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#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:5

msgid "Descriptor HowTo Guide"

msgstr "Guía práctica de uso de los descriptores"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst

msgid "Author"

msgstr "Autor"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:7

msgid "Raymond Hettinger"

msgstr "Raymond Hettinger"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst

msgid "Contact"

msgstr "Contacto"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:8

msgid "<python at rcn dot com>"

msgstr "<python at rcn dot com>"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:11

msgid "Contents"

msgstr "Contenidos"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:13

msgid ""

":term:`Descriptors <descriptor>` let objects customize attribute lookup, "

"storage, and deletion."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:16

msgid "This guide has four major sections:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:18

msgid ""

"The \"primer\" gives a basic overview, moving gently from simple examples, "

"adding one feature at a time. Start here if you're new to descriptors."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:21

msgid ""

"The second section shows a complete, practical descriptor example. If you "

"already know the basics, start there."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:24

msgid ""

"The third section provides a more technical tutorial that goes into the "

"detailed mechanics of how descriptors work. Most people don't need this "

"level of detail."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:28

msgid ""

"The last section has pure Python equivalents for built-in descriptors that "

"are written in C. Read this if you're curious about how functions turn into "

"bound methods or about the implementation of common tools like :func:"

"`classmethod`, :func:`staticmethod`, :func:`property`, and :term:`__slots__`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:36

msgid "Primer"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:38

msgid ""

"In this primer, we start with the most basic possible example and then we'll "

"add new capabilities one by one."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:43

msgid "Simple example: A descriptor that returns a constant"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:45

msgid ""

"The :class:`Ten` class is a descriptor that always returns the constant "

"``10`` from its :meth:`__get__` method:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:54

msgid ""

"To use the descriptor, it must be stored as a class variable in another "

"class:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:62

msgid ""

"An interactive session shows the difference between normal attribute lookup "

"and descriptor lookup:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:73

msgid ""

"In the ``a.x`` attribute lookup, the dot operator finds the key ``x`` and "

"the value ``5`` in the class dictionary. In the ``a.y`` lookup, the dot "

"operator finds a descriptor instance, recognized by its ``__get__`` method, "

"and calls that method which returns ``10``."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:78

msgid ""

"Note that the value ``10`` is not stored in either the class dictionary or "

"the instance dictionary. Instead, the value ``10`` is computed on demand."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:81

msgid ""

"This example shows how a simple descriptor works, but it isn't very useful. "

"For retrieving constants, normal attribute lookup would be better."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:84

msgid ""

"In the next section, we'll create something more useful, a dynamic lookup."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:88

msgid "Dynamic lookups"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:90

msgid ""

"Interesting descriptors typically run computations instead of returning "

"constants:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:109

msgid ""

"An interactive session shows that the lookup is dynamic — it computes "

"different, updated answers each time::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:122

msgid ""

"Besides showing how descriptors can run computations, this example also "

"reveals the purpose of the parameters to :meth:`__get__`. The *self* "

"parameter is *size*, an instance of *DirectorySize*. The *obj* parameter is "

"either *g* or *s*, an instance of *Directory*. It is the *obj* parameter "

"that lets the :meth:`__get__` method learn the target directory. The "

"*objtype* parameter is the class *Directory*."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:131

msgid "Managed attributes"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:133

msgid ""

"A popular use for descriptors is managing access to instance data. The "

"descriptor is assigned to a public attribute in the class dictionary while "

"the actual data is stored as a private attribute in the instance "

"dictionary. The descriptor's :meth:`__get__` and :meth:`__set__` methods "

"are triggered when the public attribute is accessed."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:139

msgid ""

"In the following example, *age* is the public attribute and *_age* is the "

"private attribute. When the public attribute is accessed, the descriptor "

"logs the lookup or update:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:172

msgid ""

"An interactive session shows that all access to the managed attribute *age* "

"is logged, but that the regular attribute *name* is not logged:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:206

msgid ""

"One major issue with this example is that the private name *_age* is "

"hardwired in the *LoggedAgeAccess* class. That means that each instance can "

"only have one logged attribute and that its name is unchangeable. In the "

"next example, we'll fix that problem."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:213

msgid "Customized names"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:215

msgid ""

"When a class uses descriptors, it can inform each descriptor about which "

"variable name was used."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:218

msgid ""

"In this example, the :class:`Person` class has two descriptor instances, "

"*name* and *age*. When the :class:`Person` class is defined, it makes a "

"callback to :meth:`__set_name__` in *LoggedAccess* so that the field names "

"can be recorded, giving each descriptor its own *public_name* and "

"*private_name*:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:256

msgid ""

"An interactive session shows that the :class:`Person` class has called :meth:"

"`__set_name__` so that the field names would be recorded. Here we call :"

"func:`vars` to look up the descriptor without triggering it:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:267

msgid "The new class now logs access to both *name* and *age*:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:284

msgid "The two *Person* instances contain only the private names::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:293

msgid "Closing thoughts"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:295

msgid ""

"A :term:`descriptor` is what we call any object that defines :meth:"

"`__get__`, :meth:`__set__`, or :meth:`__delete__`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:298

msgid ""

"Optionally, descriptors can have a :meth:`__set_name__` method. This is "

"only used in cases where a descriptor needs to know either the class where "

"it was created or the name of class variable it was assigned to. (This "

"method, if present, is called even if the class is not a descriptor.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:303

msgid ""

"Descriptors get invoked by the dot \"operator\" during attribute lookup. If "

"a descriptor is accessed indirectly with ``vars(some_class)"

"[descriptor_name]``, the descriptor instance is returned without invoking it."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:307

msgid ""

"Descriptors only work when used as class variables. When put in instances, "

"they have no effect."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:310

msgid ""

"The main motivation for descriptors is to provide a hook allowing objects "

"stored in class variables to control what happens during attribute lookup."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:313

msgid ""

"Traditionally, the calling class controls what happens during lookup. "

"Descriptors invert that relationship and allow the data being looked-up to "

"have a say in the matter."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:317

msgid ""

"Descriptors are used throughout the language. It is how functions turn into "

"bound methods. Common tools like :func:`classmethod`, :func:"

"`staticmethod`, :func:`property`, and :func:`functools.cached_property` are "

"all implemented as descriptors."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:324

msgid "Complete Practical Example"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:326

msgid ""

"In this example, we create a practical and powerful tool for locating "

"notoriously hard to find data corruption bugs."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:331

msgid "Validator class"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:333

msgid ""

"A validator is a descriptor for managed attribute access. Prior to storing "

"any data, it verifies that the new value meets various type and range "

"restrictions. If those restrictions aren't met, it raises an exception to "

"prevent data corruption at its source."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:338

msgid ""

"This :class:`Validator` class is both an :term:`abstract base class` and a "

"managed attribute descriptor:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:361

msgid ""

"Custom validators need to inherit from :class:`Validator` and must supply a :"

"meth:`validate` method to test various restrictions as needed."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:366

msgid "Custom validators"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:368

msgid "Here are three practical data validation utilities:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:370

msgid ""

":class:`OneOf` verifies that a value is one of a restricted set of options."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:372

msgid ""

":class:`Number` verifies that a value is either an :class:`int` or :class:"

"`float`. Optionally, it verifies that a value is between a given minimum or "

"maximum."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:376

msgid ""

":class:`String` verifies that a value is a :class:`str`. Optionally, it "

"validates a given minimum or maximum length. It can validate a user-defined "

"`predicate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(mathematical_logic)>`_ "

"as well."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:435

msgid "Practical application"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:437

msgid "Here's how the data validators can be used in a real class:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:452

msgid "The descriptors prevent invalid instances from being created:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:479

msgid "Technical Tutorial"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:481

msgid ""

"What follows is a more technical tutorial for the mechanics and details of "

"how descriptors work."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:486

msgid "Abstract"

msgstr "Resumen"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:488

msgid ""

"Defines descriptors, summarizes the protocol, and shows how descriptors are "

"called. Provides an example showing how object relational mappings work."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:491

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"Learning about descriptors not only provides access to a larger toolset, it "

"creates a deeper understanding of how Python works."

msgstr ""

"Aprender acerca de los descriptores no solo brinda acceso a un conjunto de "

"herramientas mayor, sino que genera una comprensión más profunda de como "

"funciona Python y una apreciación sobre la elegancia de su diseño."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:496

#, fuzzy

msgid "Definition and introduction"

msgstr "Definición e introducción"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:498

msgid ""

"In general, a descriptor is an attribute value that has one of the methods "

"in the descriptor protocol. Those methods are :meth:`__get__`, :meth:"

"`__set__`, and :meth:`__delete__`. If any of those methods are defined for "

"an attribute, it is said to be a :term:`descriptor`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:503

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"The default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete the "

"attribute from an object's dictionary. For instance, ``a.x`` has a lookup "

"chain starting with ``a.__dict__['x']``, then ``type(a).__dict__['x']``, and "

"continuing through the method resolution order of ``type(a)``. If the looked-"

"up value is an object defining one of the descriptor methods, then Python "

"may override the default behavior and invoke the descriptor method instead. "

"Where this occurs in the precedence chain depends on which descriptor "

"methods were defined."

msgstr ""

"El comportamiento predeterminado para el acceso a los atributos es obtener, "

"establecer o eliminar el atributo del diccionario de un objeto. Por ejemplo, "

"``a.x`` tiene una cadena de búsqueda que comienza con ``a.__dict__['x']``, "

"luego ``type(a).__dict__['x']`` y continúa a través de las clases base de "

"``type(a)`` excluyendo metaclases. Si el valor buscado es un objeto que "

"define uno de los métodos del descriptor, entonces Python puede anular el "

"comportamiento predeterminado e invocar el método del descriptor en su "

"lugar. El lugar donde ésto ocurre en la cadena de precedencia depende de qué "

"métodos del descriptor fueron definidos."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:512

msgid ""

"Descriptors are a powerful, general purpose protocol. They are the "

"mechanism behind properties, methods, static methods, class methods, and :"

"func:`super()`. They are used throughout Python itself. Descriptors "

"simplify the underlying C code and offer a flexible set of new tools for "

"everyday Python programs."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:520

#, fuzzy

msgid "Descriptor protocol"

msgstr "Protocolo descriptor"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:522

msgid "``descr.__get__(self, obj, type=None) -> value``"

msgstr "``descr.__get__(self, obj, type=None) -> value``"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:524

msgid "``descr.__set__(self, obj, value) -> None``"

msgstr "``descr.__set__(self, obj, value) -> None``"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:526

msgid "``descr.__delete__(self, obj) -> None``"

msgstr "``descr.__delete__(self, obj) -> None``"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:528

msgid ""

"That is all there is to it. Define any of these methods and an object is "

"considered a descriptor and can override default behavior upon being looked "

"up as an attribute."

msgstr ""

"Eso es todo lo que hay que hacer. Si se define cualquiera de estos métodos, "

"el objeto se considera un descriptor y puede anular el comportamiento "

"predeterminado al ser buscado como un atributo."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:532

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"If an object defines :meth:`__set__` or :meth:`__delete__`, it is considered "

"a data descriptor. Descriptors that only define :meth:`__get__` are called "

"non-data descriptors (they are often used for methods but other uses are "

"possible)."

msgstr ""

"Si un objeto define :meth:`__set__` o :meth:`__delete__`, se considera un "

"descriptor de datos. Los descriptores que solo definen :meth:`__get__` se "

"denominan descriptores de no-datos (normalmente se utilizan para métodos, "

"pero son posibles otros usos)."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:537

msgid ""

"Data and non-data descriptors differ in how overrides are calculated with "

"respect to entries in an instance's dictionary. If an instance's dictionary "

"has an entry with the same name as a data descriptor, the data descriptor "

"takes precedence. If an instance's dictionary has an entry with the same "

"name as a non-data descriptor, the dictionary entry takes precedence."

msgstr ""

"Los descriptores de datos y de no-datos difieren en como se calculan las "

"anulaciones con respecto a las entradas en el diccionario de una instancia. "

"Si el diccionario de una instancia tiene una entrada con el mismo nombre que "

"un descriptor de datos, el descriptor de datos tiene prioridad. Si el "

"diccionario de una instancia tiene una entrada con el mismo nombre que un "

"descriptor de no-datos, la entrada del diccionario tiene prioridad."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:543

msgid ""

"To make a read-only data descriptor, define both :meth:`__get__` and :meth:"

"`__set__` with the :meth:`__set__` raising an :exc:`AttributeError` when "

"called. Defining the :meth:`__set__` method with an exception raising "

"placeholder is enough to make it a data descriptor."

msgstr ""

"Para crear un descriptor de datos de solo lectura, se define tanto :meth:"

"`__get__` como :meth:`__set__` donde :meth:`__set__` lanza un error :exc:"

"`AttributeError` cuando es llamado. Definir el método :meth:`__set__` de "

"forma que lance una excepción genérica es suficiente para convertirlo en un "

"descriptor de datos."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:550

msgid "Overview of descriptor invocation"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:552

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"A descriptor can be called directly with ``desc.__get__(obj)`` or ``desc."

"__get__(None, cls)``."

msgstr ""

"Un descriptor puede ser llamado directamente mediante el nombre de su "

"método. Por ejemplo ``d.__get__(obj)``."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:555

msgid ""

"But it is more common for a descriptor to be invoked automatically from "

"attribute access."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:558

msgid ""

"The expression ``obj.x`` looks up the attribute ``x`` in the chain of "

"namespaces for ``obj``. If the search finds a descriptor outside of the "

"instance ``__dict__``, its :meth:`__get__` method is invoked according to "

"the precedence rules listed below."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:563

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"The details of invocation depend on whether ``obj`` is an object, class, or "

"instance of super."

msgstr ""

"Los detalles de la invocación dependen de si ``obj`` es un objeto o una "

"clase."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:568

msgid "Invocation from an instance"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:570

msgid ""

"Instance lookup scans through a chain of namespaces giving data descriptors "

"the highest priority, followed by instance variables, then non-data "

"descriptors, then class variables, and lastly :meth:`__getattr__` if it is "

"provided."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:575

msgid ""

"If a descriptor is found for ``a.x``, then it is invoked with: ``desc."

"__get__(a, type(a))``."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:578

msgid ""

"The logic for a dotted lookup is in :meth:`object.__getattribute__`. Here "

"is a pure Python equivalent:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:698

msgid ""

"Interestingly, attribute lookup doesn't call :meth:`object.__getattribute__` "

"directly. Instead, both the dot operator and the :func:`getattr` function "

"perform attribute lookup by way of a helper function:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:713

msgid ""

"So if :meth:`__getattr__` exists, it is called whenever :meth:"

"`__getattribute__` raises :exc:`AttributeError` (either directly or in one "

"of the descriptor calls)."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:716

msgid ""

"Also, if a user calls :meth:`object.__getattribute__` directly, the :meth:"

"`__getattr__` hook is bypassed entirely."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:721

#, fuzzy

msgid "Invocation from a class"

msgstr "Llamado desde una clase"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:723

msgid ""

"The logic for a dotted lookup such as ``A.x`` is in :meth:`type."

"__getattribute__`. The steps are similar to those for :meth:`object."

"__getattribute__` but the instance dictionary lookup is replaced by a search "

"through the class's :term:`method resolution order`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:728

msgid "If a descriptor is found, it is invoked with ``desc.__get__(None, A)``."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:730

msgid ""

"The full C implementation can be found in :c:func:`type_getattro()` and :c:"

"func:`_PyType_Lookup()` in :source:`Objects/typeobject.c`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:735

msgid "Invocation from super"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:737

msgid ""

"The logic for super's dotted lookup is in the :meth:`__getattribute__` "

"method for object returned by :class:`super()`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:740

msgid ""

"A dotted lookup such as ``super(A, obj).m`` searches ``obj.__class__."

"__mro__`` for the base class ``B`` immediately following ``A`` and then "

"returns ``B.__dict__['m'].__get__(obj, A)``. If not a descriptor, ``m`` is "

"returned unchanged."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:745

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"The full C implementation can be found in :c:func:`super_getattro()` in :"

"source:`Objects/typeobject.c`. A pure Python equivalent can be found in "

"`Guido's Tutorial <https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.2.3/descrintro/"

"#cooperation>`_."

msgstr ""

"Los detalles de la implementación están en :c:func:`super_getattro()` en :"

"source:`Objects/typeobject.c` y un equivalente puro de Python se puede "

"encontrar en el `Guido's Tutorial`_."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:752

msgid "Summary of invocation logic"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:754

msgid ""

"The mechanism for descriptors is embedded in the :meth:`__getattribute__()` "

"methods for :class:`object`, :class:`type`, and :func:`super`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:757

msgid "The important points to remember are:"

msgstr "Los puntos importantes a recordar son:"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:759

#, fuzzy

msgid "Descriptors are invoked by the :meth:`__getattribute__` method."

msgstr "los descriptores son invocados por el método :meth:`__getattribute__`"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:761

msgid ""

"Classes inherit this machinery from :class:`object`, :class:`type`, or :func:"

"`super`."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:764

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"Overriding :meth:`__getattribute__` prevents automatic descriptor calls "

"because all the descriptor logic is in that method."

msgstr ""

"redefinir :meth:`__getattribute__` evita las llamadas automáticas al "

"descriptor"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:767

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

":meth:`object.__getattribute__` and :meth:`type.__getattribute__` make "

"different calls to :meth:`__get__`. The first includes the instance and may "

"include the class. The second puts in ``None`` for the instance and always "

"includes the class."

msgstr ""

":meth:`object.__getattribute__` y :meth:`type.__getattribute__` realizan "

"diferentes llamadas a :meth:`__get__`."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:772

#, fuzzy

msgid "Data descriptors always override instance dictionaries."

msgstr ""

"los descriptores de datos siempre anulan los diccionarios de instancia."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:774

#, fuzzy

msgid "Non-data descriptors may be overridden by instance dictionaries."

msgstr ""

"los descriptores de no-datos pueden ser reemplazados por los diccionarios de "

"instancia."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:778

msgid "Automatic name notification"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:780

msgid ""

"Sometimes it is desirable for a descriptor to know what class variable name "

"it was assigned to. When a new class is created, the :class:`type` "

"metaclass scans the dictionary of the new class. If any of the entries are "

"descriptors and if they define :meth:`__set_name__`, that method is called "

"with two arguments. The *owner* is the class where the descriptor is used, "

"and the *name* is the class variable the descriptor was assigned to."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:787

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"The implementation details are in :c:func:`type_new()` and :c:func:"

"`set_names()` in :source:`Objects/typeobject.c`."

msgstr ""

"Los detalles de la implementación están en :c:func:`super_getattro()` en :"

"source:`Objects/typeobject.c` y un equivalente puro de Python se puede "

"encontrar en el `Guido's Tutorial`_."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:790

msgid ""

"Since the update logic is in :meth:`type.__new__`, notifications only take "

"place at the time of class creation. If descriptors are added to the class "

"afterwards, :meth:`__set_name__` will need to be called manually."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:796

#, fuzzy

msgid "ORM example"

msgstr "Ejemplo de descriptor"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:798

#, python-format

msgid ""

"The following code is simplified skeleton showing how data descriptors could "

"be used to implement an `object relational mapping <https://en.wikipedia.org/"

"wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping>`_."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:802

msgid ""

"The essential idea is that the data is stored in an external database. The "

"Python instances only hold keys to the database's tables. Descriptors take "

"care of lookups or updates:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:821

msgid ""

"We can use the :class:`Field` class to define `models <https://en.wikipedia."

"org/wiki/Database_model>`_ that describe the schema for each table in a "

"database:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:846

msgid "To use the models, first connect to the database::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:851

msgid ""

"An interactive session shows how data is retrieved from the database and how "

"it can be updated:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:896

msgid "Pure Python Equivalents"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:898

msgid ""

"The descriptor protocol is simple and offers exciting possibilities. "

"Several use cases are so common that they have been prepackaged into built-"

"in tools. Properties, bound methods, static methods, class methods, and \\_"

"\\_slots\\_\\_ are all based on the descriptor protocol."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:905

msgid "Properties"

msgstr "Propiedades"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:907

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"Calling :func:`property` is a succinct way of building a data descriptor "

"that triggers a function call upon access to an attribute. Its signature "

"is::"

msgstr ""

"Llamar a :func:`property` es una forma sucinta de construir un descriptor de "

"datos que desencadena llamadas a funciones al acceder a un atributo. Su "

"firma es::"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:912

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"The documentation shows a typical use to define a managed attribute ``x``:"

msgstr ""

"La documentación muestra un uso típico para definir un atributo administrado "

"``x``::"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:922

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"To see how :func:`property` is implemented in terms of the descriptor "

"protocol, here is a pure Python equivalent:"

msgstr ""

"Para ver cómo se implementa :func:`property` en términos del protocolo "

"descriptor, aquí hay un equivalente puro de Python::"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1015

msgid ""

"The :func:`property` builtin helps whenever a user interface has granted "

"attribute access and then subsequent changes require the intervention of a "

"method."

msgstr ""

"La función incorporada :func:`property` es de ayuda cuando una interfaz de "

"usuario ha otorgado acceso a atributos y luego los cambios posteriores "

"requieren la intervención de un método."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1019

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"For instance, a spreadsheet class may grant access to a cell value through "

"``Cell('b10').value``. Subsequent improvements to the program require the "

"cell to be recalculated on every access; however, the programmer does not "

"want to affect existing client code accessing the attribute directly. The "

"solution is to wrap access to the value attribute in a property data "

"descriptor:"

msgstr ""

"Por ejemplo, una clase de hoja de cálculo puede otorgar acceso al valor de "

"una celda a través de ``Cell('b10').value``. Las mejoras posteriores del "

"programa requieren que la celda se vuelva a calcular en cada acceso; sin "

"embargo, el programador no quiere afectar al código de cliente existente que "

"accede al atributo directamente. La solución es envolver el acceso al valor "

"del atributo en un descriptor de datos mediante una propiedad::"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1036

msgid ""

"Either the built-in :func:`property` or our :func:`Property` equivalent "

"would work in this example."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1041

#, fuzzy

msgid "Functions and methods"

msgstr "Funciones y métodos"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1043

msgid ""

"Python's object oriented features are built upon a function based "

"environment. Using non-data descriptors, the two are merged seamlessly."

msgstr ""

"Las características orientadas a objetos de Python se basan en un entorno "

"basado en funciones. Usando descriptores de no-datos, ambas se combinan "

"perfectamente."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1046

msgid ""

"Functions stored in class dictionaries get turned into methods when invoked. "

"Methods only differ from regular functions in that the object instance is "

"prepended to the other arguments. By convention, the instance is called "

"*self* but could be called *this* or any other variable name."

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1051

msgid ""

"Methods can be created manually with :class:`types.MethodType` which is "

"roughly equivalent to:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1068

msgid ""

"To support automatic creation of methods, functions include the :meth:"

"`__get__` method for binding methods during attribute access. This means "

"that functions are non-data descriptors that return bound methods during "

"dotted lookup from an instance. Here's how it works:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1084

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"Running the following class in the interpreter shows how the function "

"descriptor works in practice:"

msgstr ""

"Ejecutar el intérprete muestra como funciona el descriptor de función en la "

"práctica::"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1093

msgid ""

"The function has a :term:`qualified name` attribute to support introspection:"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1100

msgid ""

"Accessing the function through the class dictionary does not invoke :meth:"

"`__get__`. Instead, it just returns the underlying function object::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1106

msgid ""

"Dotted access from a class calls :meth:`__get__` which just returns the "

"underlying function unchanged::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1112

msgid ""

"The interesting behavior occurs during dotted access from an instance. The "

"dotted lookup calls :meth:`__get__` which returns a bound method object::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1119

msgid ""

"Internally, the bound method stores the underlying function and the bound "

"instance::"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1128

msgid ""

"If you have ever wondered where *self* comes from in regular methods or "

"where *cls* comes from in class methods, this is it!"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1133

msgid "Other kinds of methods"

msgstr ""

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1135

msgid ""

"Non-data descriptors provide a simple mechanism for variations on the usual "

"patterns of binding functions into methods."

msgstr ""

"Los descriptores de no-datos proporcionan un mecanismo simple para "

"variaciones de los patrones habituales para vincular funciones en métodos."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1138

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

"To recap, functions have a :meth:`__get__` method so that they can be "

"converted to a method when accessed as attributes. The non-data descriptor "

"transforms an ``obj.f(*args)`` call into ``f(obj, *args)``. Calling ``cls."

"f(*args)`` becomes ``f(*args)``."

msgstr ""

"En resumen, las funciones tienen un método :meth:`__get__` para que se "

"puedan convertir en un método cuando se accede a ellas como atributos. El "

"descriptor de no-datos transforma una llamada a ``obj.f(*args)`` en ``f(obj, "

"*args)``. Llamar a ``klass.f(*args)`` se convierte en ``f(*args)``."

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1143

msgid "This chart summarizes the binding and its two most useful variants:"

msgstr ""

"Este cuadro resume el enlace (*binding*) y sus dos variantes más útiles:"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1146

msgid "Transformation"

msgstr "Transformación"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1146

#, fuzzy

msgid "Called from an object"

msgstr "Llamado desde un objeto"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1146

#, fuzzy

msgid "Called from a class"

msgstr "Llamado desde una clase"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1149

msgid "function"

msgstr "función"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1149

msgid "f(obj, \\*args)"

msgstr "f(obj, \\*args)"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1149 ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1151

msgid "f(\\*args)"

msgstr "f(\\*args)"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1151

msgid "staticmethod"

msgstr "método estático"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1153

msgid "classmethod"

msgstr "método de clase"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1153

msgid "f(type(obj), \\*args)"

msgstr "f(type(obj), \\*args)"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1153

#, fuzzy

msgid "f(cls, \\*args)"

msgstr "f(klass, \\*args)"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1158

#, fuzzy

msgid "Static methods"

msgstr "método estático"

#: ../Doc/howto/descriptor.rst:1160

msgid ""

"Static methods return the underlying function without changes. Calling "