It would say the following error:
TypeError: publish_req_chunked() takes at most 3 arguments (4 given)
After jumping into the package, I found editing these lines resolved the issue:

server-client-python/tableauserverclient/server/request_factory.py - line 105 and 394, i added either connection_credentials or connections - depending on what was missing:

105 - Previous: def publish_req_chunked(self, datasource_item, connection_credentials=None):
105 - Fixed: def publish_req_chunked(self, datasource_item, connection_credentials=None, connections=None):

394 - Previous: def publish_req_chunked(self, workbook_item, connections=None):
394 - Fixed: def publish_req_chunked(self, workbook_item, connection_credentials=None, connections=None):

Is there a reason why it was left off? Looking at the following lines, it makes more sense to have them there.

After I made these changes, I was able to upload a 700+ MB file.