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#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:4

msgid "What's New In Python 3.12"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst

msgid "Editor"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:6

msgid "Adam Turner"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:48

msgid ""

"This article explains the new features in Python 3.12, compared to 3.11. "

"Python 3.12 was released on October 2, 2023. For full details, see the "

":ref:`changelog <changelog>`."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:54

msgid ":pep:`693` -- Python 3.12 Release Schedule"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:57

msgid "Summary -- Release highlights"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:62

msgid ""

"Python 3.12 is a stable release of the Python programming language, with "

"a mix of changes to the language and the standard library. The library "

"changes focus on cleaning up deprecated APIs, usability, and correctness."

" Of note, the :mod:`!distutils` package has been removed from the "

"standard library. Filesystem support in :mod:`os` and :mod:`pathlib` has "

"seen a number of improvements, and several modules have better "

"performance."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:69

msgid ""

"The language changes focus on usability, as :term:`f-strings <f-string>` "

"have had many limitations removed and 'Did you mean ...' suggestions "

"continue to improve. The new :ref:`type parameter syntax "

"<whatsnew312-pep695>` and :keyword:`type` statement improve ergonomics "

"for using :term:`generic types <generic type>` and :term:`type aliases "

"<type alias>` with static type checkers."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:76

msgid ""

"This article doesn't attempt to provide a complete specification of all "

"new features, but instead gives a convenient overview. For full details, "

"you should refer to the documentation, such as the :ref:`Library "

"Reference <library-index>` and :ref:`Language Reference <reference-"

"index>`. If you want to understand the complete implementation and design"

" rationale for a change, refer to the PEP for a particular new feature; "

"but note that PEPs usually are not kept up-to-date once a feature has "

"been fully implemented."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:90

msgid "New syntax features:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:92

msgid ""

":ref:`PEP 695 <whatsnew312-pep695>`, type parameter syntax and the "

":keyword:`type` statement"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:94

msgid "New grammar features:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:96

msgid ""

":ref:`PEP 701 <whatsnew312-pep701>`, :term:`f-strings <f-string>` in the "

"grammar"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:98

msgid "Interpreter improvements:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:100

msgid ""

":ref:`PEP 684 <whatsnew312-pep684>`, a unique per-interpreter :term:`GIL "

"<global interpreter lock>`"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:102

msgid ":ref:`PEP 669 <whatsnew312-pep669>`, low impact monitoring"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:103

msgid ""

"`Improved 'Did you mean ...' suggestions <improved error messages_>`_ for"

" :exc:`NameError`, :exc:`ImportError`, and :exc:`SyntaxError` exceptions"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:106

msgid "Python data model improvements:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:108

msgid ""

":ref:`PEP 688 <whatsnew312-pep688>`, using the :ref:`buffer protocol "

"<bufferobjects>` from Python"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:111

msgid "Significant improvements in the standard library:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:113

msgid "The :class:`pathlib.Path` class now supports subclassing"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:114

msgid "The :mod:`os` module received several improvements for Windows support"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:115

msgid ""

"A :ref:`command-line interface <sqlite3-cli>` has been added to the "

":mod:`sqlite3` module"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:117

msgid ""

":func:`isinstance` checks against :func:`runtime-checkable protocols "

"<typing.runtime_checkable>` enjoy a speed up of between two and 20 times"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:119

#, python-format

msgid ""

"The :mod:`asyncio` package has had a number of performance improvements, "

"with some benchmarks showing a 75% speed up."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:121

msgid ""

"A :ref:`command-line interface <uuid-cli>` has been added to the "

":mod:`uuid` module"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:123

#, python-format

msgid ""

"Due to the changes in :ref:`PEP 701 <whatsnew312-pep701>`, producing "

"tokens via the :mod:`tokenize` module is up to 64% faster."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:126

msgid "Security improvements:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:128

msgid ""

"Replace the builtin :mod:`hashlib` implementations of SHA1, SHA3, "

"SHA2-384, SHA2-512, and MD5 with formally verified code from the `HACL* "

"<https://github.com/hacl-star/hacl-star/>`__ project. These builtin "

"implementations remain as fallbacks that are only used when OpenSSL does "

"not provide them."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:134

msgid "C API improvements:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:136

msgid ":ref:`PEP 697 <whatsnew312-pep697>`, unstable C API tier"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:137

msgid ":ref:`PEP 683 <whatsnew312-pep683>`, immortal objects"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:139

msgid "CPython implementation improvements:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:141

msgid ":ref:`PEP 709 <whatsnew312-pep709>`, comprehension inlining"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:142

msgid ":ref:`CPython support <perf_profiling>` for the Linux ``perf`` profiler"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:143

msgid "Implement stack overflow protection on supported platforms"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:145

msgid "New typing features:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:147

msgid ""

":ref:`PEP 692 <whatsnew312-pep692>`, using :class:`~typing.TypedDict` to "

"annotate :term:`**kwargs <argument>`"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:149

msgid ":ref:`PEP 698 <whatsnew312-pep698>`, :func:`typing.override` decorator"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:151

msgid "Important deprecations, removals or restrictions:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:153

msgid ""

":pep:`623`: Remove ``wstr`` from Unicode objects in Python's C API, "

"reducing the size of every :class:`str` object by at least 8 bytes."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:156

msgid ""

":pep:`632`: Remove the :mod:`!distutils` package. See :pep:`the migration"

" guide <0632#migration-advice>` for advice replacing the APIs it "

"provided. The third-party `Setuptools "

"<https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/deprecated/distutils-"

"legacy.html>`__ package continues to provide :mod:`!distutils`, if you "

"still require it in Python 3.12 and beyond."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:163

msgid ""

":gh:`95299`: Do not pre-install ``setuptools`` in virtual environments "

"created with :mod:`venv`. This means that ``distutils``, ``setuptools``, "

"``pkg_resources``, and ``easy_install`` will no longer available by "

"default; to access these run ``pip install setuptools`` in the "

":ref:`activated <venv-explanation>` virtual environment."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:170

msgid ""

"The :mod:`!asynchat`, :mod:`!asyncore`, and :mod:`!imp` modules have been"

" removed, along with several :class:`unittest.TestCase` `method aliases "

"<unittest-TestCase-removed-aliases_>`_."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:176 ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:1840

msgid "New Features"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:181

msgid "PEP 695: Type Parameter Syntax"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:183

msgid ""

"Generic classes and functions under :pep:`484` were declared using a "

"verbose syntax that left the scope of type parameters unclear and "

"required explicit declarations of variance."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:187

msgid ""

":pep:`695` introduces a new, more compact and explicit way to create "

":ref:`generic classes <generic-classes>` and :ref:`functions <generic-"

"functions>`::"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:190

msgid ""

"def max[T](args: Iterable[T]) -> T:\n"

" ...\n"

"\n"

"class list[T]:\n"

" def __getitem__(self, index: int, /) -> T:\n"

" ...\n"

"\n"

" def append(self, element: T) -> None:\n"

" ..."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:200

msgid ""

"In addition, the PEP introduces a new way to declare :ref:`type aliases "

"<type-aliases>` using the :keyword:`type` statement, which creates an "

"instance of :class:`~typing.TypeAliasType`::"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:204

msgid "type Point = tuple[float, float]"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:206

msgid "Type aliases can also be :ref:`generic <generic-type-aliases>`::"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:208

msgid "type Point[T] = tuple[T, T]"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:210

msgid ""

"The new syntax allows declaring :class:`~typing.TypeVarTuple` and "

":class:`~typing.ParamSpec` parameters, as well as "

":class:`~typing.TypeVar` parameters with bounds or constraints::"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:214

msgid ""

"type IntFunc[**P] = Callable[P, int] # ParamSpec\n"

"type LabeledTuple[*Ts] = tuple[str, *Ts] # TypeVarTuple\n"

"type HashableSequence[T: Hashable] = Sequence[T] # TypeVar with bound\n"

"type IntOrStrSequence[T: (int, str)] = Sequence[T] # TypeVar with "

"constraints"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:219

msgid ""

"The value of type aliases and the bound and constraints of type variables"

" created through this syntax are evaluated only on demand (see :ref:`lazy"

" evaluation <lazy-evaluation>`). This means type aliases are able to "

"refer to other types defined later in the file."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:224

msgid ""

"Type parameters declared through a type parameter list are visible within"

" the scope of the declaration and any nested scopes, but not in the outer"

" scope. For example, they can be used in the type annotations for the "

"methods of a generic class or in the class body. However, they cannot be "

"used in the module scope after the class is defined. See :ref:`type-"

"params` for a detailed description of the runtime semantics of type "

"parameters."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:231

msgid ""

"In order to support these scoping semantics, a new kind of scope is "

"introduced, the :ref:`annotation scope <annotation-scopes>`. Annotation "

"scopes behave for the most part like function scopes, but interact "

"differently with enclosing class scopes. In Python 3.13, "

":term:`annotations <annotation>` will also be evaluated in annotation "

"scopes."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:237

msgid "See :pep:`695` for more details."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:239

msgid ""

"(PEP written by Eric Traut. Implementation by Jelle Zijlstra, Eric Traut,"

" and others in :gh:`103764`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:245

msgid "PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:247

msgid ""

":pep:`701` lifts some restrictions on the usage of :term:`f-strings "

"<f-string>`. Expression components inside f-strings can now be any valid "

"Python expression, including strings reusing the same quote as the "

"containing f-string, multi-line expressions, comments, backslashes, and "

"unicode escape sequences. Let's cover these in detail:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:253

msgid ""

"Quote reuse: in Python 3.11, reusing the same quotes as the enclosing "

"f-string raises a :exc:`SyntaxError`, forcing the user to either use "

"other available quotes (like using double quotes or triple quotes if the "

"f-string uses single quotes). In Python 3.12, you can now do things like "

"this:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:262

msgid ""

"Note that before this change there was no explicit limit in how f-strings"

" can be nested, but the fact that string quotes cannot be reused inside "

"the expression component of f-strings made it impossible to nest "

"f-strings arbitrarily. In fact, this is the most nested f-string that "

"could be written:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:270

msgid ""

"As now f-strings can contain any valid Python expression inside "

"expression components, it is now possible to nest f-strings arbitrarily:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:276

msgid ""

"Multi-line expressions and comments: In Python 3.11, f-string expressions"

" must be defined in a single line, even if the expression within the "

"f-string could normally span multiple lines (like literal lists being "

"defined over multiple lines), making them harder to read. In Python 3.12 "

"you can now define f-strings spanning multiple lines, and add inline "

"comments:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:290

#, python-brace-format

msgid ""

"Backslashes and unicode characters: before Python 3.12 f-string "

"expressions couldn't contain any ``\\`` character. This also affected "

"unicode :ref:`escape sequences <escape-sequences>` (such as "

"``\\N{snowman}``) as these contain the ``\\N`` part that previously could"

" not be part of expression components of f-strings. Now, you can define "

"expressions like this:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:303

msgid "See :pep:`701` for more details."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:305

msgid ""

"As a positive side-effect of how this feature has been implemented (by "

"parsing f-strings with :pep:`the PEG parser <617>`), now error messages "

"for f-strings are more precise and include the exact location of the "

"error. For example, in Python 3.11, the following f-string raises a "

":exc:`SyntaxError`:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:310

#, python-brace-format

msgid ""

">>> my_string = f\"{x z y}\" + f\"{1 + 1}\"\n"

" File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"

" (x z y)\n"

" ^^^\n"

"SyntaxError: f-string: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma?"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:318

msgid ""

"but the error message doesn't include the exact location of the error "

"within the line and also has the expression artificially surrounded by "

"parentheses. In Python 3.12, as f-strings are parsed with the PEG parser,"

" error messages can be more precise and show the entire line:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:322

#, python-brace-format

msgid ""

">>> my_string = f\"{x z y}\" + f\"{1 + 1}\"\n"

" File \"<stdin>\", line 1\n"

" my_string = f\"{x z y}\" + f\"{1 + 1}\"\n"

" ^^^\n"

"SyntaxError: invalid syntax. Perhaps you forgot a comma?"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:330

msgid ""

"(Contributed by Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou, "

"Cristián Maureira-Fredes and Marta Gómez in :gh:`102856`. PEP written by "

"Pablo Galindo, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou and Marta Gómez)."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:337

msgid "PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:339

msgid ""

":pep:`684` introduces a per-interpreter :term:`GIL <global interpreter "

"lock>`, so that sub-interpreters may now be created with a unique GIL per"

" interpreter. This allows Python programs to take full advantage of "

"multiple CPU cores. This is currently only available through the C-API, "

"though a Python API is :pep:`anticipated for 3.13 <554>`."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:345

msgid ""

"Use the new :c:func:`Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig` function to create an "

"interpreter with its own GIL:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:348

#, python-brace-format

msgid ""

"PyInterpreterConfig config = {\n"

" .check_multi_interp_extensions = 1,\n"

" .gil = PyInterpreterConfig_OWN_GIL,\n"

"};\n"

"PyThreadState *tstate = NULL;\n"

"PyStatus status = Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig(&tstate, &config);\n"

"if (PyStatus_Exception(status)) {\n"

" return -1;\n"

"}\n"

"/* The new interpreter is now active in the current thread. */"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:361

msgid ""

"For further examples how to use the C-API for sub-interpreters with a "

"per-interpreter GIL, see ``Modules/_xxsubinterpretersmodule.c``."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:364

msgid "(Contributed by Eric Snow in :gh:`104210`, etc.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:369

msgid "PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:371

msgid ""

":pep:`669` defines a new :mod:`API <sys.monitoring>` for profilers, "

"debuggers, and other tools to monitor events in CPython. It covers a wide"

" range of events, including calls, returns, lines, exceptions, jumps, and"

" more. This means that you only pay for what you use, providing support "

"for near-zero overhead debuggers and coverage tools. See "

":mod:`sys.monitoring` for details."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:379

msgid "(Contributed by Mark Shannon in :gh:`103082`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:384

msgid "PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:386

msgid ""

":pep:`688` introduces a way to use the :ref:`buffer protocol "

"<bufferobjects>` from Python code. Classes that implement the "

":meth:`~object.__buffer__` method are now usable as buffer types."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:390

msgid ""

"The new :class:`collections.abc.Buffer` ABC provides a standard way to "

"represent buffer objects, for example in type annotations. The new "

":class:`inspect.BufferFlags` enum represents the flags that can be used "

"to customize buffer creation. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in "

":gh:`102500`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:399

msgid "PEP 709: Comprehension inlining"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:401

msgid ""

"Dictionary, list, and set comprehensions are now inlined, rather than "

"creating a new single-use function object for each execution of the "

"comprehension. This speeds up execution of a comprehension by up to two "

"times. See :pep:`709` for further details."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:406

msgid ""

"Comprehension iteration variables remain isolated and don't overwrite a "

"variable of the same name in the outer scope, nor are they visible after "

"the comprehension. Inlining does result in a few visible behavior "

"changes:"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:410

msgid ""

"There is no longer a separate frame for the comprehension in tracebacks, "

"and tracing/profiling no longer shows the comprehension as a function "

"call."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:412

msgid ""

"The :mod:`symtable` module will no longer produce child symbol tables for"

" each comprehension; instead, the comprehension's locals will be included"

" in the parent function's symbol table."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:415

msgid ""

"Calling :func:`locals` inside a comprehension now includes variables from"

" outside the comprehension, and no longer includes the synthetic ``.0`` "

"variable for the comprehension \"argument\"."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:418

msgid ""

"A comprehension iterating directly over ``locals()`` (e.g. ``[k for k in "

"locals()]``) may see \"RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during "

"iteration\" when run under tracing (e.g. code coverage measurement). This"

" is the same behavior already seen in e.g. ``for k in locals():``. To "

"avoid the error, first create a list of keys to iterate over: ``keys = "

"list(locals()); [k for k in keys]``."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:425

msgid "(Contributed by Carl Meyer and Vladimir Matveev in :pep:`709`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:428

msgid "Improved Error Messages"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:430

msgid ""

"Modules from the standard library are now potentially suggested as part "

"of the error messages displayed by the interpreter when a "

":exc:`NameError` is raised to the top level. (Contributed by Pablo "

"Galindo in :gh:`98254`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:439

msgid ""

"Improve the error suggestion for :exc:`NameError` exceptions for "

"instances. Now if a :exc:`NameError` is raised in a method and the "

"instance has an attribute that's exactly equal to the name in the "

"exception, the suggestion will include ``self.<NAME>`` instead of the "

"closest match in the method scope. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in "

":gh:`99139`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:459

msgid ""

"Improve the :exc:`SyntaxError` error message when the user types ``import"

" x from y`` instead of ``from y import x``. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo"

" in :gh:`98931`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:469

msgid ""

":exc:`ImportError` exceptions raised from failed ``from <module> import "

"<name>`` statements now include suggestions for the value of ``<name>`` "

"based on the available names in ``<module>``. (Contributed by Pablo "

"Galindo in :gh:`91058`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:480

msgid "New Features Related to Type Hints"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:482

msgid ""

"This section covers major changes affecting :pep:`type hints <484>` and "

"the :mod:`typing` module."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:488

msgid "PEP 692: Using ``TypedDict`` for more precise ``**kwargs`` typing"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:490

msgid ""

"Typing ``**kwargs`` in a function signature as introduced by :pep:`484` "

"allowed for valid annotations only in cases where all of the ``**kwargs``"

" were of the same type."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:494

msgid ""

":pep:`692` specifies a more precise way of typing ``**kwargs`` by relying"

" on typed dictionaries::"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:497

msgid ""

"from typing import TypedDict, Unpack\n"

"\n"

"class Movie(TypedDict):\n"

" name: str\n"

" year: int\n"

"\n"

"def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ..."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:505

msgid "See :pep:`692` for more details."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:507

msgid "(Contributed by Franek Magiera in :gh:`103629`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:512

msgid "PEP 698: Override Decorator for Static Typing"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:514

msgid ""

"A new decorator :func:`typing.override` has been added to the "

":mod:`typing` module. It indicates to type checkers that the method is "

"intended to override a method in a superclass. This allows type checkers "

"to catch mistakes where a method that is intended to override something "

"in a base class does not in fact do so."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:520

msgid "Example::"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:522

msgid ""

"from typing import override\n"

"\n"

"class Base:\n"

" def get_color(self) -> str:\n"

" return \"blue\"\n"

"\n"

"class GoodChild(Base):\n"

" @override # ok: overrides Base.get_color\n"

" def get_color(self) -> str:\n"

" return \"yellow\"\n"

"\n"

"class BadChild(Base):\n"

" @override # type checker error: does not override Base.get_color\n"

" def get_colour(self) -> str:\n"

" return \"red\""

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:538

msgid "See :pep:`698` for more details."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:540

msgid "(Contributed by Steven Troxler in :gh:`101561`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:543

msgid "Other Language Changes"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:545

msgid ""

"The parser now raises :exc:`SyntaxError` when parsing source code "

"containing null bytes. (Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :gh:`96670`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:548

msgid ""

"A backslash-character pair that is not a valid escape sequence now "

"generates a :exc:`SyntaxWarning`, instead of :exc:`DeprecationWarning`. "

"For example, ``re.compile(\"\\d+\\.\\d+\")`` now emits a "

":exc:`SyntaxWarning` (``\"\\d\"`` is an invalid escape sequence, use raw "

"strings for regular expression: ``re.compile(r\"\\d+\\.\\d+\")``). In a "

"future Python version, :exc:`SyntaxError` will eventually be raised, "

"instead of :exc:`SyntaxWarning`. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in "

":gh:`98401`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:557

msgid ""

"Octal escapes with value larger than ``0o377`` (ex: ``\"\\477\"``), "

"deprecated in Python 3.11, now produce a :exc:`SyntaxWarning`, instead of"

" :exc:`DeprecationWarning`. In a future Python version they will be "

"eventually a :exc:`SyntaxError`. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in "

":gh:`98401`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:563

msgid ""

"Variables used in the target part of comprehensions that are not stored "

"to can now be used in assignment expressions (``:=``). For example, in "

"``[(b := 1) for a, b.prop in some_iter]``, the assignment to ``b`` is now"

" allowed. Note that assigning to variables stored to in the target part "

"of comprehensions (like ``a``) is still disallowed, as per :pep:`572`. "

"(Contributed by Nikita Sobolev in :gh:`100581`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:570

msgid ""

"Exceptions raised in a class or type's ``__set_name__`` method are no "

"longer wrapped by a :exc:`RuntimeError`. Context information is added to "

"the exception as a :pep:`678` note. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in "

":gh:`77757`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:574

msgid ""

"When a ``try-except*`` construct handles the entire :exc:`ExceptionGroup`"

" and raises one other exception, that exception is no longer wrapped in "

"an :exc:`ExceptionGroup`. Also changed in version 3.11.4. (Contributed by"

" Irit Katriel in :gh:`103590`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:579

msgid ""

"The Garbage Collector now runs only on the eval breaker mechanism of the "

"Python bytecode evaluation loop instead of object allocations. The GC can"

" also run when :c:func:`PyErr_CheckSignals` is called so C extensions "

"that need to run for a long time without executing any Python code also "

"have a chance to execute the GC periodically. (Contributed by Pablo "

"Galindo in :gh:`97922`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:586

msgid ""

"All builtin and extension callables expecting boolean parameters now "

"accept arguments of any type instead of just :class:`bool` and "

":class:`int`. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :gh:`60203`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:590

msgid ""

":class:`memoryview` now supports the half-float type (the \"e\" format "

"code). (Contributed by Donghee Na and Antoine Pitrou in :gh:`90751`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:593

msgid ""

":class:`slice` objects are now hashable, allowing them to be used as dict"

" keys and set items. (Contributed by Will Bradshaw, Furkan Onder, and "

"Raymond Hettinger in :gh:`101264`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:596

msgid ""

":func:`sum` now uses Neumaier summation to improve accuracy and "

"commutativity when summing floats or mixed ints and floats. (Contributed "

"by Raymond Hettinger in :gh:`100425`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:600

msgid ""

":func:`ast.parse` now raises :exc:`SyntaxError` instead of "

":exc:`ValueError` when parsing source code containing null bytes. "

"(Contributed by Pablo Galindo in :gh:`96670`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:604

msgid ""

"The extraction methods in :mod:`tarfile`, and "

":func:`shutil.unpack_archive`, have a new a *filter* argument that allows"

" limiting tar features than may be surprising or dangerous, such as "

"creating files outside the destination directory. See :ref:`tarfile "

"extraction filters <tarfile-extraction-filter>` for details. In Python "

"3.14, the default will switch to ``'data'``. (Contributed by Petr "

"Viktorin in :pep:`706`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:612

msgid ""

":class:`types.MappingProxyType` instances are now hashable if the "

"underlying mapping is hashable. (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in "

":gh:`87995`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:616

msgid ""

"Add :ref:`support for the perf profiler <perf_profiling>` through the new"

" environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONPERFSUPPORT` and command-line option"

" :option:`-X perf <-X>`, as well as the new "

":func:`sys.activate_stack_trampoline`, "

":func:`sys.deactivate_stack_trampoline`, and "

":func:`sys.is_stack_trampoline_active` functions. (Design by Pablo "

"Galindo. Contributed by Pablo Galindo and Christian Heimes with "

"contributions from Gregory P. Smith [Google] and Mark Shannon in "

":gh:`96123`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:628

msgid "New Modules"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:630

msgid "None."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:634

msgid "Improved Modules"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:637

msgid "array"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:639

msgid ""

"The :class:`array.array` class now supports subscripting, making it a "

":term:`generic type`. (Contributed by Jelle Zijlstra in :gh:`98658`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:643

msgid "asyncio"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:645

msgid ""

"The performance of writing to sockets in :mod:`asyncio` has been "

"significantly improved. ``asyncio`` now avoids unnecessary copying when "

"writing to sockets and uses :meth:`~socket.socket.sendmsg` if the "

"platform supports it. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`91166`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:650

msgid ""

"Add :func:`asyncio.eager_task_factory` and "

":func:`asyncio.create_eager_task_factory` functions to allow opting an "

"event loop in to eager task execution, making some use-cases 2x to 5x "

"faster. (Contributed by Jacob Bower & Itamar Oren in :gh:`102853`, "

":gh:`104140`, and :gh:`104138`)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:655

msgid ""

"On Linux, :mod:`asyncio` uses :class:`asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher` by "

"default if :func:`os.pidfd_open` is available and functional instead of "

":class:`asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher`. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in "

":gh:`98024`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:660

msgid ""

"The event loop now uses the best available child watcher for each "

"platform (:class:`asyncio.PidfdChildWatcher` if supported and "

":class:`asyncio.ThreadedChildWatcher` otherwise), so manually configuring"

" a child watcher is not recommended. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in "

":gh:`94597`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:666

msgid ""

"Add *loop_factory* parameter to :func:`asyncio.run` to allow specifying a"

" custom event loop factory. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`99388`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:670

msgid ""

"Add C implementation of :func:`asyncio.current_task` for 4x-6x speedup. "

"(Contributed by Itamar Oren and Pranav Thulasiram Bhat in :gh:`100344`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:673

msgid ""

":func:`asyncio.iscoroutine` now returns ``False`` for generators as "

":mod:`asyncio` does not support legacy generator-based coroutines. "

"(Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`102748`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:677

msgid ""

":func:`asyncio.wait` and :func:`asyncio.as_completed` now accepts "

"generators yielding tasks. (Contributed by Kumar Aditya in :gh:`78530`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:682

msgid "calendar"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:684

msgid ""

"Add enums :data:`calendar.Month` and :data:`calendar.Day` defining months"

" of the year and days of the week. (Contributed by Prince Roshan in "

":gh:`103636`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:689

msgid "csv"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:691

msgid ""

"Add :const:`csv.QUOTE_NOTNULL` and :const:`csv.QUOTE_STRINGS` flags to "

"provide finer grained control of ``None`` and empty strings by "

":class:`~csv.reader` and :class:`~csv.writer` objects."

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:696

msgid "dis"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:698

msgid ""

"Pseudo instruction opcodes (which are used by the compiler but do not "

"appear in executable bytecode) are now exposed in the :mod:`dis` module. "

":opcode:`HAVE_ARGUMENT` is still relevant to real opcodes, but it is not "

"useful for pseudo instructions. Use the new :data:`dis.hasarg` collection"

" instead. (Contributed by Irit Katriel in :gh:`94216`.)"

msgstr ""

#: ../../whatsnew/3.12.rst:706

msgid ""

"Add the :data:`dis.hasexc` collection to signify instructions that set an"