python-docs-pl/c-api/intro.po at 3.11 · python/python-docs-pl

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# Copyright (C) 2001-2026, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
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# python-doc bot, 2025
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.11\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-04-09 17:33+0000\n"
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"Last-Translator: python-doc bot, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Polish (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n"
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msgid "Introduction"
msgstr "Wprowadzenie"
"The Application Programmer's Interface to Python gives C and C++ programmers "
"access to the Python interpreter at a variety of levels.  The API is equally "
"usable from C++, but for brevity it is generally referred to as the Python/C "
"API.  There are two fundamentally different reasons for using the Python/C "
"API. The first reason is to write *extension modules* for specific purposes; "
"these are C modules that extend the Python interpreter.  This is probably "
"the most common use.  The second reason is to use Python as a component in a "
"larger application; this technique is generally referred to as :dfn:"
"`embedding` Python in an application."
"Interfejs programowania aplikacji w Pythonie daje programistom języków C i C+"
"+ dostęp do programu interpretującego polecenia języka pytonowskiego na "
"wielu poziomach. Sprzęg (API) jest równo użyteczny z poziomu C++ ale dla "
"porządku jest zwykle określany mianem sprzęgu pomiędzy językami pytonowskim "
"a C (z ang. - Python/C API). Istnieją dwie zasadniczo różne przyczyny dla "
"użycia interfejsu między językami Python i C. Pierwszą przyczyną jest "
"pisanie *modułów rozszerzających* dla szczególnych powodów; są to moduły "
"języka C, które rozszerzają interpreter Pythona. To jest zwykle najczęstsze "
"użycie. Drugą przyczyną jest użycie Pythona jako komponentu większego "
"programu; ta technika jest zwykle określana mianem załączania - z ang. - :"
"dfn:`embedding` w aplikacji."
"Writing an extension module is a relatively well-understood process, where a "
"\"cookbook\" approach works well.  There are several tools that automate the "
"process to some extent.  While people have embedded Python in other "
"applications since its early existence, the process of embedding Python is "
"less straightforward than writing an extension."
"Napisanie moduł rozszerzeń jest stosunkowo dobrze zrozumiałym procesem, w "
"którym dobrze sprawdza się podejście \"książki kucharskiej\".  Istnieje "
"kilka narzędzi, które w pewnym stopniu automatyzują ten proces.  Ludzie "
"wbudowali Pythona w innych aplikacja od początku jego istnienia, proces "
"wbudowania Pythona jest mniej prosty niż pisanie rozszerzenia."
"Many API functions are useful independent of whether you're embedding  or "
"extending Python; moreover, most applications that embed Python  will need "
"to provide a custom extension as well, so it's probably a  good idea to "
"become familiar with writing an extension before  attempting to embed Python "
"in a real application."
"Wiele zadań sprzęgu (API) jest użytecznych niezależnie od tego czy "
"załączasz, czy też rozszerzasz program interpretujący język pytonowski; co "
"więcej, większość aplikacji które załącza program interpretujący polecenia "
"jezyka pytonowskiego potrzebuje także szczególnych rozszerzeń, więc "
"prawdopodobnie jest dobrym pomysłem zaznajomienie się z pisaniem "
"rozszerzenia przed próbą załączenia języka pytonowskiego w prawdziwej "
"aplikacji."
msgid "Coding standards"
msgstr "Standardy kodowania"
"If you're writing C code for inclusion in CPython, you **must** follow the "
"guidelines and standards defined in :PEP:`7`.  These guidelines apply "
"regardless of the version of Python you are contributing to.  Following "
"these conventions is not necessary for your own third party extension "
"modules, unless you eventually expect to contribute them to Python."
"Jeśli piszesz C do umieszczenia w CPythonie **musisz** przestrzegać "
"wytycznych standardów zdefiniowanych w :PEP:`7`.  Wytyczne te obowiązują "
"niezależnie od tego, do której wersji Pythona wnosisz swój wkład.  "
"Przestrzeganie tych konwencji nie jest konieczne dla własnych rozszerzeń, "
"chyba że ostatecznie spodziewasz się wnieść je do Python."
msgid "Include Files"
msgstr "Pliki Włączania - z ang. Include"
"All function, type and macro definitions needed to use the Python/C API are "
"included in your code by the following line::"
"Wszystkie zadania, definicje typu i makropoleceń konieczne do użycia sprzęgu "
"między językami pytonowskim i C są włączane do źródeł w kodzie użytkownika "
"przez następującą linijkę::"
"This implies inclusion of the following standard headers: ``<stdio.h>``, "
"``<string.h>``, ``<errno.h>``, ``<limits.h>``, ``<assert.h>`` and ``<stdlib."
"h>`` (if available)."
"Oznacza to włączenie następujących standardowych nagłówek: ``<stdio.h>``, "
"``<string.h>``, ``<errno.h>``, ``<limits.h>``, ``<assert.h>`` i ``<stdlib."
"h>`` (jeśli są dostępne)."
"Since Python may define some pre-processor definitions which affect the "
"standard headers on some systems, you *must* include :file:`Python.h` before "
"any standard headers are included."
"Jako że Python może definiować pewne definicje preprocesora, które wpływają "
"na pliki nagłówkowe na niektórych systemach, *musisz* załączyć plik :file:"
"`Python.h` przed jakimikolwiek standardowymi nagłówkami."
"It is recommended to always define ``PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`` before including "
"``Python.h``.  See :ref:`arg-parsing` for a description of this macro."
"Zaleca się, aby zawsze definiować ``PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`` przed włączeniem "
"``Python.h``.  Zobacz :ref:`arg-parsing` dla opisu tego makro."
"All user visible names defined by Python.h (except those defined by the "
"included standard headers) have one of the prefixes ``Py`` or ``_Py``.  "
"Names beginning with ``_Py`` are for internal use by the Python "
"implementation and should not be used by extension writers. Structure member "
"names do not have a reserved prefix."
"Wszystkie widoczne dla użytkownika nazwy określone w Python.h ( z wyjątkiem "
"tych określonych przez załączone standardowe pliki nagłówkowe ) mają jeden z "
"przedrostków ``Py`` lub ``_Py``. Nazwy rozpoczynające się od ``_Py`` służą "
"do wewnętrznego użytku przez urzeczywistnienie programu interpretującego "
"języka pytonowskiego i nie powinno być używane przez piszących rozszerzenia. "
"Nazwy członków struktury nie mają zarezerwowanych przedrostków."
"User code should never define names that begin with ``Py`` or ``_Py``. This "
"confuses the reader, and jeopardizes the portability of the user code to "
"future Python versions, which may define additional names beginning with one "
"of these prefixes."
"The header files are typically installed with Python.  On Unix, these  are "
"located in the directories :file:`{prefix}/include/pythonversion/` and :file:"
"`{exec_prefix}/include/pythonversion/`, where :option:`prefix <--prefix>` "
"and :option:`exec_prefix <--exec-prefix>` are defined by the corresponding "
"parameters to Python's :program:`configure` script and *version* is ``'%d."
"%d' % sys.version_info[:2]``.  On Windows, the headers are installed in :"
"file:`{prefix}/include`, where ``prefix`` is the installation directory "
"specified to the installer."
"To include the headers, place both directories (if different) on your "
"compiler's search path for includes.  Do *not* place the parent directories "
"on the search path and then use ``#include <pythonX.Y/Python.h>``; this will "
"break on multi-platform builds since the platform independent headers under :"
"option:`prefix <--prefix>` include the platform specific headers from :"
"option:`exec_prefix <--exec-prefix>`."
"C++ users should note that although the API is defined entirely using C, the "
"header files properly declare the entry points to be ``extern \"C\"``. As a "
"result, there is no need to do anything special to use the API from C++."
msgid "Useful macros"
"Several useful macros are defined in the Python header files.  Many are "
"defined closer to where they are useful (e.g. :c:macro:`Py_RETURN_NONE`). "
"Others of a more general utility are defined here.  This is not necessarily "
"a complete listing."
"Declare an extension module ``PyInit`` initialization function. The function "
"return type is :c:expr:`PyObject*`. The macro declares any special linkage "
"declarations required by the platform, and for C++ declares the function as "
"``extern \"C\"``."
"The initialization function must be named :samp:`PyInit_{name}`, where "
"*name* is the name of the module, and should be the only non-\\ ``static`` "
"item defined in the module file. Example::"
msgid "Return the absolute value of ``x``."
"Ask the compiler to always inline a static inline function. The compiler can "
"ignore it and decides to not inline the function."
"It can be used to inline performance critical static inline functions when "
"building Python in debug mode with function inlining disabled. For example, "
"MSC disables function inlining when building in debug mode."
"Marking blindly a static inline function with Py_ALWAYS_INLINE can result in "
"worse performances (due to increased code size for example). The compiler is "
"usually smarter than the developer for the cost/benefit analysis."
"If Python is :ref:`built in debug mode <debug-build>` (if the :c:macro:"
"`Py_DEBUG` macro is defined), the :c:macro:`Py_ALWAYS_INLINE` macro does "
msgid "It must be specified before the function return type. Usage::"
"Argument must be a character or an integer in the range [-128, 127] or [0, "
"255].  This macro returns ``c`` cast to an ``unsigned char``."
"Use this for deprecated declarations.  The macro must be placed before the "
"symbol name."
msgid "Example::"
msgstr "Przykład::"
msgid "MSVC support was added."
"Like ``getenv(s)``, but returns ``NULL`` if :option:`-E` was passed on the "
"command line (i.e. if ``Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag`` is set)."
msgid "Return the maximum value between ``x`` and ``y``."
msgid "Return the size of a structure (``type``) ``member`` in bytes."
msgid "Return the minimum value between ``x`` and ``y``."
"Disable inlining on a function. For example, it reduces the C stack "
"consumption: useful on LTO+PGO builds which heavily inline code (see :issue:"
"`33720`)."
msgid "Usage::"
"Convert ``x`` to a C string.  E.g. ``Py_STRINGIFY(123)`` returns ``\"123\"``."
"Use this when you have a code path that cannot be reached by design. For "
"example, in the ``default:`` clause in a ``switch`` statement for which all "
"possible values are covered in ``case`` statements.  Use this in places "
"where you might be tempted to put an ``assert(0)`` or ``abort()`` call."
"In release mode, the macro helps the compiler to optimize the code, and "
"avoids a warning about unreachable code.  For example, the macro is "
"implemented with ``__builtin_unreachable()`` on GCC in release mode."
"A use for ``Py_UNREACHABLE()`` is following a call a function that never "
"returns but that is not declared :c:macro:`_Py_NO_RETURN`."
"If a code path is very unlikely code but can be reached under exceptional "
"case, this macro must not be used.  For example, under low memory condition "
"or if a system call returns a value out of the expected range.  In this "
"case, it's better to report the error to the caller.  If the error cannot be "
"reported to caller, :c:func:`Py_FatalError` can be used."
"Use this for unused arguments in a function definition to silence compiler "
"warnings. Example: ``int func(int a, int Py_UNUSED(b)) { return a; }``."
"Creates a variable with name ``name`` that can be used in docstrings. If "
"Python is built without docstrings, the value will be empty."
"Use :c:macro:`PyDoc_STRVAR` for docstrings to support building Python "
"without docstrings, as specified in :pep:`7`."
"Creates a docstring for the given input string or an empty string if "
"docstrings are disabled."
"Use :c:macro:`PyDoc_STR` in specifying docstrings to support building Python "
"without docstrings, as specified in :pep:`7`."
msgid "Objects, Types and Reference Counts"
msgstr "Przedmioty, ich Rodzaje i Liczby Odwołań"
"Most Python/C API functions have one or more arguments as well as a return "
"value of type :c:expr:`PyObject*`.  This type is a pointer to an opaque data "
"type representing an arbitrary Python object.  Since all Python object types "
"are treated the same way by the Python language in most situations (e.g., "
"assignments, scope rules, and argument passing), it is only fitting that "
"they should be represented by a single C type.  Almost all Python objects "
"live on the heap: you never declare an automatic or static variable of type :"
"c:type:`PyObject`, only pointer variables of type :c:expr:`PyObject*` can  "
"be declared.  The sole exception are the type objects; since these must "
"never be deallocated, they are typically static :c:type:`PyTypeObject` "
"All Python objects (even Python integers) have a :dfn:`type` and a :dfn:"
"`reference count`.  An object's type determines what kind of object it is (e."
"g., an integer, a list, or a user-defined function; there are many more as "
"explained in :ref:`types`).  For each of the well-known types there is a "
"macro to check whether an object is of that type; for instance, "
"``PyList_Check(a)`` is true if (and only if) the object pointed to by *a* is "
"a Python list."
"Wszystkie przedmioty języka pytonowskiego (nawet liczby całkowite języka "
"pytonowskiego) mają :dfn:`rodzaj` i :dfn:`liczbę odniesień`. Typ przedmiotu "
"określa jakiego rodzaju przedmiot to jest (np. liczba całkowita, lista, lub "
"zadanie zdefiniowane przez użytkownika; jest wiele więcej jak wyjaśniono w :"
"ref:`types`). Dla każdego z dobrze-znanych rodzajów istnieje makropolecenie "
"sprawdzające czy przedmiot jest tego rodzaju; na przykład, "
"``PyList_Check(a)`` jest prawdziwe wtedy (i tylko wtedy) gdy przedmiot na "
"który wskazuje *a* jest lista z języka pytonowskiego."
msgid "Reference Counts"
msgstr "Liczby odniesień"
"The reference count is important because today's computers have a  finite "
"(and often severely limited) memory size; it counts how many different "
"places there are that have a :term:`strong reference` to an object. Such a "
"place could be another object, or a global (or static) C variable, or a "
"local variable in some C function. When the last :term:`strong reference` to "
"an object is released (i.e. its reference count becomes zero), the object is "
"deallocated. If it contains references to other objects, those references "
"are released. Those other objects may be deallocated in turn, if there are "
"no more references to them, and so on.  (There's an obvious problem  with "
"objects that reference each other here; for now, the solution is \"don't do "
"Reference counts are always manipulated explicitly.  The normal way is to "
"use the macro :c:func:`Py_INCREF` to take a new reference to an object (i.e. "
"increment its reference count by one), and :c:func:`Py_DECREF` to release "
"that reference (i.e. decrement the reference count by one).  The :c:func:"
"`Py_DECREF` macro is considerably more complex than the incref one, since it "
"must check whether the reference count becomes zero and then cause the "
"object's deallocator to be called.  The deallocator is a function pointer "
"contained in the object's type structure.  The type-specific deallocator "
"takes care of releasing references for other objects contained in the object "
"if this is a compound object type, such as a list, as well as performing any "
"additional finalization that's needed.  There's no chance that the reference "
"count can overflow; at least as many bits are used to hold the reference "
"count as there are distinct memory locations in virtual memory (assuming "
"``sizeof(Py_ssize_t) >= sizeof(void*)``). Thus, the reference count "
"increment is a simple operation."
"It is not necessary to hold a :term:`strong reference` (i.e. increment the "
"reference count) for every local variable that contains a pointer to an "
"object.  In theory, the  object's reference count goes up by one when the "
"variable is made to  point to it and it goes down by one when the variable "
"goes out of  scope.  However, these two cancel each other out, so at the end "
"the  reference count hasn't changed.  The only real reason to use the  "
"reference count is to prevent the object from being deallocated as  long as "
"our variable is pointing to it.  If we know that there is at  least one "
"other reference to the object that lives at least as long as our variable, "
"there is no need to take a new :term:`strong reference` (i.e. increment the "
"reference count) temporarily. An important situation where this arises is in "
"objects  that are passed as arguments to C functions in an extension module  "
"that are called from Python; the call mechanism guarantees to hold a  "
"reference to every argument for the duration of the call."
"However, a common pitfall is to extract an object from a list and hold on to "
"it for a while without taking a new reference.  Some other operation might "
"conceivably remove the object from the list, releasing that reference, and "
"possibly deallocating it. The real danger is that innocent-looking "
"operations may invoke arbitrary Python code which could do this; there is a "
"code path which allows control to flow back to the user from a :c:func:"
"`Py_DECREF`, so almost any operation is potentially dangerous."
"A safe approach is to always use the generic operations (functions  whose "
"name begins with ``PyObject_``, ``PyNumber_``, ``PySequence_`` or "
"``PyMapping_``). These operations always create a new :term:`strong "
"reference` (i.e. increment the reference count) of the object they return. "
"This leaves the caller with the responsibility to call :c:func:`Py_DECREF` "
"when they are done with the result; this soon becomes second nature."
msgid "Reference Count Details"
msgstr "Szczegóły Liczby Odniesień"
"The reference count behavior of functions in the Python/C API is best  "
"explained in terms of *ownership of references*.  Ownership pertains to "
"references, never to objects (objects are not owned: they are always "
"shared).  \"Owning a reference\" means being responsible for calling "
"Py_DECREF on it when the reference is no longer needed.  Ownership can also "
"be transferred, meaning that the code that receives ownership of the "
"reference then becomes responsible for eventually releasing it by calling :c:"
"func:`Py_DECREF` or :c:func:`Py_XDECREF` when it's no longer needed---or "
"passing on this responsibility (usually to its caller). When a function "
"passes ownership of a reference on to its caller, the caller is said to "
"receive a *new* reference.  When no ownership is transferred, the caller is "
"said to *borrow* the reference. Nothing needs to be done for a :term:"
"`borrowed reference`."
"Conversely, when a calling function passes in a reference to an  object, "
"there are two possibilities: the function *steals* a  reference to the "
"object, or it does not.  *Stealing a reference* means that when you pass a "
"reference to a function, that function assumes that it now owns that "
"reference, and you are not responsible for it any longer."
"Idąc dalej, gdy wywołujące zadanie przekazuje odniesienie do przedmiotu, "
"istnieją dwie możliwości: zadanie *kradnie* odniesienie do przedmiotu, lub "
"nie kradnie go. *Kradnięcie odniesienia* oznacza, że gdy przekazujesz "
"odniesienie do zadania, to zadanie przyjmuje, że teraz ono posiada "
"odniesienie i nie jesteś za nie odpowiedzialny ani chwili dłużej."
"Few functions steal references; the two notable exceptions are :c:func:"
"`PyList_SetItem` and :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem`, which  steal a reference to "
"the item (but not to the tuple or list into which the item is put!).  These "
"functions were designed to steal a reference because of a common idiom for "
"populating a tuple or list with newly created objects; for example, the code "
"to create the tuple ``(1, 2, \"three\")`` could look like this (forgetting "
"about error handling for the moment; a better way to code this is shown "
"Here, :c:func:`PyLong_FromLong` returns a new reference which is immediately "
"stolen by :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem`.  When you want to keep using an object "
"although the reference to it will be stolen, use :c:func:`Py_INCREF` to grab "
"another reference before calling the reference-stealing function."
"Incidentally, :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem` is the *only* way to set tuple "
"items; :c:func:`PySequence_SetItem` and :c:func:`PyObject_SetItem` refuse to "
"do this since tuples are an immutable data type.  You should only use :c:"
"func:`PyTuple_SetItem` for tuples that you are creating yourself."
"Equivalent code for populating a list can be written using :c:func:"
"`PyList_New` and :c:func:`PyList_SetItem`."
"However, in practice, you will rarely use these ways of creating and "
"populating a tuple or list.  There's a generic function, :c:func:"
"`Py_BuildValue`, that can create most common objects from C values, directed "
"by a :dfn:`format string`. For example, the above two blocks of code could "
"be replaced by the following (which also takes care of the error checking)::"
"It is much more common to use :c:func:`PyObject_SetItem` and friends with "
"items whose references you are only borrowing, like arguments that were "
"passed in to the function you are writing.  In that case, their behaviour "
"regarding references is much saner, since you don't have to take a new "
"reference just so you can give that reference away (\"have it be stolen\").  "
"For example, this function sets all items of a list (actually, any mutable "
"sequence) to a given item::"
"The situation is slightly different for function return values.   While "
"passing a reference to most functions does not change your  ownership "
"responsibilities for that reference, many functions that  return a reference "
"to an object give you ownership of the reference. The reason is simple: in "
"many cases, the returned object is created  on the fly, and the reference "
"you get is the only reference to the  object.  Therefore, the generic "
"functions that return object references, like :c:func:`PyObject_GetItem` "
"and  :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem`, always return a new reference (the caller "
"becomes the owner of the reference)."
"It is important to realize that whether you own a reference returned  by a "
"function depends on which function you call only --- *the plumage* (the type "
"of the object passed as an argument to the function) *doesn't enter into it!"
"* Thus, if you  extract an item from a list using :c:func:`PyList_GetItem`, "
"you don't own the reference --- but if you obtain the same item from the "
"same list using :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem` (which happens to take exactly "
"the same arguments), you do own a reference to the returned object."
"Here is an example of how you could write a function that computes the sum "
"of the items in a list of integers; once using  :c:func:`PyList_GetItem`, "
"and once using :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem`. ::"
msgid "Types"
msgstr "Typy"
"There are few other data types that play a significant role in  the Python/C "
"API; most are simple C types such as :c:expr:`int`,  :c:expr:`long`, :c:expr:"
"`double` and :c:expr:`char*`.  A few structure types  are used to describe "
"static tables used to list the functions exported  by a module or the data "
"attributes of a new object type, and another is used to describe the value "
"of a complex number.  These will  be discussed together with the functions "
"that use them."
"A signed integral type such that ``sizeof(Py_ssize_t) == sizeof(size_t)``. "
"C99 doesn't define such a thing directly (size_t is an unsigned integral "
"type). See :pep:`353` for details. ``PY_SSIZE_T_MAX`` is the largest "
"positive value of type :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`."
msgid "Exceptions"
msgstr "Wyjątki"
"The Python programmer only needs to deal with exceptions if specific  error "
"handling is required; unhandled exceptions are automatically  propagated to "
"the caller, then to the caller's caller, and so on, until they reach the top-"
"level interpreter, where they are reported to the  user accompanied by a "
"stack traceback."
"Programujący komputer w języku pytonowskim musi sobie zaprzątać głowę tylko "
"sytuacjami wyjątkowymi tylko jeśli szczególna obsługa błędów jest konieczna; "
"Nieobsłużone wyjątki są automatycznie przesyłane do zadania wywołującego, "
"potem do zadania które wywołało tamto zadanie, i tak dalej, dopóki nie "
"natrafi na program interpretujący najwyższego poziomu, gdzie są przekazywane "
"użytkownikowi wraz z wypisem kolejnych wywołań odłożonych na stercie."
"For C programmers, however, error checking always has to be explicit.  All "
"functions in the Python/C API can raise exceptions, unless an explicit claim "
"is made otherwise in a function's documentation.  In general, when a "
"function encounters an error, it sets an exception, discards any object "
"references that it owns, and returns an error indicator.  If not documented "
"otherwise, this indicator is either ``NULL`` or ``-1``, depending on the "
"function's return type. A few functions return a Boolean true/false result, "
"with false indicating an error.  Very few functions return no explicit error "
"indicator or have an ambiguous return value, and require explicit testing "
"for errors with :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred`.  These exceptions are always "
"explicitly documented."
"Exception state is maintained in per-thread storage (this is  equivalent to "
"using global storage in an unthreaded application).  A  thread can be in one "
"of two states: an exception has occurred, or not. The function :c:func:"
"`PyErr_Occurred` can be used to check for this: it returns a borrowed "
"reference to the exception type object when an exception has occurred, and "
"``NULL`` otherwise.  There are a number of functions to set the exception "
"state: :c:func:`PyErr_SetString` is the most common (though not the most "
"general) function to set the exception state, and :c:func:`PyErr_Clear` "
"clears the exception state."
"The full exception state consists of three objects (all of which can  be "
"``NULL``): the exception type, the corresponding exception  value, and the "
"traceback.  These have the same meanings as the Python result of ``sys."
"exc_info()``; however, they are not the same: the Python objects represent "
"the last exception being handled by a Python  :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:"
"`except` statement, while the C level exception state only exists while an "
"exception is being passed on between C functions until it reaches the Python "
"bytecode interpreter's  main loop, which takes care of transferring it to "
"``sys.exc_info()`` and friends."
"Note that starting with Python 1.5, the preferred, thread-safe way to access "
"the exception state from Python code is to call the function :func:`sys."
"exc_info`, which returns the per-thread exception state for Python code.  "
"Also, the semantics of both ways to access the exception state have changed "
"so that a function which catches an exception will save and restore its "
"thread's exception state so as to preserve the exception state of its "
"caller.  This prevents common bugs in exception handling code caused by an "
"innocent-looking function overwriting the exception being handled; it also "
"reduces the often unwanted lifetime extension for objects that are "
"referenced by the stack frames in the traceback."
"Zauważ że poczynając od języka pytonowskiego w wersji 1.5 preferowaną, "
"bezpiecznym dla wątków sposobem na dostęp do stanu wyjątku z poziomu kodu "
"napisanego w języku pytonowskim jest wezwanie zadania :func:`sys.exc_info`, "
"które zwraca określony-dla-wątku stan wyjątku dla kodu napisanego w języku "
"pytonowskim. Poza tym składnia obu sposobów na dostęp do stanu sytuacji "
"wyjątkowej zmieniła się tak, że zadanie które złapie wyjątek zachowa i "
"przywróci swój stan wyjątku tak, aby zachować stan wyjątku wywołujacego "
"zadanie. To działanie zapobiega typowym błędom w obsłudze sytuacji "
"wyjątkowych powodowanych przez niewinnie-wyglądające zadania nadpisujące "
"sytuacje wyjątkowe które aktualnie są obsługiwane; to także redukuje często "
"niechciane wydłużanie czasu życia przedmiotów do których odnosi się ramka "
"stosu w wypisie śladu wywołań."
"As a general principle, a function that calls another function to  perform "
"some task should check whether the called function raised an  exception, and "
"if so, pass the exception state on to its caller.  It  should discard any "
"object references that it owns, and return an  error indicator, but it "
"should *not* set another exception --- that would overwrite the exception "
"that was just raised, and lose important information about the exact cause "
"of the error."
"Jako nadrzędną zasadę, przyjmuje się że zadanie które wywołuje inne zadanie "
"do wykonania pewnych operacji powinno sprawdzić czy wywołane zadanie "
"zgłosiło wyjątek, a jeśli tak, to przekazać stan wyjątku do wywołującego. "
"Powinno też odrzucić jakiekolwiek odniesienia do przedmiotów, które posiada, "
"i zwrócić sygnalizator błędu, ale nie powinno ustawiać innego wyjątku --- "
"który nadpisywałby wyjątek, który właśnie został zgłoszony i tracić istotne "
"informacje o dokładnym powodzie błędu."
"A simple example of detecting exceptions and passing them on is shown in "
"the :c:func:`!sum_sequence` example above.  It so happens that this example "
"doesn't need to clean up any owned references when it detects an error.  The "
"following example function shows some error cleanup.  First, to remind you "
"why you like Python, we show the equivalent Python code::"
msgid "Here is the corresponding C code, in all its glory::"
msgstr "Tu następuje odpowiadający kod w języku C, w całej pełni okazałości::"
"This example represents an endorsed use of the ``goto`` statement  in C! It "
"illustrates the use of :c:func:`PyErr_ExceptionMatches` and :c:func:"
"`PyErr_Clear` to handle specific exceptions, and the use of :c:func:"
"`Py_XDECREF` to dispose of owned references that may be ``NULL`` (note the "
"``'X'`` in the name; :c:func:`Py_DECREF` would crash when confronted with a "
"``NULL`` reference).  It is important that the variables used to hold owned "
"references are initialized to ``NULL`` for this to work; likewise, the "
"proposed return value is initialized to ``-1`` (failure) and only set to "
"success after the final call made is successful."
msgid "Embedding Python"
msgstr "Załączanie programu interpretującego język pytonowski"
"The one important task that only embedders (as opposed to extension writers) "
"of the Python interpreter have to worry about is the initialization, and "
"possibly the finalization, of the Python interpreter.  Most functionality of "
"the interpreter can only be used after the interpreter has been initialized."
"Jedno istotne zadanie, o które załączający (w przeciwieństwie do piszących "
"rozszerzenia) program interpretujący język pytonowski muszą się martwić jest "
"zainicjowanie i prawdopodobne zakończenie programu interpretującego "
"polecenia języka pytonowskiego. Większość użyteczności programu "
"interpretującego polecenia języka pytonowskiego może tylko być użyta po jego "
"zainicjowaniu."
"The basic initialization function is :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. This "
"initializes the table of loaded modules, and creates the fundamental "
"modules :mod:`builtins`, :mod:`__main__`, and :mod:`sys`.  It also "
"initializes the module search path (``sys.path``)."
":c:func:`Py_Initialize` does not set the \"script argument list\"  (``sys."
"argv``). If this variable is needed by Python code that will be executed "
"later, setting :c:member:`PyConfig.argv` and :c:member:`PyConfig.parse_argv` "
"must be set: see :ref:`Python Initialization Configuration <init-config>`."
"On most systems (in particular, on Unix and Windows, although the details "
"are slightly different), :c:func:`Py_Initialize` calculates the module "
"search path based upon its best guess for the location of the standard "
"Python interpreter executable, assuming that the Python library is found in "
"a fixed location relative to the Python interpreter executable.  In "
"particular, it looks for a directory named :file:`lib/python{X.Y}` relative "
"to the parent directory where the executable named :file:`python` is found "
"on the shell command search path (the environment variable :envvar:`PATH`)."
"For instance, if the Python executable is found in :file:`/usr/local/bin/"
"python`, it will assume that the libraries are in :file:`/usr/local/lib/"
"python{X.Y}`.  (In fact, this particular path is also the \"fallback\" "
"location, used when no executable file named :file:`python` is found along :"
"envvar:`PATH`.)  The user can override this behavior by setting the "
"environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, or insert additional directories "
"in front of the standard path by setting :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`."
"Na przykład, jeśli plik wykonywalny programu interpretującego polecenia "
"języka pytonowskiego znajduje się w katalogu :file:`/usr/local/bin/python`, "
"będzie zakładał, że biblioteki są w katalogu :file:`/usr/local/lib/python{X."
"Y}` (Faktycznie, ta szczególna ścieżka jest także \"ratunkowym\" położeniem, "
"używanym gdy żaden plik wykonywalny nazwany :file:`python` nie znajdzie się "
"w katalogach znajdujących się w zmiennej środowiskowej :envvar:`PATH`.) "
"Użytkownik może podmienić to zachowanie przez ustawienie zmiennej "
"środowiskowej :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, lub wstawić dodatkowe katalogi przed "
"sztandarową ścieżką przez ustawienie zmiennej środowiskowej :envvar:"
"`PYTHONPATH`."
"The embedding application can steer the search by calling "
"``Py_SetProgramName(file)`` *before* calling  :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.  Note "
"that :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` still overrides this and :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is "
"still inserted in front of the standard path.  An application that requires "
"total control has to provide its own implementation of :c:func:"
"`Py_GetPath`, :c:func:`Py_GetPrefix`, :c:func:`Py_GetExecPrefix`, and :c:"
"func:`Py_GetProgramFullPath` (all defined in :file:`Modules/getpath.c`)."
"Sometimes, it is desirable to \"uninitialize\" Python.  For instance,  the "
"application may want to start over (make another call to :c:func:"
"`Py_Initialize`) or the application is simply done with its  use of Python "
"and wants to free memory allocated by Python.  This can be accomplished by "
"calling :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx`.  The function :c:func:`Py_IsInitialized` "
"returns true if Python is currently in the initialized state.  More "
"information about these functions is given in a later chapter. Notice that :"
"c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` does *not* free all memory allocated by the Python "
"interpreter, e.g. memory allocated by extension modules currently cannot be "
"released."
msgid "Debugging Builds"
msgstr "Odpluskwiające Budowy"
"Python can be built with several macros to enable extra checks of the "
"interpreter and extension modules.  These checks tend to add a large amount "
"of overhead to the runtime so they are not enabled by default."
"Program interpretujący język pytonowski może być zbudowany z kilkoma "
"makropoleceniami do załączenia dodatkowych sprawdzeń programu "
"interpretującego polecenia języka pytonowskiego i modułów rozszerzających. "
"Te sprawdzenia mają zwyczaj dodawać duży narzut czasu wykonania poleceń "
"programu więc nie są załączane domyślnie."
"A full list of the various types of debugging builds is in the file :file:"
"`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` in the Python source distribution. Builds are "
"available that support tracing of reference counts, debugging the memory "
"allocator, or low-level profiling of the main interpreter loop.  Only the "
"most frequently used builds will be described in the remainder of this "
"Compiling the interpreter with the :c:macro:`!Py_DEBUG` macro defined "
"produces what is generally meant by :ref:`a debug build of Python <debug-"
"build>`. :c:macro:`!Py_DEBUG` is enabled in the Unix build by adding :option:"
"`--with-pydebug` to the :file:`./configure` command. It is also implied by "
"the presence of the not-Python-specific :c:macro:`!_DEBUG` macro.  When :c:"
"macro:`!Py_DEBUG` is enabled in the Unix build, compiler optimization is "
"disabled."
"In addition to the reference count debugging described below, extra checks "
"are performed, see :ref:`Python Debug Build <debug-build>`."
"Defining :c:macro:`Py_TRACE_REFS` enables reference tracing (see the :option:"
"`configure --with-trace-refs option <--with-trace-refs>`). When defined, a "
"circular doubly linked list of active objects is maintained by adding two "
"extra fields to every :c:type:`PyObject`.  Total allocations are tracked as "
"well.  Upon exit, all existing references are printed.  (In interactive mode "
"this happens after every statement run by the interpreter.)"
"Please refer to :file:`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` in the Python source "
"distribution for more detailed information."
"Odwołaj się do :file:`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` w źródłowym pakiecie języka "
"pytonowskiego po więcej szczegółów."
msgid "object"
msgstr "obiekt"
msgid "type"
msgstr "typ"
msgid "Py_INCREF (C function)"
msgid "Py_DECREF (C function)"
msgid "PyList_SetItem (C function)"
msgid "PyTuple_SetItem (C function)"
msgid "set_all()"
msgid "PyList_GetItem (C function)"
msgid "PySequence_GetItem (C function)"
msgid "sum_list()"
msgid "sum_sequence()"
msgid "PyErr_Occurred (C function)"
msgid "PyErr_SetString (C function)"
msgid "PyErr_Clear (C function)"
msgid "exc_info (in module sys)"
msgid "incr_item()"
msgid "PyErr_ExceptionMatches (C function)"
msgid "Py_XDECREF (C function)"
msgid "Py_Initialize (C function)"
msgid "module"
msgstr "moduł"
msgid "builtins"
msgstr "builtins"
msgid "__main__"
msgstr "__main__"
msgid "sys"
msgstr "sys"
msgid "search"
msgstr "wyszukiwanie"
msgid "path"
msgstr "ścieżka"
msgid "path (in module sys)"
msgid "Py_SetProgramName (C function)"
msgid "Py_GetPath (C function)"
msgid "Py_GetPrefix (C function)"
msgid "Py_GetExecPrefix (C function)"
msgid "Py_GetProgramFullPath (C function)"
msgid "Py_IsInitialized (C function)"
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