anyhow!("connecting timeout"))?
-        .context("failed to connect to app")?;
-        bridge(
-            IgnoreUnexpectedEofStream::new(tls_stream),
-            outbound,
-            &self.app_state.config.proxy,
-        )
-        .await
-        .context("bridge error")?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-#[pin_project::pin_project]
-struct MergedStream {
-    buffer: Vec<u8>,
-    buffer_cursor: usize,
-    #[pin]
-    inbound: TcpStream,
-}
-
-impl AsyncRead for MergedStream {
-    fn poll_read(
-        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-        buf: &mut ReadBuf<'_>,
-    ) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
-        let this = self.project();
-        let mut cursor = *this.buffer_cursor;
-        if cursor < this.buffer.len() {
-            let n = std::cmp::min(buf.remaining(), this.buffer.len() - cursor);
-            buf.put_slice(&this.buffer[cursor..cursor + n]);
-            cursor += n;
-            if cursor == this.buffer.len() {
-                cursor = 0;
-                *this.buffer = vec![];
-            }
-            *this.buffer_cursor = cursor;
-            return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
-        }
-        this.inbound.poll_read(cx, buf)
-    }
-}
-impl AsyncWrite for MergedStream {
-    fn poll_write(
-        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-        buf: &[u8],
-    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<usize, std::io::Error>> {
-        self.project().inbound.poll_write(cx, buf)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_flush(
-        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
-        self.project().inbound.poll_flush(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_shutdown(
-        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<(), std::io::Error>> {
-        self.project().inbound.poll_shutdown(cx)
-    }
-
-    fn poll_write_vectored(
-        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
-        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
-        bufs: &[std::io::IoSlice<'_>],
-    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::result::Result<usize, std::io::Error>> {
-        self.project().inbound.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
-    }
-
-    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inbound.is_write_vectored()
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/web_routes.rs b/tproxy/src/web_routes.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 026f3b64a..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/web_routes.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-use crate::main_service::Proxy;
-use anyhow::Result;
-use rocket::{get, response::content::RawHtml, routes, Route, State};
-
-mod route_index;
-
-#[get("/")]
-async fn index(state: &State<Proxy>) -> Result<RawHtml<String>, String> {
-    route_index::index(state).await.map_err(|e| format!("{e}"))
-}
-
-pub fn routes() -> Vec<Route> {
-    routes![index]
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/src/web_routes/route_index.rs b/tproxy/src/web_routes/route_index.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index baa344564..000000000
--- a/tproxy/src/web_routes/route_index.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    main_service::{Proxy, RpcHandler},
-    models::CvmList,
-};
-use anyhow::Context;
-use ra_rpc::{CallContext, RpcCall};
-use rinja::Template as _;
-use rocket::{response::content::RawHtml as Html, State};
-use tproxy_rpc::tproxy_server::TproxyRpc;
-
-pub async fn index(state: &State<Proxy>) -> anyhow::Result<Html<String>> {
-    let context = CallContext::builder().state(&**state).build();
-    let rpc_handler =
-        RpcHandler::construct(context.clone()).context("Failed to construct RpcHandler")?;
-    let response = rpc_handler.list().await.context("Failed to list hosts")?;
-    let rpc_handler = RpcHandler::construct(context).context("Failed to construct RpcHandler")?;
-    let acme_info = rpc_handler
-        .acme_info()
-        .await
-        .context("Failed to get ACME info")?;
-    let model = CvmList {
-        hosts: &response.hosts,
-        acme_info: &acme_info,
-    };
-    let html = model.render().context("Failed to render template")?;
-    Ok(Html(html))
-}
diff --git a/tproxy/templates/cvmlist.html b/tproxy/templates/cvmlist.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b6e0a93d..000000000
--- a/tproxy/templates/cvmlist.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-
-<head>
-    <style>
-        body {
-            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
-            margin: 0;
-            padding: 20px;
-            background-color: #f0f0f0;
-        }
-
-        h1 {
-            color: #333;
-        }
-
-        table {
-            width: 100%;
-            border-collapse: collapse;
-            background-color: white;
-        }
-
-        th,
-        td {
-            padding: 10px;
-            text-align: left;
-            border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
-        }
-
-        th {
-            background-color: #4CAF50;
-            color: white;
-        }
-
-        tr:hover {
-            background-color: #f5f5f5;
-        }
-
-        a {
-            color: #1a73e8;
-            text-decoration: none;
-        }
-
-        a:hover {
-            text-decoration: underline;
-        }
-
-        input {
-            background-color: #f0f0f0;
-            border: none;
-            width: 100%;
-            padding: 5px;
-            box-sizing: border-box;
-        }
-
-        .timestamp {
-            position: relative;
-        }
-
-        .timestamp:hover::after {
-            content: attr(data-original);
-            position: absolute;
-            bottom: 100%;
-            left: 0;
-            background: #333;
-            color: white;
-            padding: 4px 8px;
-            border-radius: 4px;
-            font-size: 12px;
-            white-space: nowrap;
-        }
-    </style>
-    <title>CVM List - Tproxy</title>
-    <script>
-        function timeAgo(timestamp) {
-            if (timestamp === 0) return 'never';
-
-            const seconds = Math.floor((Date.now() / 1000) - timestamp);
-            const intervals = {
-                year: 31536000,
-                month: 2592000,
-                week: 604800,
-                day: 86400,
-                hour: 3600,
-                minute: 60,
-                second: 1
-            };
-
-            for (const [unit, secondsInUnit] of Object.entries(intervals)) {
-                const interval = Math.floor(seconds / secondsInUnit);
-                if (interval >= 1) {
-                    return interval + ' ' + unit + (interval === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' ago';
-                }
-            }
-            return 'just now';
-        }
-
-        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
-            const timestamps = document.querySelectorAll('.timestamp');
-            timestamps.forEach(cell => {
-                const timestamp = parseInt(cell.textContent);
-                if (!isNaN(timestamp)) {
-                    const date = new Date(timestamp * 1000);
-                    cell.setAttribute('data-original', date.toLocaleString());
-                    cell.textContent = timeAgo(timestamp);
-                }
-            });
-        });
-    </script>
-</head>
-
-<body>
-    <h2>ACME Information</h2>
-    <p><strong>Account URI:</strong> {{ acme_info.account_uri }}</p>
-    <h3>Historical Certificate Public Keys</h3>
-    <ul>
-        {% for key in acme_info.hist_keys %}
-        <li><input type="text" value="{{ key|hex }}" readonly></li>
-        {% endfor %}
-    </ul>
-    <h2>CVM List</h2>
-    <table>
-        <tr>
-            <th>Instance ID</th>
-            <th>App ID</th>
-            <th>IP</th>
-            <th>Latest Handshake</th>
-        </tr>
-        {% for host in hosts %}
-        <tr>
-            <td>{{ host.instance_id }}</td>
-            <td>{{ host.app_id }}</td>
-            <td>{{ host.ip }}</td>
-            <td class="timestamp">{{ host.latest_handshake }}</td>
-        </tr>
-        {% endfor %}
-    </table>
-</body>
-
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tproxy/tproxy.toml b/tproxy/tproxy.toml
deleted file mode 100644
index 979f43a2f..000000000
--- a/tproxy/tproxy.toml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-workers = 8
-max_blocking = 64
-ident = "Tproxy Server"
-temp_dir = "/tmp"
-keep_alive = 10
-log_level = "debug"
-port = 8010
-
-[core]
-pccs_url = "https://api.trustedservices.intel.com/tdx/certification/v4"
-state_path = "./tproxy-state.json"
-# auto set soft ulimit to hard ulimit
-set_ulimit = true
-
-[core.certbot]
-workdir = "/etc/certbot"
-
-[core.wg]
-public_key = ""
-private_key = ""
-ip = "10.0.0.1"
-listen_port = 51820
-client_ip_range = "10.0.0.0/24"
-config_path = "/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf"
-interface = "wg0"
-endpoint = "10.0.2.2:51820"
-
-[core.proxy]
-cert_chain = "/etc/rproxy/certs/cert.pem"
-cert_key = "/etc/rproxy/certs/key.pem"
-base_domain = "app.localhost"
-listen_addr = "0.0.0.0"
-listen_port = 8443
-tappd_port = 8090
-buffer_size = 8192
-# number of hosts to try to connect to
-connect_top_n = 3
-
-[core.proxy.timeouts]
-# Timeout for establishing a connection to the target app.
-connect = "5s"
-# TLS-termination handshake timeout or SNI extraction timeout.
-handshake = "5s"
-
-# Timeout for top n hosts selection
-cache_top_n = "30s"
-
-# Enable data transfer timeouts below. This might impact performance. Turn off if
-# bad performance is observed.
-data_timeout_enabled = true
-# Timeout for a connection without any data transfer.
-idle = "10m"
-# Timeout for writing data to the target app or to the client.
-write = "5s"
-# Timeout for shutting down a connection.
-shutdown = "5s"
-# Timeout for total connection duration.
-total = "5h"
-
-[core.recycle]
-enabled = true
-interval = "5m"
-timeout = "10h"