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# Python Documentation Turkish Translation
# Copyright (C) 2001-2023, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
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#: howto/urllib2.rst:5
msgid "HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:0
msgid "Author"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:7
msgid "`Michael Foord <https://agileabstractions.com/>`_"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:11
msgid "Introduction"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:15
"You may also find useful the following article on fetching web resources "
"with Python:"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:18
"`Basic Authentication <https://web.archive.org/web/20201215133350/http://www."
"voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/authentication.shtml>`_"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:20
msgid "A tutorial on *Basic Authentication*, with examples in Python."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:22
"**urllib.request** is a Python module for fetching URLs (Uniform Resource "
"Locators). It offers a very simple interface, in the form of the *urlopen* "
"function. This is capable of fetching URLs using a variety of different "
"protocols. It also offers a slightly more complex interface for handling "
"common situations - like basic authentication, cookies, proxies and so on. "
"These are provided by objects called handlers and openers."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:29
"urllib.request supports fetching URLs for many \"URL schemes\" (identified "
"by the string before the ``\":\"`` in URL - for example ``\"ftp\"`` is the "
"URL scheme of ``\"ftp://python.org/\"``) using their associated network "
"protocols (e.g. FTP, HTTP). This tutorial focuses on the most common case, "
#: howto/urllib2.rst:34
"For straightforward situations *urlopen* is very easy to use. But as soon as "
"you encounter errors or non-trivial cases when opening HTTP URLs, you will "
"need some understanding of the HyperText Transfer Protocol. The most "
"comprehensive and authoritative reference to HTTP is :rfc:`2616`. This is a "
"technical document and not intended to be easy to read. This HOWTO aims to "
"illustrate using *urllib*, with enough detail about HTTP to help you "
"through. It is not intended to replace the :mod:`urllib.request` docs, but "
"is supplementary to them."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:44
msgid "Fetching URLs"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:46
msgid "The simplest way to use urllib.request is as follows::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:52
"If you wish to retrieve a resource via URL and store it in a temporary "
"location, you can do so via the :func:`shutil.copyfileobj` and :func:"
"`tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile` functions::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:67
"Many uses of urllib will be that simple (note that instead of an 'http:' URL "
"we could have used a URL starting with 'ftp:', 'file:', etc.).  However, "
"it's the purpose of this tutorial to explain the more complicated cases, "
"concentrating on HTTP."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:72
"HTTP is based on requests and responses - the client makes requests and "
"servers send responses. urllib.request mirrors this with a ``Request`` "
"object which represents the HTTP request you are making. In its simplest "
"form you create a Request object that specifies the URL you want to fetch. "
"Calling ``urlopen`` with this Request object returns a response object for "
"the URL requested. This response is a file-like object, which means you can "
"for example call ``.read()`` on the response::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:86
"Note that urllib.request makes use of the same Request interface to handle "
"all URL schemes.  For example, you can make an FTP request like so::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:91
"In the case of HTTP, there are two extra things that Request objects allow "
"you to do: First, you can pass data to be sent to the server.  Second, you "
"can pass extra information (\"metadata\") *about* the data or about the "
"request itself, to the server - this information is sent as HTTP "
"\"headers\".  Let's look at each of these in turn."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:98
msgid "Data"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:100
"Sometimes you want to send data to a URL (often the URL will refer to a CGI "
"(Common Gateway Interface) script or other web application). With HTTP, this "
"is often done using what's known as a **POST** request. This is often what "
"your browser does when you submit a HTML form that you filled in on the web. "
"Not all POSTs have to come from forms: you can use a POST to transmit "
"arbitrary data to your own application. In the common case of HTML forms, "
"the data needs to be encoded in a standard way, and then passed to the "
"Request object as the ``data`` argument. The encoding is done using a "
"function from the :mod:`urllib.parse` library. ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:124
"Note that other encodings are sometimes required (e.g. for file upload from "
"HTML forms - see `HTML Specification, Form Submission <https://www.w3.org/TR/"
"REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.13>`_ for more details)."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:129
"If you do not pass the ``data`` argument, urllib uses a **GET** request. One "
"way in which GET and POST requests differ is that POST requests often have "
"\"side-effects\": they change the state of the system in some way (for "
"example by placing an order with the website for a hundredweight of tinned "
"spam to be delivered to your door).  Though the HTTP standard makes it clear "
"that POSTs are intended to *always* cause side-effects, and GET requests "
"*never* to cause side-effects, nothing prevents a GET request from having "
"side-effects, nor a POST requests from having no side-effects. Data can also "
"be passed in an HTTP GET request by encoding it in the URL itself."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:139
msgid "This is done as follows::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:154
"Notice that the full URL is created by adding a ``?`` to the URL, followed "
"by the encoded values."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:158
msgid "Headers"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:160
"We'll discuss here one particular HTTP header, to illustrate how to add "
"headers to your HTTP request."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:163
"Some websites [#]_ dislike being browsed by programs, or send different "
"versions to different browsers [#]_. By default urllib identifies itself as "
"``Python-urllib/x.y`` (where ``x`` and ``y`` are the major and minor version "
"numbers of the Python release, e.g. ``Python-urllib/2.5``), which may "
"confuse the site, or just plain not work. The way a browser identifies "
"itself is through the ``User-Agent`` header [#]_. When you create a Request "
"object you can pass a dictionary of headers in. The following example makes "
"the same request as above, but identifies itself as a version of Internet "
"Explorer [#]_. ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:190
"The response also has two useful methods. See the section on `info and "
"geturl`_ which comes after we have a look at what happens when things go "
#: howto/urllib2.rst:195
msgid "Handling Exceptions"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:197
"*urlopen* raises :exc:`URLError` when it cannot handle a response (though as "
"usual with Python APIs, built-in exceptions such as :exc:`ValueError`, :exc:"
"`TypeError` etc. may also be raised)."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:201
":exc:`HTTPError` is the subclass of :exc:`URLError` raised in the specific "
"case of HTTP URLs."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:204
msgid "The exception classes are exported from the :mod:`urllib.error` module."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:207
msgid "URLError"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:209
"Often, URLError is raised because there is no network connection (no route "
"to the specified server), or the specified server doesn't exist.  In this "
"case, the exception raised will have a 'reason' attribute, which is a tuple "
"containing an error code and a text error message."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:214
msgid "e.g. ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:225
msgid "HTTPError"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:227
"Every HTTP response from the server contains a numeric \"status code\". "
"Sometimes the status code indicates that the server is unable to fulfil the "
"request. The default handlers will handle some of these responses for you "
"(for example, if the response is a \"redirection\" that requests the client "
"fetch the document from a different URL, urllib will handle that for you). "
"For those it can't handle, urlopen will raise an :exc:`HTTPError`. Typical "
"errors include '404' (page not found), '403' (request forbidden), and "
"'401' (authentication required)."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:235
"See section 10 of :rfc:`2616` for a reference on all the HTTP error codes."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:237
"The :exc:`HTTPError` instance raised will have an integer 'code' attribute, "
"which corresponds to the error sent by the server."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:241
msgid "Error Codes"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:243
"Because the default handlers handle redirects (codes in the 300 range), and "
"codes in the 100--299 range indicate success, you will usually only see "
"error codes in the 400--599 range."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:247
":attr:`http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.responses` is a useful dictionary "
"of response codes in that shows all the response codes used by :rfc:`2616`. "
"The dictionary is reproduced here for convenience ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:319
"When an error is raised the server responds by returning an HTTP error code "
"*and* an error page. You can use the :exc:`HTTPError` instance as a response "
"on the page returned. This means that as well as the code attribute, it also "
"has read, geturl, and info, methods as returned by the ``urllib.response`` "
#: howto/urllib2.rst:339
msgid "Wrapping it Up"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:341
"So if you want to be prepared for :exc:`HTTPError` *or* :exc:`URLError` "
"there are two basic approaches. I prefer the second approach."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:345
msgid "Number 1"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:367
"The ``except HTTPError`` *must* come first, otherwise ``except URLError`` "
"will *also* catch an :exc:`HTTPError`."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:371
msgid "Number 2"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:392
msgid "info and geturl"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:394
"The response returned by urlopen (or the :exc:`HTTPError` instance) has two "
"useful methods :meth:`info` and :meth:`geturl` and is defined in the module :"
"mod:`urllib.response`.."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:398
"**geturl** - this returns the real URL of the page fetched. This is useful "
"because ``urlopen`` (or the opener object used) may have followed a "
"redirect. The URL of the page fetched may not be the same as the URL "
"requested."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:402
"**info** - this returns a dictionary-like object that describes the page "
"fetched, particularly the headers sent by the server. It is currently an :"
"class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:406
"Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the "
"`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_ for a "
"useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning and "
#: howto/urllib2.rst:413
msgid "Openers and Handlers"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:415
"When you fetch a URL you use an opener (an instance of the perhaps "
"confusingly named :class:`urllib.request.OpenerDirector`). Normally we have "
"been using the default opener - via ``urlopen`` - but you can create custom "
"openers. Openers use handlers. All the \"heavy lifting\" is done by the "
"handlers. Each handler knows how to open URLs for a particular URL scheme "
"(http, ftp, etc.), or how to handle an aspect of URL opening, for example "
"HTTP redirections or HTTP cookies."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:423
"You will want to create openers if you want to fetch URLs with specific "
"handlers installed, for example to get an opener that handles cookies, or to "
"get an opener that does not handle redirections."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:427
"To create an opener, instantiate an ``OpenerDirector``, and then call ``."
"add_handler(some_handler_instance)`` repeatedly."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:430
"Alternatively, you can use ``build_opener``, which is a convenience function "
"for creating opener objects with a single function call.  ``build_opener`` "
"adds several handlers by default, but provides a quick way to add more and/"
"or override the default handlers."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:435
"Other sorts of handlers you might want to can handle proxies, "
"authentication, and other common but slightly specialised situations."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:438
"``install_opener`` can be used to make an ``opener`` object the (global) "
"default opener. This means that calls to ``urlopen`` will use the opener you "
"have installed."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:442
"Opener objects have an ``open`` method, which can be called directly to "
"fetch urls in the same way as the ``urlopen`` function: there's no need to "
"call ``install_opener``, except as a convenience."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:448
msgid "Basic Authentication"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:450
"To illustrate creating and installing a handler we will use the "
"``HTTPBasicAuthHandler``. For a more detailed discussion of this subject -- "
"including an explanation of how Basic Authentication works - see the `Basic "
"Authentication Tutorial <https://web.archive.org/web/20201215133350/http://"
"www.voidspace.org.uk/python/articles/authentication.shtml>`__."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:456
"When authentication is required, the server sends a header (as well as the "
"401 error code) requesting authentication.  This specifies the "
"authentication scheme and a 'realm'. The header looks like: ``WWW-"
"Authenticate: SCHEME realm=\"REALM\"``."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:461
msgid "e.g."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:468
"The client should then retry the request with the appropriate name and "
"password for the realm included as a header in the request. This is 'basic "
"authentication'. In order to simplify this process we can create an instance "
"of ``HTTPBasicAuthHandler`` and an opener to use this handler."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:473
"The ``HTTPBasicAuthHandler`` uses an object called a password manager to "
"handle the mapping of URLs and realms to passwords and usernames. If you "
"know what the realm is (from the authentication header sent by the server), "
"then you can use a ``HTTPPasswordMgr``. Frequently one doesn't care what the "
"realm is. In that case, it is convenient to use "
"``HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm``. This allows you to specify a default "
"username and password for a URL. This will be supplied in the absence of you "
"providing an alternative combination for a specific realm. We indicate this "
"by providing ``None`` as the realm argument to the ``add_password`` method."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:483
"The top-level URL is the first URL that requires authentication. URLs "
"\"deeper\" than the URL you pass to .add_password() will also match. ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:508
"In the above example we only supplied our ``HTTPBasicAuthHandler`` to "
"``build_opener``. By default openers have the handlers for normal situations "
"-- ``ProxyHandler`` (if a proxy setting such as an :envvar:`http_proxy` "
"environment variable is set), ``UnknownHandler``, ``HTTPHandler``, "
"``HTTPDefaultErrorHandler``, ``HTTPRedirectHandler``, ``FTPHandler``, "
"``FileHandler``, ``DataHandler``, ``HTTPErrorProcessor``."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:515
"``top_level_url`` is in fact *either* a full URL (including the 'http:' "
"scheme component and the hostname and optionally the port number) e.g. "
"``\"http://example.com/\"`` *or* an \"authority\" (i.e. the hostname, "
"optionally including the port number) e.g. ``\"example.com\"`` or "
"``\"example.com:8080\"`` (the latter example includes a port number).  The "
"authority, if present, must NOT contain the \"userinfo\" component - for "
"example ``\"joe:password@example.com\"`` is not correct."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:525
msgid "Proxies"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:527
"**urllib** will auto-detect your proxy settings and use those. This is "
"through the ``ProxyHandler``, which is part of the normal handler chain when "
"a proxy setting is detected.  Normally that's a good thing, but there are "
"occasions when it may not be helpful [#]_. One way to do this is to setup "
"our own ``ProxyHandler``, with no proxies defined. This is done using "
"similar steps to setting up a `Basic Authentication`_ handler: ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:540
"Currently ``urllib.request`` *does not* support fetching of ``https`` "
"locations through a proxy.  However, this can be enabled by extending urllib."
"request as shown in the recipe [#]_."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:546
"``HTTP_PROXY`` will be ignored if a variable ``REQUEST_METHOD`` is set; see "
"the documentation on :func:`~urllib.request.getproxies`."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:551
msgid "Sockets and Layers"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:553
"The Python support for fetching resources from the web is layered.  urllib "
"uses the :mod:`http.client` library, which in turn uses the socket library."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:556
"As of Python 2.3 you can specify how long a socket should wait for a "
"response before timing out. This can be useful in applications which have to "
"fetch web pages. By default the socket module has *no timeout* and can hang. "
"Currently, the socket timeout is not exposed at the http.client or urllib."
"request levels. However, you can set the default timeout globally for all "
"sockets using ::"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:579
msgid "Footnotes"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:581
msgid "This document was reviewed and revised by John Lee."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:583
msgid "Google for example."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:584
"Browser sniffing is a very bad practice for website design - building sites "
"using web standards is much more sensible. Unfortunately a lot of sites "
"still send different versions to different browsers."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:587
"The user agent for MSIE 6 is *'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT "
"5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)'*"
#: howto/urllib2.rst:589
"For details of more HTTP request headers, see `Quick Reference to HTTP "
"Headers`_."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:591
"In my case I have to use a proxy to access the internet at work. If you "
"attempt to fetch *localhost* URLs through this proxy it blocks them. IE is "
"set to use the proxy, which urllib picks up on. In order to test scripts "
"with a localhost server, I have to prevent urllib from using the proxy."
#: howto/urllib2.rst:596
"urllib opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method): `ASPN Cookbook Recipe <https://"
"code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/>`_."
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