# Authoring schematics

You can create your own schematics to operate on Angular projects.
Library developers typically package schematics with their libraries to integrate them with the Angular CLI.
You can also create stand-alone schematics to manipulate the files and constructs in Angular applications as a way of customizing them for your development environment and making them conform to your standards and constraints.
Schematics can be chained, running other schematics to perform complex operations.

Manipulating the code in an application has the potential to be both very powerful and correspondingly dangerous.
For example, creating a file that already exists would be an error, and if it was applied immediately, it would discard all the other changes applied so far.
The Angular Schematics tooling guards against side effects and errors by creating a virtual file system.
A schematic describes a pipeline of transformations that can be applied to the virtual file system.
When a schematic runs, the transformations are recorded in memory, and only applied in the real file system once they're confirmed to be valid.

## Schematics concepts

The public API for schematics defines classes that represent the basic concepts.

- The virtual file system is represented by a `Tree`.
  The `Tree` data structure contains a _base_ \(a set of files that already exists\) and a _staging area_ \(a list of changes to be applied to the base\).
  When making modifications, you don't actually change the base, but add those modifications to the staging area.

- A `Rule` object defines a function that takes a `Tree`, applies transformations, and returns a new `Tree`.
  The main file for a schematic, `index.ts`, defines a set of rules that implement the schematic's logic.

- A transformation is represented by an `Action`.
  There are four action types: `Create`, `Rename`, `Overwrite`, and `Delete`.

- Each schematic runs in a context, represented by a `SchematicContext` object.

The context object passed into a rule provides access to utility functions and metadata that the schematic might need to work with, including a logging API to help with debugging.
The context also defines a _merge strategy_ that determines how changes are merged from the staged tree into the base tree.
A change can be accepted or ignored, or throw an exception.

### Defining rules and actions

When you create a new blank schematic with the [Schematics CLI](#schematics-cli), the generated entry function is a _rule factory_.
A `RuleFactory` object defines a higher-order function that creates a `Rule`.

```ts {header: "index.ts"}
import { Rule, SchematicContext, Tree } from '@angular-devkit/schematics';

// You don't have to export the function as default.
// You can also have more than one rule factory per file.
export function helloWorld(\_options: any): Rule {
   return (tree: Tree,\_context: SchematicContext) => {
    return tree;
  };
}
```

Your rules can make changes to your projects by calling external tools and implementing logic.
You need a rule, for example, to define how a template in the schematic is to be merged into the hosting project.

Rules can make use of utilities provided with the `@schematics/angular` package.
Look for helper functions for working with modules, dependencies, TypeScript, AST, JSON, Angular CLI workspaces and projects, and more.

```ts {header: "index.ts"}
import {
  JsonAstObject,
  JsonObject,
  JsonValue,
  Path,
  normalize,
  parseJsonAst,
  strings,
} from '@angular-devkit/core';
```

### Defining input options with a schema and interfaces

Rules can collect option values from the caller and inject them into templates.
The options available to your rules, with their allowed values and defaults, are defined in the schematic's JSON schema file, `<schematic>/schema.json`.
Define variable or enumerated data types for the schema using TypeScript interfaces.

The schema defines the types and default values of variables used in the schematic.
For example, the hypothetical "Hello World" schematic might have the following schema.

```json {header: "schema.json"}
{
  "properties": {
    "name": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1,
      "default": "world"
    },
    "useColor": {
      "type": "boolean"
    }
  }
}
```

See examples of schema files for the Angular CLI command schematics in [`@schematics/angular`](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/blob/main/packages/schematics/angular/application/schema.json).

### Schematic prompts

Schematic _prompts_ introduce user interaction into schematic execution.
Configure schematic options to display a customizable question to the user.
The prompts are displayed before the execution of the schematic, which then uses the response as the value for the option.
This lets users direct the operation of the schematic without requiring in-depth knowledge of the full spectrum of available options.

The "Hello World" schematic might, for example, ask the user for their name, and display that name in place of the default name "world".
To define such a prompt, add an `x-prompt` property to the schema for the `name` variable.

Similarly, you can add a prompt to let the user decide whether the schematic uses color when executing its hello action.
The schema with both prompts would be as follows.

```json {header: "schema.json"}
{
  "properties": {
    "name": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1,
      "default": "world",
      "x-prompt": "What is your name?"
    },
    "useColor": {
      "type": "boolean",
      "x-prompt": "Would you like the response in color?"
    }
  }
}
```

#### Prompt short-form syntax

These examples use a shorthand form of the prompt syntax, supplying only the text of the question.
In most cases, this is all that is required.
Notice however, that the two prompts expect different types of input.
When using the shorthand form, the most appropriate type is automatically selected based on the property's schema.
In the example, the `name` prompt uses the `input` type because it is a string property.
The `useColor` prompt uses a `confirmation` type because it is a Boolean property.
In this case, "yes" corresponds to `true` and "no" corresponds to `false`.

There are three supported input types.

| Input type   | Details                                            |
| :----------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
| confirmation | A yes or no question; ideal for Boolean options.   |
| input        | Textual input; ideal for string or number options. |
| list         | A predefined set of allowed values.                |

In the short form, the type is inferred from the property's type and constraints.

| Property schema   | Prompt type                                  |
| :---------------- | :------------------------------------------- |
| "type": "boolean" | confirmation \("yes"=`true`, "no"=`false`\)  |
| "type": "string"  | input                                        |
| "type": "number"  | input \(only valid numbers accepted\)        |
| "type": "integer" | input \(only valid numbers accepted\)        |
| "enum": […]       | list \(enum members become list selections\) |

In the following example, the property takes an enumerated value, so the schematic automatically chooses the list type, and creates a menu from the possible values.

```json {header: "schema.json"}
{
  "style": {
    "description": "The file extension or preprocessor to use for style files.",
    "type": "string",
    "default": "css",
    "enum": ["css", "scss", "sass", "less", "styl"],
    "x-prompt": "Which stylesheet format would you like to use?"
  }
}
```

The prompt runtime automatically validates the provided response against the constraints provided in the JSON schema.
If the value is not acceptable, the user is prompted for a new value.
This ensures that any values passed to the schematic meet the expectations of the schematic's implementation, so that you do not need to add additional checks within the schematic's code.

#### Prompt long-form syntax

The `x-prompt` field syntax supports a long form for cases where you require additional customization and control over the prompt.
In this form, the `x-prompt` field value is a JSON object with subfields that customize the behavior of the prompt.

| Field   | Data value                                                                  |
| :------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| type    | `confirmation`, `input`, or `list` \(selected automatically in short form\) |
| message | string \(required\)                                                         |
| items   | string and/or label/value object pair \(only valid with type `list`\)       |

The following example of the long form is from the JSON schema for the schematic that the CLI uses to [generate applications](https://github.com/angular/angular-cli/blob/ba8a6ea59983bb52a6f1e66d105c5a77517f062e/packages/schematics/angular/application/schema.json#L56).
It defines the prompt that lets users choose which style preprocessor they want to use for the application being created.
By using the long form, the schematic can provide more explicit formatting of the menu choices.

```json {header: "schema.json"}
{
  "style": {
    "description": "The file extension or preprocessor to use for style files.",
    "type": "string",
    "default": "css",
    "enum": ["css", "scss", "sass", "less"],
    "x-prompt": {
      "message": "Which stylesheet format would you like to use?",
      "type": "list",
      "items": [
        {"value": "css", "label": "CSS"},
        {"value": "scss", "label": "SCSS [ https://sass-lang.com/documentation/syntax#scss ]"},
        {
          "value": "sass",
          "label": "Sass [ https://sass-lang.com/documentation/syntax#the-indented-syntax ]"
        },
        {"value": "less", "label": "Less [ https://lesscss.org/ ]"}
      ]
    }
  }
}
```

#### x-prompt schema

The JSON schema that defines a schematic's options supports extensions to allow the declarative definition of prompts and their respective behavior.
No additional logic or changes are required to the code of a schematic to support the prompts.
The following JSON schema is a complete description of the long-form syntax for the `x-prompt` field.

```json {header: "x-prompt schema"}
{
  "oneOf": [
    {
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "type": "object",
      "properties": {
        "type": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "message": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "items": {
          "type": "array",
          "items": {
            "oneOf": [
              {
                "type": "string"
              },
              {
                "type": "object",
                "properties": {
                  "label": {
                    "type": "string"
                  },
                  "value": {}
                },
                "required": ["value"]
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      },
      "required": ["message"]
    }
  ]
}
```

## Schematics CLI

Schematics come with their own command-line tool.
Using Node 6.9 or later, install the Schematics command line tool globally:

```shell

npm install -g @angular-devkit/schematics-cli

```

This installs the `schematics` executable, which you can use to create a new schematics collection in its own project folder, add a new schematic to an existing collection, or extend an existing schematic.

In the following sections, you will create a new schematics collection using the CLI to introduce the files and file structure, and some of the basic concepts.

The most common use of schematics, however, is to integrate an Angular library with the Angular CLI.
Do this by creating the schematic files directly within the library project in an Angular workspace, without using the Schematics CLI.
See [Schematics for Libraries](tools/cli/schematics-for-libraries).

### Creating a schematics collection

The following command creates a new schematic named `hello-world` in a new project folder of the same name.

```shell

schematics blank --name=hello-world

```

The `blank` schematic is provided by the Schematics CLI.
The command creates a new project folder \(the root folder for the collection\) and an initial named schematic in the collection.

Go to the collection folder, install your npm dependencies, and open your new collection in your favorite editor to see the generated files.
For example, if you are using VS Code:

```shell

cd hello-world
npm install
npm run build
code .

```

The initial schematic gets the same name as the project folder, and is generated in `src/hello-world`.
Add related schematics to this collection, and modify the generated skeleton code to define your schematic's functionality.
Each schematic name must be unique within the collection.

### Running a schematic

Use the `schematics` command to run a named schematic.
Provide the path to the project folder, the schematic name, and any mandatory options, in the following format.

```shell

schematics <path-to-schematics-project>:<schematics-name> --<required-option>=<value>

```

The path can be absolute or relative to the current working directory where the command is executed.
For example, to run the schematic you just generated \(which has no required options\), use the following command.

```shell

schematics .:hello-world

```

### Adding a schematic to a collection

To add a schematic to an existing collection, use the same command you use to start a new schematics project, but run the command inside the project folder.

```shell

cd hello-world
schematics blank --name=goodbye-world

```

The command generates the new named schematic inside your collection, with a main `index.ts` file and its associated test spec.
It also adds the name, description, and factory function for the new schematic to the collection's schema in the `collection.json` file.

## Collection contents

The top level of the root project folder for a collection contains configuration files, a `node_modules` folder, and a `src/` folder.
The `src/` folder contains subfolders for named schematics in the collection, and a schema, `collection.json`, which describes the collected schematics.
Each schematic is created with a name, description, and factory function.

```json
{
  "$schema": "../node_modules/@angular-devkit/schematics/collection-schema.json",
  "schematics": {
    "hello-world": {
      "description": "A blank schematic.",
      "factory": "./hello-world/index#helloWorld"
    }
  }
}
```

- The `$schema` property specifies the schema that the CLI uses for validation.
- The `schematics` property lists named schematics that belong to this collection.
  Each schematic has a plain-text description, and points to the generated entry function in the main file.

- The `factory` property points to the generated entry function.
  In this example, you invoke the `hello-world` schematic by calling the `helloWorld()` factory function.

- The optional `schema` property points to a JSON schema file that defines the command-line options available to the schematic.
- The optional `aliases` array specifies one or more strings that can be used to invoke the schematic.
  For example, the schematic for the Angular CLI "generate" command has an alias "g", that lets you use the command `ng g`.

### Named schematics

When you use the Schematics CLI to create a blank schematics project, the new blank schematic is the first member of the collection, and has the same name as the collection.
When you add a new named schematic to this collection, it is automatically added to the `collection.json` schema.

In addition to the name and description, each schematic has a `factory` property that identifies the schematic's entry point.
In the example, you invoke the schematic's defined functionality by calling the `helloWorld()` function in the main file, `hello-world/index.ts`.

<img alt="overview" src="assets/images/guide/schematics/collection-files.gif">

Each named schematic in the collection has the following main parts.

| Parts         | Details                                                           |
| :------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `index.ts`    | Code that defines the transformation logic for a named schematic. |
| `schema.json` | Schematic variable definition.                                    |
| `schema.d.ts` | Schematic variables.                                              |
| `files/`      | Optional component/template files to replicate.                   |

It is possible for a schematic to provide all of its logic in the `index.ts` file, without additional templates.
You can create dynamic schematics for Angular, however, by providing components and templates in the `files` folder, like those in standalone Angular projects.
The logic in the index file configures these templates by defining rules that inject data and modify variables.
