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<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>Exception Handling — Python 3.11.5 belgelendirmesi</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

title="Python 3.11.5 belgelendirmesi içinde ara"

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<h3><a href="../contents.html">İçindekiler</a></h3>

<ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Exception Handling</a><ul>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#printing-and-clearing">Printing and clearing</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#issuing-warnings">Issuing warnings</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#querying-the-error-indicator">Querying the error indicator</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exception-classes">Exception Classes</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li>

<li><a class="reference internal" href="#standard-warning-categories">Standard Warning Categories</a></li>

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<h4>Önceki konu</h4>

<a href="refcounting.html"

title="önceki bölüm">Reference Counting</a>

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<h4>Sonraki konu</h4>

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title="sonraki bölüm">Utilities</a>

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<h1>Exception Handling<a class="headerlink" href="#exception-handling" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>

The functions described in this chapter will let you handle and raise Python

exceptions. It is important to understand some of the basics of Python

exception handling. It works somewhat like the POSIX <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">errno</code> variable:

there is a global indicator (per thread) of the last error that occurred. Most

C API functions don’t clear this on success, but will set it to indicate the

cause of the error on failure. Most C API functions also return an error

indicator, usually <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> if they are supposed to return a pointer, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code>

if they return an integer (exception: the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyArg_*</code> functions

return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">1</code> for success and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> for failure).

Concretely, the error indicator consists of three object pointers: the

exception’s type, the exception’s value, and the traceback object. Any

of those pointers can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> if non-set (although some combinations are

forbidden, for example you can’t have a non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> traceback if the exception

type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>).

When a function must fail because some function it called failed, it generally

doesn’t set the error indicator; the function it called already set it. It is

responsible for either handling the error and clearing the exception or

returning after cleaning up any resources it holds (such as object references or

memory allocations); it should not continue normally if it is not prepared to

handle the error. If returning due to an error, it is important to indicate to

the caller that an error has been set. If the error is not handled or carefully

propagated, additional calls into the Python/C API may not behave as intended

and may fail in mysterious ways.

Not

The error indicator is not the result of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sys.exc_info()</code></a>.

The former corresponds to an exception that is not yet caught (and is

therefore still propagating), while the latter returns an exception after

it is caught (and has therefore stopped propagating).

</div>

<h2>Printing and clearing<a class="headerlink" href="#printing-and-clearing" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

void PyErr_Clear()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_Clear" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Clear the error indicator. If the error indicator is not set, there is no

effect.

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_PrintEx" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Print a standard traceback to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stderr</code> and clear the error indicator.

Unless the error is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">SystemExit</code>, in that case no traceback is

printed and the Python process will exit with the error code specified by

the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">SystemExit</code> instance.

Call this function only when the error indicator is set. Otherwise it

will cause a fatal error!

If set_sys_last_vars is nonzero, the variables <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.last_type" title="sys.last_type"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_type</code></a>,

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.last_value" title="sys.last_value"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_value</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.last_traceback" title="sys.last_traceback"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.last_traceback</code></a> will be set to the

type, value and traceback of the printed exception, respectively.

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_Print()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_Print" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Alias for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_PrintEx(1)</code>.

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_WriteUnraisable(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *obj)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_WriteUnraisable" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Call <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.unraisablehook" title="sys.unraisablehook"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sys.unraisablehook()</code></a> using the current exception and obj

argument.

This utility function prints a warning message to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stderr</code> when an

exception has been set but it is impossible for the interpreter to actually

raise the exception. It is used, for example, when an exception occurs in an

<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__del__" title="object.__del__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__del__()</code></a> method.

The function is called with a single argument obj that identifies the context

in which the unraisable exception occurred. If possible,

the repr of obj will be printed in the warning message.

An exception must be set when calling this function.

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Raising exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#raising-exceptions" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

These functions help you set the current thread’s error indicator.

For convenience, some of these functions will always return a

<code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> pointer for use in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">return</code> statement.

void PyErr_SetString(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *type, const char *message)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetString" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This is the most common way to set the error indicator. The first argument

specifies the exception type; it is normally one of the standard exceptions,

e.g. <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_RuntimeError</code>. You need not create a new

<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-strong-reference">strong reference</a> to it (e.g. with <a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html#c.Py_INCREF" title="Py_INCREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">Py_INCREF()</code></a>).

The second argument is an error message; it is decoded from <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'utf-8'</code>.

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SetObject(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *type, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *value)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetObject" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This function is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetString" title="PyErr_SetString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetString()</code></a> but lets you specify an

arbitrary Python object for the “value” of the exception.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This function sets the error indicator and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>. exception

should be a Python exception class. The format and subsequent

parameters help format the error message; they have the same meaning and

values as in <a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#c.PyUnicode_FromFormat" title="PyUnicode_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyUnicode_FromFormat()</code></a>. format is an ASCII-encoded

string.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.5.Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_Format" title="PyErr_Format"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_Format()</code></a>, but taking a <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">va_list</code> argument rather

than a variable number of arguments.

3.5 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SetNone(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *type)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetNone" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This is a shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetObject(type, Py_None)</code>.

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_BadArgument()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_BadArgument" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This is a shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message)</code>, where

message indicates that a built-in operation was invoked with an illegal

argument. It is mostly for internal use.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This is a shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_MemoryError)</code>; it returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>

so an object allocation function can write <code class="docutils literal notranslate">return PyErr_NoMemory();</code> when it

runs out of memory.

</dd></dl>

has returned an error and set the C variable <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">errno</code>. It constructs a

tuple object whose first item is the integer <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">errno</code> value and whose

second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">strerror()</code>),

and then calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetObject(type, object)</code>. On Unix, when the

<code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">errno</code> value is <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate">EINTR</code>, indicating an interrupted system call,

this calls <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_CheckSignals" title="PyErr_CheckSignals"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_CheckSignals()</code></a>, and if that set the error indicator,

leaves it set to that. The function always returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, so a wrapper

function around a system call can write <code class="docutils literal notranslate">return PyErr_SetFromErrno(type);</code>

when the system call returns an error.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetFromErrno" title="PyErr_SetFromErrno"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetFromErrno()</code></a>, with the additional behavior that if

filenameObject is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, it is passed to the constructor of type as

a third parameter. In the case of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">OSError</code></a> exception,

this is used to define the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">filename</code> attribute of the

exception instance.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.7.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject" title="PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject()</code></a>, but takes a second

filename object, for raising errors when a function that takes two filenames

fails.

3.4 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject" title="PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject()</code></a>, but the filename

is given as a C string. filename is decoded from the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-filesystem-encoding-and-error-handler">filesystem

encoding and error handler</a>.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> on Windows since version 3.7.This is a convenience function to raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#WindowsError" title="WindowsError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">WindowsError</code></a>. If called with

ierr of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code>, the error code returned by a call to <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">GetLastError()</code>

is used instead. It calls the Win32 function <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">FormatMessage()</code> to retrieve

the Windows description of error code given by ierr or <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">GetLastError()</code>,

then it constructs a tuple object whose first item is the ierr value and whose

second item is the corresponding error message (gotten from

<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">FormatMessage()</code>), and then calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_WindowsError,

object)</code>. This function always returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Windows.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> on Windows since version 3.7.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr" title="PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()</code></a>, with an additional parameter

specifying the exception type to be raised.

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Windows.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> on Windows since version 3.7.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr" title="PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr()</code></a>, with the additional behavior

that if filename is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, it is decoded from the filesystem

encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fsdecode" title="os.fsdecode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">os.fsdecode()</code></a>) and passed to the constructor of

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">OSError</code></a> as a third parameter to be used to define the

<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">filename</code> attribute of the exception instance.

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Windows.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> on Windows since version 3.7.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr" title="PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErr()</code></a>, with the additional behavior

that if filename is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, it is passed to the constructor of

<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">filename</code> attribute of the exception instance.

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Windows.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObjects(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *type, int ierr, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *filename, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *filename2)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObjects" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> on Windows since version 3.7.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject" title="PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject()</code></a>,

but accepts a second filename object.

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Windows.

</div>

3.4 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> on Windows since version 3.7.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename" title="PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename()</code></a>, with an additional

parameter specifying the exception type to be raised.

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/intro.html#availability">Availability</a>: Windows.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.7.This is a convenience function to raise <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ImportError" title="ImportError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImportError</code></a>. msg will be

set as the exception’s message string. name and path, both of which can

be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, will be set as the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ImportError" title="ImportError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImportError</code></a>’s respective <code class="docutils literal notranslate">name</code>

and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">path</code> attributes.

3.3 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyErr_SetImportErrorSubclass(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exception, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *msg, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *name, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *path)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetImportErrorSubclass" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>Return value: Always NULL. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.6.Much like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetImportError" title="PyErr_SetImportError"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetImportError()</code></a> but this function allows for

specifying a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ImportError" title="ImportError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImportError</code></a> to raise.

3.6 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>Set file, line, and offset information for the current exception. If the

current exception is not a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SyntaxError</code></a>, then it sets additional

attributes, which make the exception printing subsystem think the exception

is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SyntaxError</code></a>.

3.4 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx(const char *filename, int lineno, int col_offset)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.7.Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject" title="PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SyntaxLocationObject()</code></a>, but filename is a byte string

decoded from the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-filesystem-encoding-and-error-handler">filesystem encoding and error handler</a>.

3.2 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SyntaxLocation(const char *filename, int lineno)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SyntaxLocation" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx" title="PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SyntaxLocationEx()</code></a>, but the col_offset parameter is

omitted.

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_BadInternalCall()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_BadInternalCall" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This is a shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message)</code>,

where message indicates that an internal operation (e.g. a Python/C API

function) was invoked with an illegal argument. It is mostly for internal

use.

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Issuing warnings<a class="headerlink" href="#issuing-warnings" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

Use these functions to issue warnings from C code. They mirror similar

functions exported by the Python <a class="reference internal" href="../library/warnings.html#module-warnings" title="warnings: Issue warning messages and control their disposition."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">warnings</code></a> module. They normally

print a warning message to sys.stderr; however, it is

also possible that the user has specified that warnings are to be turned into

errors, and in that case they will raise an exception. It is also possible that

the functions raise an exception because of a problem with the warning machinery.

The return value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> if no exception is raised, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> if an exception

is raised. (It is not possible to determine whether a warning message is

actually printed, nor what the reason is for the exception; this is

intentional.) If an exception is raised, the caller should do its normal

exception handling (for example, <a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">Py_DECREF()</code></a> owned references and return

an error value).

int PyErr_WarnEx(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *category, const char *message, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> stack_level)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_WarnEx" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Issue a warning message. The category argument is a warning category (see

below) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>; the message argument is a UTF-8 encoded string. stack_level is a

positive number giving a number of stack frames; the warning will be issued from

the currently executing line of code in that stack frame. A stack_level of 1

is the function calling <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_WarnEx" title="PyErr_WarnEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_WarnEx()</code></a>, 2 is the function above that,

and so forth.

Warning categories must be subclasses of <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_Warning</code>;

<code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_Warning</code> is a subclass of <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_Exception</code>;

the default warning category is <code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_RuntimeWarning</code>. The standard

Python warning categories are available as global variables whose names are

enumerated at <a class="reference internal" href="#standardwarningcategories">Standard Warning Categories</a>.

For information about warning control, see the documentation for the

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/warnings.html#module-warnings" title="warnings: Issue warning messages and control their disposition."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">warnings</code></a> module and the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-W"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate">-W</code></a> option in the command line

documentation. There is no C API for warning control.

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_WarnExplicitObject(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *category, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *message, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *filename, int lineno, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *module, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *registry)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_WarnExplicitObject" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>Issue a warning message with explicit control over all warning attributes. This

is a straightforward wrapper around the Python function

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/warnings.html#warnings.warn_explicit" title="warnings.warn_explicit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">warnings.warn_explicit()</code></a>; see there for more information. The module

and registry arguments may be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> to get the default effect

described there.

3.4 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_WarnExplicit(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *category, const char *message, const char *filename, int lineno, const char *module, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *registry)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_WarnExplicit" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_WarnExplicitObject" title="PyErr_WarnExplicitObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_WarnExplicitObject()</code></a> except that message and

module are UTF-8 encoded strings, and filename is decoded from the

<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-filesystem-encoding-and-error-handler">filesystem encoding and error handler</a>.

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_WarnFormat(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *category, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> stack_level, const char *format, ...)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_WarnFormat" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Function similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_WarnEx" title="PyErr_WarnEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_WarnEx()</code></a>, but use

<a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#c.PyUnicode_FromFormat" title="PyUnicode_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyUnicode_FromFormat()</code></a> to format the warning message. format is

an ASCII-encoded string.

3.2 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_ResourceWarning(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *source, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> stack_level, const char *format, ...)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_ResourceWarning" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.6.Function similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_WarnFormat" title="PyErr_WarnFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_WarnFormat()</code></a>, but category is

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#ResourceWarning" title="ResourceWarning"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ResourceWarning</code></a> and it passes source to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">warnings.WarningMessage()</code>.

3.6 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Querying the error indicator<a class="headerlink" href="#querying-the-error-indicator" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

<dd>Return value: Borrowed reference. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Test whether the error indicator is set. If set, return the exception type

(the first argument to the last call to one of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_Set*</code>

functions or to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_Restore" title="PyErr_Restore"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_Restore()</code></a>). If not set, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>. You do not

own a reference to the return value, so you do not need to <a class="reference internal" href="refcounting.html#c.Py_DECREF" title="Py_DECREF"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">Py_DECREF()</code></a>

it.

The caller must hold the GIL.

Not

Do not compare the return value to a specific exception; use

<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_ExceptionMatches" title="PyErr_ExceptionMatches"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_ExceptionMatches()</code></a> instead, shown below. (The comparison could

easily fail since the exception may be an instance instead of a class, in the

case of a class exception, or it may be a subclass of the expected exception.)

</div>

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_ExceptionMatches(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_ExceptionMatches" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyErr_Occurred(), exc)</code>. This

should only be called when an exception is actually set; a memory access

violation will occur if no exception has been raised.

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *given, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Return true if the given exception matches the exception type in exc. If

exc is a class object, this also returns true when given is an instance

of a subclass. If exc is a tuple, all exception types in the tuple (and

recursively in subtuples) are searched for a match.

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_Fetch(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **ptype, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **pvalue, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **ptraceback)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_Fetch" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Retrieve the error indicator into three variables whose addresses are passed.

If the error indicator is not set, set all three variables to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>. If it is

set, it will be cleared and you own a reference to each object retrieved. The

value and traceback object may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> even when the type object is not.

Not

This function is normally only used by code that needs to catch exceptions or

by code that needs to save and restore the error indicator temporarily, e.g.:

<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>{

PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;

PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);

/* ... code that might produce other errors ... */

PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback);

}

</pre></div>

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_Restore(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *type, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *value, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *traceback)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_Restore" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Set the error indicator from the three objects. If the error indicator is

already set, it is cleared first. If the objects are <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, the error

indicator is cleared. Do not pass a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> type and non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> value or

traceback. The exception type should be a class. Do not pass an invalid

exception type or value. (Violating these rules will cause subtle problems

later.) This call takes away a reference to each object: you must own a

reference to each object before the call and after the call you no longer own

these references. (If you don’t understand this, don’t use this function. I

warned you.)

Not

This function is normally only used by code that needs to save and restore the

error indicator temporarily. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_Fetch" title="PyErr_Fetch"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_Fetch()</code></a> to save the current

error indicator.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_NormalizeException(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **exc, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **val, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **tb)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_NormalizeException" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Under certain circumstances, the values returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_Fetch" title="PyErr_Fetch"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_Fetch()</code></a> below

can be “unnormalized”, meaning that <code class="docutils literal notranslate">*exc</code> is a class object but <code class="docutils literal notranslate">*val</code> is

not an instance of the same class. This function can be used to instantiate

the class in that case. If the values are already normalized, nothing happens.

The delayed normalization is implemented to improve performance.

Not

This function does not implicitly set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__traceback__</code>

attribute on the exception value. If setting the traceback

appropriately is desired, the following additional snippet is needed:

<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>if (tb != NULL) {

PyException_SetTraceback(val, tb);

}

</pre></div>

</div>

</dd></dl>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.11.Retrieve the active exception instance, as would be returned by <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.exception" title="sys.exception"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sys.exception()</code></a>.

This refers to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was

freshly raised. Returns a new reference to the exception or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.

Does not modify the interpreter’s exception state.

Not

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions.

Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception

state temporarily. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetHandledException" title="PyErr_SetHandledException"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetHandledException()</code></a> to restore or

clear the exception state.

</div>

3.11 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SetHandledException(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetHandledException" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.11.Set the active exception, as known from <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.exception()</code>. This refers

to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was

freshly raised.

To clear the exception state, pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.

Not

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions.

Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception

state temporarily. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_GetHandledException" title="PyErr_GetHandledException"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_GetHandledException()</code></a> to get the exception

state.

</div>

3.11 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_GetExcInfo(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **ptype, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **pvalue, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> **ptraceback)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_GetExcInfo" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.exc_info" title="sys.exc_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">sys.exc_info()</code></a>. This refers to an exception that was already caught,

not to an exception that was freshly raised. Returns new references for the

three objects, any of which may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>. Does not modify the exception

info state. This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using

<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_GetHandledException" title="PyErr_GetHandledException"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_GetHandledException()</code></a>.

Not

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions.

Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception

state temporarily. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetExcInfo" title="PyErr_SetExcInfo"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetExcInfo()</code></a> to restore or clear the

exception state.

</div>

3.3 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SetExcInfo(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *type, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *value, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *traceback)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetExcInfo" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.7.Set the exception info, as known from <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.exc_info()</code>. This refers

to an exception that was already caught, not to an exception that was

freshly raised. This function steals the references of the arguments.

To clear the exception state, pass <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> for all three arguments.

This function is kept for backwards compatibility. Prefer using

<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_SetHandledException" title="PyErr_SetHandledException"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetHandledException()</code></a>.

Not

This function is not normally used by code that wants to handle exceptions.

Rather, it can be used when code needs to save and restore the exception

state temporarily. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_GetExcInfo" title="PyErr_GetExcInfo"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_GetExcInfo()</code></a> to read the exception

state.

</div>

3.3 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

3.11 sürümünde değişti: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">type</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> arguments are no longer used and

can be NULL. The interpreter now derives them from the exception

instance (the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">value</code> argument). The function still steals

references of all three arguments.

</div>

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Signal Handling<a class="headerlink" href="#signal-handling" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

int PyErr_CheckSignals()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_CheckSignals" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.This function interacts with Python’s signal handling.

If the function is called from the main thread and under the main Python

interpreter, it checks whether a signal has been sent to the processes

and if so, invokes the corresponding signal handler. If the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#module-signal" title="signal: Set handlers for asynchronous events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">signal</code></a>

module is supported, this can invoke a signal handler written in Python.

The function attempts to handle all pending signals, and then returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code>.

However, if a Python signal handler raises an exception, the error

indicator is set and the function returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> immediately (such that

other pending signals may not have been handled yet: they will be on the

next <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_CheckSignals" title="PyErr_CheckSignals"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_CheckSignals()</code></a> invocation).

If the function is called from a non-main thread, or under a non-main

Python interpreter, it does nothing and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code>.

This function can be called by long-running C code that wants to

be interruptible by user requests (such as by pressing Ctrl-C).

Not

The default Python signal handler for <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate">SIGINT</code> raises the

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyboardInterrupt</code></a> exception.

</div>

</dd></dl>

void PyErr_SetInterrupt()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetInterrupt" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Simulate the effect of a <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate">SIGINT</code> signal arriving.

This is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_SetInterruptEx(SIGINT)</code>.

Not

This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without

the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-GIL">GIL</a> and from a C signal handler.

</div>

</dd></dl>

int PyErr_SetInterruptEx(int signum)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_SetInterruptEx" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a> since version 3.10.Simulate the effect of a signal arriving. The next time

<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_CheckSignals" title="PyErr_CheckSignals"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_CheckSignals()</code></a> is called, the Python signal handler for

the given signal number will be called.

This function can be called by C code that sets up its own signal handling

and wants Python signal handlers to be invoked as expected when an

interruption is requested (for example when the user presses Ctrl-C

to interrupt an operation).

If the given signal isn’t handled by Python (it was set to

<a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#signal.SIG_DFL" title="signal.SIG_DFL"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">signal.SIG_DFL</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#signal.SIG_IGN" title="signal.SIG_IGN"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">signal.SIG_IGN</code></a>), it will be ignored.

If signum is outside of the allowed range of signal numbers, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code>

is returned. Otherwise, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> is returned. The error indicator is

never changed by this function.

Not

This function is async-signal-safe. It can be called without

the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-GIL">GIL</a> and from a C signal handler.

</div>

3.10 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

int PySignal_SetWakeupFd(int fd)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySignal_SetWakeupFd" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>This utility function specifies a file descriptor to which the signal number

is written as a single byte whenever a signal is received. fd must be

non-blocking. It returns the previous such file descriptor.

The value <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> disables the feature; this is the initial state.

This is equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/signal.html#signal.set_wakeup_fd" title="signal.set_wakeup_fd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">signal.set_wakeup_fd()</code></a> in Python, but without any

error checking. fd should be a valid file descriptor. The function should

only be called from the main thread.

3.5 sürümünde değişti: On Windows, the function now also supports socket handles.

</div>

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Exception Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#exception-classes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

argument must be the name of the new exception, a C string of the form

<code class="docutils literal notranslate">module.classname</code>. The base and dict arguments are normally <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.

This creates a class object derived from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#Exception" title="Exception"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">Exception</code></a> (accessible in C as

<code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_Exception</code>).

The <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__module__</code> attribute of the new class is set to the first part (up

to the last dot) of the name argument, and the class name is set to the last

part (after the last dot). The base argument can be used to specify alternate

base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. The dict

argument can be used to specify a dictionary of class variables and methods.

</dd></dl>

<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc(const char *name, const char *doc, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *base, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *dict)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>Return value: New reference. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Same as <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyErr_NewException" title="PyErr_NewException"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyErr_NewException()</code></a>, except that the new exception class can

easily be given a docstring: If doc is non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>, it will be used as the

docstring for the exception class.

3.2 sürümünde geldi.

</div>

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Exception Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#exception-objects" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

accessible from Python through <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__traceback__</code>. If there is no

traceback associated, this returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.

</dd></dl>

int PyException_SetTraceback(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *ex, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *tb)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyException_SetTraceback" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Set the traceback associated with the exception to tb. Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">Py_None</code> to

clear it.

</dd></dl>

raised) associated with the exception as a new reference, as accessible from

Python through <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__context__</code>. If there is no context associated, this

returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.

</dd></dl>

void PyException_SetContext(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *ex, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *ctx)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyException_SetContext" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Set the context associated with the exception to ctx. Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> to clear

it. There is no type check to make sure that ctx is an exception instance.

This steals a reference to ctx.

</dd></dl>

<dd>Return value: New reference. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Return the cause (either an exception instance, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>,

set by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">raise ... from ...</code>) associated with the exception as a new

reference, as accessible from Python through <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__cause__</code>.

</dd></dl>

void PyException_SetCause(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *ex, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *cause)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyException_SetCause" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Set the cause associated with the exception to cause. Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code> to clear

it. There is no type check to make sure that cause is either an exception

instance or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. This steals a reference to cause.

<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__suppress_context__</code> is implicitly set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> by this function.

</dd></dl>

</section>

<h2>Unicode Exception Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-exception-objects" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>

The following functions are used to create and modify Unicode exceptions from C.

<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create(const char *encoding, const char *object, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> length, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> start, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> end, const char *reason)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeDecodeError_Create" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd>Return value: New reference. Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Create a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#UnicodeDecodeError" title="UnicodeDecodeError"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">UnicodeDecodeError</code></a> object with the attributes encoding,

object, length, start, end and reason. encoding and reason are

UTF-8 encoded strings.

</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> *start)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeDecodeError_GetStart" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> *start)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeEncodeError_GetStart" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> *start)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeTranslateError_GetStart" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Get the start attribute of the given exception object and place it into

*start. start must not be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> on success, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> on

failure.

</dd></dl>

int PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> start)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeDecodeError_SetStart" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

int PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> start)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeEncodeError_SetStart" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

int PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *exc, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t">Py_ssize_t</a> start)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeTranslateError_SetStart" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a> </dt>

<dd> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable">Stable ABI</a>.Set the start attribute of the given exception object to start. Return

<code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> on success, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> on failure.

</dd></dl>

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