From a041474a7b237c93beba5f4948be0d231592f46f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 14:27:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/6] refactor: consolidate local isRecord guards onto shared
 isRecordLike

Nineteen files had re-declared a local `isRecord` guard rather than using the
shared one from `@sim/utils/object`, drift that reappeared after #5061 first
consolidated them. Two more imported the shared guard under an `isRecordLike as
isRecord` alias.

The copies were not interchangeable. Nine matched `isRecordLike` exactly. The
rest omitted the array exclusion (`typeof x === 'object' && x !== null`, or
`Boolean(x) && typeof x === 'object'`), so arrays passed the guard. Each of
those call sites was reviewed individually: in every case the guard is followed
by string/number field checks that an array fails anyway, so the outcome is
unchanged.

The one exception is `isOptionsTagData`, where `Object.values` on an array of
option items really did make an array-form `<options>` tag render. It now
accepts arrays explicitly rather than by accident.

`executor/handlers/pi/search/extension-source.ts` keeps its own copy: it is
source text written into an E2B/Daytona sandbox at runtime and cannot import.
---
 .../components/special-tags/special-tags.tsx  | 28 +++++++-------
 .../home/hooks/stream/turn-model.ts           | 14 +++----
 .../hooks/use-workflow-execution.ts           | 18 ++++-----
 .../lib/copy/cleanup-failed.ts                |  9 +++--
 .../workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-chats.ts  |  4 +-
 .../lib/copy/copy-resources.ts                |  7 ++--
 .../lib/mapping/dependent-reconfigs.ts        |  7 ++--
 .../lib/promote/cleared-refs.ts               |  6 +--
 .../lib/remap/remap-references.ts             | 35 ++++++++++--------
 .../handlers/pi/cloud/authoring/backend.ts    |  7 ++--
 .../handlers/pi/cloud/babysit/github.ts       | 22 +++++------
 .../executor/handlers/pi/cloud/github-pr.ts   |  8 ++--
 .../handlers/pi/cloud/review/backend.ts       |  5 ++-
 .../executor/handlers/pi/search/normalize.ts  | 11 ++----
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts        | 11 ++----
 .../lib/logs/execution/progress-markers.ts    |  6 +--
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/whatsapp.ts   | 37 +++++++++----------
 .../persistence/remap-internal-ids.ts         | 10 ++---
 .../lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts   | 10 ++---
 .../workflows/search-replace/value-walker.ts  | 11 ++----
 .../streaming/agent-stream-protocol.ts        | 21 +++++------
 apps/sim/providers/openai/utils.ts            | 11 ++----
 apps/sim/providers/stream-events.ts           |  7 +---
 .../function-sandbox-parity-manifest.ts       |  7 +---
 apps/sim/tools/file/parser.ts                 | 30 +++++++--------
 apps/sim/tools/github/create_pr_review.ts     |  6 +--
 apps/sim/tools/github/graphql.ts              | 11 +++---
 apps/sim/tools/github/list_review_threads.ts  | 21 ++++++-----
 apps/sim/tools/github/pr.ts                   | 12 +++---
 apps/sim/tools/github/reply_review_thread.ts  |  7 ++--
 .../sim/tools/github/resolve_review_thread.ts |  7 ++--
 apps/sim/tools/github/response-parsers.ts     |  9 ++---
 apps/sim/tools/github/status_check_rollup.ts  | 12 +++---
 apps/sim/tools/google_forms/utils.ts          |  9 ++---
 apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts                |  7 +---
 apps/sim/tools/whatsapp/utils.ts              | 15 +++-----
 36 files changed, 213 insertions(+), 245 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/components/message-content/components/special-tags/special-tags.tsx b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/components/message-content/components/special-tags/special-tags.tsx
index 0562ce7c616..3dab7328451 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/components/message-content/components/special-tags/special-tags.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/components/message-content/components/special-tags/special-tags.tsx
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import {
   toast,
 } from '@sim/emcn'
 import { TerminalWindow } from '@sim/emcn/icons'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { useParams } from 'next/navigation'
 import { ThinkingLoader } from '@/components/ui'
 import { useSession } from '@/lib/auth/auth-client'
@@ -353,22 +354,23 @@ export const SPECIAL_TAG_NAMES = [
   'question',
 ] as const
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
-}
-
 function isOptionsItemData(value: unknown): value is OptionsItemData {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return typeof value.title === 'string' && typeof value.description === 'string'
 }
 
+/**
+ * Arrays are accepted alongside keyed objects: an agent that emits
+ * `<options>[{title,description},…]</options>` still renders, with the array
+ * index standing in as the option key.
+ */
 function isOptionsTagData(value: unknown): value is OptionsTagData {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value) && !Array.isArray(value)) return false
   return Object.values(value).every(isOptionsItemData)
 }
 
 function isUsageUpgradeTagData(value: unknown): value is UsageUpgradeTagData {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return (
     typeof value.reason === 'string' &&
     typeof value.message === 'string' &&
@@ -378,7 +380,7 @@ function isUsageUpgradeTagData(value: unknown): value is UsageUpgradeTagData {
 }
 
 function isCredentialItemData(value: unknown): value is CredentialItemData {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   if (
     typeof value.type !== 'string' ||
     !(CREDENTIAL_TAG_TYPES as readonly string[]).includes(value.type)
@@ -452,7 +454,7 @@ export function parseLastCredentialTag(content: string): CredentialTagData | nul
 }
 
 function isMothershipErrorTagData(value: unknown): value is MothershipErrorTagData {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return (
     typeof value.message === 'string' &&
     (value.code === undefined || typeof value.code === 'string') &&
@@ -461,7 +463,7 @@ function isMothershipErrorTagData(value: unknown): value is MothershipErrorTagDa
 }
 
 function isWorkspaceResourceTagData(value: unknown): value is WorkspaceResourceTagData {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   if (
     typeof value.type !== 'string' ||
     !(WORKSPACE_RESOURCE_TAG_TYPES as readonly string[]).includes(value.type)
@@ -479,7 +481,7 @@ function isWorkspaceResourceTagData(value: unknown): value is WorkspaceResourceT
 }
 
 function isQuestionOption(value: unknown): value is QuestionOption {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return typeof value.id === 'string' && typeof value.label === 'string'
 }
 
@@ -497,7 +499,7 @@ const SELF_PROVIDED_OPTION_LABELS = new Set([
 ])
 
 function isQuestionItem(value: unknown): value is QuestionItem {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   if (
     typeof value.type !== 'string' ||
     !(QUESTION_TYPES as readonly string[]).includes(value.type)
@@ -551,7 +553,7 @@ function recoverQuestionPrompts(body: string): string | null {
     const parsed = JSON.parse(body) as unknown
     const items = Array.isArray(parsed) ? parsed : [parsed]
     const prompts = items
-      .filter(isRecord)
+      .filter(isRecordLike)
       .map((item) => (typeof item.prompt === 'string' ? item.prompt.trim() : ''))
       .filter((prompt) => prompt.length > 0)
     return prompts.length > 0 ? prompts.join('\n\n') : null
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/stream/turn-model.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/stream/turn-model.ts
index 6ac6b32e3f3..9139fe504ee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/stream/turn-model.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/stream/turn-model.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecordLike as isRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { resolveStreamToolOutcome } from '@/lib/copilot/chat/stream-tool-outcome'
 import {
   MothershipStreamV1CompletionStatus,
@@ -220,10 +220,10 @@ function rebindResolvedIntegrationCall(node: ToolNode, toolName: string): void {
 /**
  * Reads a wire event payload as a generic record. The payload is a wide
  * discriminated union; the reducer accesses fields uniformly, so this narrows
- * through the `unknown`-typed {@link isRecord} guard rather than a double cast.
+ * through the `unknown`-typed {@link isRecordLike} guard rather than a double cast.
  */
 function payloadRecord(payload: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecord(payload) ? payload : {}
+  return isRecordLike(payload) ? payload : {}
 }
 
 /** Parses a wire `ts` to epoch ms, or undefined when absent/unparseable. */
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ export function reduceEvent(model: TurnModel, envelope: PersistedStreamEventEnve
           // back into an ordinary running row without waiting for the result.
           node.status = 'running'
         }
-        if (isRecord(payload.arguments)) node.args = payload.arguments
+        if (isRecordLike(payload.arguments)) node.args = payload.arguments
         // Only the snapshot-replay path (contentBlocksToModel) carries this
         // field — the live wire never does; it restores the rebound gateway
         // description across a preserve-state rebuild.
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ export function reduceEvent(model: TurnModel, envelope: PersistedStreamEventEnve
         if (restoredDescription) node.integrationDescription = restoredDescription
         // Tool-call titles are derived from the tool name (+args) at serialize
         // time; the stream only carries behavioral flags now.
-        const ui = isRecord(payload.ui) ? payload.ui : undefined
+        const ui = isRecordLike(payload.ui) ? payload.ui : undefined
         if (ui?.hidden === true) node.hidden = true
       } else if (phase === MothershipStreamV1ToolPhase.args_delta) {
         const node = upsertToolNode(
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ export function reduceEvent(model: TurnModel, envelope: PersistedStreamEventEnve
     case MothershipStreamV1EventType.span: {
       const payload = envelope.payload
       if (payload.kind !== MothershipStreamV1SpanPayloadKind.subagent) break
-      const data = isRecord(payload.data) ? payload.data : undefined
+      const data = isRecordLike(payload.data) ? payload.data : undefined
       const triggerToolCallId =
         scope?.parentToolCallId ?? asString(data?.tool_call_id) ?? asString(data?.toolCallId)
       const agentId = asString(payload.agent) ?? scope?.agentId ?? ''
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ export function reduceEvent(model: TurnModel, envelope: PersistedStreamEventEnve
       const payload = payloadRecord(envelope.payload)
       // An async pause is not a turn terminal — the paused tools/subagents
       // legitimately stay open until a later resume leg completes them.
-      const response = isRecord(payload.response) ? payload.response : undefined
+      const response = isRecordLike(payload.response) ? payload.response : undefined
       if (response && 'async_pause' in response) break
       const status = payload.status
       if (status === MothershipStreamV1CompletionStatus.cancelled) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/hooks/use-workflow-execution.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/hooks/use-workflow-execution.ts
index 97fb6a3f507..f999a2294ee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/hooks/use-workflow-execution.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/hooks/use-workflow-execution.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage, toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import { useParams } from 'next/navigation'
 import { useShallow } from 'zustand/react/shallow'
@@ -132,10 +133,6 @@ async function persistExecutionPointerProgress(
   await saveExecutionPointer({ workflowId, executionId, lastEventId })
 }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
-}
-
 function isRecoverableStreamRecoveryError(
   error: unknown
 ): error is SSEEventHandlerError | SSEStreamInterruptedError {
@@ -158,12 +155,12 @@ function normalizeErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
     if (message) return message
   }
 
-  if (isRecord(error)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(error)) {
     const directMessage = sanitizeMessage(error.message)
     if (directMessage) return directMessage
 
     const nestedError = error.error
-    if (isRecord(nestedError)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(nestedError)) {
       const nestedMessage = sanitizeMessage(nestedError.message)
       if (nestedMessage) return nestedMessage
     } else {
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ interface ChatWorkflowInput {
 }
 
 function isChatWorkflowInput(value: unknown): value is ChatWorkflowInput {
-  return isRecord(value) && 'input' in value
+  return isRecordLike(value) && 'input' in value
 }
 
 export interface ChatWorkflowRunResult {
@@ -199,7 +196,7 @@ export class WorkflowAttachmentUploadError extends Error {
 
 export function isChatWorkflowRunResult(value: unknown): value is ChatWorkflowRunResult {
   return (
-    isRecord(value) &&
+    isRecordLike(value) &&
     value.success === true &&
     value.stream instanceof ReadableStream &&
     Array.isArray(value.uploadedAttachments)
@@ -1688,10 +1685,11 @@ export function useWorkflowExecution() {
     }
 
     let notificationMessage = WORKFLOW_EXECUTION_FAILURE_MESSAGE
-    const requestError = isRecord(error) && isRecord(error.request) ? error.request : undefined
+    const requestError =
+      isRecordLike(error) && isRecordLike(error.request) ? error.request : undefined
     if (requestError && sanitizeMessage(requestError.url)) {
       notificationMessage += `: Request to ${(requestError.url as string).trim()} failed`
-      if (isRecord(error) && typeof error.status === 'number') {
+      if (isRecordLike(error) && typeof error.status === 'number') {
         notificationMessage += ` (Status: ${error.status})`
       }
     } else if (sanitizeMessage(errorResult.error)) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/cleanup-failed.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/cleanup-failed.ts
index a33abf5d12b..a28aed94fe8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/cleanup-failed.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/cleanup-failed.ts
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ import {
 } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, asc, eq, exists, gt, inArray, isNull, notExists, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
-import { isRecord, type SubBlockRecord } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
+import type { SubBlockRecord } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
 import { invalidateDeployedStateCache } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/utils'
 import {
   FORK_DOCUMENT_ID_PATTERN,
@@ -325,13 +326,13 @@ export function rewriteDeploymentVersionState(
   state: unknown,
   resolve: ForkCopyResolver
 ): { state: unknown; changed: boolean } {
-  if (!isRecord(state) || !isRecord(state.blocks)) return { state, changed: false }
+  if (!isRecordLike(state) || !isRecordLike(state.blocks)) return { state, changed: false }
 
   let nextBlocks: Record<string, unknown> | null = null
   for (const [blockId, block] of Object.entries(state.blocks)) {
-    if (!isRecord(block)) continue
+    if (!isRecordLike(block)) continue
     const blockType = typeof block.type === 'string' ? block.type : undefined
-    if (!blockType || !isRecord(block.subBlocks)) continue
+    if (!blockType || !isRecordLike(block.subBlocks)) continue
     const { subBlocks: cleared, changed } = clearFailedSubBlockReferences(
       block.subBlocks as SubBlockRecord,
       blockType,
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-chats.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-chats.ts
index bf4eeebe9f4..312f765c641 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-chats.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-chats.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import { chat } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { generateId, generateShortId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { randomInt } from '@sim/utils/random'
 import { and, inArray, isNull } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { DbOrTx } from '@/lib/db/types'
-import { isRecord } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
 
 const logger = createLogger('WorkspaceForkCopyChats')
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ function remapChatOutputConfigs(
 ): unknown {
   if (!Array.isArray(value)) return value
   return value.map((entry) => {
-    if (!isRecord(entry) || typeof entry.blockId !== 'string') return entry
+    if (!isRecordLike(entry) || typeof entry.blockId !== 'string') return entry
     return { ...entry, blockId: resolveBlockId(targetWorkflowId, entry.blockId) }
   })
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-resources.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-resources.ts
index 94f9d9402d9..991b1fd7a1d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-resources.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-resources.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { sha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hash'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
-import { omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   and,
   asc,
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ import {
   recordKnowledgeBaseFileOwnership,
 } from '@/lib/uploads/server/metadata'
 import { MAX_FILE_SIZE } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/validation'
-import { isRecord } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
 import {
   deleteCopiedResourceMappingsByTargets,
   type ForkMappingUpsert,
@@ -538,7 +537,7 @@ export async function copyForkResourceContainers(
     const inserts: (typeof mcpServers.$inferInsert)[] = []
     for (const row of rows) {
       const childId = generateId()
-      const headers = isRecord(row.headers)
+      const headers = isRecordLike(row.headers)
         ? Object.fromEntries(
             Object.entries(row.headers).map(([key, value]) => [
               key,
@@ -942,7 +941,7 @@ function remapTableRowResourceUrls(value: unknown, maps: ForkContentRefMaps): un
     })
     return changed ? next : value
   }
-  if (isRecord(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     let changed = false
     const next: Record<string, unknown> = {}
     for (const [key, item] of Object.entries(value)) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/mapping/dependent-reconfigs.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/mapping/dependent-reconfigs.ts
index f5684cd9b26..4a4bbbf2a5e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/mapping/dependent-reconfigs.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/mapping/dependent-reconfigs.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { ForkDependentReconfig, ForkResourceUsage } from '@/lib/api/contracts/workspace-fork'
-import { coerceObjectArray, isRecord } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
+import { coerceObjectArray } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
 import { getWorkflowSearchDependentClears } from '@/lib/workflows/search-replace/dependencies'
 import {
   buildSelectorContextFromBlock,
@@ -293,10 +294,10 @@ export function collectForkDependentReconfigs(
         if (!tools) continue
         for (let index = 0; index < tools.length; index++) {
           const tool = tools[index]
-          if (!isRecord(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') continue
+          if (!isRecordLike(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') continue
           const toolConfig = getBlock(tool.type)
           if (!toolConfig) continue
-          const toolParams = isRecord(tool.params) ? tool.params : {}
+          const toolParams = isRecordLike(tool.params) ? tool.params : {}
           // A tool's `operation` is stored at the tool level, not in params, but subblock
           // conditions reference it (e.g. a Gmail label only under `read_gmail`). Merge it
           // in so condition-gating matches the editor's `{ operation, ...params }`.
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/promote/cleared-refs.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/promote/cleared-refs.ts
index 540c2e10e84..a3776dc2ccb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/promote/cleared-refs.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/promote/cleared-refs.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { mcpServers, workflow } from '@sim/db/schema'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, eq, inArray } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type {
   ForkClearedRef,
@@ -8,7 +9,6 @@ import type {
 import type { DbOrTx } from '@/lib/db/types'
 import {
   coerceObjectArray,
-  isRecord,
   type SubBlockRecord,
 } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
 import {
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ function collectForkWorkflowReferences(
       if (!array) continue
       for (const tool of array) {
         if (
-          isRecord(tool) &&
+          isRecordLike(tool) &&
           tool.type === 'workflow_input' &&
-          isRecord(tool.params) &&
+          isRecordLike(tool.params) &&
           typeof tool.params.workflowId === 'string' &&
           tool.params.workflowId
         ) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/remap/remap-references.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/remap/remap-references.ts
index 9dfb419f3ac..f422496a4be 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/remap/remap-references.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/remap/remap-references.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { SubBlockType } from '@sim/workflow-types/blocks'
 import type { z } from 'zod'
 import type { forkRemapKindSchema } from '@/lib/api/contracts/workspace-fork'
 import { createMcpToolId } from '@/lib/mcp/shared'
 import {
   coerceObjectArray,
-  isRecord,
   type SubBlockRecord,
 } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids'
 import { CREDENTIAL_SUBBLOCK_IDS } from '@/lib/workflows/persistence/utils'
@@ -345,7 +344,7 @@ function remapEnvInValue(
   }
   // Recurse plain objects so `{{ENV}}` nested in array-form tool params (and other
   // object-valued subblocks) is rewritten, not just top-level strings/arrays.
-  if (isRecord(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     let changed = false
     const next: Record<string, unknown> = {}
     for (const [key, nested] of Object.entries(value)) {
@@ -398,7 +397,7 @@ export function remapToolBlockResources(
 ): Record<string, unknown> {
   if (typeof tool.type !== 'string') return tool
   const params = tool.params
-  if (!isRecord(params)) return tool
+  if (!isRecordLike(params)) return tool
 
   let nextParams: Record<string, unknown> | null = null
   const setParam = (paramId: string, value: unknown) => {
@@ -678,7 +677,7 @@ function remapForkToolInputValue(
       next.push(nextTool)
     }
 
-    if (!isRecord(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') {
+    if (!isRecordLike(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') {
       keep(tool)
       return
     }
@@ -701,7 +700,11 @@ function remapForkToolInputValue(
       keep(tool)
       return
     }
-    if (tool.type === 'mcp' && isRecord(tool.params) && typeof tool.params.serverId === 'string') {
+    if (
+      tool.type === 'mcp' &&
+      isRecordLike(tool.params) &&
+      typeof tool.params.serverId === 'string'
+    ) {
       const serverId = tool.params.serverId
       const target = resolve('mcp-server', serverId)
       opts.record?.('mcp-server', serverId, target != null)
@@ -774,7 +777,7 @@ function remapForkSkillInputValue(
   if (!array) return value
   let changed = false
   const next = array.flatMap((entry) => {
-    if (!isRecord(entry) || typeof entry.skillId !== 'string') return [entry]
+    if (!isRecordLike(entry) || typeof entry.skillId !== 'string') return [entry]
     if (entry.skillId.startsWith('builtin-')) return [entry]
     const target = resolve('skill', entry.skillId)
     opts.record?.('skill', entry.skillId, target != null)
@@ -1221,12 +1224,12 @@ function collectClearedToolParamDependents(
   for (let index = 0; index < mergedTools.length; index++) {
     const tool = mergedTools[index]
     const targetTool = targetTools[index]
-    if (!isRecord(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') continue
-    if (!isRecord(targetTool) || targetTool.type !== tool.type) continue
+    if (!isRecordLike(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') continue
+    if (!isRecordLike(targetTool) || targetTool.type !== tool.type) continue
     const toolConfig = getBlock(tool.type)
     if (!toolConfig) continue
-    const targetParams = isRecord(targetTool.params) ? targetTool.params : {}
-    const mergedParams = isRecord(tool.params) ? tool.params : {}
+    const targetParams = isRecordLike(targetTool.params) ? targetTool.params : {}
+    const mergedParams = isRecordLike(tool.params) ? tool.params : {}
     // A tool's `operation` lives at the tool level, not in params, but conditions
     // reference it - merge it in so condition/required gating matches the editor.
     const mergedValues =
@@ -1364,10 +1367,10 @@ export function readTargetDraftDependentValue(
   if (nested) {
     const { toolInputId, index, paramId } = nested
     const targetTool = coerceObjectArray(targetDraftSubBlocks[toolInputId]?.value).array?.[index]
-    if (!isRecord(targetTool) || typeof targetTool.type !== 'string') return ''
+    if (!isRecordLike(targetTool) || typeof targetTool.type !== 'string') return ''
     const sourceTool = coerceObjectArray(sourceSubBlocks?.[toolInputId]?.value).array?.[index]
-    if (!isRecord(sourceTool) || sourceTool.type !== targetTool.type) return ''
-    const params = isRecord(targetTool.params) ? targetTool.params : {}
+    if (!isRecordLike(sourceTool) || sourceTool.type !== targetTool.type) return ''
+    const params = isRecordLike(targetTool.params) ? targetTool.params : {}
     const value = params[paramId]
     return typeof value === 'string' ? value : ''
   }
@@ -1395,7 +1398,7 @@ function applyNestedToolOverrides(
   const merged = array.map((tool, index) => {
     const forTool = items.filter((item) => item.index === index)
     if (forTool.length === 0) return tool
-    if (!isRecord(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') return tool
+    if (!isRecordLike(tool) || typeof tool.type !== 'string') return tool
     const toolConfig = getBlock(tool.type)
     if (!toolConfig) return tool
     const allowed = new Set(
@@ -1403,7 +1406,7 @@ function applyNestedToolOverrides(
         .filter((cfg) => cfg.id && cfg.dependsOn && cfg.selectorKey)
         .map((cfg) => cfg.id)
     )
-    const params = isRecord(tool.params) ? tool.params : {}
+    const params = isRecordLike(tool.params) ? tool.params : {}
     let nextParams: Record<string, unknown> | null = null
     for (const item of forTool) {
       if (!allowed.has(item.paramId)) continue
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/authoring/backend.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/authoring/backend.ts
index fa2a7bcde13..d874c6ab477 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/authoring/backend.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/authoring/backend.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { generateShortId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import { getMaxExecutionTimeout, getRemainingExecutionMs } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits'
 import { withPiSandbox } from '@/lib/execution/remote-sandbox'
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/search/extension-source'
 import { getPiProviderId } from '@/providers/pi-providers'
 import { executeTool } from '@/tools'
-import { isRecord, requiredRecord, requiredTrimmedString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
+import { requiredRecord, requiredTrimmedString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
 
 const logger = createLogger('PiCloudBackend')
 
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ async function openPullRequest(
     throw new Error(`PR creation failed for branch ${branch}: ${result.error ?? 'unknown error'}`)
   }
 
-  if (!isRecord(result.output)) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(result.output)) {
     throw new Error(`PR creation returned an invalid response for branch ${branch}`)
   }
   const metadata = requiredRecord(result.output, 'metadata', 'GitHub create pull request response')
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ async function repositoryDefaultBranch(
       `Failed to determine the repository default branch: ${result.error ?? 'unknown error'}`
     )
   }
-  if (!isRecord(result.output)) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(result.output)) {
     throw new Error('GitHub repository response must be an object')
   }
   return requiredTrimmedString(result.output, 'default_branch', 'GitHub repository response')
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/babysit/github.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/babysit/github.ts
index 5113746c80b..30556c8acaf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/babysit/github.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/babysit/github.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import type { BabysitRoundDecision } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/babysit/round'
 import {
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@ import {
 import { scrubPiSecrets } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/core/redaction'
 import { executeTool } from '@/tools'
 import {
-  isRecord,
   nullableNumber,
   nullableString,
   requiredBoolean,
@@ -205,12 +205,12 @@ function toolFailure(label: string, error: unknown): Error {
 }
 
 function parseReviewThread(value: unknown, index: number): ReviewThread {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`Review thread ${index} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`Review thread ${index} must be an object`)
   const commentsValue = value.comments
   if (!Array.isArray(commentsValue))
     throw new Error(`Review thread ${index}.comments must be an array`)
   const comments = commentsValue.map((comment, commentIndex) => {
-    if (!isRecord(comment)) {
+    if (!isRecordLike(comment)) {
       throw new Error(`Review thread ${index}.comments[${commentIndex}] must be an object`)
     }
     return {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ function parseReviewThread(value: unknown, index: number): ReviewThread {
 
 function parseLatestReview(value: unknown): SubmittedReviewSummary | null {
   if (value === null) return null
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error('latestReview must be an object or null')
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error('latestReview must be an object or null')
   return {
     state: requiredString(value, 'state', 'latestReview'),
     submittedAt: requiredString(value, 'submittedAt', 'latestReview'),
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ export async function fetchBabysitThreads(
     )
     if (!result.success) throw toolFailure('Failed to fetch review threads', result.error)
     const output = result.output
-    if (!isRecord(output) || !Array.isArray(output.threads)) {
+    if (!isRecordLike(output) || !Array.isArray(output.threads)) {
       throw new Error('Review thread response is incomplete')
     }
     const totalCount = requiredNumber(output, 'totalCount', 'Review thread response')
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ function normalizeCheck(context: StatusCheckRollupContext): BabysitCheck {
 }
 
 function parseCheckContext(value: unknown, index: number): StatusCheckRollupContext {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`Check context ${index} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`Check context ${index} must be an object`)
   const type = requiredString(value, '__typename', `Check context ${index}`)
   if (type === 'CheckRun') {
     return {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ export async function fetchBabysitCheckState(
       )
       if (!result.success) throw toolFailure('Failed to fetch checks', result.error)
       const output = result.output
-      if (!isRecord(output) || !Array.isArray(output.contexts)) {
+      if (!isRecordLike(output) || !Array.isArray(output.contexts)) {
         throw new Error('Check response is incomplete')
       }
       const totalCount = requiredNumber(output, 'totalCount', 'Check response')
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ async function fetchCheckDiagnostic(
       },
       { signal }
     )
-    if (result.success && isRecord(result.output) && typeof result.output.logs === 'string') {
+    if (result.success && isRecordLike(result.output) && typeof result.output.logs === 'string') {
       text = result.output.logs
     } else {
       // GitHub Actions reports null `title` and `summary` on every check run it
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ export async function requestBabysitReview(
       )
       if (
         result.success &&
-        isRecord(result.output) &&
+        isRecordLike(result.output) &&
         typeof result.output.id === 'number' &&
         Number.isSafeInteger(result.output.id)
       ) {
@@ -750,11 +750,11 @@ export async function babysitReviewLandedSince(
       },
       { signal }
     )
-    if (!result.success || !isRecord(result.output) || !Array.isArray(result.output.items)) {
+    if (!result.success || !isRecordLike(result.output) || !Array.isArray(result.output.items)) {
       return false
     }
     for (const item of result.output.items) {
-      if (!isRecord(item) || !isRecord(item.user)) continue
+      if (!isRecordLike(item) || !isRecordLike(item.user)) continue
       const id = item.id
       const createdAt = item.created_at
       if (
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/github-pr.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/github-pr.ts
index bab384185d0..dc72e46aced 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/github-pr.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/github-pr.ts
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
  * repository a credential is pointed at and which commit a write lands on.
  */
 
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { executeTool } from '@/tools'
 import { GITHUB_GRAPHQL_URL, githubGraphQlHeaders, readGraphQlData } from '@/tools/github/graphql'
 import {
-  isRecord,
   nullableBoolean,
   nullableString,
   requiredBoolean,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function requiredSha(record: Record<string, unknown>, field: string, context: st
 }
 
 export function parsePullRequestSnapshot(value: unknown): PullRequestSnapshot {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${PULL_REQUEST_RESPONSE_CONTEXT} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${PULL_REQUEST_RESPONSE_CONTEXT} must be an object`)
 
   const head = requiredRecord(value, 'head', PULL_REQUEST_RESPONSE_CONTEXT)
   const base = requiredRecord(value, 'base', PULL_REQUEST_RESPONSE_CONTEXT)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ export async function findOpenPrForBranch(
   }
 
   const output = result.output
-  if (!isRecord(output)) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(output)) {
     throw new Error('GitHub pull request list response.output must be an object')
   }
   const items = output.items
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ export async function findOpenPrForBranch(
     throw new Error(`Update PR found multiple open pull requests for branch ${params.branch}`)
   }
 
-  if (!isRecord(items[0])) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(items[0])) {
     throw new Error('GitHub pull request list response item must be an object')
   }
   const pullNumber = requiredNumber(items[0], 'number', 'GitHub pull request list response item')
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/review/backend.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/review/backend.ts
index 36c1bb7034e..cfd25533952 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/review/backend.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/cloud/review/backend.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { mkdtemp, rm } from 'node:fs/promises'
 import { tmpdir } from 'node:os'
 import { join } from 'node:path'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import { withPiSandbox } from '@/lib/execution/remote-sandbox'
 import { resolvePiRunLifetimeMs } from '@/lib/execution/remote-sandbox/pi-lifetime'
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ import {
 } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/search/normalize'
 import { getPiProviderId } from '@/providers/pi-providers'
 import { executeTool } from '@/tools'
-import { isRecord, requiredTrimmedString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
+import { requiredTrimmedString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
 import type { ReviewFindings } from '@/tools/github/review-schema'
 
 const logger = createLogger('PiCloudReviewBackend')
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ async function submitReview(
   }
 
   const output: unknown = result.output
-  if (!isRecord(output)) throw new Error(`${REVIEW_RESPONSE_CONTEXT} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(output)) throw new Error(`${REVIEW_RESPONSE_CONTEXT} must be an object`)
   if (output.commit_id !== null && output.commit_id !== headSha) {
     throw new Error('GitHub review response did not match the reviewed commit')
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/search/normalize.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/search/normalize.ts
index 9bc556d331f..af63a96a7c0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/search/normalize.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/search/normalize.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  * holds the two request paths together.
  */
 
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { PiSearchProvider } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/core/keys'
 
 /** The tool name Pi sees, in every mode. */
@@ -175,10 +176,6 @@ export function buildPiSearchProviderArgs(
   }
 }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
 function asText(value: unknown): string {
   return typeof value === 'string' ? value : ''
 }
@@ -258,7 +255,7 @@ export function buildPiSearchResult(fields: {
  */
 function firecrawlRecords(data: unknown): unknown[] {
   if (Array.isArray(data)) return data
-  if (!isRecord(data)) return []
+  if (!isRecordLike(data)) return []
   return Object.values(data).flatMap((value) => (Array.isArray(value) ? value : []))
 }
 
@@ -276,7 +273,7 @@ export function normalizePiSearchRecords(
 
   for (const record of records) {
     if (results.length >= limit) break
-    if (!isRecord(record)) continue
+    if (!isRecordLike(record)) continue
 
     let built: PiSearchResult | undefined
     switch (provider) {
@@ -328,7 +325,7 @@ export function normalizePiSearchRecords(
 
 /** Extracts the provider's result records from a normalized-or-raw response payload. */
 export function extractPiSearchRecords(provider: PiSearchProvider, payload: unknown): unknown[] {
-  if (!isRecord(payload)) return []
+  if (!isRecordLike(payload)) return []
   switch (provider) {
     case 'exa':
       return Array.isArray(payload.results) ? payload.results : []
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts
index a0ce1295633..b8d9768293b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   keepPreviousData,
   type UseQueryResult,
@@ -74,14 +75,10 @@ type OrganizationSubscriptionCandidate = {
 
 type OrganizationBillingQueryResult = UseQueryResult<OrganizationBillingApiResponse | null, Error>
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
-}
-
 function isOrganizationSubscriptionCandidate(
   value: unknown
 ): value is OrganizationSubscriptionCandidate {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return (
     typeof value.id === 'string' &&
     typeof value.referenceId === 'string' &&
@@ -402,8 +399,8 @@ export function useUpdateOrganizationUsageLimit() {
       queryClient.setQueryData<unknown>(
         organizationKeys.billing(organizationId),
         (old: unknown) => {
-          if (!isRecord(old) || !isRecord(old.data)) return old
-          const usage = isRecord(old.data.usage) ? old.data.usage : {}
+          if (!isRecordLike(old) || !isRecordLike(old.data)) return old
+          const usage = isRecordLike(old.data.usage) ? old.data.usage : {}
           const currentUsage =
             readNumber(old.data.currentUsage) ??
             readNumber(usage.current) ??
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/progress-markers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/progress-markers.ts
index 8499f9e9fed..32dcb11547e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/progress-markers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/progress-markers.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { isRecordLike as isRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getRedisClient } from '@/lib/core/config/redis'
 import { getExecutionReservationTtlMs } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits'
 import type { ExecutionLastCompletedBlock, ExecutionLastStartedBlock } from '@/lib/logs/types'
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ function safeJsonParse(raw: string | undefined): unknown {
  */
 function parseStartedMarker(raw: string | undefined): ExecutionLastStartedBlock | undefined {
   const v = safeJsonParse(raw)
-  if (!isRecord(v)) return undefined
+  if (!isRecordLike(v)) return undefined
   const { blockId, blockName, blockType, startedAt } = v
   if (
     typeof blockId === 'string' &&
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ function parseStartedMarker(raw: string | undefined): ExecutionLastStartedBlock
  */
 function parseCompletedMarker(raw: string | undefined): ExecutionLastCompletedBlock | undefined {
   const v = safeJsonParse(raw)
-  if (!isRecord(v)) return undefined
+  if (!isRecordLike(v)) return undefined
   const { blockId, blockName, blockType, endedAt, success } = v
   if (
     typeof blockId === 'string' &&
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/whatsapp.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/whatsapp.ts
index 5bde7ef5de7..a62fec720c4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/whatsapp.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/whatsapp.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { sha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hash'
 import { hmacSha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hmac'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, eq, isNull, or } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
@@ -14,26 +15,22 @@ import type {
 
 const logger = createLogger('WebhookProvider:WhatsApp')
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
-}
-
 function getWhatsAppChanges(
   body: unknown
 ): Array<{ field?: string; value: Record<string, unknown> }> {
-  if (!isRecord(body) || !Array.isArray(body.entry)) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(body) || !Array.isArray(body.entry)) {
     return []
   }
 
   const changes: Array<{ field?: string; value: Record<string, unknown> }> = []
 
   for (const entry of body.entry) {
-    if (!isRecord(entry) || !Array.isArray(entry.changes)) {
+    if (!isRecordLike(entry) || !Array.isArray(entry.changes)) {
       continue
     }
 
     for (const change of entry.changes) {
-      if (!isRecord(change) || !isRecord(change.value)) {
+      if (!isRecordLike(change) || !isRecordLike(change.value)) {
         continue
       }
 
@@ -48,7 +45,7 @@ function getWhatsAppChanges(
 }
 
 function normalizeWhatsAppContact(contact: Record<string, unknown>) {
-  const profile = isRecord(contact.profile) ? contact.profile : undefined
+  const profile = isRecordLike(contact.profile) ? contact.profile : undefined
 
   return {
     wa_id: typeof contact.wa_id === 'string' ? contact.wa_id : undefined,
@@ -75,7 +72,7 @@ function extractWhatsAppMedia(message: Record<string, unknown>) {
     return undefined
   }
 
-  const media = isRecord(message[type]) ? (message[type] as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
+  const media = isRecordLike(message[type]) ? (message[type] as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
   if (!media) {
     return undefined
   }
@@ -93,7 +90,7 @@ function normalizeWhatsAppMessage(
   message: Record<string, unknown>,
   metadata?: Record<string, unknown>
 ) {
-  const text = isRecord(message.text) ? message.text : undefined
+  const text = isRecordLike(message.text) ? message.text : undefined
   const media = extractWhatsAppMedia(message)
 
   return {
@@ -132,8 +129,8 @@ function normalizeWhatsAppStatus(
         : undefined,
     status: typeof status.status === 'string' ? status.status : undefined,
     timestamp: typeof status.timestamp === 'string' ? status.timestamp : undefined,
-    conversation: isRecord(status.conversation) ? status.conversation : undefined,
-    pricing: isRecord(status.pricing) ? status.pricing : undefined,
+    conversation: isRecordLike(status.conversation) ? status.conversation : undefined,
+    pricing: isRecordLike(status.pricing) ? status.pricing : undefined,
     raw: status,
   }
 }
@@ -270,7 +267,7 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     for (const { field, value } of getWhatsAppChanges(body)) {
       if (Array.isArray(value.messages)) {
         for (const message of value.messages) {
-          if (!isRecord(message) || typeof message.id !== 'string') {
+          if (!isRecordLike(message) || typeof message.id !== 'string') {
             continue
           }
 
@@ -280,7 +277,7 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
       if (Array.isArray(value.statuses)) {
         for (const status of value.statuses) {
-          if (!isRecord(status) || typeof status.id !== 'string') {
+          if (!isRecordLike(status) || typeof status.id !== 'string') {
             continue
           }
 
@@ -292,7 +289,7 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
       if (Array.isArray(value.groups)) {
         for (const group of value.groups) {
-          if (!isRecord(group) || typeof group.request_id !== 'string') {
+          if (!isRecordLike(group) || typeof group.request_id !== 'string') {
             continue
           }
 
@@ -309,7 +306,7 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   async formatInput({ body }: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
-    const payload = isRecord(body) ? body : undefined
+    const payload = isRecordLike(body) ? body : undefined
     const contacts: Array<{ wa_id?: string; profile?: { name?: string } }> = []
     const messages: Array<{
       messageId?: string
@@ -339,11 +336,11 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     }> = []
 
     for (const { value } of getWhatsAppChanges(body)) {
-      const metadata = isRecord(value.metadata) ? value.metadata : undefined
+      const metadata = isRecordLike(value.metadata) ? value.metadata : undefined
 
       if (Array.isArray(value.contacts)) {
         for (const contact of value.contacts) {
-          if (!isRecord(contact)) {
+          if (!isRecordLike(contact)) {
             continue
           }
 
@@ -353,7 +350,7 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
       if (Array.isArray(value.messages)) {
         for (const message of value.messages) {
-          if (!isRecord(message)) {
+          if (!isRecordLike(message)) {
             continue
           }
 
@@ -363,7 +360,7 @@ export const whatsappHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
       if (Array.isArray(value.statuses)) {
         for (const status of value.statuses) {
-          if (!isRecord(status)) {
+          if (!isRecordLike(status)) {
             continue
           }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids.ts
index 09217823190..2e5213ef178 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/remap-internal-ids.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { remapConditionBlockIds } from '@/lib/workflows/condition-ids'
 import { isDynamicHandleSubblock } from '@/lib/workflows/dynamic-handle-topology'
 import {
@@ -26,10 +27,6 @@ const DUPLICATE_STRIPPED_SYSTEM_SUBBLOCK_IDS = new Set(
   SYSTEM_SUBBLOCK_IDS.filter((id) => id !== 'triggerCredentials')
 )
 
-export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return Boolean(value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value))
-}
-
 /** Coerce a subblock value that holds a JSON array (stored as an array or a JSON string). */
 export function coerceObjectArray(value: unknown): { array: unknown[] | null; wasString: boolean } {
   if (Array.isArray(value)) return { array: value, wasString: false }
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ function remapVariableAssignment(value: unknown, varIdMap: Map<string, string>):
   if (Array.isArray(value)) {
     return value.map((item) => remapVariableAssignment(item, varIdMap))
   }
-  if (!isRecord(value)) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) {
     return value
   }
   const assignment = value as VariableAssignment
@@ -300,7 +297,8 @@ function remapWorkflowInputTools(
   if (!array) return value
   let changed = false
   const next = array.flatMap((tool) => {
-    if (!isRecord(tool) || tool.type !== 'workflow_input' || !isRecord(tool.params)) return [tool]
+    if (!isRecordLike(tool) || tool.type !== 'workflow_input' || !isRecordLike(tool.params))
+      return [tool]
     const workflowId = tool.params.workflowId
     if (typeof workflowId !== 'string') return [tool]
     const mapped = workflowIdMap.get(workflowId)
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts
index 2d0fdb23b7f..ae94808aa23 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { DEFAULT_SUBBLOCK_TYPE } from '@sim/workflow-persistence/subblocks'
 import type { SubBlockType } from '@sim/workflow-types/blocks'
 import { isWorkflowBlockProtected } from '@sim/workflow-types/workflow'
@@ -138,10 +139,6 @@ const TOOL_INPUT_TEXT_EXCLUDED_PATH_KEYS = new Set(['schema'])
 type WorkflowSearchSubBlockConfig = Pick<SubBlockConfig, 'id' | 'type'> & Partial<SubBlockConfig>
 type DisplayLabelLeaf = { value: string; path: WorkflowSearchValuePath; fieldTitle?: string }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
 function looksLikeStoredSkillList(value: unknown): boolean {
   return (
     Array.isArray(value) &&
@@ -315,10 +312,11 @@ function getOptionLabelLeaves(
 
 function getMcpDynamicArgEnumLabelLeaves(value: unknown, schema: unknown): DisplayLabelLeaf[] {
   const parsedValue = typeof value === 'string' ? safeParseJson(value) : value
-  if (!isRecord(parsedValue) || !isRecord(schema) || !isRecord(schema.properties)) return []
+  if (!isRecordLike(parsedValue) || !isRecordLike(schema) || !isRecordLike(schema.properties))
+    return []
 
   return Object.entries(schema.properties).flatMap(([paramName, paramSchema]) => {
-    if (!isRecord(paramSchema) || !Array.isArray(paramSchema.enum)) return []
+    if (!isRecordLike(paramSchema) || !Array.isArray(paramSchema.enum)) return []
     const selectedValue = parsedValue[paramName]
     if (selectedValue === undefined || selectedValue === null || selectedValue === '') return []
     return [
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/value-walker.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/value-walker.ts
index 3f9070fbfd6..4842f7670f7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/value-walker.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/value-walker.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { WorkflowSearchValuePath } from '@/lib/workflows/search-replace/types'
 
 export interface WalkedStringValue {
@@ -6,10 +7,6 @@ export interface WalkedStringValue {
   originalValue: unknown
 }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
 export function walkStringValues(
   value: unknown,
   path: WorkflowSearchValuePath = []
@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ export function walkStringValues(
     return value.flatMap((item, index) => walkStringValues(item, [...path, index]))
   }
 
-  if (isRecord(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     return Object.entries(value).flatMap(([key, item]) => walkStringValues(item, [...path, key]))
   }
 
@@ -38,7 +35,7 @@ export function getValueAtPath(value: unknown, path: WorkflowSearchValuePath): u
     if (Array.isArray(current) && typeof segment === 'number') {
       return current[segment]
     }
-    if (isRecord(current) && typeof segment === 'string') {
+    if (isRecordLike(current) && typeof segment === 'string') {
       return current[segment]
     }
     return undefined
@@ -61,7 +58,7 @@ export function setValueAtPath(
     return copy
   }
 
-  if (isRecord(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     if (typeof segment !== 'string') return value
     return {
       ...value,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/streaming/agent-stream-protocol.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/streaming/agent-stream-protocol.ts
index 6d7eb892696..f18ef078638 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/streaming/agent-stream-protocol.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/streaming/agent-stream-protocol.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
  * See docs: workflows/deployment/agent-events.
  */
 
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { isToolCallEndStatus, type ToolCallEndStatus } from '@/providers/stream-events'
 
 /** Lookup key. Lowercase because HTTP/2 lowercases on the wire; `Headers.get` is case-insensitive either way. */
@@ -112,17 +113,13 @@ export type ChatStreamFrame =
   | ChatStreamErrorFrame
   | ChatStreamStreamErrorFrame
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return Boolean(value) && typeof value === 'object'
-}
-
 /**
  * Answer text frame: `{ blockId, chunk }` with no `event` discriminator.
  * Positively defined so thinking/tool/terminal frames can never be appended
  * into the answer by a client that checks this first.
  */
 export function isChatChunkFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamChunkFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return (
     typeof value.blockId === 'string' &&
     typeof value.chunk === 'string' &&
@@ -132,12 +129,12 @@ export function isChatChunkFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamChunkFrame
 }
 
 export function isChatChunkResetFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamChunkResetFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return value.event === 'chunk_reset' && typeof value.blockId === 'string'
 }
 
 export function isChatThinkingFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamThinkingFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return (
     value.event === 'thinking' &&
     typeof value.blockId === 'string' &&
@@ -146,7 +143,7 @@ export function isChatThinkingFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamThinking
 }
 
 export function isChatToolFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamToolFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return (
     value.event === 'tool' &&
     typeof value.blockId === 'string' &&
@@ -163,17 +160,17 @@ export function isChatToolFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamToolFrame {
 }
 
 export function isChatFinalFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamFinalFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
-  return value.event === 'final' && isRecord(value.data)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
+  return value.event === 'final' && isRecordLike(value.data)
 }
 
 export function isChatErrorFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamErrorFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return value.event === 'error'
 }
 
 export function isChatStreamErrorFrame(value: unknown): value is ChatStreamStreamErrorFrame {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) return false
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
   return value.event === 'stream_error'
 }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/openai/utils.ts b/apps/sim/providers/openai/utils.ts
index 93d05f6b9c8..0586bf8741f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/openai/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/openai/utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type OpenAI from 'openai'
 import { Stream } from 'openai/streaming'
 import { buildOpenAIMessageContent } from '@/providers/attachments'
@@ -255,12 +256,8 @@ export function toResponsesToolChoice(
   return 'auto'
 }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
-}
-
 function extractTextFromMessageItem(item: unknown): string {
-  if (!isRecord(item)) {
+  if (!isRecordLike(item)) {
     return ''
   }
 
@@ -274,7 +271,7 @@ function extractTextFromMessageItem(item: unknown): string {
 
   const textParts: string[] = []
   for (const part of item.content) {
-    if (!isRecord(part)) {
+    if (!isRecordLike(part)) {
       continue
     }
 
@@ -361,7 +358,7 @@ export function extractResponseToolCalls(
   const toolCalls: ResponsesToolCall[] = []
 
   for (const item of output) {
-    if (!isRecord(item)) {
+    if (!isRecordLike(item)) {
       continue
     }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/stream-events.ts b/apps/sim/providers/stream-events.ts
index 09e460f730f..3180ffe1fb6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/stream-events.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/stream-events.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 /**
  * Canonical agent stream event contract (provider → executor).
  *
@@ -56,10 +57,6 @@ export type AgentStreamSink = {
 
 export type UnsubscribeAgentStreamSink = () => void
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
 export function isToolCallEndStatus(value: unknown): value is ToolCallEndStatus {
   return value === 'success' || value === 'error' || value === 'cancelled'
 }
@@ -73,7 +70,7 @@ export function isTextDeltaClassification(value: unknown): value is TextDeltaCla
 }
 
 export function isAgentStreamEvent(value: unknown): value is AgentStreamEvent {
-  if (!isRecord(value) || typeof value.type !== 'string') {
+  if (!isRecordLike(value) || typeof value.type !== 'string') {
     return false
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/scripts/function-sandbox-parity-manifest.ts b/apps/sim/scripts/function-sandbox-parity-manifest.ts
index 652607c3f0b..1c524860efa 100644
--- a/apps/sim/scripts/function-sandbox-parity-manifest.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/scripts/function-sandbox-parity-manifest.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   FUNCTION_NODE_MAJOR,
   FUNCTION_NPM_CLI_PACKAGE_CONTRACT,
@@ -36,12 +37,8 @@ export interface FunctionSandboxParityManifest {
   commands: string[]
 }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
 function requireRecord(value: unknown, field: string): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${field} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${field} must be an object`)
   return value
 }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/file/parser.ts b/apps/sim/tools/file/parser.ts
index 569cbf1ada0..44efaaf1b53 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/file/parser.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/file/parser.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { inferContextFromKey } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
 import type { UserFile } from '@/executor/types'
 import type {
@@ -15,11 +16,8 @@ import type { ToolConfig } from '@/tools/types'
 
 const logger = createLogger('FileParserTool')
 
-const isRecord = (value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> =>
-  Boolean(value) && typeof value === 'object'
-
 const isUserFile = (value: unknown): value is UserFile =>
-  isRecord(value) &&
+  isRecordLike(value) &&
   typeof value.id === 'string' &&
   typeof value.name === 'string' &&
   typeof value.url === 'string' &&
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ const isUserFile = (value: unknown): value is UserFile =>
   typeof value.key === 'string'
 
 const isFileParseResult = (value: unknown): value is FileParseResult =>
-  isRecord(value) &&
+  isRecordLike(value) &&
   typeof value.content === 'string' &&
   typeof value.fileType === 'string' &&
   typeof value.size === 'number' &&
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ const normalizeHeaders = (headers: FileParserInput['headers']): Record<string, s
 }
 
 const normalizeFileParseResult = (value: unknown): FileParseResult => {
-  if (isRecord(value) && isFileParseResult(value.output)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value) && isFileParseResult(value.output)) {
     return value.output
   }
 
@@ -58,9 +56,9 @@ const normalizeFileParseResult = (value: unknown): FileParseResult => {
     return value
   }
 
-  const record = isRecord(value) ? value : {}
+  const record = isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
   const file = isUserFile(record.file) ? record.file : undefined
-  const metadata = isRecord(record.metadata) ? record.metadata : undefined
+  const metadata = isRecordLike(record.metadata) ? record.metadata : undefined
   const fallback: FileParseResult = {
     content: typeof record.content === 'string' ? record.content : '',
     fileType: typeof record.fileType === 'string' ? record.fileType : '',
@@ -90,15 +88,15 @@ const parseFileParserResponse = async (response: Response): Promise<FileParserOu
   logger.info('Response parsed successfully')
 
   // Handle multiple files response
-  if (isRecord(result) && Array.isArray(result.results)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(result) && Array.isArray(result.results)) {
     logger.info('Processing multiple files response')
 
     const failedResults = result.results.filter(
-      (fileResult) => isRecord(fileResult) && fileResult.success === false
+      (fileResult) => isRecordLike(fileResult) && fileResult.success === false
     )
     if (failedResults.length === result.results.length) {
       const firstError = failedResults.find(
-        (fileResult) => isRecord(fileResult) && typeof fileResult.error === 'string'
+        (fileResult) => isRecordLike(fileResult) && typeof fileResult.error === 'string'
       )
       return {
         success: false,
@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ const parseFileParserResponse = async (response: Response): Promise<FileParserOu
           combinedContent: '',
         },
         error:
-          isRecord(firstError) && typeof firstError.error === 'string'
+          isRecordLike(firstError) && typeof firstError.error === 'string'
             ? firstError.error
             : 'Failed to parse files',
       }
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ const parseFileParserResponse = async (response: Response): Promise<FileParserOu
 
     // Extract individual file results
     const fileResults: FileParseResult[] = result.results
-      .filter((fileResult) => !(isRecord(fileResult) && fileResult.success === false))
+      .filter((fileResult) => !(isRecordLike(fileResult) && fileResult.success === false))
       .map((fileResult) => normalizeFileParseResult(fileResult))
 
     const processedFiles = fileResults.flatMap((file) => (file.file ? [file.file] : []))
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ const parseFileParserResponse = async (response: Response): Promise<FileParserOu
     }
   }
 
-  if (isRecord(result) && result.success === false) {
+  if (isRecordLike(result) && result.success === false) {
     return {
       success: false,
       output: {
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ const parseFileParserResponse = async (response: Response): Promise<FileParserOu
     files: [fileOutput],
     combinedContent:
       fileOutput.content ||
-      (isRecord(result) && typeof result.content === 'string' ? result.content : ''),
+      (isRecordLike(result) && typeof result.content === 'string' ? result.content : ''),
     ...(fileOutput.file && { processedFiles: [fileOutput.file] }),
   }
 
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ export const fileParserTool: ToolConfig<FileParserInput, FileParserOutput> = {
       const determinedFileType: string | undefined = params.fileType
 
       const resolveFilePath = (fileInput: unknown): string | null => {
-        if (!isRecord(fileInput)) return null
+        if (!isRecordLike(fileInput)) return null
 
         if (typeof fileInput.path === 'string') {
           return fileInput.path
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/create_pr_review.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/create_pr_review.ts
index b0ace3d7636..09c3335689e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/create_pr_review.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/create_pr_review.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
-  isRecord,
   nullableNonEmptyString,
   optionalNonEmptyString,
   readGitHubErrorMessage,
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ const REVIEW_RESPONSE_CONTEXT = 'GitHub review response'
 
 function parseReviewUser(value: unknown): GitHubReviewUser | null {
   if (value === null) return null
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error('GitHub review response has an invalid user')
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error('GitHub review response has an invalid user')
   const context = `${REVIEW_RESPONSE_CONTEXT}.user`
   return {
     login: requiredNonEmptyString(value, 'login', context),
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ function parseReviewUser(value: unknown): GitHubReviewUser | null {
 }
 
 function parseGitHubReview(value: unknown): GitHubReview {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error('GitHub review response must be an object')
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error('GitHub review response must be an object')
   const submittedAt = optionalNonEmptyString(value, 'submitted_at', REVIEW_RESPONSE_CONTEXT)
   return {
     id: requiredNumber(value, 'id', REVIEW_RESPONSE_CONTEXT),
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/graphql.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/graphql.ts
index 9df77d2d10e..63558cd7164 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/graphql.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/graphql.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
  * the two response shapes every query has to handle the same way.
  */
 
-import { isRecord, readGitHubErrorMessage } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { readGitHubErrorMessage } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
 
 export const GITHUB_GRAPHQL_URL = 'https://api.github.com/graphql'
 
@@ -36,20 +37,20 @@ export async function readGraphQlData(
   }
 
   const payload: unknown = await response.json()
-  if (!isRecord(payload)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(payload)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
 
   const errors = payload.errors
   if (Array.isArray(errors) && errors.length > 0) {
     const first: unknown = errors[0]
     const message =
-      isRecord(first) && typeof first.message === 'string' && first.message.trim()
+      isRecordLike(first) && typeof first.message === 'string' && first.message.trim()
         ? first.message
         : 'unknown GraphQL error'
     throw new Error(`${context} returned an error: ${message}`)
   }
 
   const data = payload.data
-  if (!isRecord(data)) throw new Error(`${context}.data must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(data)) throw new Error(`${context}.data must be an object`)
   return data
 }
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ export function parsePageInfo(
   value: unknown,
   context: string
 ): { hasNextPage: boolean; endCursor: string | null } {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
   const hasNextPage = value.hasNextPage
   if (typeof hasNextPage !== 'boolean') {
     throw new Error(`${context}.hasNextPage must be a boolean`)
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/list_review_threads.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/list_review_threads.ts
index fb675d8dd51..ef706a20cab 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/list_review_threads.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/list_review_threads.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   GITHUB_GRAPHQL_MAX_PAGE_SIZE,
   GITHUB_GRAPHQL_URL,
@@ -6,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   readGraphQlData,
 } from '@/tools/github/graphql'
 import {
-  isRecord,
   nullableNumber,
   requiredBoolean,
   requiredNumber,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ function parseAuthor(
   context: string
 ): { authorLogin: string | null; authorType: string | null } {
   if (value === null || value === undefined) return { authorLogin: null, authorType: null }
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object or null`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object or null`)
   return {
     authorLogin: requiredString(value, 'login', context),
     authorType: requiredString(value, '__typename', context),
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ function parseAuthor(
 }
 
 function parseComment(value: unknown, context: string): ReviewThreadComment {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
   return {
     body: requiredString(value, 'body', context),
     authorAssociation: requiredString(value, 'authorAssociation', context),
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ function parseComment(value: unknown, context: string): ReviewThreadComment {
 
 function parseThread(value: unknown, index: number): ReviewThread {
   const context = `${CONTEXT}.threads[${index}]`
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
 
   const comments = value.comments
-  if (!isRecord(comments)) throw new Error(`${context}.comments must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(comments)) throw new Error(`${context}.comments must be an object`)
   const commentNodes = comments.nodes
   if (!Array.isArray(commentNodes)) throw new Error(`${context}.comments.nodes must be an array`)
 
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ function parseThread(value: unknown, index: number): ReviewThread {
 }
 
 function parseLatestReview(value: unknown): SubmittedReviewSummary | null {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.reviews must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.reviews must be an object`)
   const nodes = value.nodes
   if (!Array.isArray(nodes)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.reviews.nodes must be an array`)
   const newest: unknown = nodes.at(-1)
   if (newest === undefined) return null
 
   const context = `${CONTEXT}.reviews.latest`
-  if (!isRecord(newest)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(newest)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
   const submittedAt = newest.submittedAt
   if (typeof submittedAt !== 'string') {
     throw new Error(`${context}.submittedAt must be a string`)
@@ -221,12 +221,13 @@ export const listReviewThreadsTool: ToolConfig<ListReviewThreadsParams, ListRevi
       const data = await readGraphQlData(response, CONTEXT)
 
       const repository = data.repository
-      if (!isRecord(repository)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.repository was not found`)
+      if (!isRecordLike(repository)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.repository was not found`)
       const pullRequest = repository.pullRequest
-      if (!isRecord(pullRequest)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.pullRequest was not found`)
+      if (!isRecordLike(pullRequest)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.pullRequest was not found`)
 
       const reviewThreads = pullRequest.reviewThreads
-      if (!isRecord(reviewThreads)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.reviewThreads must be an object`)
+      if (!isRecordLike(reviewThreads))
+        throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.reviewThreads must be an object`)
       const nodes = reviewThreads.nodes
       if (!Array.isArray(nodes)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.reviewThreads.nodes must be an array`)
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/pr.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/pr.ts
index 224a7eceec8..6460911ea2a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/pr.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/pr.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
-  isRecord,
   nullableBoolean,
   nullableString,
   optionalString,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const PULL_REQUEST_FILES_PER_PAGE = 100
 const MAX_PULL_REQUEST_FILES = 3_000
 
 function parsePullRequestUser(value: unknown, context: string): GitHubPullRequestUser {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
 
   return {
     login: requiredString(value, 'login', context),
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ function parseNullablePullRequestUser(
  */
 function parseBranchRepoFullName(repo: unknown, context: string): string | null {
   if (repo === null || repo === undefined) return null
-  if (!isRecord(repo)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object or null`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(repo)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object or null`)
   return requiredString(repo, 'full_name', context)
 }
 
 function parsePullRequestBranch(value: unknown, context: string): GitHubPullRequestBranch {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
 
   return {
     label: requiredString(value, 'label', context),
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ function parsePullRequestBranch(value: unknown, context: string): GitHubPullRequ
 }
 
 function parsePullRequest(value: unknown): GitHubPullRequest {
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error('GitHub pull request response must be an object')
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error('GitHub pull request response must be an object')
 
   return {
     id: requiredNumber(value, 'id', 'pull_request'),
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ function parsePullRequest(value: unknown): GitHubPullRequest {
 
 function parsePullRequestFile(value: unknown, index: number): GitHubPullRequestFile {
   const context = `pull_request_files[${index}]`
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
 
   const patch = optionalString(value, 'patch', context)
   const previousFilename = optionalString(value, 'previous_filename', context)
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/reply_review_thread.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/reply_review_thread.ts
index 62c8ad48fb8..e1e29802026 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/reply_review_thread.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/reply_review_thread.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { GITHUB_GRAPHQL_URL, githubGraphQlHeaders, readGraphQlData } from '@/tools/github/graphql'
-import { isRecord, requiredString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
+import { requiredString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
 import type { ReplyReviewThreadParams, ReplyReviewThreadResponse } from '@/tools/github/types'
 import type { ToolConfig } from '@/tools/types'
 
@@ -67,10 +68,10 @@ export const replyReviewThreadTool: ToolConfig<ReplyReviewThreadParams, ReplyRev
       const data = await readGraphQlData(response, CONTEXT)
 
       const payload = data.addPullRequestReviewThreadReply
-      if (!isRecord(payload))
+      if (!isRecordLike(payload))
         throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.addPullRequestReviewThreadReply is missing`)
       const comment = payload.comment
-      if (!isRecord(comment)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.comment is missing`)
+      if (!isRecordLike(comment)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.comment is missing`)
 
       return {
         success: true,
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/resolve_review_thread.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/resolve_review_thread.ts
index b8a0c796019..60feb2f47c6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/resolve_review_thread.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/resolve_review_thread.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { GITHUB_GRAPHQL_URL, githubGraphQlHeaders, readGraphQlData } from '@/tools/github/graphql'
-import { isRecord, requiredBoolean, requiredString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
+import { requiredBoolean, requiredString } from '@/tools/github/response-parsers'
 import type { ResolveReviewThreadParams, ResolveReviewThreadResponse } from '@/tools/github/types'
 import type { ToolConfig } from '@/tools/types'
 
@@ -54,9 +55,9 @@ export const resolveReviewThreadTool: ToolConfig<
     const data = await readGraphQlData(response, CONTEXT)
 
     const payload = data.resolveReviewThread
-    if (!isRecord(payload)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.resolveReviewThread is missing`)
+    if (!isRecordLike(payload)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.resolveReviewThread is missing`)
     const thread = payload.thread
-    if (!isRecord(thread)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.thread is missing`)
+    if (!isRecordLike(thread)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.thread is missing`)
 
     return {
       success: true,
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/response-parsers.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/response-parsers.ts
index 26f5bde5616..1ea34104b13 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/response-parsers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/response-parsers.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 export function requiredString(
   record: Record<string, unknown>,
   key: string,
@@ -136,14 +133,14 @@ export function requiredRecord(
   context: string
 ): Record<string, unknown> {
   const value = record[key]
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context}.${key} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context}.${key} must be an object`)
   return value
 }
 
 export async function readGitHubErrorMessage(response: Response): Promise<string | undefined> {
   try {
     const value: unknown = await response.json()
-    if (!isRecord(value)) return undefined
+    if (!isRecordLike(value)) return undefined
     const message = value.message
     return typeof message === 'string' && message.trim() ? message : undefined
   } catch {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/status_check_rollup.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/status_check_rollup.ts
index 6675c05ded0..6cf929ae335 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/status_check_rollup.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/status_check_rollup.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   GITHUB_GRAPHQL_MAX_PAGE_SIZE,
   GITHUB_GRAPHQL_URL,
@@ -6,7 +7,6 @@ import {
   readGraphQlData,
 } from '@/tools/github/graphql'
 import {
-  isRecord,
   nullableNumber,
   nullableString,
   requiredBoolean,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ const ROLLUP_QUERY = `
 
 function parseRollupContext(value: unknown, index: number): StatusCheckRollupContext {
   const context = `${CONTEXT}.contexts[${index}]`
-  if (!isRecord(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
+  if (!isRecordLike(value)) throw new Error(`${context} must be an object`)
 
   const typename = requiredString(value, '__typename', context)
   if (typename === 'CheckRun') {
@@ -215,12 +215,12 @@ export const statusCheckRollupTool: ToolConfig<StatusCheckRollupParams, StatusCh
       const data = await readGraphQlData(response, CONTEXT)
 
       const repository = data.repository
-      if (!isRecord(repository)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.repository was not found`)
+      if (!isRecordLike(repository)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.repository was not found`)
 
       // A SHA GitHub does not know is not "no checks" — reporting it as an empty
       // rollup is exactly how a caller would produce a false green.
       const object = repository.object
-      if (!isRecord(object)) {
+      if (!isRecordLike(object)) {
         throw new Error(`Commit ${params?.sha ?? '(unknown)'} was not found in the repository`)
       }
       if (object.__typename !== 'Commit') {
@@ -234,11 +234,11 @@ export const statusCheckRollupTool: ToolConfig<StatusCheckRollupParams, StatusCh
           output: { state: null, totalCount: 0, hasNextPage: false, endCursor: null, contexts: [] },
         }
       }
-      if (!isRecord(rollup))
+      if (!isRecordLike(rollup))
         throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.statusCheckRollup must be an object or null`)
 
       const contexts = rollup.contexts
-      if (!isRecord(contexts)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.contexts must be an object`)
+      if (!isRecordLike(contexts)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.contexts must be an object`)
       const nodes = contexts.nodes
       if (!Array.isArray(nodes)) throw new Error(`${CONTEXT}.contexts.nodes must be an array`)
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/google_forms/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/google_forms/utils.ts
index 4d7db7a44fe..0a9c45bdcbf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/google_forms/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/google_forms/utils.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 
 export const FORMS_API_BASE = 'https://forms.googleapis.com/v1'
 
 const logger = createLogger('GoogleFormsUtils')
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object'
-}
-
 export function getGoogleFormsErrorMessage(data: unknown, fallback: string): string {
-  if (!isRecord(data)) return fallback
+  if (!isRecordLike(data)) return fallback
 
   const { error } = data
-  if (!isRecord(error)) return fallback
+  if (!isRecordLike(error)) return fallback
 
   const { message } = error
   return typeof message === 'string' ? message : fallback
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts
index 4fc6320e4c7..7cfeb4440db 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import type { ZodType } from 'zod'
 import { isPayloadSizeLimitError, readResponseTextWithLimit } from '@/lib/core/utils/stream-limits'
@@ -79,12 +80,8 @@ interface ReadTikTokApiResponseOptions {
   signal?: AbortSignal
 }
 
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-}
-
 function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  return isRecord(value) ? value : null
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : null
 }
 
 function parseTikTokError(value: unknown): TikTokApiError | null {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/whatsapp/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/whatsapp/utils.ts
index 8b176422ebe..882a5178415 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/whatsapp/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/whatsapp/utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { WhatsAppMediaType, WhatsAppSendResponse } from '@/tools/whatsapp/types'
 
 /** WhatsApp Cloud API Graph version used by every outbound tool. */
@@ -65,14 +66,10 @@ export function buildAuthHeaders(accessToken: string | undefined): Record<string
   }
 }
 
-export function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null
-}
-
 export async function parseWhatsAppResponse(response: Response): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
   const responseText = await response.text()
   const parsed = responseText ? (JSON.parse(responseText) as unknown) : {}
-  return isRecord(parsed) ? parsed : {}
+  return isRecordLike(parsed) ? parsed : {}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -84,10 +81,10 @@ export async function parseWhatsAppResponse(response: Response): Promise<Record<
  * along with the numeric `code` that the error-code reference is keyed on.
  */
 export function extractWhatsAppErrorMessage(data: Record<string, unknown>, status: number): string {
-  const error = isRecord(data.error) ? data.error : undefined
+  const error = isRecordLike(data.error) ? data.error : undefined
   const summary = typeof error?.message === 'string' ? error.message : undefined
   const details =
-    isRecord(error?.error_data) && typeof error.error_data.details === 'string'
+    isRecordLike(error?.error_data) && typeof error.error_data.details === 'string'
       ? error.error_data.details
       : undefined
   const code = typeof error?.code === 'number' ? error.code : undefined
@@ -170,13 +167,13 @@ export async function transformWhatsAppSendResponse(
   }
 
   const contacts = Array.isArray(data.contacts)
-    ? data.contacts.filter(isRecord).map((contact) => ({
+    ? data.contacts.filter(isRecordLike).map((contact) => ({
         input: typeof contact.input === 'string' ? contact.input : '',
         wa_id: typeof contact.wa_id === 'string' ? contact.wa_id : null,
       }))
     : []
   const firstMessage =
-    Array.isArray(data.messages) && isRecord(data.messages[0]) ? data.messages[0] : undefined
+    Array.isArray(data.messages) && isRecordLike(data.messages[0]) ? data.messages[0] : undefined
   const messageId = typeof firstMessage?.id === 'string' ? firstMessage.id : undefined
   const messageStatus =
     typeof firstMessage?.message_status === 'string' ? firstMessage.message_status : undefined

From 0fa258fee5771c273629cb136cc26bb7eefe15b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 14:38:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/6] refactor: replace inline record guards with isRecordLike
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

103 inline `typeof x === 'object' && x !== null && !Array.isArray(x)` guards
(and the `x &&` / `Boolean(x)` spellings of the same conjunction) now call the
shared guard. Inside a conjunction that already asserts `typeof x === 'object'`,
`x &&` and `x !== null` are interchangeable, so all three orderings are the same
predicate at runtime.

Only exactly-equivalent conjunctions were converted. Matching required the three
clauses to be one adjacent conjunction over the same operand, so a nearby but
unrelated clause cannot be absorbed — generic-handler.ts, where the array case is
handled inside the block rather than excluded by the guard, is correctly left
alone.

Two sites were reverted after type-check rejected them: instagram/server-utils.ts
and workflows/[id]/log/route.ts both cast straight to a specific interface, which
is legal from `object` but not from `Record<string, unknown>`. Their narrowing is
genuinely not identical, so they keep the inline form rather than acquiring a
double cast.

Left as-is: `packages/ts-sdk` (published with no runtime dependencies) and the two
sandbox sources written into E2B/Daytona as text, which cannot import.
---
 .../main/browser-import/chromium-profiles.ts  |  3 ++-
 .../app/api/desktop/tool/authorize/route.ts   |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts    |  5 ++--
 .../sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts | 12 ++++-----
 apps/sim/app/api/tools/file/manage/route.ts   |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/app/api/tools/tts/unified/route.ts   | 10 +++----
 .../preview/use-file-preview-controller.ts    |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/blocks/blocks/smartlead.ts           |  3 ++-
 .../lib/background-work/store.ts              |  5 ++--
 .../lib/copy/copy-workflows.ts                |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/executor/execution/block-executor.ts |  3 ++-
 .../human-in-the-loop-handler.ts              |  8 +++---
 apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/pi-sdk.ts  |  3 ++-
 .../workflow/custom-block-tool-runner.ts      |  5 ++--
 .../handlers/workflow/workflow-handler.ts     |  2 +-
 .../handlers/workflow/workflow-tool-runner.ts |  8 +++---
 apps/sim/executor/utils/start-block.ts        |  2 +-
 apps/sim/lib/admin/dashboard.ts               |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/lib/auth/connectors/providers.ts     |  8 +++---
 apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-outbox.ts     |  5 ++--
 .../lib/billing/enterprise-provisioning.ts    |  5 ++--
 .../request/go/file-preview-adapter.ts        |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/stream.ts     |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts     |  3 ++-
 .../lib/copilot/request/tool-call-state.ts    |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts   | 10 +++----
 .../tools/client/terminal-tool-execution.ts   |  5 ++--
 .../tools/registry/server-tool-adapter.ts     |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/router.ts   |  7 ++---
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/tool-display.ts    | 15 ++++-------
 .../lib/execution/model-input-provenance.ts   | 12 +++------
 .../lib/execution/private-tool-metadata.ts    |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/trace-store.ts    |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/lib/managed-agents/session-client.ts |  3 ++-
 .../sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts |  2 +-
 apps/sim/lib/table/select-values.ts           |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/env-resolver.ts         |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts            |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts     |  7 ++---
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/linear.ts     |  2 +-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts | 14 ++++------
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/vercel.ts     |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zoom.ts       | 10 +++----
 .../application/update-workflow-content.ts    | 10 +++----
 .../lib/workflows/blocks/flatten-outputs.ts   |  5 ++--
 .../sim/lib/workflows/comparison/normalize.ts |  5 ++--
 .../executor/human-in-the-loop-manager.ts     |  7 +----
 .../lib/workflows/persistence/duplicate.ts    | 27 +++++--------------
 .../lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts   | 10 +++----
 apps/sim/lib/workflows/tool-input/types.ts    | 14 +++++-----
 .../lib/workflows/triggers/mock-payload.ts    |  4 ++-
 .../sim/lib/workflows/triggers/run-options.ts |  4 +--
 apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts   |  3 ++-
 .../sim/lib/workspace-events/subscriptions.ts |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/providers/anthropic/core.ts          |  5 +---
 .../anthropic/streaming-tool-loop.ts          |  5 +---
 apps/sim/providers/bedrock/index.ts           | 12 +++------
 apps/sim/providers/trace-enrichment.ts        |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/azure_data_explorer/query.ts   |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/convex/list_tables.ts          |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts             |  9 +++----
 apps/sim/tools/index.ts                       | 12 +++------
 apps/sim/tools/merge-params.ts                |  6 +----
 apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts              |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/persona/utils.ts               |  9 +++----
 apps/sim/tools/prospeo/utils.ts               |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts       |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/publish_message.ts    |  6 ++---
 apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts              |  5 ++--
 apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts            |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/shared/tags.ts                 |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/supabase/invoke_function.ts    |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts           |  3 ++-
 apps/sim/tools/wiza/prospect_search.ts        |  8 ++----
 packages/logger/src/index.ts                  |  4 +--
 77 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 277 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/chromium-profiles.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/chromium-profiles.ts
index a82525aecd5..3f87c04e3b6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/chromium-profiles.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/chromium-profiles.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { constants } from 'node:fs'
 import { access, lstat, readdir, readFile, realpath } from 'node:fs/promises'
 import { homedir } from 'node:os'
 import { join } from 'node:path'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   BROWSER_SOURCES,
   type BrowserSource,
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ async function readProfileDisplayNames(userDataDir: string): Promise<Map<string,
     const raw = await readFile(join(userDataDir, 'Local State'), 'utf8')
     const infoCache = (JSON.parse(raw) as { profile?: { info_cache?: unknown } }).profile
       ?.info_cache
-    if (infoCache && typeof infoCache === 'object' && !Array.isArray(infoCache)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(infoCache)) {
       for (const [dir, info] of Object.entries(infoCache as Record<string, unknown>)) {
         if (!PROFILE_DIR_PATTERN.test(dir)) continue
         const name = (info as { name?: unknown })?.name
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/desktop/tool/authorize/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/desktop/tool/authorize/route.ts
index 1ebbae72f2b..27c8515e78c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/desktop/tool/authorize/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/desktop/tool/authorize/route.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { isBrowserToolName } from '@sim/browser-protocol'
 import { isTerminalToolName } from '@sim/terminal-protocol'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { authorizeDesktopToolContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/desktop-tool-authorization'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
@@ -43,10 +44,7 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
     return createNotFoundResponse('Pending client tool call not found')
   }
 
-  const args =
-    toolCall.args && typeof toolCall.args === 'object' && !Array.isArray(toolCall.args)
-      ? (toolCall.args as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : {}
+  const args = isRecordLike(toolCall.args) ? (toolCall.args as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
   const isBrowserTool = isBrowserToolName(toolCall.toolName)
   const isTerminalTool = isTerminalToolName(toolCall.toolName)
   const authorized =
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts
index 47d16dcb288..15f15c88b5f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { Principal } from '@sim/auth/principal'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { sha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hash'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { functionExecuteContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
@@ -1031,9 +1032,7 @@ function inspectMountedWorkspaceFileProvenance(
 }
 
 function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function getPositiveNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
index 80c16fdda81..52bf7c0fd74 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import {
   workspace,
 } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, asc, eq, gt, isNull, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import {
@@ -265,12 +266,9 @@ function toToolInputSchema(schema: unknown): Partial<Tool['inputSchema']> {
   if (!schema || typeof schema !== 'object' || Array.isArray(schema)) return {}
 
   const candidate = schema as Record<string, unknown>
-  const properties =
-    candidate.properties &&
-    typeof candidate.properties === 'object' &&
-    !Array.isArray(candidate.properties)
-      ? (candidate.properties as Tool['inputSchema']['properties'])
-      : {}
+  const properties = isRecordLike(candidate.properties)
+    ? (candidate.properties as Tool['inputSchema']['properties'])
+    : {}
   const required = Array.isArray(candidate.required)
     ? candidate.required.filter((entry): entry is string => typeof entry === 'string')
     : undefined
@@ -282,7 +280,7 @@ function toToolInputSchema(schema: unknown): Partial<Tool['inputSchema']> {
 }
 
 function isJsonObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return isRecordLike(value)
 }
 
 function parseJsonValue(text: string): { success: true; value: unknown } | { success: false } {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/file/manage/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/file/manage/route.ts
index 71191f1887d..48936493e09 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/file/manage/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/file/manage/route.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { Buffer, isUtf8 } from 'buffer'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateShortId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import JSZip from 'jszip'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { fileManageContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/tools/file'
@@ -480,7 +481,7 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
         const { fileId, fileInput } = body
         const selectedFileId =
           fileId ||
-          (fileInput && typeof fileInput === 'object' && !Array.isArray(fileInput)
+          (isRecordLike(fileInput)
             ? (() => {
                 const obj = fileInput as Record<string, unknown>
                 return typeof obj.id === 'string'
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/tts/unified/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/tts/unified/route.ts
index 80cc10db05b..f86d6332970 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/tts/unified/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/tts/unified/route.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import {
@@ -167,12 +168,9 @@ export const POST = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
           modelId: body.modelId,
           voice: body.voice,
           language: body.language,
-          outputFormat:
-            body.outputFormat &&
-            typeof body.outputFormat === 'object' &&
-            !Array.isArray(body.outputFormat)
-              ? (body.outputFormat as CartesiaTtsParams['outputFormat'])
-              : undefined,
+          outputFormat: isRecordLike(body.outputFormat)
+            ? (body.outputFormat as CartesiaTtsParams['outputFormat'])
+            : undefined,
           speed: body.speed,
           emotion: body.emotion,
         })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/preview/use-file-preview-controller.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/preview/use-file-preview-controller.ts
index 02ca681bf37..1ae960be93b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/preview/use-file-preview-controller.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/home/hooks/preview/use-file-preview-controller.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   useCallback,
   useRef,
 } from 'react'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import type { SyntheticFilePreviewPayload } from '@/lib/copilot/request/session'
 import type { FilePreviewSession } from '@/lib/copilot/request/session/file-preview-session-contract'
@@ -32,9 +33,7 @@ interface FilePreviewControllerDeps {
 }
 
 function asPayloadRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : undefined
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/apps/sim/blocks/blocks/smartlead.ts b/apps/sim/blocks/blocks/smartlead.ts
index 6da7223db1c..2eef1dc6269 100644
--- a/apps/sim/blocks/blocks/smartlead.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/blocks/blocks/smartlead.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { SmartleadIcon } from '@/components/icons'
 import type { BlockConfig, BlockMeta } from '@/blocks/types'
 import { AuthMode, IntegrationType } from '@/blocks/types'
@@ -1206,7 +1207,7 @@ function parseJsonArray(value: unknown, label: string): unknown[] | undefined {
 }
 
 function parseJsonObject(value: unknown, label: string): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
-  if (value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     return value as Record<string, unknown>
   }
   if (typeof value !== 'string' || value.trim() === '') return undefined
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/background-work/store.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/background-work/store.ts
index facb4431fbd..bc9eb612f2d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/background-work/store.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/background-work/store.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { backgroundWorkStatus, workspace } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   and,
   desc,
@@ -192,9 +193,7 @@ export async function finishBackgroundWork(
 
 /** Coerce an unknown jsonb metadata value to a plain record for safe merging. */
 function toMetadataRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-workflows.ts b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-workflows.ts
index 3d5cbb2bf71..cc8da0e3600 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-workflows.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/workspace-forking/lib/copy/copy-workflows.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { folder as folderTable, workflow, workflowBlocks } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, eq, inArray, isNull } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { DbOrTx } from '@/lib/db/types'
 import { assertFolderCollectionHasRoom } from '@/lib/folders/queries'
@@ -447,7 +448,7 @@ export async function copyWorkflowStateIntoTarget(
     const newBlockId = blockIdMapping.get(oldBlockId)!
 
     let updatedData = block.data
-    if (block.data && typeof block.data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(block.data)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(block.data)) {
       const dataObj = block.data as Record<string, unknown>
       if (typeof dataObj.parentId === 'string' && blockIdMapping.has(dataObj.parentId)) {
         updatedData = {
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/execution/block-executor.ts b/apps/sim/executor/execution/block-executor.ts
index 58458d14c90..2ffc212f49b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/execution/block-executor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/execution/block-executor.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger, type Logger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { isTimeoutAbortReason } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits/types'
 import { redactApiKeys } from '@/lib/core/security/redaction'
 import { normalizeStringArray } from '@/lib/core/utils/arrays'
@@ -852,7 +853,7 @@ export class BlockExecutor {
               }
             })()
           : mapping
-      inputs = parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed) ? parsed : {}
+      inputs = isRecordLike(parsed) ? parsed : {}
     }
 
     const result: Record<string, any> = {}
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/human-in-the-loop/human-in-the-loop-handler.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/human-in-the-loop/human-in-the-loop-handler.ts
index 032640d1b7e..1b019b01805 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/human-in-the-loop/human-in-the-loop-handler.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/human-in-the-loop/human-in-the-loop-handler.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getBaseUrl } from '@/lib/core/utils/urls'
 import type { BlockOutput } from '@/blocks/types'
 import {
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ export class HumanInTheLoopBlockHandler implements BlockHandler {
 
       if (operation === PAUSE_RESUME.OPERATION.API) {
         const parsed = this.parseResponseData(inputs)
-        if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+        if (isRecordLike(parsed)) {
           responseData = {
             ...parsed,
             operation,
@@ -169,10 +170,7 @@ export class HumanInTheLoopBlockHandler implements BlockHandler {
       }
 
       const responseDataWithResume =
-        resumeLinks &&
-        responseData &&
-        typeof responseData === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(responseData)
+        resumeLinks && isRecordLike(responseData)
           ? { ...responseData, _resume: resumeLinks }
           : responseData
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/pi-sdk.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/pi-sdk.ts
index 2ee17ae3e9c..30e43c61b54 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/pi-sdk.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/pi-sdk.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { InMemoryCredentialStore } from '@earendil-works/pi-ai'
 import type { ModelRuntime, ResourceLoader, ToolDefinition } from '@earendil-works/pi-coding-agent'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { PiToolSpec } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/core/backend'
 import { createScrubbedPiError, scrubPiSecrets } from '@/executor/handlers/pi/core/redaction'
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ export function loadPiSdk(): Promise<PiSdk> {
 }
 
 function isToolArguments(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return isRecordLike(value)
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/custom-block-tool-runner.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/custom-block-tool-runner.ts
index c1dd651be1a..f0f0083192d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/custom-block-tool-runner.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/custom-block-tool-runner.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
-import { isPlainRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isPlainRecord, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { BillingAttributionSnapshot } from '@/lib/billing/core/billing-attribution'
 import type { PiiBlockOutputRedaction } from '@/executor/execution/types'
 import { WorkflowBlockHandler } from '@/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-handler'
@@ -160,8 +160,7 @@ export async function runCustomBlockTool(
     })
     // Custom blocks never stream (no `onStream` on the synthetic ctx), so the
     // handler always returns the projected BlockOutput object.
-    const normalized: Record<string, any> =
-      output && typeof output === 'object' && !Array.isArray(output) ? output : { result: output }
+    const normalized: Record<string, any> = isRecordLike(output) ? output : { result: output }
     return { success: true, output: normalized }
   } catch (error) {
     // The handler throws a consumer-safe `ChildWorkflowError` on failure. The
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-handler.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-handler.ts
index 796aae1eb01..b56631f9167 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-handler.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-handler.ts
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ export class WorkflowBlockHandler implements BlockHandler {
       if (inputs.inputMapping !== undefined && inputs.inputMapping !== null) {
         const normalized = parseJSON(inputs.inputMapping, inputs.inputMapping)
 
-        if (normalized && typeof normalized === 'object' && !Array.isArray(normalized)) {
+        if (isRecordLike(normalized)) {
           // Custom blocks key their mapping by the source field's stable id so a
           // rename never orphans the consumer's value; remap id → current name
           // before the child (which is addressed by name) receives it.
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-tool-runner.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-tool-runner.ts
index b37675bc849..010b7cae36e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-tool-runner.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/workflow/workflow-tool-runner.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { calculateCostSummary } from '@/lib/logs/execution/logging-factory'
 import type { TraceSpan } from '@/lib/logs/types'
 import { ChildWorkflowError } from '@/executor/errors/child-workflow-error'
@@ -123,10 +124,9 @@ export async function runWorkflowTool(
       workflowId: params.workflowId,
       inputMapping,
     })
-    const normalized: Record<string, unknown> =
-      output && typeof output === 'object' && !Array.isArray(output)
-        ? (output as Record<string, unknown>)
-        : { result: output }
+    const normalized: Record<string, unknown> = isRecordLike(output)
+      ? (output as Record<string, unknown>)
+      : { result: output }
     const result: ToolResponse = { success: true, output: normalized }
     await markResultProvenanceCrossing(options.resolvedSecretTraceRegistry, result)
     return result
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/utils/start-block.ts b/apps/sim/executor/utils/start-block.ts
index 169307452cf..a40fc42260a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/utils/start-block.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/utils/start-block.ts
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ function extractSubBlocks(block: SerializedBlock): Record<string, unknown> | und
   }
 
   const subBlocks = maybeWithSubBlocks.subBlocks
-  if (subBlocks && typeof subBlocks === 'object' && !Array.isArray(subBlocks)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(subBlocks)) {
     return subBlocks
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/admin/dashboard.ts b/apps/sim/lib/admin/dashboard.ts
index 6f0ee065cc1..94e98072645 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/admin/dashboard.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/admin/dashboard.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
 } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, count, countDistinct, desc, eq, ilike, inArray, isNull, or, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import {
   getOrganizationUsageLimitFallbackDollars,
@@ -72,9 +73,7 @@ export interface AdminMutationActor {
 }
 
 function metadataRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function metadataNumber(metadata: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): number | null {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/auth/connectors/providers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/auth/connectors/providers.ts
index 0119da1e4ac..041b0c35ec8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/auth/connectors/providers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/auth/connectors/providers.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { getOAuth2Tokens } from '@better-auth/core/oauth2'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { GenericOAuthConfig } from 'better-auth/plugins'
 import { syntheticConnectorEmail } from '@/lib/auth/connector-email'
 import { env } from '@/lib/core/config/env'
@@ -1044,10 +1045,9 @@ export function buildConnectorProviders(): GenericOAuthConfig[] {
         // error_description: '...' }. The status-only guard therefore never
         // fires, so surface the actual error/description instead of collapsing
         // every failure into one opaque "no access token" string.
-        const errorObj =
-          data && typeof data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(data)
-            ? (data as { error?: unknown; error_description?: unknown })
-            : {}
+        const errorObj = isRecordLike(data)
+          ? (data as { error?: unknown; error_description?: unknown })
+          : {}
         const zohoError = typeof errorObj.error === 'string' ? errorObj.error : undefined
         const zohoErrorDescription =
           typeof errorObj.error_description === 'string' ? errorObj.error_description : undefined
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-outbox.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-outbox.ts
index 283f4330a38..b5c8576cd3f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-outbox.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-outbox.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { outboxEvent } from '@sim/db/schema'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, desc, eq, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type Stripe from 'stripe'
 import { z } from 'zod'
@@ -201,9 +202,7 @@ export async function assertNoCompetingEnterpriseIssuance(
 }
 
 function metadataRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function positiveInteger(value: unknown): number | null {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-provisioning.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-provisioning.ts
index 613b206070a..ed838f9c2c4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-provisioning.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/enterprise-provisioning.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { AuditAction, AuditResourceType, recordAudit } from '@sim/audit'
 import { db } from '@sim/db'
 import { member, organization, outboxEvent, subscription, user } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, count, desc, eq, inArray, isNull, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type Stripe from 'stripe'
 import { parseBillingConcurrencyLimit } from '@/lib/billing/concurrency-defaults'
@@ -33,9 +34,7 @@ import { enqueueOutboxEvent, type OutboxHandler } from '@/lib/core/outbox/servic
 const TERMINAL_STATUSES = new Set<string>(TERMINAL_SUBSCRIPTION_STATUSES)
 
 function metadataRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function isNonterminalSubscriptionStatus(status: string | null | undefined): boolean {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/file-preview-adapter.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/file-preview-adapter.ts
index b79254a211e..7810c55ff55 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/file-preview-adapter.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/file-preview-adapter.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { executeCopilotFileUseCase } from '@/lib/copilot/application/execute-file-use-case'
 import { MothershipStreamV1EventType } from '@/lib/copilot/generated/mothership-stream-v1'
 import {
@@ -57,9 +58,7 @@ const PATCH_PREVIEW_SNAPSHOT_INTERVAL_MS = 80
 const DELTA_PREVIEW_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL_MS = 1000
 
 function asJsonRecord(value: unknown): JsonRecord | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as JsonRecord)
-    : undefined
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as JsonRecord) : undefined
 }
 
 function toPreviewTargetKind(kind: string | undefined): FilePreviewTargetKind | undefined {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/stream.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/stream.ts
index ab924af5e67..3377e6bd6b2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/stream.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/go/stream.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { type Context, SpanStatusCode } from '@opentelemetry/api'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { ORCHESTRATION_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/lib/copilot/constants'
 import {
   MothershipStreamV1EventType,
@@ -57,9 +58,7 @@ type SubagentSpanData = {
 }
 
 function asJsonRecord(value: unknown): JsonRecord | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as JsonRecord)
-    : undefined
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as JsonRecord) : undefined
 }
 
 function parseSubagentSpanData(value: unknown): SubagentSpanData | undefined {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts
index 47fa1f5b549..3f65c94827b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { STREAM_BUFFER_MAX_DEDUP_ENTRIES } from '@/lib/copilot/constants'
 import {
   isToolCallStreamEvent,
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ import type { StreamEvent } from '@/lib/copilot/request/types'
 
 /** Safely cast event.data to a record for property access. */
 export const asRecord = (data: unknown): Record<string, unknown> =>
-  (data && typeof data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(data) ? data : {}) as Record<string, unknown>
+  (isRecordLike(data) ? data : {}) as Record<string, unknown>
 
 /**
  * In-memory tool event dedupe with bounded size.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tool-call-state.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tool-call-state.ts
index fd4cdcf060d..d0c636e502b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tool-call-state.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tool-call-state.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { toolResultForModel } from '@/lib/copilot/chat/sim-key-redaction'
 import {
   MothershipStreamV1ToolOutcome,
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ function getToolCallTerminalDataRaw(
       typeof toolCall.error === 'string' && toolCall.error.length > 0
         ? toolCall.error
         : 'Tool failed without an error message'
-    if (output && typeof output === 'object' && !Array.isArray(output)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(output)) {
       return 'error' in output ? output : { ...output, error }
     }
     return { output, error }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts
index 035ca0b85d0..518c139beee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { FunctionExecute, UserTable } from '@/lib/copilot/generated/tool-catalog-v1'
 import { CopilotOutputFileOutcome } from '@/lib/copilot/generated/trace-attribute-values-v1'
 import { TraceAttr } from '@/lib/copilot/generated/trace-attributes-v1'
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ export function extractTabularData(output: unknown): Record<string, unknown>[] |
   const obj = output as Record<string, unknown>
 
   // user_table query_rows shape: { data: { rows: [{ data: {...} }], totalCount } }
-  if (obj.data && typeof obj.data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(obj.data)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(obj.data)) {
     const data = obj.data as Record<string, unknown>
     if (Array.isArray(data.rows) && data.rows.length > 0) {
       const rows = data.rows as Record<string, unknown>[]
@@ -356,10 +357,9 @@ export async function maybeWriteOutputToFile(
   }
   const { userId, workspaceId } = context
 
-  const outputObject =
-    result.output && typeof result.output === 'object' && !Array.isArray(result.output)
-      ? (result.output as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : undefined
+  const outputObject = isRecordLike(result.output)
+    ? (result.output as Record<string, unknown>)
+    : undefined
   const resultObject =
     outputObject?.result &&
     typeof outputObject.result === 'object' &&
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/terminal-tool-execution.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/terminal-tool-execution.ts
index 9779eeae1ee..378f56fd133 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/terminal-tool-execution.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/terminal-tool-execution.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  * and reports the outcome via the confirm endpoint, which wakes the
  * server-side waiter.
  */
+
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import {
   isTerminalOperation,
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   type TerminalToolArgs,
 } from '@sim/terminal-protocol'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { ASYNC_TOOL_CONFIRMATION_STATUS } from '@/lib/copilot/async-runs/lifecycle'
 import { COPILOT_CONFIRM_API_PATH } from '@/lib/copilot/constants'
 import { reportClientToolCompletion } from '@/lib/copilot/tools/client/completion'
@@ -89,8 +91,7 @@ function parseCall(params: Record<string, unknown>): {
   const args = params.args
   return {
     operation,
-    args:
-      args && typeof args === 'object' && !Array.isArray(args) ? (args as TerminalToolArgs) : {},
+    args: isRecordLike(args) ? (args as TerminalToolArgs) : {},
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/registry/server-tool-adapter.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/registry/server-tool-adapter.ts
index 76e001fe4f5..b853e6ae492 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/registry/server-tool-adapter.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/registry/server-tool-adapter.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { messageForCopilotApplicationError } from '@/lib/copilot/application/error'
 import { projectToolErrorMessageForCopilot } from '@/lib/copilot/request/tools/resolved-secret-result'
 import type { ToolExecutionResult, ToolHandler } from '@/lib/copilot/tool-executor/types'
@@ -30,10 +31,7 @@ export function createServerToolHandler(toolId: string): ToolHandler {
         resolvedSecretTraceRegistry: context.resolvedSecretTraceRegistry,
       })
 
-      const rec =
-        result && typeof result === 'object' && !Array.isArray(result)
-          ? (result as Record<string, unknown>)
-          : null
+      const rec = isRecordLike(result) ? (result as Record<string, unknown>) : null
       if (rec?.success === false) {
         const message =
           (typeof rec.error === 'string' && rec.error) ||
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/router.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/router.ts
index 2eb7b1d681a..d53a43748ad 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/router.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/router.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { z } from 'zod'
 import { getBlockVisibilityForCopilot } from '@/lib/copilot/block-visibility'
 import {
@@ -233,11 +234,7 @@ export async function routeExecution(
   // nested "args" object. Unwrap that before validation so the generated
   // JSON Schema sees the flat tool contract shape.
   let normalizedPayload = payload ?? {}
-  if (
-    normalizedPayload &&
-    typeof normalizedPayload === 'object' &&
-    !Array.isArray(normalizedPayload)
-  ) {
+  if (isRecordLike(normalizedPayload)) {
     const raw = normalizedPayload as Record<string, unknown>
     if (raw.args && typeof raw.args === 'object' && !raw.operation) {
       const nested = raw.args as Record<string, unknown>
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/tool-display.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/tool-display.ts
index 9d3e30c37c6..c62db5ce326 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/tool-display.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/tool-display.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { stripVersionSuffix } from '@sim/utils/string'
 
 /**
@@ -45,9 +46,7 @@ function nestedStringArg(args: ToolArgs, parentKey: string, ...keys: string[]):
 
 function recordArg(args: ToolArgs, key: string): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
   const value = args?.[key]
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : undefined
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
 }
 
 function stringOrNumberArg(args: ToolArgs, key: string): string {
@@ -369,9 +368,8 @@ function setGlobalWorkflowVariablesTitle(args: ToolArgs): string {
   const operations = args?.operations
   if (!Array.isArray(operations) || operations.length === 0) return 'Setting workflow variables'
 
-  const parsed = operations.filter(
-    (operation): operation is Record<string, unknown> =>
-      Boolean(operation) && typeof operation === 'object' && !Array.isArray(operation)
+  const parsed = operations.filter((operation): operation is Record<string, unknown> =>
+    isRecordLike(operation)
   )
   const operationNames = parsed.map((operation) => stringArg(operation, 'operation'))
   const firstOperation = operationNames[0]
@@ -645,10 +643,7 @@ const TERMINAL_OPERATION_TITLES: Record<string, string> = {
 function terminalTitle(args: ToolArgs): string {
   const operation = stringArg(args, 'operation')
   const nested = args?.args
-  const inner: ToolArgs =
-    nested && typeof nested === 'object' && !Array.isArray(nested)
-      ? (nested as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : undefined
+  const inner: ToolArgs = isRecordLike(nested) ? (nested as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
   if (operation === 'run') return runningCommandTitle(stringArg(inner, 'command'))
   if (operation === 'handoff') {
     // Matches the browser takeover row: the reason is the whole point of the
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/execution/model-input-provenance.ts b/apps/sim/lib/execution/model-input-provenance.ts
index 40b04e852ef..6bc03c62bce 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/execution/model-input-provenance.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/execution/model-input-provenance.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isPlainRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isPlainRecord, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   PRIVATE_SECRET_PROVENANCE_BUNDLE_V1,
   PRIVATE_SECRET_PROVENANCE_FIELD,
@@ -473,10 +473,7 @@ export function inspectModelInputProvenanceRequest(
   headers: HeaderReader,
   payload: unknown
 ): ModelInputProvenanceInspection {
-  const record =
-    payload !== null && typeof payload === 'object' && !Array.isArray(payload)
-      ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : undefined
+  const record = isRecordLike(payload) ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
   const hasProvenance = record ? Object.hasOwn(record, RESOLVED_SECRET_PROVENANCE_FIELD) : false
   const receivedType = headers.get(PRIVATE_MODEL_INPUT_PROVENANCE_HEADER)
 
@@ -493,10 +490,7 @@ export function inspectPrivateSecretProvenanceRequest(
   headers: HeaderReader,
   payload: unknown
 ): ModelInputProvenanceInspection {
-  const record =
-    payload !== null && typeof payload === 'object' && !Array.isArray(payload)
-      ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : undefined
+  const record = isRecordLike(payload) ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
   const hasProvenance = record ? Object.hasOwn(record, PRIVATE_SECRET_PROVENANCE_FIELD) : false
   const receivedType = headers.get(PRIVATE_SECRET_PROVENANCE_HEADER)
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/execution/private-tool-metadata.ts b/apps/sim/lib/execution/private-tool-metadata.ts
index 436408ac4be..d760522de74 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/execution/private-tool-metadata.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/execution/private-tool-metadata.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 export const PRIVATE_TOOL_METADATA_REQUEST_HEADER = 'x-sim-request-private-tool-metadata'
 export const PRIVATE_TOOL_METADATA_RESPONSE_HEADER = 'x-sim-private-tool-metadata'
 export const MAX_PRIVATE_TOOL_METADATA_OVERHEAD_BYTES = 10 * 1024 * 1024
@@ -109,10 +110,7 @@ export function inspectPrivateToolMetadataEnvelope(
   expectedType: PrivateToolMetadataType
 ): PrivateToolMetadataEnvelopeInspection {
   const capability = inspectPrivateToolMetadataResponseCapability(headers, expectedType)
-  const record =
-    payload !== null && typeof payload === 'object' && !Array.isArray(payload)
-      ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : undefined
+  const record = isRecordLike(payload) ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
   const hasNames = record ? Object.hasOwn(record, RESOLVED_SECRET_NAMES_FIELD) : false
   const hasProvenance = record ? Object.hasOwn(record, RESOLVED_SECRET_PROVENANCE_FIELD) : false
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/trace-store.ts b/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/trace-store.ts
index 38d62dcdf8c..fc3306d597c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/trace-store.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/logs/execution/trace-store.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { isLargeValueRef } from '@/lib/execution/payloads/large-value-ref'
 import { materializeLargeValueRef, storeLargeValue } from '@/lib/execution/payloads/store'
 import { FunctionalOutputsUnavailableError } from '@/lib/logs/execution/functional-outputs'
@@ -343,9 +343,7 @@ export async function materializeExecutionDataForDisplayWithBlockOutputs(
 }
 
 function readRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | undefined {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : undefined
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
 }
 
 async function importResolvedSecretTraceRegistry(
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/managed-agents/session-client.ts b/apps/sim/lib/managed-agents/session-client.ts
index aa3a6c7643e..388aab8e4a6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/managed-agents/session-client.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/managed-agents/session-client.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 /**
  * Provider-neutral HTTP client for the Claude Platform Managed Agents API.
  *
@@ -743,7 +744,7 @@ export function parseSessionSnapshot(raw: unknown): SessionSnapshot {
   }
 
   if (typeof body.title === 'string') snapshot.title = body.title
-  if (body.metadata && typeof body.metadata === 'object' && !Array.isArray(body.metadata)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(body.metadata)) {
     const metadata: Record<string, string> = {}
     for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(body.metadata as Record<string, unknown>)) {
       if (typeof value === 'string') metadata[key] = value
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts
index 5e938c64731..2a861155fd3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ function mergeConditions(existing: unknown, incoming: unknown): Record<string, J
 }
 
 function toOperatorObject(value: unknown): Record<string, JsonValue> {
-  if (value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     return { ...(value as Record<string, JsonValue>) }
   }
   return { $eq: value as JsonValue }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/select-values.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/select-values.ts
index 5c1c2ae0f60..fa568546006 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/select-values.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/select-values.ts
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  * both the legacy `$` grammar and the v2 predicate tree.
  */
 
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { buildIdByName, getColumnId, predicateNamesToIds } from '@/lib/table/column-keys'
 import { resolveSelectOptionId } from '@/lib/table/select-options'
 import type {
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ export function resolveFilterSelectValues(filter: Filter, columns: ColumnDefinit
         continue
       }
       const options = column.options
-      if (value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+      if (isRecordLike(value)) {
         const ops = value as ConditionOperators
         const next: ConditionOperators = { ...ops }
         if (ops.$eq !== undefined)
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/env-resolver.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/env-resolver.ts
index 1a2fb413fbd..13975c2c956 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/env-resolver.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/env-resolver.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getEffectiveDecryptedEnv } from '@/lib/environment/utils'
 import { resolveEnvVarReferences } from '@/executor/utils/reference-validation'
 
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ export async function resolveEnvVarsInObject<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(
  * Normalizes webhook provider config into a plain object for runtime resolution.
  */
 export function normalizeWebhookProviderConfig(providerConfig: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (providerConfig && typeof providerConfig === 'object' && !Array.isArray(providerConfig)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(providerConfig)) {
     return providerConfig as Record<string, unknown>
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts
index e1162a13a8e..35cba00ece0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { db, webhook, webhookPathClaim, workflow, workflowDeploymentVersion } fr
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import { and, eq, isNull, or } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
@@ -693,9 +694,7 @@ export interface WebhookDispatchResult {
 }
 
 function parseProviderConfig(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function getCredentialId(providerConfig: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts
index 2d2d9e66f58..d1f0c4b7543 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { secureFetchWithValidation } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { getNotificationUrl, getProviderConfig } from '@/lib/webhooks/provider-subscription-utils'
@@ -115,11 +116,7 @@ export const gitlabHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     const branch = ref.replace('refs/heads/', '')
     const objectAttributes = b.object_attributes
     let input: Record<string, unknown> = { ...b, event_type: eventType, branch }
-    if (
-      objectAttributes &&
-      typeof objectAttributes === 'object' &&
-      !Array.isArray(objectAttributes)
-    ) {
+    if (isRecordLike(objectAttributes)) {
       const workItemType = (objectAttributes as Record<string, unknown>).type
       if (workItemType !== undefined) {
         input = {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts
index 256c763d367..e9faf76c3ed 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { hmacSha256Base64 } from '@sim/security/hmac'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
   AuthContext,
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ function verifyIncidentioSignature(
 }
 
 function asObject(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  if (value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     return value as Record<string, unknown>
   }
   return null
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/linear.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/linear.ts
index dd0068ff561..0734212bd3b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/linear.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/linear.ts
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export const linearHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     const b = isRecordLike(body) ? body : {}
     const rawActor = b.actor
     let actor: unknown = null
-    if (rawActor && typeof rawActor === 'object' && !Array.isArray(rawActor)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(rawActor)) {
       const a = rawActor as Record<string, unknown>
       const { type: linearActorType, ...rest } = a
       actor = {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts
index 8ead8812df0..76d6fd32fee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
   AuthContext,
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ export function extractSalesforceObjectTypeFromPayload(
   }
 
   const record = body.record
-  if (record && typeof record === 'object' && !Array.isArray(record)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(record)) {
     const r = record as Record<string, unknown>
     if (typeof r.sobjectType === 'string') {
       return r.sobjectType
@@ -50,14 +51,12 @@ function verifySalesforceSharedSecret(request: Request, secret: string): boolean
 }
 
 function asRecord(body: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return body && typeof body === 'object' && !Array.isArray(body)
-    ? (body as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(body) ? (body as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function extractRecordCore(body: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> {
   const nested = body.record
-  if (nested && typeof nested === 'object' && !Array.isArray(nested)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(nested)) {
     return { ...(nested as Record<string, unknown>) }
   }
 
@@ -150,10 +149,7 @@ export const salesforceHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
   async formatInput(ctx: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
     const rawPc = (ctx.webhook as { providerConfig?: unknown }).providerConfig
-    const pc =
-      rawPc && typeof rawPc === 'object' && !Array.isArray(rawPc)
-        ? (rawPc as Record<string, unknown>)
-        : {}
+    const pc = isRecordLike(rawPc) ? (rawPc as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
     const id = typeof pc.triggerId === 'string' ? pc.triggerId : ''
     const body = asRecord(ctx.body)
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts
index 8118bd72ed8..2044385a42f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
   AuthContext,
@@ -10,9 +11,7 @@ import { verifyTokenAuth } from '@/lib/webhooks/providers/utils'
 const logger = createLogger('WebhookProvider:ServiceNow')
 
 function asRecord(body: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return body && typeof body === 'object' && !Array.isArray(body)
-    ? (body as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(body) ? (body as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 export const servicenowHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/vercel.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/vercel.ts
index 099931c4ad4..93319493703 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/vercel.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/vercel.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import crypto from 'crypto'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { getNotificationUrl, getProviderConfig } from '@/lib/webhooks/provider-subscription-utils'
 import type {
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ export const vercelHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
     const linksRaw = payload.links
     let links: { deployment: string; project: string } | null = null
-    if (linksRaw && typeof linksRaw === 'object' && !Array.isArray(linksRaw)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(linksRaw)) {
       const L = linksRaw as Record<string, unknown>
       const dep = L.deployment
       const proj = L.project
@@ -279,7 +280,7 @@ export const vercelHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     let deploymentMeta: Record<string, unknown> | null = null
     if (deployment && typeof deployment === 'object') {
       const meta = (deployment as Record<string, unknown>).meta
-      if (meta && typeof meta === 'object' && !Array.isArray(meta)) {
+      if (isRecordLike(meta)) {
         deploymentMeta = meta as Record<string, unknown>
       }
     }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zoom.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zoom.ts
index 60f4e0ef749..677b39aa9cb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zoom.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zoom.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { hmacSha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hmac'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, eq } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
@@ -67,12 +68,9 @@ async function resolveZoomChallengeSecrets(
 
   const resolvedRows = await Promise.all(
     rows.map(async (row) => {
-      const rawConfig =
-        row.providerConfig &&
-        typeof row.providerConfig === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(row.providerConfig)
-          ? (row.providerConfig as Record<string, unknown>)
-          : {}
+      const rawConfig = isRecordLike(row.providerConfig)
+        ? (row.providerConfig as Record<string, unknown>)
+        : {}
 
       try {
         const config = await resolveEnvVarsInObject(
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/application/update-workflow-content.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/application/update-workflow-content.ts
index 9d60b59d277..d654907c506 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/application/update-workflow-content.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/application/update-workflow-content.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { assertWorkflowMutable, WorkflowLockedError } from '@sim/platform-authz/workflow'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { BlockState, WorkflowState } from '@sim/workflow-types/workflow'
 import { and, eq, isNull } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { OrchestrationError } from '@/lib/core/orchestration/types'
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ function coerceWorkflowVariableValue(value: unknown, type: string): unknown {
   try {
     const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(String(value))
     if (type === 'array' && Array.isArray(parsed)) return parsed
-    if (type === 'object' && parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    if (type === 'object' && isRecordLike(parsed)) {
       return parsed
     }
   } catch (error) {
@@ -103,10 +104,9 @@ function applyVariableOperations(
   currentVariables: unknown,
   operations: readonly WorkflowVariableOperation[]
 ): { variables: Record<string, WorkflowVariable>; changed: boolean } {
-  const current =
-    currentVariables && typeof currentVariables === 'object' && !Array.isArray(currentVariables)
-      ? (currentVariables as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : {}
+  const current = isRecordLike(currentVariables)
+    ? (currentVariables as Record<string, unknown>)
+    : {}
   const byName = new Map<string, WorkflowVariable>()
   for (const value of Object.values(current)) {
     if (
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/blocks/flatten-outputs.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/blocks/flatten-outputs.ts
index c00c367d28a..44d393b6323 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/blocks/flatten-outputs.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/blocks/flatten-outputs.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * output shapes, BFS sort order) don't drift between consumers.
  */
 
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getEffectiveBlockOutputs } from '@/lib/workflows/blocks/block-outputs'
 
 /**
@@ -90,9 +91,7 @@ export function flattenWorkflowOutputs(
     const add = (path: string, outputObj: unknown, prefix = ''): void => {
       const fullPath = prefix ? `${prefix}.${path}` : path
       const declaredType =
-        outputObj &&
-        typeof outputObj === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(outputObj) &&
+        isRecordLike(outputObj) &&
         'type' in (outputObj as object) &&
         typeof (outputObj as { type: unknown }).type === 'string'
           ? (outputObj as { type: string }).type
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/comparison/normalize.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/comparison/normalize.ts
index 94a1ba0c17a..ac3d3b74365 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/comparison/normalize.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/comparison/normalize.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  * Used by both client-side signature computation and server-side comparison.
  */
 
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   normalizeWorkflowEdgeSourceHandle,
   normalizeWorkflowEdgeTargetHandle,
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ export function sanitizeTools(tools: unknown[] | undefined): Record<string, unkn
   if (!Array.isArray(tools)) return []
 
   return tools.map((tool) => {
-    if (tool && typeof tool === 'object' && !Array.isArray(tool)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(tool)) {
       const { isExpanded, ...rest } = tool as ToolWithExpanded
       return rest
     }
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@ type InputFormatItem = Record<string, unknown> & { collapsed?: boolean }
 export function sanitizeInputFormat(inputFormat: unknown[] | undefined): Record<string, unknown>[] {
   if (!Array.isArray(inputFormat)) return []
   return inputFormat.map((item) => {
-    if (item && typeof item === 'object' && !Array.isArray(item)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(item)) {
       const { collapsed, ...rest } = item as InputFormatItem
       return rest
     }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/human-in-the-loop-manager.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/human-in-the-loop-manager.ts
index d6c51041c17..2dfef26f5d4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/human-in-the-loop-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/human-in-the-loop-manager.ts
@@ -1189,12 +1189,7 @@ export class PauseResumeManager {
       })()
 
       const submissionPayload =
-        normalizedResumeInputRaw &&
-        typeof normalizedResumeInputRaw === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(normalizedResumeInputRaw) &&
-        normalizedResumeInputRaw.submission &&
-        typeof normalizedResumeInputRaw.submission === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(normalizedResumeInputRaw.submission)
+        isRecordLike(normalizedResumeInputRaw) && isRecordLike(normalizedResumeInputRaw.submission)
           ? (normalizedResumeInputRaw.submission as Record<string, any>)
           : (normalizedResumeInputRaw as Record<string, any>)
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/duplicate.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/duplicate.ts
index 92d9f140628..31a7c342e56 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/duplicate.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/persistence/duplicate.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   FolderLockedError,
 } from '@sim/platform-authz/workflow'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   normalizeWorkflowEdgeSourceHandle,
   normalizeWorkflowEdgeTargetHandle,
@@ -276,10 +277,7 @@ export async function duplicateWorkflow(
         const newBlockId = blockIdMapping.get(block.id)!
 
         // Update parent ID to point to the new parent block ID if it exists
-        const blockData =
-          block.data && typeof block.data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(block.data)
-            ? (block.data as any)
-            : {}
+        const blockData = isRecordLike(block.data) ? (block.data as any) : {}
         let newParentId = blockData.parentId
         if (blockData.parentId && blockIdMapping.has(blockData.parentId)) {
           newParentId = blockIdMapping.get(blockData.parentId)!
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ export async function duplicateWorkflow(
         // Update data.parentId and extent if they exist in the data object
         let updatedData = block.data
         let newExtent = blockData.extent
-        if (block.data && typeof block.data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(block.data)) {
+        if (isRecordLike(block.data)) {
           const dataObj = block.data as any
           if (dataObj.parentId && typeof dataObj.parentId === 'string') {
             updatedData = { ...dataObj }
@@ -303,29 +301,16 @@ export async function duplicateWorkflow(
 
         // Update variable references in subBlocks (e.g. variables-input assignments)
         let updatedSubBlocks = block.subBlocks
-        if (
-          updatedSubBlocks &&
-          typeof updatedSubBlocks === 'object' &&
-          !Array.isArray(updatedSubBlocks)
-        ) {
+        if (isRecordLike(updatedSubBlocks)) {
           updatedSubBlocks = sanitizeSubBlocksForDuplicate(updatedSubBlocks as SubBlockRecord)
         }
-        if (
-          varIdMapping.size > 0 &&
-          updatedSubBlocks &&
-          typeof updatedSubBlocks === 'object' &&
-          !Array.isArray(updatedSubBlocks)
-        ) {
+        if (varIdMapping.size > 0 && isRecordLike(updatedSubBlocks)) {
           updatedSubBlocks = remapVariableIdsInSubBlocks(
             updatedSubBlocks as SubBlockRecord,
             varIdMapping
           )
         }
-        if (
-          updatedSubBlocks &&
-          typeof updatedSubBlocks === 'object' &&
-          !Array.isArray(updatedSubBlocks)
-        ) {
+        if (isRecordLike(updatedSubBlocks)) {
           updatedSubBlocks = remapWorkflowReferencesInSubBlocks(
             updatedSubBlocks as SubBlockRecord,
             workflowIdMap
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts
index ae94808aa23..5b5dccf4307 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer.ts
@@ -144,11 +144,7 @@ function looksLikeStoredSkillList(value: unknown): boolean {
     Array.isArray(value) &&
     value.length > 0 &&
     value.every(
-      (item) =>
-        item &&
-        typeof item === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(item) &&
-        typeof (item as Record<string, unknown>).skillId === 'string'
+      (item) => isRecordLike(item) && typeof (item as Record<string, unknown>).skillId === 'string'
     )
   )
 }
@@ -163,7 +159,7 @@ function looksLikeStructuredString(value: string): boolean {
 
 function getFallbackToolParamType(value: unknown, paramType?: string): SubBlockType {
   if (paramType === 'object') return 'workflow-input-mapper'
-  if (value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) return 'workflow-input-mapper'
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) return 'workflow-input-mapper'
   if (typeof value !== 'string') return DEFAULT_SUBBLOCK_TYPE as SubBlockType
 
   const trimmed = value.trim()
@@ -173,7 +169,7 @@ function getFallbackToolParamType(value: unknown, paramType?: string): SubBlockT
 
   try {
     const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(trimmed)
-    if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(parsed)) {
       return 'workflow-input-mapper'
     }
   } catch {}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/tool-input/types.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/tool-input/types.ts
index 6e4fe0ced6e..9c1914a7f2a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/tool-input/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/tool-input/types.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+
 interface StoredToolSchema {
   description?: string
   properties?: Record<string, unknown>
@@ -39,10 +41,9 @@ export function parseStoredToolInputValue(value: unknown): ParsedStoredTool[] {
     const record = tool as Record<string, unknown>
     if (typeof record.type !== 'string') return []
 
-    const params =
-      record.params && typeof record.params === 'object' && !Array.isArray(record.params)
-        ? (record.params as Record<string, unknown>)
-        : undefined
+    const params = isRecordLike(record.params)
+      ? (record.params as Record<string, unknown>)
+      : undefined
 
     return [
       {
@@ -60,10 +61,7 @@ export function parseStoredToolInputValue(value: unknown): ParsedStoredTool[] {
             ? record.usageControl
             : undefined,
         isExpanded: typeof record.isExpanded === 'boolean' ? record.isExpanded : undefined,
-        schema:
-          record.schema && typeof record.schema === 'object' && !Array.isArray(record.schema)
-            ? (record.schema as StoredToolSchema)
-            : undefined,
+        schema: isRecordLike(record.schema) ? (record.schema as StoredToolSchema) : undefined,
       },
     ]
   })
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/mock-payload.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/mock-payload.ts
index 18c69b7397f..23bd9cc9bc8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/mock-payload.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/mock-payload.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+
 /**
  * Mock payload generation from a trigger's `outputs` definition.
  *
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ function processOutputField(key: string, field: unknown, depth = 0, maxDepth = 1
     return generateMockValue(typedField.type, typedField.description, key)
   }
 
-  if (field && typeof field === 'object' && !Array.isArray(field)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(field)) {
     const nestedObject: Record<string, unknown> = {}
     for (const [nestedKey, nestedField] of Object.entries(field)) {
       nestedObject[nestedKey] = processOutputField(nestedKey, nestedField, depth + 1, maxDepth)
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/run-options.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/run-options.ts
index 853459ee2f6..c8d79d588b6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/run-options.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/run-options.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export interface TriggerInputValidationResult {
 
 function readSubBlockValue(block: TriggerBlockLike, key: string): unknown {
   const raw = (block.subBlocks as Record<string, unknown> | undefined)?.[key]
-  if (raw && typeof raw === 'object' && !Array.isArray(raw)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(raw)) {
     return (raw as { value?: unknown }).value
   }
   return undefined
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ function outputFieldToSchema(field: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
     return { type: mapOutputType(typed.type) }
   }
 
-  if (field && typeof field === 'object' && !Array.isArray(field)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(field)) {
     const properties: Record<string, unknown> = {}
     for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(field)) {
       properties[key] = outputFieldToSchema(value)
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts
index 6fe61714756..45a8dd0e533 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getBlock } from '@/blocks'
 import type { BlockState } from '@/stores/workflows/workflow/types'
 
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ type SubBlockWithValue = { value?: unknown }
 
 function readSubBlockValue(subBlocks: Record<string, unknown> | undefined, key: string): unknown {
   const raw = subBlocks?.[key]
-  if (raw && typeof raw === 'object' && !Array.isArray(raw)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(raw)) {
     return (raw as SubBlockWithValue).value
   }
   return undefined
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workspace-events/subscriptions.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workspace-events/subscriptions.ts
index 67951b46519..ec254877383 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workspace-events/subscriptions.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workspace-events/subscriptions.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { db } from '@sim/db'
 import { webhook, workflow, workflowDeploymentVersion } from '@sim/db/schema'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { and, eq, isNull, or } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { deliverableWebhookPredicate } from '@/lib/webhooks/delivery-predicate'
 import {
@@ -98,10 +99,7 @@ function parseBoundedNumber(
  * Returns null when the config has no recognizable event type.
  */
 export function parseSubscriptionConfig(providerConfig: unknown): SimSubscriptionConfig | null {
-  const config =
-    providerConfig && typeof providerConfig === 'object' && !Array.isArray(providerConfig)
-      ? (providerConfig as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : {}
+  const config = isRecordLike(providerConfig) ? (providerConfig as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 
   const eventType = config.eventType
   if (
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/core.ts b/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/core.ts
index 163b988bb6b..74da60b1d20 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/core.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/core.ts
@@ -974,10 +974,7 @@ function enrichLastModelSegmentFromAnthropicResponse(
   const toolCalls: IterationToolCall[] = toolUseBlocks.map((t) => ({
     id: t.id,
     name: t.name,
-    arguments:
-      t.input && typeof t.input === 'object' && !Array.isArray(t.input)
-        ? (t.input as Record<string, unknown>)
-        : {},
+    arguments: isRecordLike(t.input) ? (t.input as Record<string, unknown>) : {},
   }))
 
   const usage = createAnthropicUsageAccumulator()
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/streaming-tool-loop.ts b/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/streaming-tool-loop.ts
index ff644eb0838..8563253e5bb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/streaming-tool-loop.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/anthropic/streaming-tool-loop.ts
@@ -75,10 +75,7 @@ function enrichModelSegment(
   const toolCalls: IterationToolCall[] = toolUseBlocks.map((t) => ({
     id: t.id,
     name: t.name,
-    arguments:
-      t.input && typeof t.input === 'object' && !Array.isArray(t.input)
-        ? (t.input as Record<string, unknown>)
-        : {},
+    arguments: isRecordLike(t.input) ? (t.input as Record<string, unknown>) : {},
   }))
 
   const usage = createAnthropicUsageAccumulator()
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/index.ts b/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/index.ts
index abd36b4c9cd..3acd28a99f1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/index.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/index.ts
@@ -77,10 +77,7 @@ function enrichLastModelSegmentFromBedrockResponse(
       return {
         id: b.toolUse.toolUseId ?? '',
         name: b.toolUse.name ?? '',
-        arguments:
-          input && typeof input === 'object' && !Array.isArray(input)
-            ? (input as Record<string, unknown>)
-            : {},
+        arguments: isRecordLike(input) ? (input as Record<string, unknown>) : {},
       }
     })
 
@@ -633,10 +630,9 @@ export const bedrockProvider: ProviderConfig = {
         const toolExecutionPromises = currentToolUses.map(async (toolUse: ToolUseBlock) => {
           const toolCallStartTime = Date.now()
           const toolName = toolUse.name || ''
-          const toolArgs =
-            toolUse.input && typeof toolUse.input === 'object' && !Array.isArray(toolUse.input)
-              ? (toolUse.input as Record<string, unknown>)
-              : undefined
+          const toolArgs = isRecordLike(toolUse.input)
+            ? (toolUse.input as Record<string, unknown>)
+            : undefined
           const toolUseId = toolUse.toolUseId || generateToolUseId(toolName)
 
           try {
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/trace-enrichment.ts b/apps/sim/providers/trace-enrichment.ts
index 342fd38b570..cdd83116f84 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/trace-enrichment.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/trace-enrichment.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { BlockTokens, IterationToolCall, ProviderTimingSegment } from '@/executor/types'
 import { LIST_PRICE_POLICY, priceModelUsage } from '@/providers/cost-policy'
 import {
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ function parseToolCallArguments(rawArguments: string): Record<string, unknown> |
   if (typeof rawArguments !== 'string') return ''
   try {
     const parsed = JSON.parse(rawArguments)
-    if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(parsed)) {
       return parsed as Record<string, unknown>
     }
     return rawArguments
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/azure_data_explorer/query.ts b/apps/sim/tools/azure_data_explorer/query.ts
index 546b66c6634..692ea4d9f45 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/azure_data_explorer/query.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/azure_data_explorer/query.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   AzureDataExplorerQueryParams,
   AzureDataExplorerTableResponse,
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ function parseProperties(
   if (typeof input === 'object') return input
   try {
     const parsed = JSON.parse(input)
-    if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(parsed)) {
       return parsed as Record<string, unknown>
     }
   } catch {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/convex/list_tables.ts b/apps/sim/tools/convex/list_tables.ts
index 0b7db9feb47..d73edba3e49 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/convex/list_tables.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/convex/list_tables.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { ConvexListTablesParams, ConvexListTablesResponse } from '@/tools/convex/types'
 import { convexApiUrl, convexAuthHeaders, parseConvexResponse } from '@/tools/convex/utils'
 import type { ToolConfig } from '@/tools/types'
@@ -32,10 +33,7 @@ export const listTablesTool: ToolConfig<ConvexListTablesParams, ConvexListTables
 
   transformResponse: async (response: Response) => {
     const data = await parseConvexResponse(response)
-    const schemas =
-      data !== null && typeof data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(data)
-        ? (data as Record<string, unknown>)
-        : {}
+    const schemas = isRecordLike(data) ? (data as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 
     return {
       success: true,
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts
index baac23920ae..67ca53c5fab 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import type {
   DynatraceAttack,
@@ -165,15 +166,11 @@ function toStringArray(value: unknown): string[] {
 }
 
 function toRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function toRecordOrNull(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : null
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : null
 }
 
 /** Flattens an `EntityStub` (`{ entityId: { id, type }, name }`) into a single object. */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/index.ts b/apps/sim/tools/index.ts
index 0dcebc1ea23..95dd3735c8e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/index.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { describeError, findCause, getErrorMessage, toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
-import { isPlainRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isPlainRecord, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { backoffWithJitter, parseRetryAfter } from '@sim/utils/retry'
 import { DrizzleQueryError } from 'drizzle-orm/errors'
 import { getBYOKKey } from '@/lib/api-key/byok'
@@ -1345,10 +1345,7 @@ async function consumePrivateToolPayloadMetadata(
   if (!requestedType) return 'verified'
 
   const inspection = inspectPrivateToolMetadataEnvelope(headers, payload, requestedType)
-  const record =
-    payload !== null && typeof payload === 'object' && !Array.isArray(payload)
-      ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>)
-      : undefined
+  const record = isRecordLike(payload) ? (payload as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined
 
   if (requestedType === RESOLVED_SECRET_NAMES_DURABLE_FILES_METADATA_V2 && record) {
     const capability = inspectPrivateToolMetadataResponseCapability(headers, requestedType)
@@ -2789,10 +2786,7 @@ async function executeToolRequest(
 
       const errorToTransform = createTransformedErrorFromErrorInfo(errorInfo, tool.errorExtractor)
       const hasStructuredErrorPayload =
-        errorData !== null &&
-        typeof errorData === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(errorData) &&
-        ('error' in errorData || 'message' in errorData)
+        isRecordLike(errorData) && ('error' in errorData || 'message' in errorData)
 
       if (response.status === 413 && !hasStructuredErrorPayload) {
         logger.error(
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/merge-params.ts b/apps/sim/tools/merge-params.ts
index 1693f7c6761..e0914d4ff13 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/merge-params.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/merge-params.ts
@@ -43,11 +43,7 @@ function deepMergeInputMapping(
     } catch {
       // Invalid JSON, treat as empty
     }
-  } else if (
-    typeof userInputMapping === 'object' &&
-    userInputMapping !== null &&
-    !Array.isArray(userInputMapping)
-  ) {
+  } else if (isRecordLike(userInputMapping)) {
     parsedUserMapping = userInputMapping
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts
index cc26c3e87e9..c99611615d6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import {
   DEFAULT_MAX_ERROR_BODY_BYTES,
@@ -922,5 +923,5 @@ function sanitizeErrorText(value: string, auth?: NetSuiteAuthParams): string {
 }
 
 function isJsonObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
+  return isRecordLike(value)
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/persona/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/persona/utils.ts
index c4c51e9f79d..efa5ff564fa 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/persona/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/persona/utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   PersonaAccount,
   PersonaCase,
@@ -77,9 +78,7 @@ export async function parsePersonaResponse(response: Response): Promise<PersonaA
  * Narrows an unknown JSON:API `data` value to a single resource object.
  */
 export function asResource(value: unknown): PersonaResourceData {
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as PersonaResourceData)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as PersonaResourceData) : {}
 }
 
 /**
@@ -171,9 +170,7 @@ function getStringArray(attrs: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): string[] {
 
 function getObject(attrs: Record<string, unknown>, key: string): Record<string, unknown> | null {
   const value = attrs[key]
-  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : null
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : null
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/prospeo/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/prospeo/utils.ts
index 5fc0934f7d8..0aef46b185a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/prospeo/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/prospeo/utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 export function parseDataArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
   if (Array.isArray(value)) return value
   if (typeof value === 'string' && value.trim().length > 0) {
@@ -12,13 +13,13 @@ export function parseDataArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
 }
 
 export function parseFiltersObject(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     return value as Record<string, unknown>
   }
   if (typeof value === 'string' && value.trim().length > 0) {
     try {
       const parsed = JSON.parse(value)
-      if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+      if (isRecordLike(parsed)) {
         return parsed as Record<string, unknown>
       }
     } catch {}
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts
index aa4069176b2..aa6fa911bb9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { RabbitmqGetOverviewParams, RabbitmqGetOverviewResponse } from '@/tools/rabbitmq/types'
 import {
   buildAuthHeaders,
@@ -20,9 +21,7 @@ const EMPTY_OVERVIEW = {
 } as const
 
 function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function asStringOrNull(value: unknown): string | null {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/publish_message.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/publish_message.ts
index f36f18c8e67..ac55d753052 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/publish_message.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/publish_message.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   RabbitmqPublishMessageParams,
   RabbitmqPublishMessageResponse,
@@ -84,10 +85,7 @@ export const rabbitmqPublishMessageTool: ToolConfig<
         // Only merge onto an existing headers object. Spreading a string or array here would
         // turn it into index-keyed junk on the published message.
         const existing = properties.headers
-        const base =
-          typeof existing === 'object' && existing !== null && !Array.isArray(existing)
-            ? (existing as Record<string, unknown>)
-            : {}
+        const base = isRecordLike(existing) ? (existing as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
         properties.headers = { ...base, ...headers }
       }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts
index eb6396113d4..08c420291f8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { isLoopbackIp } from '@sim/security/ssrf'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   RabbitmqBinding,
   RabbitmqChannel,
@@ -283,9 +284,7 @@ export function unwrapPaginated<T>(data: unknown): PaginatedResult<T> {
 }
 
 function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
-    ? (value as Record<string, unknown>)
-    : {}
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
 }
 
 function asNumberOrNull(value: unknown): number | null {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts
index 8f7705c58a3..b9e90a23e3d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { OutputProperty, ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
 
 /** Base URL for the Rocketlane REST API (v1.0). */
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ function asBoolean(value: unknown): boolean | null {
 }
 
 function asObject(value: unknown): Raw | null {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) ? (value as Raw) : null
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Raw) : null
 }
 
 function asArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/shared/tags.ts b/apps/sim/tools/shared/tags.ts
index 35faeb9995b..eba49b21b53 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/shared/tags.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/shared/tags.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { StructuredFilter } from '@/lib/knowledge/types'
 
 /**
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ function filterValidDocumentTags(tags: unknown[]): DocumentTagEntry[] {
 export function parseDocumentTags(value: unknown): DocumentTagEntry[] {
   if (!value) return []
 
-  if (typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) && value !== null) {
+  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
     return Object.entries(value)
       .filter(([tagName, tagValue]) => {
         if (!tagName || tagName.trim() === '') return false
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/supabase/invoke_function.ts b/apps/sim/tools/supabase/invoke_function.ts
index 016a508f741..f9f2f3ef0f2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/supabase/invoke_function.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/supabase/invoke_function.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   SupabaseInvokeFunctionParams,
   SupabaseInvokeFunctionResponse,
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export const invokeFunctionTool: ToolConfig<
         Authorization: `Bearer ${params.apiKey}`,
         'Content-Type': 'application/json',
       }
-      if (params.headers && typeof params.headers === 'object' && !Array.isArray(params.headers)) {
+      if (isRecordLike(params.headers)) {
         for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(params.headers)) {
           headers[key] = String(value)
         }
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts
index c139046ea6f..ba440a640ff 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { OutputProperty, ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
 
 /** Base URL for the UptimeRobot v3 REST API. */
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ function asEnum(value: unknown): string | null {
 }
 
 function asObject(value: unknown): Raw | null {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' && !Array.isArray(value) ? (value as Raw) : null
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Raw) : null
 }
 
 function asArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/wiza/prospect_search.ts b/apps/sim/tools/wiza/prospect_search.ts
index fb460b39b63..5031a76df62 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/wiza/prospect_search.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/wiza/prospect_search.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { ToolConfig } from '@/tools/types'
 import { wizaHosting } from '@/tools/wiza/hosting'
 import type { WizaProspectSearchParams, WizaProspectSearchResponse } from '@/tools/wiza/types'
@@ -155,12 +156,7 @@ export const wizaProspectSearchTool: ToolConfig<
         body.size = Math.max(0, Math.min(params.size, 30))
       }
 
-      if (
-        params.filters &&
-        typeof params.filters === 'object' &&
-        !Array.isArray(params.filters) &&
-        Object.keys(params.filters).length > 0
-      ) {
+      if (isRecordLike(params.filters) && Object.keys(params.filters).length > 0) {
         body.filters = params.filters
         return body
       }
diff --git a/packages/logger/src/index.ts b/packages/logger/src/index.ts
index dd2624de6e1..0acda78e932 100644
--- a/packages/logger/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/logger/src/index.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * Framework-agnostic logging utilities for the Sim platform.
  * Provides standardized console logging with environment-aware configuration.
  */
-import { filterUndefined } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import chalk from 'chalk'
 import { getRequestContext } from './request-context'
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ const formatObject = (obj: unknown, isDev: boolean): string => {
     if (obj instanceof Error) {
       return JSON.stringify(errorToPlainObject(obj, isDev), null, isDev ? 2 : 0)
     }
-    if (obj && typeof obj === 'object' && !Array.isArray(obj)) {
+    if (isRecordLike(obj)) {
       let unwrapped: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
       for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(obj as Record<string, unknown>)) {
         if (!(value instanceof Error)) continue

From 7a799258a1361971a0f44ab7d32f9aff5a99a234 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:33:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/6] refactor: consolidate duplicate record coercion helpers
 onto @sim/utils
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

A second sweep found 28 more local record helpers hiding under names the
previous `isRecord` grep never matched — `asRecord`, `toRecord`,
`toRecordOrNull`, `asObject`, `isJsonObject`. rabbitmq defined the same
`asRecord` twice within one service; dynatrace had three variants in one file.

Fourteen of them were re-deriving the same two shapes, so those shapes now live
in `@sim/utils/object` beside the guards they wrap:

  toRecord(value)        // isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
  toRecordOrNull(value)  // isRecordLike(value) ? value : null

Both preserve identity on a hit, so no call site starts copying.

Eighteen local definitions are gone. `tools/instantly/utils.ts` keeps its
exported `asRecord` because its return type is the local `JsonRecord` alias, but
its body now delegates. `app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts` had an
`isJsonObject` with zero call sites — deleted outright.

Six helpers were deliberately left alone because they are NOT equivalent:
`pagerduty`/`zendesk`/`gitlab` do `(value as Record) || {}`, which type-checks
nothing at all, and `copilot/resources/extraction.ts`,
`edit-workflow/validation.ts`, `pi/core/events.ts` omit the array exclusion.
Those sit on webhook ingress and copilot paths where tightening is a behavior
change, not a cleanup; they are audited separately.

Two guards were removed rather than substituted, each proven dominated by an
earlier check: the bedrock streaming `toolUse.input` guard was unreachable
(`parseToolInput` already throws on non-objects before the loop builds
`assembledToolUses`), and four `driver.ts` re-narrows follow an
`if (!isRecordLike(x) || ...) throw` that dominates the later use.
---
 apps/desktop/src/main/browser-agent/driver.ts |  13 +-
 apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts    |  24 ++-
 .../sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts |   4 -
 .../sim/lib/copilot/request/handlers/types.ts |   6 +-
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts     |   5 -
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/emailbison.ts |   6 +-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts |  27 ++-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts |  12 +-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts |   8 +-
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/tiktok.ts     |  16 +-
 .../providers/bedrock/streaming-tool-loop.ts  |   8 +-
 apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts             |  10 +-
 apps/sim/tools/emailbison/utils.ts            |   6 +-
 apps/sim/tools/instantly/utils.ts             |   5 +-
 apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts              |  30 ++--
 apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts       |  12 +-
 apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts              |  44 +++--
 apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts            | 154 +++++++++---------
 apps/sim/tools/smartlead/utils.ts             |   6 +-
 apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts                |  12 +-
 apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts           |  18 +-
 packages/utils/src/index.ts                   |   2 +
 packages/utils/src/object.test.ts             |  35 +++-
 packages/utils/src/object.ts                  |  21 +++
 24 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 253 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-agent/driver.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-agent/driver.ts
index 8d3674cbd73..5c1b43c0d07 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-agent/driver.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-agent/driver.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import type { BrowserDownloadsState, BrowserToolbarCommand } from '@sim/desktop-
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
-import { isRecordLike, omit } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, omit, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { BrowserWindow, MenuItemConstructorOptions, WebContents, WebFrameMain } from 'electron'
 import { Menu } from 'electron'
 import * as cdp from '@/main/browser-agent/cdp'
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ function raceAgainstWatchdog<T>(
  */
 async function activeElementState(target: PageExecutionTarget): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
   const state = await execInPage(target, readActiveElementState, []).catch(() => null)
-  return isRecordLike(state) ? state : {}
+  return toRecord(state)
 }
 
 function requireSnapshotForElementAction(): void {
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ async function pageActionState(
     resetMutationRevision,
     elementId,
   ]).catch(() => null)
-  return isRecordLike(state) ? state : {}
+  return toRecord(state)
 }
 
 function pageEffect(
@@ -2565,7 +2565,7 @@ async function executeToolInner(
           },
         }
         return {
-          ...(isRecordLike(fallback) ? fallback : {}),
+          ...fallback,
           trusted,
           ...state,
           ...combinedObservation,
@@ -2849,12 +2849,11 @@ async function executeToolInner(
       await sleep(50)
       const state = unwrapPageResult(await execInPage(target, readSelectElementState, [elementId]))
       const effectObserved =
-        isRecordLike(selected) &&
         isRecordLike(state) &&
         selected.selected === state.selected &&
         selected.value === state.value
       return {
-        ...(isRecordLike(selected) ? selected : {}),
+        ...selected,
         effectObserved,
         readback: state,
         ...(!effectObserved
@@ -2994,7 +2993,7 @@ async function executeToolInner(
           : {}),
       }
       return {
-        ...(isRecordLike(result) ? result : {}),
+        ...result,
         trusted,
         effect,
         possibleEffectObserved,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts
index 15f15c88b5f..3937235d454 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/function/execute/route.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import type { Principal } from '@sim/auth/principal'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { sha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hash'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { functionExecuteContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts'
 import { parseRequest } from '@/lib/api/server'
@@ -1031,10 +1031,6 @@ function inspectMountedWorkspaceFileProvenance(
   }
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
 function getPositiveNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
   if (typeof value !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) {
     return undefined
@@ -1053,8 +1049,8 @@ function getBrokerFileArgs(args: unknown): {
   offset?: number
   length?: number
 } {
-  const record = asRecord(args)
-  const options = asRecord(record.options)
+  const record = toRecord(args)
+  const options = toRecord(record.options)
   return {
     file: record.file,
     maxBytes: clampInlineBytes(options.maxBytes),
@@ -1104,8 +1100,8 @@ function createFunctionRuntimeBrokers(
     'sim.files.readBase64Chunk': (args) => readFile(args, 'base64', true),
     'sim.files.readTextChunk': (args) => readFile(args, 'text', true),
     'sim.values.read': async (args) => {
-      const record = asRecord(args)
-      const options = asRecord(record.options)
+      const record = toRecord(args)
+      const options = toRecord(record.options)
       const ref = record.ref
       if (!isLargeValueRef(ref)) {
         throw new Error('Expected a large execution value reference.')
@@ -1124,8 +1120,8 @@ function createFunctionRuntimeBrokers(
       return value
     },
     'sim.values.readArray': async (args) => {
-      const record = asRecord(args)
-      const options = asRecord(record.options)
+      const record = toRecord(args)
+      const options = toRecord(record.options)
       const manifest = record.ref
       if (!isLargeArrayManifest(manifest)) {
         throw new Error('Expected a large array manifest.')
@@ -1179,9 +1175,9 @@ async function functionJsonResponse<T>(
 }
 
 function getFunctionResultProvenanceSurface(body: unknown): unknown {
-  const record = asRecord(body)
-  const output = asRecord(record.output)
-  const debug = asRecord(record.debug)
+  const record = toRecord(body)
+  const output = toRecord(record.output)
+  const debug = toRecord(record.debug)
   return [
     Object.hasOwn(record, 'error') ? record.error : undefined,
     Object.hasOwn(output, 'result') ? output.result : undefined,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
index 52bf7c0fd74..8814f630610 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
@@ -279,10 +279,6 @@ function toToolInputSchema(schema: unknown): Partial<Tool['inputSchema']> {
   }
 }
 
-function isJsonObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value)
-}
-
 function parseJsonValue(text: string): { success: true; value: unknown } | { success: false } {
   if (!text) return { success: true, value: {} }
   try {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/handlers/types.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/handlers/types.ts
index 3e383e2c6fc..79338a4b599 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/handlers/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/handlers/types.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   AsyncCompletionSignal,
   AsyncTerminalCompletionSnapshot,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   MothershipStreamV1ToolPhase,
   type MothershipStreamV1ToolResultPayload,
 } from '@/lib/copilot/generated/mothership-stream-v1'
-import { asRecord, markToolResultSeen } from '@/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils'
+import { markToolResultSeen } from '@/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils'
 import { setTerminalToolCallState } from '@/lib/copilot/request/tool-call-state'
 import type {
   ContentBlock,
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ export function getToolCallUI(data: MothershipStreamV1ToolCallDescriptor): {
   internal: boolean
   hidden: boolean
 } {
-  const raw = asRecord(data.ui)
+  const raw = toRecord(data.ui)
   return {
     clientExecutable:
       raw.clientExecutable === true || data.executor === MothershipStreamV1ToolExecutor.client,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts
index 3f65c94827b..db7f8623d86 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/sse-utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { STREAM_BUFFER_MAX_DEDUP_ENTRIES } from '@/lib/copilot/constants'
 import {
   isToolCallStreamEvent,
@@ -9,10 +8,6 @@ import {
 import { TOOL_CALL_STATUS } from '@/lib/copilot/request/session/event'
 import type { StreamEvent } from '@/lib/copilot/request/types'
 
-/** Safely cast event.data to a record for property access. */
-export const asRecord = (data: unknown): Record<string, unknown> =>
-  (isRecordLike(data) ? data : {}) as Record<string, unknown>
-
 /**
  * In-memory tool event dedupe with bounded size.
  *
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/emailbison.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/emailbison.ts
index 838d042a1a5..ee4d1ba1b31 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/emailbison.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/emailbison.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   type SecureFetchResponse,
   secureFetchWithPinnedIP,
@@ -325,10 +325,6 @@ function toNumberOrNull(value: unknown): number | null {
   return Number.isFinite(parsed) ? parsed : null
 }
 
-function toRecordOrNull(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : null
-}
-
 function renameTypeField(value: unknown, targetKey: string): Record<string, unknown> | null {
   if (!isRecordLike(value)) return null
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts
index e9faf76c3ed..25011781744 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/incidentio.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { hmacSha256Base64 } from '@sim/security/hmac'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
   AuthContext,
@@ -57,13 +57,6 @@ function verifyIncidentioSignature(
   }
 }
 
-function asObject(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  if (isRecordLike(value)) {
-    return value as Record<string, unknown>
-  }
-  return null
-}
-
 function asString(value: unknown): string | null {
   return typeof value === 'string' ? value : null
 }
@@ -85,9 +78,9 @@ function extractEntity(
   eventType: string,
   key: 'incident' | 'alert'
 ): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  const wrapper = eventType ? asObject(body[eventType]) : null
+  const wrapper = eventType ? toRecordOrNull(body[eventType]) : null
   if (!wrapper) return null
-  return asObject(wrapper[key]) ?? wrapper
+  return toRecordOrNull(wrapper[key]) ?? wrapper
 }
 
 export const incidentioHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
@@ -153,9 +146,9 @@ export const incidentioHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   async formatInput({ body }: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
-    const b = (asObject(body) ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>
+    const b = (toRecordOrNull(body) ?? {}) as Record<string, unknown>
     const eventType = typeof b.event_type === 'string' ? b.event_type : ''
-    const wrapper = eventType ? asObject(b[eventType]) : null
+    const wrapper = eventType ? toRecordOrNull(b[eventType]) : null
     const isAlert = eventType.startsWith('public_alert.')
 
     if (isAlert) {
@@ -188,15 +181,15 @@ export const incidentioHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
         name: asString(incident?.name),
         reference: asString(incident?.reference),
         summary: asString(incident?.summary),
-        incident_status: asObject(incident?.incident_status),
-        severity: asObject(incident?.severity),
+        incident_status: toRecordOrNull(incident?.incident_status),
+        severity: toRecordOrNull(incident?.severity),
         mode: asString(incident?.mode),
         visibility: asString(incident?.visibility),
         permalink: asString(incident?.permalink),
         created_at: asString(incident?.created_at),
         updated_at: asString(incident?.updated_at),
-        new_status: asObject(wrapper?.new_status),
-        previous_status: asObject(wrapper?.previous_status),
+        new_status: toRecordOrNull(wrapper?.new_status),
+        previous_status: toRecordOrNull(wrapper?.previous_status),
         update_message: asString(wrapper?.message),
         payload: b,
       },
@@ -204,7 +197,7 @@ export const incidentioHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   extractIdempotencyId(body: unknown) {
-    const b = asObject(body)
+    const b = toRecordOrNull(body)
     if (!b) return null
     const eventType = typeof b.event_type === 'string' ? b.event_type : ''
     const key = eventType.startsWith('public_alert.') ? 'alert' : 'incident'
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts
index 76d6fd32fee..f53dcf65f54 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/salesforce.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
   AuthContext,
@@ -50,10 +50,6 @@ function verifySalesforceSharedSecret(request: Request, secret: string): boolean
   return verifyTokenAuth(request, secret)
 }
 
-function asRecord(body: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(body) ? (body as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
 function extractRecordCore(body: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> {
   const nested = body.record
   if (isRecordLike(nested)) {
@@ -134,7 +130,7 @@ export const salesforceHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
     const { isSalesforceEventMatch } = await import('@/triggers/salesforce/utils')
     const configuredObjectType = providerConfig.objectType as string | undefined
-    const obj = asRecord(body)
+    const obj = toRecord(body)
 
     if (!isSalesforceEventMatch(triggerId, obj, configuredObjectType)) {
       logger.debug(
@@ -151,7 +147,7 @@ export const salesforceHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     const rawPc = (ctx.webhook as { providerConfig?: unknown }).providerConfig
     const pc = isRecordLike(rawPc) ? (rawPc as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
     const id = typeof pc.triggerId === 'string' ? pc.triggerId : ''
-    const body = asRecord(ctx.body)
+    const body = toRecord(ctx.body)
 
     const record = extractRecordCore(body)
     const objectType =
@@ -296,7 +292,7 @@ export const salesforceHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   extractIdempotencyId(body: unknown): string | null {
-    const b = asRecord(body)
+    const b = toRecord(body)
     const record = extractRecordCore(b)
     const id = pickRecordId(b, record)
     const et =
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts
index 2044385a42f..43c79e4e159 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/servicenow.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import type {
   AuthContext,
@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@ import { verifyTokenAuth } from '@/lib/webhooks/providers/utils'
 
 const logger = createLogger('WebhookProvider:ServiceNow')
 
-function asRecord(body: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(body) ? (body as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
 export const servicenowHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   verifyAuth({ request, requestId, providerConfig }: AuthContext): NextResponse | null {
     const secret = providerConfig.webhookSecret as string | undefined
@@ -41,7 +37,7 @@ export const servicenowHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
 
     const { isServiceNowEventMatch } = await import('@/triggers/servicenow/utils')
     const configuredTableName = providerConfig.tableName as string | undefined
-    const obj = asRecord(body)
+    const obj = toRecord(body)
 
     if (!isServiceNowEventMatch(triggerId, obj, configuredTableName)) {
       logger.debug(
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/tiktok.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/tiktok.ts
index 4196a11a2fd..a3aed74ab05 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/tiktok.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/tiktok.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { hmacSha256Hex } from '@sim/security/hmac'
+import { toRecord, toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { env } from '@/lib/core/config/env'
 import type {
@@ -93,20 +94,15 @@ export function verifyTikTokSignature(
   return null
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  if (!value || typeof value !== 'object' || Array.isArray(value)) return null
-  return value as Record<string, unknown>
-}
-
 /**
  * Parse the TikTok envelope `content` field (a JSON string) into an object.
  */
 export function parseTikTokContent(content: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
   if (typeof content !== 'string' || content.length === 0) {
-    return asRecord(content) ?? {}
+    return toRecord(content)
   }
   try {
-    return asRecord(JSON.parse(content)) ?? {}
+    return toRecord(JSON.parse(content))
   } catch {
     logger.warn('Failed to parse TikTok webhook content JSON string')
     return {}
@@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ export const tiktokHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     if (!triggerId) return true
 
     const { isTikTokEventMatch } = await import('@/triggers/tiktok/utils')
-    const event = stringField(asRecord(body) ?? {}, 'event')
+    const event = stringField(toRecord(body), 'event')
     if (!isTikTokEventMatch(triggerId, event)) {
       logger.debug(
         `[${requestId}] TikTok event mismatch for trigger ${triggerId}. Event: ${event}. Skipping.`
@@ -152,7 +148,7 @@ export const tiktokHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   async formatInput({ body }: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
-    const envelope = asRecord(body) ?? {}
+    const envelope = toRecord(body)
     const content = parseTikTokContent(envelope.content)
     const event = typeof envelope.event === 'string' ? envelope.event : ''
     const commonInput: Record<string, unknown> = {
@@ -205,7 +201,7 @@ export const tiktokHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   extractIdempotencyId(body: unknown) {
-    const envelope = asRecord(body)
+    const envelope = toRecordOrNull(body)
     if (!envelope) return null
 
     const event = typeof envelope.event === 'string' ? envelope.event : null
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/streaming-tool-loop.ts b/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/streaming-tool-loop.ts
index d79e4277b29..c84b2ead349 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/streaming-tool-loop.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/bedrock/streaming-tool-loop.ts
@@ -373,16 +373,14 @@ export function createBedrockStreamingToolLoopStream(
             assembledToolUses.map(async (toolUse) => {
               const toolCallStartTime = Date.now()
               const toolName = toolUse.name || ''
-              const toolArgs = isRecordLike(toolUse.input) ? toolUse.input : undefined
+              /** Already a non-null, non-array object: `parseToolInput` throws otherwise. */
+              const toolArgs: Record<string, unknown> = toolUse.input
               const toolUseId = toolUse.toolUseId || generateToolUseId(toolName)
 
               try {
                 if (loopAbortController.signal.aborted) {
                   throw new DOMException('Stream aborted', 'AbortError')
                 }
-                if (!toolArgs) {
-                  throw new Error(`Arguments for tool "${toolName}" must be an object`)
-                }
 
                 const tool = request.tools?.find((t) => t.id === toolName)
                 if (!tool) {
@@ -482,7 +480,7 @@ export function createBedrockStreamingToolLoopStream(
                   toolUse,
                   toolUseId,
                   toolName,
-                  toolArgs: toolArgs ?? {},
+                  toolArgs,
                   toolParams: {} as Record<string, unknown>,
                   result: {
                     success: false as const,
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts
index 67ca53c5fab..cfe853e8129 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/dynatrace/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecord, toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import type {
   DynatraceAttack,
@@ -165,14 +165,6 @@ function toStringArray(value: unknown): string[] {
   return Array.isArray(value) ? (value as string[]) : []
 }
 
-function toRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
-function toRecordOrNull(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : null
-}
-
 /** Flattens an `EntityStub` (`{ entityId: { id, type }, name }`) into a single object. */
 export function mapEntityStub(stub: unknown): DynatraceEntityStub | null {
   const record = toRecordOrNull(stub)
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/emailbison/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/emailbison/utils.ts
index 07e8c3b2d71..f580db63053 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/emailbison/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/emailbison/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   EmailBisonBaseParams,
   EmailBisonCampaign,
@@ -441,10 +441,6 @@ function mapReplyAttachment(value: unknown): EmailBisonReplyAttachment {
   }
 }
 
-function toRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
-}
-
 function toArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
   return Array.isArray(value) ? value : []
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/instantly/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/instantly/utils.ts
index 222f7b06a37..43ff7fbee5f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/instantly/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/instantly/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   InstantlyCampaign,
   InstantlyEmail,
@@ -55,8 +55,9 @@ export async function parseInstantlyResponse(response: Response): Promise<unknow
   return data
 }
 
+/** Thin re-export of the shared {@link toRecord} helper, kept for existing importers. */
 export function asRecord(value: unknown): JsonRecord {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
+  return toRecord(value)
 }
 
 export function getItems(value: unknown): JsonRecord[] {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts
index c99611615d6..ba5557d751f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/netsuite/utils.ts
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ export function normalizeBatchItems(items: NetSuiteJsonObject[]): NetSuiteJsonOb
   if (!Array.isArray(items) || items.length < 1 || items.length > MAX_BATCH_RECORDS) {
     throw new Error(`Batch items must contain between 1 and ${MAX_BATCH_RECORDS} records`)
   }
-  if (items.some((item) => !isJsonObject(item))) {
+  if (items.some((item) => !isRecordLike(item))) {
     throw new Error('Every batch item must be a JSON object')
   }
   return items
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ export async function executeNetSuiteRequest(
   let suiteTalkTimeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined
   try {
     const request = buildRequest()
-    if (request.body !== undefined && !isJsonObject(request.body)) {
+    if (request.body !== undefined && !isRecordLike(request.body)) {
       throw new Error('NetSuite request body must be a JSON object')
     }
     const serializedBody = serializeRequestBody(request.body)
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ function assertJsonBodyWithinLimit(body: unknown): void {
       state.ancestors.add(value)
       addJsonBytes(state, 1)
       frames.push({ kind: 'array', value, index: 0, depth })
-    } else if (isJsonObject(value)) {
+    } else if (isRecordLike(value)) {
       const prototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(value)
       if (prototype !== Object.prototype && prototype !== null) throwNonPlainJsonError()
       rejectCustomJsonSerialization(value)
@@ -667,13 +667,13 @@ function validateSuccessBody(
   if (successCase.body === 'none' && data !== null) {
     return `NetSuite HTTP ${successCase.status} response unexpectedly included a body`
   }
-  if (successCase.body === 'object' && !isJsonObject(data)) {
+  if (successCase.body === 'object' && !isRecordLike(data)) {
     return `NetSuite HTTP ${successCase.status} response did not include the documented JSON object`
   }
-  if (successCase.body === 'optional-object' && data !== null && !isJsonObject(data)) {
+  if (successCase.body === 'optional-object' && data !== null && !isRecordLike(data)) {
     return `NetSuite HTTP ${successCase.status} response was neither empty nor a JSON object`
   }
-  if (!successCase.validator || !isJsonObject(data)) return null
+  if (!successCase.validator || !isRecordLike(data)) return null
 
   switch (successCase.validator) {
     case 'collection-page':
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ function validateMetadataCatalog(data: Record<string, unknown>): string | null {
     return 'NetSuite metadata catalog response included invalid links'
   }
   for (const item of data.items) {
-    if (!isJsonObject(item) || !isNonEmptyString(item.name)) {
+    if (!isRecordLike(item) || !isNonEmptyString(item.name)) {
       return 'NetSuite metadata catalog response included an invalid record type'
     }
     if (item.links !== undefined && !Array.isArray(item.links)) {
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ function validateRequiredProperties(
       type === 'array'
         ? Array.isArray(value)
         : type === 'object'
-          ? isJsonObject(value)
+          ? isRecordLike(value)
           : type === 'number'
             ? typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value)
             : typeof value === type
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ function expectsAsyncJob(request: NetSuiteRequest): boolean {
 }
 
 function normalizeAuthParams(auth: NetSuiteAuthParams): NetSuiteAuthParams {
-  if (!isJsonObject(auth)) throw new Error('NetSuite credentials are required')
+  if (!isRecordLike(auth)) throw new Error('NetSuite credentials are required')
   return {
     oauthCredential: requiredTrim(auth.oauthCredential, 'NetSuite credential'),
     accessToken: requiredTrim(auth.accessToken ?? '', 'NetSuite access token'),
@@ -860,23 +860,23 @@ function isIdempotentJobReplay(request: NetSuiteRequest, status: number, data: u
   const hasIdempotencyKey = Object.entries(request.headers ?? {}).some(
     ([name, value]) => name.toLowerCase() === 'x-netsuite-idempotency-key' && Boolean(value.trim())
   )
-  if (!hasIdempotencyKey || !isJsonObject(data)) return false
+  if (!hasIdempotencyKey || !isRecordLike(data)) return false
 
   const errorDetails = data['o:errorDetails']
   return (
     Array.isArray(errorDetails) &&
     errorDetails.some(
-      (detail) => isJsonObject(detail) && detail['o:errorCode'] === 'IDEMPOTENCY_ERROR'
+      (detail) => isRecordLike(detail) && detail['o:errorCode'] === 'IDEMPOTENCY_ERROR'
     )
   )
 }
 
 function extractNetSuiteError(data: unknown, status: number, auth: NetSuiteAuthParams): string {
-  if (isJsonObject(data)) {
+  if (isRecordLike(data)) {
     const errorDetails = data['o:errorDetails']
     if (Array.isArray(errorDetails)) {
       const summaries = errorDetails.flatMap((detail) => {
-        if (!isJsonObject(detail)) return []
+        if (!isRecordLike(detail)) return []
         const message = typeof detail.detail === 'string' ? detail.detail.trim() : ''
         const context = [
           ['code', detail['o:errorCode']],
@@ -921,7 +921,3 @@ function sanitizeErrorText(value: string, auth?: NetSuiteAuthParams): string {
   }
   return truncate(sanitized.replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim(), 900) || 'Unknown error'
 }
-
-function isJsonObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value)
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts
index aa6fa911bb9..63653e9138d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/get_overview.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { RabbitmqGetOverviewParams, RabbitmqGetOverviewResponse } from '@/tools/rabbitmq/types'
 import {
   buildAuthHeaders,
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ const EMPTY_OVERVIEW = {
   messageStats: {},
 } as const
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
 function asStringOrNull(value: unknown): string | null {
   return typeof value === 'string' ? value : null
 }
@@ -64,9 +60,9 @@ export const rabbitmqGetOverviewTool: ToolConfig<
         erlangVersion: asStringOrNull(data?.erlang_version),
         clusterName: asStringOrNull(data?.cluster_name),
         node: asStringOrNull(data?.node),
-        objectTotals: asRecord(data?.object_totals),
-        queueTotals: asRecord(data?.queue_totals),
-        messageStats: asRecord(data?.message_stats),
+        objectTotals: toRecord(data?.object_totals),
+        queueTotals: toRecord(data?.queue_totals),
+        messageStats: toRecord(data?.message_stats),
       },
     }
   },
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts
index 08c420291f8..a834b7e03b0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rabbitmq/utils.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { isLoopbackIp } from '@sim/security/ssrf'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   RabbitmqBinding,
   RabbitmqChannel,
@@ -283,10 +283,6 @@ export function unwrapPaginated<T>(data: unknown): PaginatedResult<T> {
   }
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
 function asNumberOrNull(value: unknown): number | null {
   return typeof value === 'number' ? value : null
 }
@@ -338,7 +334,7 @@ export const RABBITMQ_EXCHANGE_COLUMNS = [
  * until it has collected stats for the queue, so they are nullable.
  */
 export function projectQueue(raw: unknown): RabbitmqQueue {
-  const queue = asRecord(raw)
+  const queue = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     name: String(queue.name ?? ''),
     vhost: String(queue.vhost ?? ''),
@@ -349,7 +345,7 @@ export function projectQueue(raw: unknown): RabbitmqQueue {
     exclusive: asBooleanOrNull(queue.exclusive),
     node: asStringOrNull(queue.node),
     policy: asStringOrNull(queue.policy),
-    arguments: asRecord(queue.arguments),
+    arguments: toRecord(queue.arguments),
     messages: asNumberOrNull(queue.messages),
     messagesReady: asNumberOrNull(queue.messages_ready),
     messagesUnacknowledged: asNumberOrNull(queue.messages_unacknowledged),
@@ -359,7 +355,7 @@ export function projectQueue(raw: unknown): RabbitmqQueue {
 }
 
 export function projectExchange(raw: unknown): RabbitmqExchange {
-  const exchange = asRecord(raw)
+  const exchange = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     name: String(exchange.name ?? ''),
     vhost: String(exchange.vhost ?? ''),
@@ -367,12 +363,12 @@ export function projectExchange(raw: unknown): RabbitmqExchange {
     durable: exchange.durable === true,
     autoDelete: exchange.auto_delete === true,
     internal: exchange.internal === true,
-    arguments: asRecord(exchange.arguments),
+    arguments: toRecord(exchange.arguments),
   }
 }
 
 export function projectBinding(raw: unknown): RabbitmqBinding {
-  const binding = asRecord(raw)
+  const binding = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     source: String(binding.source ?? ''),
     vhost: String(binding.vhost ?? ''),
@@ -380,7 +376,7 @@ export function projectBinding(raw: unknown): RabbitmqBinding {
     destinationType: String(binding.destination_type ?? ''),
     routingKey: String(binding.routing_key ?? ''),
     propertiesKey: String(binding.properties_key ?? ''),
-    arguments: asRecord(binding.arguments),
+    arguments: toRecord(binding.arguments),
   }
 }
 
@@ -390,7 +386,7 @@ export function projectBinding(raw: unknown): RabbitmqBinding {
  * makes truncation visible instead of silently handing back a short payload.
  */
 export function projectMessage(raw: unknown, truncateLimit: number): RabbitmqMessage {
-  const message = asRecord(raw)
+  const message = toRecord(raw)
   const payloadBytes = typeof message.payload_bytes === 'number' ? message.payload_bytes : 0
   return {
     truncated: payloadBytes > truncateLimit,
@@ -401,7 +397,7 @@ export function projectMessage(raw: unknown, truncateLimit: number): RabbitmqMes
     routingKey: String(message.routing_key ?? ''),
     redelivered: message.redelivered === true,
     messageCount: typeof message.message_count === 'number' ? message.message_count : 0,
-    properties: asRecord(message.properties),
+    properties: toRecord(message.properties),
   }
 }
 
@@ -522,7 +518,7 @@ export const RABBITMQ_POLICY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
 } as const
 
 export function projectVhost(raw: unknown): RabbitmqVhost {
-  const vhost = asRecord(raw)
+  const vhost = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     name: String(vhost.name ?? ''),
     description: asStringOrNull(vhost.description),
@@ -532,12 +528,12 @@ export function projectVhost(raw: unknown): RabbitmqVhost {
     messages: asNumberOrNull(vhost.messages),
     messagesReady: asNumberOrNull(vhost.messages_ready),
     messagesUnacknowledged: asNumberOrNull(vhost.messages_unacknowledged),
-    clusterState: asRecord(vhost.cluster_state),
+    clusterState: toRecord(vhost.cluster_state),
   }
 }
 
 export function projectConnection(raw: unknown): RabbitmqConnection {
-  const connection = asRecord(raw)
+  const connection = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     name: String(connection.name ?? ''),
     user: String(connection.user ?? ''),
@@ -554,8 +550,8 @@ export function projectConnection(raw: unknown): RabbitmqConnection {
 }
 
 export function projectChannel(raw: unknown): RabbitmqChannel {
-  const channel = asRecord(raw)
-  const connectionDetails = asRecord(channel.connection_details)
+  const channel = toRecord(raw)
+  const connectionDetails = toRecord(channel.connection_details)
   return {
     name: String(channel.name ?? ''),
     number: asNumberOrNull(channel.number),
@@ -572,9 +568,9 @@ export function projectChannel(raw: unknown): RabbitmqChannel {
 }
 
 export function projectConsumer(raw: unknown): RabbitmqConsumer {
-  const consumer = asRecord(raw)
-  const queue = asRecord(consumer.queue)
-  const channelDetails = asRecord(consumer.channel_details)
+  const consumer = toRecord(raw)
+  const queue = toRecord(consumer.queue)
+  const channelDetails = toRecord(consumer.channel_details)
   return {
     consumerTag: String(consumer.consumer_tag ?? ''),
     queue: String(queue.name ?? ''),
@@ -590,7 +586,7 @@ export function projectConsumer(raw: unknown): RabbitmqConsumer {
 }
 
 export function projectNode(raw: unknown): RabbitmqNode {
-  const node = asRecord(raw)
+  const node = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     name: String(node.name ?? ''),
     type: asStringOrNull(node.type),
@@ -612,14 +608,14 @@ export function projectNode(raw: unknown): RabbitmqNode {
 }
 
 export function projectPolicy(raw: unknown): RabbitmqPolicy {
-  const policy = asRecord(raw)
+  const policy = toRecord(raw)
   return {
     name: String(policy.name ?? ''),
     vhost: String(policy.vhost ?? ''),
     pattern: String(policy.pattern ?? ''),
     applyTo: asStringOrNull(policy['apply-to']),
     priority: asNumberOrNull(policy.priority),
-    definition: asRecord(policy.definition),
+    definition: toRecord(policy.definition),
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts
index b9e90a23e3d..f638c5ccc3e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/rocketlane/types.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { OutputProperty, ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
 
 /** Base URL for the Rocketlane REST API (v1.0). */
@@ -58,10 +58,6 @@ function asBoolean(value: unknown): boolean | null {
   return typeof value === 'boolean' ? value : null
 }
 
-function asObject(value: unknown): Raw | null {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Raw) : null
-}
-
 function asArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
   return Array.isArray(value) ? value : []
 }
@@ -77,7 +73,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneUserSummary {
 }
 
 export function mapUserSummary(value: unknown): RocketlaneUserSummary | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     userId: asNumber(raw.userId),
@@ -103,7 +99,7 @@ export interface RocketlanePagination {
 }
 
 export function mapPagination(value: unknown): RocketlanePagination {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     pageSize: asNumber(raw.pageSize),
     hasMore: asBoolean(raw.hasMore),
@@ -240,7 +236,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneTask {
 }
 
 function mapTaskProjectRef(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskProjectRef | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     projectId: asNumber(raw.projectId),
@@ -249,7 +245,7 @@ function mapTaskProjectRef(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskProjectRef | null {
 }
 
 function mapTaskPhaseRef(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskPhaseRef | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     phaseId: asNumber(raw.phaseId),
@@ -258,7 +254,7 @@ function mapTaskPhaseRef(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskPhaseRef | null {
 }
 
 function mapTaskChoice(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskChoice | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     value: asNumber(raw.value),
@@ -267,7 +263,7 @@ function mapTaskChoice(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskChoice | null {
 }
 
 function mapTaskRole(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskRole | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     roleId: asNumber(raw.roleId),
@@ -276,7 +272,7 @@ function mapTaskRole(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskRole | null {
 }
 
 function mapTaskPlaceholder(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskPlaceholder {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     placeholderId: asNumber(raw.placeholderId),
     placeholderName: asString(raw.placeholderName),
@@ -285,7 +281,7 @@ function mapTaskPlaceholder(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskPlaceholder {
 }
 
 function mapTaskAssignees(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskAssignees | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     members: asArray(raw.members)
@@ -296,7 +292,7 @@ function mapTaskAssignees(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskAssignees | null {
 }
 
 function mapTaskFollowers(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskFollowers | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     members: asArray(raw.members)
@@ -306,7 +302,7 @@ function mapTaskFollowers(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskFollowers | null {
 }
 
 function mapTaskLite(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskLite {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     taskId: asNumber(raw.taskId),
     taskName: asString(raw.taskName),
@@ -314,7 +310,7 @@ function mapTaskLite(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskLite {
 }
 
 function mapTaskField(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskField {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     fieldId: asNumber(raw.fieldId),
     fieldLabel: asString(raw.fieldLabel),
@@ -324,7 +320,7 @@ function mapTaskField(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskField {
 }
 
 function mapTaskTimeEntryCategory(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskTimeEntryCategory | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     categoryId: asNumber(raw.categoryId),
@@ -333,7 +329,7 @@ function mapTaskTimeEntryCategory(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskTimeEntryCatego
 }
 
 function mapTaskBudget(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskBudget {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     budgetId: asNumber(raw.budgetId),
     budgetName: asString(raw.budgetName),
@@ -341,7 +337,7 @@ function mapTaskBudget(value: unknown): RocketlaneTaskBudget {
 }
 
 export function mapTask(value: unknown): RocketlaneTask {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     taskId: asNumber(raw.taskId),
     taskName: asString(raw.taskName),
@@ -368,7 +364,7 @@ export function mapTask(value: unknown): RocketlaneTask {
     assignees: mapTaskAssignees(raw.assignees),
     followers: mapTaskFollowers(raw.followers),
     dependencies: asArray(raw.dependencies).map(mapTaskLite),
-    parent: asObject(raw.parent) ? mapTaskLite(raw.parent) : null,
+    parent: toRecordOrNull(raw.parent) ? mapTaskLite(raw.parent) : null,
     externalReferenceId: asString(raw.externalReferenceId),
     billable: asBoolean(raw.billable),
     timeEntryCategory: mapTaskTimeEntryCategory(raw.timeEntryCategory),
@@ -766,7 +762,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectCompany {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectCompany(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectCompany | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     companyId: asNumber(raw.companyId),
@@ -788,7 +784,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectStatus {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectStatus(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectStatus | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     value: asNumber(raw.value),
@@ -810,7 +806,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectField {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectField(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectField {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     fieldId: asNumber(raw.fieldId),
     fieldLabel: asString(raw.fieldLabel),
@@ -837,7 +833,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectPhase {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectPhase(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectPhase {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     phaseId: asNumber(raw.phaseId),
     phaseName: asString(raw.phaseName),
@@ -858,7 +854,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectSource {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectSource(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectSource {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     prefix: asString(raw.prefix),
     startDate: asString(raw.startDate),
@@ -890,7 +886,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectTeamMembers {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectTeamMembers(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectTeamMembers {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     members: asArray(raw.members)
       .map(mapUserSummary)
@@ -940,12 +936,12 @@ export interface RocketlaneProjectFinancials {
 }
 
 export function mapProjectFinancials(value: unknown): RocketlaneProjectFinancials | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
-  const fixedFeeContract = asObject(raw.fixedFeeContract) ?? {}
-  const timeAndMaterialContract = asObject(raw.timeAndMaterialContract) ?? {}
-  const rateCard = asObject(timeAndMaterialContract.rateCard) ?? {}
-  const subscriptionContract = asObject(raw.subscriptionContract) ?? {}
+  const fixedFeeContract = toRecordOrNull(raw.fixedFeeContract) ?? {}
+  const timeAndMaterialContract = toRecordOrNull(raw.timeAndMaterialContract) ?? {}
+  const rateCard = toRecordOrNull(timeAndMaterialContract.rateCard) ?? {}
+  const subscriptionContract = toRecordOrNull(raw.subscriptionContract) ?? {}
   return {
     contractType: asString(raw.contractType),
     revenueRecognitionType: asString(raw.revenueRecognitionType),
@@ -1063,7 +1059,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneProject {
 }
 
 export function mapProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneProject {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     projectId: asNumber(raw.projectId),
     projectName: asString(raw.projectName),
@@ -1361,9 +1357,9 @@ export interface RocketlanePlaceholderRole {
 }
 
 export function mapPlaceholder(value: unknown): RocketlanePlaceholder {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
-  const project = asObject(raw.project)
-  const role = asObject(raw.role)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
+  const project = toRecordOrNull(raw.project)
+  const role = toRecordOrNull(raw.role)
   return {
     placeholderId: asNumber(raw.placeholderId),
     placeholderName: asString(raw.placeholderName),
@@ -1450,9 +1446,9 @@ export interface RocketlanePlaceholderRef {
 }
 
 export function mapPlaceholderMapping(value: unknown): RocketlanePlaceholderMapping {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
-  const placeholder = asObject(raw.placeholder)
-  const user = asObject(raw.user)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
+  const placeholder = toRecordOrNull(raw.placeholder)
+  const user = toRecordOrNull(raw.user)
   return {
     placeholder: placeholder
       ? {
@@ -1735,7 +1731,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneFieldOption {
 }
 
 export function mapFieldOption(value: unknown): RocketlaneFieldOption {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     optionValue: asNumber(raw.optionValue),
     optionLabel: asString(raw.optionLabel),
@@ -1776,7 +1772,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneField {
 }
 
 export function mapField(value: unknown): RocketlaneField {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     fieldId: asNumber(raw.fieldId),
     fieldLabel: asString(raw.fieldLabel),
@@ -1971,9 +1967,9 @@ export interface RocketlanePhase {
 }
 
 export function mapPhase(value: unknown): RocketlanePhase {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
-  const project = asObject(raw.project)
-  const status = asObject(raw.status)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
+  const project = toRecordOrNull(raw.project)
+  const status = toRecordOrNull(raw.status)
   return {
     phaseId: asNumber(raw.phaseId),
     phaseName: asString(raw.phaseName),
@@ -2201,7 +2197,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneTimeEntry {
 }
 
 function mapTimeEntryProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryProject | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     projectId: asNumber(raw.projectId),
@@ -2210,7 +2206,7 @@ function mapTimeEntryProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryProject | null
 }
 
 function mapTimeEntryTask(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryTask | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     taskId: asNumber(raw.taskId),
@@ -2219,7 +2215,7 @@ function mapTimeEntryTask(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryTask | null {
 }
 
 function mapTimeEntryPhase(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryPhase | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     phaseId: asNumber(raw.phaseId),
@@ -2228,7 +2224,7 @@ function mapTimeEntryPhase(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryPhase | null {
 }
 
 export function mapTimeEntryCategory(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryCategory | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     categoryId: asNumber(raw.categoryId),
@@ -2237,7 +2233,7 @@ export function mapTimeEntryCategory(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryCategor
 }
 
 function mapTimeEntryRate(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryRate | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     rate: asNumber(raw.rate),
@@ -2246,7 +2242,7 @@ function mapTimeEntryRate(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryRate | null {
 }
 
 function mapTimeEntryField(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryField {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     fieldId: asNumber(raw.fieldId),
     fieldLabel: asString(raw.fieldLabel),
@@ -2256,7 +2252,7 @@ function mapTimeEntryField(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntryField {
 }
 
 export function mapTimeEntry(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeEntry {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     timeEntryId: asNumber(raw.timeEntryId),
     date: asString(raw.date),
@@ -2624,8 +2620,8 @@ export interface RocketlaneSpace {
 }
 
 export function mapSpace(value: unknown): RocketlaneSpace {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
-  const project = asObject(raw.project)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
+  const project = toRecordOrNull(raw.project)
   return {
     spaceId: asNumber(raw.spaceId),
     spaceName: asString(raw.spaceName),
@@ -2781,9 +2777,9 @@ export interface RocketlaneSpaceDocument {
 }
 
 export function mapSpaceDocument(value: unknown): RocketlaneSpaceDocument {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
-  const space = asObject(raw.space)
-  const source = asObject(raw.source)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
+  const space = toRecordOrNull(raw.space)
+  const source = toRecordOrNull(raw.source)
   return {
     spaceDocumentId: asNumber(raw.spaceDocumentId),
     spaceDocumentName: asString(raw.spaceDocumentName),
@@ -3004,11 +3000,11 @@ export interface RocketlaneUser {
 }
 
 export function mapUser(value: unknown): RocketlaneUser {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
-  const role = asObject(raw.role)
-  const company = asObject(raw.company)
-  const permission = asObject(raw.permission)
-  const holidayCalendar = asObject(raw.holidayCalendar)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
+  const role = toRecordOrNull(raw.role)
+  const company = toRecordOrNull(raw.company)
+  const permission = toRecordOrNull(raw.permission)
+  const holidayCalendar = toRecordOrNull(raw.holidayCalendar)
   return {
     userId: asNumber(raw.userId),
     email: asString(raw.email),
@@ -3035,7 +3031,7 @@ export function mapUser(value: unknown): RocketlaneUser {
         }
       : null,
     fields: asArray(raw.fields).map((field) => {
-      const fieldRaw = asObject(field) ?? {}
+      const fieldRaw = toRecordOrNull(field) ?? {}
       return {
         fieldId: asNumber(fieldRaw.fieldId),
         fieldLabel: asString(fieldRaw.fieldLabel),
@@ -3331,7 +3327,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneTimeOff {
 }
 
 function mapTimeOffNotifyUsers(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeOffNotifyUsers | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     projectOwners: asBoolean(raw.projectOwners),
@@ -3345,7 +3341,7 @@ function mapTimeOffNotifyUsers(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeOffNotifyUsers | n
  * Maps a raw time-off payload to the normalized {@link RocketlaneTimeOff} shape.
  */
 export function mapTimeOff(value: unknown): RocketlaneTimeOff {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     timeOffId: asNumber(raw.timeOffId),
     user: mapUserSummary(raw.user),
@@ -3523,7 +3519,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneResourceAllocation {
 }
 
 function mapResourceAllocationRole(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocationRole | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     roleId: asNumber(raw.roleId),
@@ -3532,7 +3528,7 @@ function mapResourceAllocationRole(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocation
 }
 
 function mapResourceAllocationMember(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocationMember | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   const user = mapUserSummary(raw)
   if (!user) return null
@@ -3545,7 +3541,7 @@ function mapResourceAllocationMember(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocati
 function mapResourceAllocationPlaceholder(
   value: unknown
 ): RocketlaneResourceAllocationPlaceholder | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     placeholderId: asNumber(raw.placeholderId),
@@ -3557,7 +3553,7 @@ function mapResourceAllocationPlaceholder(
 function mapResourceAllocationDuration(
   value: unknown
 ): RocketlaneResourceAllocationDuration | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     daysConsider: asNumber(raw.daysConsider),
@@ -3568,7 +3564,7 @@ function mapResourceAllocationDuration(
 }
 
 function mapResourceAllocationProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocationProject | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     projectId: asNumber(raw.projectId),
@@ -3577,7 +3573,7 @@ function mapResourceAllocationProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocat
 }
 
 function mapResourceAllocationTask(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocationTask {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     taskId: asNumber(raw.taskId),
     taskName: asString(raw.taskName),
@@ -3589,7 +3585,7 @@ function mapResourceAllocationTask(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocation
  * {@link RocketlaneResourceAllocation} shape.
  */
 export function mapResourceAllocation(value: unknown): RocketlaneResourceAllocation {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     startDate: asString(raw.startDate),
     endDate: asString(raw.endDate),
@@ -3920,7 +3916,7 @@ export interface RocketlaneInvoiceLineItem {
 }
 
 function mapInvoiceCompany(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceCompany | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     companyId: asNumber(raw.companyId),
@@ -3930,7 +3926,7 @@ function mapInvoiceCompany(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceCompany | null {
 }
 
 function mapInvoiceProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceProject {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     projectId: asNumber(raw.projectId),
     projectName: asString(raw.projectName),
@@ -3938,7 +3934,7 @@ function mapInvoiceProject(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceProject {
 }
 
 function mapInvoiceField(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceField {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     fieldId: asNumber(raw.fieldId),
     fieldLabel: asString(raw.fieldLabel),
@@ -3948,7 +3944,7 @@ function mapInvoiceField(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceField {
 }
 
 function mapInvoiceAttachment(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceAttachment {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     attachmentId: asNumber(raw.attachmentId),
     attachmentName: asString(raw.attachmentName),
@@ -3963,7 +3959,7 @@ function mapInvoiceAttachment(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceAttachment {
  * Maps a raw invoice payload to the normalized {@link RocketlaneInvoice} shape.
  */
 export function mapInvoice(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoice {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     invoiceId: asNumber(raw.invoiceId),
     invoiceNumber: asString(raw.invoiceNumber),
@@ -3993,7 +3989,7 @@ export function mapInvoice(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoice {
  * Maps a raw payment-record payload to the normalized {@link RocketlaneInvoicePayment} shape.
  */
 export function mapInvoicePayment(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoicePayment {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     paymentId: asNumber(raw.paymentId),
     paymentRecordType: asString(raw.paymentRecordType),
@@ -4005,7 +4001,7 @@ export function mapInvoicePayment(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoicePayment {
 }
 
 function mapInvoiceLineItemTaxCode(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceLineItemTaxCode | null {
-  const raw = asObject(value)
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!raw) return null
   return {
     taxCodeId: asNumber(raw.taxCodeId),
@@ -4016,7 +4012,7 @@ function mapInvoiceLineItemTaxCode(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceLineItemTax
 }
 
 function mapInvoiceLineItemTaxComponent(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceLineItemTaxComponent {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     taxComponentId: asNumber(raw.taxComponentId),
     taxComponentName: asString(raw.taxComponentName),
@@ -4030,7 +4026,7 @@ function mapInvoiceLineItemTaxComponent(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceLineIt
  * Maps a raw invoice line-item payload to the normalized {@link RocketlaneInvoiceLineItem} shape.
  */
 export function mapInvoiceLineItem(value: unknown): RocketlaneInvoiceLineItem {
-  const raw = asObject(value) ?? {}
+  const raw = toRecordOrNull(value) ?? {}
   return {
     invoiceLineItemId: asNumber(raw.invoiceLineItemId),
     description: asString(raw.description),
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/smartlead/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/smartlead/utils.ts
index d0efc3f22f6..097cfeaaa12 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/smartlead/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/smartlead/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { filterUndefined, isRecordLike, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type {
   SmartleadBaseParams,
   SmartleadCampaign,
@@ -550,10 +550,6 @@ export function mapCreatedCampaign(record: Record<string, unknown>): {
   }
 }
 
-function toRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
-}
-
 function toArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
   return Array.isArray(value) ? value : []
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts
index 7cfeb4440db..42b621768bb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/tiktok/utils.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
 import type { ZodType } from 'zod'
 import { isPayloadSizeLimitError, readResponseTextWithLimit } from '@/lib/core/utils/stream-limits'
@@ -80,12 +80,8 @@ interface ReadTikTokApiResponseOptions {
   signal?: AbortSignal
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : null
-}
-
 function parseTikTokError(value: unknown): TikTokApiError | null {
-  const error = asRecord(value)
+  const error = toRecordOrNull(value)
   if (!error) return null
 
   const code = typeof error.code === 'string' ? error.code : null
@@ -146,7 +142,7 @@ async function readJsonObject(
     }
   }
 
-  const body = asRecord(parsed)
+  const body = toRecordOrNull(parsed)
   if (!body) {
     return {
       body: null,
@@ -243,7 +239,7 @@ export async function readTikTokDraftInitResponse(
       }
     }
 
-    const output = asRecord(parsed.body.output)
+    const output = toRecordOrNull(parsed.body.output)
     const publishId = typeof output?.publishId === 'string' ? output.publishId : ''
     return publishId
       ? { success: true, publishId }
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts
index ba440a640ff..9c906cc265f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/uptimerobot/types.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { OutputProperty, ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
 
 /** Base URL for the UptimeRobot v3 REST API. */
@@ -196,10 +196,6 @@ function asEnum(value: unknown): string | null {
   return typeof value === 'string' ? value : null
 }
 
-function asObject(value: unknown): Raw | null {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? (value as Raw) : null
-}
-
 function asArray(value: unknown): unknown[] {
   return Array.isArray(value) ? value : []
 }
@@ -311,7 +307,7 @@ export function buildMaintenanceWindowBody(
 // region Mappers (raw API JSON -> typed output objects)
 
 export function mapMonitor(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotMonitor {
-  const lastIncident = asObject(raw.lastIncident)
+  const lastIncident = toRecordOrNull(raw.lastIncident)
   return {
     id: asNumber(raw.id) ?? 0,
     friendlyName: asString(raw.friendlyName) ?? '',
@@ -337,7 +333,7 @@ export function mapMonitor(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotMonitor {
     lastIncidentId: asString(raw.lastIncidentId),
     groupId: asNumber(raw.groupId),
     tags: asArray(raw.tags).map((tag) => {
-      const t = asObject(tag) ?? {}
+      const t = toRecordOrNull(tag) ?? {}
       return {
         id: asNumber(t.id) ?? 0,
         name: asString(t.name) ?? '',
@@ -345,7 +341,7 @@ export function mapMonitor(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotMonitor {
       }
     }),
     assignedAlertContacts: asArray(raw.assignedAlertContacts).map((contact) => {
-      const c = asObject(contact) ?? {}
+      const c = toRecordOrNull(contact) ?? {}
       return {
         alertContactId: asNumber(c.alertContactId) ?? 0,
         threshold: asNumber(c.threshold) ?? 0,
@@ -420,7 +416,7 @@ export function mapPsp(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotPsp {
 }
 
 export function mapIncidentSummary(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotIncidentSummary {
-  const monitor = asObject(raw.monitor) ?? {}
+  const monitor = toRecordOrNull(raw.monitor) ?? {}
   return {
     id: asString(raw.id) ?? '',
     status: asEnum(raw.status),
@@ -438,7 +434,7 @@ export function mapIncidentSummary(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotIncidentSummary {
 }
 
 export function mapIncidentDetail(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotIncidentDetail {
-  const rootCause = asObject(raw.rootCause)
+  const rootCause = toRecordOrNull(raw.rootCause)
   return {
     id: asString(raw.id) ?? '',
     status: asEnum(raw.status),
@@ -458,7 +454,7 @@ export function mapIncidentDetail(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotIncidentDetail {
 }
 
 export function mapAccount(raw: Raw): UptimeRobotAccount {
-  const subscription = asObject(raw.activeSubscription) ?? {}
+  const subscription = toRecordOrNull(raw.activeSubscription) ?? {}
   return {
     email: asString(raw.email),
     fullName: asString(raw.fullName),
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/index.ts b/packages/utils/src/index.ts
index 880c7716507..9568f825ac6 100644
--- a/packages/utils/src/index.ts
+++ b/packages/utils/src/index.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ export {
   isRecordLike,
   omit,
   sortObjectKeysDeep,
+  toRecord,
+  toRecordOrNull,
 } from './object'
 export {
   generateRandomBytes,
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/object.test.ts b/packages/utils/src/object.test.ts
index 29f21e2a6d6..78c3a900d87 100644
--- a/packages/utils/src/object.test.ts
+++ b/packages/utils/src/object.test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@
  * @vitest-environment node
  */
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
-import { isPlainRecord, isRecordLike, sortObjectKeysDeep } from './object.js'
+import {
+  isPlainRecord,
+  isRecordLike,
+  sortObjectKeysDeep,
+  toRecord,
+  toRecordOrNull,
+} from './object.js'
 
 class Sample {
   value = 1
@@ -23,6 +29,33 @@ describe('isRecordLike', () => {
   })
 })
 
+describe('toRecord', () => {
+  it('returns the value itself for records, preserving identity', () => {
+    const source = { a: 1 }
+    expect(toRecord(source)).toBe(source)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to a fresh empty object for arrays, null, and primitives', () => {
+    expect(toRecord([])).toEqual({})
+    expect(toRecord(null)).toEqual({})
+    expect(toRecord('nope')).toEqual({})
+    expect(toRecord(undefined)).not.toBe(toRecord(undefined))
+  })
+})
+
+describe('toRecordOrNull', () => {
+  it('returns the value itself for records, preserving identity', () => {
+    const source = { a: 1 }
+    expect(toRecordOrNull(source)).toBe(source)
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to null for arrays, null, and primitives', () => {
+    expect(toRecordOrNull([])).toBeNull()
+    expect(toRecordOrNull(null)).toBeNull()
+    expect(toRecordOrNull(42)).toBeNull()
+  })
+})
+
 describe('isPlainRecord', () => {
   it('returns true for plain objects', () => {
     expect(isPlainRecord({})).toBe(true)
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/object.ts b/packages/utils/src/object.ts
index 92505aa34bd..6ff480711a9 100644
--- a/packages/utils/src/object.ts
+++ b/packages/utils/src/object.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,27 @@ export function isRecordLike(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
   return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Coerces {@link value} to a record, falling back to an empty object. The
+ * coercion counterpart to {@link isRecordLike}, for the common
+ * `isRecordLike(v) ? v : {}` shape when reading an untyped payload whose absence
+ * should read as "no fields" rather than as an error.
+ *
+ * @remarks Returns a fresh `{}` on every miss, so the result is never shared.
+ */
+export function toRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Coerces {@link value} to a record, falling back to `null`. Use over
+ * {@link toRecord} when callers must distinguish "absent or malformed" from
+ * "present but empty".
+ */
+export function toRecordOrNull(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
+  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : null
+}
+
 /**
  * Recursively sorts the keys of every plain object reachable from {@link value},
  * preserving array order while recursing into array elements. Primitives and

From 5c3295f8a423350472b9a09bfbc6ebe7c62e8ae1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:42:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/6] fix(webhooks): guard non-string GitLab ref, and
 consolidate the last record helpers
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Two audits covered the six helpers held back from the previous commit for not
being equivalent to isRecordLike. Five are now migrated; one is deliberately not.

`gitlab.ts` carried a real crash path, independent of the guard work:

    const ref = (b.ref as string) || ''
    const branch = ref.replace('refs/heads/', '')

The cast is unchecked and `|| ''` only catches falsy values, so a truthy
non-string body field — `{"ref": 12345}` — reaches `.replace` and throws
`TypeError: ref.replace is not a function` inside `formatInput`. That runs in the
background worker after the webhook is already 200-ACKed, and GitLab does not
auto-retry, so the delivery is lost silently. Now checks `typeof`.

`pagerduty`/`zendesk`/`gitlab` each defined `asRecord` as
`(value as Record<string, unknown>) || {}`, which type-checks nothing — a string
or array passed through and was then spread into the workflow trigger payload
(`gitlab.ts:114`) as character- or index-keyed garbage. All three now use the
shared `toRecord`. These sit behind `verifyProviderAuth`, so reaching them
requires the shared secret; this is robustness, not authorization.

`copilot/resources/extraction.ts` and `pi/core/events.ts` were array-permissive
but provably inert — extraction.ts has no key enumeration or spread anywhere,
and events.ts only diverges by returning `null` instead of `{type:'other'}` for
an array, which every consumer already no-ops on. Pinned with a test.

`edit-workflow/validation.ts` is left permissive ON PURPOSE. Its `Object.entries`
walk mirrors the unguarded walk in `operations.ts:86,191`, so an array-shaped
`nestedNodes` from the model is currently visited by both. Tightening only the
validation side would stop `collectHostedApiKeyInput` from stripping
platform-managed API keys while the apply side still creates those child blocks.
Both paths have to change together, with tests, in their own PR.
---
 .../executor/handlers/pi/core/events.test.ts  |  1 +
 apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.ts  | 20 ++++++------
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/resources/extraction.ts  | 31 +++++++++----------
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts     | 18 +++++------
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/pagerduty.ts  | 19 +++++-------
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zendesk.ts    | 23 ++++++--------
 6 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.test.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.test.ts
index 3fb216b56b6..f08d162d101 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.test.ts
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ describe('normalizePiEvent', () => {
     expect(normalizePiEvent({ type: 'queue_update' })).toEqual({ type: 'other' })
     expect(normalizePiEvent('nope')).toBeNull()
     expect(normalizePiEvent(null)).toBeNull()
+    expect(normalizePiEvent([])).toBeNull()
   })
 })
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.ts
index 0ff0864726a..2c05ad00b45 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/pi/core/events.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
  * run totals (final text, token usage, tool calls) the handler reports.
  */
 
+import { toRecordOrNull } from '@sim/utils/object'
+
 /** A single normalized event emitted during a Pi run. */
 export type PiEvent =
   | { type: 'text'; text: string }
@@ -71,10 +73,6 @@ export function streamTextForEvent(event: PiEvent): string | null {
   return event.type === 'text' ? event.text : null
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> | null {
-  return typeof value === 'object' && value !== null ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : null
-}
-
 function asString(value: unknown): string {
   return typeof value === 'string' ? value : ''
 }
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ function asNumber(value: unknown): number {
 function extractAssistantText(message: Record<string, unknown>): string {
   if (!Array.isArray(message.content)) return ''
   return message.content
-    .map((block) => asRecord(block))
+    .map((block) => toRecordOrNull(block))
     .filter((block): block is Record<string, unknown> => block !== null)
     .filter((block) => asString(block.type) === 'text')
     .map((block) => asString(block.text))
@@ -104,11 +102,11 @@ function extractUsage(
   ev: Record<string, unknown>
 ): { inputTokens: number; outputTokens: number } | null {
   const candidates: Array<Record<string, unknown>> = []
-  const direct = asRecord(ev.usage)
+  const direct = toRecordOrNull(ev.usage)
   if (direct) candidates.push(direct)
-  const message = asRecord(ev.message)
+  const message = toRecordOrNull(ev.message)
   if (message) {
-    const messageUsage = asRecord(message.usage)
+    const messageUsage = toRecordOrNull(message.usage)
     if (messageUsage) candidates.push(messageUsage)
   }
 
@@ -133,12 +131,12 @@ function extractUsage(
  * arrives only on the local and review paths and the cloud ones silently lose it.
  */
 export function normalizePiEvent(raw: unknown): PiEvent | null {
-  const ev = asRecord(raw)
+  const ev = toRecordOrNull(raw)
   if (!ev) return null
 
   switch (asString(ev.type)) {
     case 'message_update': {
-      const assistantEvent = asRecord(ev.assistantMessageEvent)
+      const assistantEvent = toRecordOrNull(ev.assistantMessageEvent)
       const deltaType = assistantEvent ? asString(assistantEvent.type) : ''
       const delta = assistantEvent ? asString(assistantEvent.delta) : ''
       if (deltaType === 'text_delta') return { type: 'text', text: delta }
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ export function normalizePiEvent(raw: unknown): PiEvent | null {
       if (ev.willRetry === true) return { type: 'other' }
       const messages = Array.isArray(ev.messages) ? ev.messages : []
       for (let index = messages.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
-        const message = asRecord(messages[index])
+        const message = toRecordOrNull(messages[index])
         if (!message || asString(message.role) !== 'assistant') continue
         const stopReason = asString(message.stopReason)
         if (stopReason === 'error' || stopReason === 'aborted') {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/resources/extraction.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/resources/extraction.ts
index 2a614d944b6..fc2fd57e963 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/resources/extraction.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/resources/extraction.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import {
   CreateFile,
   CreateWorkflow,
@@ -39,19 +40,15 @@ export function isResourceToolName(toolName: string): boolean {
   return RESOURCE_TOOL_NAMES.has(toolName)
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return value && typeof value === 'object' ? (value as Record<string, unknown>) : {}
-}
-
 function getOperation(params: Record<string, unknown> | undefined): string | undefined {
-  const args = asRecord(params?.args)
+  const args = toRecord(params?.args)
   return (args.operation ?? params?.operation) as string | undefined
 }
 
 function getWorkspaceFileTarget(
   params: Record<string, unknown> | undefined
 ): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return asRecord(params?.target)
+  return toRecord(params?.target)
 }
 
 const READ_ONLY_TABLE_OPS = new Set(['get', 'get_schema', 'get_row', 'query_rows'])
@@ -70,8 +67,8 @@ export function extractResourcesFromToolResult(
 ): ChatResource[] {
   if (!isResourceToolName(toolName)) return []
 
-  const result = asRecord(output)
-  const data = asRecord(result.data)
+  const result = toRecord(output)
+  const data = toRecord(result.data)
 
   switch (toolName) {
     case UserTable.id: {
@@ -95,11 +92,11 @@ export function extractResourcesFromToolResult(
           },
         ]
       }
-      const table = asRecord(data.table)
+      const table = toRecord(data.table)
       if (table.id) {
         return [{ type: 'table', id: table.id as string, title: (table.name as string) || 'Table' }]
       }
-      const args = asRecord(params?.args)
+      const args = toRecord(params?.args)
       const tableId =
         (data.tableId as string) ?? (args.tableId as string) ?? (params?.tableId as string)
       if (tableId) {
@@ -112,7 +109,7 @@ export function extractResourcesFromToolResult(
 
     case CreateFile.id:
     case WorkspaceFile.id: {
-      const file = asRecord(data.file)
+      const file = toRecord(data.file)
       if (file.id) {
         return [{ type: 'file', id: file.id as string, title: (file.name as string) || 'File' }]
       }
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ export function extractResourcesFromToolResult(
     case KnowledgeBase.id: {
       if (READ_ONLY_KB_OPS.has(getOperation(params) ?? '')) return []
 
-      const args = asRecord(params?.args)
+      const args = toRecord(params?.args)
       const kbId =
         (args.knowledgeBaseId as string) ??
         (params?.knowledgeBaseId as string) ??
@@ -261,16 +258,16 @@ export function extractDeletedResourcesFromToolResult(
   const resourceType = DELETE_CAPABLE_TOOL_RESOURCE_TYPE[toolName]
   if (!resourceType) return []
 
-  const result = asRecord(output)
-  const data = asRecord(result.data)
-  const args = asRecord(params?.args)
+  const result = toRecord(output)
+  const data = toRecord(result.data)
+  const args = toRecord(params?.args)
   const operation = (args.operation ?? params?.operation) as string | undefined
 
   switch (toolName) {
     case Rm.id: {
       const outcomes = Array.isArray(result.results) ? result.results : []
       return outcomes.flatMap((entry): ChatResource[] => {
-        const outcome = asRecord(entry)
+        const outcome = toRecord(entry)
         if (outcome.error) return []
         const { id, kind, from } = outcome
         if (typeof id !== 'string' || !id || typeof kind !== 'string') return []
@@ -310,7 +307,7 @@ export function extractDeletedResourcesFromToolResult(
       if (operation !== 'delete') return []
       const deleted = Array.isArray(data.deleted) ? data.deleted : []
       const resources = deleted.flatMap((entry): ChatResource[] => {
-        const deletedKnowledgeBase = asRecord(entry)
+        const deletedKnowledgeBase = toRecord(entry)
         const knowledgeBaseId = deletedKnowledgeBase.id
         if (typeof knowledgeBaseId !== 'string' || !knowledgeBaseId) return []
         return [
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts
index d1f0c4b7543..6b5f4cd8d1b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/gitlab.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
+import { isRecordLike, toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { secureFetchWithValidation } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { getNotificationUrl, getProviderConfig } from '@/lib/webhooks/provider-subscription-utils'
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ import { getGitLabApiBase, UnsafeGitLabHostError } from '@/tools/gitlab/utils'
 
 const logger = createLogger('WebhookProvider:GitLab')
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return (value as Record<string, unknown>) || {}
-}
-
 function gitlabProjectHooksUrl(projectId: string, host: unknown): string {
   return `${getGitLabApiBase(host)}/projects/${encodeURIComponent(projectId)}/hooks`
 }
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@ export const gitlabHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     const triggerId = providerConfig.triggerId as string | undefined
     if (!triggerId || triggerId === 'gitlab_webhook') return true
 
-    const objectKind = asRecord(body).object_kind as string | undefined
+    const objectKind = toRecord(body).object_kind as string | undefined
 
     const { isGitLabEventMatch } = await import('@/triggers/gitlab/utils')
     if (!isGitLabEventMatch(triggerId, objectKind || '')) {
@@ -110,9 +106,9 @@ export const gitlabHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
    * referencing the undocumented raw path keeps working.
    */
   async formatInput({ body, headers }: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
-    const b = asRecord(body)
+    const b = toRecord(body)
     const eventType = headers['x-gitlab-event'] || ''
-    const ref = (b.ref as string) || ''
+    const ref = typeof b.ref === 'string' ? b.ref : ''
     const branch = ref.replace('refs/heads/', '')
     const objectAttributes = b.object_attributes
     let input: Record<string, unknown> = { ...b, event_type: eventType, branch }
@@ -148,9 +144,9 @@ export const gitlabHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
    * (pending/running/success/failed) from colliding onto the same key.
    */
   extractIdempotencyId(body: unknown): string | null {
-    const b = asRecord(body)
+    const b = toRecord(body)
     const objectKind = (b.object_kind as string) || ''
-    const project = asRecord(b.project)
+    const project = toRecord(b.project)
     const projectId = project.id != null ? String(project.id) : ''
 
     if (objectKind === 'push' || objectKind === 'tag_push') {
@@ -160,7 +156,7 @@ export const gitlabHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
       return `gitlab:${objectKind}:${projectId}:${ref}:${checkoutSha}`
     }
 
-    const objectAttributes = asRecord(b.object_attributes)
+    const objectAttributes = toRecord(b.object_attributes)
     const id = objectAttributes.id != null ? String(objectAttributes.id) : ''
     if (!id) return null
     const version =
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/pagerduty.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/pagerduty.ts
index f16124eaa1f..fe15d0d475c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/pagerduty.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/pagerduty.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import crypto from 'crypto'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getNotificationUrl, getProviderConfig } from '@/lib/webhooks/provider-subscription-utils'
 import type {
   DeleteSubscriptionContext,
@@ -42,10 +43,6 @@ function validatePagerDutySignature(secret: string, signature: string, body: str
     .some((part) => safeCompare(part.slice(3), computed))
 }
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return (value as Record<string, unknown>) || {}
-}
-
 /**
  * Best-effort cleanup of a webhook subscription after a failed setup. Deletes by
  * id when known, otherwise finds the subscription pointing at `url` and deletes
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ export const pagerdutyHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     const triggerId = providerConfig.triggerId as string | undefined
     if (!triggerId || triggerId === 'pagerduty_webhook') return true
 
-    const event = asRecord(asRecord(body).event)
+    const event = toRecord(toRecord(body).event)
     const eventType = event.event_type as string | undefined
 
     const { isPagerDutyEventMatch } = await import('@/triggers/pagerduty/utils')
@@ -111,8 +108,8 @@ export const pagerdutyHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   async formatInput({ body }: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
-    const event = asRecord(asRecord(body).event)
-    const data = asRecord(event.data)
+    const event = toRecord(toRecord(body).event)
+    const data = toRecord(event.data)
     const priority = referenceSummary(data.priority)
 
     return {
@@ -139,7 +136,7 @@ export const pagerdutyHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   extractIdempotencyId(body: unknown) {
-    const event = asRecord(asRecord(body).event)
+    const event = toRecord(toRecord(body).event)
     return (event.id as string | undefined) || null
   },
 
@@ -177,10 +174,10 @@ export const pagerdutyHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
       throw new Error(`Failed to create PagerDuty webhook subscription: ${res.status}`)
     }
 
-    const created = asRecord((await res.json().catch(() => ({}))) as unknown)
-    const subscription = asRecord(created.webhook_subscription)
+    const created = toRecord((await res.json().catch(() => ({}))) as unknown)
+    const subscription = toRecord(created.webhook_subscription)
     const externalId = subscription.id as string | undefined
-    const secret = asRecord(subscription.delivery_method).secret as string | undefined
+    const secret = toRecord(subscription.delivery_method).secret as string | undefined
 
     // The subscription exists once PagerDuty returns success; if it is missing
     // its id or signing secret, delete it so it is not orphaned, then fail.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zendesk.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zendesk.ts
index 665f11b5853..452eec0ef37 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zendesk.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/providers/zendesk.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import crypto from 'crypto'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { safeCompare } from '@sim/security/compare'
+import { toRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
 import { getNotificationUrl, getProviderConfig } from '@/lib/webhooks/provider-subscription-utils'
 import type {
@@ -16,10 +17,6 @@ import type {
 
 const logger = createLogger('WebhookProvider:Zendesk')
 
-function asRecord(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return (value as Record<string, unknown>) || {}
-}
-
 /** Zendesk API base for a subdomain. */
 function zendeskApiBase(subdomain: string): string {
   return `https://${subdomain}.zendesk.com/api/v2`
@@ -121,7 +118,7 @@ export const zendeskHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
     const triggerId = providerConfig.triggerId as string | undefined
     if (!triggerId || triggerId === 'zendesk_webhook') return true
 
-    const eventType = asRecord(body).type as string | undefined
+    const eventType = toRecord(body).type as string | undefined
 
     const { isZendeskEventMatch } = await import('@/triggers/zendesk/utils')
     if (!isZendeskEventMatch(triggerId, eventType || '')) {
@@ -134,9 +131,9 @@ export const zendeskHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   async formatInput({ body }: FormatInputContext): Promise<FormatInputResult> {
-    const b = asRecord(body)
-    const detail = asRecord(b.detail)
-    const via = asRecord(detail.via)
+    const b = toRecord(body)
+    const detail = toRecord(b.detail)
+    const via = toRecord(detail.via)
 
     return {
       input: {
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ export const zendeskHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
   },
 
   extractIdempotencyId(body: unknown) {
-    return (asRecord(body).id as string | undefined) || null
+    return (toRecord(body).id as string | undefined) || null
   },
 
   async createSubscription(ctx: SubscriptionContext): Promise<SubscriptionResult | undefined> {
@@ -218,8 +215,8 @@ export const zendeskHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
       throw new Error(`Failed to create Zendesk webhook: ${createRes.status}`)
     }
 
-    const created = asRecord((await createRes.json().catch(() => ({}))) as unknown)
-    const externalId = asRecord(created.webhook).id as string | undefined
+    const created = toRecord((await createRes.json().catch(() => ({}))) as unknown)
+    const externalId = toRecord(created.webhook).id as string | undefined
     if (!externalId) throw new Error('Zendesk webhook created but no webhook ID was returned.')
 
     const secretRes = await fetch(`${apiBase}/webhooks/${externalId}/signing_secret`, {
@@ -235,8 +232,8 @@ export const zendeskHandler: WebhookProviderHandler = {
       throw new Error(`Failed to fetch Zendesk signing secret: ${secretRes.status}`)
     }
 
-    const secretBody = asRecord((await secretRes.json().catch(() => ({}))) as unknown)
-    const secret = asRecord(secretBody.signing_secret).secret as string | undefined
+    const secretBody = toRecord((await secretRes.json().catch(() => ({}))) as unknown)
+    const secret = toRecord(secretBody.signing_secret).secret as string | undefined
     if (!secret) {
       await deleteZendeskWebhookQuietly(apiBase, authHeader, externalId)
       throw new Error('Zendesk did not return a signing secret for the webhook.')

From c8006149b0461f67df0224d33d862b598dfe8ffe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 15:50:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 5/6] refactor: delete 31 unreachable module-local functions
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Removes 815 lines of provably dead code: module-local (non-exported)
declarations whose identifier appears exactly once in their own file — the
declaration itself. A non-exported symbol cannot be reached by an import, a
barrel, a dynamic import, or a framework convention, so "unreferenced in its own
file" is a complete proof of deadness rather than a heuristic.

Notable removals include whole abandoned code paths: `findWebhookAndWorkflow`
(78 lines), `calculateBillingProjection` and `initializeUserUsageLimit`
(80 lines), `removeCredits` + `deductFromCredits` (54), `sendBatchSMS`,
`executeToolBatch`, and four unused `async-runs/repository.ts` queries.

Spans come from the TypeScript AST, not a regex. A regex cannot find a
declaration's extent — a first-brace scan cuts inside a return-type annotation
such as `Promise<{ canCreate: boolean }>` and silently corrupts the file. The
AST pass also re-derives deadness from identifier nodes, which caught two
wealthbox helpers that a regex export-check had wrongly reported as local.

Note the runtime TypeScript API here is `@typescript/typescript6`; the bare
`typescript` specifier resolves to the native compiler, which exposes no
`createSourceFile`.
---
 apps/realtime/src/database/operations.ts      | 28 ------
 apps/sim/app/api/credentials/route.ts         | 20 ----
 apps/sim/app/api/files/authorization.ts       | 39 --------
 .../sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts | 13 ---
 apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts               |  5 -
 apps/sim/app/api/wand/route.ts                |  8 --
 apps/sim/lib/api-key/auth.ts                  | 19 ----
 .../lib/billing/calculations/usage-monitor.ts | 47 ---------
 apps/sim/lib/billing/core/organization.ts     | 65 -------------
 apps/sim/lib/billing/core/usage.ts            | 80 +---------------
 apps/sim/lib/billing/credits/balance.ts       | 54 +----------
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/async-runs/repository.ts | 96 -------------------
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/chat/process-contents.ts |  3 -
 .../sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts | 32 +------
 .../copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts  | 18 ----
 .../tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts   | 27 ------
 .../copilot/validation/selector-validator.ts  | 25 -----
 apps/sim/lib/invitations/send.ts              | 16 +---
 apps/sim/lib/knowledge/tags/service.ts        | 54 -----------
 apps/sim/lib/messaging/sms/service.ts         | 37 -------
 apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts  | 18 ----
 apps/sim/lib/table/billing.ts                 | 20 ----
 .../contexts/chat/chat-file-manager.ts        | 21 ----
 apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts            | 78 ---------------
 24 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 819 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/realtime/src/database/operations.ts b/apps/realtime/src/database/operations.ts
index 4e7baa85d78..f28543a8004 100644
--- a/apps/realtime/src/database/operations.ts
+++ b/apps/realtime/src/database/operations.ts
@@ -278,34 +278,6 @@ function findDbDescendants(containerId: string, allBlocks: DbBlockRef[]): string
   return descendants
 }
 
-/**
- * Shared function to handle auto-connect edge insertion
- * @param tx - Database transaction
- * @param workflowId - The workflow ID
- * @param autoConnectEdge - The auto-connect edge data
- * @param logger - Logger instance
- */
-async function insertAutoConnectEdge(
-  tx: any,
-  workflowId: string,
-  autoConnectEdge: any,
-  logger: any
-) {
-  if (!autoConnectEdge) return
-
-  await tx.insert(workflowEdges).values({
-    id: autoConnectEdge.id,
-    workflowId,
-    sourceBlockId: autoConnectEdge.source,
-    targetBlockId: autoConnectEdge.target,
-    sourceHandle: normalizeWorkflowEdgeSourceHandle(autoConnectEdge.sourceHandle),
-    targetHandle: normalizeWorkflowEdgeTargetHandle(autoConnectEdge.targetHandle),
-  })
-  logger.debug(
-    `Added auto-connect edge ${autoConnectEdge.id}: ${autoConnectEdge.source} -> ${autoConnectEdge.target}`
-  )
-}
-
 enum SubflowType {
   LOOP = 'loop',
   PARALLEL = 'parallel',
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/credentials/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/credentials/route.ts
index 69ec1fb54e2..51d01be9981 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/credentials/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/credentials/route.ts
@@ -117,26 +117,6 @@ async function findExistingCredentialBySourceWith(
   return null
 }
 
-/**
- * `return await` is load-bearing, not redundant. Next 16.3.0's Turbopack
- * optimizer models a bare `return <asyncCall>()` tail call as returning the
- * promise object, then propagates that always-truthy fact through the caller's
- * `await`. It concludes `if (existingCredential)` is always taken and — because
- * every branch inside that block returns — deletes the entire create path from
- * the emitted bundle, so a first-time create throws on `existingCredential.id`.
- * Awaiting here makes the optimizer model the resolved value instead.
- */
-async function findExistingCredentialBySource(params: ExistingCredentialSourceParams) {
-  return await findExistingCredentialBySourceWith(db, params)
-}
-
-async function findExistingCredentialBySourceTx(
-  tx: Parameters<Parameters<typeof db.transaction>[0]>[0],
-  params: ExistingCredentialSourceParams
-) {
-  return await findExistingCredentialBySourceWith(tx, params)
-}
-
 export const GET = withRouteHandler(async (request: NextRequest) => {
   const requestId = generateRequestId()
   const session = await getSession()
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/files/authorization.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/files/authorization.ts
index 2acd14d46a2..819081ff2e0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/files/authorization.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/files/authorization.ts
@@ -711,45 +711,6 @@ async function verifyRegularFileAccess(
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Unified authorization function that returns structured result
- */
-async function authorizeFileAccess(
-  key: string,
-  userId: string,
-  context?: StorageContext,
-  storageConfig?: StorageConfig,
-  isLocal?: boolean
-): Promise<AuthorizationResult> {
-  const granted = await verifyFileAccess(key, userId, storageConfig, context, isLocal)
-
-  if (granted) {
-    let workspaceId: string | undefined
-    const inferredContext = context || inferContextFromKey(key)
-
-    if (inferredContext === 'workspace') {
-      const record = await lookupWorkspaceFileByKey(key)
-      workspaceId = record?.workspaceId
-    } else {
-      const extracted = extractWorkspaceIdFromKey(key)
-      if (extracted) {
-        workspaceId = extracted
-      }
-    }
-
-    return {
-      granted: true,
-      reason: 'Access granted',
-      workspaceId,
-    }
-  }
-
-  return {
-    granted: false,
-    reason: 'Access denied - insufficient permissions or file not found',
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Guard helper for tool routes that download user files from storage.
  *
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
index 8814f630610..faec1b78e24 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts
@@ -279,19 +279,6 @@ function toToolInputSchema(schema: unknown): Partial<Tool['inputSchema']> {
   }
 }
 
-function parseJsonValue(text: string): { success: true; value: unknown } | { success: false } {
-  if (!text) return { success: true, value: {} }
-  try {
-    return { success: true, value: JSON.parse(text) }
-  } catch {
-    return { success: false }
-  }
-}
-
-function hasResponseField(value: Record<string, unknown>, property: string): boolean {
-  return Object.hasOwn(value, property)
-}
-
 function getWorkflowErrorStatus(status: number): number {
   return [400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 408, 409, 413, 429, 499, 503].includes(status) ? status : 500
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts
index 037c6c83cc8..e548b0da607 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts
@@ -313,11 +313,6 @@ export function tableAccessError(
   return NextResponse.json({ error: message }, { status })
 }
 
-async function verifyTableWorkspace(tableId: string, workspaceId: string): Promise<boolean> {
-  const table = await getTableById(tableId)
-  return table?.workspaceId === workspaceId
-}
-
 export function errorResponse(
   message: string,
   status: number,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/wand/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/wand/route.ts
index f01e90861b0..16743d93a6a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/wand/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/wand/route.ts
@@ -53,14 +53,6 @@ interface ChatMessage {
   content: string
 }
 
-function safeStringify(value: unknown): string {
-  try {
-    return JSON.stringify(value)
-  } catch {
-    return '[unserializable]'
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Wand enricher function type.
  * Enrichers add context to the system prompt based on generationType.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api-key/auth.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api-key/auth.ts
index 5a8e44ddcea..9afba959588 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api-key/auth.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api-key/auth.ts
@@ -136,25 +136,6 @@ export function formatApiKeyForDisplay(apiKey: string): string {
   return `...${last4}`
 }
 
-/**
- * Gets the last 4 characters of an encrypted API key by decrypting it first
- * @param encryptedKey - The encrypted API key from the database
- * @returns Promise<string> - The last 4 characters
- */
-async function getEncryptedApiKeyLast4(encryptedKey: string): Promise<string> {
-  try {
-    if (isEncryptedKey(encryptedKey)) {
-      const decryptedKey = await decryptApiKeyFromStorage(encryptedKey)
-      return getApiKeyLast4(decryptedKey)
-    }
-    // For plain text keys (legacy), return last 4 directly
-    return getApiKeyLast4(encryptedKey)
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Failed to get last 4 characters of API key:', { error })
-    return '****'
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Validates API key format (basic validation)
  * @param apiKey - The API key to validate
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/calculations/usage-monitor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/calculations/usage-monitor.ts
index 14a2cd47db5..0683b82a166 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/calculations/usage-monitor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/calculations/usage-monitor.ts
@@ -243,53 +243,6 @@ function buildUsageData(params: {
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Displays a notification to the user when they're approaching their usage limit
- * Can be called on app startup or before executing actions that might incur costs
- */
-async function checkAndNotifyUsage(userId: string): Promise<void> {
-  try {
-    if (!isBillingEnabled) {
-      return
-    }
-
-    const usageData = await checkUsageStatus(userId)
-
-    if (usageData.isExceeded) {
-      logger.warn('User has exceeded usage limits', {
-        userId,
-        usage: usageData.currentUsage,
-        limit: usageData.limit,
-      })
-
-      if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-        window.dispatchEvent(
-          new CustomEvent('usage-exceeded', {
-            detail: { usageData },
-          })
-        )
-      }
-    } else if (usageData.isWarning) {
-      logger.info('User approaching usage limits', {
-        userId,
-        usage: usageData.currentUsage,
-        limit: usageData.limit,
-        percent: usageData.percentUsed,
-      })
-
-      if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-        window.dispatchEvent(
-          new CustomEvent('usage-warning', {
-            detail: { usageData },
-          })
-        )
-      }
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Error in usage notification system', { error, userId })
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Whether the exact hosted user account is billing-blocked. Organization
  * memberships are deliberately ignored; workspace payer checks are separate.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/organization.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/organization.ts
index 7290bf1d9dc..dc1d59a7d18 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/organization.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/organization.ts
@@ -349,71 +349,6 @@ export async function updateOrganizationUsageLimit(
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Get organization billing summary for admin dashboard
- */
-async function getOrganizationBillingSummary(organizationId: string) {
-  try {
-    const billingData = await getOrganizationBillingData(organizationId)
-
-    if (!billingData) {
-      return null
-    }
-
-    // Calculate additional metrics
-    const membersOverLimit = billingData.members.filter((m) => m.isOverLimit).length
-    const membersNearLimit = billingData.members.filter(
-      (m) => !m.isOverLimit && m.percentUsed >= 80
-    ).length
-
-    const topUsers = billingData.members.slice(0, 5).map((m) => ({
-      name: m.userName,
-      usage: m.currentUsage,
-      limit: m.usageLimit,
-      percentUsed: m.percentUsed,
-    }))
-
-    return {
-      organization: {
-        id: billingData.organizationId,
-        name: billingData.organizationName,
-        plan: billingData.subscriptionPlan,
-        status: billingData.subscriptionStatus,
-      },
-      usage: {
-        total: billingData.totalCurrentUsage,
-        limit: billingData.totalUsageLimit,
-        average: billingData.averageUsagePerMember,
-        percentUsed:
-          billingData.totalUsageLimit > 0
-            ? (billingData.totalCurrentUsage / billingData.totalUsageLimit) * 100
-            : 0,
-      },
-      seats: {
-        total: billingData.totalSeats,
-        used: billingData.usedSeats,
-        /**
-         * Clamped: Team seats track the member count rather than a ceiling, so
-         * any outstanding invitation would otherwise report negative headroom.
-         */
-        available: Math.max(0, billingData.totalSeats - billingData.usedSeats),
-      },
-      alerts: {
-        membersOverLimit,
-        membersNearLimit,
-      },
-      billingPeriod: {
-        start: billingData.billingPeriodStart,
-        end: billingData.billingPeriodEnd,
-      },
-      topUsers,
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Failed to get organization billing summary', { organizationId, error })
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Error-tolerant wrapper around {@link isOrganizationAdminOrOwner} for billing
  * gates: on a DB error it logs and returns false instead of throwing, so a
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/usage.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/usage.ts
index b68d1982623..28f091016fa 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/usage.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/core/usage.ts
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import {
   hasUsableSubscriptionAccess,
   isOrgScopedSubscription,
 } from '@/lib/billing/subscriptions/utils'
-import type { BillingData, UsageData, UsageLimitInfo } from '@/lib/billing/types'
+import type { UsageData, UsageLimitInfo } from '@/lib/billing/types'
 import { buildUpgradeHref } from '@/lib/billing/upgrade-reasons'
 import { Decimal, toDecimal, toNumber } from '@/lib/billing/utils/decimal'
 import { isBillingEnabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
@@ -400,38 +400,6 @@ export async function getUserUsageLimitInfo(userId: string): Promise<UsageLimitI
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Initialize usage limits for a new user
- */
-async function initializeUserUsageLimit(userId: string): Promise<void> {
-  // Check if user already has usage stats
-  const existingStats = await db
-    .select()
-    .from(userStats)
-    .where(eq(userStats.userId, userId))
-    .limit(1)
-
-  if (existingStats.length > 0) {
-    return
-  }
-
-  const subscription = await getHighestPrioritySubscription(userId)
-  const orgScoped = isOrgScopedSubscription(subscription, userId)
-
-  await db.insert(userStats).values({
-    id: generateId(),
-    userId,
-    currentUsageLimit: orgScoped ? null : getFreeTierLimit().toString(),
-    usageLimitUpdatedAt: new Date(),
-  })
-
-  logger.info('Initialized user stats', {
-    userId,
-    plan: subscription?.plan || 'free',
-    hasIndividualLimit: !orgScoped,
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Update a user's custom usage limit
  */
@@ -782,52 +750,6 @@ export async function getEffectiveCurrentPeriodCost(
   return Math.max(0, rawCost - refreshConsumed)
 }
 
-/**
- * Calculate billing projection based on current usage
- */
-async function calculateBillingProjection(userId: string): Promise<BillingData> {
-  try {
-    const usageData = await getUserUsageData(userId)
-
-    if (!usageData.billingPeriodStart || !usageData.billingPeriodEnd) {
-      return {
-        currentPeriodCost: usageData.currentUsage,
-        projectedCost: usageData.currentUsage,
-        limit: usageData.limit,
-        billingPeriodStart: null,
-        billingPeriodEnd: null,
-        daysRemaining: 0,
-      }
-    }
-
-    const now = new Date()
-    const periodStart = new Date(usageData.billingPeriodStart)
-    const periodEnd = new Date(usageData.billingPeriodEnd)
-
-    const totalDays = Math.ceil(
-      (periodEnd.getTime() - periodStart.getTime()) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)
-    )
-    const daysElapsed = Math.ceil((now.getTime() - periodStart.getTime()) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24))
-    const daysRemaining = Math.max(0, totalDays - daysElapsed)
-
-    // Project cost based on daily usage rate
-    const dailyRate = daysElapsed > 0 ? usageData.currentUsage / daysElapsed : 0
-    const projectedCost = dailyRate * totalDays
-
-    return {
-      currentPeriodCost: usageData.currentUsage,
-      projectedCost: Math.min(projectedCost, usageData.limit), // Cap at limit
-      limit: usageData.limit,
-      billingPeriodStart: usageData.billingPeriodStart,
-      billingPeriodEnd: usageData.billingPeriodEnd,
-      daysRemaining,
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Failed to calculate billing projection', { userId, error })
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Send usage threshold notification when crossing from <80% to ≥80%.
  * - Skips when billing is disabled.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/credits/balance.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/credits/balance.ts
index cdf3dc784f5..d702056d809 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/credits/balance.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/credits/balance.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   hasUsableSubscriptionAccess,
   isOrgScopedSubscription,
 } from '@/lib/billing/subscriptions/utils'
-import { Decimal, toDecimal, toFixedString, toNumber } from '@/lib/billing/utils/decimal'
+import { toDecimal, toFixedString, toNumber } from '@/lib/billing/utils/decimal'
 import type { DbClient } from '@/lib/db/types'
 
 const logger = createLogger('CreditBalance')
@@ -92,28 +92,6 @@ export async function addCredits(
   }
 }
 
-async function removeCredits(
-  entityType: 'user' | 'organization',
-  entityId: string,
-  amount: number
-): Promise<void> {
-  if (entityType === 'organization') {
-    await db
-      .update(organization)
-      .set({ creditBalance: sql`GREATEST(0, ${organization.creditBalance} - ${amount})` })
-      .where(eq(organization.id, entityId))
-
-    logger.info('Removed credits from organization', { organizationId: entityId, amount })
-  } else {
-    await db
-      .update(userStats)
-      .set({ creditBalance: sql`GREATEST(0, ${userStats.creditBalance} - ${amount})` })
-      .where(eq(userStats.userId, entityId))
-
-    logger.info('Removed credits from user', { userId: entityId, amount })
-  }
-}
-
 interface DeductResult {
   creditsUsed: number
   overflow: number
@@ -173,36 +151,6 @@ async function atomicDeductOrgCredits(orgId: string, cost: number): Promise<numb
   return toNumber(oldBalance.lessThan(costDecimal) ? oldBalance : costDecimal)
 }
 
-async function deductFromCredits(userId: string, cost: number): Promise<DeductResult> {
-  if (cost <= 0) {
-    return { creditsUsed: 0, overflow: 0 }
-  }
-
-  const subscription = await getHighestPrioritySubscription(userId)
-  const orgScoped = isOrgScopedSubscription(subscription, userId)
-
-  let creditsUsed: number
-
-  if (orgScoped && subscription?.referenceId) {
-    creditsUsed = await atomicDeductOrgCredits(subscription.referenceId, cost)
-  } else {
-    creditsUsed = await atomicDeductUserCredits(userId, cost)
-  }
-
-  const overflow = toNumber(Decimal.max(0, toDecimal(cost).minus(creditsUsed)))
-
-  if (creditsUsed > 0) {
-    logger.info('Deducted credits atomically', {
-      userId,
-      creditsUsed,
-      overflow,
-      entityType: orgScoped ? 'organization' : 'user',
-    })
-  }
-
-  return { creditsUsed, overflow }
-}
-
 export async function canPurchaseCredits(userId: string): Promise<boolean> {
   const subscription = await getHighestPrioritySubscription(userId)
   if (!subscription) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/async-runs/repository.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/async-runs/repository.ts
index 1cff09c4a63..58efd23875b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/async-runs/repository.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/async-runs/repository.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import {
   type CopilotRunStatus,
   type CopilotToolPermissionDecision,
   copilotAsyncToolCalls,
-  copilotRunCheckpoints,
   copilotRuns,
 } from '@sim/db/schema'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
@@ -158,24 +157,6 @@ export async function updateRunStatus(
   )
 }
 
-async function getLatestRunForExecution(executionId: string) {
-  return await withDbSpan(
-    TraceSpan.CopilotAsyncRunsGetLatestForExecution,
-    'SELECT',
-    'copilot_runs',
-    { [TraceAttr.CopilotExecutionId]: executionId },
-    async () => {
-      const [run] = await db
-        .select()
-        .from(copilotRuns)
-        .where(eq(copilotRuns.executionId, executionId))
-        .orderBy(desc(copilotRuns.startedAt))
-        .limit(1)
-      return run ?? null
-    }
-  )
-}
-
 // Un-instrumented: called from a 4 Hz resume poll; per-call spans
 // swamped traces. Use Prom histograms if latency visibility is needed.
 export async function getLatestRunForStream(streamId: string, userId?: string) {
@@ -215,38 +196,6 @@ export async function getRunSegment(runId: string) {
   )
 }
 
-async function createRunCheckpoint(input: {
-  runId: string
-  pendingToolCallId: string
-  conversationSnapshot: Record<string, unknown>
-  agentState: Record<string, unknown>
-  providerRequest: Record<string, unknown>
-}) {
-  return await withDbSpan(
-    TraceSpan.CopilotAsyncRunsCreateRunCheckpoint,
-    'INSERT',
-    'copilot_run_checkpoints',
-    {
-      [TraceAttr.RunId]: input.runId,
-      [TraceAttr.CopilotCheckpointPendingToolCallId]: input.pendingToolCallId,
-    },
-    async () => {
-      const [checkpoint] = await db
-        .insert(copilotRunCheckpoints)
-        .values({
-          runId: input.runId,
-          pendingToolCallId: input.pendingToolCallId,
-          conversationSnapshot: input.conversationSnapshot,
-          agentState: input.agentState,
-          providerRequest: input.providerRequest,
-        })
-        .returning()
-
-      return checkpoint
-    }
-  )
-}
-
 export async function upsertAsyncToolCall(input: {
   runId?: string | null
   checkpointId?: string | null
@@ -627,21 +576,6 @@ export async function recordToolPermissionDecision(
   )
 }
 
-async function listAsyncToolCallsForRun(runId: string) {
-  return await withDbSpan(
-    TraceSpan.CopilotAsyncRunsListForRun,
-    'SELECT',
-    'copilot_async_tool_calls',
-    { [TraceAttr.RunId]: runId },
-    async () =>
-      db
-        .select()
-        .from(copilotAsyncToolCalls)
-        .where(eq(copilotAsyncToolCalls.runId, runId))
-        .orderBy(desc(copilotAsyncToolCalls.createdAt))
-  )
-}
-
 export async function getAsyncToolCalls(toolCallIds: string[]) {
   if (toolCallIds.length === 0) return []
   return await withDbSpan(
@@ -686,33 +620,3 @@ export async function claimCompletedAsyncToolCall(toolCallId: string, workerId:
     }
   )
 }
-
-async function releaseCompletedAsyncToolClaim(toolCallId: string, workerId: string) {
-  return await withDbSpan(
-    TraceSpan.CopilotAsyncRunsReleaseClaim,
-    'UPDATE',
-    'copilot_async_tool_calls',
-    {
-      [TraceAttr.ToolCallId]: toolCallId,
-      [TraceAttr.CopilotAsyncToolWorkerId]: workerId,
-    },
-    async () => {
-      const [row] = await db
-        .update(copilotAsyncToolCalls)
-        .set({
-          claimedBy: null,
-          claimedAt: null,
-          updatedAt: new Date(),
-        })
-        .where(
-          and(
-            eq(copilotAsyncToolCalls.toolCallId, toolCallId),
-            inArray(copilotAsyncToolCalls.status, ['completed', 'failed', 'cancelled']),
-            eq(copilotAsyncToolCalls.claimedBy, workerId)
-          )
-        )
-        .returning()
-      return row ?? null
-    }
-  )
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/chat/process-contents.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/chat/process-contents.ts
index c21214d8367..8765e334f16 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/chat/process-contents.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/chat/process-contents.ts
@@ -576,9 +576,6 @@ async function processPastChat(chatId: string, tagOverride?: string): Promise<Ag
 }
 
 // Back-compat alias; used by processContexts above
-async function processPastChatViaApi(chatId: string, tag?: string) {
-  return processPastChat(chatId, tag)
-}
 
 async function processKnowledgeFromDb(
   knowledgeBaseId: string,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts
index 6184d682204..466a40fe06d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts
@@ -5,12 +5,7 @@ import { projectToolErrorMessageForCopilot } from '@/lib/copilot/request/tools/r
 import { DEFAULT_EXECUTION_TIMEOUT_MS } from '@/lib/execution/constants'
 import { executeTool as executeAppTool } from '@/tools'
 import { getToolEntry, isClientExecuted, isKnownTool, isSimExecuted } from './router'
-import type {
-  ToolCallDescriptor,
-  ToolExecutionContext,
-  ToolExecutionResult,
-  ToolHandler,
-} from './types'
+import type { ToolExecutionContext, ToolExecutionResult, ToolHandler } from './types'
 
 const logger = createLogger('ToolExecutor')
 const FUNCTION_EXECUTE_TOOL_ID = 'function_execute'
@@ -144,31 +139,6 @@ function normalizeToolParams(
   }
 }
 
-async function executeToolBatch(
-  toolCalls: ToolCallDescriptor[],
-  context: ToolExecutionContext
-): Promise<Map<string, ToolExecutionResult>> {
-  const results = new Map<string, ToolExecutionResult>()
-
-  const executions = toolCalls.map(async ({ toolCallId, toolId, params }) => {
-    const result = await executeTool(toolId, params, context)
-    results.set(toolCallId, result)
-  })
-
-  await Promise.allSettled(executions)
-
-  for (const { toolCallId } of toolCalls) {
-    if (!results.has(toolCallId)) {
-      results.set(toolCallId, {
-        success: false,
-        error: 'Tool execution did not produce a result',
-      })
-    }
-  }
-
-  return results
-}
-
 function buildAppToolParams(
   params: Record<string, unknown>,
   context: ToolExecutionContext
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts
index 04091d484b4..53a9f80c773 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts
@@ -152,24 +152,6 @@ function mountForPath(mounts: LocalFilesystemMount[], path: string): LocalFilesy
   return match
 }
 
-function omitHostPaths(data: LocalFilesystemData): LocalFilesystemData {
-  if ('mount' in data) {
-    if (!data.mount) return data
-    const { path: _path, ...mount } = data.mount as LocalFilesystemMount & { path?: unknown }
-    return { ...data, mount }
-  }
-  if ('mounts' in data) {
-    return {
-      ...data,
-      mounts: data.mounts.map((rawMount) => {
-        const { path: _path, ...mount } = rawMount as LocalFilesystemMount & { path?: unknown }
-        return mount
-      }),
-    }
-  }
-  return data
-}
-
 async function executeUserLocalGlob(
   toolCallId: string,
   args: Record<string, unknown>,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts
index 82f7977b17d..915a2cf5a50 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts
@@ -156,33 +156,6 @@ export async function storeFileIntent(
   })
 }
 
-async function consumeFileIntent(
-  workspaceId: string,
-  fileId: string,
-  scope?: FileIntentScope
-): Promise<PendingFileIntent | undefined> {
-  const redis = getRedisClient()
-  if (!redis) {
-    const key = buildKey(workspaceId, buildScopedField(fileId, scope))
-    const intent = memoryStore.get(key)
-    if (intent) {
-      memoryStore.delete(key)
-    }
-    return intent
-  }
-
-  const raw = await withRedisRetry('consume_file_intent', workspaceId, async (client) => {
-    const key = getWorkspaceRedisKey(workspaceId)
-    const field = buildScopedField(fileId, scope)
-    const value = await client.hget(key, field)
-    if (value !== null) {
-      await client.hdel(key, field)
-    }
-    return value
-  })
-  return parseIntent(raw)
-}
-
 export async function peekFileIntent(
   workspaceId: string,
   fileId: string,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/validation/selector-validator.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/validation/selector-validator.ts
index 30490f583cc..183d63a7de4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/validation/selector-validator.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/validation/selector-validator.ts
@@ -277,28 +277,3 @@ export async function validateSelectorIds(
     invalid: idsArray.filter((id) => !existingSet.has(id)),
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Batch validate multiple selector fields
- * Returns a map of field name to validation result
- */
-async function validateAllSelectorFields(
-  fields: Array<{ fieldName: string; selectorType: string; value: string | string[] }>,
-  context: { userId: string; workspaceId?: string }
-): Promise<Map<string, SelectorValidationResult>> {
-  const results = new Map<string, SelectorValidationResult>()
-
-  // Run validations in parallel for better performance
-  const validationPromises = fields.map(async ({ fieldName, selectorType, value }) => {
-    const result = await validateSelectorIds(selectorType, value, context)
-    return { fieldName, result }
-  })
-
-  const validationResults = await Promise.all(validationPromises)
-
-  for (const { fieldName, result } of validationResults) {
-    results.set(fieldName, result)
-  }
-
-  return results
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/invitations/send.ts b/apps/sim/lib/invitations/send.ts
index ae6565b3d13..5d49cb0bd3e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/invitations/send.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/invitations/send.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import { isOrgAdminRole } from '@sim/platform-authz/workspace'
 import { getPostgresConstraintName, getPostgresErrorCode } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { generateId } from '@sim/utils/id'
 import { normalizeEmail } from '@sim/utils/string'
-import { and, asc, eq, inArray, ne, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
+import { and, asc, eq, inArray, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import {
   getEmailSubject,
   renderBatchInvitationEmail,
@@ -465,20 +465,6 @@ export async function revertPendingInvitationGrants(params: {
   })
 }
 
-async function countPendingInvitationsForOrganization(organizationId: string): Promise<number> {
-  const [row] = await db
-    .select({ count: sql<number>`count(*)::int` })
-    .from(invitation)
-    .where(
-      and(
-        eq(invitation.organizationId, organizationId),
-        eq(invitation.status, 'pending'),
-        ne(invitation.membershipIntent, 'external')
-      )
-    )
-  return row?.count ?? 0
-}
-
 /**
  * Workspaces this email already holds a pending grant for, across every
  * pending invitation. Callers use it to drop workspaces from a new invite
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/knowledge/tags/service.ts b/apps/sim/lib/knowledge/tags/service.ts
index b7f559da7e9..bee395eace1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/knowledge/tags/service.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/knowledge/tags/service.ts
@@ -403,60 +403,6 @@ export async function getTagDefinitionById(
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Update tags on all documents and chunks when a tag value is changed
- */
-async function updateTagValuesInDocumentsAndChunks(
-  knowledgeBaseId: string,
-  tagSlot: string,
-  oldValue: string | null,
-  newValue: string | null,
-  requestId: string
-): Promise<{ documentsUpdated: number; chunksUpdated: number }> {
-  validateTagSlot(tagSlot)
-
-  let documentsUpdated = 0
-  let chunksUpdated = 0
-
-  await db.transaction(async (tx) => {
-    if (oldValue) {
-      await tx
-        .update(document)
-        .set({
-          [tagSlot]: newValue,
-        })
-        .where(
-          and(
-            eq(document.knowledgeBaseId, knowledgeBaseId),
-            eq(sql.raw(`${document}.${tagSlot}`), oldValue)
-          )
-        )
-      documentsUpdated = 1
-    }
-
-    if (oldValue) {
-      await tx
-        .update(embedding)
-        .set({
-          [tagSlot]: newValue,
-        })
-        .where(
-          and(
-            eq(embedding.knowledgeBaseId, knowledgeBaseId),
-            eq(sql.raw(`${embedding}.${tagSlot}`), oldValue)
-          )
-        )
-      chunksUpdated = 1
-    }
-  })
-
-  logger.info(
-    `[${requestId}] Updated tag values: ${documentsUpdated} documents, ${chunksUpdated} chunks`
-  )
-
-  return { documentsUpdated, chunksUpdated }
-}
-
 /**
  * Cleanup unused tag definitions for a knowledge base
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/messaging/sms/service.ts b/apps/sim/lib/messaging/sms/service.ts
index 831c8e8fdea..eb07441e96e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/messaging/sms/service.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/messaging/sms/service.ts
@@ -146,40 +146,3 @@ async function sendSingleSMS(to: string, body: string, from: string): Promise<Se
     throw error
   }
 }
-
-async function sendBatchSMS(options: BatchSMSOptions): Promise<BatchSendSMSResult> {
-  try {
-    const results: SendSMSResult[] = []
-
-    logger.info('Sending batch SMS messages')
-    for (const smsOptions of options.messages) {
-      try {
-        const result = await sendSMS(smsOptions)
-        results.push(result)
-      } catch (error) {
-        results.push({
-          success: false,
-          message: getErrorMessage(error, 'Failed to send SMS'),
-        })
-      }
-    }
-
-    const successCount = results.filter((r) => r.success).length
-    return {
-      success: successCount === results.length,
-      message:
-        successCount === results.length
-          ? 'All batch SMS messages sent successfully'
-          : `${successCount}/${results.length} SMS messages sent successfully`,
-      results,
-      data: { count: successCount },
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('Error in batch SMS sending:', error)
-    return {
-      success: false,
-      message: 'Failed to send batch SMS messages',
-      results: [],
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts
index 00f969a87ce..e079110a452 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts
@@ -26,24 +26,6 @@ function adj(
   return raw / 100000
 }
 
-/** Helper: generate a regular polygon path (inscribed in bounding box). */
-function _regularPolygon(w: number, h: number, sides: number): string {
-  const cx = w / 2
-  const cy = h / 2
-  const rx = w / 2
-  const ry = h / 2
-  const parts: string[] = []
-  for (let i = 0; i < sides; i++) {
-    // Start from top center (-90 degrees)
-    const angle = (2 * Math.PI * i) / sides - Math.PI / 2
-    const x = cx + rx * Math.cos(angle)
-    const y = cy + ry * Math.sin(angle)
-    parts.push(i === 0 ? `M${x},${y}` : `L${x},${y}`)
-  }
-  parts.push('Z')
-  return parts.join(' ')
-}
-
 /** Raw adj helper: get adjustment value without dividing by 100000. */
 function adjRaw(
   adjustments: Map<string, number> | undefined,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/billing.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/billing.ts
index ba931ad0c93..3602737aba4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/billing.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/billing.ts
@@ -252,26 +252,6 @@ export async function assertRowCapacity(params: {
   return limit
 }
 
-/**
- * Checks if a workspace can create more tables based on its plan limits.
- *
- * @param workspaceId - The workspace ID to check
- * @param currentTableCount - The current number of tables in the workspace
- * @returns Object with canCreate boolean and limit info
- */
-async function canCreateTable(
-  workspaceId: string,
-  currentTableCount: number
-): Promise<{ canCreate: boolean; maxTables: number; currentCount: number }> {
-  const limits = await getWorkspaceTableLimits(workspaceId)
-
-  return {
-    canCreate: currentTableCount < limits.maxTables,
-    maxTables: limits.maxTables,
-    currentCount: currentTableCount,
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Gets the maximum rows allowed per table for a workspace based on its plan.
  *
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/chat/chat-file-manager.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/chat/chat-file-manager.ts
index 0217bc5b2ee..3a6c340cbb5 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/chat/chat-file-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/chat/chat-file-manager.ts
@@ -72,24 +72,3 @@ export async function processChatFiles(
 
   return userFiles
 }
-
-/**
- * Upload a single chat file to temporary execution storage
- *
- * This is a convenience function for uploading individual files.
- * For batch uploads, use processChatFiles() for better performance.
- *
- * @param file Chat file to upload
- * @param executionContext Execution context for temporary storage
- * @param requestId Unique request identifier
- * @returns UserFile object with upload result
- */
-async function uploadChatFile(
-  file: ChatFile,
-  executionContext: ChatExecutionContext,
-  requestId: string,
-  userId?: string
-): Promise<UserFile> {
-  const [userFile] = await processChatFiles([file], executionContext, requestId, userId)
-  return userFile
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts
index 35cba00ece0..a7a56b03f58 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/webhooks/processor.ts
@@ -301,84 +301,6 @@ export function handlePreDeploymentVerification(
   return null
 }
 
-async function findWebhookAndWorkflow(
-  options: WebhookProcessorOptions
-): Promise<WebhookTarget | null> {
-  if (options.webhookId) {
-    const results = await db
-      .select({
-        webhook: webhook,
-        workflow: workflow,
-      })
-      .from(webhook)
-      .innerJoin(workflow, eq(webhook.workflowId, workflow.id))
-      .leftJoin(
-        workflowDeploymentVersion,
-        and(
-          eq(workflowDeploymentVersion.workflowId, workflow.id),
-          eq(workflowDeploymentVersion.isActive, true)
-        )
-      )
-      .where(
-        and(
-          eq(webhook.id, options.webhookId),
-          deliverableWebhookPredicate(webhook),
-          isNull(workflow.archivedAt),
-          or(
-            eq(webhook.deploymentVersionId, workflowDeploymentVersion.id),
-            and(isNull(workflowDeploymentVersion.id), isNull(webhook.deploymentVersionId))
-          )
-        )
-      )
-      .limit(1)
-
-    if (results.length === 0) {
-      logger.warn(`[${options.requestId}] No active webhook found for id: ${options.webhookId}`)
-      return null
-    }
-
-    return { webhook: results[0].webhook, workflow: results[0].workflow }
-  }
-
-  if (options.path) {
-    const results = await db
-      .select({
-        webhook: webhook,
-        workflow: workflow,
-      })
-      .from(webhook)
-      .innerJoin(workflow, eq(webhook.workflowId, workflow.id))
-      .leftJoin(
-        workflowDeploymentVersion,
-        and(
-          eq(workflowDeploymentVersion.workflowId, workflow.id),
-          eq(workflowDeploymentVersion.isActive, true)
-        )
-      )
-      .where(
-        and(
-          eq(webhook.path, options.path),
-          deliverableWebhookPredicate(webhook),
-          isNull(workflow.archivedAt),
-          or(
-            eq(webhook.deploymentVersionId, workflowDeploymentVersion.id),
-            and(isNull(workflowDeploymentVersion.id), isNull(webhook.deploymentVersionId))
-          )
-        )
-      )
-      .limit(1)
-
-    if (results.length === 0) {
-      logger.warn(`[${options.requestId}] No active webhook found for path: ${options.path}`)
-      return null
-    }
-
-    return { webhook: results[0].webhook, workflow: results[0].workflow }
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
-
 /**
  * Finds all webhooks matching a path, scoped to a single workflow.
  *

From 27ff7733d89cec2f0404acdac532d2f9b68ac6c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2026 16:33:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 6/6] refactor: delete 434 stranded exported symbols
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Removes ~5,930 lines of unreachable code across 166 files: exported symbols that
no other file in the repo mentions and that are unused inside their own file.
Whole abandoned surfaces go with them — unused React Query hooks
(useOrganizations, useOrganizationMembers, useUpgradeSubscription, ...), unused
admin route contracts, dead executor constants and reference builders, and the
landing-page StageWorkflow/LandingPreviewMount components. Three files left with
no remaining code were removed outright.

Candidates came from an AST pass; each was then verified individually against an
UNFILTERED repo-wide search plus the reachability paths a name search misses:
string-keyed tool/block registries, dynamic imports, `export *` barrels, and the
docs generator's source-text parsing of tool files.

29 candidates were verified LIVE and kept. Those exposed a flaw in the candidate
generator: it indexed only .ts/.tsx, while apps/docs/content/**/*.mdx imports
React components directly — ActionImage appears in ~190 MDX pages and ActionVideo
in ~115, and both scanned as dead. `app/global-error.tsx` was likewise kept,
since Next.js reaches it by filename and its default export can never have a name
reference. All 434 deleted names were afterwards cross-checked against every
.mdx/.md/.json/.yaml in the repo: no hits.

Verified with turbo type-check (23 workspaces), the full apps/sim suite
(25,219 tests), all 26 audits, and a production `next build` — the last of these
being what actually exercises route- and component-level reachability.
---
 .../main/browser-import/browser-sources.ts    |  17 -
 apps/desktop/src/main/terminal/index.ts       |   6 -
 .../components/hero-visual/stage-workflow.tsx | 133 -------
 .../landing-preview/landing-preview-mount.tsx |  55 ---
 .../iso-marks/iso-illustration-style.ts       |   1 -
 apps/sim/app/api/files/utils.ts               |  16 -
 apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts               |  32 --
 apps/sim/app/api/tools/neo4j/utils.ts         |  27 --
 apps/sim/app/api/tools/ssh/utils.ts           |  16 -
 apps/sim/app/api/v1/admin/types.ts            |  13 -
 .../logs/components/log-details/utils.ts      |  18 -
 .../scheduled-tasks/utils/recurrence.ts       |   6 -
 .../upgrade/subscription-permissions.ts       |  19 -
 .../w/[workflowId]/components/error/index.tsx |  29 --
 .../components/user-input/constants.ts        |  41 ---
 .../copilot/components/user-input/utils.ts    |  49 ---
 .../w/[workflowId]/utils/node-derivation.ts   |  11 -
 .../utils/workflow-canvas-helpers.ts          |  40 ---
 apps/sim/blocks/utils.ts                      |  20 +-
 apps/sim/components/settings/navigation.ts    |   7 -
 apps/sim/executor/constants.ts                |  52 ---
 .../handlers/shared/response-format.ts        |  32 --
 apps/sim/executor/human-in-the-loop/utils.ts  |  12 -
 apps/sim/executor/types/loop.ts               |   4 -
 apps/sim/executor/types/parallel.ts           |   6 -
 apps/sim/executor/utils/json.ts               |  13 -
 .../executor/utils/reference-validation.ts    |  19 -
 apps/sim/executor/utils/subflow-utils.ts      |   4 -
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/general-settings.ts    |   5 -
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-admin.ts    |  22 --
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-chats.ts    |  42 ---
 .../hooks/queries/oauth/oauth-connections.ts  |  29 +-
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts        | 187 +---------
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/schedules.ts           |  23 --
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/subscription.ts        |  90 -----
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace-files.ts     |  50 ---
 apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace.ts           |  24 --
 .../hooks/use-trigger-config-aggregation.ts   |  68 ----
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/admin.ts           | 334 ------------------
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/common.ts          |  14 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/copilot.ts         |  16 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/deployments.ts     |   5 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp-oauth.ts       |  21 --
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp.ts             |  26 --
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/schedules.ts       |   9 -
 .../sim/lib/api/contracts/storage-transfer.ts |   7 -
 .../lib/api/contracts/tools/media/image.ts    |   7 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts      |  28 --
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/files.ts        |   9 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/webhooks.ts        |  12 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workflows.ts       |   7 -
 apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workspaces.ts      |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/audio/extractor.ts               |  39 --
 apps/sim/lib/billing/client/consts.ts         |   5 -
 apps/sim/lib/billing/plan-helpers.ts          |   7 -
 apps/sim/lib/billing/plans.ts                 |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/blog/registry.ts                 |   2 -
 apps/sim/lib/compare/data/types.ts            |  10 -
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/model-visible-content.ts |  40 ---
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts   |   4 -
 .../sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts |   4 -
 apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/router.ts  |  28 --
 .../copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts  |   6 -
 .../tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts   |  53 +--
 .../copilot/tools/shared/workflow-utils.ts    |  12 -
 apps/sim/lib/core/admission/gate.ts           |   7 -
 apps/sim/lib/core/execution-limits/types.ts   |   7 -
 apps/sim/lib/core/idempotency/service.ts      |  16 -
 .../lib/core/rate-limiter/hosted-key/queue.ts |   4 -
 apps/sim/lib/core/utils/response-format.ts    |  27 --
 apps/sim/lib/core/utils/theme.ts              |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/core/utils/user-file.ts          |  17 -
 apps/sim/lib/credentials/client-state.ts      |  26 --
 apps/sim/lib/credentials/queries.ts           |  19 -
 apps/sim/lib/execution/event-buffer.ts        |  19 +-
 .../execution/remote-sandbox/sandbox-spec.ts  |   2 -
 apps/sim/lib/folders/queries.ts               |  28 --
 apps/sim/lib/guardrails/pii-entities.ts       |  14 -
 .../lib/integrations/availability.server.ts   |  15 -
 apps/sim/lib/library/registry.ts              |   2 -
 apps/sim/lib/logs/get-trigger-options.ts      |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/service.ts                   |  22 --
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/storage/factory.ts           |  11 -
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema.ts      |  17 -
 .../lib/mothership/inbox/agentmail-client.ts  |   4 -
 apps/sim/lib/permission-groups/types.ts       |   4 -
 apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/parser/units.ts    |  21 --
 .../renderer/predefined-table-styles.ts       |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts  |  15 -
 apps/sim/lib/table/cell-write.ts              |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/table/dispatcher.ts              |  12 -
 apps/sim/lib/table/jobs/service.ts            |  19 -
 apps/sim/lib/table/mutation-locks.ts          |  10 -
 .../sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts |  22 --
 .../table/query-builder/use-query-builder.ts  |  60 ----
 apps/sim/lib/uploads/config.ts                |  28 --
 .../contexts/copilot/copilot-file-manager.ts  |  83 +----
 .../workspace-file-folder-manager.ts          |  86 -----
 apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.ts      |   8 -
 apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/validation.ts      |  73 ----
 .../sim/lib/workflows/autolayout/constants.ts |  23 --
 .../credentials/credential-extractor.ts       | 151 --------
 .../lib/workflows/custom-blocks/operations.ts |   6 -
 .../lib/workflows/dynamic-handle-topology.ts  |   6 -
 .../workflows/executor/execution-events.ts    |  33 --
 .../workflows/operations/deployment-utils.ts  |  41 ---
 apps/sim/lib/workflows/schedules/utils.ts     | 156 +-------
 .../search-replace/resources/resolvers.ts     |  11 -
 .../sim/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility.ts |  15 -
 .../lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.ts   |  67 ----
 apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts   |   4 -
 apps/sim/lib/workspaces/naming.ts             |  61 ----
 apps/sim/lib/workspaces/organization/utils.ts |   8 -
 apps/sim/providers/pi-providers.ts            |   8 -
 apps/sim/providers/registry.ts                |  16 -
 apps/sim/scripts/pi-sandbox-packages.ts       |   7 -
 apps/sim/stores/chat/utils.ts                 |   8 -
 apps/sim/stores/folders/store.ts              |   6 -
 apps/sim/tools/airweave/types.ts              |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/azure_devops/utils.ts          |   3 -
 apps/sim/tools/calcom/types.ts                |  76 ----
 apps/sim/tools/confluence/types.ts            |  81 -----
 apps/sim/tools/context_dev/types.ts           |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/docusign/types.ts              |  12 -
 apps/sim/tools/dropcontact/types.ts           |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/firecrawl/types.ts             | 114 ------
 apps/sim/tools/github/types.ts                |  64 ----
 apps/sim/tools/google/types.ts                |  18 -
 apps/sim/tools/incidentio/types.ts            |  63 ----
 apps/sim/tools/intercom/types.ts              | 133 -------
 apps/sim/tools/jina/types.ts                  |  60 ----
 apps/sim/tools/jira/types.ts                  |  87 -----
 apps/sim/tools/jsm/types.ts                   |   7 -
 apps/sim/tools/kalshi/types.ts                | 108 ------
 apps/sim/tools/leadmagic/types.ts             |  18 +-
 apps/sim/tools/linear/types.ts                |  75 ----
 apps/sim/tools/managed_agent/shared.ts        |  14 -
 apps/sim/tools/mem0/types.ts                  |  18 -
 apps/sim/tools/mistral/types.ts               |  27 --
 apps/sim/tools/notion/types.ts                |  44 ---
 apps/sim/tools/outlook/types.ts               |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/pipedrive/types.ts             |  63 ----
 apps/sim/tools/postgresql/types.ts            |  18 -
 apps/sim/tools/qdrant/types.ts                |  27 --
 apps/sim/tools/reddit/types.ts                |  68 ----
 apps/sim/tools/salesforce/types.ts            | 162 ---------
 apps/sim/tools/serper/types.ts                | 157 --------
 apps/sim/tools/slack/types.ts                 |  93 -----
 apps/sim/tools/spotify/types.ts               |  45 ---
 apps/sim/tools/stagehand/types.ts             |  88 -----
 apps/sim/tools/stripe/types.ts                |  79 -----
 apps/sim/tools/stt/types.ts                   |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/supabase/types.ts              |  89 -----
 apps/sim/tools/tavily/types.ts                |  63 ----
 apps/sim/tools/tts/types.ts                   | 143 --------
 apps/sim/tools/wealthbox/utils.ts             |   7 -
 apps/sim/tools/webflow/types.ts               |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/wikipedia/types.ts             |  36 --
 apps/sim/tools/workday/soap.ts                |  12 -
 apps/sim/tools/zep/types.ts                   |   9 -
 apps/sim/tools/zoho/types.ts                  |  34 --
 apps/sim/tools/zoho/utils.ts                  | 126 -------
 apps/sim/tools/zoom/types.ts                  |  81 -----
 apps/sim/triggers/calendly/utils.ts           |  46 ---
 apps/sim/triggers/github/utils.ts             |  92 -----
 apps/sim/triggers/index.ts                    |  10 -
 166 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 5930 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/hero/components/hero-visual/stage-workflow.tsx
 delete mode 100644 apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/landing-preview/landing-preview-mount.tsx
 delete mode 100644 apps/sim/lib/copilot/model-visible-content.ts

diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/browser-sources.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/browser-sources.ts
index 800aecfc61a..7d65b37ca99 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/browser-sources.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/browser-import/browser-sources.ts
@@ -77,23 +77,6 @@ export function userDataDirFor(source: BrowserSource, home: string = homedir()):
   return join(home, ...source.userDataSegments)
 }
 
-/**
- * Splits a bridge profile id back into its browser and profile directory.
- *
- * Ids are namespaced (`arc:Profile 1`) because profile directory names repeat
- * across browsers — every one of them has a `Default`. Returns null for
- * anything malformed; the caller then resolves against discovered profiles
- * anyway, so a bad id can never become a path.
- */
-export function parseProfileId(profileId: string): { sourceId: string; directory: string } | null {
-  const separator = profileId.indexOf(':')
-  if (separator <= 0 || separator === profileId.length - 1) return null
-  return {
-    sourceId: profileId.slice(0, separator),
-    directory: profileId.slice(separator + 1),
-  }
-}
-
 export function formatProfileId(sourceId: string, directory: string): string {
   return `${sourceId}:${directory}`
 }
diff --git a/apps/desktop/src/main/terminal/index.ts b/apps/desktop/src/main/terminal/index.ts
index 3ac6530f1ed..859f80088e6 100644
--- a/apps/desktop/src/main/terminal/index.ts
+++ b/apps/desktop/src/main/terminal/index.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import {
   type TerminalToolResponse,
 } from '@sim/terminal-protocol'
 import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
-import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import type { BrowserWindow, WebContents } from 'electron'
 import {
   type FocusedResourceShortcut,
@@ -1201,8 +1200,3 @@ export class TerminalService {
 function unknownTerminal(terminalId: string): string {
   return `No terminal with id ${terminalId}. Call terminal_list for the open ones.`
 }
-
-/** Narrows an IPC payload to the tool-call shape without trusting the sender. */
-export function parseToolParams(value: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
-  return isRecordLike(value) ? value : {}
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/hero/components/hero-visual/stage-workflow.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/hero/components/hero-visual/stage-workflow.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index da3d057c0b6..00000000000
--- a/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/hero/components/hero-visual/stage-workflow.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-'use client'
-
-import { type CSSProperties, useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
-import { cn } from '@sim/emcn'
-import { WorkflowBlock } from '@/app/(landing)/components/hero/components/hero-visual/workflow-block'
-import {
-  BLOCK_WIDTH,
-  BLOCKS,
-  CANVAS,
-  EDGES,
-  WORKFLOW_FOCUS_SCALE,
-} from '@/app/(landing)/components/hero/components/hero-visual/workflow-data'
-
-/** The camera beat: held on the first block, panning out, or settled on the whole flow. */
-export type WorkflowCameraStage = 'focus' | 'out' | 'hold'
-
-interface StageWorkflowProps {
-  stage: WorkflowCameraStage
-}
-
-/** First (GitHub) block center in design space - the camera's focus target. */
-const FOCUS_CENTER = { x: BLOCK_WIDTH / 2, y: 38 }
-/** Whole-canvas center - the overview camera target. */
-const CANVAS_CENTER = { x: CANVAS.width / 2, y: CANVAS.height / 2 }
-/** Zoomed-in scale while held on the first block (≈ the morphed chat card size). */
-const FOCUS_SCALE = WORKFLOW_FOCUS_SCALE
-/** Pulled-back scale that fits the whole workflow in the panel. */
-const OVERVIEW_SCALE = 0.68
-
-/**
- * The workflow stage of the hero visual - a design-space canvas with a moving
- * "camera". It opens **focused** on the first block (the chat card has just
- * morphed into it), holds while that block's content lands and the first edge
- * draws, then the camera **pans + zooms out together** to reveal the whole
- * GitHub → Agent → Jira flow (the {@link stage} prop drives this).
- *
- * The camera is a transform on the design-space canvas, positioned so the focus
- * point lands at the panel center: `translate(vpW/2 - cx·s, vpH/2 - cy·s)
- * scale(s)` (origin top-left). The panel size is measured; until it is known,
- * and on first mount, the transition is suppressed so the opening focus frame
- * doesn't animate in from a fallback. Purely decorative - `aria-hidden`.
- */
-export function StageWorkflow({ stage }: StageWorkflowProps) {
-  const viewportRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
-  const [vp, setVp] = useState<{ w: number; h: number } | null>(null)
-  const [animate, setAnimate] = useState(false)
-
-  useLayoutEffect(() => {
-    const el = viewportRef.current
-    if (!el) return
-    const measure = () => {
-      const r = el.getBoundingClientRect()
-      // Guard an unpainted/collapsed panel from poisoning the camera math.
-      if (r.width > 120 && r.height > 120) setVp({ w: r.width, h: r.height })
-    }
-    measure()
-    const ro = new ResizeObserver(measure)
-    ro.observe(el)
-    return () => ro.disconnect()
-  }, [])
-
-  // Enable the camera transition only after the opening focus frame is painted,
-  // so mounting (and the first measurement) snaps into focus rather than gliding.
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (vp) setAnimate(true)
-  }, [vp])
-
-  const focused = stage === 'focus'
-  const center = focused ? FOCUS_CENTER : CANVAS_CENTER
-  const scale = focused ? FOCUS_SCALE : OVERVIEW_SCALE
-  const transform = vp
-    ? `translate(${vp.w / 2 - center.x * scale}px, ${vp.h / 2 - center.y * scale}px) scale(${scale})`
-    : `translate(0px, 0px) scale(${OVERVIEW_SCALE})`
-
-  return (
-    <div ref={viewportRef} className='relative h-full w-full overflow-hidden'>
-      <div
-        className={cn(
-          'absolute top-0 left-0',
-          animate &&
-            'transition-transform [transition-duration:1700ms] [transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.22,1,0.36,1)]'
-        )}
-        style={{
-          width: CANVAS.width,
-          height: CANVAS.height,
-          transform,
-          transformOrigin: '0 0',
-        }}
-      >
-        <svg
-          className='absolute inset-0'
-          width={CANVAS.width}
-          height={CANVAS.height}
-          viewBox={`0 0 ${CANVAS.width} ${CANVAS.height}`}
-          fill='none'
-          aria-hidden='true'
-        >
-          {EDGES.map((edge, i) => (
-            <path
-              key={edge.id}
-              d={edge.d}
-              pathLength={1}
-              stroke='var(--workflow-edge)'
-              strokeWidth={2}
-              strokeLinecap='round'
-              className='transition-[stroke-dashoffset] [stroke-dasharray:1] [transition-duration:700ms] [transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.22,1,0.36,1)]'
-              // Edges stay undrawn while focused; once the camera pulls out they
-              // draw in order (the second trails the first) as each target is revealed.
-              style={
-                {
-                  strokeDashoffset: focused ? 1 : 0,
-                  transitionDelay: `${i * 700}ms`,
-                } as CSSProperties
-              }
-            />
-          ))}
-        </svg>
-        {BLOCKS.map((block) => (
-          // The first block is already on screen - the chat card morphed into it,
-          // and the focused camera lands it pixel-matched here; the rest sit in
-          // design space and are revealed by the camera pull-out.
-          <div
-            key={block.id}
-            className='absolute'
-            style={{ left: block.x, top: block.y, width: BLOCK_WIDTH }}
-          >
-            <WorkflowBlock block={block} />
-          </div>
-        ))}
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  )
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/landing-preview/landing-preview-mount.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/landing-preview/landing-preview-mount.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index b4e120fae45..00000000000
--- a/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/landing-preview/landing-preview-mount.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-'use client'
-
-import dynamic from 'next/dynamic'
-import type { SidebarView } from '@/app/(landing)/components/landing-preview/components/landing-preview-sidebar/landing-preview-sidebar'
-import { useLazyMount } from '@/app/(landing)/hooks/use-lazy-mount'
-
-/** Dimension-stable placeholder sized to the preview's exact footprint (zero CLS). */
-const PLACEHOLDER_CLASS = 'aspect-[1116/615] w-full rounded bg-[var(--surface-1)]'
-
-/**
- * Client mount for the {@link LandingPreview} - the heavy, animated workspace
- * island (framer-motion + reactflow). Isolated here so the sections that show it
- * stay Server Components: only this leaf is `'use client'`.
- *
- * Loaded with `ssr: false` so the framer-motion/reactflow bundle never ships in
- * the server-rendered HTML, and gated on viewport proximity via
- * {@link useLazyMount} so the below-the-fold previews don't pull the heavy
- * bundle into the initial homepage load. A dimension-stable placeholder (the
- * preview's exact `aspect-[1116/615]` footprint, filled with the canvas
- * surface) holds the space before and during load, so there is zero layout
- * shift or flash.
- */
-const LandingPreview = dynamic(
-  () =>
-    import('@/app/(landing)/components/landing-preview/landing-preview').then(
-      (mod) => mod.LandingPreview
-    ),
-  {
-    ssr: false,
-    loading: () => <div className={PLACEHOLDER_CLASS} />,
-  }
-)
-
-interface LandingPreviewMountProps {
-  /** Forwarded to {@link LandingPreview}; `false` renders a static snapshot. */
-  autoplay?: boolean
-  /** Forwarded to {@link LandingPreview}; the static snapshot's staged view. */
-  view?: SidebarView
-  /** Forwarded to {@link LandingPreview}; the static snapshot's workflow. */
-  workflowId?: string
-}
-
-export function LandingPreviewMount({ autoplay, view, workflowId }: LandingPreviewMountProps) {
-  const { ref, inView } = useLazyMount('400px')
-
-  return (
-    <div ref={ref}>
-      {inView ? (
-        <LandingPreview autoplay={autoplay} initialView={view} initialWorkflowId={workflowId} />
-      ) : (
-        <div className={PLACEHOLDER_CLASS} />
-      )}
-    </div>
-  )
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/mothership/components/iso-marks/iso-illustration-style.ts b/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/mothership/components/iso-marks/iso-illustration-style.ts
index d70d636bf2c..bbb7a06986d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/mothership/components/iso-marks/iso-illustration-style.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(landing)/components/mothership/components/iso-marks/iso-illustration-style.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import type { SVGProps } from 'react'
 
 export const ISO_LINE_STROKE_WIDTH = 3.2
-export const ISO_ENDPOINT_STROKE_WIDTH = 3.3
 export const ISO_STROKE = 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--text-subtle) 76%, var(--text-muted))'
 export const ISO_FILL_LOW = 'var(--surface-6)'
 export const ISO_FILL_MID = 'color-mix(in srgb, var(--surface-3) 58%, var(--surface-6))'
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/files/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/files/utils.ts
index e9baede4e62..6480da5d0b7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/files/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/files/utils.ts
@@ -79,22 +79,6 @@ export const contentTypeMap: Record<string, string> = {
   googleFolder: 'application/vnd.google-apps.folder',
 }
 
-export const binaryExtensions = [
-  'doc',
-  'docx',
-  'xls',
-  'xlsx',
-  'ppt',
-  'pptx',
-  'zip',
-  'png',
-  'jpg',
-  'jpeg',
-  'gif',
-  'webp',
-  'pdf',
-]
-
 export function getContentType(filename: string): string {
   const extension = filename.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase() || ''
   return contentTypeMap[extension] || 'application/octet-stream'
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts
index e548b0da607..9c375aa8736 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/table/utils.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,6 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { permissionSatisfies } from '@sim/platform-authz/workspace'
 import { toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server'
-import {
-  createTableColumnBodySchema,
-  deleteTableColumnBodySchema,
-  updateTableColumnBodySchema,
-} from '@/lib/api/contracts/tables'
 import { isFeatureEnabled } from '@/lib/core/config/feature-flags'
 import {
   asOrchestrationError,
@@ -298,21 +293,6 @@ export function accessError(
   return NextResponse.json({ error: message }, { status: result.status })
 }
 
-/**
- * Converts a TableAccessDenied result to an appropriate HTTP response.
- * Use with checkTableAccess or checkTableWriteAccess.
- */
-export function tableAccessError(
-  result: TableAccessDenied,
-  requestId: string,
-  context?: string
-): NextResponse {
-  const status = result.notFound ? 404 : 403
-  const message = result.notFound ? 'Table not found' : (result.reason ?? 'Access denied')
-  logger.warn(`[${requestId}] ${message}${context ? `: ${context}` : ''}`)
-  return NextResponse.json({ error: message }, { status })
-}
-
 export function errorResponse(
   message: string,
   status: number,
@@ -340,15 +320,3 @@ export function forbiddenResponse(message = 'Access denied') {
 export function notFoundResponse(message = 'Resource not found') {
   return errorResponse(message, 404)
 }
-
-export function serverErrorResponse(message = 'Internal server error') {
-  return errorResponse(message, 500)
-}
-
-/**
- * Re-exports from `lib/api/contracts/tables` so existing routes that import
- * these names keep working while sharing a single source of truth.
- */
-export const CreateColumnSchema = createTableColumnBodySchema
-export const UpdateColumnSchema = updateTableColumnBodySchema
-export const DeleteColumnSchema = deleteTableColumnBodySchema
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/neo4j/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/neo4j/utils.ts
index ac0bdf0eb0e..75df20798d6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/neo4j/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/neo4j/utils.ts
@@ -62,33 +62,6 @@ export function validateCypherQuery(query: string): { isValid: boolean; error?:
   return { isValid: true }
 }
 
-export function sanitizeLabelName(name: string): string {
-  if (!/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(name)) {
-    throw new Error(
-      'Invalid label name. Must start with a letter and contain only letters, numbers, and underscores.'
-    )
-  }
-  return name
-}
-
-export function sanitizePropertyKey(key: string): string {
-  if (!/^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(key)) {
-    throw new Error(
-      'Invalid property key. Must start with a letter and contain only letters, numbers, and underscores.'
-    )
-  }
-  return key
-}
-
-export function sanitizeRelationshipType(type: string): string {
-  if (!/^[A-Z][A-Z0-9_]*$/.test(type)) {
-    throw new Error(
-      'Invalid relationship type. Must start with an uppercase letter and contain only uppercase letters, numbers, and underscores.'
-    )
-  }
-  return type
-}
-
 export function convertNeo4jTypesToJSON(value: unknown): unknown {
   if (value === null || value === undefined) {
     return value
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/ssh/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/ssh/utils.ts
index 3d64440e22d..9f375ca2796 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/ssh/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/ssh/utils.ts
@@ -365,22 +365,6 @@ export function escapeShellArg(arg: string): string {
   return arg.replace(/'/g, "'\\''")
 }
 
-/**
- * Validate that authentication credentials are provided
- */
-export function validateAuth(params: { password?: string; privateKey?: string }): {
-  isValid: boolean
-  error?: string
-} {
-  if (!params.password && !params.privateKey) {
-    return {
-      isValid: false,
-      error: 'Either password or privateKey must be provided for authentication',
-    }
-  }
-  return { isValid: true }
-}
-
 /**
  * Parse file permissions from octal string
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/v1/admin/types.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/v1/admin/types.ts
index a6062ca8eee..3113d85e8a9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/v1/admin/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/v1/admin/types.ts
@@ -48,19 +48,6 @@ export interface PaginationMeta {
 export const DEFAULT_LIMIT = 50
 export const MAX_LIMIT = 250
 
-export function parsePaginationParams(url: URL): PaginationParams {
-  return {
-    limit: parsePaginationNumber(url.searchParams.get('limit'), DEFAULT_LIMIT, MAX_LIMIT),
-    offset: parsePaginationNumber(url.searchParams.get('offset'), 0),
-  }
-}
-
-function parsePaginationNumber(value: string | null, fallback: number, max?: number): number {
-  const parsed = value ? Number.parseInt(value, 10) : fallback
-  if (!Number.isInteger(parsed) || parsed < 1) return fallback
-  return max === undefined ? parsed : Math.min(parsed, max)
-}
-
 export function createPaginationMeta(total: number, limit: number, offset: number): PaginationMeta {
   return {
     total,
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/logs/components/log-details/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/logs/components/log-details/utils.ts
index b3dc95416bb..7b05e1dcf23 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/logs/components/log-details/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/logs/components/log-details/utils.ts
@@ -135,21 +135,3 @@ export function getDisplayName(span: TraceSpan): string {
 export function formatCostAmount(value: number | undefined): string | undefined {
   return formatCreditCost(value, { emptyForZeroOrLess: true })
 }
-
-export function formatTokensSummary(tokens: TraceSpan['tokens']): string | undefined {
-  if (!tokens) return undefined
-  const parts: string[] = []
-  const input = formatTokenCount(tokens.input)
-  const output = formatTokenCount(tokens.output)
-  const total = formatTokenCount(tokens.total)
-  const cacheRead = formatTokenCount(tokens.cacheRead)
-  const cacheWrite = formatTokenCount(tokens.cacheWrite)
-  const reasoning = formatTokenCount(tokens.reasoning)
-  if (input) parts.push(`${input} in`)
-  if (cacheRead) parts.push(`${cacheRead} cached`)
-  if (cacheWrite) parts.push(`${cacheWrite} cache write`)
-  if (output) parts.push(`${output} out`)
-  if (reasoning) parts.push(`${reasoning} reasoning`)
-  if (total) parts.push(`${total} total`)
-  return parts.length > 0 ? parts.join(' · ') : undefined
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/scheduled-tasks/utils/recurrence.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/scheduled-tasks/utils/recurrence.ts
index 8c2c4661122..9a132b10f15 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/scheduled-tasks/utils/recurrence.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/scheduled-tasks/utils/recurrence.ts
@@ -36,12 +36,6 @@ export interface Recurrence {
   cron?: string
 }
 
-export const DEFAULT_RECURRENCE: Recurrence = {
-  frequency: 'once',
-  weekdays: [],
-  end: { type: 'never' },
-}
-
 /** Upper bound on occurrences materialized for one schedule in a single view. */
 const MAX_OCCURRENCES_PER_VIEW = 500
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/upgrade/subscription-permissions.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/upgrade/subscription-permissions.ts
index bf07d457132..681edb0490b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/upgrade/subscription-permissions.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/upgrade/subscription-permissions.ts
@@ -61,22 +61,3 @@ export function getSubscriptionPermissions(
     canViewUsageInfo,
   }
 }
-
-export function getVisiblePlans(
-  subscription: SubscriptionState,
-  userRole: UserRole
-): ('pro' | 'team' | 'enterprise')[] {
-  const plans: ('pro' | 'team' | 'enterprise')[] = []
-  const { isFree, isPro, isEnterprise, isOrgScoped } = subscription
-  const { isTeamAdmin } = userRole
-
-  if (isFree) {
-    plans.push('pro', 'team', 'enterprise')
-  } else if (isPro && !isOrgScoped) {
-    plans.push('team', 'enterprise')
-  } else if (isOrgScoped && isTeamAdmin && !isEnterprise) {
-    plans.push('enterprise')
-  }
-
-  return plans
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/error/index.tsx b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/error/index.tsx
index 7909f8bfc6f..5e5802eef4a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/error/index.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/error/index.tsx
@@ -115,32 +115,3 @@ export function NextError({ error, reset }: NextErrorProps) {
 
   return <ErrorUI onReset={reset} />
 }
-
-/**
- * Next.js Global Error Page Component
- * Renders for application-level errors
- */
-export function NextGlobalError({
-  error,
-  reset,
-}: {
-  error: Error & { digest?: string }
-  reset: () => void
-}) {
-  useEffect(() => {
-    logger.error('Global workspace error:', { error })
-  }, [error])
-
-  return (
-    <html lang='en'>
-      <body>
-        <ErrorUI
-          title='Application Error'
-          message='Something went wrong with the application. Please try again later.'
-          onReset={reset}
-          fullScreen={true}
-        />
-      </body>
-    </html>
-  )
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/constants.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/constants.ts
index d9cdf9702ac..85acddb8a22 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/constants.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/constants.ts
@@ -210,17 +210,6 @@ export const TOP_LEVEL_COMMANDS: readonly SlashCommand[] = [
   { id: 'actions', label: 'Actions' },
 ] as const
 
-/**
- * Maps UI command IDs to API command IDs.
- * Some commands have different IDs for display vs API (e.g., "actions" -> "superagent")
- */
-export function getApiCommandId(uiCommandId: string): string {
-  const commandMapping: Record<string, string> = {
-    actions: 'superagent',
-  }
-  return commandMapping[uiCommandId] || uiCommandId
-}
-
 export const WEB_COMMANDS: readonly SlashCommand[] = [
   { id: 'search', label: 'Search' },
   { id: 'read', label: 'Read' },
@@ -230,37 +219,7 @@ export const WEB_COMMANDS: readonly SlashCommand[] = [
 
 export const ALL_SLASH_COMMANDS: readonly SlashCommand[] = [...TOP_LEVEL_COMMANDS, ...WEB_COMMANDS]
 
-export const ALL_COMMAND_IDS = ALL_SLASH_COMMANDS.map((cmd) => cmd.id)
-
-/**
- * Get display label for a command ID
- */
-export function getCommandDisplayLabel(commandId: string): string {
-  const command = ALL_SLASH_COMMANDS.find((cmd) => cmd.id === commandId)
-  return command?.label || commandId.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + commandId.slice(1)
-}
-
-/**
- * Threshold for considering input "near top" of viewport (in pixels)
- */
-export const NEAR_TOP_THRESHOLD = 300
-
 /**
  * Scroll tolerance for mention menu positioning (in pixels)
  */
 export const SCROLL_TOLERANCE = 8
-
-/**
- * Shared CSS classes for menu state text (loading, empty states)
- */
-export const MENU_STATE_TEXT_CLASSES = 'px-2 py-2 text-caption text-[var(--text-muted)]'
-
-/**
- * Calculates the next index for circular navigation (wraps around at bounds)
- */
-export function getNextIndex(current: number, direction: 'up' | 'down', maxIndex: number): number {
-  if (direction === 'down') {
-    return current >= maxIndex ? 0 : current + 1
-  }
-  return current <= 0 ? maxIndex : current - 1
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/utils.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/utils.ts
index 3e8c4d8be5d..9ecf8397c7f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/user-input/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import type { ReactNode } from 'react'
 import {
   FOLDER_CONFIGS,
   type MentionFolderId,
@@ -123,42 +122,6 @@ export function computeMentionHighlightRanges(
   return ranges
 }
 
-/**
- * Builds React nodes with highlighted mention tokens
- * @param text - Text to render
- * @param contexts - Chat contexts to highlight
- * @param createHighlightSpan - Function to create highlighted span element
- * @returns Array of React nodes with highlighted mentions
- */
-export function buildMentionHighlightNodes(
-  text: string,
-  contexts: ChatContext[],
-  createHighlightSpan: (token: string, key: string) => ReactNode
-): ReactNode[] {
-  const tokens = extractContextTokens(contexts)
-  if (!tokens.length) return [text]
-
-  const ranges = computeMentionHighlightRanges(text, tokens)
-  if (!ranges.length) return [text]
-
-  const nodes: ReactNode[] = []
-  let lastIndex = 0
-
-  for (const range of ranges) {
-    if (range.start > lastIndex) {
-      nodes.push(text.slice(lastIndex, range.start))
-    }
-    nodes.push(createHighlightSpan(range.token, `mention-${range.start}-${range.end}`))
-    lastIndex = range.end
-  }
-
-  if (lastIndex < text.length) {
-    nodes.push(text.slice(lastIndex))
-  }
-
-  return nodes
-}
-
 /**
  * Gets the data array for a folder ID from mentionData.
  * Uses FOLDER_CONFIGS as the source of truth for key mapping.
@@ -169,18 +132,6 @@ export function getFolderData(mentionData: MentionDataReturn, folderId: MentionF
   return (mentionData[config.dataKey as keyof MentionDataReturn] as any[]) || []
 }
 
-/**
- * Gets the loading state for a folder ID from mentionData.
- * Uses FOLDER_CONFIGS as the source of truth for key mapping.
- */
-export function getFolderLoading(
-  mentionData: MentionDataReturn,
-  folderId: MentionFolderId
-): boolean {
-  const config = FOLDER_CONFIGS[folderId]
-  return mentionData[config.loadingKey as keyof MentionDataReturn] as boolean
-}
-
 /**
  * Gets the ensure loaded function for a folder ID from mentionData.
  * Uses FOLDER_CONFIGS as the source of truth for key mapping.
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/node-derivation.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/node-derivation.ts
index b1f9e45b49c..e361720baa0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/node-derivation.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/node-derivation.ts
@@ -19,14 +19,3 @@ export function computeContainerZIndex(
 
   return depth
 }
-
-export function computeBlockZIndex(
-  block: Pick<BlockState, 'type' | 'data'>,
-  allBlocks: Record<string, Pick<BlockState, 'type' | 'data'>>
-): number {
-  if (block.type === 'loop' || block.type === 'parallel') {
-    return computeContainerZIndex(block, allBlocks)
-  }
-
-  return block.data?.parentId ? Z_INDEX.CHILD_BLOCK : Z_INDEX.ROOT_BLOCK
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/workflow-canvas-helpers.ts b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/workflow-canvas-helpers.ts
index da1c4c12591..4c2120940c0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/workflow-canvas-helpers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/utils/workflow-canvas-helpers.ts
@@ -198,46 +198,6 @@ export function computeClampedPositionUpdates(
   }))
 }
 
-interface ParentUpdateEntry {
-  blockId: string
-  newParentId: string
-  affectedEdges: Edge[]
-}
-
-/**
- * Computes parent update entries for nodes being moved into a subflow.
- * Only includes "boundary edges" - edges that cross the selection boundary
- * (one end inside selection, one end outside). Edges between nodes in the
- * selection are preserved.
- */
-export function computeParentUpdateEntries(
-  validNodes: Node[],
-  allEdges: Edge[],
-  targetParentId: string
-): ParentUpdateEntry[] {
-  const movingNodeIds = new Set(validNodes.map((n) => n.id))
-
-  // Find edges that cross the boundary (one end inside selection, one end outside)
-  // Edges between nodes in the selection should stay intact
-  const boundaryEdges = allEdges.filter((e) => {
-    const sourceInSelection = movingNodeIds.has(e.source)
-    const targetInSelection = movingNodeIds.has(e.target)
-    // Only remove if exactly one end is in the selection (crosses boundary)
-    return sourceInSelection !== targetInSelection
-  })
-
-  // Build updates for all valid nodes
-  return validNodes.map((n) => {
-    // Only include boundary edges connected to this specific node
-    const edgesForThisNode = boundaryEdges.filter((e) => e.source === n.id || e.target === n.id)
-    return {
-      blockId: n.id,
-      newParentId: targetParentId,
-      affectedEdges: edgesForThisNode,
-    }
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Resolves parent-child selection conflicts by deselecting children whose parent is also selected.
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/blocks/utils.ts b/apps/sim/blocks/utils.ts
index bf98272ea24..909e42a01f4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/blocks/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/blocks/utils.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 import { getScopesForService } from '@/lib/oauth/utils'
 import { containsReference } from '@/lib/workflows/sanitization/references'
 import { buildCanonicalIndex } from '@/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility'
-import type { BlockOutput, OutputFieldDefinition, SubBlockConfig } from '@/blocks/types'
+import type { SubBlockConfig } from '@/blocks/types'
 import {
   getBaseModelProviders,
   getHostedModels,
@@ -145,24 +145,6 @@ export function getSubBlocksDependingOnChange(
   )
 }
 
-export function resolveOutputType(
-  outputs: Record<string, OutputFieldDefinition>
-): Record<string, BlockOutput> {
-  const resolvedOutputs: Record<string, BlockOutput> = {}
-
-  for (const [key, outputType] of Object.entries(outputs)) {
-    // Handle new format: { type: 'string', description: '...' }
-    if (typeof outputType === 'object' && outputType !== null && 'type' in outputType) {
-      resolvedOutputs[key] = outputType.type as BlockOutput
-    } else {
-      // Handle old format: just the type as string, or other object formats
-      resolvedOutputs[key] = outputType as BlockOutput
-    }
-  }
-
-  return resolvedOutputs
-}
-
 function getProviderFromStore(model: string): string | null {
   const { providers } = useProvidersStore.getState()
   const normalized = model.toLowerCase()
diff --git a/apps/sim/components/settings/navigation.ts b/apps/sim/components/settings/navigation.ts
index cb8e23ec1a6..514dc2bd7d6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/components/settings/navigation.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/components/settings/navigation.ts
@@ -353,13 +353,6 @@ export const ORGANIZATION_SETTINGS_GROUPS = [
   { key: 'enterprise', title: 'Enterprise' },
 ] as const
 
-export const WORKSPACE_SETTINGS_GROUPS = [
-  { key: 'workspace', title: 'Workspace' },
-  { key: 'tools', title: 'Tools' },
-  { key: 'system', title: 'System' },
-  { key: 'enterprise', title: 'Enterprise' },
-] as const
-
 export const SETTINGS_SECTION_REGISTRY: readonly SettingsSectionRegistryEntry[] = [
   {
     label: 'General',
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/constants.ts b/apps/sim/executor/constants.ts
index 97194928e0b..6e905d0fc4f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/constants.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/constants.ts
@@ -169,12 +169,6 @@ export const LOOP_REFERENCE = {
   INDEX_PATH: 'loop.index',
 } as const
 
-export const PARALLEL_REFERENCE = {
-  INDEX: 'index',
-  CURRENT_ITEM: 'currentItem',
-  ITEMS: 'items',
-} as const
-
 export const DEFAULTS = {
   BLOCK_TYPE: 'unknown',
   BLOCK_TITLE: 'Untitled Block',
@@ -277,12 +271,6 @@ export function buildResumeUiUrl(
   return `${prefix}${PAUSE_RESUME.PATH.UI_RESUME}/${workflowId}/${executionId}`
 }
 
-export const PARSING = {
-  JSON_RADIX: 10,
-  PREVIEW_LENGTH: 200,
-  PREVIEW_SUFFIX: '...',
-} as const
-
 export type FieldType = 'string' | 'number' | 'boolean' | 'object' | 'array' | 'files' | 'plain'
 
 interface ConditionConfig {
@@ -349,26 +337,6 @@ export function isAnnotationOnlyBlock(blockType: string | undefined): boolean {
   return blockType === BlockType.NOTE
 }
 
-export function supportsHandles(blockType: string | undefined): boolean {
-  return !isAnnotationOnlyBlock(blockType)
-}
-
-export function getDefaultTokens() {
-  return {
-    input: DEFAULTS.TOKENS.PROMPT,
-    output: DEFAULTS.TOKENS.COMPLETION,
-    total: DEFAULTS.TOKENS.TOTAL,
-  }
-}
-
-export function getDefaultCost() {
-  return {
-    input: DEFAULTS.COST.INPUT,
-    output: DEFAULTS.COST.OUTPUT,
-    total: DEFAULTS.COST.TOTAL,
-  }
-}
-
 export function buildReference(path: string): string {
   return `${REFERENCE.START}${path}${REFERENCE.END}`
 }
@@ -377,26 +345,10 @@ export function buildLoopReference(property: string): string {
   return buildReference(`${REFERENCE.PREFIX.LOOP}${REFERENCE.PATH_DELIMITER}${property}`)
 }
 
-export function buildParallelReference(property: string): string {
-  return buildReference(`${REFERENCE.PREFIX.PARALLEL}${REFERENCE.PATH_DELIMITER}${property}`)
-}
-
-export function buildVariableReference(variableName: string): string {
-  return buildReference(`${REFERENCE.PREFIX.VARIABLE}${REFERENCE.PATH_DELIMITER}${variableName}`)
-}
-
-export function buildBlockReference(blockId: string, path?: string): string {
-  return buildReference(path ? `${blockId}${REFERENCE.PATH_DELIMITER}${path}` : blockId)
-}
-
 export function buildLoopIndexCondition(maxIterations: number): string {
   return `${buildLoopReference(LOOP_REFERENCE.INDEX)} < ${maxIterations}`
 }
 
-export function buildEnvVarReference(varName: string): string {
-  return `${REFERENCE.ENV_VAR_START}${varName}${REFERENCE.ENV_VAR_END}`
-}
-
 export function isReference(value: string): boolean {
   return value.startsWith(REFERENCE.START) && value.endsWith(REFERENCE.END)
 }
@@ -465,10 +417,6 @@ export function stripCustomToolPrefix(name: string): string {
     : name
 }
 
-export function stripMcpToolPrefix(name: string): string {
-  return name.startsWith(MCP.TOOL_PREFIX) ? name.slice(MCP.TOOL_PREFIX.length) : name
-}
-
 export function escapeRegExp(value: string): string {
   return value.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/shared/response-format.ts b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/shared/response-format.ts
index 1d31b6ff557..9f1ad68a5ef 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/handlers/shared/response-format.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/handlers/shared/response-format.ts
@@ -49,38 +49,6 @@ export function parseResponseFormat(responseFormat?: string | object): any {
   return undefined
 }
 
-/**
- * Validate and extract messages from a raw input value.
- *
- * Accepts a JSON string or an array. Each entry must have
- * `role` (string) and `content` (string).
- */
-export function resolveMessages(raw: unknown): Array<{ role: string; content: string }> {
-  if (!raw) {
-    throw new Error('Messages input is required')
-  }
-
-  let messages: unknown[]
-  if (typeof raw === 'string') {
-    try {
-      messages = JSON.parse(raw)
-    } catch {
-      throw new Error('Messages must be a valid JSON array')
-    }
-  } else if (Array.isArray(raw)) {
-    messages = raw
-  } else {
-    throw new Error('Messages must be an array of {role, content} objects')
-  }
-
-  return messages.map((msg: any, i: number) => {
-    if (!msg.role || typeof msg.content !== 'string') {
-      throw new Error(`Message at index ${i} must have "role" (string) and "content" (string)`)
-    }
-    return { role: String(msg.role), content: msg.content }
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Try to parse the LLM response content as structured JSON and spread
  * the fields into the block output. Falls back to returning raw content.
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/human-in-the-loop/utils.ts b/apps/sim/executor/human-in-the-loop/utils.ts
index 1b060cf833a..0b2c5467cae 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/human-in-the-loop/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/human-in-the-loop/utils.ts
@@ -27,18 +27,6 @@ export function generatePauseContextId(
   return contextId
 }
 
-export function buildTriggerBlockId(nodeId: string): string {
-  if (nodeId.includes('__response')) {
-    return nodeId.replace('__response', '__trigger')
-  }
-
-  if (nodeId.endsWith('_response')) {
-    return nodeId.replace(/_response$/, '_trigger')
-  }
-
-  return `${nodeId}__trigger`
-}
-
 export function mapNodeMetadataToPauseScopes(
   ctx: ExecutionContext,
   nodeMetadata: NodeMetadataLike
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/types/loop.ts b/apps/sim/executor/types/loop.ts
index eebc87e4a61..e2be8cca95a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/types/loop.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/types/loop.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,3 @@ import type { SerializedLoop } from '@/serializer/types'
 export interface LoopConfigWithNodes extends SerializedLoop {
   nodes: string[]
 }
-
-export function isLoopConfigWithNodes(config: SerializedLoop): config is LoopConfigWithNodes {
-  return Array.isArray((config as any).nodes)
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/types/parallel.ts b/apps/sim/executor/types/parallel.ts
index 3ec58d7941d..6b7d279796e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/types/parallel.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/types/parallel.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,3 @@ import type { SerializedParallel } from '@/serializer/types'
 export interface ParallelConfigWithNodes extends SerializedParallel {
   nodes: string[]
 }
-
-export function isParallelConfigWithNodes(
-  config: SerializedParallel
-): config is ParallelConfigWithNodes {
-  return Array.isArray((config as any).nodes)
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/utils/json.ts b/apps/sim/executor/utils/json.ts
index 8890e7cbb88..1b3bd11ca67 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/utils/json.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/utils/json.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { EVALUATOR } from '@/executor/constants'
 
 const logger = createLogger('JSONUtils')
@@ -16,18 +15,6 @@ export function parseJSON<T>(value: unknown, fallback: T): T {
   }
 }
 
-export function parseJSONOrThrow(value: string): any {
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(value.trim())
-  } catch (error) {
-    throw new Error(`Invalid JSON: ${getErrorMessage(error, 'Parse error')}`)
-  }
-}
-
-export function normalizeJSONString(value: string): string {
-  return value.replace(/'/g, '"')
-}
-
 export function stringifyJSON(value: any, indent?: number): string {
   try {
     return JSON.stringify(value, null, indent ?? EVALUATOR.JSON_INDENT)
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/utils/reference-validation.ts b/apps/sim/executor/utils/reference-validation.ts
index 91130a19683..bef3dd45c42 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/utils/reference-validation.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/utils/reference-validation.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { isLikelyReferenceSegment } from '@/lib/workflows/sanitization/references'
 import { REFERENCE } from '@/executor/constants'
 
 /**
@@ -145,21 +144,3 @@ export function createCombinedPattern(): RegExp {
     'g'
   )
 }
-
-/**
- * Replaces variable references with smart validation.
- * Distinguishes < operator from < bracket using isLikelyReferenceSegment.
- */
-export function replaceValidReferences(
-  template: string,
-  replacer: (match: string, index: number, template: string) => string
-): string {
-  const pattern = createReferencePattern()
-
-  return template.replace(pattern, (match, _content, index) => {
-    if (!isLikelyReferenceSegment(match)) {
-      return match
-    }
-    return replacer(match, index, template)
-  })
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/executor/utils/subflow-utils.ts b/apps/sim/executor/utils/subflow-utils.ts
index 63ad2593824..0dc00d93466 100644
--- a/apps/sim/executor/utils/subflow-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/executor/utils/subflow-utils.ts
@@ -39,10 +39,6 @@ export function isParallelSentinelNodeId(nodeId: string): boolean {
   return SubflowNodeIdCodec.isParallelSentinelNodeId(nodeId)
 }
 
-export function isSentinelNodeId(nodeId: string): boolean {
-  return isLoopSentinelNodeId(nodeId) || isParallelSentinelNodeId(nodeId)
-}
-
 export function extractLoopIdFromSentinel(sentinelId: string): string | null {
   return SubflowNodeIdCodec.extractLoopIdFromSentinel(sentinelId)
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/general-settings.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/general-settings.ts
index 1a24ce87383..2c3efa310ad 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/general-settings.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/general-settings.ts
@@ -143,11 +143,6 @@ export function useBillingUsageNotifications(): boolean {
   return data?.billingUsageNotificationsEnabled ?? true
 }
 
-export function useErrorNotificationsEnabled(): boolean {
-  const { data } = useGeneralSettings()
-  return data?.errorNotificationsEnabled ?? true
-}
-
 /**
  * The user's effective scheduling timezone: their saved preference, or the
  * browser-detected zone when unset. Use this wherever a task's timezone is
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-admin.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-admin.ts
index 1bcadf2dd74..f98fedc44af 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-admin.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-admin.ts
@@ -182,28 +182,6 @@ export function useMothershipLicenses(environment: MothershipEnv) {
   })
 }
 
-export function useMothershipLicenseDetails(
-  environment: MothershipEnv,
-  id?: string,
-  name?: string
-) {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: mothershipKeys.licenseDetails(environment, id, name),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) =>
-      mothershipPost(
-        'licenses/details',
-        environment,
-        {
-          ...(id ? { id } : {}),
-          ...(name ? { name } : {}),
-        },
-        signal
-      ),
-    enabled: !!(id || name),
-    staleTime: MOTHERSHIP_LICENSE_DETAIL_STALE_TIME,
-  })
-}
-
 export function useGenerateLicense(environment: MothershipEnv) {
   const queryClient = useQueryClient()
   return useMutation({
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-chats.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-chats.ts
index aae58765e98..b2dad6357c0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-chats.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/mothership-chats.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { isApiClientError } from '@/lib/api/client/errors'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import {
   addMothershipChatResourceContract,
-  createMothershipChatContract,
   deleteMothershipChatContract,
   forkMothershipChatContract,
   getMothershipChatContract,
@@ -683,47 +682,6 @@ export function useSetMothershipChatPinned(workspaceId?: string) {
   })
 }
 
-async function createChat(workspaceId: string): Promise<{ id: string }> {
-  const { id } = await requestJson(createMothershipChatContract, { body: { workspaceId } })
-  return { id }
-}
-
-export function useCreateMothershipChat(workspaceId?: string) {
-  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
-  return useMutation({
-    mutationFn: () => {
-      if (!workspaceId) throw new Error('workspaceId is required')
-      return createChat(workspaceId)
-    },
-    onSuccess: (data) => {
-      if (!workspaceId) return
-      const existing =
-        queryClient.getQueryData<MothershipChatMetadata[]>(mothershipChatKeys.list(workspaceId)) ??
-        []
-      const newChat: MothershipChatMetadata = {
-        id: data.id,
-        name: 'New chat',
-        updatedAt: new Date(),
-        isActive: false,
-        isUnread: false,
-        isPinned: false,
-        deletedAt: null,
-      }
-      const pinnedCount = existing.findIndex((chat) => !chat.isPinned)
-      const insertAt = pinnedCount === -1 ? existing.length : pinnedCount
-      queryClient.setQueryData<MothershipChatMetadata[]>(mothershipChatKeys.list(workspaceId), [
-        ...existing.slice(0, insertAt),
-        newChat,
-        ...existing.slice(insertAt),
-      ])
-    },
-    onSettled: () => {
-      if (!workspaceId) return
-      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: mothershipChatKeys.list(workspaceId) })
-    },
-  })
-}
-
 async function forkChat(params: {
   chatId: string
   upToMessageId: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/oauth/oauth-connections.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/oauth/oauth-connections.ts
index 25338567464..e3a5becbc0b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/oauth/oauth-connections.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/oauth/oauth-connections.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import { keepPreviousData, useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import {
   type ConnectedAccount,
   disconnectOAuthContract,
-  listConnectedAccountsContract,
   listOAuthConnectionsContract,
   type OAuthAccountSummary,
   type OAuthConnection,
@@ -265,29 +264,3 @@ export function useDisconnectOAuthService() {
 
 /** Connected OAuth account for a specific provider. */
 export type { ConnectedAccount }
-
-async function fetchConnectedAccounts(
-  provider: string,
-  signal?: AbortSignal
-): Promise<ConnectedAccount[]> {
-  const data = await requestJson(listConnectedAccountsContract, {
-    query: { provider },
-    signal,
-  })
-  return data.accounts
-}
-
-/**
- * Fetches connected accounts for a specific OAuth provider.
- * @param provider - The provider ID (e.g., 'slack', 'google')
- * @param options - Query options including enabled flag
- */
-export function useConnectedAccounts(provider: string, options?: { enabled?: boolean }) {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: oauthConnectionsKeys.account(provider),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) => fetchConnectedAccounts(provider, signal),
-    enabled: options?.enabled ?? true,
-    staleTime: OAUTH_CONNECTED_ACCOUNTS_STALE_TIME,
-    placeholderData: keepPreviousData,
-  })
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts
index b8d9768293b..f811e9fb54e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/organization.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
-import {
-  keepPreviousData,
-  type UseQueryResult,
-  useMutation,
-  useQuery,
-  useQueryClient,
-} from '@tanstack/react-query'
+import { type UseQueryResult, useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import { ApiClientError } from '@/lib/api/client/errors'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import type { ContractBodyInput } from '@/lib/api/contracts'
@@ -20,8 +14,6 @@ import {
   getMemberRemovalImpactContract,
   getOrganizationMemberUsageLimitContract,
   getOrganizationRosterContract,
-  listOrganizationMembersContract,
-  type OrganizationMembersResponse,
   type OrganizationMemberUsageLimitData,
   type OrganizationRoster,
   type RemovalImpactCredential,
@@ -30,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   type RosterWorkspaceAccess,
   removeOrganizationMemberContract,
   transferOwnershipContract,
-  updateOrganizationContract,
   updateOrganizationMemberRoleContract,
   updateOrganizationMemberUsageLimitContract,
   updateOrganizationUsageLimitContract,
@@ -40,8 +31,6 @@ import {
   type OrganizationBillingApiResponse,
 } from '@/lib/api/contracts/subscription'
 import { client } from '@/lib/auth/auth-client'
-import { isEnterprise, isPaid, isTeam } from '@/lib/billing/plan-helpers'
-import { hasPaidSubscriptionStatus } from '@/lib/billing/subscriptions/utils'
 import { workspaceCredentialKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/utils/credential-keys'
 import { subscriptionKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/utils/subscription-keys'
 import { workspaceKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/workspace'
@@ -63,37 +52,8 @@ export const ORGANIZATION_MEMBER_USAGE_LIMIT_STALE_TIME = 30 * 1000
  */
 export const ORGANIZATION_REMOVAL_IMPACT_STALE_TIME = 0
 
-type OrganizationSubscriptionCandidate = {
-  id: string
-  referenceId: string
-  status: string
-  plan: string
-  cancelAtPeriodEnd?: boolean
-  periodEnd?: number | Date
-  trialEnd?: number | Date
-}
-
 type OrganizationBillingQueryResult = UseQueryResult<OrganizationBillingApiResponse | null, Error>
 
-function isOrganizationSubscriptionCandidate(
-  value: unknown
-): value is OrganizationSubscriptionCandidate {
-  if (!isRecordLike(value)) return false
-  return (
-    typeof value.id === 'string' &&
-    typeof value.referenceId === 'string' &&
-    typeof value.status === 'string' &&
-    typeof value.plan === 'string' &&
-    (value.cancelAtPeriodEnd === undefined || typeof value.cancelAtPeriodEnd === 'boolean') &&
-    (value.periodEnd === undefined ||
-      typeof value.periodEnd === 'number' ||
-      value.periodEnd instanceof Date) &&
-    (value.trialEnd === undefined ||
-      typeof value.trialEnd === 'number' ||
-      value.trialEnd instanceof Date)
-  )
-}
-
 function readNumber(value: unknown): number | undefined {
   if (typeof value === 'number') return value
   if (typeof value === 'string') {
@@ -185,40 +145,6 @@ export function useMemberRemovalImpact(
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Fetches the current viewer's account-scoped organizations.
- *
- * `activeOrganization` reflects the viewer session's selected organization. It
- * must not be used as the organization context for a routed workspace; those
- * surfaces use the workspace host context instead. Billing data is fetched
- * separately, and the Better Auth client does not accept an AbortSignal.
- */
-async function fetchOrganizations(_signal?: AbortSignal) {
-  const [orgsResponse, activeOrgResponse] = await Promise.all([
-    client.organization.list(),
-    client.organization.getFullOrganization(),
-  ])
-
-  return {
-    organizations: orgsResponse.data || [],
-    activeOrganization: activeOrgResponse.data,
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Reads the viewer's account organizations and account-scoped active organization.
- *
- * Workspace-bound consumers must use the routed workspace host context instead
- * of `activeOrganization`.
- */
-export function useOrganizations() {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: organizationKeys.lists(),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) => fetchOrganizations(signal),
-    staleTime: ORGANIZATION_LIST_STALE_TIME,
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Fetch a specific organization by ID.
  *
@@ -247,53 +173,6 @@ export function useOrganization(orgId: string) {
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Fetch organization subscription data
- */
-async function fetchOrganizationSubscription(orgId: string, _signal?: AbortSignal) {
-  if (!orgId) {
-    return null
-  }
-
-  const response = await client.subscription.list({
-    query: { referenceId: orgId },
-  })
-
-  if (response.error) {
-    logger.error('Error fetching organization subscription', { error: response.error })
-    return null
-  }
-
-  // Any paid subscription attached to the org counts as its active sub.
-  // Priority: Enterprise > Team > Pro (matches `getHighestPrioritySubscription`).
-  // This intentionally includes `pro_*` plans that have been transferred
-  // to the org — they are pooled org-scoped subscriptions.
-  const rawSubscriptions: unknown = response.data
-  const entitled = (Array.isArray(rawSubscriptions) ? rawSubscriptions : [])
-    .filter(isOrganizationSubscriptionCandidate)
-    .filter((sub) => hasPaidSubscriptionStatus(sub.status) && isPaid(sub.plan))
-  const enterpriseSubscription = entitled.find((sub) => isEnterprise(sub.plan))
-  const teamSubscription = entitled.find((sub) => isTeam(sub.plan))
-  const proSubscription = entitled.find((sub) => !isEnterprise(sub.plan) && !isTeam(sub.plan))
-  const activeSubscription = enterpriseSubscription || teamSubscription || proSubscription
-
-  return activeSubscription || null
-}
-
-/**
- * Hook to fetch organization subscription
- */
-export function useOrganizationSubscription(orgId: string) {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: organizationKeys.subscription(orgId),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) => fetchOrganizationSubscription(orgId, signal),
-    enabled: !!orgId,
-    retry: false,
-    staleTime: ORGANIZATION_SUBSCRIPTION_STALE_TIME,
-    placeholderData: keepPreviousData,
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Fetch organization billing data
  */
@@ -330,46 +209,6 @@ export function useOrganizationBilling(
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Fetch organization member usage data
- */
-async function fetchOrganizationMembers(
-  orgId: string,
-  signal?: AbortSignal
-): Promise<OrganizationMembersResponse> {
-  try {
-    return await requestJson(listOrganizationMembersContract, {
-      params: { id: orgId },
-      query: { include: 'usage' },
-      signal,
-    })
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (error instanceof ApiClientError && error.status === 404) {
-      return {
-        success: true,
-        data: [],
-        total: 0,
-        userRole: 'member',
-        hasAdminAccess: false,
-      }
-    }
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Hook to fetch organization members with usage data
- */
-export function useOrganizationMembers(orgId: string) {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: organizationKeys.memberUsage(orgId),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) => fetchOrganizationMembers(orgId, signal),
-    enabled: !!orgId,
-    staleTime: ORGANIZATION_MEMBERS_STALE_TIME,
-    placeholderData: keepPreviousData,
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Update organization usage limit mutation with optimistic updates
  */
@@ -660,30 +499,6 @@ export function useResendInvitation() {
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Update organization settings mutation
- */
-type UpdateOrganizationParams = {
-  orgId: string
-} & ContractBodyInput<typeof updateOrganizationContract>
-
-export function useUpdateOrganization() {
-  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
-
-  return useMutation({
-    mutationFn: async ({ orgId, ...updates }: UpdateOrganizationParams) => {
-      return requestJson(updateOrganizationContract, {
-        params: { id: orgId },
-        body: updates,
-      })
-    },
-    onSettled: (_data, _error, variables) => {
-      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: organizationKeys.detail(variables.orgId) })
-      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: organizationKeys.lists() })
-    },
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Create organization mutation
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/schedules.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/schedules.ts
index a22fe07d4fe..c2d563daaad 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/schedules.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/schedules.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { isApiClientError } from '@/lib/api/client/errors'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import { deployWorkflowContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/deployments'
 import {
-  getScheduleByIdContract,
   getScheduleContract,
   listWorkspaceSchedulesContract,
   reactivateScheduleContract,
@@ -95,28 +94,6 @@ export function useWorkspaceSchedules(workspaceId?: string, options?: { enabled?
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Fetch a single workflow schedule by id — a lightweight by-id read instead of
- * the whole-workspace `useWorkspaceSchedules` fetch.
- */
-export function useScheduleById(scheduleId?: string) {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: scheduleKeys.byId(scheduleId ?? ''),
-    queryFn: async ({ signal }) => {
-      if (!scheduleId) throw new Error('Schedule ID required')
-
-      const data = await requestJson(getScheduleByIdContract, {
-        params: { id: scheduleId },
-        signal,
-      })
-      return data.schedule
-    },
-    enabled: Boolean(scheduleId),
-    staleTime: SCHEDULE_DETAIL_STALE_TIME,
-    placeholderData: keepPreviousData,
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Hook to fetch schedule data for a workflow block
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/subscription.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/subscription.ts
index 5809f6b2eba..ad4b38dcf45 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/subscription.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/subscription.ts
@@ -8,14 +8,11 @@ import {
   getUserBillingContract,
   getUserUsageLimitContract,
   type InvoicesApiResponse,
-  purchaseCreditsContract,
   type SubscriptionApiResponse,
   updateUsageLimitContract,
 } from '@/lib/api/contracts/subscription'
-import { organizationKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/organization'
 import { invalidateWorkspaceUsage } from '@/hooks/queries/utils/invalidate-usage'
 import { subscriptionKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/utils/subscription-keys'
-import { workspaceKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/workspace'
 
 export type { SubscriptionApiResponse }
 
@@ -62,18 +59,6 @@ export function useSubscriptionData(options: UseSubscriptionDataOptions = {}) {
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Prefetch subscription data into a QueryClient cache.
- * Use on hover to warm data before navigation.
- */
-export function prefetchSubscriptionData(queryClient: QueryClient) {
-  queryClient.prefetchQuery({
-    queryKey: subscriptionKeys.user(false),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) => fetchSubscriptionData(false, signal),
-    staleTime: SUBSCRIPTION_DATA_STALE_TIME,
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Prefetch the billing queries the Upgrade page gates on: the
  * organization-scoped subscription variant (`includeOrg: true`, a different
@@ -260,81 +245,6 @@ export function useUpdateUsageLimit() {
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Upgrade subscription mutation
- */
-interface UpgradeSubscriptionParams {
-  plan: string
-  orgId?: string
-}
-
-export function useUpgradeSubscription() {
-  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
-
-  return useMutation({
-    mutationFn: async ({ plan }: UpgradeSubscriptionParams) => {
-      return { plan }
-    },
-    onSettled: (_data, _error, variables) => {
-      return Promise.all([
-        queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: subscriptionKeys.users() }),
-        queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: subscriptionKeys.usage() }),
-        queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: subscriptionKeys.invoicesAll() }),
-        queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: workspaceKeys.lists() }),
-        invalidateWorkspaceUsage(queryClient),
-        ...(variables.orgId
-          ? [
-              queryClient.invalidateQueries({
-                queryKey: organizationKeys.billing(variables.orgId),
-              }),
-              queryClient.invalidateQueries({
-                queryKey: organizationKeys.subscription(variables.orgId),
-              }),
-            ]
-          : []),
-      ])
-    },
-  })
-}
-
-/**
- * Purchase credits mutation
- */
-interface PurchaseCreditsParams {
-  amount: ContractBodyInput<typeof purchaseCreditsContract>['amount']
-  requestId: ContractBodyInput<typeof purchaseCreditsContract>['requestId']
-  orgId?: string
-}
-
-export function usePurchaseCredits() {
-  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
-
-  return useMutation({
-    mutationFn: async ({ amount, requestId }: PurchaseCreditsParams) => {
-      return requestJson(purchaseCreditsContract, {
-        body: { amount, requestId },
-      })
-    },
-    onSettled: (_data, _error, variables) => {
-      return Promise.all([
-        queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: subscriptionKeys.users() }),
-        queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: subscriptionKeys.usage() }),
-        invalidateWorkspaceUsage(queryClient),
-        ...(variables.orgId
-          ? [
-              queryClient.invalidateQueries({
-                queryKey: organizationKeys.billing(variables.orgId),
-              }),
-              queryClient.invalidateQueries({
-                queryKey: organizationKeys.subscription(variables.orgId),
-              }),
-            ]
-          : []),
-      ])
-    },
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Open billing portal mutation
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace-files.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace-files.ts
index 69c775f2dde..da45c0f0ac4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace-files.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace-files.ts
@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ import {
   useQuery,
   useQueryClient,
 } from '@tanstack/react-query'
-import { isApiClientError } from '@/lib/api/client/errors'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import { fileStorageStatusContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/storage-transfer'
-import { getUsageLimitsContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/usage-limits'
 import {
   type CreateWorkspaceFileBody,
   createWorkspaceFileContract,
@@ -69,16 +67,6 @@ export const WORKSPACE_STORAGE_INFO_STALE_TIME = 60 * 1000
 /** Cloud storage (S3/Blob) is env-driven and does not change at runtime. */
 export const CLOUD_STORAGE_CONFIGURED_STALE_TIME = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
 
-/**
- * Storage info type
- */
-interface StorageInfo {
-  usedBytes: number
-  limitBytes: number
-  percentUsed: number
-  plan?: string
-}
-
 /**
  * Hook to fetch a single workspace file record by ID.
  * Shares the `list(workspaceId, 'active')` query key with {@link useWorkspaceFiles} so no extra
@@ -467,44 +455,6 @@ export function useWorkspaceFileBinary(
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Fetch storage info from API
- */
-async function fetchStorageInfo(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<StorageInfo | null> {
-  try {
-    const data = await requestJson(getUsageLimitsContract, { signal })
-
-    if (data.success && data.storage) {
-      return {
-        usedBytes: data.storage.usedBytes,
-        limitBytes: data.storage.limitBytes,
-        percentUsed: data.storage.percentUsed,
-        plan: data.usage?.plan || 'free',
-      }
-    }
-
-    return null
-  } catch (error) {
-    if (isApiClientError(error) && error.status === 404) {
-      return null
-    }
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Hook to fetch storage info
- */
-export function useStorageInfo(enabled = true) {
-  return useQuery({
-    queryKey: workspaceFilesKeys.storageInfo(),
-    queryFn: ({ signal }) => fetchStorageInfo(signal),
-    enabled,
-    retry: false, // Don't retry on 404
-    staleTime: WORKSPACE_STORAGE_INFO_STALE_TIME, // 1 minute - storage info doesn't change often
-  })
-}
-
 async function fetchCloudStorageConfigured(signal?: AbortSignal): Promise<boolean> {
   const data = await requestJson(fileStorageStatusContract, { signal })
   return data.cloudConfigured === true
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace.ts
index 490eae2cc5f..f98748e1ea6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/queries/workspace.ts
@@ -399,30 +399,6 @@ export function useWorkspaceSettings(workspaceId: string) {
   })
 }
 
-type UpdateWorkspaceSettingsParams = { workspaceId: string } & Pick<
-  ContractBodyInput<typeof updateWorkspaceContract>,
-  'billedAccountUserId'
->
-
-/**
- * Updates workspace settings (e.g., billing configuration).
- * Invalidates the workspace settings cache on success.
- */
-export function useUpdateWorkspaceSettings() {
-  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
-
-  return useMutation({
-    mutationFn: async ({ workspaceId, ...updates }: UpdateWorkspaceSettingsParams) => {
-      return requestJson(updateWorkspaceContract, { params: { id: workspaceId }, body: updates })
-    },
-    onSettled: (_data, _error, variables) => {
-      queryClient.invalidateQueries({
-        queryKey: workspaceKeys.settings(variables.workspaceId),
-      })
-    },
-  })
-}
-
 /** Workspace with admin access metadata. */
 export interface AdminWorkspace {
   id: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/hooks/use-trigger-config-aggregation.ts b/apps/sim/hooks/use-trigger-config-aggregation.ts
index 655e011c7f5..a5250dd4963 100644
--- a/apps/sim/hooks/use-trigger-config-aggregation.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/hooks/use-trigger-config-aggregation.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { useSubBlockStore } from '@/stores/workflows/subblock/store'
 import { getTrigger, isTriggerValid } from '@/triggers'
 import { SYSTEM_SUBBLOCK_IDS } from '@/triggers/constants'
 
-const logger = createLogger('useTriggerConfigAggregation')
-
 /**
  * Maps old trigger config field names to new subblock IDs for backward compatibility.
  * This handles field name changes during the migration from modal-based configuration
@@ -25,71 +22,6 @@ function mapOldFieldNameToNewSubBlockId(oldFieldName: string): string {
   return fieldMapping[oldFieldName] || oldFieldName
 }
 
-/**
- * Aggregates individual trigger field subblocks into a triggerConfig object.
- * This is called on-demand when saving, not continuously.
- *
- * @param blockId - The block ID that has the trigger fields
- * @param triggerId - The trigger ID to get the config fields from
- * @returns The aggregated config object, or null if no valid config
- */
-
-export function useTriggerConfigAggregation(
-  blockId: string,
-  triggerId: string | undefined
-): Record<string, any> | null {
-  if (!triggerId || !blockId) {
-    return null
-  }
-
-  if (!isTriggerValid(triggerId)) {
-    logger.warn(`Trigger definition not found for ID: ${triggerId}`)
-    return null
-  }
-
-  const triggerDef = getTrigger(triggerId)
-
-  const subBlockStore = useSubBlockStore.getState()
-
-  const aggregatedConfig: Record<string, any> = {}
-  let hasAnyValue = false
-
-  triggerDef.subBlocks
-    .filter(
-      (sb) =>
-        (sb.mode === 'trigger' || sb.mode === 'trigger-advanced') &&
-        !SYSTEM_SUBBLOCK_IDS.includes(sb.id)
-    )
-    .forEach((subBlock) => {
-      const fieldValue = subBlockStore.getValue(blockId, subBlock.id)
-
-      let valueToUse = fieldValue
-      if (
-        (fieldValue === null || fieldValue === undefined || fieldValue === '') &&
-        subBlock.defaultValue !== undefined
-      ) {
-        valueToUse = subBlock.defaultValue
-      }
-
-      if (valueToUse !== null && valueToUse !== undefined && valueToUse !== '') {
-        aggregatedConfig[subBlock.id] = valueToUse
-        hasAnyValue = true
-      }
-    })
-
-  if (!hasAnyValue) {
-    return null
-  }
-
-  logger.debug('Aggregated trigger config fields', {
-    blockId,
-    triggerId,
-    aggregatedConfig,
-  })
-
-  return aggregatedConfig
-}
-
 /**
  * Populates individual trigger field subblocks from a triggerConfig object.
  * Used for backward compatibility when loading existing workflows.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/admin.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/admin.ts
index a248b9dbe6c..2d4d57f0c55 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/admin.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/admin.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { z } from 'zod'
-import { defineRouteContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/types'
 import { workflowStateSchema } from '@/lib/api/contracts/workflows'
 import { workspacePermissionSchema } from '@/lib/api/contracts/workspaces'
 
@@ -103,17 +102,6 @@ export const adminWorkspaceImportQuerySchema = z.object({
   rootFolderName: queryStringSchema,
 })
 
-export const adminWorkspaceImportBodySchema = z.object({
-  workflows: z.array(
-    z.object({
-      content: z.union([z.string(), z.record(z.string(), z.unknown())]),
-      name: z.string().optional(),
-      folderPath: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
-    }),
-    { error: 'Invalid JSON body. Expected { workflows: [...] }' }
-  ),
-})
-
 export const adminPaginationMetaSchema = z.object({
   total: z.number(),
   limit: z.number(),
@@ -212,38 +200,6 @@ export const adminFolderExportPayloadSchema = z.object({
   parentId: z.string().nullable(),
 })
 
-export const adminWorkspaceExportPayloadSchema = z.object({
-  version: z.literal('1.0'),
-  exportedAt: z.string(),
-  workspace: z.object({
-    id: z.string(),
-    name: z.string(),
-  }),
-  workflows: z.array(
-    z.object({
-      workflow: adminWorkflowExportPayloadSchema.shape.workflow,
-      state: adminWorkflowExportStateSchema,
-    })
-  ),
-  folders: z.array(adminFolderExportPayloadSchema),
-})
-
-export const adminFolderFullExportPayloadSchema = z.object({
-  version: z.literal('1.0'),
-  exportedAt: z.string(),
-  folder: z.object({
-    id: z.string(),
-    name: z.string(),
-  }),
-  workflows: z.array(
-    z.object({
-      workflow: adminWorkflowExportPayloadSchema.shape.workflow.omit({ workspaceId: true }),
-      state: adminWorkflowExportStateSchema,
-    })
-  ),
-  folders: z.array(adminFolderExportPayloadSchema),
-})
-
 export const adminImportResultSchema = z.object({
   workflowId: z.string(),
   name: z.string(),
@@ -283,293 +239,3 @@ export const adminDeployResultSchema = z.object({
 export const adminUndeployResultSchema = z.object({
   isDeployed: z.literal(false),
 })
-
-const adminSingleResponseSchema = <TSchema extends z.ZodType>(schema: TSchema) =>
-  z.object({ data: schema })
-
-const adminListResponseSchema = <TSchema extends z.ZodType>(schema: TSchema) =>
-  z.object({
-    data: z.array(schema),
-    pagination: adminPaginationMetaSchema,
-  })
-
-export const adminListWorkflowsContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows',
-  query: adminPaginationQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminListResponseSchema(adminWorkflowSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminGetWorkflowContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminWorkflowDetailSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminDeleteWorkflowContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'DELETE',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: z.object({
-      success: z.literal(true),
-      workflowId: z.string(),
-    }),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminDeployWorkflowContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]/deploy',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminDeployResultSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminUndeployWorkflowContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'DELETE',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]/deploy',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminUndeployResultSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminListWorkflowVersionsContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]/versions',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(
-      z.object({
-        versions: z.array(adminDeploymentVersionSchema),
-      })
-    ),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminActivateWorkflowVersionContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]/versions/[versionId]/activate',
-  params: adminWorkflowVersionParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(
-      z.object({
-        success: z.literal(true),
-        version: z.number(),
-        deployedAt: z.string(),
-        warnings: z.array(z.string()).optional(),
-      })
-    ),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminExportWorkflowContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/[id]/export',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminWorkflowExportPayloadSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminExportWorkflowsContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/export',
-  query: adminExportFormatQuerySchema,
-  body: adminExportWorkflowsBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'binary',
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminImportWorkflowContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workflows/import',
-  body: adminWorkflowImportBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminWorkflowImportResponseSchema,
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminListWorkspacesContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces',
-  query: adminPaginationQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminListResponseSchema(adminWorkspaceSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminGetWorkspaceContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminWorkspaceDetailSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminListWorkspaceWorkflowsContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/workflows',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminPaginationQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminListResponseSchema(adminWorkflowSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminDeleteWorkspaceWorkflowsContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'DELETE',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/workflows',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: z.object({
-      success: z.literal(true),
-      deleted: z.number(),
-    }),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminListWorkspaceFoldersContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/folders',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminPaginationQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminListResponseSchema(adminFolderSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminExportWorkspaceContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/export',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminExportFormatQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'binary',
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminImportWorkspaceContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/import',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminWorkspaceImportQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminWorkspaceImportResponseSchema,
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminListWorkspaceMembersContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/members',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminPaginationQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminListResponseSchema(adminWorkspaceMemberSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminCreateWorkspaceMemberContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/members',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  body: adminWorkspaceMemberBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(
-      adminWorkspaceMemberSchema.extend({
-        action: z.enum(['created', 'updated', 'already_member']),
-      })
-    ),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminDeleteWorkspaceMemberContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'DELETE',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/members',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminDeleteWorkspaceMemberQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(
-      z.object({
-        removed: z.literal(true),
-        userId: z.string(),
-        workspaceId: z.string(),
-      })
-    ),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminGetWorkspaceMemberContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/members/[memberId]',
-  params: adminWorkspaceMemberParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminWorkspaceMemberSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminUpdateWorkspaceMemberContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'PATCH',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/members/[memberId]',
-  params: adminWorkspaceMemberParamsSchema,
-  body: adminUpdateWorkspaceMemberBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(adminWorkspaceMemberSchema),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminRemoveWorkspaceMemberContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'DELETE',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/workspaces/[id]/members/[memberId]',
-  params: adminWorkspaceMemberParamsSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: adminSingleResponseSchema(
-      z.object({
-        removed: z.literal(true),
-        memberId: z.string(),
-        userId: z.string(),
-        workspaceId: z.string(),
-      })
-    ),
-  },
-})
-
-export const adminExportFolderContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/v1/admin/folders/[id]/export',
-  params: adminIdParamsSchema,
-  query: adminExportFormatQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'binary',
-  },
-})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/common.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/common.ts
index ffc7898ce4d..44cd3bc354e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/common.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/common.ts
@@ -105,20 +105,6 @@ export const getStarsContract = defineRouteContract({
   },
 })
 
-export const getStatusContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/status',
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: z.object({
-      status: z.enum(['operational', 'degraded', 'outage', 'maintenance', 'loading', 'error']),
-      message: z.string(),
-      url: z.string().url(),
-      lastUpdated: z.string(),
-    }),
-  },
-})
-
 const jobStatusSchema = z.enum(['pending', 'processing', 'completed', 'failed', 'cancelled'])
 
 const jobStatusResponseSchema = z
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/copilot.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/copilot.ts
index c851c6cff2c..bd26d8a4a45 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/copilot.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/copilot.ts
@@ -725,22 +725,6 @@ export const revertCopilotCheckpointContract = defineRouteContract({
   },
 })
 
-export const copilotChatAbortContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/copilot/chat/abort',
-  body: copilotChatAbortBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: z.object({
-      aborted: z.boolean(),
-      settled: z.boolean().optional(),
-      // True when the stream did not settle within the grace window and the
-      // chat stream lock was force-broken so the chat is immediately usable.
-      forceReleased: z.boolean().optional(),
-    }),
-  },
-})
-
 export const copilotChatStreamContract = defineRouteContract({
   method: 'GET',
   path: '/api/copilot/chat/stream',
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/deployments.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/deployments.ts
index 343af5e82a1..e710d9e9ae5 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/deployments.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/deployments.ts
@@ -59,11 +59,6 @@ export const deploymentVersionOrActiveParamsSchema = z.object({
   version: z.union([deploymentVersionPathSchema, z.literal('active')]),
 })
 
-export const deploymentVersionRouteParamsSchema = z.object({
-  id: z.string().min(1, 'Invalid workflow ID'),
-  version: z.string().min(1, 'Invalid version'),
-})
-
 export const updatePublicApiBodySchema = z.object({
   isPublicApi: z.boolean(),
 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp-oauth.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp-oauth.ts
index be07e026330..0661c725154 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp-oauth.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp-oauth.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { z } from 'zod'
-import { defineRouteContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/types'
 
 const mcpOauthMetadataQuerySchema = z.record(z.string(), z.string())
 export type McpOauthMetadataQuery = z.input<typeof mcpOauthMetadataQuerySchema>
@@ -33,23 +32,3 @@ const mcpProtectedResourceMetadataSchema = z.object({
   x_sim_auth: xSimAuthSchema,
 })
 export type McpProtectedResourceMetadata = z.output<typeof mcpProtectedResourceMetadataSchema>
-
-export const mcpOauthAuthorizationServerMetadataContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/mcp/copilot/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server',
-  query: mcpOauthMetadataQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: mcpAuthorizationServerMetadataSchema,
-  },
-})
-
-export const mcpOauthProtectedResourceMetadataContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/mcp/copilot/.well-known/oauth-protected-resource',
-  query: mcpOauthMetadataQuerySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: mcpProtectedResourceMetadataSchema,
-  },
-})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp.ts
index 53ca4e6226a..4c071657695 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/mcp.ts
@@ -267,11 +267,6 @@ export const mcpJsonRpcMessageSchema = z
   })
   .passthrough()
 
-export const mcpRequestBodySchema = z.union([
-  mcpJsonRpcMessageSchema,
-  z.array(mcpJsonRpcMessageSchema),
-])
-
 export const mcpToolCallParamsSchema = z
   .object({
     name: z.string().min(1),
@@ -415,27 +410,6 @@ export const discoverMcpToolsContract = defineRouteContract({
 })
 export type DiscoverMcpToolsResponse = ContractJsonResponse<typeof discoverMcpToolsContract>
 
-export const refreshMcpToolsContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/mcp/tools/discover',
-  query: mcpWorkspaceQuerySchema,
-  body: refreshMcpToolsBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: mcpSuccessResponseSchema(
-      z.object({
-        refreshed: z.array(z.object({ serverId: z.string(), toolCount: z.number() })),
-        failed: z.array(z.object({ serverId: z.string(), error: z.string() })),
-        summary: z.object({
-          total: z.number(),
-          successful: z.number(),
-          failed: z.number(),
-        }),
-      })
-    ),
-  },
-})
-
 export const listStoredMcpToolsContract = defineRouteContract({
   method: 'GET',
   path: '/api/mcp/tools/stored',
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/schedules.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/schedules.ts
index 6fd4921f673..aeafa475ed3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/schedules.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/schedules.ts
@@ -203,12 +203,3 @@ export const updateScheduleContract = defineRouteContract({
     schema: messageResponseSchema,
   },
 })
-
-export const executeSchedulesContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/schedules/execute',
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: executeSchedulesResponseSchema,
-  },
-})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/storage-transfer.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/storage-transfer.ts
index 2eb9e3b6a50..3bfe28e8794 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/storage-transfer.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/storage-transfer.ts
@@ -319,13 +319,6 @@ export const wordpressUploadContract = defineRouteContract({
   response: { mode: 'json', schema: jsonResponseSchema },
 })
 
-export const sftpListContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/tools/sftp/list',
-  body: sftpListBodySchema,
-  response: { mode: 'json', schema: jsonResponseSchema },
-})
-
 export const sftpDeleteContract = defineRouteContract({
   method: 'POST',
   path: '/api/tools/sftp/delete',
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/tools/media/image.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/tools/media/image.ts
index 81ac09927e7..3429b861b15 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/tools/media/image.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/tools/media/image.ts
@@ -43,13 +43,6 @@ export const imageToolBodySchema = z
 
 export type ImageToolBody = z.infer<typeof imageToolBodySchema>
 
-export const imageProxyContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'GET',
-  path: '/api/tools/image',
-  query: imageProxyQuerySchema,
-  response: { mode: 'binary' },
-})
-
 export const imageToolContract = defineRouteContract({
   method: 'POST',
   path: '/api/tools/image',
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts
index f09626e41a2..4752c61762f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/copilot.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { z } from 'zod'
-import { defineRouteContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/types'
 import { COPILOT_REQUEST_MODES } from '@/lib/copilot/constants'
 
 export const v1CopilotChatBodySchema = z.object({
@@ -14,30 +13,3 @@ export const v1CopilotChatBodySchema = z.object({
 })
 
 export type V1CopilotChatBody = z.output<typeof v1CopilotChatBodySchema>
-
-const v1CopilotChatToolCallSchema = z.object({
-  id: z.string(),
-  name: z.string(),
-  status: z.string(),
-  params: z.record(z.string(), z.unknown()).optional(),
-  // untyped-response: copilot tool result is the user-defined output of an arbitrary tool invocation
-  result: z.unknown().optional(),
-  error: z.string().optional(),
-  durationMs: z.number().optional(),
-})
-
-export const v1CopilotChatContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/copilot/chat',
-  body: v1CopilotChatBodySchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: z.object({
-      success: z.boolean(),
-      content: z.string().optional(),
-      toolCalls: z.array(v1CopilotChatToolCallSchema).optional(),
-      chatId: z.string().optional(),
-      error: z.string().optional(),
-    }),
-  },
-})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/files.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/files.ts
index c196e0953cf..33ba4ba22c9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/files.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/v1/files.ts
@@ -35,15 +35,6 @@ export const v1ListFilesContract = defineRouteContract({
   },
 })
 
-export const v1UploadFileContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/v1/files',
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: v1FilesResponseSchema,
-  },
-})
-
 export const v1DownloadFileContract = defineRouteContract({
   method: 'GET',
   path: '/api/v1/files/[fileId]',
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/webhooks.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/webhooks.ts
index 720a49ad3b4..5363c77f9c1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/webhooks.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/webhooks.ts
@@ -295,15 +295,3 @@ export const tiktokWebhookResponseSchema = z.union([
   z.object({ ok: z.literal(true) }),
   z.object({ error: z.string().min(1) }),
 ])
-
-export const tiktokWebhookContract = defineRouteContract({
-  method: 'POST',
-  path: '/api/webhooks/tiktok',
-  headers: tiktokWebhookHeadersSchema,
-  // Body is validated after HMAC verification against the raw payload.
-  body: tiktokWebhookEnvelopeSchema,
-  response: {
-    mode: 'json',
-    schema: tiktokWebhookResponseSchema,
-  },
-})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workflows.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workflows.ts
index 25c2d286427..e6580a60954 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workflows.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workflows.ts
@@ -509,13 +509,6 @@ export const importWorkflowAsSuperuserBodySchema = z.object({
 
 export type ImportWorkflowAsSuperuserBody = z.input<typeof importWorkflowAsSuperuserBodySchema>
 
-export const importWorkflowAsSuperuserPermissiveBodySchema = z
-  .object({
-    workflowId: z.string().optional(),
-    targetWorkspaceId: z.string().optional(),
-  })
-  .passthrough()
-
 export const importWorkflowAsSuperuserResponseSchema = z.object({
   success: z.literal(true),
   newWorkflowId: z.string(),
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workspaces.ts b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workspaces.ts
index 5210e774c75..6d4c64e60a1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workspaces.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/api/contracts/workspaces.ts
@@ -161,14 +161,6 @@ export const workspaceMemberSchema = z.object({
 
 export type WorkspaceMember = z.output<typeof workspaceMemberSchema>
 
-export const workspacePreviewBodySchema = z
-  .object({
-    code: z
-      .string({ error: 'code is required' })
-      .refine((code) => code.trim().length > 0, { message: 'code is required' }),
-  })
-  .passthrough()
-
 export const workspaceMetricsExecutionsQuerySchema = z.object({
   startTime: z.string().optional(),
   endTime: z.string().optional(),
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/audio/extractor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/audio/extractor.ts
index 47f461fc46b..6573c6f2ce7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/audio/extractor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/audio/extractor.ts
@@ -273,42 +273,3 @@ export function isVideoFile(mimeType: string): boolean {
 export function isAudioFile(mimeType: string): boolean {
   return mimeType.startsWith('audio/')
 }
-
-/**
- * Get optimal audio format for STT provider
- */
-export function getOptimalFormat(provider: 'whisper' | 'deepgram' | 'elevenlabs'): {
-  format: 'mp3' | 'wav' | 'flac'
-  sampleRate: number
-  channels: 1 | 2
-} {
-  switch (provider) {
-    case 'whisper':
-      // Whisper prefers 16kHz mono
-      return {
-        format: 'mp3',
-        sampleRate: 16000,
-        channels: 1,
-      }
-    case 'deepgram':
-      // Deepgram works well with various formats
-      return {
-        format: 'mp3',
-        sampleRate: 16000,
-        channels: 1,
-      }
-    case 'elevenlabs':
-      // ElevenLabs format preferences
-      return {
-        format: 'mp3',
-        sampleRate: 16000,
-        channels: 1,
-      }
-    default:
-      return {
-        format: 'mp3',
-        sampleRate: 16000,
-        channels: 1,
-      }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/client/consts.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/client/consts.ts
index 32cbec80601..0809e8e836d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/client/consts.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/client/consts.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
-/**
- * Number of pills to display in usage indicators.
- */
-export const USAGE_PILL_COUNT = 8
-
 /**
  * Usage percentage thresholds for visual states.
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/plan-helpers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/plan-helpers.ts
index 99ef6382d92..120924b3561 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/plan-helpers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/plan-helpers.ts
@@ -132,13 +132,6 @@ export function buildPlanName(type: 'pro' | 'team', credits: number): string {
   return `${type}_${credits}`
 }
 
-/**
- * Get the list of valid plan names for a given category.
- */
-export function getValidPlanNames(type: 'pro' | 'team'): string[] {
-  return CREDIT_TIERS.map((t) => buildPlanName(type, t.credits))
-}
-
 /**
  * Get the user-facing display name for a plan.
  * @example getDisplayPlanName('pro_25000') => 'Max'
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/billing/plans.ts b/apps/sim/lib/billing/plans.ts
index 184093a6e7b..257e1a45a5e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/billing/plans.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/billing/plans.ts
@@ -109,14 +109,6 @@ export function getPlanByPriceId(priceId: string): BillingPlan | undefined {
   )
 }
 
-/**
- * Get plan limits for a given plan name
- */
-export function getPlanLimits(planName: string): number {
-  const plan = getPlanByName(planName)
-  return plan?.limits.cost ?? getFreeTierLimit()
-}
-
 export interface StripePlanResolution {
   priceId: string | undefined
   planFromStripe: string | null
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/blog/registry.ts b/apps/sim/lib/blog/registry.ts
index 1841140a717..71235ae66b4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/blog/registry.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/blog/registry.ts
@@ -21,5 +21,3 @@ export const getAllPostMeta = blogRegistry.getAllPostMeta
 export const getPostBySlug = blogRegistry.getPostBySlug
 export const getAllTags = blogRegistry.getAllTags
 export const getRelatedPosts = blogRegistry.getRelatedPosts
-export const getNavBlogPosts = blogRegistry.getNavPosts
-export const invalidateBlogCaches = blogRegistry.invalidateCaches
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/compare/data/types.ts b/apps/sim/lib/compare/data/types.ts
index 1153af7f227..03725a9a1ee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/compare/data/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/compare/data/types.ts
@@ -237,16 +237,6 @@ export interface CompetitorProfile {
   facts: ComparisonFacts
 }
 
-/** A fact awaiting verification. Used as an intermediate research artifact, never shipped. */
-export function unknownFact(reason?: string): Fact {
-  return {
-    value: 'Unknown',
-    detail: reason,
-    confidence: 'unknown',
-    sources: [],
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Broad grouping for {@link SimFeature} entries. A single feature catalog
  * entry belongs to exactly one category, but can carry additional
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/model-visible-content.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/model-visible-content.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 17039103bd2..00000000000
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/model-visible-content.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-export const COPILOT_CONTEXT_MODEL_TEXT_KEYS = [
-  'content',
-  'description',
-  'fileName',
-  'label',
-  'tableName',
-  'tag',
-  'text',
-  'title',
-] as const
-
-export const COPILOT_CONTEXT_ROUTING_KEYS = ['path', 'uri', 'url'] as const
-
-export const COPILOT_MESSAGE_DISPLAY_KEYS = [
-  'fileName',
-  'label',
-  'tableName',
-  'text',
-  'title',
-] as const
-
-export const COPILOT_VFS_MODEL_TEXT_KEYS = [
-  'description',
-  'displayName',
-  'email',
-  'name',
-  'prompt',
-  'sourceTaskName',
-  'title',
-] as const
-
-export const COPILOT_VFS_ROUTING_KEYS = ['folderPath', 'path', 'url'] as const
-
-export const COPILOT_USER_METADATA_MODEL_TEXT_KEYS = ['email', 'name'] as const
-
-export const COPILOT_DESKTOP_MODEL_TEXT_KEYS = ['running'] as const
-
-export function isCopilotModelTextKey(keys: readonly string[], key: string): boolean {
-  return keys.includes(key)
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts
index 518c139beee..e1248c03814 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/request/tools/files.ts
@@ -108,10 +108,6 @@ export function escapeCsvValue(value: unknown): string {
   return str
 }
 
-export function convertRowsToCsv(rows: Record<string, unknown>[]): string {
-  return convertRowsToCsvWithProvenance(rows).content
-}
-
 export function normalizeOutputWorkspaceFileName(outputPath: string): string {
   const segments = decodeVfsPathSegments(outputPath.trim().replace(/^\/+|\/+$/g, ''))
   const fileName = segments.at(-1)
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts
index 466a40fe06d..dc2489efe61 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/executor.ts
@@ -24,10 +24,6 @@ export function registerHandlers(entries: Record<string, ToolHandler>): void {
   }
 }
 
-export function getRegisteredToolIds(): string[] {
-  return Array.from(handlerRegistry.keys())
-}
-
 export function hasHandler(toolId: string): boolean {
   return handlerRegistry.has(toolId)
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/router.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/router.ts
index 13ea484300a..fede5c200f9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/router.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tool-executor/router.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { TOOL_CATALOG, type ToolCatalogEntry } from '@/lib/copilot/generated/tool-catalog-v1'
-import type { ToolCallDescriptor } from './types'
 
 export type ToolRouteTarget = ToolCatalogEntry['route']
 
@@ -27,10 +26,6 @@ export function isSimExecuted(toolId: string): boolean {
   return getToolEntry(toolId)?.route === 'sim'
 }
 
-export function isGoExecuted(toolId: string): boolean {
-  return getToolEntry(toolId)?.route === 'go'
-}
-
 export function isClientExecuted(toolId: string): boolean {
   return getToolEntry(toolId)?.route === 'client'
 }
@@ -43,26 +38,3 @@ export function isKnownTool(toolId: string): boolean {
 export function toolRequiresApproval(toolId: string): boolean {
   return getToolEntry(toolId)?.requiresApproval === true
 }
-
-interface PartitionedBatch {
-  sim: ToolCallDescriptor[]
-  go: ToolCallDescriptor[]
-  subagent: ToolCallDescriptor[]
-  client: ToolCallDescriptor[]
-  unknown: ToolCallDescriptor[]
-}
-
-export function partitionToolBatch(toolCalls: ToolCallDescriptor[]): PartitionedBatch {
-  const result: PartitionedBatch = { sim: [], go: [], subagent: [], client: [], unknown: [] }
-
-  for (const tc of toolCalls) {
-    const route = routeToolCall(tc.toolId)
-    if (!route) {
-      result.unknown.push(tc)
-      continue
-    }
-    result[route.route].push(tc)
-  }
-
-  return result
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts
index 53a9f80c773..ba6798eab85 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/client/local-filesystem.ts
@@ -383,9 +383,3 @@ export function executeLocalFilesystemTool(
     }
   )
 }
-
-export const userLocalVfsTestHelpers = {
-  mountVfsRoot,
-  vfsPathForUri,
-  localUriForVfsPath,
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts
index 915a2cf5a50..726693b7b59 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/server/files/file-intent-store.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ export type FileIntentScope = {
   messageId?: string
   // When set, consumeLatestFileIntent only considers intents from this subagent
   // channel — the key to isolating concurrent file subagents. Omitted by callers
-  // that intentionally span the whole message (e.g. clearIntentsForWorkspace).
+  // that intentionally span the whole message.
   channelId?: string
 }
 
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ function scopeMatches(intent: PendingFileIntent, scope?: FileIntentScope): boole
 
 // Channel filter for consume: when a scope carries a channelId, only the
 // matching file subagent's intent qualifies. No channelId => message-wide
-// (legacy / main-agent) behavior. Deliberately separate from scopeMatches so
-// clearIntentsForWorkspace keeps clearing every channel in a message.
+// (legacy / main-agent) behavior. Deliberately separate from scopeMatches, which
+// spans every channel in a message.
 function channelMatches(intent: PendingFileIntent, scope?: FileIntentScope): boolean {
   return !scope?.channelId || intent.channelId === scope.channelId
 }
@@ -236,50 +236,3 @@ export async function consumeLatestFileIntent(
   }
   return latest
 }
-
-export async function clearIntentsForWorkspace(
-  workspaceId: string,
-  scope?: FileIntentScope
-): Promise<number> {
-  const redis = getRedisClient()
-  if (!redis) {
-    let cleared = 0
-    for (const [key, intent] of memoryStore) {
-      if (intent.workspaceId === workspaceId && (!scope || scopeMatches(intent, scope))) {
-        memoryStore.delete(key)
-        cleared++
-      }
-    }
-    return cleared
-  }
-
-  const key = getWorkspaceRedisKey(workspaceId)
-  if (!scope) {
-    const count = await withRedisRetry(
-      'count_workspace_file_intents',
-      workspaceId,
-      async (client) => client.hlen(key)
-    )
-    await withRedisRetry('clear_workspace_file_intents', workspaceId, async (client) => {
-      await client.del(key)
-    })
-    return count
-  }
-
-  const entries = await withRedisRetry('read_workspace_file_intents', workspaceId, async (client) =>
-    client.hgetall(key)
-  )
-  const fieldsToDelete: string[] = []
-  for (const [field, raw] of Object.entries(entries)) {
-    const parsed = parseIntent(raw)
-    if (parsed && scopeMatches(parsed, scope)) {
-      fieldsToDelete.push(field)
-    }
-  }
-  if (fieldsToDelete.length > 0) {
-    await withRedisRetry('clear_scoped_file_intents', workspaceId, async (client) => {
-      await client.hdel(key, ...fieldsToDelete)
-    })
-  }
-  return fieldsToDelete.length
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/shared/workflow-utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/shared/workflow-utils.ts
index 07c1d8f54c8..c82e0f60bdf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/shared/workflow-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/copilot/tools/shared/workflow-utils.ts
@@ -31,15 +31,3 @@ export function formatNormalizedWorkflowForCopilot(
   if (!normalized) return null
   return formatWorkflowStateForCopilot(normalized, options)
 }
-
-export function normalizeWorkflowName(name?: string | null): string {
-  return String(name || '')
-    .trim()
-    .toLowerCase()
-}
-
-export function extractWorkflowNames(workflows: Array<{ name?: string | null }>): string[] {
-  return workflows
-    .map((workflow) => (typeof workflow?.name === 'string' ? workflow.name : null))
-    .filter((name): name is string => Boolean(name))
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/admission/gate.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/admission/gate.ts
index f3c4866a246..af024e1c782 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/admission/gate.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/admission/gate.ts
@@ -57,10 +57,3 @@ export function admissionRejectedResponse(): NextResponse {
     }
   )
 }
-
-/**
- * Returns the current gate metrics for observability.
- */
-export function getAdmissionGateStatus(): { inflight: number; maxInflight: number } {
-  return { inflight, maxInflight: MAX_INFLIGHT }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/execution-limits/types.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/execution-limits/types.ts
index 011bd7e4cf9..b81c817e531 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/execution-limits/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/execution-limits/types.ts
@@ -238,13 +238,6 @@ export function getExecutionDeadlineAt(signal?: AbortSignal): Date | undefined {
   return deadline === undefined ? undefined : new Date(deadline)
 }
 
-/** Copies a known execution deadline onto a derived signal. */
-export function preserveExecutionDeadline(source: AbortSignal, target: AbortSignal): AbortSignal {
-  const deadline = signalDeadlines.get(source)
-  if (deadline !== undefined) signalDeadlines.set(target, deadline)
-  return target
-}
-
 /** Combines cancellation sources and carries their earliest known execution deadline. */
 export function combineExecutionAbortSignals(signals: readonly AbortSignal[]): AbortSignal {
   if (signals.length === 0) return new AbortController().signal
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/idempotency/service.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/idempotency/service.ts
index 43fa6cf9feb..25333ca9087 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/idempotency/service.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/idempotency/service.ts
@@ -718,22 +718,6 @@ export const pollingIdempotency = new IdempotencyService({
   storeResultBody: false,
 })
 
-/**
- * Used by the internal `/api/billing/update-cost` endpoint (copilot,
- * workspace-chat, MCP, mothership) to dedupe cost-recording calls. Storage
- * is forced to Postgres: the operation writes AI cost to `user_stats`,
- * and if Redis evicts the dedup key under memory pressure (high call
- * volume) or drops it on restart, a retry would double-record usage —
- * real money. DB storage fate-shares with `user_stats` and is
- * eviction-proof; ~1-5ms added latency is invisible against LLM call
- * latency.
- */
-export const billingIdempotency = new IdempotencyService({
-  namespace: 'billing',
-  ttlSeconds: 60 * 60, // 1 hour
-  forceStorage: 'database',
-})
-
 /**
  * Dedupes a chat send by its client-generated `userMessageId`, so re-sending
  * one is safe.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/hosted-key/queue.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/hosted-key/queue.ts
index a0803d1ae61..bab7dfc7ca3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/hosted-key/queue.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/hosted-key/queue.ts
@@ -203,7 +203,3 @@ export function getHostedKeyQueue(): HostedKeyQueue {
   }
   return cachedQueue
 }
-
-export function resetHostedKeyQueue(): void {
-  cachedQueue = null
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/response-format.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/response-format.ts
index 97a57d0e72c..a5d4a38f30b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/response-format.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/response-format.ts
@@ -113,21 +113,6 @@ export function extractFieldValues(
   return extractedValues
 }
 
-/**
- * Format extracted field values for display
- * Returns formatted string representation of field values
- */
-export function formatFieldValues(extractedValues: Record<string, any>): string {
-  const formattedValues: string[] = []
-
-  for (const [fieldName, value] of Object.entries(extractedValues)) {
-    const formattedValue = typeof value === 'string' ? value : JSON.stringify(value)
-    formattedValues.push(formattedValue)
-  }
-
-  return formattedValues.join('\n')
-}
-
 /**
  * Extract block ID from output ID
  * Handles both formats: "blockId" and "blockId_path" or "blockId.path"
@@ -174,18 +159,6 @@ export function hasResponseFormatSelection(selectedOutputs: string[], blockId: s
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Get selected field names for a specific block from output IDs
- */
-export function getSelectedFieldNames(selectedOutputs: string[], blockId: string): string[] {
-  return selectedOutputs
-    .filter((outputId) => {
-      const blockIdForOutput = extractBlockIdFromOutputId(outputId)
-      return blockIdForOutput === blockId && outputId.includes('_')
-    })
-    .map((outputId) => extractPathFromOutputId(outputId, blockId))
-}
-
 /**
  * Internal helper to traverse an object path without parsing
  * @param obj The object to traverse
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/theme.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/theme.ts
index 5d7101ca7ec..46035f4ce53 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/theme.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/theme.ts
@@ -33,11 +33,3 @@ export function syncThemeToNextThemes(theme: 'system' | 'light' | 'dark') {
     root.classList.add(theme)
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Gets the current theme from next-themes localStorage
- */
-export function getThemeFromNextThemes(): 'system' | 'light' | 'dark' {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return 'system'
-  return (localStorage.getItem('sim-theme') as 'system' | 'light' | 'dark') || 'system'
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/user-file.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/user-file.ts
index abcac62da98..546c9dbc4cb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/user-file.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/utils/user-file.ts
@@ -112,20 +112,3 @@ export function filterUserFileForDisplay(data: Record<string, unknown>): Record<
   }
   return filtered
 }
-
-/**
- * Extracts base64 content from either a raw base64 string or a UserFile object.
- * Useful for tools that accept file input in either format.
- * @returns The base64 string, or undefined if not found
- */
-export function extractBase64FromFileInput(
-  input: string | UserFileLike | null | undefined
-): string | undefined {
-  if (typeof input === 'string') {
-    return input
-  }
-  if (input?.base64) {
-    return input.base64
-  }
-  return undefined
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/credentials/client-state.ts b/apps/sim/lib/credentials/client-state.ts
index 70d52d95fa2..c1e6e3b6fee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/credentials/client-state.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/credentials/client-state.ts
@@ -4,15 +4,6 @@ export const PENDING_OAUTH_CREDENTIAL_DRAFT_KEY = 'sim.pending-oauth-credential-
 export const PENDING_CREDENTIAL_CREATE_REQUEST_KEY = 'sim.pending-credential-create-request'
 export const PENDING_CREDENTIAL_CREATE_REQUEST_EVENT = 'sim:pending-credential-create-request'
 
-interface PendingOAuthCredentialDraft {
-  workspaceId: string
-  providerId: string
-  displayName: string
-  existingCredentialIds: string[]
-  existingAccountIds: string[]
-  requestedAt: number
-}
-
 export interface PendingCredentialCreateRequest {
   workspaceId: string
   type: 'env_personal' | 'env_workspace'
@@ -29,23 +20,6 @@ function parseJson<T>(raw: string | null): T | null {
   }
 }
 
-export function readPendingOAuthCredentialDraft(): PendingOAuthCredentialDraft | null {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return null
-  return parseJson<PendingOAuthCredentialDraft>(
-    window.sessionStorage.getItem(PENDING_OAUTH_CREDENTIAL_DRAFT_KEY)
-  )
-}
-
-export function writePendingOAuthCredentialDraft(payload: PendingOAuthCredentialDraft) {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return
-  window.sessionStorage.setItem(PENDING_OAUTH_CREDENTIAL_DRAFT_KEY, JSON.stringify(payload))
-}
-
-export function clearPendingOAuthCredentialDraft() {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return
-  window.sessionStorage.removeItem(PENDING_OAUTH_CREDENTIAL_DRAFT_KEY)
-}
-
 export function readPendingCredentialCreateRequest(): PendingCredentialCreateRequest | null {
   if (typeof window === 'undefined') return null
   return parseJson<PendingCredentialCreateRequest>(
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/credentials/queries.ts b/apps/sim/lib/credentials/queries.ts
index bacb9d2cda7..607145b80a7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/credentials/queries.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/credentials/queries.ts
@@ -261,22 +261,3 @@ export async function listWorkspacePrincipalCredentials(params: {
 
   return keysetPage(keys, mapped, limit)
 }
-
-/**
- * A single credential scoped to a workspace, or null when it does not exist
- * there. Scoping by workspace is what keeps a credential id from another tenant
- * from resolving at all.
- */
-export async function getWorkspaceCredential(params: {
-  workspaceId: string
-  credentialId: string
-}): Promise<CredentialRow | null> {
-  const [row] = await db
-    .select()
-    .from(credential)
-    .where(
-      and(eq(credential.id, params.credentialId), eq(credential.workspaceId, params.workspaceId))
-    )
-    .limit(1)
-  return row ?? null
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/execution/event-buffer.ts b/apps/sim/lib/execution/event-buffer.ts
index 3e75a7263c8..b555c23d2b3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/execution/event-buffer.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/execution/event-buffer.ts
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ export async function readExecutionMetaState(
     if (canUseMemoryEventBuffer()) {
       return readMemoryMeta(executionId)
     }
-    logger.warn('getExecutionMeta: Redis client unavailable', { executionId })
+    logger.warn('readExecutionMetaState: Redis client unavailable', { executionId })
     return { status: 'unavailable', error: 'Redis client unavailable' }
   }
   try {
@@ -659,23 +659,6 @@ export async function readExecutionMetaState(
   }
 }
 
-export async function getExecutionMeta(executionId: string): Promise<ExecutionStreamMeta | null> {
-  const result = await readExecutionMetaState(executionId)
-  if (result.status === 'found') return result.meta
-  if (result.status === 'unavailable') {
-    return null
-  }
-  return null
-}
-
-export async function readExecutionEvents(
-  executionId: string,
-  afterEventId: number
-): Promise<ExecutionEventEntry[]> {
-  const result = await readExecutionEventsState(executionId, afterEventId)
-  return result.status === 'ok' ? result.events : []
-}
-
 export async function readExecutionEventsState(
   executionId: string,
   afterEventId: number
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/execution/remote-sandbox/sandbox-spec.ts b/apps/sim/lib/execution/remote-sandbox/sandbox-spec.ts
index 196d76e6503..8feee1bf9a2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/execution/remote-sandbox/sandbox-spec.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/execution/remote-sandbox/sandbox-spec.ts
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ import { sandboxCliToolRecipes } from '@/lib/execution/remote-sandbox/cli-tools.
  */
 export type SandboxLanguage = `${CodeLanguage.JavaScript}` | `${CodeLanguage.Python}`
 
-export const SANDBOX_LANGUAGES = [CodeLanguage.JavaScript, CodeLanguage.Python] as const
-
 export function isSandboxLanguage(value: string): value is SandboxLanguage {
   return value === CodeLanguage.JavaScript || value === CodeLanguage.Python
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/folders/queries.ts b/apps/sim/lib/folders/queries.ts
index dda1f63b436..6fc65721a5e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/folders/queries.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/folders/queries.ts
@@ -92,34 +92,6 @@ export async function findActiveFolder(
   return row ?? null
 }
 
-/**
- * A folder in a workspace's tree regardless of archive state.
- *
- * {@link findActiveFolder} answers "is this a valid destination"; this answers "does this row
- * exist here at all". Delete needs the second question — `deleteFolder` reuses an already
- * archived folder's own `deletedAt` so a cascade that failed partway can be retried, and
- * filtering archived rows out would strand those stragglers.
- */
-export async function findFolderInWorkspace(
-  folderId: string,
-  workspaceId: string,
-  resourceType: FolderResourceType
-): Promise<typeof folder.$inferSelect | null> {
-  const [row] = await db
-    .select()
-    .from(folder)
-    .where(
-      and(
-        eq(folder.id, folderId),
-        eq(folder.workspaceId, workspaceId),
-        eq(folder.resourceType, resourceType)
-      )
-    )
-    .limit(1)
-
-  return row ?? null
-}
-
 /**
  * Where a restored resource should land: its original folder when that folder is reachable,
  * otherwise the workspace root.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/guardrails/pii-entities.ts b/apps/sim/lib/guardrails/pii-entities.ts
index 54976c0e266..321120e276b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/guardrails/pii-entities.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/guardrails/pii-entities.ts
@@ -55,13 +55,6 @@ export const SUPPORTED_PII_ENTITIES = {
 
 export type PIIEntityType = keyof typeof SUPPORTED_PII_ENTITIES
 
-/** Flat `{ value, label }` options for entity-type pickers, in catalog order. */
-export const PII_ENTITY_OPTIONS: ReadonlyArray<{ value: PIIEntityType; label: string }> =
-  Object.entries(SUPPORTED_PII_ENTITIES).map(([value, label]) => ({
-    value: value as PIIEntityType,
-    label,
-  }))
-
 /** Entity types grouped by region, for a grouped checkbox picker. */
 export const PII_ENTITY_GROUPS: ReadonlyArray<{
   label: string
@@ -325,13 +318,6 @@ export const PII_STAGE_META: ReadonlyArray<{
   },
 ]
 
-/** Recognizers that over-redact (loose, no checksum); surfaced as UI guidance. */
-export const RISKY_PII_ENTITIES: ReadonlySet<PIIEntityType> = new Set<PIIEntityType>([
-  'US_SSN',
-  'US_BANK_NUMBER',
-  'DATE_TIME',
-])
-
 /** A fully-disabled stage policy for new drafts. */
 export function emptyStagePolicy(): PiiStagePolicy {
   return { enabled: false, entityTypes: [], language: DEFAULT_PII_LANGUAGE, customPatterns: [] }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/integrations/availability.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/integrations/availability.server.ts
index 8de88f590ed..a566ffccce8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/integrations/availability.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/integrations/availability.server.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ export type {
   IntegrationAvailabilityState,
 } from '@/lib/integrations/availability'
 
-let unavailableIntegrationTypes: ReadonlySet<string> | null = null
 let integrationAvailabilityByType: ReadonlyMap<string, IntegrationAvailability> | null = null
 const oauthServiceAvailability = new Map<string, boolean>()
 
@@ -24,20 +23,6 @@ export function getIntegrationAvailability() {
   return resolveIntegrationAvailability(env)
 }
 
-export function getUnavailableIntegrationTypes(): ReadonlySet<string> {
-  if (!unavailableIntegrationTypes) {
-    unavailableIntegrationTypes = new Set(
-      getIntegrationAvailability()
-        .filter(
-          (integration) =>
-            integration.state === 'unavailable' || integration.state === 'misconfigured'
-        )
-        .map((integration) => integration.type.toLowerCase())
-    )
-  }
-  return unavailableIntegrationTypes
-}
-
 function getIntegrationAvailabilityByType(): ReadonlyMap<string, IntegrationAvailability> {
   if (!integrationAvailabilityByType) {
     integrationAvailabilityByType = new Map(
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/library/registry.ts b/apps/sim/lib/library/registry.ts
index 6d642dc88ab..1e1fa79bba1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/library/registry.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/library/registry.ts
@@ -13,5 +13,3 @@ export const getAllPostMeta = libraryRegistry.getAllPostMeta
 export const getPostBySlug = libraryRegistry.getPostBySlug
 export const getAllTags = libraryRegistry.getAllTags
 export const getRelatedPosts = libraryRegistry.getRelatedPosts
-export const getNavLibraryPosts = libraryRegistry.getNavPosts
-export const invalidateLibraryCaches = libraryRegistry.invalidateCaches
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/logs/get-trigger-options.ts b/apps/sim/lib/logs/get-trigger-options.ts
index 5ff23e804ca..b5f88ced199 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/logs/get-trigger-options.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/logs/get-trigger-options.ts
@@ -10,14 +10,6 @@ export interface TriggerOption {
 let cachedTriggerOptions: TriggerOption[] | null = null
 let cachedTriggerMetadataMap: Map<string, { label: string; color: string }> | null = null
 
-/**
- * Reset cache - useful for HMR in development or testing
- */
-export function resetTriggerOptionsCache() {
-  cachedTriggerOptions = null
-  cachedTriggerMetadataMap = null
-}
-
 /**
  * Dynamically generates trigger filter options from the trigger registry and block definitions.
  * Results are cached after first call for performance (~98% faster on subsequent calls).
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/service.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/service.ts
index 9c2475a9471..7a32eb8292b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/service.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/service.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
 import { backoffWithJitter } from '@sim/utils/retry'
 import { and, eq, isNull, lte, or, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
-import { isTest } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { McpClient } from '@/lib/mcp/client'
 import { mcpConnectionManager } from '@/lib/mcp/connection-manager'
@@ -1226,24 +1225,3 @@ class McpService {
 }
 
 export const mcpService = new McpService()
-
-/**
- * Setup process signal handlers for graceful shutdown
- */
-export function setupMcpServiceCleanup() {
-  if (isTest) {
-    return
-  }
-
-  const cleanup = () => {
-    mcpService.dispose()
-  }
-
-  process.on('SIGTERM', cleanup)
-  process.on('SIGINT', cleanup)
-
-  return () => {
-    process.removeListener('SIGTERM', cleanup)
-    process.removeListener('SIGINT', cleanup)
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/storage/factory.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/storage/factory.ts
index ad15af22fc4..cdbb51df8d1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/storage/factory.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/storage/factory.ts
@@ -40,14 +40,3 @@ export function getMcpCacheType(): 'redis' | 'memory' {
   const redis = getRedisClient()
   return redis ? 'redis' : 'memory'
 }
-
-/**
- * Reset the cached adapter.
- * Only use for testing purposes.
- */
-export function resetMcpCacheAdapter(): void {
-  if (cachedAdapter) {
-    cachedAdapter.dispose()
-    cachedAdapter = null
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema.ts
index 3147901000d..31b801d3f1a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema.ts
@@ -281,23 +281,6 @@ export function getMeaningfulWorkflowDescription(
   return trimmed
 }
 
-/**
- * Generate a complete MCP tool definition from workflow metadata and input format.
- */
-export function generateToolDefinition(
-  workflowName: string,
-  workflowDescription: string | undefined | null,
-  inputFormat: InputFormatField[],
-  customToolName?: string,
-  customDescription?: string
-): McpToolDefinition {
-  return {
-    name: customToolName || sanitizeToolName(workflowName),
-    description: customDescription || workflowDescription || `Execute ${workflowName} workflow`,
-    inputSchema: generateToolInputSchema(inputFormat),
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Extract input format from a workflow's blocks.
  * Looks for any valid start block and extracts its inputFormat configuration.
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mothership/inbox/agentmail-client.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mothership/inbox/agentmail-client.ts
index 1f1abbfb51f..3f7a0dfe5e4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mothership/inbox/agentmail-client.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mothership/inbox/agentmail-client.ts
@@ -69,10 +69,6 @@ export async function deleteInbox(inboxId: string): Promise<void> {
   })
 }
 
-export async function getInbox(inboxId: string): Promise<AgentMailInbox> {
-  return request<AgentMailInbox>(`/inboxes/${encodeURIComponent(inboxId)}`)
-}
-
 export async function createWebhook(opts: {
   url: string
   eventTypes: string[]
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/permission-groups/types.ts b/apps/sim/lib/permission-groups/types.ts
index 3b1a9049bfe..15bdb9773f9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/permission-groups/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/permission-groups/types.ts
@@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ export const PERMISSION_GROUP_MEMBER_CONSTRAINTS = {
   groupUser: 'permission_group_member_group_user_unique',
 } as const
 
-export const PERMISSION_GROUP_WORKSPACE_CONSTRAINTS = {
-  groupWorkspace: 'permission_group_workspace_group_workspace_unique',
-} as const
-
 export const permissionGroupConfigSchema = z.object({
   allowedIntegrations: z.array(z.string()).nullable().optional(),
   allowedModelProviders: z.array(z.string()).nullable().optional(),
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/parser/units.ts b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/parser/units.ts
index e8782fa2bf9..1dd7676db89 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/parser/units.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/parser/units.ts
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@ export function emuToPx(emu: number): number {
   return (emu / 914400) * 96
 }
 
-/** EMU to points. */
-export function emuToPt(emu: number): number {
-  return emu / 12700
-}
-
 /** OOXML angle (60000ths of a degree) to degrees. */
 export function angleToDeg(angle: number): number {
   return angle / 60000
@@ -29,11 +24,6 @@ export function pctToDecimal(pct: number): number {
   return pct / 100000
 }
 
-/** Hundredths of a point to points (used for font sizes in OOXML). */
-export function hundredthPtToPt(val: number): number {
-  return val / 100
-}
-
 /** Points to pixels (at 96 DPI). */
 export function ptToPx(pt: number): number {
   return (pt * 96) / 72
@@ -46,14 +36,3 @@ export function ptToPx(pt: number): number {
 export function detectUnit(value: number): 'emu' | 'point' {
   return Math.abs(value) > 20000 ? 'emu' : 'point'
 }
-
-/**
- * Smart conversion to pixels: auto-detects whether the value is EMU or points
- * and converts accordingly.
- */
-export function smartToPx(value: number): number {
-  if (detectUnit(value) === 'emu') {
-    return emuToPx(value)
-  }
-  return ptToPx(value)
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/renderer/predefined-table-styles.ts b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/renderer/predefined-table-styles.ts
index 818b9088549..a338323b9ca 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/renderer/predefined-table-styles.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/renderer/predefined-table-styles.ts
@@ -783,11 +783,3 @@ export function getPredefinedTableStyle(styleId: string): SafeXmlNode | undefine
   cache.set(styleId, node)
   return node
 }
-
-/** Exported for testing: number of known predefined style UUIDs. */
-export const PREDEFINED_STYLE_COUNT = styleIdMap.size
-
-/** Exported for testing: all known style IDs. */
-export function getAllPredefinedStyleIds(): string[] {
-  return Array.from(styleIdMap.keys())
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts
index e079110a452..250bc0b155c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/pptx-renderer/shapes/presets.ts
@@ -4402,21 +4402,6 @@ presetOverlays.set('can', (w, h) => {
   ]
 })
 
-/**
- * Get overlay paths for a preset shape (3D top faces, etc.).
- * Returns empty array if the shape has no overlays.
- */
-export function getPresetOverlays(
-  shapeType: string,
-  w: number,
-  h: number,
-  adjustments?: Map<string, number>
-): PresetOverlay[] {
-  const key = shapeType.toLowerCase()
-  const gen = presetOverlays.get(key) ?? presetOverlays.get(shapeType)
-  return gen ? gen(w, h, adjustments) : []
-}
-
 // Multi-path preset shapes — complex shapes with multiple SVG paths
 // Each path has its own fill modifier and stroke behavior, matching OOXML spec.
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/cell-write.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/cell-write.ts
index cf2b4e34373..789d8702b56 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/cell-write.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/cell-write.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import {
 import type {
   RowData,
   RowExecutionMetadata,
-  RowExecutions,
   TableDefinition,
   TableRowSecretProvenanceWrite,
   WorkflowGroup,
@@ -411,10 +410,3 @@ export function buildOutputsByBlockId(
   }
   return map
 }
-
-/** Type-narrowing helper used by readers that can't assume `executions` is set. */
-export function readExecutions(
-  row: { executions?: RowExecutions } | null | undefined
-): RowExecutions {
-  return row?.executions ?? {}
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/dispatcher.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/dispatcher.ts
index 6b2747e0e4d..9f9f200886d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/dispatcher.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/dispatcher.ts
@@ -781,18 +781,6 @@ export async function completeDispatchIfActive(dispatchId: string): Promise<bool
   return transitioned.length > 0
 }
 
-export async function markDispatchCancelled(dispatchId: string): Promise<void> {
-  await db
-    .update(tableRunDispatches)
-    .set({ status: 'cancelled', cancelledAt: new Date() })
-    .where(
-      and(
-        eq(tableRunDispatches.id, dispatchId),
-        inArray(tableRunDispatches.status, [...ACTIVE_DISPATCH_STATUSES])
-      )
-    )
-}
-
 /** Mark every active dispatch on this table as cancelled. Single atomic
  *  UPDATE so the dispatcher's next iteration observes the cancel. Returns the
  *  dispatches that were cancelled so the caller can emit per-dispatch SSE
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/jobs/service.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/jobs/service.ts
index 24f1ec5cf39..c5f16114f8b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/jobs/service.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/jobs/service.ts
@@ -387,25 +387,6 @@ export async function getTableJob(
   return job ?? null
 }
 
-/**
- * Stamps an export job's generated-file storage key onto its payload (`{ resultKey }` merge).
- * Scoped to the still-running job so a superseded attempt can't clobber a newer run's result.
- * The download route reads it; the janitor deletes the file when the terminal job is pruned.
- */
-export async function setJobResultKey(
-  tableId: string,
-  jobId: string,
-  resultKey: string
-): Promise<void> {
-  await db
-    .update(tableJobs)
-    .set({
-      payload: sql`coalesce(${tableJobs.payload}, '{}'::jsonb) || jsonb_build_object('resultKey', ${resultKey}::text)`,
-      updatedAt: new Date(),
-    })
-    .where(ownsActiveJob(tableId, jobId))
-}
-
 /** Stamps an export result only while the canonical workspace-scoped job is active. */
 export async function setJobResultKeyInWorkspace(
   tableId: string,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/mutation-locks.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/mutation-locks.ts
index 9a5c6e59cbd..dc38ab905a1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/mutation-locks.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/mutation-locks.ts
@@ -179,13 +179,3 @@ function patchTouchesOnlyWorkflowColumns(
 export function patchColumnIds(data: RowData): string[] {
   return Object.keys(data)
 }
-
-/**
- * Escape hatch for tests and trusted system callers that legitimately invoke
- * the low-level `rows/ordering.ts` primitives without a preceding assert
- * (e.g. fixtures, or a call path already gated elsewhere). NOT for production
- * mutation paths — those must assert so locks are enforced and violations logged.
- */
-export function unsafeMutationProof<V extends TableLockKind = TableLockKind>(): MutationProof<V> {
-  return proofFor<V>()
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts
index 2a861155fd3..981d62294c8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/converters.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import type {
   JsonValue,
   Predicate,
   Sort,
-  SortDirection,
   SortRule,
   SortSpec,
   TablePredicate,
@@ -159,12 +158,6 @@ export function isTablePredicate(value: Filter | TablePredicate): value is Table
   return ('all' in v && Array.isArray(v.all)) || ('any' in v && Array.isArray(v.any))
 }
 
-/** Converts a single UI sort rule to a Sort object for API queries. */
-export function sortRuleToSort(rule: SortRule | null): Sort | null {
-  if (!rule || !rule.column) return null
-  return { [rule.column]: rule.direction }
-}
-
 /** Converts multiple UI sort rules to a Sort object. */
 export function sortRulesToSort(rules: SortRule[]): Sort | null {
   if (rules.length === 0) return null
@@ -179,17 +172,6 @@ export function sortRulesToSort(rules: SortRule[]): Sort | null {
   return Object.keys(sort).length > 0 ? sort : null
 }
 
-/** Converts a Sort object back to UI sort rules. */
-export function sortToRules(sort: Sort | null): SortRule[] {
-  if (!sort) return []
-
-  return Object.entries(sort).map(([column, direction]) => ({
-    id: generateShortId(),
-    column,
-    direction: normalizeSortDirection(direction),
-  }))
-}
-
 function toRuleValue(operator: string, value: string, keepAsText = false): JsonValue {
   if (operator === 'isEmpty') return { $empty: true }
   if (operator === 'isNotEmpty') return { $empty: false }
@@ -324,10 +306,6 @@ function formatValueForBuilder(value: JsonValue): string {
   return String(value)
 }
 
-function normalizeSortDirection(direction: string): SortDirection {
-  return direction === 'desc' ? 'desc' : 'asc'
-}
-
 /* ----------------------------- v2 grammar ----------------------------- */
 
 const VALUELESS_OPS = new Set<FilterOp>(['isEmpty', 'isNotEmpty', 'isNull', 'isNotNull'])
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/use-query-builder.ts b/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/use-query-builder.ts
index 2d86ae236fd..39fd4af3653 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/use-query-builder.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/table/query-builder/use-query-builder.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import {
   type FilterRule,
   LOGICAL_OPERATORS,
   SORT_DIRECTION_OPTIONS,
-  type SortRule,
 } from '@/lib/table/query-builder/constants'
 import type { ColumnOption } from '@/lib/table/types'
 
@@ -77,51 +76,6 @@ export function useFilterBuilder({
   }
 }
 
-/** Manages sort rule state with add/remove/update operations. */
-export function useSortBuilder({
-  columns,
-  sortRule,
-  setSortRule,
-}: UseSortBuilderProps): UseSortBuilderReturn {
-  const addSort = useCallback(() => {
-    setSortRule({
-      id: generateShortId(),
-      column: columns[0]?.value || '',
-      direction: 'asc',
-    })
-  }, [columns, setSortRule])
-
-  const removeSort = useCallback(() => {
-    setSortRule(null)
-  }, [setSortRule])
-
-  const updateSortColumn = useCallback(
-    (column: string) => {
-      if (sortRule) {
-        setSortRule({ ...sortRule, column })
-      }
-    },
-    [sortRule, setSortRule]
-  )
-
-  const updateSortDirection = useCallback(
-    (direction: 'asc' | 'desc') => {
-      if (sortRule) {
-        setSortRule({ ...sortRule, direction })
-      }
-    },
-    [sortRule, setSortRule]
-  )
-
-  return {
-    sortDirectionOptions,
-    addSort,
-    removeSort,
-    updateSortColumn,
-    updateSortDirection,
-  }
-}
-
 export interface UseFilterBuilderProps {
   columns: ColumnOption[]
   rules: FilterRule[]
@@ -138,17 +92,3 @@ export interface UseFilterBuilderReturn {
   updateRule: (id: string, field: keyof FilterRule, value: string) => void
   createDefaultRule: () => FilterRule
 }
-
-interface UseSortBuilderProps {
-  columns: ColumnOption[]
-  sortRule: SortRule | null
-  setSortRule: (sort: SortRule | null) => void
-}
-
-interface UseSortBuilderReturn {
-  sortDirectionOptions: ColumnOption[]
-  addSort: () => void
-  removeSort: () => void
-  updateSortColumn: (column: string) => void
-  updateSortDirection: (direction: 'asc' | 'desc') => void
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/config.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/config.ts
index 489b2ee509b..e527b6f605e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/config.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/config.ts
@@ -4,11 +4,8 @@ import type { StorageConfig, StorageContext } from '@/lib/uploads/shared/types'
 
 export type { StorageConfig, StorageContext } from '@/lib/uploads/shared/types'
 
-export const UPLOAD_DIR = '/uploads'
-
 const storageProvider = getConfiguredStorageProviderId()
 
-export const hasBlobConfig = storageProvider === 'azure'
 export const USE_BLOB_STORAGE = storageProvider === 'azure'
 export const USE_S3_STORAGE = storageProvider === 's3'
 export const USE_GCS_STORAGE = storageProvider === 'gcs'
@@ -358,28 +355,3 @@ function getGcsConfig(context: StorageContext): StorageConfig {
       return { bucket: GCS_CONFIG.bucket }
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Check if a specific storage context is configured
- * Returns false if the context would fall back to general config but general isn't configured
- */
-export function isStorageContextConfigured(context: StorageContext): boolean {
-  const config = getStorageConfig(context)
-
-  if (USE_BLOB_STORAGE) {
-    return !!(
-      config.containerName &&
-      (config.connectionString || (config.accountName && config.accountKey))
-    )
-  }
-
-  if (USE_S3_STORAGE) {
-    return !!(config.bucket && config.region)
-  }
-
-  if (USE_GCS_STORAGE) {
-    return !!config.bucket
-  }
-
-  return true
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/copilot/copilot-file-manager.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/copilot/copilot-file-manager.ts
index f0406e73601..ceb7eacc49b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/copilot/copilot-file-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/copilot/copilot-file-manager.ts
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getBaseUrl } from '@/lib/core/utils/urls'
-import {
-  deleteFile,
-  downloadFile,
-  generatePresignedDownloadUrl,
-  uploadFile,
-} from '@/lib/uploads/core/storage-service'
+import { downloadFile, uploadFile } from '@/lib/uploads/core/storage-service'
 
 const logger = createLogger('CopilotFileManager')
 
@@ -40,12 +35,6 @@ export function isSupportedFileType(mimeType: string): boolean {
   return SUPPORTED_FILE_TYPES.includes(mimeType.toLowerCase())
 }
 
-interface CopilotFileAttachment {
-  key: string
-  filename: string
-  media_type: string
-}
-
 export interface CopilotStoredFile {
   id: string
   key: string
@@ -123,73 +112,3 @@ export async function downloadCopilotFile(key: string): Promise<Buffer> {
     throw error
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Process copilot file attachments for chat messages
- *
- * Downloads files from storage and validates they are supported types.
- * Skips unsupported files with a warning.
- *
- * @param attachments Array of file attachments
- * @param requestId Request identifier for logging
- * @returns Array of buffers for successfully downloaded files
- */
-export async function processCopilotAttachments(
-  attachments: CopilotFileAttachment[],
-  requestId: string
-): Promise<Array<{ buffer: Buffer; attachment: CopilotFileAttachment }>> {
-  const results: Array<{ buffer: Buffer; attachment: CopilotFileAttachment }> = []
-
-  for (const attachment of attachments) {
-    try {
-      if (!isSupportedFileType(attachment.media_type)) {
-        logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Unsupported file type: ${attachment.media_type}`)
-        continue
-      }
-
-      const buffer = await downloadCopilotFile(attachment.key)
-
-      results.push({ buffer, attachment })
-    } catch (error) {
-      logger.error(`[${requestId}] Failed to process file ${attachment.filename}:`, error)
-    }
-  }
-
-  logger.info(`Successfully processed ${results.length}/${attachments.length} attachments`, {
-    requestId,
-  })
-
-  return results
-}
-
-/**
- * Generate a presigned download URL for a copilot file
- *
- * @param key File storage key
- * @param expirationSeconds Time in seconds until URL expires (default: 1 hour)
- * @returns Presigned download URL
- */
-export async function generateCopilotDownloadUrl(
-  key: string,
-  expirationSeconds = 3600
-): Promise<string> {
-  const downloadUrl = await generatePresignedDownloadUrl(key, 'copilot', expirationSeconds)
-
-  logger.info(`Generated copilot download URL for: ${key}`)
-
-  return downloadUrl
-}
-
-/**
- * Delete a copilot file from storage
- *
- * @param key File storage key
- */
-export async function deleteCopilotFile(key: string): Promise<void> {
-  await deleteFile({
-    key,
-    context: 'copilot',
-  })
-
-  logger.info(`Successfully deleted copilot file: ${key}`)
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/workspace/workspace-file-folder-manager.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/workspace/workspace-file-folder-manager.ts
index b71a04f0111..34d8be56d6b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/workspace/workspace-file-folder-manager.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/contexts/workspace/workspace-file-folder-manager.ts
@@ -1094,92 +1094,6 @@ export async function moveWorkspaceFileItems(params: {
   })
 }
 
-export async function archiveWorkspaceFileFolderRecursive(
-  workspaceId: string,
-  folderId: string
-): Promise<WorkspaceFileArchiveResult> {
-  const now = new Date()
-
-  return db.transaction(async (tx) => {
-    await acquireWorkspaceFileFolderMutationLock(tx, workspaceId)
-
-    const [folder] = await tx
-      .select({ id: folderTable.id })
-      .from(folderTable)
-      .where(
-        and(
-          eq(folderTable.id, folderId),
-          eq(folderTable.workspaceId, workspaceId),
-          isFileFolder,
-          isNull(folderTable.deletedAt)
-        )
-      )
-      .limit(1)
-
-    if (!folder) throw new OrchestrationError('not_found', 'Folder not found')
-
-    const activeFolders = await tx
-      .select({ id: folderTable.id, parentId: folderTable.parentId })
-      .from(folderTable)
-      .where(
-        and(eq(folderTable.workspaceId, workspaceId), isFileFolder, isNull(folderTable.deletedAt))
-      )
-      .limit(MAX_WORKSPACE_FILE_BULK_AFFECTED_ITEMS + 1)
-    assertBulkAffectedItemsWithinLimit(activeFolders.length)
-    const folderIds = [folderId, ...collectDescendantFolderIds(activeFolders, folderId)]
-    assertBulkAffectedItemsWithinLimit(folderIds.length)
-
-    const affectedFiles = await tx
-      .select({ id: workspaceFiles.id })
-      .from(workspaceFiles)
-      .where(
-        and(
-          inArray(workspaceFiles.folderId, folderIds),
-          eq(workspaceFiles.workspaceId, workspaceId),
-          eq(workspaceFiles.context, 'workspace'),
-          isNull(workspaceFiles.deletedAt)
-        )
-      )
-      .limit(MAX_WORKSPACE_FILE_BULK_AFFECTED_ITEMS + 1)
-    assertBulkAffectedItemsWithinLimit(folderIds.length + affectedFiles.length)
-
-    const archivedFiles = await tx
-      .update(workspaceFiles)
-      .set({ deletedAt: now, updatedAt: now })
-      .where(
-        and(
-          inArray(workspaceFiles.folderId, folderIds),
-          eq(workspaceFiles.workspaceId, workspaceId),
-          eq(workspaceFiles.context, 'workspace'),
-          isNull(workspaceFiles.deletedAt)
-        )
-      )
-      .returning({ id: workspaceFiles.id })
-
-    const archivedFolders = await tx
-      .update(folderTable)
-      .set({ deletedAt: now, updatedAt: now })
-      .where(
-        and(
-          inArray(folderTable.id, folderIds),
-          eq(folderTable.workspaceId, workspaceId),
-          isFileFolder,
-          isNull(folderTable.deletedAt)
-        )
-      )
-      .returning({ id: folderTable.id })
-
-    logger.info('Archived workspace file folder recursively', {
-      workspaceId,
-      folderId,
-      folders: archivedFolders.length,
-      files: archivedFiles.length,
-    })
-
-    return { folders: archivedFolders.length, files: archivedFiles.length }
-  })
-}
-
 export async function restoreWorkspaceFileFolder(
   workspaceId: string,
   folderId: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.ts
index 6d04e92c7ef..46a56af66ac 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.ts
@@ -133,14 +133,6 @@ export function isVideoFileType(mimeType: string): boolean {
   return getContentType(mimeType) === 'video'
 }
 
-/**
- * Check if a MIME type is an audio or video type
- */
-export function isMediaFileType(mimeType: string): boolean {
-  const contentType = getContentType(mimeType)
-  return contentType === 'audio' || contentType === 'video'
-}
-
 /**
  * Convert a file buffer to base64
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/validation.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/validation.ts
index b400fa621a1..ce41ca20535 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/validation.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/validation.ts
@@ -189,12 +189,6 @@ export const SUPPORTED_VIDEO_MIME_TYPES: Record<SupportedVideoExtension, string[
 export const ACCEPTED_FILE_TYPES = Object.values(SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES).flat()
 export const ACCEPTED_AUDIO_TYPES = Object.values(SUPPORTED_AUDIO_MIME_TYPES).flat()
 export const ACCEPTED_VIDEO_TYPES = Object.values(SUPPORTED_VIDEO_MIME_TYPES).flat()
-export const ACCEPTED_MEDIA_TYPES = [
-  ...ACCEPTED_FILE_TYPES,
-  ...ACCEPTED_AUDIO_TYPES,
-  ...ACCEPTED_VIDEO_TYPES,
-]
-
 export const ACCEPTED_FILE_EXTENSIONS = SUPPORTED_DOCUMENT_EXTENSIONS.map((ext) => `.${ext}`)
 
 export const ACCEPT_ATTRIBUTE = [...ACCEPTED_FILE_TYPES, ...ACCEPTED_FILE_EXTENSIONS].join(',')
@@ -330,39 +324,6 @@ export function isSupportedExtension(extension: string): extension is SupportedD
   )
 }
 
-/**
- * Get supported MIME types for an extension
- */
-export function getSupportedMimeTypes(extension: string): string[] {
-  if (isSupportedExtension(extension)) {
-    return SUPPORTED_MIME_TYPES[extension as SupportedDocumentExtension]
-  }
-  if (SUPPORTED_AUDIO_EXTENSIONS.includes(extension as SupportedAudioExtension)) {
-    return SUPPORTED_AUDIO_MIME_TYPES[extension as SupportedAudioExtension]
-  }
-  if (SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXTENSIONS.includes(extension as SupportedVideoExtension)) {
-    return SUPPORTED_VIDEO_MIME_TYPES[extension as SupportedVideoExtension]
-  }
-  return []
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if file extension is a supported audio extension
- */
-export function isSupportedAudioExtension(extension: string): extension is SupportedAudioExtension {
-  return SUPPORTED_AUDIO_EXTENSIONS.includes(extension.toLowerCase() as SupportedAudioExtension)
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if file extension is a supported video extension
- */
-export function isSupportedVideoExtension(extension: string): extension is SupportedVideoExtension {
-  return SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXTENSIONS.includes(extension.toLowerCase() as SupportedVideoExtension)
-}
-
-/**
- * Validate if an audio/video file type is supported for STT processing
- */
 const PNG_MAGIC_BYTES = Buffer.from([0x89, 0x50, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x1a, 0x0a])
 
 /**
@@ -399,37 +360,3 @@ export function sniffImageContentType(buffer: Buffer): string | null {
   }
   return null
 }
-
-export function validateMediaFileType(
-  fileName: string,
-  mimeType: string
-): FileValidationError | null {
-  const raw = extractExtension(fileName)
-  const extension = isAlphanumericExtension(raw) ? raw : ''
-
-  const isAudio = SUPPORTED_AUDIO_EXTENSIONS.includes(extension as SupportedAudioExtension)
-  const isVideo = SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXTENSIONS.includes(extension as SupportedVideoExtension)
-
-  if (!isAudio && !isVideo) {
-    return {
-      code: 'UNSUPPORTED_FILE_TYPE',
-      message: `Unsupported media file type${extension ? `: ${extension}` : ` for "${fileName}"`}. Supported audio types: ${SUPPORTED_AUDIO_EXTENSIONS.join(', ')}. Supported video types: ${SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXTENSIONS.join(', ')}`,
-      supportedTypes: [...SUPPORTED_AUDIO_EXTENSIONS, ...SUPPORTED_VIDEO_EXTENSIONS],
-    }
-  }
-
-  const baseMimeType = mimeType.split(';')[0].trim()
-  const allowedMimeTypes = isAudio
-    ? SUPPORTED_AUDIO_MIME_TYPES[extension as SupportedAudioExtension]
-    : SUPPORTED_VIDEO_MIME_TYPES[extension as SupportedVideoExtension]
-
-  if (!allowedMimeTypes.includes(baseMimeType)) {
-    return {
-      code: 'MIME_TYPE_MISMATCH',
-      message: `MIME type ${baseMimeType} does not match file extension ${extension}. Expected: ${allowedMimeTypes.join(', ')}`,
-      supportedTypes: allowedMimeTypes,
-    }
-  }
-
-  return null
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/autolayout/constants.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/autolayout/constants.ts
index f4a9356d4cb..cdbe021f04e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/autolayout/constants.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/autolayout/constants.ts
@@ -53,11 +53,6 @@ export const ROOT_PADDING_Y = 150
  */
 export const DEFAULT_LAYOUT_PADDING = { x: 150, y: 150 }
 
-/**
- * Margin for overlap detection
- */
-export const OVERLAP_MARGIN = 30
-
 /**
  * Maximum iterations for overlap resolution
  */
@@ -78,24 +73,6 @@ export const AUTO_LAYOUT_EXCLUDED_TYPES = new Set([NOTE_BLOCK_TYPE])
  */
 export const CONTAINER_BLOCK_TYPES = new Set(['loop', 'parallel'])
 
-/**
- * Estimated height per subblock when no measured height is available.
- * Used as a heuristic for new blocks that haven't been rendered yet.
- */
-export const ESTIMATED_SUBBLOCK_HEIGHT = 45
-
-/**
- * Bottom padding added to estimated block height
- */
-export const ESTIMATED_BLOCK_BOTTOM_PADDING = 20
-
-/**
- * Maximum estimated block height when no measurement is available.
- * Prevents wildly over-estimated heights for blocks with many conditional
- * subblocks (e.g. agent blocks define ~20 subblocks but only ~5 are visible).
- */
-export const MAX_ESTIMATED_BLOCK_HEIGHT = 350
-
 /**
  * Default layout options
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/credentials/credential-extractor.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/credentials/credential-extractor.ts
index f1d5d661687..4683bda7a6c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/credentials/credential-extractor.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/credentials/credential-extractor.ts
@@ -2,37 +2,11 @@ import { isPlainRecord } from '@sim/utils/object'
 import { getToolInputParamConfigs } from '@/lib/workflows/search-replace/indexer'
 import { WORKFLOW_SEARCH_SUBBLOCK_RESOURCE_TYPES } from '@/lib/workflows/search-replace/resources/registry'
 import { setValueAtPath } from '@/lib/workflows/search-replace/value-walker'
-import {
-  buildCanonicalIndex,
-  buildSubBlockValues,
-  evaluateSubBlockCondition,
-  hasAdvancedValues,
-  isSubBlockFeatureEnabled,
-  isSubBlockVisibleForMode,
-  type SubBlockCondition,
-} from '@/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility'
 import { parseStoredToolInputValue } from '@/lib/workflows/tool-input/types'
 import { getBlock } from '@/blocks/registry'
 import type { SubBlockConfig } from '@/blocks/types'
-import { AuthMode } from '@/blocks/types'
 import type { BlockState, SubBlockState, WorkflowState } from '@/stores/workflows/workflow/types'
 
-// Credential types based on actual patterns in the codebase
-enum CredentialType {
-  OAUTH = 'oauth',
-  SECRET = 'secret', // password: true (covers API keys, bot tokens, passwords, etc.)
-}
-
-// Type for credential requirement
-export interface CredentialRequirement {
-  type: CredentialType
-  serviceId?: string // For OAuth (e.g., 'google-drive', 'slack')
-  label: string // Human-readable label
-  blockType: string // The block type that requires this
-  subBlockId: string // The subblock ID for reference
-  required: boolean
-}
-
 /**
  * Resource-selector types NOT cleared by the workspace rule below. Everything else the resource
  * registry knows about IS cleared, so the two lists can never drift apart again — the previous
@@ -98,121 +72,6 @@ const WORKSPACE_SPECIFIC_FIELDS = new Set([
  */
 const OPAQUE_CREDENTIAL_BEARING_TYPES: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(['table'])
 
-/**
- * Extract required credentials from a workflow state
- * This analyzes all blocks and their subblocks to identify credential requirements
- */
-export function extractRequiredCredentials(
-  state: Partial<WorkflowState> | null | undefined
-): CredentialRequirement[] {
-  const credentials: CredentialRequirement[] = []
-  const seen = new Set<string>()
-
-  if (!state?.blocks) {
-    return credentials
-  }
-
-  // Process each block
-  Object.values(state.blocks).forEach((block: BlockState) => {
-    if (!block?.type) return
-
-    const blockConfig = getBlock(block.type)
-    if (!blockConfig) return
-
-    // Add OAuth credential if block has OAuth auth mode
-    if (blockConfig.authMode === AuthMode.OAuth) {
-      const blockName = blockConfig.name || block.type
-      const key = `oauth-${block.type}`
-
-      if (!seen.has(key)) {
-        seen.add(key)
-        credentials.push({
-          type: CredentialType.OAUTH,
-          serviceId: block.type,
-          label: `Credential for ${blockName}`,
-          blockType: block.type,
-          subBlockId: 'oauth',
-          required: true,
-        })
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Process password fields (API keys, tokens, etc)
-    blockConfig.subBlocks?.forEach((subBlockConfig: SubBlockConfig) => {
-      if (!isSubBlockVisible(block, subBlockConfig)) return
-      if (!subBlockConfig.password) return
-
-      const blockName = blockConfig.name || block.type
-      const suffix = block?.triggerMode ? ' Trigger' : ''
-      const fieldLabel = subBlockConfig.title || formatFieldName(subBlockConfig.id)
-      const key = `secret-${block.type}-${subBlockConfig.id}-${block?.triggerMode ? 'trigger' : 'default'}`
-
-      if (!seen.has(key)) {
-        seen.add(key)
-        credentials.push({
-          type: CredentialType.SECRET,
-          label: `${fieldLabel} for ${blockName}${suffix}`,
-          blockType: block.type,
-          subBlockId: subBlockConfig.id,
-          required: subBlockConfig.required !== false,
-        })
-      }
-    })
-  })
-
-  /** Helper to check visibility, respecting mode and conditions */
-  function isSubBlockVisible(block: BlockState, subBlockConfig: SubBlockConfig): boolean {
-    if (!isSubBlockFeatureEnabled(subBlockConfig)) return false
-
-    const values = buildSubBlockValues(block?.subBlocks || {})
-    const blockConfig = getBlock(block.type)
-    const blockSubBlocks = blockConfig?.subBlocks || []
-    const canonicalIndex = buildCanonicalIndex(blockSubBlocks)
-    const effectiveAdvanced =
-      (block?.advancedMode ?? false) || hasAdvancedValues(blockSubBlocks, values, canonicalIndex)
-    const canonicalModeOverrides = block.data?.canonicalModes
-
-    if (subBlockConfig.mode === 'trigger' && !block?.triggerMode) return false
-    if (block?.triggerMode && subBlockConfig.mode && subBlockConfig.mode !== 'trigger') return false
-
-    if (
-      !isSubBlockVisibleForMode(
-        subBlockConfig,
-        effectiveAdvanced,
-        canonicalIndex,
-        values,
-        canonicalModeOverrides
-      )
-    ) {
-      return false
-    }
-
-    return evaluateSubBlockCondition(subBlockConfig.condition as SubBlockCondition, values)
-  }
-
-  // Sort: OAuth first, then secrets, alphabetically within each type
-  credentials.sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.type !== b.type) {
-      return a.type === CredentialType.OAUTH ? -1 : 1
-    }
-    return a.label.localeCompare(b.label)
-  })
-
-  return credentials
-}
-
-/**
- * Format field name to be human-readable
- */
-function formatFieldName(fieldName: string): string {
-  return fieldName
-    .replace(/[_-]/g, ' ')
-    .replace(/([a-z])([A-Z])/g, '$1 $2')
-    .split(' ')
-    .map((word) => word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1).toLowerCase())
-    .join(' ')
-}
-
 interface MutableSubBlockState extends Omit<SubBlockState, 'value'> {
   value: unknown
 }
@@ -452,13 +311,3 @@ export function sanitizeWorkflowForSharing(
 
   return sanitized
 }
-
-/**
- * Sanitize workflow state for templates (removes credentials and workspace data)
- * Wrapper for backward compatibility
- */
-export function sanitizeCredentials(
-  state: Partial<WorkflowState> | null | undefined
-): SanitizedWorkflowState {
-  return sanitizeWorkflowForSharing(state, { preserveEnvVars: false })
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/custom-blocks/operations.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/custom-blocks/operations.ts
index 4056e4db2c4..b934d6428b0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/custom-blocks/operations.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/custom-blocks/operations.ts
@@ -264,12 +264,6 @@ export async function getCustomBlockWithInputsByWorkflowId(
   return row ? hydrateCustomBlockRow(row) : null
 }
 
-/** Fetch a single custom block row by id. */
-export async function getCustomBlockById(id: string) {
-  const [row] = await db.select().from(customBlock).where(eq(customBlock.id, id)).limit(1)
-  return row ?? null
-}
-
 /**
  * Org + source-workspace context for manage (edit/delete) authorization. Managing
  * a block is gated on admin of its SOURCE workflow's workspace — the same workspace
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/dynamic-handle-topology.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/dynamic-handle-topology.ts
index 91e05b5cd2b..00feb4b6c0a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/dynamic-handle-topology.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/dynamic-handle-topology.ts
@@ -24,12 +24,6 @@ function parseStructuredValue(value: unknown): unknown[] | null {
   return Array.isArray(value) ? value : null
 }
 
-export function isDynamicHandleBlockType(
-  type: string | undefined
-): type is 'condition' | 'router_v2' {
-  return type === 'condition' || type === 'router_v2'
-}
-
 export function getDynamicHandleSubblockId(
   blockType: string | undefined
 ): 'conditions' | 'routes' | null {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/execution-events.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/execution-events.ts
index 45cd90ca3a3..e13003fe1f8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/execution-events.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/executor/execution-events.ts
@@ -345,17 +345,6 @@ export function encodeSSEEvent(event: ExecutionEvent): Uint8Array {
   return new TextEncoder().encode(formatSSEEvent(event))
 }
 
-/**
- * Options for creating SSE execution callbacks
- */
-interface SSECallbackOptions {
-  executionId: string
-  workflowId: string
-  controller: ReadableStreamDefaultController<Uint8Array>
-  isStreamClosed: () => boolean
-  setStreamClosed: () => void
-}
-
 /**
  * Creates execution callbacks using a provided event sink.
  */
@@ -554,25 +543,3 @@ export function createExecutionCallbacks(options: {
     onChildWorkflowInstanceReady,
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Creates SSE callbacks for workflow execution streaming
- */
-export function createSSECallbacks(options: SSECallbackOptions) {
-  const { executionId, workflowId, controller, isStreamClosed, setStreamClosed } = options
-
-  const sendEvent = (event: ExecutionEvent) => {
-    if (isStreamClosed()) return
-    try {
-      controller.enqueue(encodeSSEEvent(event))
-    } catch {
-      setStreamClosed()
-    }
-  }
-
-  return createExecutionCallbacks({
-    executionId,
-    workflowId,
-    sendEvent,
-  })
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/operations/deployment-utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/operations/deployment-utils.ts
index 76bab43f807..020576b1916 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/operations/deployment-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/operations/deployment-utils.ts
@@ -6,47 +6,6 @@ import { useWorkflowStore } from '@/stores/workflows/workflow/store'
 
 const logger = createLogger('DeploymentUtils')
 
-interface InputField {
-  name: string
-  type: string
-}
-
-/**
- * Gets the input format from the Start block
- * Returns an array of field definitions with name and type
- */
-export function getStartBlockInputFormat(): InputField[] {
-  try {
-    const candidates = resolveStartCandidates(useWorkflowStore.getState().blocks, {
-      execution: 'api',
-    })
-
-    const targetCandidate =
-      candidates.find((candidate) => candidate.path === StartBlockPath.UNIFIED) ||
-      candidates.find((candidate) => candidate.path === StartBlockPath.SPLIT_API) ||
-      candidates.find((candidate) => candidate.path === StartBlockPath.SPLIT_INPUT) ||
-      candidates.find((candidate) => candidate.path === StartBlockPath.LEGACY_STARTER)
-
-    const targetBlock = targetCandidate?.block
-
-    if (targetBlock) {
-      const inputFormat = useSubBlockStore.getState().getValue(targetBlock.id, 'inputFormat')
-      if (inputFormat && Array.isArray(inputFormat)) {
-        return inputFormat
-          .map((field: { name?: string; type?: string }) => ({
-            name: field.name || '',
-            type: field.type || 'string',
-          }))
-          .filter((field) => field.name)
-      }
-    }
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.warn('Error getting start block input format:', error)
-  }
-
-  return []
-}
-
 /**
  * Gets the input format example for a workflow's API deployment
  * Returns the -d flag with example data if inputs exist, empty string otherwise
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/schedules/utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/schedules/utils.ts
index ab30c80bb27..11791e90e8f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/schedules/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/schedules/utils.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage, toError } from '@sim/utils/errors'
-import { formatDateTime, getTimezoneAbbreviation } from '@sim/utils/formatting'
+import { getTimezoneAbbreviation } from '@sim/utils/formatting'
 import { Cron } from 'croner'
 import cronstrue from 'cronstrue'
 
@@ -487,157 +487,3 @@ const REVERSE_DAY_MAP: Record<number, string> = {
 }
 
 export type ScheduleType = 'minutes' | 'hourly' | 'daily' | 'weekly' | 'monthly' | 'custom'
-
-export interface CronFormState {
-  scheduleType: ScheduleType
-  minutesInterval: string
-  hourlyMinute: string
-  dailyTime: string
-  weeklyDay: string
-  weeklyDayTime: string
-  monthlyDay: string
-  monthlyTime: string
-  cronExpression: string
-}
-
-const CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS: CronFormState = {
-  scheduleType: 'custom',
-  minutesInterval: '15',
-  hourlyMinute: '0',
-  dailyTime: '09:00',
-  weeklyDay: 'MON',
-  weeklyDayTime: '09:00',
-  monthlyDay: '1',
-  monthlyTime: '09:00',
-  cronExpression: '',
-}
-
-/**
- * Reverse-parses a cron expression into schedule type and form field values.
- * Used to pre-populate the schedule modal when editing an existing schedule.
- */
-export function parseCronToScheduleType(cronExpression: string | null | undefined): CronFormState {
-  if (!cronExpression?.trim()) {
-    return { ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS }
-  }
-
-  const parts = cronExpression.trim().split(/\s+/)
-  if (parts.length !== 5) {
-    return { ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS, cronExpression }
-  }
-
-  const [minute, hour, dayOfMonth, month, dayOfWeek] = parts
-  const pad = (n: number) => String(n).padStart(2, '0')
-
-  if (
-    minute.startsWith('*/') &&
-    hour === '*' &&
-    dayOfMonth === '*' &&
-    month === '*' &&
-    dayOfWeek === '*'
-  ) {
-    const interval = Number.parseInt(minute.slice(2), 10)
-    if (!Number.isNaN(interval) && interval > 0) {
-      return { ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS, scheduleType: 'minutes', minutesInterval: String(interval) }
-    }
-  }
-
-  const m = Number.parseInt(minute, 10)
-  const h = Number.parseInt(hour, 10)
-
-  if (
-    !Number.isNaN(m) &&
-    hour === '*' &&
-    dayOfMonth === '*' &&
-    month === '*' &&
-    dayOfWeek === '*'
-  ) {
-    return { ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS, scheduleType: 'hourly', hourlyMinute: String(m) }
-  }
-
-  if (
-    !Number.isNaN(m) &&
-    !Number.isNaN(h) &&
-    dayOfMonth === '*' &&
-    month === '*' &&
-    dayOfWeek === '*'
-  ) {
-    return { ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS, scheduleType: 'daily', dailyTime: `${pad(h)}:${pad(m)}` }
-  }
-
-  if (
-    !Number.isNaN(m) &&
-    !Number.isNaN(h) &&
-    dayOfMonth === '*' &&
-    month === '*' &&
-    dayOfWeek !== '*'
-  ) {
-    const dow = Number.parseInt(dayOfWeek, 10)
-    const dayName = REVERSE_DAY_MAP[dow]
-    if (dayName) {
-      return {
-        ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS,
-        scheduleType: 'weekly',
-        weeklyDay: dayName,
-        weeklyDayTime: `${pad(h)}:${pad(m)}`,
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (
-    !Number.isNaN(m) &&
-    !Number.isNaN(h) &&
-    dayOfMonth !== '*' &&
-    month === '*' &&
-    dayOfWeek === '*'
-  ) {
-    const dom = Number.parseInt(dayOfMonth, 10)
-    if (!Number.isNaN(dom) && dom >= 1 && dom <= 31) {
-      return {
-        ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS,
-        scheduleType: 'monthly',
-        monthlyDay: String(dom),
-        monthlyTime: `${pad(h)}:${pad(m)}`,
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return { ...CRON_FORM_DEFAULTS, cronExpression }
-}
-
-/**
- * Format schedule information for display
- */
-export const getScheduleInfo = (
-  cronExpression: string | null,
-  nextRunAt: string | null,
-  lastRanAt: string | null,
-  scheduleType?: string | null,
-  timezone?: string | null
-): {
-  scheduleTiming: string
-  nextRunFormatted: string | null
-  lastRunFormatted: string | null
-} => {
-  if (!nextRunAt) {
-    return {
-      scheduleTiming: 'Unknown schedule',
-      nextRunFormatted: null,
-      lastRunFormatted: null,
-    }
-  }
-
-  let scheduleTiming = 'Unknown schedule'
-
-  if (cronExpression) {
-    scheduleTiming = parseCronToHumanReadable(cronExpression, timezone || undefined)
-  } else if (scheduleType) {
-    scheduleTiming = `${scheduleType.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + scheduleType.slice(1)}`
-  }
-
-  return {
-    scheduleTiming,
-    nextRunFormatted: formatDateTime(new Date(nextRunAt)),
-    lastRunFormatted: lastRanAt ? formatDateTime(new Date(lastRanAt)) : null,
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/resources/resolvers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/resources/resolvers.ts
index a91091289fa..96464f3bd89 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/resources/resolvers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/search-replace/resources/resolvers.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import type {
   WorkflowSearchResourceMeta,
   WorkflowSearchValuePath,
 } from '@/lib/workflows/search-replace/types'
-import type { SelectorContext } from '@/hooks/selectors/types'
 
 /**
  * Which kind wins when two matches cover the same span. Exported so the
@@ -67,16 +66,6 @@ export function getWorkflowSearchMatchResourceGroupKey(match: WorkflowSearchMatc
   )
 }
 
-export function selectorContextMatches(
-  left: SelectorContext | undefined,
-  right: SelectorContext | undefined
-): boolean {
-  return (
-    stableStringifyWorkflowSearchValue(left ?? {}) ===
-    stableStringifyWorkflowSearchValue(right ?? {})
-  )
-}
-
 export function replacementOptionMatchesResourceMatch(
   option: WorkflowSearchReplacementOption,
   match: WorkflowSearchMatch
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility.ts
index ef588530a03..c5fc887f086 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/subblocks/visibility.ts
@@ -367,21 +367,6 @@ export function reindexToolCanonicalModes<T>(
   return reindexCanonicalModesByPosition(newIndexByOldIndex, overrides)
 }
 
-/**
- * Check if a block has any standalone advanced-only fields (not part of canonical pairs).
- * These require the block-level advanced mode toggle to be visible.
- */
-export function hasStandaloneAdvancedFields(
-  subBlocks: SubBlockConfig[],
-  canonicalIndex: CanonicalIndex
-): boolean {
-  for (const subBlock of subBlocks) {
-    if (!isStandaloneAdvancedMode(subBlock.mode)) continue
-    if (!canonicalIndex.canonicalIdBySubBlockId[subBlock.id]) return true
-  }
-  return false
-}
-
 /**
  * True for the modes that make a field advanced-only when it is not part of a
  * canonical basic/advanced pair: a standalone `advanced` field, or a standalone
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.ts
index 0ab01bb7fda..b333ea4b12a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.ts
@@ -26,63 +26,6 @@ export function hasValidStartBlockInState(state: WorkflowState | null | undefine
   return !!startBlock
 }
 
-interface TriggerInfo {
-  id: string
-  name: string
-  description: string
-  icon: React.ComponentType<{ className?: string }>
-  color: string
-  category: 'core' | 'integration'
-  enableTriggerMode?: boolean
-}
-
-/**
- * Get all blocks that can act as triggers
- * This includes both dedicated trigger blocks and tools with trigger capabilities
- */
-export function getAllTriggerBlocks(): TriggerInfo[] {
-  const allBlocks = getAllBlocks()
-  const triggers: TriggerInfo[] = []
-
-  for (const block of allBlocks) {
-    // Skip hidden blocks
-    if (block.hideFromToolbar) continue
-
-    // Check if it's a core trigger block (category: 'triggers')
-    if (block.category === 'triggers') {
-      triggers.push({
-        id: block.type,
-        name: block.name,
-        description: block.description,
-        icon: block.icon,
-        color: block.bgColor,
-        category: 'core',
-        enableTriggerMode: hasTriggerCapability(block),
-      })
-    }
-    // Check if it's a tool with trigger capability (has trigger-config subblock)
-    else if (hasTriggerCapability(block)) {
-      triggers.push({
-        id: block.type,
-        name: block.name,
-        description: block.description.replace(' or trigger workflows from ', ', trigger from '),
-        icon: block.icon,
-        color: block.bgColor,
-        category: 'integration',
-        enableTriggerMode: true,
-      })
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Sort: core triggers first, then integration triggers, alphabetically within each category
-  return triggers.sort((a, b) => {
-    if (a.category !== b.category) {
-      return a.category === 'core' ? -1 : 1
-    }
-    return a.name.localeCompare(b.name)
-  })
-}
-
 /**
  * Check if a block has trigger capability (contains trigger mode subblocks)
  */
@@ -112,16 +55,6 @@ export function getTriggersForSidebar(): BlockConfig[] {
   })
 }
 
-/**
- * Get the proper display name for a trigger block in the UI
- */
-export function getTriggerDisplayName(blockType: string): string {
-  const block = getBlock(blockType)
-  if (!block) return blockType
-
-  return block.name
-}
-
 /**
  * Groups triggers by their immediate downstream blocks to identify disjoint paths
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts
index 45a8dd0e533..4bbe304c53f 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workflows/triggers/triggers.ts
@@ -125,10 +125,6 @@ export function classifyStartBlock<T extends MinimalBlock>(block: T): StartBlock
   return classifyStartBlockType(block.type, { category, triggerModeEnabled })
 }
 
-export function isLegacyStartPath(path: StartBlockPath): boolean {
-  return path !== StartBlockPath.UNIFIED
-}
-
 function toEntries<T extends MinimalBlock>(blocks: Record<string, T> | T[]): Array<[string, T]> {
   if (Array.isArray(blocks)) {
     return blocks.map((block, index) => {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/naming.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/naming.ts
index 02284ca7093..902d82d34bf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/naming.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/naming.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
  * Utility functions for generating names for workspaces and folders
  */
 
-import { randomItem } from '@sim/utils/random'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import { type FolderApi, listFoldersContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/folders'
 
@@ -10,59 +9,6 @@ interface NameableEntity {
   name: string
 }
 
-const WORKSPACE_NOUNS = [
-  'Pulsar',
-  'Quasar',
-  'Nebula',
-  'Nova',
-  'Cosmos',
-  'Orion',
-  'Vega',
-  'Zenith',
-  'Horizon',
-  'Eclipse',
-  'Aurora',
-  'Photon',
-  'Vertex',
-  'Nexus',
-  'Solaris',
-  'Andromeda',
-  'Phoenix',
-  'Polaris',
-  'Sirius',
-  'Altair',
-  'Meridian',
-  'Titan',
-  'Apex',
-  'Aether',
-  'Voyager',
-  'Beacon',
-  'Sentinel',
-  'Pioneer',
-  'Equinox',
-  'Solstice',
-  'Corona',
-  'Stellar',
-  'Helix',
-  'Prism',
-  'Axiom',
-  'Boson',
-  'Cygnus',
-  'Draco',
-  'Lyra',
-  'Aquila',
-  'Perseus',
-  'Pegasus',
-  'Triton',
-  'Callisto',
-  'Europa',
-  'Oberon',
-  'Tachyon',
-  'Neutron',
-  'Graviton',
-  'Parallax',
-] as const
-
 /**
  * Generates the next incremental name for entities following pattern: "{prefix} {number}"
  *
@@ -86,13 +32,6 @@ export function generateIncrementalName<T extends NameableEntity>(
   return `${prefix} ${nextNumber}`
 }
 
-/**
- * Generates a random cosmos-themed workspace name
- */
-export function generateWorkspaceName(): string {
-  return randomItem(WORKSPACE_NOUNS)
-}
-
 async function fetchWorkspaceFolders(workspaceId: string): Promise<FolderApi[]> {
   const { folders } = await requestJson(listFoldersContract, {
     query: { workspaceId },
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/organization/utils.ts b/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/organization/utils.ts
index 43f5990b29c..49c51f03bfe 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/organization/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/workspaces/organization/utils.ts
@@ -77,14 +77,6 @@ export function generateSlug(name: string): string {
     .replace(/^-|-$/g, '') // Remove leading and trailing hyphens
 }
 
-/**
- * Validate organization slug format
- */
-export function validateSlug(slug: string): boolean {
-  const slugRegex = /^[a-z0-9-_]+$/
-  return slugRegex.test(slug)
-}
-
 /**
  * Validate email format
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/pi-providers.ts b/apps/sim/providers/pi-providers.ts
index 1053e911ce8..363c205d921 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/pi-providers.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/pi-providers.ts
@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@ import {
 } from '@/providers/pi-provider-configs'
 import type { BYOKProviderId } from '@/tools/types'
 
-/**
- * Shared provider and model bridge for the Pi model picker, executor, host SDK,
- * and E2B CLI.
- */
-export const PI_SUPPORTED_PROVIDER_IDS: readonly PiSupportedProvider[] = PI_PROVIDER_CONFIGS.map(
-  ({ id }) => id
-)
-
 const PI_PROVIDER_CONFIG_BY_ID = new Map<string, PiProviderConfig>(
   PI_PROVIDER_CONFIGS.map((config) => [config.id, config])
 )
diff --git a/apps/sim/providers/registry.ts b/apps/sim/providers/registry.ts
index 529d7c0b09f..a1d70caa046 100644
--- a/apps/sim/providers/registry.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/providers/registry.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { anthropicProvider } from '@/providers/anthropic'
 import { azureAnthropicProvider } from '@/providers/azure-anthropic'
 import { azureOpenAIProvider } from '@/providers/azure-openai'
@@ -67,18 +66,3 @@ export async function getProviderExecutor(
   }
   return provider
 }
-
-export async function initializeProviders(): Promise<void> {
-  for (const [id, provider] of Object.entries(providerRegistry)) {
-    if (provider.initialize) {
-      try {
-        await provider.initialize()
-        logger.info(`Initialized provider: ${id}`)
-      } catch (error) {
-        logger.error(`Failed to initialize ${id} provider`, {
-          error: getErrorMessage(error, 'Unknown error'),
-        })
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/scripts/pi-sandbox-packages.ts b/apps/sim/scripts/pi-sandbox-packages.ts
index a6646201ccd..a4326b682d7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/scripts/pi-sandbox-packages.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/scripts/pi-sandbox-packages.ts
@@ -58,13 +58,6 @@ export const PI_NODE_VERSION_ASSERT =
 /** Fails the build loudly if the sandbox does not contain the repository's Bun version. */
 export const PI_BUN_VERSION_ASSERT = `test "$(bun --version)" = "${PI_BUN_VERSION}"`
 
-/**
- * The review tools run `python3 /workspace/sim-review-tools.py`
- * (`cloud-review-tools.ts:15`). E2B's `code-interpreter-v1` base ships Python, so
- * only the Daytona image has to provide it explicitly.
- */
-export const PI_REQUIRES_PYTHON3 = true
-
 /**
  * vCPU and RAM for the Pi sandbox, shared for the same reason the package lists
  * are: the two providers had already drifted here. Daytona asked for 4 CPU / 8 GB
diff --git a/apps/sim/stores/chat/utils.ts b/apps/sim/stores/chat/utils.ts
index 037b65da220..390253b6012 100644
--- a/apps/sim/stores/chat/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/stores/chat/utils.ts
@@ -39,14 +39,6 @@ const calculateDefaultPosition = (): ChatPosition => {
   return { x, y }
 }
 
-/**
- * Get the default chat dimensions
- */
-export const getDefaultChatDimensions = () => ({
-  width: DEFAULT_WIDTH,
-  height: DEFAULT_HEIGHT,
-})
-
 /**
  * Calculate constrained position ensuring chat stays within bounds
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/stores/folders/store.ts b/apps/sim/stores/folders/store.ts
index 5f4115418fb..90506e37cf5 100644
--- a/apps/sim/stores/folders/store.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/stores/folders/store.ts
@@ -294,9 +294,3 @@ export const useFolderStore = create<FolderState>()(
     { name: 'folder-store' }
   )
 )
-
-export const useIsWorkflowSelected = (workflowId: string) =>
-  useFolderStore((state) => state.selectedWorkflows.has(workflowId))
-
-export const useIsFolderSelected = (folderId: string) =>
-  useFolderStore((state) => state.selectedFolders.has(folderId))
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/airweave/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/airweave/types.ts
index 2f3b79ac651..d2e1ab32e88 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/airweave/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/airweave/types.ts
@@ -27,15 +27,6 @@ export const AIRWEAVE_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   url: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to the original content', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search result output definition.
- */
-export const AIRWEAVE_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Search result item with content and metadata',
-  properties: AIRWEAVE_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Parameters for Airweave search requests.
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/azure_devops/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/azure_devops/utils.ts
index b0955498554..9b59d7f5651 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/azure_devops/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/azure_devops/utils.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@ import type { AzureDevOpsComment, AzureDevOpsWorkItem } from '@/tools/azure_devo
 /** States for Azure DevOps Basic process work items (Issue, Task, Epic). */
 export const AZURE_DEVOPS_BASIC_WORK_ITEM_STATES = ['To Do', 'Doing', 'Done'] as const
 
-/** Work item types for Azure DevOps Basic process. */
-export const AZURE_DEVOPS_BASIC_WORK_ITEM_TYPES = ['Issue', 'Task', 'Epic'] as const
-
 export type AzureDevOpsJsonPatchOp = {
   op: string
   path: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/calcom/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/calcom/types.ts
index def0cdee322..b7087f004cf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/calcom/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/calcom/types.ts
@@ -272,82 +272,6 @@ export const SCHEDULE_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   overrides: OVERRIDES_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Common event type data output properties
- */
-export const EVENT_TYPE_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'number', description: 'Event type ID' },
-  title: { type: 'string', description: 'Event type title' },
-  slug: { type: 'string', description: 'URL-friendly slug' },
-  description: { type: 'string', description: 'Event type description' },
-  lengthInMinutes: { type: 'number', description: 'Duration in minutes' },
-  slotInterval: { type: 'number', description: 'Minutes between available slots' },
-  minimumBookingNotice: { type: 'number', description: 'Minimum advance notice in minutes' },
-  beforeEventBuffer: { type: 'number', description: 'Buffer time before event in minutes' },
-  afterEventBuffer: { type: 'number', description: 'Buffer time after event in minutes' },
-  scheduleId: { type: 'number', description: 'Associated schedule ID' },
-  disableGuests: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether guest invites are disabled' },
-  locations: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Meeting location options',
-    items: {
-      type: 'object',
-      properties: {
-        type: {
-          type: 'string',
-          description: 'Location type (address, link, integration, phone, etc.)',
-        },
-        address: {
-          type: 'string',
-          description: 'Physical address (for address type)',
-          optional: true,
-        },
-        link: { type: 'string', description: 'Meeting URL (for link type)', optional: true },
-        phone: { type: 'string', description: 'Phone number (for phone type)', optional: true },
-        integration: {
-          type: 'string',
-          description: 'Integration name (for integration type)',
-          optional: true,
-        },
-        public: {
-          type: 'boolean',
-          description: 'Whether location is publicly visible',
-          optional: true,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  bookingFields: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Custom booking form fields',
-    items: {
-      type: 'object',
-      properties: {
-        type: {
-          type: 'string',
-          description: 'Field type (name, email, phone, text, select, etc.)',
-        },
-        slug: { type: 'string', description: 'Field identifier', optional: true },
-        label: { type: 'string', description: 'Field label' },
-        required: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether field is required', optional: true },
-        placeholder: { type: 'string', description: 'Placeholder text', optional: true },
-        options: {
-          type: 'array',
-          description: 'Options for select/multiselect fields',
-          optional: true,
-        },
-        hidden: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether field is hidden', optional: true },
-        isDefault: {
-          type: 'boolean',
-          description: 'Whether this is a system default field',
-          optional: true,
-        },
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  metadata: { type: 'json', description: 'Custom metadata (dynamic key-value pairs)' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 export interface CalcomCreateEventTypeParams {
   accessToken: string
   title: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/confluence/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/confluence/types.ts
index 560ee3c76d0..20d89f93a88 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/confluence/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/confluence/types.ts
@@ -63,24 +63,6 @@ export const DETAILED_VERSION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete detailed version object output definition.
- */
-export const DETAILED_VERSION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Detailed version information',
-  properties: DETAILED_VERSION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Complete version object output definition.
- */
-export const VERSION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Version information',
-  properties: VERSION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Page item properties from Confluence API v2.
  * Based on GET /wiki/api/v2/pages response structure.
@@ -113,18 +95,6 @@ export const PAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   properties: PAGE_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
 }
 
-/**
- * Pages array output definition for list endpoints.
- */
-export const PAGES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Confluence pages',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: PAGE_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Space description object properties.
  * Based on Confluence API v2 space description structure.
@@ -162,15 +132,6 @@ export const SPACE_ITEM_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete space object output definition.
- */
-export const SPACE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Confluence space object',
-  properties: SPACE_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Spaces array output definition for list endpoints.
  */
@@ -221,16 +182,6 @@ export const CONTENT_BODY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete body object output definition for pages and blog posts.
- */
-export const CONTENT_BODY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Page or blog post body content in requested format(s)',
-  properties: CONTENT_BODY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  optional: true,
-}
-
 /**
  * Comment body object properties.
  * Based on Confluence API v2 comment body structure.
@@ -447,14 +398,6 @@ export const SEARCH_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   },
 }
 
-/**
- * Pagination links properties for list responses.
- */
-export const PAGINATION_LINKS_PROPERTIES = {
-  next: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to fetch the next page of results', optional: true },
-  base: { type: 'string', description: 'Base URL for the API', optional: true },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Common timestamp output property.
  */
@@ -463,14 +406,6 @@ export const TIMESTAMP_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   description: 'ISO 8601 timestamp of the operation',
 }
 
-/**
- * Common page ID output property.
- */
-export const PAGE_ID_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'string',
-  description: 'Confluence page ID',
-}
-
 /**
  * Common success status output property.
  */
@@ -479,22 +414,6 @@ export const SUCCESS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   description: 'Operation success status',
 }
 
-/**
- * Common deleted status output property.
- */
-export const DELETED_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'boolean',
-  description: 'Deletion status',
-}
-
-/**
- * Common URL output property.
- */
-export const URL_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'string',
-  description: 'URL to view in Confluence',
-}
-
 export interface ConfluenceRetrieveParams {
   accessToken: string
   pageId: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/context_dev/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/context_dev/types.ts
index 5bf9b823aa5..e8b580c73bd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/context_dev/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/context_dev/types.ts
@@ -374,15 +374,6 @@ export const BRAND_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   primary_language: { type: 'string', description: 'Primary language of the brand site' },
 } as const
 
-/** Output schema for the reduced brand object returned by the simplified endpoint. */
-export const SIMPLIFIED_BRAND_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  domain: { type: 'string', description: 'Brand domain' },
-  title: { type: 'string', description: 'Brand title' },
-  colors: { type: 'json', description: 'Brand colors (hex and name)' },
-  logos: { type: 'json', description: 'Brand logos with mode, colors, resolution, and type' },
-  backdrops: { type: 'json', description: 'Brand backdrop images' },
-} as const
-
 /** Output schema for a single extracted product. */
 export const PRODUCT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   name: { type: 'string', description: 'Product name' },
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/docusign/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/docusign/types.ts
index e7545f3a3f4..021ee1b81ee 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/docusign/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/docusign/types.ts
@@ -52,12 +52,6 @@ export const TEMPLATE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   lastModified: { type: 'string', description: 'ISO 8601 last modified date' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-export const ENVELOPE_OBJECT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'DocuSign envelope',
-  properties: ENVELOPE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export const ENVELOPES_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   type: 'array',
   description: 'Array of DocuSign envelopes',
@@ -67,12 +61,6 @@ export const ENVELOPES_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   },
 }
 
-export const RECIPIENT_OBJECT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'DocuSign recipient',
-  properties: RECIPIENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export const RECIPIENTS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   type: 'array',
   description: 'Array of DocuSign recipients',
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/dropcontact/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/dropcontact/types.ts
index fb64e9a6a14..be385cb9793 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/dropcontact/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/dropcontact/types.ts
@@ -15,15 +15,6 @@ export const DROPCONTACT_EMAIL_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-export const DROPCONTACT_EMAILS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'All email addresses found for the contact',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: DROPCONTACT_EMAIL_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 // Enrich Contact (single-contact async enrichment)
 
 export interface DropcontactEnrichContactParams extends DropcontactBaseParams {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/firecrawl/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/firecrawl/types.ts
index 9fed6555bb5..6f39710d2d4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/firecrawl/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/firecrawl/types.ts
@@ -100,28 +100,6 @@ export const SEARCH_METADATA_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   properties: SEARCH_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
 }
 
-/**
- * Output properties for scrape tool response
- * Based on POST /v2/scrape response data object
- */
-export const SCRAPE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  markdown: { type: 'string', description: 'Page content converted to clean markdown format' },
-  html: { type: 'string', description: 'Processed HTML content of the page', optional: true },
-  rawHtml: { type: 'string', description: 'Unprocessed raw HTML content', optional: true },
-  links: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Array of links found on the page',
-    optional: true,
-    items: { type: 'string', description: 'URL found on the page' },
-  },
-  screenshot: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Base64-encoded screenshot or URL (expires after 24 hours)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  metadata: PAGE_METADATA_OUTPUT,
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output properties for crawled page items
  * Based on GET /v2/crawl/{id} response data[] array items
@@ -144,31 +122,6 @@ export const CRAWLED_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   metadata: CRAWL_METADATA_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete crawled page output definition
- */
-export const CRAWLED_PAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Crawled page data with content and metadata',
-  properties: CRAWLED_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output properties for crawl tool response
- * Based on GET /v2/crawl/{id} response (completed status)
- */
-export const CRAWL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  pages: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Array of crawled pages with their content and metadata',
-    items: {
-      type: 'object',
-      properties: CRAWLED_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-    },
-  },
-  total: { type: 'number', description: 'Total number of pages found during crawl' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output properties for search result items
  * Based on POST /v2/search response data[] array items
@@ -219,73 +172,6 @@ export const SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   properties: SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
 }
 
-/**
- * Output properties for search tool response
- * Based on POST /v2/search response
- */
-export const SEARCH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  data: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Array of search results with scraped content and metadata',
-    items: {
-      type: 'object',
-      properties: SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-    },
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output properties for map tool response
- * Based on POST /v2/map response
- */
-export const MAP_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  success: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the mapping operation completed successfully' },
-  links: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Array of discovered URLs from the website',
-    items: { type: 'string', description: 'Discovered URL' },
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output properties for extract tool response
- * Based on GET /v2/extract/{id} response (completed status)
- */
-export const EXTRACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  success: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the extraction completed successfully' },
-  data: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Extracted structured data according to the provided schema or prompt',
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output properties for agent tool response
- * Based on GET /v2/agent/{id} response (completed status)
- */
-export const AGENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  success: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the agent task completed successfully' },
-  status: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Current status of the agent job (processing, completed, failed)',
-  },
-  data: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Extracted data from the agent based on the prompt and schema',
-  },
-  expiresAt: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'ISO timestamp when the results expire (24 hours after completion)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  sources: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'Array of source URLs visited and used by the agent',
-    optional: true,
-    items: { type: 'string', description: 'Source URL' },
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 // Common types
 interface LocationConfig {
   country?: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/github/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/github/types.ts
index 4e756fafdba..ea1474665fe 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/github/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/github/types.ts
@@ -169,15 +169,6 @@ export const COMMIT_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete commit file output definition
- */
-export const COMMIT_FILE_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Changed file (diff entry)',
-  properties: COMMIT_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-} as const satisfies OutputProperty
-
 /**
  * Output definition for parent commit references
  */
@@ -187,15 +178,6 @@ export const COMMIT_PARENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   html_url: { type: 'string', description: 'Parent web URL' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete parent commit output definition
- */
-export const COMMIT_PARENT_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Parent commit reference',
-  properties: COMMIT_PARENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-} as const satisfies OutputProperty
-
 /**
  * Output definition for commit summary properties (common across list/search responses)
  */
@@ -220,15 +202,6 @@ export const SEARCH_REPO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   description: { type: 'string', description: 'Repository description', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search repository output definition
- */
-export const SEARCH_REPO_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Repository containing the commit',
-  properties: SEARCH_REPO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-} as const satisfies OutputProperty
-
 /**
  * Extended repository output properties for V2 tools (full API response)
  */
@@ -373,15 +346,6 @@ export const BRANCH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   protected: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether branch is protected' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete branch output definition
- */
-export const BRANCH_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Branch object',
-  properties: BRANCH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-} as const satisfies OutputProperty
-
 /**
  * Output definition for git reference objects (created branches)
  */
@@ -392,15 +356,6 @@ export const GIT_REF_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   object: { type: 'json', description: 'Git object with type and sha' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete git reference output definition
- */
-export const GIT_REF_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Git reference object',
-  properties: GIT_REF_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-} as const satisfies OutputProperty
-
 /**
  * Output definition for branch protection settings
  */
@@ -434,15 +389,6 @@ export const BRANCH_PROTECTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   required_signatures: { type: 'json', description: 'Signature requirements', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete branch protection output definition
- */
-export const BRANCH_PROTECTION_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Branch protection configuration',
-  properties: BRANCH_PROTECTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-} as const satisfies OutputProperty
-
 /**
  * Output definition for delete branch response
  */
@@ -509,16 +455,6 @@ export const PROJECT_V2_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   shortDescription: { type: 'string', description: 'Short description', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Extended output definition for V2 project objects (full API response)
- */
-export const PROJECT_V2_FULL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  ...PROJECT_V2_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  readme: { type: 'string', description: 'Project readme', optional: true },
-  createdAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Creation timestamp' },
-  updatedAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Last update timestamp' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for gist file objects
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/google/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/google/types.ts
index 50a9ac8fbb2..642cb7367dd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/google/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/google/types.ts
@@ -53,15 +53,6 @@ export const GOOGLE_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search result item output definition
- */
-export const GOOGLE_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'A single search result from Google Custom Search',
-  properties: GOOGLE_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for search information metadata.
  * @see https://developers.google.com/custom-search/v1/reference/rest/v1/Search#SearchInformation
@@ -76,15 +67,6 @@ export const GOOGLE_SEARCH_INFORMATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search information output definition
- */
-export const GOOGLE_SEARCH_INFORMATION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Information about the search query and results',
-  properties: GOOGLE_SEARCH_INFORMATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export interface GoogleSearchParams {
   query: string
   apiKey: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/incidentio/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/incidentio/types.ts
index 8557c92573d..007e1568d62 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/incidentio/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/incidentio/types.ts
@@ -99,15 +99,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_INCIDENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete incident output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_INCIDENT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io incident object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_INCIDENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for action objects.
  * @see https://api-docs.incident.io/#tag/Actions
@@ -129,15 +120,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_ACTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   completed_at: { type: 'string', description: 'When the action was completed', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete action output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_ACTION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io action object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_ACTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for follow-up objects.
  * @see https://api-docs.incident.io/#tag/Follow-ups
@@ -159,15 +141,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_FOLLOW_UP_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   completed_at: { type: 'string', description: 'When the follow-up was completed', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete follow-up output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_FOLLOW_UP_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io follow-up object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_FOLLOW_UP_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for workflow objects.
  * @see https://api-docs.incident.io/#tag/Workflows
@@ -202,15 +175,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_WORKFLOW_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   shortform: { type: 'string', description: 'Workflow shortform identifier', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete workflow output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_WORKFLOW_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io workflow object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_WORKFLOW_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for custom field objects.
  * @see https://api-docs.incident.io/#tag/Custom-Fields
@@ -227,15 +191,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_CUSTOM_FIELD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   updated_at: { type: 'string', description: 'When the field was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete custom field output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_CUSTOM_FIELD_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io custom field object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_CUSTOM_FIELD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for schedule objects.
  * @see https://api-docs.incident.io/#tag/Schedules
@@ -248,15 +203,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_SCHEDULE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   updated_at: { type: 'string', description: 'When the schedule was last updated', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete schedule output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_SCHEDULE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io schedule object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_SCHEDULE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for incident role objects.
  * @see https://api-docs.incident.io/#tag/Incident-Roles
@@ -273,15 +219,6 @@ export const INCIDENTIO_INCIDENT_ROLE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   updated_at: { type: 'string', description: 'When the role was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete incident role output definition
- */
-export const INCIDENTIO_INCIDENT_ROLE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Incident.io incident role object',
-  properties: INCIDENTIO_INCIDENT_ROLE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Pagination output properties
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/intercom/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/intercom/types.ts
index 3bca7f82b3e..3cd754b48ea 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/intercom/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/intercom/types.ts
@@ -85,15 +85,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_LIST_REFERENCE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   total_count: { type: 'number', description: 'Total number of items' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete list reference output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_LIST_REFERENCE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'List reference with metadata',
-  properties: INTERCOM_LIST_REFERENCE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 // Tag Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -105,27 +96,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_TAG_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   name: { type: 'string', description: 'Name of the tag' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete tag output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_TAG_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Intercom tag object',
-  properties: INTERCOM_TAG_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Tags array output definition for list endpoints
- */
-export const INTERCOM_TAGS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of tag objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: INTERCOM_TAG_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 // Admin Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -175,27 +145,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_ADMIN_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete admin output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_ADMIN_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Intercom admin object',
-  properties: INTERCOM_ADMIN_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Admins array output definition for list endpoints
- */
-export const INTERCOM_ADMINS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of admin objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: INTERCOM_ADMIN_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 // Contact Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -317,27 +266,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_CONTACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   social_profiles: INTERCOM_SOCIAL_PROFILES_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete contact output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_CONTACT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Intercom contact object',
-  properties: INTERCOM_CONTACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Contacts array output definition for list/search endpoints
- */
-export const INTERCOM_CONTACTS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of contact objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: INTERCOM_CONTACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 // Company Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -460,27 +388,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_COMPANY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete company output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_COMPANY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Intercom company object',
-  properties: INTERCOM_COMPANY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Companies array output definition for list endpoints
- */
-export const INTERCOM_COMPANIES_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of company objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: INTERCOM_COMPANY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 // Conversation Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -835,27 +742,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_CONVERSATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete conversation output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_CONVERSATION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Intercom conversation object',
-  properties: INTERCOM_CONVERSATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Conversations array output definition for list/search endpoints
- */
-export const INTERCOM_CONVERSATIONS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of conversation objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: INTERCOM_CONVERSATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 // Ticket Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -950,15 +836,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_TICKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   updated_at: { type: 'number', description: 'Unix timestamp when ticket was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete ticket output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_TICKET_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Intercom ticket object',
-  properties: INTERCOM_TICKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 // Pagination Output Properties
 
 /**
@@ -985,16 +862,6 @@ export const INTERCOM_PAGES_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete pages output definition
- */
-export const INTERCOM_PAGES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pagination information',
-  optional: true,
-  properties: INTERCOM_PAGES_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 interface IntercomBaseParams {
   accessToken: string
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/jina/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/jina/types.ts
index 35b48d55a67..34c94c50717 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/jina/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/jina/types.ts
@@ -13,45 +13,6 @@ export const JINA_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   tokens: { type: 'number', description: 'Number of tokens consumed by this request' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete usage output definition
- */
-export const JINA_USAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Token usage information for this request',
-  properties: JINA_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Core data properties for Reader API responses
- * Based on Jina AI Reader API response structure
- */
-export const JINA_READER_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  title: { type: 'string', description: 'Page title' },
-  description: { type: 'string', description: 'Page meta description', optional: true },
-  url: { type: 'string', description: 'The URL that was processed' },
-  content: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Main content extracted from the page in markdown format',
-  },
-  images: {
-    type: 'json',
-    description: 'Dictionary of images found on the page (image caption/name to URL)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  links: {
-    type: 'json',
-    description: 'Dictionary of links found on the page (link text to URL)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  usage: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Token usage information',
-    optional: true,
-    properties: JINA_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for search result items
  */
@@ -72,27 +33,6 @@ export const JINA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search result output definition
- */
-export const JINA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Search result with extracted content',
-  properties: JINA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Search results array output definition
- */
-export const JINA_SEARCH_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of search results with LLM-friendly content',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: JINA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 export interface ReadUrlParams {
   url: string
   // Existing params (backward compatible)
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/jira/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/jira/types.ts
index aec32e52270..8bafc9d7e66 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/jira/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/jira/types.ts
@@ -71,15 +71,6 @@ export const STATUS_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Status object output definition.
- */
-export const STATUS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Issue status',
-  properties: STATUS_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Issue type object properties from Jira API v3.
  * Based on IssueBean.fields.issuetype structure.
@@ -92,15 +83,6 @@ export const ISSUE_TYPE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   iconUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to the issue type icon', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Issue type object output definition.
- */
-export const ISSUE_TYPE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Issue type',
-  properties: ISSUE_TYPE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Project object properties from Jira API v3.
  * Based on IssueBean.fields.project structure.
@@ -135,15 +117,6 @@ export const PRIORITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   iconUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to the priority icon', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Priority object output definition.
- */
-export const PRIORITY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Issue priority',
-  properties: PRIORITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Resolution object properties from Jira API v3.
  * Based on IssueBean.fields.resolution structure.
@@ -154,16 +127,6 @@ export const RESOLUTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   description: { type: 'string', description: 'Resolution description', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Resolution object output definition.
- */
-export const RESOLUTION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Issue resolution',
-  properties: RESOLUTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  optional: true,
-}
-
 /**
  * Component object properties from Jira API v3.
  * Based on IssueBean.fields.components structure.
@@ -408,27 +371,6 @@ export const WORKLOG_ITEM_PROPERTIES = {
   updated: { type: 'string', description: 'ISO 8601 timestamp when the worklog was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Worklog object output definition.
- */
-export const WORKLOG_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Jira worklog object',
-  properties: WORKLOG_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Worklogs array output definition.
- */
-export const WORKLOGS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Jira worklogs',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: WORKLOG_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Transition object properties from Jira API v3.
  * Based on GET /rest/api/3/issue/{issueIdOrKey}/transitions response.
@@ -630,27 +572,6 @@ export const ISSUE_ITEM_PROPERTIES = {
   issueKey: { type: 'string', description: 'Issue key (e.g., PROJ-123)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Issue object output definition.
- */
-export const ISSUE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Jira issue object',
-  properties: ISSUE_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Issues array output definition for search endpoints.
- */
-export const ISSUES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Jira issues',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: ISSUE_ITEM_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Search issue item properties (lighter than full issue for search results).
  * Based on POST /rest/api/3/search/jql response.
@@ -740,14 +661,6 @@ export const TIMESTAMP_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   description: 'ISO 8601 timestamp of the operation',
 }
 
-/**
- * Common issue key output property.
- */
-export const ISSUE_KEY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'string',
-  description: 'Jira issue key (e.g., PROJ-123)',
-}
-
 /**
  * Common success status output property.
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/jsm/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/jsm/types.ts
index e35c97c74c6..104a2eb0ecb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/jsm/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/jsm/types.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 import type { ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
 
-/** Reusable date output properties with ISO 8601, friendly, and epoch formats */
-export const DATE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  iso8601: { type: 'string', description: 'ISO 8601 formatted date' },
-  friendly: { type: 'string', description: 'Human-readable date' },
-  epochMillis: { type: 'number', description: 'Unix epoch milliseconds' },
-} as const
-
 /** Reusable user output properties */
 export const USER_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   accountId: { type: 'string', description: 'Atlassian account ID' },
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/kalshi/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/kalshi/types.ts
index 206fa53bdde..0c60cacbad9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/kalshi/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/kalshi/types.ts
@@ -47,15 +47,6 @@ export const KALSHI_MARKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   category: { type: 'string', description: 'Market category', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete market output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_MARKET_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi market object',
-  properties: KALSHI_MARKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for event objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getevents
@@ -71,15 +62,6 @@ export const KALSHI_EVENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   status: { type: 'string', description: 'Event status', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete event output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_EVENT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi event object',
-  properties: KALSHI_EVENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for order objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getorders
@@ -105,15 +87,6 @@ export const KALSHI_ORDER_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   last_update_time: { type: 'string', description: 'Last order update time', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete order output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_ORDER_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi order object',
-  properties: KALSHI_ORDER_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for position objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getpositions
@@ -135,15 +108,6 @@ export const KALSHI_POSITION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   fees_paid: { type: 'number', description: 'Total fees paid in cents', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete position output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_POSITION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi market position object',
-  properties: KALSHI_POSITION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for event position objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getpositions
@@ -155,15 +119,6 @@ export const KALSHI_EVENT_POSITION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   total_cost: { type: 'number', description: 'Total cost basis in cents', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete event position output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_EVENT_POSITION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi event position object',
-  properties: KALSHI_EVENT_POSITION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for fill/trade objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getfills
@@ -181,15 +136,6 @@ export const KALSHI_FILL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   created_time: { type: 'string', description: 'Trade execution time (ISO 8601)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete fill output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_FILL_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi trade fill object',
-  properties: KALSHI_FILL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for trade objects (public trades).
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/gettrades
@@ -203,15 +149,6 @@ export const KALSHI_TRADE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   created_time: { type: 'string', description: 'Trade time (ISO 8601)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete trade output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_TRADE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi public trade object',
-  properties: KALSHI_TRADE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for candlestick/OHLC objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getmarketshistory
@@ -226,15 +163,6 @@ export const KALSHI_CANDLESTICK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   volume: { type: 'number', description: 'Volume during period' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete candlestick output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_CANDLESTICK_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi price candlestick/OHLC data',
-  properties: KALSHI_CANDLESTICK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for orderbook level objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getmarketorderbook
@@ -244,15 +172,6 @@ export const KALSHI_ORDERBOOK_LEVEL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   quantity: { type: 'number', description: 'Quantity at this price level' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete orderbook level output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_ORDERBOOK_LEVEL_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Orderbook price level',
-  properties: KALSHI_ORDERBOOK_LEVEL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for series objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getseries
@@ -271,15 +190,6 @@ export const KALSHI_SERIES_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   contract_url: { type: 'string', description: 'Contract rules URL', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete series output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_SERIES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi series object',
-  properties: KALSHI_SERIES_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for balance objects.
  * @see https://trading-api.readme.io/reference/getbalance
@@ -289,15 +199,6 @@ export const KALSHI_BALANCE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   portfolio_value: { type: 'number', description: 'Total portfolio value in cents' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete balance output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_BALANCE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Kalshi account balance',
-  properties: KALSHI_BALANCE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for settlement objects.
  * @see https://docs.kalshi.com/api-reference/portfolio/get-settlements
@@ -334,15 +235,6 @@ export const KALSHI_PAGING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   cursor: { type: 'string', description: 'Cursor for fetching next page', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete paging output definition
- */
-export const KALSHI_PAGING_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pagination information',
-  properties: KALSHI_PAGING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 // Base params for authenticated endpoints
 export interface KalshiAuthParams {
   keyId: string // API Key ID
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/leadmagic/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/leadmagic/types.ts
index d1836b804bf..90543fe91cd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/leadmagic/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/leadmagic/types.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,9 @@
-import type { OutputProperty, ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
+import type { ToolResponse } from '@/tools/types'
 
 interface LeadMagicBaseParams {
   apiKey: string
 }
 
-// Shared output property constants
-
-export const LEADMAGIC_PROFILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  profile_url: { type: 'string', description: 'LinkedIn profile URL' },
-  first_name: { type: 'string', description: 'First name' },
-  last_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Last name' },
-  full_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Full name' },
-  professional_title: { type: 'string', description: 'Current job title', optional: true },
-  bio: { type: 'string', description: 'Profile bio / summary', optional: true },
-  location: { type: 'string', description: 'Location string', optional: true },
-  country: { type: 'string', description: 'Country', optional: true },
-  company_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Current employer', optional: true },
-  company_industry: { type: 'string', description: 'Industry of current employer', optional: true },
-  company_website: { type: 'string', description: 'Company website', optional: true },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 // Email Validation
 
 export interface LeadMagicValidateEmailParams extends LeadMagicBaseParams {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/linear/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/linear/types.ts
index b8611210bfc..eef623776ed 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/linear/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/linear/types.ts
@@ -295,49 +295,6 @@ export const WORKFLOW_STATE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   team: TEAM_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Output definition for issue relation objects
- */
-export const ISSUE_RELATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Relation ID' },
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Relation type (blocks, duplicate, related)' },
-  issue: ISSUE_MINIMAL_OUTPUT,
-  relatedIssue: ISSUE_MINIMAL_OUTPUT,
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output definition for favorite objects
- */
-export const FAVORITE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Favorite ID' },
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Favorite type (issue, project, cycle)' },
-  issue: ISSUE_MINIMAL_OUTPUT,
-  project: PROJECT_OUTPUT,
-  cycle: CYCLE_OUTPUT,
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output definition for project update objects
- */
-export const PROJECT_UPDATE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Project update ID' },
-  body: { type: 'string', description: 'Update body (Markdown)' },
-  health: { type: 'string', description: 'Project health (onTrack, atRisk, offTrack)' },
-  createdAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Creation timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
-  user: USER_OUTPUT,
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output definition for notification objects
- */
-export const NOTIFICATION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Notification ID' },
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Notification type' },
-  createdAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Creation timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
-  readAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Read timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
-  issue: ISSUE_MINIMAL_OUTPUT,
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for customer objects
  */
@@ -364,30 +321,6 @@ export const CUSTOMER_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   archivedAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Archive timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Output definition for customer need/request objects
- */
-export const CUSTOMER_NEED_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Customer need ID' },
-  body: { type: 'string', description: 'Need body/description' },
-  priority: { type: 'number', description: 'Priority (0-4)' },
-  createdAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Creation timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
-  updatedAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Last update timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
-  archivedAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Archive timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
-  customer: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Associated customer',
-    properties: {
-      id: { type: 'string', description: 'Customer ID' },
-      name: { type: 'string', description: 'Customer name' },
-    },
-  },
-  issue: ISSUE_MINIMAL_OUTPUT,
-  project: PROJECT_OUTPUT,
-  creator: USER_OUTPUT,
-  url: { type: 'string', description: 'Customer need URL' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for customer status objects
  */
@@ -447,14 +380,6 @@ export const PROJECT_MILESTONE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   archivedAt: { type: 'string', description: 'Archive timestamp (ISO 8601)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Output definition for nested project milestone objects
- */
-export const PROJECT_MILESTONE_MINIMAL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Project milestone ID' },
-  name: { type: 'string', description: 'Milestone name' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for project status objects
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/managed_agent/shared.ts b/apps/sim/tools/managed_agent/shared.ts
index ea045474071..b291e07feca 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/managed_agent/shared.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/managed_agent/shared.ts
@@ -71,17 +71,3 @@ export function resolveSessionTarget(
   }
   return { ok: true, apiKey, sessionId }
 }
-
-/** Validates the credential alone, for operations that do not target a session. */
-export function resolveApiKey(
-  params: Pick<ManagedAgentSessionParams, 'accessToken'>
-): { ok: true; apiKey: string } | { ok: false; error: string } {
-  const apiKey = params.accessToken
-  if (!apiKey) {
-    return {
-      ok: false,
-      error: 'No Claude Platform credential is selected, or it could not be resolved.',
-    }
-  }
-  return { ok: true, apiKey }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/mem0/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/mem0/types.ts
index 63f18988df9..5542ab9f131 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/mem0/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/mem0/types.ts
@@ -58,15 +58,6 @@ export const ADD_MEMORY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete add memory object output definition
- */
-export const ADD_MEMORY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Queued memory processing job returned from add operation',
-  properties: ADD_MEMORY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for memory objects returned by get operations.
  * Get responses include full memory details with timestamps and ownership info.
@@ -101,15 +92,6 @@ export const MEMORY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete memory object output definition
- */
-export const MEMORY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Memory object with full details including timestamps and ownership',
-  properties: MEMORY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for search result objects returned by search operations.
  * Search responses include similarity score in addition to memory details.
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/mistral/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/mistral/types.ts
index 641b8c7edd3..4228127ba54 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/mistral/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/mistral/types.ts
@@ -23,15 +23,6 @@ export const MISTRAL_OCR_IMAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete OCR image output definition
- */
-export const MISTRAL_OCR_IMAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Extracted image with bounding box',
-  properties: MISTRAL_OCR_IMAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for page dimension objects
  */
@@ -86,15 +77,6 @@ export const MISTRAL_OCR_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete OCR page output definition
- */
-export const MISTRAL_OCR_PAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'OCR processed page',
-  properties: MISTRAL_OCR_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for usage info objects
  */
@@ -128,15 +110,6 @@ export const MISTRAL_PARSER_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   usageInfo: MISTRAL_OCR_USAGE_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete parser metadata output definition
- */
-export const MISTRAL_PARSER_METADATA_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Processing metadata',
-  properties: MISTRAL_PARSER_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export interface MistralParserInput {
   filePath?: string
   file?: RawFileInput
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/notion/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/notion/types.ts
index 2dc15428d4d..19d473e218e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/notion/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/notion/types.ts
@@ -190,32 +190,6 @@ export const FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Emoji object properties.
- * @see https://developers.notion.com/reference/emoji-object
- */
-export const EMOJI_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Always "emoji" for standard emojis' },
-  emoji: { type: 'string', description: 'The emoji character' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Custom emoji object properties.
- * @see https://developers.notion.com/reference/emoji-object
- */
-export const CUSTOM_EMOJI_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Always "custom_emoji"' },
-  custom_emoji: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Custom emoji details',
-    properties: {
-      id: { type: 'string', description: 'Custom emoji UUID' },
-      name: { type: 'string', description: 'Custom emoji name', optional: true },
-      url: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to custom emoji image', optional: true },
-    },
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Icon output (can be emoji, custom_emoji, or file)
  */
@@ -327,15 +301,6 @@ export const DATABASE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   properties: { type: 'object', description: 'Database properties schema' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete database output definition for array items
- */
-export const DATABASE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Notion database object',
-  properties: DATABASE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Block object properties from Notion API.
  * @see https://developers.notion.com/reference/block
@@ -357,15 +322,6 @@ export const BLOCK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   has_children: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the block has nested blocks' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete block output definition for array items
- */
-export const BLOCK_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Notion block object',
-  properties: BLOCK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Pagination output properties for list responses.
  * @see https://developers.notion.com/reference/intro (JSON conventions - Pagination section)
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/outlook/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/outlook/types.ts
index 4e1360b8f9f..22e9f178dc0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/outlook/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/outlook/types.ts
@@ -88,15 +88,6 @@ export const OUTLOOK_MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete message output definition
- */
-export const OUTLOOK_MESSAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Outlook email message',
-  properties: OUTLOOK_MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for attachment objects.
  * @see https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/resources/attachment
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/pipedrive/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/pipedrive/types.ts
index 9bcf3536b5b..fcfa944c5a6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/pipedrive/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/pipedrive/types.ts
@@ -56,15 +56,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_LEAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   update_time: { type: 'string', description: 'When the lead was last updated (ISO 8601)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete lead output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_LEAD_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive lead object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_LEAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for deal objects.
  * @see https://developers.pipedrive.com/docs/api/v1/Deals
@@ -88,15 +79,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_DEAL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   expected_close_date: { type: 'string', description: 'Expected close date', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete deal output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_DEAL_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive deal object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_DEAL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for activity objects.
  * @see https://developers.pipedrive.com/docs/api/v1/Activities
@@ -117,15 +99,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_ACTIVITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   update_time: { type: 'string', description: 'When the activity was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete activity output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_ACTIVITY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive activity object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_ACTIVITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for file objects.
  * @see https://developers.pipedrive.com/docs/api/v1/Files
@@ -143,15 +116,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   url: { type: 'string', description: 'File download URL' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete file output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_FILE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive file object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for pipeline objects.
  * @see https://developers.pipedrive.com/docs/api/v1/Pipelines
@@ -167,15 +131,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_PIPELINE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   update_time: { type: 'string', description: 'When the pipeline was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete pipeline output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_PIPELINE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive pipeline object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_PIPELINE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for project objects.
  * @see https://developers.pipedrive.com/docs/api/v1/Projects
@@ -192,15 +147,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_PROJECT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   update_time: { type: 'string', description: 'When the project was last updated' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete project output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_PROJECT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive project object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_PROJECT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for mail message objects.
  * @see https://developers.pipedrive.com/docs/api/v1/Mailbox
@@ -235,15 +181,6 @@ export const PIPEDRIVE_MAIL_MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   org_id: { type: 'number', description: 'Associated organization ID', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete mail message output definition
- */
-export const PIPEDRIVE_MAIL_MESSAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pipedrive mail message object',
-  properties: PIPEDRIVE_MAIL_MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * List metadata output properties
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/postgresql/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/postgresql/types.ts
index 3911125dca4..bb0811e4473 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/postgresql/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/postgresql/types.ts
@@ -27,15 +27,6 @@ export const POSTGRES_COLUMN_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete column output definition
- */
-export const POSTGRES_COLUMN_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'PostgreSQL table column',
-  properties: POSTGRES_COLUMN_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for foreign key constraint objects.
  */
@@ -96,15 +87,6 @@ export const POSTGRES_TABLE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete table schema output definition
- */
-export const POSTGRES_TABLE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'PostgreSQL table schema information',
-  properties: POSTGRES_TABLE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export interface PostgresConnectionConfig {
   host: string
   port: number
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/qdrant/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/qdrant/types.ts
index 84688bb20ab..d6ecfa4e966 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/qdrant/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/qdrant/types.ts
@@ -25,15 +25,6 @@ export const POINT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete point object output definition
- */
-export const POINT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Point object with ID, payload, and optional vector',
-  properties: POINT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for scored point objects returned by search/query operations
  */
@@ -55,15 +46,6 @@ export const SCORED_POINT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete scored point object output definition
- */
-export const SCORED_POINT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Scored point with ID, version, score, payload, and optional vector',
-  properties: SCORED_POINT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for upsert operation result
  */
@@ -76,15 +58,6 @@ export const UPSERT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete upsert result output definition
- */
-export const UPSERT_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Upsert operation result with operation ID and status',
-  properties: UPSERT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Common response properties for all Qdrant operations
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/reddit/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/reddit/types.ts
index 3573ea80607..e4552c1be4a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/reddit/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/reddit/types.ts
@@ -145,47 +145,6 @@ export const POST_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   permalink: { type: 'string', description: 'Reddit permalink' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete posts array output definition
- */
-export const POSTS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of posts with title, author, URL, score, comments count, and metadata',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: POST_LISTING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
-/**
- * Complete comments array output definition with nested replies
- */
-export const COMMENTS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Nested comments with author, body, score, timestamps, and replies',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: COMMENT_WITH_REPLIES_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
-/**
- * Post metadata output definition for get_comments tool
- */
-export const POST_METADATA_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Post information including ID, title, author, content, and metadata',
-  properties: POST_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Write operation success output properties
- */
-export const WRITE_SUCCESS_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  success: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the operation was successful' },
-  message: { type: 'string', description: 'Success or error message' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Submit post response data output properties
  */
@@ -196,15 +155,6 @@ export const SUBMIT_POST_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   permalink: { type: 'string', description: 'Full Reddit permalink' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Submit post data output definition
- */
-export const SUBMIT_POST_DATA_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Post data including ID, name, URL, and permalink',
-  properties: SUBMIT_POST_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Reply comment response data output properties
  */
@@ -215,15 +165,6 @@ export const REPLY_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   body: { type: 'string', description: 'Comment body text' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Reply data output definition
- */
-export const REPLY_DATA_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Comment data including ID, name, permalink, and body',
-  properties: REPLY_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Edit response data output properties
  */
@@ -233,15 +174,6 @@ export const EDIT_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   selftext: { type: 'string', description: 'Updated post text (for self posts)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Edit data output definition
- */
-export const EDIT_DATA_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Updated content data',
-  properties: EDIT_DATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export interface RedditPost {
   id: string
   name: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/salesforce/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/salesforce/types.ts
index 3ce4570639f..66efbe53d7e 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/salesforce/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/salesforce/types.ts
@@ -97,27 +97,6 @@ export const ACCOUNT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   AccountSource: { type: 'string', description: 'Source of the account record', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Account object output definition for single record
- */
-export const ACCOUNT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Salesforce Account object',
-  properties: ACCOUNT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Accounts array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const ACCOUNTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Account objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: ACCOUNT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Contact sObject
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.object_reference.meta/object_reference/sforce_api_objects_contact.htm
@@ -201,27 +180,6 @@ export const CONTACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   PhotoUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to contact photo', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Contact object output definition for single record
- */
-export const CONTACT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Salesforce Contact object',
-  properties: CONTACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Contacts array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const CONTACTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Contact objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: CONTACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Lead sObject
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.object_reference.meta/object_reference/sforce_api_objects_lead.htm
@@ -309,27 +267,6 @@ export const LEAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   PhotoUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to lead photo', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Lead object output definition for single record
- */
-export const LEAD_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Salesforce Lead object',
-  properties: LEAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Leads array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const LEADS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Lead objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: LEAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Opportunity sObject
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.object_reference.meta/object_reference/sforce_api_objects_opportunity.htm
@@ -411,27 +348,6 @@ export const OPPORTUNITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   ContactId: { type: 'string', description: 'ID of the primary contact', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Opportunity object output definition for single record
- */
-export const OPPORTUNITY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Salesforce Opportunity object',
-  properties: OPPORTUNITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Opportunities array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const OPPORTUNITIES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Opportunity objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: OPPORTUNITY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Case sObject
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.object_reference.meta/object_reference/sforce_api_objects_case.htm
@@ -514,27 +430,6 @@ export const CASE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   Comments: { type: 'string', description: 'Internal comments on the case', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Case object output definition for single record
- */
-export const CASE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Salesforce Case object',
-  properties: CASE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Cases array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const CASES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Case objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: CASE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Task sObject
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.object_reference.meta/object_reference/sforce_api_objects_task.htm
@@ -617,27 +512,6 @@ export const TASK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Task object output definition for single record
- */
-export const TASK_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Salesforce Task object',
-  properties: TASK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Tasks array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const TASKS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Task objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: TASK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Report list item
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.api_analytics.meta/api_analytics/sforce_analytics_rest_api_get_reportlist.htm
@@ -687,18 +561,6 @@ export const REPORT_LIST_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Reports array output definition
- */
-export const REPORTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Report objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: REPORT_LIST_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Dashboard list item
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.api_analytics.meta/api_analytics/sforce_analytics_rest_api_getbasic_dashboardlist.htm
@@ -714,18 +576,6 @@ export const DASHBOARD_LIST_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Dashboards array output definition
- */
-export const DASHBOARDS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Dashboard objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: DASHBOARD_LIST_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Report Type list item
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.api_analytics.meta/api_analytics/sforce_analytics_rest_api_list_reporttypes.htm
@@ -741,18 +591,6 @@ export const REPORT_TYPE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Report types array output definition
- */
-export const REPORT_TYPES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of Salesforce Report Type objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: REPORT_TYPE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for sObject describe field metadata
  * @see https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.api_rest.meta/api_rest/dome_sobject_describe.htm
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/serper/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/serper/types.ts
index d7667c2592e..4b3f167b620 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/serper/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/serper/types.ts
@@ -19,23 +19,6 @@ export const SEARCH_PARAMETERS_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   num: { type: 'number', description: 'Number of results requested', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search parameters output definition
- */
-export const SEARCH_PARAMETERS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Parameters used for this search request',
-  properties: SEARCH_PARAMETERS_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for Knowledge Graph attributes
- */
-export const KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_ATTRIBUTES_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  key: { type: 'string', description: 'Attribute name (e.g., "Headquarters", "CEO", "Founded")' },
-  value: { type: 'string', description: 'Attribute value' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Knowledge Graph panel
  * Appears for entities like companies, people, places
@@ -72,16 +55,6 @@ export const KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Knowledge Graph output definition
- */
-export const KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Knowledge Graph panel information for entities like companies, people, places',
-  optional: true,
-  properties: KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Answer Box / Featured Snippet
  * Appears for direct answer queries
@@ -97,16 +70,6 @@ export const ANSWER_BOX_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   link: { type: 'string', description: 'URL of the source', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Answer Box output definition
- */
-export const ANSWER_BOX_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Featured snippet / answer box with direct answers to queries',
-  optional: true,
-  properties: ANSWER_BOX_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for sitelinks under an organic result
  */
@@ -145,18 +108,6 @@ export const ORGANIC_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete organic results array output definition
- */
-export const ORGANIC_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Organic search results',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: ORGANIC_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for People Also Ask questions
  */
@@ -167,19 +118,6 @@ export const PEOPLE_ALSO_ASK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   link: { type: 'string', description: 'URL of the source page', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete People Also Ask array output definition
- */
-export const PEOPLE_ALSO_ASK_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'People Also Ask questions and answers',
-  optional: true,
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: PEOPLE_ALSO_ASK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for related search suggestions
  */
@@ -187,19 +125,6 @@ export const RELATED_SEARCH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   query: { type: 'string', description: 'Suggested search query' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete related searches array output definition
- */
-export const RELATED_SEARCHES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Related search suggestions',
-  optional: true,
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: RELATED_SEARCH_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for top stories in news carousel
  */
@@ -211,19 +136,6 @@ export const TOP_STORY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   imageUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'Thumbnail image URL', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete top stories array output definition
- */
-export const TOP_STORIES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Top stories carousel',
-  optional: true,
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: TOP_STORY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for news search result items
  */
@@ -237,18 +149,6 @@ export const NEWS_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   position: { type: 'number', description: 'Position in results (1-based)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete news results array output definition
- */
-export const NEWS_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'News search results',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: NEWS_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for image search result items
  */
@@ -267,18 +167,6 @@ export const IMAGE_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   position: { type: 'number', description: 'Position in results (1-based)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete image results array output definition
- */
-export const IMAGE_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Image search results',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: IMAGE_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for video search result items
  */
@@ -296,18 +184,6 @@ export const VIDEO_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   position: { type: 'number', description: 'Position in results (1-based)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete video results array output definition
- */
-export const VIDEO_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Video search results',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: VIDEO_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for places/maps search result items
  */
@@ -339,18 +215,6 @@ export const PLACE_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   position: { type: 'number', description: 'Position in results (1-based)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete places results array output definition
- */
-export const PLACES_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Places/maps search results',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: PLACE_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for shopping/product search result items
  */
@@ -364,18 +228,6 @@ export const SHOPPING_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   position: { type: 'number', description: 'Position in results (1-based)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete shopping results array output definition
- */
-export const SHOPPING_RESULTS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Shopping/product search results',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: SHOPPING_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Combined search result output definition (supports all search types for legacy compatibility)
  * This is used when returning a unified result format across different search types
@@ -395,15 +247,6 @@ export const SERPER_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   duration: { type: 'string', description: 'Duration (videos)', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search result output definition
- */
-export const SERPER_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Search result item with type-specific metadata',
-  properties: SERPER_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 export interface SearchParams {
   query: string
   apiKey: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/slack/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/slack/types.ts
index 6e8739a355e..bc49cab53ca 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/slack/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/slack/types.ts
@@ -237,28 +237,6 @@ export const MESSAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   properties: MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
 }
 
-/**
- * Messages array output definition for list/reader tools
- */
-export const MESSAGES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of message objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for channel topic/purpose nested objects
- * Based on Slack conversation object structure
- */
-export const CHANNEL_TOPIC_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  value: { type: 'string', description: 'Topic or purpose text' },
-  creator: { type: 'string', description: 'User ID who set it' },
-  last_set: { type: 'number', description: 'Unix timestamp when last set' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for channel objects
  * Based on Slack conversation object (https://api.slack.com/types/conversation)
@@ -314,65 +292,6 @@ export const SCHEDULED_MESSAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   text: { type: 'string', description: 'Scheduled message text', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete channel object output definition
- */
-export const CHANNEL_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Slack channel object',
-  properties: CHANNEL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Channels array output definition
- */
-export const CHANNELS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of channel objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: CHANNEL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for user profile objects (nested in user)
- * Based on Slack user profile object
- */
-export const USER_PROFILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  real_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Full real name' },
-  real_name_normalized: { type: 'string', description: 'Normalized real name', optional: true },
-  display_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Display name shown in Slack' },
-  display_name_normalized: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Normalized display name',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  first_name: { type: 'string', description: 'First name', optional: true },
-  last_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Last name', optional: true },
-  title: { type: 'string', description: 'Job title', optional: true },
-  phone: { type: 'string', description: 'Phone number', optional: true },
-  skype: { type: 'string', description: 'Skype handle', optional: true },
-  email: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Email address (requires users:read.email scope)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  status_text: { type: 'string', description: 'Custom status text', optional: true },
-  status_emoji: { type: 'string', description: 'Custom status emoji', optional: true },
-  status_expiration: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Unix timestamp when status expires',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  image_24: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 24px avatar', optional: true },
-  image_32: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 32px avatar', optional: true },
-  image_48: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 48px avatar', optional: true },
-  image_72: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 72px avatar', optional: true },
-  image_192: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 192px avatar', optional: true },
-  image_512: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 512px avatar', optional: true },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for user objects
  * Based on Slack user object (https://api.slack.com/types/user)
@@ -474,18 +393,6 @@ export const USER_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
   properties: USER_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
 }
 
-/**
- * Users array output definition
- */
-export const USERS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of user objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: USER_SUMMARY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Canvas output properties
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/spotify/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/spotify/types.ts
index ed18abeb962..443128edde9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/spotify/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/spotify/types.ts
@@ -57,27 +57,6 @@ export const ALBUM_WITH_ARTISTS_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/** Track properties for basic track info */
-export const TRACK_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Spotify track ID' },
-  name: { type: 'string', description: 'Track name' },
-  artists: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'List of artists',
-    items: { type: 'object', properties: SIMPLIFIED_ARTIST_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES },
-  },
-  album: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Album information',
-    properties: SIMPLIFIED_ALBUM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-  duration_ms: { type: 'number', description: 'Track duration in milliseconds' },
-  explicit: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the track has explicit content' },
-  popularity: { type: 'number', description: 'Popularity score (0-100)' },
-  preview_url: { type: 'string', description: 'URL to 30-second preview', optional: true },
-  external_url: { type: 'string', description: 'Spotify URL' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /** Track properties without explicit and preview_url (for listings) */
 export const TRACK_LIST_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   id: { type: 'string', description: 'Spotify track ID' },
@@ -148,30 +127,6 @@ export const PLAYLIST_OWNER_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   display_name: { type: 'string', description: 'Display name' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/** Playlist list item properties */
-export const PLAYLIST_LIST_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Spotify playlist ID' },
-  name: { type: 'string', description: 'Playlist name' },
-  description: { type: 'string', description: 'Playlist description', optional: true },
-  public: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the playlist is public' },
-  collaborative: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the playlist is collaborative' },
-  owner: { type: 'string', description: 'Owner display name' },
-  total_tracks: { type: 'number', description: 'Number of tracks' },
-  image_url: { type: 'string', description: 'Playlist cover image URL', optional: true },
-  external_url: { type: 'string', description: 'Spotify URL' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/** Device properties */
-export const DEVICE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Device ID' },
-  name: { type: 'string', description: 'Device name' },
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Device type (Computer, Smartphone, etc.)' },
-  volume_percent: { type: 'number', description: 'Current volume (0-100)' },
-  is_active: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether device is active' },
-  is_private_session: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether in private session' },
-  is_restricted: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether device is restricted' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /** Simplified device properties (for playback state) */
 export const SIMPLIFIED_DEVICE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   id: { type: 'string', description: 'Device ID' },
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/stagehand/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/stagehand/types.ts
index f42f0d923c2..9fa61e7b6d5 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/stagehand/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/stagehand/types.ts
@@ -29,16 +29,6 @@ export const STAGEHAND_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   inference_time_ms: { type: 'number', description: 'Total inference time in milliseconds' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete usage statistics output definition
- */
-export const STAGEHAND_USAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Token usage and timing statistics from agent execution',
-  optional: true,
-  properties: STAGEHAND_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for agent action objects
  * Based on Stagehand AgentAction interface
@@ -91,15 +81,6 @@ export const STAGEHAND_ACTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete agent action output definition
- */
-export const STAGEHAND_ACTION_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Record of an action performed by the agent',
-  properties: STAGEHAND_ACTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Actions array output definition
  */
@@ -132,15 +113,6 @@ export const STAGEHAND_AGENT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   actions: STAGEHAND_ACTIONS_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete agent result output definition
- */
-export const STAGEHAND_AGENT_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Complete result from the Stagehand agent execution',
-  properties: STAGEHAND_AGENT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for act() method results
  * Based on Stagehand ActResult interface
@@ -168,66 +140,6 @@ export const STAGEHAND_ACT_ACTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Output definition for act() result
- */
-export const STAGEHAND_ACT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  success: {
-    type: 'boolean',
-    description: 'Whether the act operation completed successfully',
-  },
-  message: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Detailed message about the actions performed',
-  },
-  actionDescription: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'High-level description of what was done',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  actions: {
-    type: 'array',
-    description: 'List of individual actions performed',
-    items: {
-      type: 'object',
-      properties: STAGEHAND_ACT_ACTION_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-    },
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output definition for extract() method when called without schema
- * Returns pageText or extraction string
- */
-export const STAGEHAND_SIMPLE_EXTRACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  pageText: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Raw text content of the page (when no instruction provided)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  extraction: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Extracted content based on instruction (when no schema provided)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output definition for extract() method result with schema
- * The actual structure depends on the user-provided schema
- */
-export const STAGEHAND_EXTRACT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  data: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'Extracted structured data matching the provided schema',
-  },
-  schema: {
-    type: 'object',
-    description: 'The schema that was used for extraction',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 export interface StagehandExtractParams {
   instruction: string
   schema: Record<string, any>
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/stripe/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/stripe/types.ts
index 88725dfa7c5..d9cc4c52e5b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/stripe/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/stripe/types.ts
@@ -987,26 +987,6 @@ export const CHARGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   transfer_group: { type: 'string', description: 'Transfer group', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Charge object output definition
- */
-export const CHARGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Stripe Charge object',
-  properties: CHARGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for Charge metadata (summary)
- */
-export const CHARGE_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Stripe unique identifier' },
-  status: { type: 'string', description: 'Current state of the resource' },
-  amount: { type: 'number', description: 'Amount in smallest currency unit (e.g., cents)' },
-  currency: { type: 'string', description: 'Three-letter ISO currency code (lowercase)' },
-  paid: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether payment has been received' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Product objects
  * @see https://docs.stripe.com/api/products/object
@@ -1052,24 +1032,6 @@ export const PRODUCT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   url: { type: 'string', description: 'URL of a publicly-accessible webpage', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Product object output definition
- */
-export const PRODUCT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Stripe Product object',
-  properties: PRODUCT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for Product metadata (summary)
- */
-export const PRODUCT_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Stripe unique identifier' },
-  name: { type: 'string', description: 'Display name' },
-  active: { type: 'boolean', description: 'Whether the resource is currently active' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Price recurring object
  * @see https://docs.stripe.com/api/prices/object#price_object-recurring
@@ -1157,29 +1119,6 @@ export const PRICE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Price object output definition
- */
-export const PRICE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Stripe Price object',
-  properties: PRICE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for Price metadata (summary)
- */
-export const PRICE_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Stripe unique identifier' },
-  product: { type: 'string', description: 'Associated product ID' },
-  unit_amount: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Amount in smallest currency unit (e.g., cents)',
-    optional: true,
-  },
-  currency: { type: 'string', description: 'Three-letter ISO currency code (lowercase)' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Output definition for Event request object
  * @see https://docs.stripe.com/api/events/object#event_object-request
@@ -1239,24 +1178,6 @@ export const EVENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   type: { type: 'string', description: 'Event type (e.g., invoice.created, charge.refunded)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete Event object output definition
- */
-export const EVENT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Stripe Event object',
-  properties: EVENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for Event metadata (summary)
- */
-export const EVENT_METADATA_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  id: { type: 'string', description: 'Stripe unique identifier' },
-  type: { type: 'string', description: 'Event type identifier' },
-  created: { type: 'number', description: 'Unix timestamp of creation' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
 /**
  * Pagination output properties for list endpoints
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/stt/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/stt/types.ts
index f8674623b2e..84772327b55 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/stt/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/stt/types.ts
@@ -24,15 +24,6 @@ export const STT_SEGMENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   confidence: { type: 'number', description: 'Confidence score (0-1)', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete segment output definition
- */
-export const STT_SEGMENT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Transcript segment with timing information',
-  properties: STT_SEGMENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for sentiment analysis results (AssemblyAI).
  * @see https://www.assemblyai.com/docs/audio-intelligence/sentiment-analysis
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/supabase/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/supabase/types.ts
index 40a9c4313c3..b48f2d981a5 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/supabase/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/supabase/types.ts
@@ -41,15 +41,6 @@ export const STORAGE_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete storage file object output definition
- */
-export const STORAGE_FILE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Storage file object with metadata',
-  properties: STORAGE_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for storage bucket objects
  * @see https://github.com/supabase/storage-js/blob/main/src/lib/types.ts
@@ -74,15 +65,6 @@ export const STORAGE_BUCKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete storage bucket object output definition
- */
-export const STORAGE_BUCKET_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Storage bucket object with configuration',
-  properties: STORAGE_BUCKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for storage upload response.
  * The Supabase Storage REST API returns `{ Id, Key }` (Key required); Sim's
@@ -159,65 +141,6 @@ export const STORAGE_DOWNLOAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   size: { type: 'number', description: 'File size in bytes' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete download file object output definition
- */
-export const STORAGE_DOWNLOAD_FILE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Downloaded file with content and metadata',
-  properties: STORAGE_DOWNLOAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for public URL response
- */
-export const STORAGE_PUBLIC_URL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  publicUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'The public URL to access the file' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Output definition for signed URL response
- */
-export const STORAGE_SIGNED_URL_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
-  signedUrl: { type: 'string', description: 'The temporary signed URL to access the file' },
-} as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
-
-/**
- * Storage files array output definition for list operations
- */
-export const STORAGE_FILES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of file objects with metadata',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: STORAGE_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
-/**
- * Storage buckets array output definition for list buckets operations
- */
-export const STORAGE_BUCKETS_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of bucket objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: STORAGE_BUCKET_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
-/**
- * Storage deleted files array output definition
- */
-export const STORAGE_DELETED_FILES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of deleted file objects',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: STORAGE_DELETED_FILE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for foreign key reference in column schema
  */
@@ -315,18 +238,6 @@ export const INTROSPECT_TABLE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Introspect tables array output definition
- */
-export const INTROSPECT_TABLES_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'Array of table schemas with columns, keys, and indexes',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: INTROSPECT_TABLE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 export interface SupabaseQueryParams {
   apiKey: string
   projectId: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/tavily/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/tavily/types.ts
index 8ad15732e90..090f23bf420 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/tavily/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/tavily/types.ts
@@ -21,15 +21,6 @@ export const TAVILY_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   favicon: { type: 'string', description: 'Favicon URL for the domain', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search result output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Search result item',
-  properties: TAVILY_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for image items in search results
  */
@@ -38,15 +29,6 @@ export const TAVILY_IMAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   description: { type: 'string', description: 'Image description', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete image output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_IMAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Image result',
-  properties: TAVILY_IMAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for usage statistics
  */
@@ -54,15 +36,6 @@ export const TAVILY_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   credits: { type: 'number', description: 'Number of credits consumed' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete usage output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_USAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Credit usage details',
-  properties: TAVILY_USAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for extract result items
  */
@@ -78,15 +51,6 @@ export const TAVILY_EXTRACT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   favicon: { type: 'string', description: 'Favicon URL for the result', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete extract result output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_EXTRACT_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Extracted content from URL',
-  properties: TAVILY_EXTRACT_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for failed extraction items
  */
@@ -95,15 +59,6 @@ export const TAVILY_FAILED_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   error: { type: 'string', description: 'Error message describing why extraction failed' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete failed result output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_FAILED_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Failed extraction result',
-  properties: TAVILY_FAILED_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for crawl result items
  */
@@ -113,15 +68,6 @@ export const TAVILY_CRAWL_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   favicon: { type: 'string', description: 'Favicon URL for the result', optional: true },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete crawl result output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_CRAWL_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Crawled page result',
-  properties: TAVILY_CRAWL_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for map result items
  */
@@ -129,15 +75,6 @@ export const TAVILY_MAP_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   url: { type: 'string', description: 'Discovered URL' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete map result output definition
- */
-export const TAVILY_MAP_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Mapped URL result',
-  properties: TAVILY_MAP_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 interface TavilySearchResult {
   title: string
   url: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/tts/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/tts/types.ts
index c8dbc04f153..6d634a615cd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/tts/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/tts/types.ts
@@ -141,149 +141,6 @@ export interface TtsResponse {
   provider?: TtsProvider
 }
 
-// Voice options for different providers
-export const OPENAI_VOICES = {
-  // All voices work with all models
-  alloy: 'Alloy (neutral, balanced)',
-  ash: 'Ash (masculine, clear)',
-  ballad: 'Ballad (smooth, melodic)',
-  coral: 'Coral (warm, friendly)',
-  echo: 'Echo (warm, masculine)',
-  marin: 'Marin (soft, gentle)',
-  cedar: 'Cedar (deep, resonant)',
-  sage: 'Sage (calm, wise)',
-  shimmer: 'Shimmer (warm, empathetic)',
-  verse: 'Verse (poetic, expressive)',
-} as const
-
-export const DEEPGRAM_VOICES = {
-  // Aura-1 English voices (legacy)
-  'aura-asteria-en': 'Asteria (Aura-1, American, warm female)',
-  'aura-luna-en': 'Luna (Aura-1, American, professional female)',
-  'aura-stella-en': 'Stella (Aura-1, American, energetic female)',
-  'aura-athena-en': 'Athena (Aura-1, British, sophisticated female)',
-  'aura-hera-en': 'Hera (Aura-1, American, mature female)',
-  'aura-orion-en': 'Orion (Aura-1, American, confident male)',
-  'aura-arcas-en': 'Arcas (Aura-1, American, professional male)',
-  'aura-perseus-en': 'Perseus (Aura-1, American, strong male)',
-  'aura-angus-en': 'Angus (Aura-1, Irish, friendly male)',
-  'aura-orpheus-en': 'Orpheus (Aura-1, American, smooth male)',
-  'aura-helios-en': 'Helios (Aura-1, British, authoritative male)',
-  'aura-zeus-en': 'Zeus (Aura-1, American, deep male)',
-
-  // Aura-2 English voices
-  'aura-2-arcas-en': 'Arcas (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-asteria-en': 'Asteria (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-luna-en': 'Luna (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-stella-en': 'Stella (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-athena-en': 'Athena (Aura-2, British female)',
-  'aura-2-hera-en': 'Hera (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-orion-en': 'Orion (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-perseus-en': 'Perseus (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-orpheus-en': 'Orpheus (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-helios-en': 'Helios (Aura-2, British male)',
-  'aura-2-zeus-en': 'Zeus (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-angus-en': 'Angus (Aura-2, Irish male)',
-  'aura-2-sasha-en': 'Sasha (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-sophia-en': 'Sophia (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-oliver-en': 'Oliver (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-emma-en': 'Emma (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-jack-en': 'Jack (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-lily-en': 'Lily (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-noah-en': 'Noah (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-mia-en': 'Mia (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-william-en': 'William (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-emily-en': 'Emily (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-james-en': 'James (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-ava-en': 'Ava (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-benjamin-en': 'Benjamin (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-charlotte-en': 'Charlotte (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-lucas-en': 'Lucas (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-harper-en': 'Harper (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-henry-en': 'Henry (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-evelyn-en': 'Evelyn (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-alexander-en': 'Alexander (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-abigail-en': 'Abigail (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-michael-en': 'Michael (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-sofia-en': 'Sofia (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-daniel-en': 'Daniel (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-ella-en': 'Ella (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-matthew-en': 'Matthew (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-grace-en': 'Grace (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-jackson-en': 'Jackson (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-chloe-en': 'Chloe (Aura-2, American female)',
-  'aura-2-samuel-en': 'Samuel (Aura-2, American male)',
-  'aura-2-madison-en': 'Madison (Aura-2, American female)',
-
-  // Aura-2 Spanish voices
-  'aura-2-maria-es': 'Maria (Aura-2, Spanish female)',
-  'aura-2-carmen-es': 'Carmen (Aura-2, Spanish female)',
-  'aura-2-carlos-es': 'Carlos (Aura-2, Spanish male)',
-  'aura-2-diego-es': 'Diego (Aura-2, Spanish male)',
-  'aura-2-isabel-es': 'Isabel (Aura-2, Spanish female)',
-  'aura-2-juan-es': 'Juan (Aura-2, Spanish male)',
-  'aura-2-lucia-es': 'Lucia (Aura-2, Spanish female)',
-  'aura-2-miguel-es': 'Miguel (Aura-2, Spanish male)',
-  'aura-2-sofia-es': 'Sofia (Aura-2, Spanish female)',
-  'aura-2-antonio-es': 'Antonio (Aura-2, Spanish male)',
-} as const
-
-export const ELEVENLABS_MODELS = {
-  // V2 Models
-  eleven_turbo_v2_5: 'Turbo v2.5 (faster, improved)',
-  eleven_flash_v2_5: 'Flash v2.5 (ultra-fast, 75ms latency)',
-  eleven_multilingual_v2: 'Multilingual v2 (32 languages)',
-  eleven_turbo_v2: 'Turbo v2 (fast, good quality)',
-
-  // V1 Models
-  eleven_monolingual_v1: 'Monolingual v1 (English only)',
-  eleven_multilingual_v1: 'Multilingual v1',
-} as const
-
-export const CARTESIA_MODELS = {
-  sonic: 'Sonic (English, low latency)',
-  'sonic-2': 'Sonic 2 (English, improved)',
-  'sonic-turbo': 'Sonic Turbo (English, ultra-fast)',
-  'sonic-3': 'Sonic 3 (English, highest quality)',
-  'sonic-multilingual': 'Sonic Multilingual (100+ languages)',
-} as const
-
-export const GOOGLE_VOICE_GENDERS = {
-  MALE: 'Male',
-  FEMALE: 'Female',
-  NEUTRAL: 'Neutral',
-} as const
-
-export const GOOGLE_AUDIO_ENCODINGS = {
-  LINEAR16: 'LINEAR16 (uncompressed)',
-  MP3: 'MP3 (compressed)',
-  OGG_OPUS: 'OGG Opus (compressed)',
-  MULAW: 'MULAW (8kHz)',
-  ALAW: 'ALAW (8kHz)',
-} as const
-
-export const AZURE_OUTPUT_FORMATS = {
-  'riff-8khz-16bit-mono-pcm': 'PCM 8kHz 16-bit',
-  'riff-24khz-16bit-mono-pcm': 'PCM 24kHz 16-bit',
-  'audio-24khz-48kbitrate-mono-mp3': 'MP3 24kHz 48kbps',
-  'audio-24khz-96kbitrate-mono-mp3': 'MP3 24kHz 96kbps',
-  'audio-48khz-96kbitrate-mono-mp3': 'MP3 48kHz 96kbps (high quality)',
-} as const
-
-export const PLAYHT_QUALITY_LEVELS = {
-  draft: 'Draft (fastest)',
-  standard: 'Standard (recommended)',
-  premium: 'Premium (best quality)',
-} as const
-
-export const PLAYHT_OUTPUT_FORMATS = {
-  mp3: 'MP3',
-  wav: 'WAV',
-  ogg: 'OGG',
-  flac: 'FLAC',
-  mulaw: 'MULAW',
-} as const
-
 // Audio format MIME types
 export const AUDIO_MIME_TYPES: Record<string, string> = {
   mp3: 'audio/mpeg',
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/wealthbox/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/wealthbox/utils.ts
index 34c072ced26..694f85920cb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/wealthbox/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/wealthbox/utils.ts
@@ -93,13 +93,6 @@ const validateAndBuildNoteBody = (params: WealthboxWriteParams): Record<string,
   return body
 }
 
-// Utility function to handle API errors
-export const handleApiError = (response: Response, errorText: string): never => {
-  throw new Error(
-    `Failed to create Wealthbox note: ${response.status} ${response.statusText} - ${errorText}`
-  )
-}
-
 // Utility function to format note response
 export const formatNoteResponse = (data: any): WealthboxWriteResponse => {
   if (!data) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/webflow/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/webflow/types.ts
index eff4262bb95..d5faa59b1cf 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/webflow/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/webflow/types.ts
@@ -25,15 +25,6 @@ export const WEBFLOW_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete item output definition
- */
-export const WEBFLOW_ITEM_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Webflow CMS collection item',
-  properties: WEBFLOW_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for list metadata.
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/wikipedia/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/wikipedia/types.ts
index 90954fb97c6..f09b8e97ce9 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/wikipedia/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/wikipedia/types.ts
@@ -94,15 +94,6 @@ export const WIKIPEDIA_PAGE_SUMMARY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete page summary output definition
- */
-export const WIKIPEDIA_PAGE_SUMMARY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Wikipedia page summary and metadata',
-  properties: WIKIPEDIA_PAGE_SUMMARY_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for search result items
  */
@@ -129,15 +120,6 @@ export const WIKIPEDIA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   url: { type: 'string', description: 'Page URL' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete search result output definition
- */
-export const WIKIPEDIA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Wikipedia search result',
-  properties: WIKIPEDIA_SEARCH_RESULT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for page content objects
  */
@@ -152,15 +134,6 @@ export const WIKIPEDIA_PAGE_CONTENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   content_format: { type: 'string', description: 'Content format (text/html)' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete page content output definition
- */
-export const WIKIPEDIA_PAGE_CONTENT_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Full HTML content and metadata of the Wikipedia page',
-  properties: WIKIPEDIA_PAGE_CONTENT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for random page objects (subset of summary)
  */
@@ -192,15 +165,6 @@ export const WIKIPEDIA_RANDOM_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   pageid: { type: 'number', description: 'Page ID' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete random page output definition
- */
-export const WIKIPEDIA_RANDOM_PAGE_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Random Wikipedia page data',
-  properties: WIKIPEDIA_RANDOM_PAGE_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 // Page Summary tool types
 export interface WikipediaPageSummaryParams {
   pageTitle: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/workday/soap.ts b/apps/sim/tools/workday/soap.ts
index 96c90672165..6c716f855c5 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/workday/soap.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/workday/soap.ts
@@ -192,18 +192,6 @@ export function buildServiceUrl(
   return `${baseUrl}/ccx/service/${tenant}/${svc.name}/${svc.version}`
 }
 
-/**
- * Builds the WSDL URL for a Workday SOAP service. Retained for backwards compatibility
- * with any external consumers; the runtime no longer fetches the WSDL.
- */
-export function buildWsdlUrl(
-  tenantUrl: string,
-  tenant: string,
-  service: WorkdayServiceKey
-): string {
-  return `${buildServiceUrl(tenantUrl, tenant, service)}?wsdl`
-}
-
 const XML_ENTITIES: Record<string, string> = {
   '&': '&amp;',
   '<': '&lt;',
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/zep/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/zep/types.ts
index 656f719753a..58048c25b83 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/zep/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/zep/types.ts
@@ -27,15 +27,6 @@ export const THREAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete thread object output definition.
- */
-export const THREAD_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Zep thread object',
-  properties: THREAD_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Threads array output definition for list endpoints.
  * @see https://help.getzep.com/sdk-reference/thread/list-all
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/zoho/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/zoho/types.ts
index 0a7271591ef..2efd5d1ac1b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/zoho/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/zoho/types.ts
@@ -22,21 +22,6 @@ export interface ZohoCrmPageInfo {
   moreRecords: boolean
 }
 
-export const ZOHO_CRM_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'object' as const,
-  description: 'Pagination metadata returned by Zoho CRM',
-  properties: {
-    page: { type: 'number' as const, description: 'Current page number', optional: true },
-    perPage: { type: 'number' as const, description: 'Records requested per page', optional: true },
-    count: {
-      type: 'number' as const,
-      description: 'Number of records in this page',
-      optional: true,
-    },
-    moreRecords: { type: 'boolean' as const, description: 'Whether further pages are available' },
-  },
-}
-
 /** A CRM write result entry, as returned in the `data` array of insert/update/upsert. */
 export interface ZohoCrmWriteResult {
   id: string | null
@@ -45,25 +30,6 @@ export interface ZohoCrmWriteResult {
   message: string | null
 }
 
-export const ZOHO_CRM_WRITE_RESULT_OUTPUT = {
-  type: 'array' as const,
-  description: 'Per-record results returned by Zoho CRM',
-  properties: {
-    id: { type: 'string' as const, description: 'Record ID', optional: true },
-    code: {
-      type: 'string' as const,
-      description: 'Zoho result code (e.g. SUCCESS)',
-      optional: true,
-    },
-    status: { type: 'string' as const, description: 'Result status', optional: true },
-    message: {
-      type: 'string' as const,
-      description: 'Human-readable result message',
-      optional: true,
-    },
-  },
-}
-
 export interface ZohoCrmGetRecordsParams extends ZohoBaseParams {
   module: string
   recordId?: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/zoho/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/zoho/utils.ts
index be49435be0d..0bbde91ebf8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/zoho/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/zoho/utils.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import { truncate } from '@sim/utils/string'
-
 /**
  * Zoho data centers Sim supports.
  *
@@ -27,63 +25,9 @@ export const ZOHO_DATA_CENTERS = {
 
 export type ZohoDataCenter = keyof typeof ZOHO_DATA_CENTERS
 
-const DEFAULT_DATA_CENTER: ZohoDataCenter = 'us'
-
 /** Zoho CRM API version pinned across every CRM tool. */
 export const ZOHO_CRM_API_VERSION = 'v8'
 
-function resolveDataCenter(dataCenter?: string): ZohoDataCenter {
-  const normalized = dataCenter?.trim().toLowerCase()
-  if (normalized && normalized in ZOHO_DATA_CENTERS) {
-    return normalized as ZohoDataCenter
-  }
-  return DEFAULT_DATA_CENTER
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the CRM API base URL (including version segment) for a data center.
- * Falls back to the US region when unset or unrecognized.
- */
-export function getCrmBaseUrl(dataCenter?: string): string {
-  return `${ZOHO_DATA_CENTERS[resolveDataCenter(dataCenter)].crm}/crm/${ZOHO_CRM_API_VERSION}`
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns the Desk API base URL (including the `/api/v1` segment) for a data
- * center. Falls back to the US region when unset or unrecognized.
- */
-export function getDeskBaseUrl(dataCenter?: string): string {
-  return `${ZOHO_DATA_CENTERS[resolveDataCenter(dataCenter)].desk}/api/v1`
-}
-
-/**
- * Zoho authenticates with a bespoke scheme rather than `Bearer`.
- * @see https://www.zoho.com/crm/developer/docs/api/v8/access-refresh.html
- */
-export function buildZohoHeaders(accessToken: string, orgId?: string): Record<string, string> {
-  const headers: Record<string, string> = {
-    Authorization: `Zoho-oauthtoken ${accessToken}`,
-    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-  }
-  if (orgId?.trim()) {
-    headers.orgId = orgId.trim()
-  }
-  return headers
-}
-
-/**
- * Trims a required identifier and throws when it is missing or whitespace-only,
- * so a blank value can never collapse into an empty URL path segment and send a
- * malformed request to Zoho.
- */
-export function requireZohoId(value: string | undefined, label: string): string {
-  const trimmed = value?.trim()
-  if (!trimmed) {
-    throw new Error(`${label} is required.`)
-  }
-  return trimmed
-}
-
 /**
  * Parses a JSON object supplied either as an object (from the LLM) or as a JSON
  * string (from a block input), and rejects anything that is not a plain object.
@@ -107,17 +51,6 @@ export function parseJsonObject(
   return parsed as Record<string, unknown>
 }
 
-/**
- * Coerces a numeric-ish param into a positive integer, clamped to `max`.
- * Returns undefined when unset or unparseable so callers can omit the param.
- */
-export function toPositiveInt(value: unknown, max: number): number | undefined {
-  if (value === undefined || value === null || value === '') return undefined
-  const parsed = Number(value)
-  if (!Number.isFinite(parsed) || parsed < 1) return undefined
-  return Math.min(Math.floor(parsed), max)
-}
-
 /**
  * Appends only the defined entries of `params` to a URL's query string, so unset
  * optional params never surface as empty values Zoho would reject.
@@ -131,62 +64,3 @@ export function buildQuery(params: Record<string, string | number | undefined>):
   const query = search.toString()
   return query ? `?${query}` : ''
 }
-
-/**
- * Reads a Zoho response body as JSON, tolerating the empty bodies Zoho returns
- * for "no matching records" — CRM answers `204 No Content` on an empty list or
- * search, and Desk does the same, so a bare `response.json()` would throw on a
- * perfectly successful call.
- */
-export async function readZohoJson(response: Response): Promise<any> {
-  if (response.status === 204) return {}
-  const text = await response.text()
-  if (!text.trim()) return {}
-  try {
-    return JSON.parse(text)
-  } catch {
-    return { message: truncate(text, 500) }
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Extracts a descriptive message from a Zoho error payload.
- *
- * CRM returns `{ code, message, status, details }`; Desk returns
- * `{ errorCode, message }`. Both are handled, with an HTTP-status fallback.
- */
-export function extractZohoErrorMessage(
-  data: unknown,
-  status: number,
-  defaultMessage: string
-): string {
-  const payload = data as
-    | { message?: unknown; code?: unknown; errorCode?: unknown; data?: unknown }
-    | undefined
-
-  const nested = Array.isArray(payload?.data) ? payload.data[0] : undefined
-  const record = (nested ?? payload) as
-    | { message?: unknown; code?: unknown; errorCode?: unknown }
-    | undefined
-
-  if (record && typeof record.message === 'string' && record.message.trim()) {
-    const code = record.code ?? record.errorCode
-    const suffix = typeof code === 'string' && code.trim() ? ` [${code}]` : ''
-    return `Zoho API Error (${status}): ${record.message}${suffix}`
-  }
-
-  switch (status) {
-    case 400:
-      return `Zoho API Error (400): Bad Request — the request was malformed or missing required parameters.`
-    case 401:
-      return `Zoho API Error (401): Unauthorized — the access token is invalid or expired. Please reconnect your Zoho account.`
-    case 403:
-      return `Zoho API Error (403): Forbidden — your Zoho account lacks permission, or the required OAuth scope was not granted.`
-    case 404:
-      return `Zoho API Error (404): Not Found — the requested record does not exist or is not visible to you.`
-    case 429:
-      return `Zoho API Error (429): Rate limit exceeded — too many API calls. Please retry later.`
-    default:
-      return `${defaultMessage} (HTTP ${status})`
-  }
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/zoom/types.ts b/apps/sim/tools/zoom/types.ts
index b521b2eb5cd..abce6f218f0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/zoom/types.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/zoom/types.ts
@@ -116,15 +116,6 @@ export const MEETING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   occurrences: OCCURRENCES_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Output definition for meeting object (used in create/get meeting responses)
- */
-export const MEETING_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Meeting object with all properties',
-  properties: MEETING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Meeting list item output properties (subset returned in list responses)
  * @see https://developers.zoom.us/docs/api/rest/reference/zoom-api/methods/#operation/meetings
@@ -143,18 +134,6 @@ export const MEETING_LIST_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   join_url: { type: 'string', description: 'URL for participants to join' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Output definition for meetings array in list responses
- */
-export const MEETINGS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'List of meetings',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: MEETING_LIST_ITEM_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Pagination output properties for meeting list endpoints
  * @see https://developers.zoom.us/docs/api/rest/reference/zoom-api/methods/#operation/meetings
@@ -167,15 +146,6 @@ export const MEETING_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   nextPageToken: { type: 'string', description: 'Token for next page of results' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete page info output definition for meeting lists
- */
-export const MEETING_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pagination information',
-  properties: MEETING_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for recording file objects
  * @see https://developers.zoom.us/docs/api/rest/reference/zoom-api/methods/#operation/recordingGet
@@ -229,27 +199,6 @@ export const RECORDING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   recording_files: RECORDING_FILES_OUTPUT,
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete recording object output definition
- */
-export const RECORDING_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Recording object with all files',
-  properties: RECORDING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
-/**
- * Output definition for recordings array in list responses
- */
-export const RECORDINGS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'List of recordings',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: RECORDING_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Pagination output properties for recording list endpoints
  * @see https://developers.zoom.us/docs/api/rest/reference/zoom-api/methods/#operation/recordingsList
@@ -262,15 +211,6 @@ export const RECORDING_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   nextPageToken: { type: 'string', description: 'Token for next page of results' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete page info output definition for recording lists
- */
-export const RECORDING_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pagination information',
-  properties: RECORDING_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 /**
  * Output definition for participant objects
  * @see https://developers.zoom.us/docs/api/rest/reference/zoom-api/methods/#operation/pastMeetingParticipants
@@ -291,18 +231,6 @@ export const PARTICIPANT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   status: { type: 'string', description: 'Participant status' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete participants array output definition
- */
-export const PARTICIPANTS_ARRAY_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'array',
-  description: 'List of meeting participants',
-  items: {
-    type: 'object',
-    properties: PARTICIPANT_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-  },
-}
-
 /**
  * Pagination output properties for participant list endpoints
  * @see https://developers.zoom.us/docs/api/rest/reference/zoom-api/methods/#operation/pastMeetingParticipants
@@ -313,15 +241,6 @@ export const PARTICIPANT_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES = {
   nextPageToken: { type: 'string', description: 'Token for next page of results' },
 } as const satisfies Record<string, OutputProperty>
 
-/**
- * Complete page info output definition for participant lists
- */
-export const PARTICIPANT_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT: OutputProperty = {
-  type: 'object',
-  description: 'Pagination information',
-  properties: PARTICIPANT_PAGE_INFO_OUTPUT_PROPERTIES,
-}
-
 // Common parameters for all Zoom tools
 interface ZoomBaseParams {
   accessToken: string
diff --git a/apps/sim/triggers/calendly/utils.ts b/apps/sim/triggers/calendly/utils.ts
index e3d0993d4cd..bc2bc56ffaa 100644
--- a/apps/sim/triggers/calendly/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/triggers/calendly/utils.ts
@@ -10,34 +10,6 @@ export const calendlyTriggerOptions = [
   { label: 'General Webhook (All Events)', id: 'calendly_webhook' },
 ]
 
-/**
- * Generate setup instructions for a specific Calendly event type
- */
-export function calendlySetupInstructions(eventType: string, additionalNotes?: string): string {
-  const instructions = [
-    '<strong>Note:</strong> Webhooks require a paid Calendly subscription (Professional, Teams, or Enterprise plan).',
-    '<strong>Important:</strong> Calendly does not provide a UI for creating webhooks. You must create them programmatically using the API. See the <a href="https://developer.calendly.com/api-docs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Calendly Developer documentation</a> for details.',
-    'Get your Calendly <strong>Personal Access Token</strong> from the Calendly dashboard under <strong>Integrations > API & Webhooks</strong>.',
-    'In your workflow, add a Calendly block and select the <strong>"Create Webhook"</strong> operation.',
-    'Enter your Personal Access Token in the Calendly block.',
-    'Copy the <strong>Webhook URL</strong> shown above and paste it into the webhook URL field in the Create Webhook operation.',
-    `Select the event types to monitor. For this trigger, select <strong>${eventType}</strong>.`,
-    'Set the scope to <strong>Organization</strong> or <strong>User</strong> as needed (routing form submissions require organization scope).',
-    'Run the workflow to create the webhook subscription. You can use the "List Webhooks" operation to verify it was created.',
-  ]
-
-  if (additionalNotes) {
-    instructions.push(additionalNotes)
-  }
-
-  return instructions
-    .map(
-      (instruction, index) =>
-        `<div class="mb-3">${index === 0 ? instruction : `<strong>${index}.</strong> ${instruction}`}</div>`
-    )
-    .join('')
-}
-
 /**
  * Shared tracking output schema
  */
@@ -321,21 +293,3 @@ export function buildRoutingFormOutputs(): Record<string, TriggerOutput> {
     },
   } as any
 }
-
-/**
- * Check if a Calendly event matches the expected trigger configuration
- */
-export function isCalendlyEventMatch(triggerId: string, eventType: string): boolean {
-  const eventMap: Record<string, string> = {
-    calendly_invitee_created: 'invitee.created',
-    calendly_invitee_canceled: 'invitee.canceled',
-    calendly_routing_form_submitted: 'routing_form_submission.created',
-  }
-
-  const expectedEvent = eventMap[triggerId]
-  if (!expectedEvent) {
-    return true // Unknown trigger or general webhook, allow through
-  }
-
-  return expectedEvent === eventType
-}
diff --git a/apps/sim/triggers/github/utils.ts b/apps/sim/triggers/github/utils.ts
index d56634d7bd1..4da55d23863 100644
--- a/apps/sim/triggers/github/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/triggers/github/utils.ts
@@ -1,97 +1,5 @@
 import { isRecordLike } from '@sim/utils/object'
 
-/**
- * Shared repository output schema
- */
-export const repositoryOutputs = {
-  id: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Repository ID',
-  },
-  node_id: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository node ID',
-  },
-  name: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository name',
-  },
-  full_name: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository full name (owner/repo)',
-  },
-  private: {
-    type: 'boolean',
-    description: 'Whether the repository is private',
-  },
-  html_url: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository HTML URL',
-  },
-  description: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository description',
-  },
-  fork: {
-    type: 'boolean',
-    description: 'Whether the repository is a fork',
-  },
-  url: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository API URL',
-  },
-  homepage: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Repository homepage URL',
-  },
-  size: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Repository size in KB',
-  },
-  stargazers_count: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Number of stars',
-  },
-  watchers_count: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Number of watchers',
-  },
-  language: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Primary programming language',
-  },
-  forks_count: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Number of forks',
-  },
-  open_issues_count: {
-    type: 'number',
-    description: 'Number of open issues',
-  },
-  default_branch: {
-    type: 'string',
-    description: 'Default branch name',
-  },
-  owner: {
-    login: {
-      type: 'string',
-      description: 'Owner username',
-    },
-    id: {
-      type: 'number',
-      description: 'Owner ID',
-    },
-    avatar_url: {
-      type: 'string',
-      description: 'Owner avatar URL',
-    },
-    html_url: {
-      type: 'string',
-      description: 'Owner profile URL',
-    },
-  },
-} as const
-
 /**
  * Shared sender/user output schema
  */
diff --git a/apps/sim/triggers/index.ts b/apps/sim/triggers/index.ts
index 2f472f7de07..b6a01a9f57a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/triggers/index.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/triggers/index.ts
@@ -116,20 +116,10 @@ export function getTrigger(triggerId: string): TriggerConfig {
   return clonedTrigger
 }
 
-export function getTriggersByProvider(provider: string): TriggerConfig[] {
-  return Object.values(TRIGGER_REGISTRY)
-    .filter((trigger) => trigger.provider === provider)
-    .map((trigger) => getTrigger(trigger.id))
-}
-
 export function getAllTriggers(): TriggerConfig[] {
   return Object.keys(TRIGGER_REGISTRY).map((triggerId) => getTrigger(triggerId))
 }
 
-export function getTriggerIds(): string[] {
-  return Object.keys(TRIGGER_REGISTRY)
-}
-
 export function isTriggerValid(triggerId: string): boolean {
   return triggerId in TRIGGER_REGISTRY
 }