diff --git a/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/authentication.mdx b/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/authentication.mdx
index 15bcd34c7f7..d997438d09b 100644
--- a/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/authentication.mdx
+++ b/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/authentication.mdx
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ See the [SSO guide](/platform/enterprise/sso) for identity-provider setup and th
 
 | Variable | Effect |
 |---|---|
-| `DISABLE_REGISTRATION=true` | Blocks email/password registration |
+| `DISABLE_REGISTRATION=true` | Blocks all new accounts — email/password, email OTP, and social sign-in. Only existing accounts can sign in, including to accept a workspace invitation. SSO is unaffected |
 | `DISABLE_EMAIL_SIGNUP=true` | Blocks new email/password registrations; existing email login keeps working |
 | `ALLOWED_LOGIN_DOMAINS` | Comma-separated domain allowlist, e.g. `acme.com,acme.co.uk`. Gates email sign-**in** as well as signup |
 | `ALLOWED_LOGIN_EMAILS` | Comma-separated address allowlist, applied the same way |
@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ See the [SSO guide](/platform/enterprise/sso) for identity-provider setup and th
 | `BLOCKED_EMAIL_MX_HOSTS` | MX-host substrings to block; used only with the above |
 
 <Callout type="warn">
-  These controls gate the **email/password** path. A first-time sign-in through Google, GitHub, or Microsoft creates an account through the social provider and is not filtered by them. If you need a hard boundary, disable the social providers you have not vetted (`DISABLE_GOOGLE_AUTH`, `DISABLE_GITHUB_AUTH`, `DISABLE_MICROSOFT_AUTH`) or restrict membership at the identity provider and use SSO.
+  `ALLOWED_LOGIN_DOMAINS`, `ALLOWED_LOGIN_EMAILS`, and `SIGNUP_MX_VALIDATION_ENABLED` gate the **email/password** path only. A first-time sign-in through Google, GitHub, or Microsoft creates an account through the social provider and is not filtered by them. To restrict who may sign in through a social provider, disable the ones you have not vetted (`DISABLE_GOOGLE_AUTH`, `DISABLE_GITHUB_AUTH`, `DISABLE_MICROSOFT_AUTH`) or restrict membership at the identity provider and use SSO.
+
+  `DISABLE_REGISTRATION` and `BLOCKED_SIGNUP_DOMAINS` apply to every path, social included.
 </Callout>
 
 For a company deployment, the usual pairing is domain-restricted signup plus SSO:
diff --git a/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/environment-variables.mdx b/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/environment-variables.mdx
index 8a2f01bf27f..3835925ca00 100644
--- a/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/environment-variables.mdx
+++ b/apps/docs/content/docs/en/platform/self-hosting/environment-variables.mdx
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ See [Authentication](/platform/self-hosting/authentication).
 
 | Variable | Description |
 |----------|-------------|
-| `DISABLE_REGISTRATION` | Set `true` to disable new user signups entirely |
+| `DISABLE_REGISTRATION` | Set `true` to block all new accounts, including social sign-in. Invitations still work for people who already have an account. SSO is unaffected |
 | `DISABLE_EMAIL_SIGNUP` | Block new email/password registrations; existing email login keeps working |
 | `ALLOWED_LOGIN_DOMAINS` | Restrict signups to domains (comma-separated) |
 | `ALLOWED_LOGIN_EMAILS` | Restrict signups to specific emails (comma-separated) |
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.test.ts b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.test.ts
index e4b9e25b3df..93a94dd6eae 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
  * @vitest-environment node
  */
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
-import { buildAuthCrossLink, resolvePostSignupDestination } from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
+import {
+  buildAuthCrossLink,
+  resolveAuthRedirect,
+  resolvePostSignupDestination,
+} from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
 
 describe('resolvePostSignupDestination', () => {
   it('routes to the verify hop when verification is enforceable', () => {
@@ -56,4 +60,50 @@ describe('buildAuthCrossLink', () => {
       '/signup'
     )
   })
+
+  it('marks a new user so the invite page leads with account creation', () => {
+    expect(
+      buildAuthCrossLink('/signup', {
+        callbackUrl: '/invite/abc',
+        isInviteFlow: true,
+        isNewUser: true,
+      })
+    ).toBe('/signup?invite_flow=true&callbackUrl=%2Finvite%2Fabc&new=true')
+  })
+
+  it('omits the new-user marker by default', () => {
+    expect(buildAuthCrossLink('/signup', { callbackUrl: null, isInviteFlow: true })).not.toContain(
+      'new=true'
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+describe('resolveAuthRedirect', () => {
+  const NONE = { redirect: null, callbackUrl: null, inviteFlow: null }
+
+  it('prefers redirect over callbackUrl', () => {
+    expect(resolveAuthRedirect({ ...NONE, redirect: '/a', callbackUrl: '/b' }).rawCallbackUrl).toBe(
+      '/a'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('falls through an empty redirect to callbackUrl', () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveAuthRedirect({ ...NONE, redirect: '', callbackUrl: '/invite/abc' }).rawCallbackUrl
+    ).toBe('/invite/abc')
+  })
+
+  it('reports no destination when nothing was carried', () => {
+    expect(resolveAuthRedirect(NONE)).toEqual({ rawCallbackUrl: '', isInviteFlow: false })
+  })
+
+  it('treats an invitation destination as an invite flow without the flag', () => {
+    expect(resolveAuthRedirect({ ...NONE, callbackUrl: '/invite/abc' }).isInviteFlow).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('honors the explicit flag when the destination is unrelated', () => {
+    expect(
+      resolveAuthRedirect({ ...NONE, callbackUrl: '/workspace', inviteFlow: 'true' }).isInviteFlow
+    ).toBe(true)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.ts b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.ts
index 0cfd1310b22..269528c0bb1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/auth-redirect.ts
@@ -43,10 +43,43 @@ export function resolvePostSignupDestination({
   return redirectUrl ? { kind: 'redirect', url: redirectUrl } : { kind: 'workspace' }
 }
 
+/** The raw redirect-carrying params, as read from a URL on client or server. */
+interface AuthRedirectParams {
+  redirect: string | null
+  callbackUrl: string | null
+  inviteFlow: string | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * The post-auth destination a visitor arrived with, and whether they are mid
+ * invitation.
+ *
+ * `redirect` wins over `callbackUrl` — both spellings are in circulation. The
+ * invite flow is inferred from the destination as well as the explicit flag, so
+ * a link that lost `invite_flow` still reads as an invitation.
+ *
+ * Shared so the signup form and the registration-disabled page cannot drift on
+ * which param wins; both feed the result to {@link buildAuthCrossLink}. The
+ * caller validates — this function does not, so that a client can log the
+ * rejection it already reports.
+ */
+export function resolveAuthRedirect({ redirect, callbackUrl, inviteFlow }: AuthRedirectParams): {
+  rawCallbackUrl: string
+  isInviteFlow: boolean
+} {
+  const rawCallbackUrl = redirect || callbackUrl || ''
+  return {
+    rawCallbackUrl,
+    isInviteFlow: inviteFlow === 'true' || rawCallbackUrl.startsWith('/invite/'),
+  }
+}
+
 interface AuthCrossLinkParams {
   /** Validated post-auth destination to carry over, or null to drop it. */
   callbackUrl: string | null
   isInviteFlow: boolean
+  /** Marks the visitor as new so the invite page leads with account creation. */
+  isNewUser?: boolean
 }
 
 /**
@@ -57,11 +90,12 @@ interface AuthCrossLinkParams {
  */
 export function buildAuthCrossLink(
   path: '/login' | '/signup',
-  { callbackUrl, isInviteFlow }: AuthCrossLinkParams
+  { callbackUrl, isInviteFlow, isNewUser = false }: AuthCrossLinkParams
 ): string {
   const params = new URLSearchParams()
   if (isInviteFlow) params.set('invite_flow', 'true')
   if (callbackUrl) params.set('callbackUrl', callbackUrl)
+  if (isNewUser) params.set('new', 'true')
 
   const query = params.toString()
   return query ? `${path}?${query}` : path
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/login-form.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/login-form.tsx
index a2349c428eb..380aeb89a42 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/login-form.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/login-form.tsx
@@ -88,11 +88,14 @@ export default function LoginPage({
   googleAvailable,
   microsoftAvailable,
   isProduction,
+  registrationDisabled,
 }: {
   githubAvailable: boolean
   googleAvailable: boolean
   microsoftAvailable: boolean
   isProduction: boolean
+  /** DISABLE_REGISTRATION. Hides the signup cross-link, which `/signup` blocks. */
+  registrationDisabled: boolean
 }) {
   const router = useRouter()
   const searchParams = useSearchParams()
@@ -436,7 +439,7 @@ export default function LoginPage({
           </SocialLoginButtons>
         )}
 
-        {emailEnabled && (
+        {emailEnabled && !registrationDisabled && (
           <AuthNavPrompt prompt="Don't have an account?" href={signupHref} linkLabel='Sign up' />
         )}
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/page.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/page.tsx
index ecec5ceb41a..1490ac85e44 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/login/page.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Suspense } from 'react'
 import type { Metadata } from 'next'
+import { isRegistrationDisabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
 import { getOAuthProviderStatus } from '@/app/(auth)/components/oauth-provider-checker'
 import LoginForm from '@/app/(auth)/login/login-form'
 
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ export default async function LoginPage() {
         googleAvailable={googleAvailable}
         microsoftAvailable={microsoftAvailable}
         isProduction={isProduction}
+        registrationDisabled={isRegistrationDisabled}
       />
     </Suspense>
   )
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/page.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/page.tsx
index 3d5a8933cd6..d43dc7c0475 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/page.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 import type { Metadata } from 'next'
+import type { SearchParams } from 'nuqs/server'
 import { isEmailSignupDisabled, isRegistrationDisabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
+import { validateCallbackUrl } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation'
 import { isEmailVerificationEffectivelyEnabled } from '@/lib/messaging/email/verification'
+import { resolveAuthRedirect } from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
 import { getOAuthProviderStatus } from '@/app/(auth)/components/oauth-provider-checker'
+import { RegistrationDisabled } from '@/app/(auth)/signup/registration-disabled'
+import { signupSearchParamsCache } from '@/app/(auth)/signup/search-params'
 import SignupForm from '@/app/(auth)/signup/signup-form'
 
 export const metadata: Metadata = {
@@ -10,9 +15,25 @@ export const metadata: Metadata = {
 
 export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
 
-export default async function SignupPage() {
+export default async function SignupPage({
+  searchParams,
+}: {
+  searchParams: Promise<SearchParams>
+}) {
   if (isRegistrationDisabled) {
-    return <div>Registration is disabled, please contact your admin.</div>
+    const { redirect, callbackUrl, inviteFlow } = await signupSearchParamsCache.parse(searchParams)
+    const { rawCallbackUrl, isInviteFlow } = resolveAuthRedirect({
+      redirect,
+      callbackUrl,
+      inviteFlow,
+    })
+
+    return (
+      <RegistrationDisabled
+        callbackUrl={validateCallbackUrl(rawCallbackUrl) ? rawCallbackUrl : null}
+        isInviteFlow={isInviteFlow}
+      />
+    )
   }
 
   const { githubAvailable, googleAvailable, microsoftAvailable, isProduction } =
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/registration-disabled.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/registration-disabled.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2096c056506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/registration-disabled.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { buildAuthCrossLink } from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
+import { AuthHeader, AuthNavPrompt } from '@/app/(auth)/components'
+
+interface RegistrationDisabledProps {
+  /** Post-auth destination the visitor arrived with, already validated. */
+  callbackUrl: string | null
+  isInviteFlow: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * The signup page under DISABLE_REGISTRATION. Visitors reach it from a stale
+ * link, a bookmark, or an invitation, so it wears the same shell as the form it
+ * replaces and carries the post-auth destination over to login — an invited
+ * visitor who lands here can still sign in and end up back on their invitation
+ * rather than losing it.
+ */
+export function RegistrationDisabled({ callbackUrl, isInviteFlow }: RegistrationDisabledProps) {
+  return (
+    <div className='space-y-6'>
+      <AuthHeader
+        title='Account creation is disabled'
+        description='Ask your admin to create an account for you.'
+      />
+      <AuthNavPrompt
+        prompt='Already have an account?'
+        href={buildAuthCrossLink('/login', { callbackUrl, isInviteFlow })}
+        linkLabel='Sign in'
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/search-params.ts b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/search-params.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..54c247dc2a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/search-params.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { createSearchParamsCache, parseAsString } from 'nuqs/server'
+
+/**
+ * The redirect signals the signup page carries. Read once to decide where a
+ * visitor goes after authenticating, never written, so every parser is nullable
+ * with no default — absent means "no destination", which is a real state rather
+ * than something to fall back from.
+ */
+const signupParsers = {
+  redirect: parseAsString,
+  callbackUrl: parseAsString,
+  inviteFlow: parseAsString,
+} as const
+
+/** `invite_flow` on the wire; camelCase for destructuring. */
+const signupUrlKeys = { urlKeys: { inviteFlow: 'invite_flow' } } as const
+
+/**
+ * Server-side reader for the signup page. The client form reads these same keys
+ * through `useSearchParams` (the read-once auth-signal carve-out), so the wire
+ * keys here and in `signup-form.tsx` must stay in step.
+ */
+export const signupSearchParamsCache = createSearchParamsCache(signupParsers, signupUrlKeys)
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/signup-form.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/signup-form.tsx
index 4915da788b3..ad0d5213b97 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/signup-form.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/signup/signup-form.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 'use client'
 
-import { Suspense, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
+import { Suspense, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import { Turnstile, type TurnstileInstance } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { useRouter, useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation'
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   buildAuthCrossLink,
   DEFAULT_POST_AUTH_ROUTE,
   POST_AUTH_REDIRECT_STORAGE_KEY,
+  resolveAuthRedirect,
   resolvePostSignupDestination,
   VERIFY_FROM_SIGNUP_ROUTE,
 } from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
@@ -123,7 +124,11 @@ function SignupFormContent({
   const [formError, setFormError] = useState<string | null>(null)
   const turnstileRef = useRef<TurnstileInstance>(null)
   const [turnstileSiteKey] = useState(() => getEnv('NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY'))
-  const rawRedirectUrl = searchParams.get('redirect') || searchParams.get('callbackUrl') || ''
+  const { rawCallbackUrl: rawRedirectUrl, isInviteFlow } = resolveAuthRedirect({
+    redirect: searchParams.get('redirect'),
+    callbackUrl: searchParams.get('callbackUrl'),
+    inviteFlow: searchParams.get('invite_flow'),
+  })
   const isValidRedirectUrl = rawRedirectUrl ? validateCallbackUrl(rawRedirectUrl) : false
   const invalidCallbackRef = useRef(false)
   if (rawRedirectUrl && !isValidRedirectUrl && !invalidCallbackRef.current) {
@@ -131,10 +136,6 @@ function SignupFormContent({
     logger.warn('Invalid callback URL detected and blocked:', { url: rawRedirectUrl })
   }
   const redirectUrl = isValidRedirectUrl ? rawRedirectUrl : ''
-  const isInviteFlow = useMemo(
-    () => searchParams.get('invite_flow') === 'true' || redirectUrl.startsWith('/invite/'),
-    [searchParams, redirectUrl]
-  )
 
   const [name, setName] = useState('')
   const [nameErrors, setNameErrors] = useState<string[]>([])
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/sso/page.tsx b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/sso/page.tsx
index b1e27f22608..14463bf4abb 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/(auth)/sso/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/(auth)/sso/page.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Suspense } from 'react'
 import type { Metadata } from 'next'
 import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'
-import { isSsoEnabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
+import { isRegistrationDisabled, isSsoEnabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
 import SSOForm from '@/ee/sso/components/sso-form'
 
 export const metadata: Metadata = {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export default async function SSOPage() {
 
   return (
     <Suspense fallback={null}>
-      <SSOForm />
+      <SSOForm registrationDisabled={isRegistrationDisabled} />
     </Suspense>
   )
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.test.tsx b/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ce1cbcd7d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/**
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { envFlagsMock } from '@sim/testing'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const { mockGetSession, mockRedirect } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  mockGetSession: vi.fn(),
+  mockRedirect: vi.fn((url: string) => {
+    throw new Error(`NEXT_REDIRECT:${url}`)
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/auth', () => ({
+  auth: { api: { getSession: vi.fn() } },
+  getSession: mockGetSession,
+}))
+
+vi.mock('next/navigation', () => ({
+  redirect: mockRedirect,
+}))
+
+import CliAuthPage from '@/app/cli/auth/page'
+
+/** BASE64URL, 43 chars; pairing is `XXXX-XXXX` over the no-look-alike alphabet. */
+const REQUEST = 'r'.repeat(43)
+const CHALLENGE = 'c'.repeat(43)
+const PAIRING = 'ABCD-2345'
+
+const EXPECTED_CALLBACK = encodeURIComponent(
+  `/cli/auth?request=${REQUEST}&challenge=${CHALLENGE}&pairing=${PAIRING}`
+)
+
+function pageProps() {
+  return {
+    searchParams: Promise.resolve({
+      request: REQUEST,
+      challenge: CHALLENGE,
+      pairing: PAIRING,
+    }),
+  }
+}
+
+describe('CliAuthPage signed-out bounce', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    mockGetSession.mockResolvedValue(null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    envFlagsMock.isRegistrationDisabled = false
+  })
+
+  it('sends a signed-out visitor to signup, carrying the handoff as callbackUrl', async () => {
+    await expect(CliAuthPage(pageProps())).rejects.toThrow(
+      `NEXT_REDIRECT:/signup?callbackUrl=${EXPECTED_CALLBACK}`
+    )
+  })
+
+  /**
+   * Nobody can create an account under the flag, so the pairing visitor is
+   * necessarily an existing user and signup would be a guaranteed dead end.
+   */
+  it('sends them to login instead when registration is disabled', async () => {
+    envFlagsMock.isRegistrationDisabled = true
+
+    await expect(CliAuthPage(pageProps())).rejects.toThrow(
+      `NEXT_REDIRECT:/login?callbackUrl=${EXPECTED_CALLBACK}`
+    )
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.tsx b/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.tsx
index 2bc0d86370a..e49a47be4cc 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/cli/auth/page.tsx
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import type { Metadata } from 'next'
 import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'
 import type { SearchParams } from 'nuqs/server'
 import { getSession } from '@/lib/auth'
+import { isRegistrationDisabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
+import { buildAuthCrossLink } from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
 import { AuthShell } from '@/app/(auth)/components'
 import { resolveCliAuthRequest } from '@/app/cli/auth/cli-auth-request'
 import { CliAuthView } from '@/app/cli/auth/cli-auth-view'
@@ -30,6 +32,10 @@ export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
  * configuring Sim for the first time has no account yet. Both auth pages
  * cross-link carrying the same `callbackUrl`, so a returning user is one click
  * from login with their destination intact.
+ *
+ * That reasoning inverts under DISABLE_REGISTRATION: nobody can create an
+ * account, so the pairing visitor is necessarily an existing user and signup is
+ * guaranteed to be the wrong hop. Go straight to login there.
  */
 export default async function CliAuthPage({
   searchParams,
@@ -49,7 +55,12 @@ export default async function CliAuthPage({
       challenge: resolution.request.challenge,
       pairing: resolution.request.pairing,
     })
-    redirect(`/signup?callbackUrl=${encodeURIComponent(`/cli/auth?${query}`)}`)
+    redirect(
+      buildAuthCrossLink(isRegistrationDisabled ? '/login' : '/signup', {
+        callbackUrl: `/cli/auth?${query}`,
+        isInviteFlow: false,
+      })
+    )
   }
 
   return (
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.test.tsx b/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.test.tsx
index 83fba300438..24363971dc4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.test.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.test.tsx
@@ -27,9 +27,7 @@ const {
   },
   mockPush: vi.fn(),
   mockRequestJson: vi.fn(),
-  mockSearchParams: {
-    get: (key: string) => (key === 'token' ? 'token-1' : null),
-  },
+  mockSearchParams: { current: new URLSearchParams('token=token-1') },
   mockSetActive: vi.fn(),
   mockSetQueryData: vi.fn(),
   mockSignOut: vi.fn(),
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ vi.mock('@sim/logger', () => ({
 vi.mock('next/navigation', () => ({
   useParams: () => ({ id: 'invitation-1' }),
   useRouter: () => ({ push: mockPush }),
-  useSearchParams: () => mockSearchParams,
+  useSearchParams: () => mockSearchParams.current,
 }))
 
 vi.mock('@tanstack/react-query', async () => {
@@ -106,15 +104,18 @@ vi.mock('@/app/invite/components', () => ({
   InviteLayout: ({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) => children,
   InviteStatusCard: ({
     actions = [],
+    description,
     title,
     type,
   }: {
     actions?: Array<{ label: string; onClick: () => void }>
+    description?: ReactNode
     title: string
     type: string
   }) => (
     <>
       <div data-invite-status={type}>{title}</div>
+      <div>{description}</div>
       {actions.map((action) => (
         <button key={action.label} type='button' onClick={action.onClick}>
           {action.label}
@@ -149,24 +150,40 @@ async function flush(): Promise<void> {
   })
 }
 
-async function acceptCurrentInvitation(): Promise<void> {
+async function renderInvite(registrationDisabled = false): Promise<void> {
   act(() => {
-    root.render(<Invite />)
+    root.render(<Invite registrationDisabled={registrationDisabled} />)
   })
   await flush()
+}
 
-  const acceptButton = Array.from(container.querySelectorAll('button')).find(
-    (button) => button.textContent === 'Accept Invitation'
+async function renderSignedOut(registrationDisabled: boolean): Promise<void> {
+  mockUseSession.mockReturnValue({ data: null, isPending: false })
+  await renderInvite(registrationDisabled)
+}
+
+function actionLabels(): string[] {
+  return Array.from(container.querySelectorAll('button'), (button) => button.textContent ?? '')
+}
+
+async function clickAction(label: string): Promise<void> {
+  const action = Array.from(container.querySelectorAll('button')).find(
+    (button) => button.textContent === label
   )
-  expect(acceptButton).toBeDefined()
+  expect(action).toBeDefined()
 
   await act(async () => {
-    acceptButton?.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('click', { bubbles: true }))
+    action?.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent('click', { bubbles: true }))
     await Promise.resolve()
     await Promise.resolve()
   })
 }
 
+async function acceptCurrentInvitation(): Promise<void> {
+  await renderInvite()
+  await clickAction('Accept Invitation')
+}
+
 beforeEach(() => {
   ;(globalThis as { IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT?: boolean }).IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true
   vi.useFakeTimers()
@@ -174,6 +191,7 @@ beforeEach(() => {
   document.body.appendChild(container)
   root = createRoot(container)
 
+  mockSearchParams.current = new URLSearchParams('token=token-1')
   mockUseSession.mockReturnValue({
     data: { user: { id: 'user-1', email: 'invitee@example.com' } },
     isPending: false,
@@ -283,4 +301,41 @@ describe('Invite', () => {
     })
     expect(mockLogger.warn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(4)
   })
+
+  /**
+   * Every case marks the visitor as new (`new=true`), the state that leads with
+   * "Create an account" when registration is enabled — so each assertion below
+   * fails if the flag stops being honored.
+   */
+  describe('signed out with registration disabled', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      mockSearchParams.current = new URLSearchParams('token=token-1&new=true')
+    })
+
+    it('offers only sign-in, since /signup would reject the visitor', async () => {
+      await renderSignedOut(true)
+
+      expect(actionLabels()).toEqual(['Sign in', 'Return to Home'])
+      expect(container.textContent).toContain('Account creation is disabled on this instance')
+    })
+
+    it('sends the visitor to login with the invitation as the callback', async () => {
+      await renderSignedOut(true)
+      await clickAction('Sign in')
+
+      expect(mockPush).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        `/login?invite_flow=true&callbackUrl=${encodeURIComponent('/invite/invitation-1?token=token-1')}`
+      )
+    })
+
+    it('still offers account creation when registration is enabled', async () => {
+      await renderSignedOut(false)
+
+      expect(actionLabels()).toEqual([
+        'Create an account',
+        'I already have an account',
+        'Return to Home',
+      ])
+    })
+  })
 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.tsx b/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.tsx
index adbd0940b18..b6b2e15ece3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/invite.tsx
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { ApiClientError } from '@/lib/api/client/errors'
 import { requestJson } from '@/lib/api/client/request'
 import { acceptInvitationContract } from '@/lib/api/contracts/invitations'
 import { client, useSession } from '@/lib/auth/auth-client'
+import { buildAuthCrossLink } from '@/app/(auth)/auth-redirect'
 import { InviteLayout, InviteStatusCard } from '@/app/invite/components'
 import { useInvitationDetails } from '@/hooks/queries/invitations'
 import { organizationKeys } from '@/hooks/queries/organization'
@@ -22,6 +23,80 @@ const logger = createLogger('InviteById')
 /** Workspace names listed in the invitation title before collapsing into an "and N more" tail. */
 const MAX_LISTED_WORKSPACE_NAMES = 3
 
+/**
+ * Goes through the shared builder so the invite page cannot drift from the
+ * cross-link shape the auth pages use.
+ */
+function inviteAuthLink(
+  path: '/login' | '/signup',
+  callbackUrl: string,
+  isNewUser = false
+): string {
+  return buildAuthCrossLink(path, { callbackUrl, isInviteFlow: true, isNewUser })
+}
+
+interface InviteAction {
+  label: string
+  onClick: () => void
+}
+
+interface SignedOutPromptParams {
+  registrationDisabled: boolean
+  isNewUser: boolean
+  callbackUrl: string
+  navigate: (href: string) => void
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a signed-out visitor is offered, as one branch so the copy and the
+ * buttons under it can never disagree about what they may do.
+ *
+ * Under DISABLE_REGISTRATION only signing in is possible — `/signup` rejects
+ * the visitor server-side, so offering it would be a dead end.
+ */
+function signedOutPrompt({
+  registrationDisabled,
+  isNewUser,
+  callbackUrl,
+  navigate,
+}: SignedOutPromptParams): { description: string; actions: InviteAction[] } {
+  const signIn: InviteAction = {
+    label: 'Sign in',
+    onClick: () => navigate(inviteAuthLink('/login', callbackUrl)),
+  }
+
+  if (registrationDisabled) {
+    return {
+      description: 'Account creation is disabled on this instance',
+      actions: [signIn],
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (isNewUser) {
+    return {
+      description: 'Create an account to join this workspace on Sim',
+      actions: [
+        {
+          label: 'Create an account',
+          onClick: () => navigate(inviteAuthLink('/signup', callbackUrl)),
+        },
+        { ...signIn, label: 'I already have an account' },
+      ],
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    description: 'Sign in to your account to accept this invitation',
+    actions: [
+      signIn,
+      {
+        label: 'Create an account',
+        onClick: () => navigate(inviteAuthLink('/signup', callbackUrl, true)),
+      },
+    ],
+  }
+}
+
 function runBestEffortCacheRefresh(cache: string, refresh: () => Promise<unknown>): void {
   void Promise.resolve()
     .then(refresh)
@@ -189,7 +264,12 @@ function codeFromApiClientError(error: ApiClientError): string {
   return codeFromStatus(error.status)
 }
 
-export default function Invite() {
+interface InviteProps {
+  /** DISABLE_REGISTRATION. See {@link signedOutPrompt}. */
+  registrationDisabled: boolean
+}
+
+export default function Invite({ registrationDisabled }: InviteProps) {
   const router = useRouter()
   const params = useParams()
   const inviteId = params.id as string
@@ -314,48 +394,23 @@ export default function Invite() {
   }
 
   if (!session?.user && !isPending) {
-    const callbackUrl = encodeURIComponent(getCallbackUrl())
+    const prompt = signedOutPrompt({
+      registrationDisabled,
+      isNewUser,
+      callbackUrl: getCallbackUrl(),
+      navigate: router.push,
+    })
+
     return (
       <InviteLayout>
         <InviteStatusCard
           type='login'
           title="You've been invited!"
-          description={
-            isNewUser
-              ? 'Create an account to join this workspace on Sim'
-              : 'Sign in to your account to accept this invitation'
-          }
+          description={prompt.description}
           icon='userPlus'
           actions={[
-            ...(isNewUser
-              ? [
-                  {
-                    label: 'Create an account',
-                    onClick: () =>
-                      router.push(`/signup?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true`),
-                  },
-                  {
-                    label: 'I already have an account',
-                    onClick: () =>
-                      router.push(`/login?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true`),
-                  },
-                ]
-              : [
-                  {
-                    label: 'Sign in',
-                    onClick: () =>
-                      router.push(`/login?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true`),
-                  },
-                  {
-                    label: 'Create an account',
-                    onClick: () =>
-                      router.push(`/signup?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true&new=true`),
-                  },
-                ]),
-            {
-              label: 'Return to Home',
-              onClick: () => router.push('/'),
-            },
+            ...prompt.actions,
+            { label: 'Return to Home', onClick: () => router.push('/') },
           ]}
         />
       </InviteLayout>
@@ -371,7 +426,7 @@ export default function Invite() {
   }
 
   if (error) {
-    const callbackUrl = encodeURIComponent(getCallbackUrl())
+    const callbackUrl = getCallbackUrl()
 
     if (error.code === 'email-mismatch') {
       return (
@@ -386,7 +441,7 @@ export default function Invite() {
                 label: 'Sign in with a different account',
                 onClick: async () => {
                   await client.signOut()
-                  router.push(`/login?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true`)
+                  router.push(inviteAuthLink('/login', callbackUrl))
                 },
               },
               { label: 'Return to Home', onClick: () => router.push('/') },
@@ -424,12 +479,16 @@ export default function Invite() {
             actions={[
               {
                 label: 'Sign in to continue',
-                onClick: () => router.push(`/login?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true`),
-              },
-              {
-                label: 'Create an account',
-                onClick: () => router.push(`/signup?callbackUrl=${callbackUrl}&invite_flow=true`),
+                onClick: () => router.push(inviteAuthLink('/login', callbackUrl)),
               },
+              ...(registrationDisabled
+                ? []
+                : [
+                    {
+                      label: 'Create an account',
+                      onClick: () => router.push(inviteAuthLink('/signup', callbackUrl)),
+                    },
+                  ]),
               { label: 'Return to Home', onClick: () => router.push('/') },
             ]}
           />
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/page.tsx b/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/page.tsx
index 60c990fcffc..957fdb4ba74 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/invite/[id]/page.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { Suspense } from 'react'
 import type { Metadata } from 'next'
+import { isRegistrationDisabled } from '@/lib/core/config/env-flags'
 import Invite from '@/app/invite/[id]/invite'
 
 export const metadata: Metadata = {
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
 export default function InvitePage() {
   return (
     <Suspense fallback={null}>
-      <Invite />
+      <Invite registrationDisabled={isRegistrationDisabled} />
     </Suspense>
   )
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/oauth-error/page.tsx b/apps/sim/app/oauth-error/page.tsx
index b7f1392e9d2..513a77368b2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/oauth-error/page.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/app/oauth-error/page.tsx
@@ -25,6 +25,14 @@ interface OAuthErrorPageProps {
 const FRIENDLY: Record<string, string> = {
   access_denied: 'You declined the request at the provider, so nothing was connected.',
   oAuth_code_missing: 'The provider didn’t return a valid response. Please try again.',
+  /**
+   * DISABLE_REGISTRATION rejecting a first-time social sign-in. Better Auth
+   * reports this as `signup disabled`, which it slugs into the `error` param.
+   * Without a message here the visitor is told to "try again", which can never
+   * succeed.
+   */
+  signup_disabled:
+    'Account creation is disabled on this instance. Ask your admin to create an account for you.',
 }
 
 function messageForError(code: string | undefined): string {
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.test.tsx b/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.test.tsx
index cd1dc712c46..7a6f2dc0af7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.test.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.test.tsx
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ vi.mock('@/lib/core/config/env', () => ({
 
 import SSOForm from '@/ee/sso/components/sso-form'
 
-function renderFirstFrame(search: string): string {
+function renderFirstFrame(search: string, registrationDisabled = false): string {
   mockUseSearchParams.mockReturnValue(new URLSearchParams(search))
-  return renderToString(<SSOForm />)
+  return renderToString(<SSOForm registrationDisabled={registrationDisabled} />)
 }
 
 /**
@@ -78,3 +78,24 @@ describe('SSOForm callback URL', () => {
     expect(html).toContain(`/login?callbackUrl=${encodeURIComponent('/workspace')}`)
   })
 })
+
+describe('SSOForm signup cross-link', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    mockUseSearchParams.mockReset()
+  })
+
+  it('offers signup when registration is enabled', () => {
+    const html = renderFirstFrame('')
+
+    expect(html).toContain('Don&#x27;t have an account?')
+    expect(html).toContain('/signup')
+  })
+
+  /** `/signup` rejects the visitor server-side, so linking there is a dead end. */
+  it('hides signup when registration is disabled', () => {
+    const html = renderFirstFrame('', true)
+
+    expect(html).not.toContain('Don&#x27;t have an account?')
+    expect(html).not.toContain('/signup')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.tsx b/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.tsx
index 7cf40063bbb..f2c3cd5f4c6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.tsx
+++ b/apps/sim/ee/sso/components/sso-form.tsx
@@ -29,7 +29,12 @@ const validateEmailField = (emailValue: string): string[] => {
   return errors
 }
 
-export default function SSOForm() {
+interface SSOFormProps {
+  /** DISABLE_REGISTRATION. Hides the signup cross-link, which `/signup` blocks. */
+  registrationDisabled: boolean
+}
+
+export default function SSOForm({ registrationDisabled }: SSOFormProps) {
   const router = useRouter()
   const searchParams = useSearchParams()
   const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false)
@@ -215,7 +220,7 @@ export default function SSOForm() {
         </>
       )}
 
-      {emailEnabled && (
+      {emailEnabled && !registrationDisabled && (
         <div className='pt-6 text-center font-light text-base'>
           <span className='font-normal'>Don't have an account? </span>
           <Link
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/auth/auth.ts b/apps/sim/lib/auth/auth.ts
index dbf25fdaf02..23810f6ef81 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/auth/auth.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/auth/auth.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,11 @@ import {
 import { getAccessControlConfig, isEmailBlockedByAccessControl } from '@/lib/auth/access-control'
 import { createAnonymousSession, ensureAnonymousUserExists } from '@/lib/auth/anonymous'
 import { buildConnectorProviders } from '@/lib/auth/connectors/providers'
-import { getRequestedSignInProviderId, isSignInProviderAllowed } from '@/lib/auth/constants'
+import {
+  applyRegistrationGate,
+  getRequestedSignInProviderId,
+  isSignInProviderAllowed,
+} from '@/lib/auth/constants'
 import { getSessionCookieCacheVersion } from '@/lib/auth/security-policy'
 import { clampExpiryForSession } from '@/lib/auth/session-policy'
 import { guardSubscriptionPlanWrites } from '@/lib/auth/stripe-adapter-guard'
@@ -714,34 +718,42 @@ export const auth = betterAuth({
       ],
     },
   },
-  socialProviders: {
-    ...(!isGithubAuthDisabled && {
-      github: {
-        clientId: env.GITHUB_CLIENT_ID as string,
-        clientSecret: env.GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET as string,
-        scope: ['user:email', 'repo'],
-      },
-    }),
-    ...(!isGoogleAuthDisabled && {
-      google: {
-        clientId: env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID as string,
-        clientSecret: env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET as string,
-        scope: [
-          'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email',
-          'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile',
-        ],
-      },
-    }),
-    ...(!isMicrosoftAuthDisabled &&
-      env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_ID &&
-      env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_SECRET && {
-        microsoft: {
-          clientId: env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_ID,
-          clientSecret: env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_SECRET,
-          scope: ['openid', 'profile', 'email'],
+  /**
+   * SSO is deliberately outside the registration gate: it runs on
+   * `/sign-in/sso` against admin-configured, domain-verified providers, which
+   * is its own allowlist.
+   */
+  socialProviders: applyRegistrationGate(
+    {
+      ...(!isGithubAuthDisabled && {
+        github: {
+          clientId: env.GITHUB_CLIENT_ID as string,
+          clientSecret: env.GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET as string,
+          scope: ['user:email', 'repo'],
         },
       }),
-  },
+      ...(!isGoogleAuthDisabled && {
+        google: {
+          clientId: env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID as string,
+          clientSecret: env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET as string,
+          scope: [
+            'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.email',
+            'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/userinfo.profile',
+          ],
+        },
+      }),
+      ...(!isMicrosoftAuthDisabled &&
+        env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_ID &&
+        env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_SECRET && {
+          microsoft: {
+            clientId: env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_ID,
+            clientSecret: env.MICROSOFT_CLIENT_SECRET,
+            scope: ['openid', 'profile', 'email'],
+          },
+        }),
+    },
+    isRegistrationDisabled
+  ),
   emailVerification: {
     autoSignInAfterVerification: true,
     afterEmailVerification: async (user) => {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.test.ts
index 4f37d67e031..4aa56edd691 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.test.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  */
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
 import {
+  applyRegistrationGate,
   getRequestedSignInProviderId,
   isSignInProviderAllowed,
   SIGN_IN_PROVIDER_IDS,
@@ -84,3 +85,52 @@ describe('getRequestedSignInProviderId', () => {
     expect(getRequestedSignInProviderId('/sign-in/oauth2', null)).toBeUndefined()
   })
 })
+
+describe('registration gate', () => {
+  const providers = {
+    google: { clientId: 'g', clientSecret: 'gs', scope: ['email'] },
+    github: { clientId: 'h', clientSecret: 'hs' },
+  }
+
+  it('leaves the provider map untouched when registration is enabled', () => {
+    const gated = applyRegistrationGate(providers, false)
+
+    expect(gated).toBe(providers)
+    expect(gated.google).not.toHaveProperty('disableSignUp')
+  })
+
+  it('blocks account creation on every provider when registration is disabled', () => {
+    const gated = applyRegistrationGate(providers, true)
+
+    for (const config of Object.values(gated)) {
+      expect(config.disableSignUp).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+
+  /**
+   * The id-token branch of `/sign-in/social` reads a top-level
+   * `provider.disableSignUp` that Better Auth never hoists from config, so
+   * `disableSignUp` alone leaves that entrance open.
+   */
+  it('also closes the id-token sign-in entrance', () => {
+    const gated = applyRegistrationGate(providers, true)
+
+    for (const config of Object.values(gated)) {
+      expect(config.disableIdTokenSignIn).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('preserves each provider credential and its keys', () => {
+    const gated = applyRegistrationGate(providers, true)
+
+    expect(Object.keys(gated)).toEqual(['google', 'github'])
+    expect(gated.google).toMatchObject({ clientId: 'g', clientSecret: 'gs', scope: ['email'] })
+  })
+
+  it('gates a provider added later without it opting in', () => {
+    const gated = applyRegistrationGate({ ...providers, someFutureIdp: { clientId: 'f' } }, true)
+
+    expect(gated.someFutureIdp.disableSignUp).toBe(true)
+    expect(gated.someFutureIdp.disableIdTokenSignIn).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.ts b/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.ts
index 90972142791..6b78258a4bc 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/auth/constants.ts
@@ -52,3 +52,57 @@ export function getRequestedSignInProviderId(
   if (path === '/sign-in/oauth2') return body?.providerId
   return undefined
 }
+
+/**
+ * A social provider config, narrowed to the Better Auth options that turn off
+ * account creation. The index signature carries the rest of the config
+ * (`clientId`, `scope`, …) untyped — only the two gate keys matter here, and
+ * typing them catches a rename in a Better Auth upgrade.
+ */
+interface RegistrationGate {
+  disableSignUp?: boolean
+  disableIdTokenSignIn?: boolean
+  [option: string]: unknown
+}
+
+/**
+ * Stamps DISABLE_REGISTRATION onto every social provider config.
+ *
+ * The `/sign-up*` gate cannot see OAuth account creation, which happens on
+ * `/sign-in/social` and its callback — without this, a registration-disabled
+ * deployment still mints accounts for any unknown Google/GitHub/Microsoft
+ * identity. Stamping the whole map rather than each provider literal means a
+ * provider added later inherits the gate instead of silently reopening the
+ * hole; that is the entire point of doing this here rather than inline.
+ *
+ * Both keys are required because Better Auth resolves the gate differently per
+ * entrance. The redirect callback reads `provider.options.disableSignUp`, but
+ * the id-token branch of `/sign-in/social` reads a **top-level**
+ * `provider.disableSignUp` that is never hoisted from config, so `disableSignUp`
+ * alone leaves that entrance open. `disableIdTokenSignIn` closes it by failing
+ * `verifyIdToken` before any user lookup. Sim only ever uses the redirect flow,
+ * so disabling the id-token path costs nothing today.
+ *
+ * Existing users are unaffected on both paths — the gate only rejects when no
+ * account matches the verified identity.
+ *
+ * Returns the map untouched when the flag is off, so a registration-enabled
+ * deployment hands Better Auth the exact object it had before. Better Auth also
+ * accepts a lazily-evaluated (function) provider config, which this could not
+ * stamp — spreading a function drops its credentials — but {@link
+ * RegistrationGate}'s index signature makes that a compile error, so it cannot
+ * reach here ungated.
+ */
+export function applyRegistrationGate<T extends Record<string, RegistrationGate>>(
+  providers: T,
+  registrationDisabled: boolean
+): T {
+  if (!registrationDisabled) return providers
+
+  const gated: Record<string, RegistrationGate> = {}
+  for (const [id, config] of Object.entries(providers)) {
+    gated[id] = { ...config, disableSignUp: true, disableIdTokenSignIn: true }
+  }
+  /** The spread widens past what TypeScript can prove; the keys are unchanged. */
+  return gated as T
+}