-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathunicode.html
More file actions
2011 lines (1857 loc) · 187 KB
/
unicode.html
File metadata and controls
2011 lines (1857 loc) · 187 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="zh_TW">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>Unicode物件與編碼 — Python 3.7.0 說明文件</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/translations.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="在 Python 3.7.0 說明文件 中搜尋"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="關於這些文件" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="index" title="索引" href="../genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="搜尋" href="../search.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="next" title="元組（Tuple）物件" href="tuple.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="Byte Array Objects" href="bytearray.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/unicode.html" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/switchers.js"></script>
</head><body>
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
<h3>瀏覽</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">索引</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python 模組索引"
>模組</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="tuple.html" title="元組（Tuple）物件"
accesskey="N">下一頁</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="bytearray.html" title="Byte Array Objects"
accesskey="P">上一頁</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<span class="language_switcher_placeholder">zh_TW</span>
<span class="version_switcher_placeholder">3.7.0</span>
<a href="../index.html">Documentation </a> »
</li>
<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >Python / C API 參考手冊</a> »</li>
<li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="concrete.html" accesskey="U">Concrete Objects Layer</a> »</li>
<li class="right">
<div class="inline-search" style="display: none" role="search">
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input placeholder="Quick search" type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('.inline-search').show(0);</script>
|
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body" role="main">
<div class="section" id="unicode-objects-and-codecs">
<span id="unicodeobjects"></span><h1>Unicode物件與編碼<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-objects-and-codecs" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="unicode-objects">
<h2>Unicode Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-objects" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h2>
<p>Since the implementation of <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0393"><strong>PEP 393</strong></a> in Python 3.3, Unicode objects internally
use a variety of representations, in order to allow handling the complete range
of Unicode characters while staying memory efficient. There are special cases
for strings where all code points are below 128, 256, or 65536; otherwise, code
points must be below 1114112 (which is the full Unicode range).</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE*</span></code></a> and UTF-8 representations are created on demand and cached
in the Unicode object. The <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE*</span></code></a> representation is deprecated
and inefficient; it should be avoided in performance- or memory-sensitive
situations.</p>
<p>Due to the transition between the old APIs and the new APIs, unicode objects
can internally be in two states depending on how they were created:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>「canonical」 unicode objects are all objects created by a non-deprecated
unicode API. They use the most efficient representation allowed by the
implementation.</li>
<li>「legacy」 unicode objects have been created through one of the deprecated
APIs (typically <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromUnicode" title="PyUnicode_FromUnicode"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromUnicode()</span></code></a>) and only bear the
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE*</span></code></a> representation; you will have to call
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_READY" title="PyUnicode_READY"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_READY()</span></code></a> on them before calling any other API.</li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="unicode-type">
<h3>Unicode Type<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-type" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>These are the basic Unicode object types used for the Unicode implementation in
Python:</p>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.Py_UCS4">
<code class="descname">Py_UCS4</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.Py_UCS2">
<code class="descname">Py_UCS2</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UCS2" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.Py_UCS1">
<code class="descname">Py_UCS1</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UCS1" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>These types are typedefs for unsigned integer types wide enough to contain
characters of 32 bits, 16 bits and 8 bits, respectively. When dealing with
single Unicode characters, use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UCS4</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE">
<code class="descname">Py_UNICODE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a typedef of <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wchar_t</span></code>, which is a 16-bit type or 32-bit type
depending on the platform.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版更變: </span>In previous versions, this was a 16-bit type or a 32-bit type depending on
whether you selected a 「narrow」 or 「wide」 Unicode version of Python at
build time.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyASCIIObject">
<code class="descname">PyASCIIObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyASCIIObject" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyCompactUnicodeObject">
<code class="descname">PyCompactUnicodeObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCompactUnicodeObject" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicodeObject">
<code class="descname">PyUnicodeObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicodeObject" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>These subtypes of <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> represent a Python Unicode object. In
almost all cases, they shouldn’t be used directly, since all API functions
that deal with Unicode objects take and return <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> pointers.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> <code class="descname">PyUnicode_Type</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_Type" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> represents the Python Unicode type. It
is exposed to Python code as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The following APIs are really C macros and can be used to do fast checks and to
access internal read-only data of Unicode objects:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_Check">
int <code class="descname">PyUnicode_Check</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_Check" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a Unicode object or an instance of a Unicode
subtype.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_CheckExact">
int <code class="descname">PyUnicode_CheckExact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_CheckExact" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return true if the object <em>o</em> is a Unicode object, but not an instance of a
subtype.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_READY">
int <code class="descname">PyUnicode_READY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_READY" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Ensure the string object <em>o</em> is in the 「canonical」 representation. This is
required before using any of the access macros described below.</p>
<p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> with an exception set on failure, which in
particular happens if memory allocation fails.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the length of the Unicode string, in code points. <em>o</em> has to be a
Unicode object in the 「canonical」 representation (not checked).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS1" title="Py_UCS1">Py_UCS1</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS2" title="Py_UCS2">Py_UCS2</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_2BYTE_DATA" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_4BYTE_DATA" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a pointer to the canonical representation cast to UCS1, UCS2 or UCS4
integer types for direct character access. No checks are performed if the
canonical representation has the correct character size; use
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_KIND" title="PyUnicode_KIND"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_KIND()</span></code></a> to select the right macro. Make sure
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_READY" title="PyUnicode_READY"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_READY()</span></code></a> has been called before accessing this.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="macro">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND">
<code class="descname">PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND">
<code class="descname">PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND">
<code class="descname">PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND">
<code class="descname">PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return values of the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_KIND" title="PyUnicode_KIND"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_KIND()</span></code></a> macro.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_KIND">
int <code class="descname">PyUnicode_KIND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_KIND" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return one of the PyUnicode kind constants (see above) that indicate how many
bytes per character this Unicode object uses to store its data. <em>o</em> has to
be a Unicode object in the 「canonical」 representation (not checked).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_DATA">
void* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_DATA</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_DATA" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a void pointer to the raw unicode buffer. <em>o</em> has to be a Unicode
object in the 「canonical」 representation (not checked).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_WRITE">
void <code class="descname">PyUnicode_WRITE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>int<em> kind</em>, void<em> *data</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> index</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a><em> value</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_WRITE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write into a canonical representation <em>data</em> (as obtained with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_DATA" title="PyUnicode_DATA"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_DATA()</span></code></a>). This macro does not do any sanity checks and is
intended for usage in loops. The caller should cache the <em>kind</em> value and
<em>data</em> pointer as obtained from other macro calls. <em>index</em> is the index in
the string (starts at 0) and <em>value</em> is the new code point value which should
be written to that location.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_READ">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a> <code class="descname">PyUnicode_READ</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>int<em> kind</em>, void<em> *data</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> index</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_READ" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read a code point from a canonical representation <em>data</em> (as obtained with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_DATA" title="PyUnicode_DATA"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_DATA()</span></code></a>). No checks or ready calls are performed.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_READ_CHAR">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a> <code class="descname">PyUnicode_READ_CHAR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> index</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_READ_CHAR" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read a character from a Unicode object <em>o</em>, which must be in the 「canonical」
representation. This is less efficient than <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_READ" title="PyUnicode_READ"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_READ()</span></code></a> if you
do multiple consecutive reads.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE">
<code class="descname">PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the maximum code point that is suitable for creating another string
based on <em>o</em>, which must be in the 「canonical」 representation. This is
always an approximation but more efficient than iterating over the string.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_ClearFreeList">
int <code class="descname">PyUnicode_ClearFreeList</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_ClearFreeList" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clear the free list. Return the total number of freed items.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_GET_SIZE">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_GET_SIZE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_GET_SIZE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the size of the deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> representation, in
code units (this includes surrogate pairs as 2 units). <em>o</em> has to be a
Unicode object (not checked).</p>
<div class="deprecated-removed">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 4.0: </span>Part of the old-style Unicode API, please migrate to using
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH" title="PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the size of the deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> representation in
bytes. <em>o</em> has to be a Unicode object (not checked).</p>
<div class="deprecated-removed">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 4.0: </span>Part of the old-style Unicode API, please migrate to using
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH" title="PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AS_DATA">
const char* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AS_DATA</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *o</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AS_DATA" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a pointer to a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> representation of the object. The
returned buffer is always terminated with an extra null code point. It
may also contain embedded null code points, which would cause the string
to be truncated when used in most C functions. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AS_DATA</span></code> form
casts the pointer to <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">const</span> <span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>. The <em>o</em> argument has to be
a Unicode object (not checked).</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版更變: </span>This macro is now inefficient – because in many cases the
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> representation does not exist and needs to be created
– and can fail (return <em>NULL</em> with an exception set). Try to port the
code to use the new <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_nBYTE_DATA()</span></code> macros or use
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_WRITE" title="PyUnicode_WRITE"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_WRITE()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_READ" title="PyUnicode_READ"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_READ()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="deprecated-removed">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 4.0: </span>Part of the old-style Unicode API, please migrate to using the
<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_nBYTE_DATA()</span></code> family of macros.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="unicode-character-properties">
<h3>Unicode Character Properties<a class="headerlink" href="#unicode-character-properties" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>Unicode provides many different character properties. The most often needed ones
are available through these macros which are mapped to C functions depending on
the Python configuration.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a whitespace character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a lowercase character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is an uppercase character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a titlecase character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a linebreak character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a decimal character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a digit character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a numeric character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is an alphabetic character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is an alphanumeric character.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> depending on whether <em>ch</em> is a printable character.
Nonprintable characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character
database as 「Other」 or 「Separator」, excepting the ASCII space (0x20) which is
considered printable. (Note that printable characters in this context are
those which should not be escaped when <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> is invoked on a string.
It has no bearing on the handling of strings written to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stdout" title="sys.stdout"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.stderr" title="sys.stderr"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code></a>.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>These APIs can be used for fast direct character conversions:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a> <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the character <em>ch</em> converted to lower case.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版後已棄用: </span>This function uses simple case mappings.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a> <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the character <em>ch</em> converted to upper case.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版後已棄用: </span>This function uses simple case mappings.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a> <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the character <em>ch</em> converted to title case.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版後已棄用: </span>This function uses simple case mappings.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the character <em>ch</em> converted to a decimal positive integer. Return
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if this is not possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT">
int <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the character <em>ch</em> converted to a single digit integer. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if
this is not possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC">
double <code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> ch</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the character <em>ch</em> converted to a double. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> if this is not
possible. This macro does not raise exceptions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>These APIs can be used to work with surrogates:</p>
<dl class="macro">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE">
<code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>ch<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Check if <em>ch</em> is a surrogate (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0xD800</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">ch</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">0xDFFF</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="macro">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE">
<code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>ch<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_IS_HIGH_SURROGATE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Check if <em>ch</em> is a high surrogate (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0xD800</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">ch</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">0xDBFF</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="macro">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE">
<code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>ch<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_IS_LOW_SURROGATE" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Check if <em>ch</em> is a low surrogate (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0xDC00</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">ch</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">0xDFFF</span></code>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="macro">
<dt id="c.Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES">
<code class="descname">Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>high, low<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_UNICODE_JOIN_SURROGATES" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Join two surrogate characters and return a single Py_UCS4 value.
<em>high</em> and <em>low</em> are respectively the leading and trailing surrogates in a
surrogate pair.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings">
<h3>Creating and accessing Unicode strings<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>To create Unicode objects and access their basic sequence properties, use these
APIs:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_New">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_New</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>Py_ssize_t<em> size</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a><em> maxchar</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_New" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new Unicode object. <em>maxchar</em> should be the true maximum code point
to be placed in the string. As an approximation, it can be rounded up to the
nearest value in the sequence 127, 255, 65535, 1114111.</p>
<p>This is the recommended way to allocate a new Unicode object. Objects
created using this function are not resizable.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromKindAndData">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromKindAndData</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>int<em> kind</em>, const void<em> *buffer</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromKindAndData" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a new Unicode object with the given <em>kind</em> (possible values are
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND" title="PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND</span></code></a> etc., as returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_KIND" title="PyUnicode_KIND"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_KIND()</span></code></a>). The <em>buffer</em> must point to an array of <em>size</em>
units of 1, 2 or 4 bytes per character, as given by the kind.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *u</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a Unicode object from the char buffer <em>u</em>. The bytes will be
interpreted as being UTF-8 encoded. The buffer is copied into the new
object. If the buffer is not <em>NULL</em>, the return value might be a shared
object, i.e. modification of the data is not allowed.</p>
<p>If <em>u</em> is <em>NULL</em>, this function behaves like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromUnicode" title="PyUnicode_FromUnicode"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromUnicode()</span></code></a>
with the buffer set to <em>NULL</em>. This usage is deprecated in favor of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_New" title="PyUnicode_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_New()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromString">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *<code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *u</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromString" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a Unicode object from a UTF-8 encoded null-terminated char buffer
<em>u</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromFormat">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromFormat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *format</em>, ...<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromFormat" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Take a C <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf()</span></code>-style <em>format</em> string and a variable number of
arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python unicode string and return
a string with the values formatted into it. The variable arguments must be C
types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the <em>format</em>
ASCII-encoded string. The following format characters are allowed:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="26%" />
<col width="29%" />
<col width="44%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Format Characters</th>
<th class="head">Type</th>
<th class="head">Comment</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%%</span></code></td>
<td><em>n/a</em></td>
<td>The literal % character.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%c</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>A single character,
represented as a C int.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%d</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%d")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id1">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%u</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%u")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id2">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%ld</span></code></td>
<td>long</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%ld")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id3">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%li</span></code></td>
<td>long</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%li")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id4">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lu</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned long</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%lu")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id5">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lld</span></code></td>
<td>long long</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%lld")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id6">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%lli</span></code></td>
<td>long long</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%lli")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id7">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%llu</span></code></td>
<td>unsigned long long</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%llu")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id8">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zd</span></code></td>
<td>Py_ssize_t</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%zd")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id9">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zi</span></code></td>
<td>Py_ssize_t</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%zi")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id10">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%zu</span></code></td>
<td>size_t</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%zu")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id11">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%i</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%i")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id12">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%x</span></code></td>
<td>int</td>
<td>Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%x")</span></code>. <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id14" id="id13">[1]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code></td>
<td>const char*</td>
<td>A null-terminated C character
array.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%p</span></code></td>
<td>const void*</td>
<td>The hex representation of a C
pointer. Mostly equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf("%p")</span></code> except that
it is guaranteed to start with
the literal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x</span></code> regardless
of what the platform’s
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">printf</span></code> yields.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%A</span></code></td>
<td>PyObject*</td>
<td>The result of calling
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#ascii" title="ascii"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii()</span></code></a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%U</span></code></td>
<td>PyObject*</td>
<td>A unicode object.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%V</span></code></td>
<td>PyObject*,
const char*</td>
<td>A unicode object (which may be
<em>NULL</em>) and a null-terminated
C character array as a second
parameter (which will be used,
if the first parameter is
<em>NULL</em>).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%S</span></code></td>
<td>PyObject*</td>
<td>The result of calling
<a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Str" title="PyObject_Str"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Str()</span></code></a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%R</span></code></td>
<td>PyObject*</td>
<td>The result of calling
<a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Repr" title="PyObject_Repr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Repr()</span></code></a>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">備註</p>
<p class="last">The width formatter unit is number of characters rather than bytes.
The precision formatter unit is number of bytes for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%s"</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%V"</span></code> (if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject*</span></code> argument is NULL), and a number of
characters for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%A"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%U"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%S"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%R"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%V"</span></code>
(if the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject*</span></code> argument is not NULL).</p>
</div>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id14" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label">[1]</td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">2</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id3">3</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id4">4</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">5</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id6">6</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id7">7</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">8</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id9">9</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id10">10</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id11">11</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id12">12</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id13">13</a>)</em> For integer specifiers (d, u, ld, li, lu, lld, lli, llu, zd, zi,
zu, i, x): the 0-conversion flag has effect even when a precision is given.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版更變: </span>Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%lld"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%llu"</span></code> added.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版更變: </span>Support for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%li"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%lli"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%zi"</span></code> added.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.4 版更變: </span>Support width and precision formatter for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%s"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%A"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%U"</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%V"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%S"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"%R"</span></code> added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromFormatV">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromFormatV</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *format</em>, va_list<em> vargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromFormatV" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Identical to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromFormat" title="PyUnicode_FromFormat"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromFormat()</span></code></a> except that it takes exactly two
arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *obj</em>, const char<em> *encoding</em>, const char<em> *errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Decode an encoded object <em>obj</em> to a Unicode object.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytearray" title="bytearray"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code></a> and other
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like objects</span></a>
are decoded according to the given <em>encoding</em> and using the error handling
defined by <em>errors</em>. Both can be <em>NULL</em> to have the interface use the default
values (see <a class="reference internal" href="#builtincodecs"><span class="std std-ref">Built-in Codecs</span></a> for details).</p>
<p>All other objects, including Unicode objects, cause a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a> to be
set.</p>
<p>The API returns <em>NULL</em> if there was an error. The caller is responsible for
decref’ing the returned objects.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_GetLength">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_GetLength</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_GetLength" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the length of the Unicode object, in code points.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_CopyCharacters">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_CopyCharacters</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *to</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> to_start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *from</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> from_start</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> how_many</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_CopyCharacters" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy characters from one Unicode object into another. This function performs
character conversion when necessary and falls back to <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">memcpy()</span></code> if
possible. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and sets an exception on error, otherwise returns
the number of copied characters.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_Fill">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_Fill</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> start</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> length</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a><em> fill_char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_Fill" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Fill a string with a character: write <em>fill_char</em> into
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode[start:start+length]</span></code>.</p>
<p>Fail if <em>fill_char</em> is bigger than the string maximum character, or if the
string has more than 1 reference.</p>
<p>Return the number of written character, or return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> and raise an
exception on error.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_WriteChar">
int <code class="descname">PyUnicode_WriteChar</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> index</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a><em> character</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_WriteChar" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write a character to a string. The string must have been created through
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_New" title="PyUnicode_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_New()</span></code></a>. Since Unicode strings are supposed to be immutable,
the string must not be shared, or have been hashed yet.</p>
<p>This function checks that <em>unicode</em> is a Unicode object, that the index is
not out of bounds, and that the object can be modified safely (i.e. that it
its reference count is one).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_ReadChar">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a> <code class="descname">PyUnicode_ReadChar</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> index</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_ReadChar" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Read a character from a string. This function checks that <em>unicode</em> is a
Unicode object and the index is not out of bounds, in contrast to the macro
version <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_READ_CHAR" title="PyUnicode_READ_CHAR"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_READ_CHAR()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_Substring">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_Substring</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *str</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> start</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> end</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_Substring" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a substring of <em>str</em>, from character index <em>start</em> (included) to
character index <em>end</em> (excluded). Negative indices are not supported.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AsUCS4">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AsUCS4</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *u</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a><em> *buffer</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> buflen</em>, int<em> copy_null</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUCS4" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the string <em>u</em> into a UCS4 buffer, including a null character, if
<em>copy_null</em> is set. Returns <em>NULL</em> and sets an exception on error (in
particular, a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemError" title="SystemError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemError</span></code></a> if <em>buflen</em> is smaller than the length of
<em>u</em>). <em>buffer</em> is returned on success.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UCS4" title="Py_UCS4">Py_UCS4</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *u</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Copy the string <em>u</em> into a new UCS4 buffer that is allocated using
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="PyMem_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc()</span></code></a>. If this fails, <em>NULL</em> is returned with a
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#MemoryError" title="MemoryError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemoryError</span></code></a> set. The returned buffer always has an extra
null code point appended.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="deprecated-py-unicode-apis">
<h3>Deprecated Py_UNICODE APIs<a class="headerlink" href="#deprecated-py-unicode-apis" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<div class="deprecated-removed">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 3.3, will be removed in version 4.0.</span></p>
</div>
<p>These API functions are deprecated with the implementation of <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0393"><strong>PEP 393</strong></a>.
Extension modules can continue using them, as they will not be removed in Python
3.x, but need to be aware that their use can now cause performance and memory hits.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromUnicode">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromUnicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> *u</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromUnicode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Create a Unicode object from the Py_UNICODE buffer <em>u</em> of the given size. <em>u</em>
may be <em>NULL</em> which causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user’s
responsibility to fill in the needed data. The buffer is copied into the new
object.</p>
<p>If the buffer is not <em>NULL</em>, the return value might be a shared object.
Therefore, modification of the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when
<em>u</em> is <em>NULL</em>.</p>
<p>If the buffer is <em>NULL</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_READY" title="PyUnicode_READY"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_READY()</span></code></a> must be called once the
string content has been filled before using any of the access macros such as
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_KIND" title="PyUnicode_KIND"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_KIND()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>Please migrate to using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromKindAndData" title="PyUnicode_FromKindAndData"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromKindAndData()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromWideChar" title="PyUnicode_FromWideChar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_FromWideChar()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_New" title="PyUnicode_New"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_New()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AsUnicode">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AsUnicode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUnicode" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a read-only pointer to the Unicode object’s internal
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> buffer, or <em>NULL</em> on error. This will create the
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE*</span></code></a> representation of the object if it is not yet
available. The buffer is always terminated with an extra null code point.
Note that the resulting <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> string may also contain
embedded null code points, which would cause the string to be truncated when
used in most C functions.</p>
<p>Please migrate to using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUCS4" title="PyUnicode_AsUCS4"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_AsUCS4()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsWideChar" title="PyUnicode_AsWideChar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_AsWideChar()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_ReadChar" title="PyUnicode_ReadChar"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_ReadChar()</span></code></a> or similar new
APIs.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a><em> *s</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a Unicode object by replacing all decimal digits in
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> buffer of the given <em>size</em> by ASCII digits 0–9
according to their decimal value. Return <em>NULL</em> if an exception occurs.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> *size</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUnicode" title="PyUnicode_AsUnicode"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_AsUnicode()</span></code></a>, but also saves the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE()</span></code></a>
array length (excluding the extra null terminator) in <em>size</em>.
Note that the resulting <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE*</span></code></a> string
may contain embedded null code points, which would cause the string to be
truncated when used in most C functions.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE">Py_UNICODE</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Create a copy of a Unicode string ending with a null code point. Return <em>NULL</em>
and raise a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#MemoryError" title="MemoryError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MemoryError</span></code></a> exception on memory allocation failure,
otherwise return a new allocated buffer (use <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Free" title="PyMem_Free"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Free()</span></code></a> to free
the buffer). Note that the resulting <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE*</span></code></a> string may
contain embedded null code points, which would cause the string to be
truncated when used in most C functions.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.2 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<p>Please migrate to using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy" title="PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_AsUCS4Copy()</span></code></a> or similar new APIs.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_GetSize">
Py_ssize_t <code class="descname">PyUnicode_GetSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_GetSize" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the size of the deprecated <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_UNICODE" title="Py_UNICODE"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNICODE</span></code></a> representation, in
code units (this includes surrogate pairs as 2 units).</p>
<p>Please migrate to using <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_GetLength" title="PyUnicode_GetLength"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_GetLength()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_FromObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_FromObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *obj</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_FromObject" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Copy an instance of a Unicode subtype to a new true Unicode object if
necessary. If <em>obj</em> is already a true Unicode object (not a subtype),
return the reference with incremented refcount.</p>
<p>Objects other than Unicode or its subtypes will cause a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#TypeError" title="TypeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="locale-encoding">
<h3>Locale Encoding<a class="headerlink" href="#locale-encoding" title="本標題的永久連結">¶</a></h3>
<p>The current locale encoding can be used to decode text from the operating
system.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, Py_ssize_t<em> len</em>, const char<em> *errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Decode a string from UTF-8 on Android, or from the current locale encoding
on other platforms. The supported
error handlers are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"strict"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"surrogateescape"</span></code>
(<span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0383"><strong>PEP 383</strong></a>). The decoder uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"strict"</span></code> error handler if
<em>errors</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>. <em>str</em> must end with a null character but
cannot contain embedded null characters.</p>
<p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize" title="PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize()</span></code></a> to decode a string from
<code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding</span></code> (the locale encoding read at
Python startup).</p>
<p>This function ignores the Python UTF-8 mode.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">也參考</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#c.Py_DecodeLocale" title="Py_DecodeLocale"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DecodeLocale()</span></code></a> function.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>The function now also uses the current locale encoding for the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">surrogateescape</span></code> error handler, except on Android. Previously, <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#c.Py_DecodeLocale" title="Py_DecodeLocale"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_DecodeLocale()</span></code></a>
was used for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">surrogateescape</span></code>, and the current locale encoding was
used for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strict</span></code>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_DecodeLocale">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_DecodeLocale</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_DecodeLocale" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize" title="PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_DecodeLocaleAndSize()</span></code></a>, but compute the string
length using <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">strlen()</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyUnicode_EncodeLocale">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyUnicode_EncodeLocale</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *unicode</em>, const char<em> *errors</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyUnicode_EncodeLocale" title="本定義的永久連結">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Encode a Unicode object to UTF-8 on Android, or to the current locale
encoding on other platforms. The
supported error handlers are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"strict"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"surrogateescape"</span></code>
(<span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0383"><strong>PEP 383</strong></a>). The encoder uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"strict"</span></code> error handler if
<em>errors</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>. Return a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#bytes" title="bytes"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytes</span></code></a> object. <em>unicode</em> cannot
contain embedded null characters.</p>
<p>Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault" title="PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault()</span></code></a> to encode a string to
<code class="xref c c-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding</span></code> (the locale encoding read at
Python startup).</p>
<p>This function ignores the Python UTF-8 mode.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">也參考</p>
<p class="last">The <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#c.Py_EncodeLocale" title="Py_EncodeLocale"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_EncodeLocale()</span></code></a> function.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.3 版新加入.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">3.7 版更變: </span>The function now also uses the current locale encoding for the