MongoDB (as of version 3.2) supports validating documents against a given structure described by a query.

{
    "name" : {
        "$exists" : true,
        "$ne" : null,
        "$type" : 2
    },
    "age" : {
        "$exists" : true,
        "$ne" : null,
        "$type" : 16,
        "$gte" : 0,
        "$lte" : 125
    }
}

The structure can be built from Criteria objects in the same way as they are used for defining queries.

Validator.criteria(where("name").exists(true).ne(null).type(2)
	.and("age").exists(true).ne(null).type(16).gte(0).lte(125));

MongoDB 3.6 supports collections that validate documents against a provided JSON Schema that complies with the JSON schema specification (draft 4).

{
  "type": "object",
  "required": [ "name", "age" ],
  "properties": {
    "name": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "age": {
      "type": "int",
      "minimum" : 0,
      "exclusiveMinimum" : false,
      "maximum" : 125,
      "exclusiveMaximum" : false
    }
  }
}

The MongoJsonSchema and its builder allow fluent schema definition via the Java API.

MongoJsonSchema schema = MongoJsonSchema.builder() //
    .required("name", "age") //
    .properties( //
        string("name").minLength(1), //
        int32("age").gte(0).lte(125) //
    ).build();

The schema can be used for various funcitionality: Set up Document validation for a collection:

template.createCollection(Jedi.class, CollectionOptions.empty().validator(Validator.schema(schema)));

and to query the store for documents matching a given blueprint:

template.find(query(matchingDocumentStructure(schema)), Jedi.class);