python-docs-ko/whatsnew/3.1.po at 3.9 · python/python-docs-ko

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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001-2017, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, 2017.
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.6\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-05-30 09:56+0900\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Generated-By: Babel 2.5.1\n"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:3
msgid "What's New In Python 3.1"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst
msgid "Author"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:5
msgid "Raymond Hettinger"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:49
msgid "This article explains the new features in Python 3.1, compared to 3.0."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:53
msgid "PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:55
"Regular Python dictionaries iterate over key/value pairs in arbitrary "
"order. Over the years, a number of authors have written alternative "
"implementations that remember the order that the keys were originally "
"inserted.  Based on the experiences from those implementations, a new "
":class:`collections.OrderedDict` class has been introduced."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:61
"The OrderedDict API is substantially the same as regular dictionaries but"
" will iterate over keys and values in a guaranteed order depending on "
"when a key was first inserted.  If a new entry overwrites an existing "
"entry, the original insertion position is left unchanged.  Deleting an "
"entry and reinserting it will move it to the end."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:67
"The standard library now supports use of ordered dictionaries in several "
"modules.  The :mod:`configparser` module uses them by default.  This lets"
" configuration files be read, modified, and then written back in their "
"original order.  The *_asdict()* method for "
":func:`collections.namedtuple` now returns an ordered dictionary with the"
" values appearing in the same order as the underlying tuple indices.  The"
" :mod:`json` module is being built-out with an *object_pairs_hook* to "
"allow OrderedDicts to be built by the decoder. Support was also added for"
" third-party tools like `PyYAML <http://pyyaml.org/>`_."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:79
msgid ":pep:`372` - Ordered Dictionaries"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:79
"PEP written by Armin Ronacher and Raymond Hettinger.  Implementation "
"written by Raymond Hettinger."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:84
msgid "PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:86
"The built-in :func:`format` function and the :meth:`str.format` method "
"use a mini-language that now includes a simple, non-locale aware way to "
"format a number with a thousands separator.  That provides a way to "
"humanize a program's output, improving its professional appearance and "
"readability::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:100
"The supported types are :class:`int`, :class:`float`, :class:`complex` "
"and :class:`decimal.Decimal`."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:103
"Discussions are underway about how to specify alternative separators like"
" dots, spaces, apostrophes, or underscores.  Locale-aware applications "
"should use the existing *n* format specifier which already has some "
"support for thousands separators."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:111
msgid ":pep:`378` - Format Specifier for Thousands Separator"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:111
"PEP written by Raymond Hettinger and implemented by Eric Smith and Mark "
"Dickinson."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:116
msgid "Other Language Changes"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:118
msgid "Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:120
"Directories and zip archives containing a :file:`__main__.py` file can "
"now be executed directly by passing their name to the interpreter. The "
"directory/zipfile is automatically inserted as the first entry in "
"sys.path.  (Suggestion and initial patch by Andy Chu; revised patch by "
"Phillip J. Eby and Nick Coghlan; :issue:`1739468`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:126
"The :func:`int` type gained a ``bit_length`` method that returns the "
"number of bits necessary to represent its argument in binary::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:140
"(Contributed by Fredrik Johansson, Victor Stinner, Raymond Hettinger, and"
" Mark Dickinson; :issue:`3439`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:143
msgid "The fields in :func:`format` strings can now be automatically numbered::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:149
"Formerly, the string would have required numbered fields such as: ``'Sir "
"{0} of {1}'``."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:152
msgid "(Contributed by Eric Smith; :issue:`5237`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:154
"The :func:`string.maketrans` function is deprecated and is replaced by "
"new static methods, :meth:`bytes.maketrans` and "
":meth:`bytearray.maketrans`. This change solves the confusion around "
"which types were supported by the :mod:`string` module. Now, "
":class:`str`, :class:`bytes`, and :class:`bytearray` each have their own "
"**maketrans** and **translate** methods with intermediate translation "
"tables of the appropriate type."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:161
msgid "(Contributed by Georg Brandl; :issue:`5675`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:163
"The syntax of the :keyword:`with` statement now allows multiple context "
"managers in a single statement::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:171
"With the new syntax, the :func:`contextlib.nested` function is no longer "
"needed and is now deprecated."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:174
"(Contributed by Georg Brandl and Mattias Brändström; `appspot issue 53094"
" <https://codereview.appspot.com/53094>`_.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:177
"``round(x, n)`` now returns an integer if *x* is an integer. Previously "
"it returned a float::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:183
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`4707`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:185
"Python now uses David Gay's algorithm for finding the shortest floating "
"point representation that doesn't change its value.  This should help "
"mitigate some of the confusion surrounding binary floating point numbers."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:190
"The significance is easily seen with a number like ``1.1`` which does not"
" have an exact equivalent in binary floating point.  Since there is no "
"exact equivalent, an expression like ``float('1.1')`` evaluates to the "
"nearest representable value which is ``0x1.199999999999ap+0`` in hex or "
"``1.100000000000000088817841970012523233890533447265625`` in decimal. "
"That nearest value was and still is used in subsequent floating point "
"calculations."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:198
"What is new is how the number gets displayed.  Formerly, Python used a "
"simple approach.  The value of ``repr(1.1)`` was computed as "
"``format(1.1, '.17g')`` which evaluated to ``'1.1000000000000001'``. The "
"advantage of using 17 digits was that it relied on IEEE-754 guarantees to"
" assure that ``eval(repr(1.1))`` would round-trip exactly to its original"
" value.  The disadvantage is that many people found the output to be "
"confusing (mistaking intrinsic limitations of binary floating point "
"representation as being a problem with Python itself)."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:207
"The new algorithm for ``repr(1.1)`` is smarter and returns ``'1.1'``. "
"Effectively, it searches all equivalent string representations (ones that"
" get stored with the same underlying float value) and returns the "
"shortest representation."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:212
"The new algorithm tends to emit cleaner representations when possible, "
"but it does not change the underlying values.  So, it is still the case "
"that ``1.1 + 2.2 != 3.3`` even though the representations may suggest "
"otherwise."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:216
"The new algorithm depends on certain features in the underlying floating "
"point implementation.  If the required features are not found, the old "
"algorithm will continue to be used.  Also, the text pickle protocols "
"assure cross-platform portability by using the old algorithm."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:221
msgid "(Contributed by Eric Smith and Mark Dickinson; :issue:`1580`)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:224
msgid "New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:226
"Added a :class:`collections.Counter` class to support convenient counting"
" of unique items in a sequence or iterable::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:232
msgid "(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1696199`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:234
"Added a new module, :mod:`tkinter.ttk` for access to the Tk themed widget"
" set. The basic idea of ttk is to separate, to the extent possible, the "
"code implementing a widget's behavior from the code implementing its "
"appearance."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:238
msgid "(Contributed by Guilherme Polo; :issue:`2983`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:240
"The :class:`gzip.GzipFile` and :class:`bz2.BZ2File` classes now support "
"the context management protocol::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:247
msgid "(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:249
"The :mod:`decimal` module now supports methods for creating a decimal "
"object from a binary :class:`float`.  The conversion is exact but can "
"sometimes be surprising::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:256
"The long decimal result shows the actual binary fraction being stored for"
" *1.1*.  The fraction has many digits because *1.1* cannot be exactly "
"represented in binary."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:260
msgid "(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and Mark Dickinson.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:262
"The :mod:`itertools` module grew two new functions.  The "
":func:`itertools.combinations_with_replacement` function is one of four "
"for generating combinatorics including permutations and Cartesian "
"products.  The :func:`itertools.compress` function mimics its namesake "
"from APL.  Also, the existing :func:`itertools.count` function now has an"
" optional *step* argument and can accept any type of counting sequence "
"including :class:`fractions.Fraction` and :class:`decimal.Decimal`::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:281
msgid "(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:283
":func:`collections.namedtuple` now supports a keyword argument *rename* "
"which lets invalid fieldnames be automatically converted to positional "
"names in the form _0, _1, etc.  This is useful when the field names are "
"being created by an external source such as a CSV header, SQL field list,"
" or user input::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:300
msgid "(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger; :issue:`1818`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:302
"The :func:`re.sub`, :func:`re.subn` and :func:`re.split` functions now "
"accept a flags parameter."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:305
msgid "(Contributed by Gregory Smith.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:307
"The :mod:`logging` module now implements a simple "
":class:`logging.NullHandler` class for applications that are not using "
"logging but are calling library code that does.  Setting-up a null "
"handler will suppress spurious warnings such as \"No handlers could be "
"found for logger foo\"::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:315
msgid "(Contributed by Vinay Sajip; :issue:`4384`)."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:317
"The :mod:`runpy` module which supports the ``-m`` command line switch now"
" supports the execution of packages by looking for and executing a "
"``__main__`` submodule when a package name is supplied."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:321
msgid "(Contributed by Andi Vajda; :issue:`4195`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:323
"The :mod:`pdb` module can now access and display source code loaded via "
":mod:`zipimport` (or any other conformant :pep:`302` loader)."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:326
msgid "(Contributed by Alexander Belopolsky; :issue:`4201`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:328
msgid ":class:`functools.partial` objects can now be pickled."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:330
"(Suggested by Antoine Pitrou and Jesse Noller.  Implemented by Jack "
"Diederich; :issue:`5228`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:333
"Add :mod:`pydoc` help topics for symbols so that ``help('@')`` works as "
"expected in the interactive environment."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:336
msgid "(Contributed by David Laban; :issue:`4739`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:338
"The :mod:`unittest` module now supports skipping individual tests or "
"classes of tests. And it supports marking a test as an expected failure, "
"a test that is known to be broken, but shouldn't be counted as a failure "
"on a TestResult::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:353
"Also, tests for exceptions have been builtout to work with context "
"managers using the :keyword:`with` statement::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:360
"In addition, several new assertion methods were added including "
":func:`assertSetEqual`, :func:`assertDictEqual`, "
":func:`assertDictContainsSubset`, :func:`assertListEqual`, "
":func:`assertTupleEqual`, :func:`assertSequenceEqual`, "
":func:`assertRaisesRegexp`, :func:`assertIsNone`, and "
":func:`assertIsNotNone`."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:367
msgid "(Contributed by Benjamin Peterson and Antoine Pitrou.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:369
"The :mod:`io` module has three new constants for the :meth:`seek` method "
":data:`SEEK_SET`, :data:`SEEK_CUR`, and :data:`SEEK_END`."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:372
msgid "The :attr:`sys.version_info` tuple is now a named tuple::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:377
msgid "(Contributed by Ross Light; :issue:`4285`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:379
msgid "The :mod:`nntplib` and :mod:`imaplib` modules now support IPv6."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:381
msgid "(Contributed by Derek Morr; :issue:`1655` and :issue:`1664`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:383
"The :mod:`pickle` module has been adapted for better interoperability "
"with Python 2.x when used with protocol 2 or lower.  The reorganization "
"of the standard library changed the formal reference for many objects.  "
"For example, ``__builtin__.set`` in Python 2 is called ``builtins.set`` "
"in Python 3. This change confounded efforts to share data between "
"different versions of Python.  But now when protocol 2 or lower is "
"selected, the pickler will automatically use the old Python 2 names for "
"both loading and dumping. This remapping is turned-on by default but can "
"be disabled with the *fix_imports* option::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:399
"An unfortunate but unavoidable side-effect of this change is that "
"protocol 2 pickles produced by Python 3.1 won't be readable with Python "
"3.0. The latest pickle protocol, protocol 3, should be used when "
"migrating data between Python 3.x implementations, as it doesn't attempt "
"to remain compatible with Python 2.x."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:405
msgid "(Contributed by Alexandre Vassalotti and Antoine Pitrou, :issue:`6137`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:407
"A new module, :mod:`importlib` was added.  It provides a complete, "
"portable, pure Python reference implementation of the :keyword:`import` "
"statement and its counterpart, the :func:`__import__` function.  It "
"represents a substantial step forward in documenting and defining the "
"actions that take place during imports."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:413
msgid "(Contributed by Brett Cannon.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:416
msgid "Optimizations"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:418
msgid "Major performance enhancements have been added:"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:420
"The new I/O library (as defined in :pep:`3116`) was mostly written in "
"Python and quickly proved to be a problematic bottleneck in Python 3.0. "
"In Python 3.1, the I/O library has been entirely rewritten in C and is 2 "
"to 20 times faster depending on the task at hand. The pure Python version"
" is still available for experimentation purposes through the ``_pyio`` "
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:427
msgid "(Contributed by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc and Antoine Pitrou.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:429
"Added a heuristic so that tuples and dicts containing only untrackable "
"objects are not tracked by the garbage collector. This can reduce the "
"size of collections and therefore the garbage collection overhead on "
"long-running programs, depending on their particular use of datatypes."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:434
msgid "(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou, :issue:`4688`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:436
"Enabling a configure option named ``--with-computed-gotos`` on compilers "
"that support it (notably: gcc, SunPro, icc), the bytecode evaluation loop"
" is compiled with a new dispatch mechanism which gives speedups of up to "
"20%, depending on the system, the compiler, and the benchmark."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:442
"(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou along with a number of other participants,"
" :issue:`4753`)."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:445
msgid "The decoding of UTF-8, UTF-16 and LATIN-1 is now two to four times faster."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:448
msgid "(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou and Amaury Forgeot d'Arc, :issue:`4868`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:450
"The :mod:`json` module now has a C extension to substantially improve its"
" performance.  In addition, the API was modified so that json works only "
"with :class:`str`, not with :class:`bytes`.  That change makes the module"
" closely match the `JSON specification <http://json.org/>`_ which is "
"defined in terms of Unicode."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:456
"(Contributed by Bob Ippolito and converted to Py3.1 by Antoine Pitrou and"
" Benjamin Peterson; :issue:`4136`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:459
"Unpickling now interns the attribute names of pickled objects.  This "
"saves memory and allows pickles to be smaller."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:462
msgid "(Contributed by Jake McGuire and Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`5084`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:465
msgid "IDLE"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:467
"IDLE's format menu now provides an option to strip trailing whitespace "
"from a source file."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:470
msgid "(Contributed by Roger D. Serwy; :issue:`5150`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:473
msgid "Build and C API Changes"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:475
msgid "Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:477
"Integers are now stored internally either in base 2**15 or in base 2**30,"
" the base being determined at build time.  Previously, they were always "
"stored in base 2**15.  Using base 2**30 gives significant performance "
"improvements on 64-bit machines, but benchmark results on 32-bit machines"
" have been mixed.  Therefore, the default is to use base 2**30 on 64-bit "
"machines and base 2**15 on 32-bit machines; on Unix, there's a new "
"configure option ``--enable-big-digits`` that can be used to override "
"this default."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:486
"Apart from the performance improvements this change should be invisible "
"to end users, with one exception: for testing and debugging purposes "
"there's a new :attr:`sys.int_info` that provides information about the "
"internal format, giving the number of bits per digit and the size in "
"bytes of the C type used to store each digit::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:496
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`4258`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:498
"The :c:func:`PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong()` function now handles a negative"
" *pylong* by raising :exc:`OverflowError` instead of :exc:`TypeError`."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:501
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson and Lisandro Dalcrin; :issue:`5175`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:503
msgid "Deprecated :c:func:`PyNumber_Int`.  Use :c:func:`PyNumber_Long` instead."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:505
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`4910`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:507
"Added a new :c:func:`PyOS_string_to_double` function to replace the "
"deprecated functions :c:func:`PyOS_ascii_strtod` and "
":c:func:`PyOS_ascii_atof`."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:510
msgid "(Contributed by Mark Dickinson; :issue:`5914`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:512
"Added :c:type:`PyCapsule` as a replacement for the :c:type:`PyCObject` "
"API. The principal difference is that the new type has a well defined "
"interface for passing typing safety information and a less complicated "
"signature for calling a destructor.  The old type had a problematic API "
"and is now deprecated."
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:518
msgid "(Contributed by Larry Hastings; :issue:`5630`.)"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:521
msgid "Porting to Python 3.1"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:523
"This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that "
"may require changes to your code:"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:526
"The new floating point string representations can break existing "
"doctests. For example::"
#: ../Doc/whatsnew/3.1.rst:549
"The automatic name remapping in the pickle module for protocol 2 or lower"
" can make Python 3.1 pickles unreadable in Python 3.0.  One solution is "
"to use protocol 3.  Another solution is to set the *fix_imports* option "
"to ``False``. See the discussion above for more details."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "The standard library now supports use"
#~ " of ordered dictionaries in several "
#~ "modules.  The :mod:`configparser` module uses"
#~ " them by default.  This lets "
#~ "configuration files be read, modified, "
#~ "and then written back in their "
#~ "original order.  The *_asdict()* method "
#~ "for :func:`collections.namedtuple` now returns "
#~ "an ordered dictionary with the values"
#~ " appearing in the same order as "
#~ "the underlying tuple indicies.  The "
#~ ":mod:`json` module is being built-out"
#~ " with an *object_pairs_hook* to allow "
#~ "OrderedDicts to be built by the "
#~ "decoder. Support was also added for "
#~ "third-party tools like `PyYAML "
#~ "<http://pyyaml.org/>`_."
#~ msgstr ""
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