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docs/cpp/welcome-back-to-cpp-modern-cpp.md

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One of the original requirements for C++ was backward compatibility with the C language. As a result C++ has always permitted C-style programming with raw pointers, arrays, null-terminated character strings, custom data structures, and other features that may enable great performance but can also spawn bugs and complexity. The evolution of C++ has emphasized features that greatly reduce the need to C-style idioms. The old C-programming facilities are there when you need them, but with modern C++ code you should need them less and less. Modern C++ code is simpler, safer, more elegant, and still as fast as ever.
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The following sections provide an overview of the main features of modern C++. Unless noted otherwise, the features listed here are available in C++11 and later. In the Microsoft C++ compiler, you can set the [/std](../build/std-specify-language-standard-version.md) compiler option to specify which version of the standard to use for your project.
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The following sections provide an overview of the main features of modern C++. Unless noted otherwise, the features listed here are available in C++11 and later. In the Microsoft C++ compiler, you can set the [/std](../build/reference/std-specify-language-standard-version.md) compiler option to specify which version of the standard to use for your project.
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## Prevent memory leaks through RAII and smart pointers
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## std::variant instead of unions (C++17)
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Unions are commonly used in C-style programming to conserve memory by enabling members of different types to occupy the same memory location. However, unions are not type-safe and are prone to programming errors. C++17 introduces the [std::variant](../standard-library/variant-class.md) class as a more robust and safe alternative to unions. The [std::visit](../standard-library/visit) function can be used to access the members of a `variant` type in a type-safe manner.
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Unions are commonly used in C-style programming to conserve memory by enabling members of different types to occupy the same memory location. However, unions are not type-safe and are prone to programming errors. C++17 introduces the [std::variant](../standard-library/variant-class.md) class as a more robust and safe alternative to unions. The [std::visit](../standard-library/variant-functions.md#visit) function can be used to access the members of a `variant` type in a type-safe manner.
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## See also
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docs/standard-library/cpp-standard-library-header-files.md

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| Container views | \<span><sup>20</sup> |
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| [Errors and exception handling](../cpp/errors-and-exception-handling-modern-cpp.md) | [\<cassert>](cassert.md), [\<exception>](exception.md), [\<stdexcept>](stdexcept.md), [\<system_error>](system-error.md)<sup>11</sup> |
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| General utilities | \<any><sup>17</sup>, [\<bitset>](bitset.md), \<charconv><sup>17</sup>, [\<cstdlib>](cstdlib.md), \<execution><sup>17</sup>, [\<functional>](functional.md), [\<memory>](memory.md), \<memory_resource><sup>17</sup>, \<optional><sup>17</sup>, [\<ratio>](ratio.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<scoped_allocator>](scoped-allocator.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<tuple>](tuple.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<type_traits>](type-traits.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<typeindex>](typeindex.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<utility>](utility.md), \<variant><sup>17</sup> |
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| [I/O and formatting](../cpp/string-and-i-o-formatting-modern-cpp.md) | [\<cinttypes>](cinttypes.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<cstdio>](cstdio.md), [\<filesystem>](filesystem.md)<sup>17</sup>, [\<fstream>](fstream.md), [\<iomanip>](iomanip.md), [\<ios>](ios.md), [\<iosfwd>](iosfwd.md), [\<iostream>](iostream.md), [\<istream>](istream.md), [\<ostream>](ostream.md), [\<sstream>](sstream.md), [\<streambuf>](streambuf.md), [\<strstream>](strstream.md)<sup>c</sup>, \<syncstream><sup>20</sup> |
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| [I/O and formatting](../text/string-and-i-o-formatting-modern-cpp.md) | [\<cinttypes>](cinttypes.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<cstdio>](cstdio.md), [\<filesystem>](filesystem.md)<sup>17</sup>, [\<fstream>](fstream.md), [\<iomanip>](iomanip.md), [\<ios>](ios.md), [\<iosfwd>](iosfwd.md), [\<iostream>](iostream.md), [\<istream>](istream.md), [\<ostream>](ostream.md), [\<sstream>](sstream.md), [\<streambuf>](streambuf.md), [\<strstream>](strstream.md)<sup>c</sup>, \<syncstream><sup>20</sup> |
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| Iterators | [\<iterator>](iterator.md) |
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| Language support | [\<cfloat>](cfloat.md), [\<climits>](climits.md), [\<codecvt>](codecvt.md)<sup>11 a</sup>, \<compare><sup>20</sup>, \<contract><sup>20</sup>, \<coroutine><sup>20</sup>, [\<csetjmp>](csetjmp.md), [\<csignal>](csignal.md), [\<cstdarg>](cstdarg.md), [\<cstddef>](cstddef.md), [\<cstdint>](cstdint.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<cstdlib>](cstdlib.md), [\<exception>](exception.md), [\<initializer_list>](initializer-list.md)<sup>11</sup>, [\<limits>](limits.md), [\<new>](new.md), [\<typeinfo>](typeinfo.md), \<version><sup>20</sup> |
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| Localization | [\<clocale>](clocale.md), [\<codecvt>](codecvt.md)<sup>11 a</sup>, [\<cvt/wbuffer>](cvt-wbuffer.md), [\<cvt/wstring>](cvt-wstring.md), [\<locale>](locale.md) |
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|Unordered associative containers|[\<unordered_map>](unordered-map.md), [\<unordered_set>](unordered-set.md)|
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|Adaptor containers|[\<queue>](queue.md), [\<stack>](stack.md)|
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|[Errors and exception handling](../cpp/errors-and-exception-handling-modern-cpp.md)|[\<exception>](exception.md), [\<stdexcept>](stdexcept.md), [\<system_error>](system-error.md)|
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|[I/O and formatting](../cpp/string-and-i-o-formatting-modern-cpp.md)|[\<filesystem>](filesystem.md), [\<fstream>](fstream.md), [\<iomanip>](iomanip.md), [\<ios>](ios.md), [\<iosfwd>](iosfwd.md), [\<iostream>](iostream.md), [\<istream>](istream.md), [\<ostream>](ostream.md), [\<sstream>](sstream.md), [\<streambuf>](streambuf.md), [\<strstream>](strstream.md)|
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|[I/O and formatting](../text/string-and-i-o-formatting-modern-cpp.md)|[\<filesystem>](filesystem.md), [\<fstream>](fstream.md), [\<iomanip>](iomanip.md), [\<ios>](ios.md), [\<iosfwd>](iosfwd.md), [\<iostream>](iostream.md), [\<istream>](istream.md), [\<ostream>](ostream.md), [\<sstream>](sstream.md), [\<streambuf>](streambuf.md), [\<strstream>](strstream.md)|
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|Iterators|[\<iterator>](iterator.md)|
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|Localization|[\<codecvt>](codecvt.md), [\<cvt/wbuffer>](cvt-wbuffer.md), [\<cvt/wstring>](cvt-wstring.md), [\<locale>](locale.md)|
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|Math and numerics|[\<complex>](complex.md), [\<limits>](limits.md), [\<numeric>](numeric.md), [\<random>](random.md), [\<ratio>](ratio.md), [\<valarray>](valarray.md)|

docs/toc.yml

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href: cpp/alignof-and-alignas-cpp.md
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- name: Trivial, standard-layout, and POD types
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href: cpp/trivial-standard-layout-and-pod-types.md
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- name: Type system
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- name: Type system
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