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import com.android.build.api.variant.*
import kotlin.math.max
plugins {
id("com.android.application")
id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android")
}
val ANDROID_DIR = file("../..")
val PYTHON_DIR = ANDROID_DIR.parentFile!!
val PYTHON_CROSS_DIR = file(System.getenv("CROSS_BUILD_DIR") ?: "$PYTHON_DIR/cross-build")
val inSourceTree = (
ANDROID_DIR.name == "Android" && file("$PYTHON_DIR/pyconfig.h.in").exists()
)
val KNOWN_ABIS = mapOf(
"aarch64-linux-android" to "arm64-v8a",
"arm-linux-androideabi" to "armeabi-v7a",
"i686-linux-android" to "x86",
"x86_64-linux-android" to "x86_64",
)
val osArch = System.getProperty("os.arch")
val NATIVE_ABI = mapOf(
"aarch64" to "arm64-v8a",
"amd64" to "x86_64",
"arm64" to "arm64-v8a",
"x86_64" to "x86_64",
)[osArch] ?: throw GradleException("Unknown os.arch '$osArch'")
// Discover prefixes.
val prefixes = ArrayList<File>()
if (inSourceTree) {
for ((triplet, _) in KNOWN_ABIS.entries) {
val prefix = file("$PYTHON_CROSS_DIR/$triplet/prefix")
if (prefix.exists()) {
prefixes.add(prefix)
}
}
} else {
// Testbed is inside a release package.
val prefix = file("$ANDROID_DIR/prefix")
if (prefix.exists()) {
prefixes.add(prefix)
}
}
if (prefixes.isEmpty()) {
throw GradleException(
"No Android prefixes found: see README.md for testing instructions"
)
}
// Detect Python versions and ABIs.
lateinit var pythonVersion: String
var abis = HashMap<File, String>()
for ((i, prefix) in prefixes.withIndex()) {
val libDir = file("$prefix/lib")
val version = run {
for (filename in libDir.list()!!) {
"""python(\d+\.\d+[a-z]*)""".toRegex().matchEntire(filename)?.let {
return@run it.groupValues[1]
}
}
throw GradleException("Failed to find Python version in $libDir")
}
if (i == 0) {
pythonVersion = version
} else if (pythonVersion != version) {
throw GradleException(
"${prefixes[0]} is Python $pythonVersion, but $prefix is Python $version"
)
}
val libPythonDir = file("$libDir/python$pythonVersion")
val triplet = run {
for (filename in libPythonDir.list()!!) {
"""_sysconfigdata_[a-z]*_android_(.+).py""".toRegex()
.matchEntire(filename)?.let {
return@run it.groupValues[1]
}
}
throw GradleException("Failed to find Python triplet in $libPythonDir")
}
abis[prefix] = KNOWN_ABIS[triplet]!!
}
android {
val androidEnvFile = file("../../android-env.sh").absoluteFile
namespace = "org.python.testbed"
compileSdk = 35
defaultConfig {
applicationId = "org.python.testbed"
minSdk = androidEnvFile.useLines {
for (line in it) {
"""ANDROID_API_LEVEL:=(\d+)""".toRegex().find(line)?.let {
return@useLines it.groupValues[1].toInt()
}
}
throw GradleException("Failed to find API level in $androidEnvFile")
}
// This controls the API level of the maxVersion managed emulator, which is used
// by CI and cibuildwheel.
// * 33 has excessive buffering in the logcat client
// (https://cs.android.com/android/_/android/platform/system/logging/+/d340721894f223327339010df59b0ac514308826).
// * 34 consumes too much disk space on GitHub Actions (#142289).
// * 35 has issues connecting to the internet (#142387).
// * 36 and later are not available as aosp_atd images yet.
targetSdk = 32
versionCode = 1
versionName = "1.0"
ndk.abiFilters.addAll(abis.values)
externalNativeBuild.cmake.arguments(
"-DPYTHON_PREFIX_DIR=" + if (inSourceTree) {
// AGP uses the ${} syntax for its own purposes, so use a Jinja style
// placeholder.
"$PYTHON_CROSS_DIR/{{triplet}}/prefix"
} else {
prefixes[0]
},
"-DPYTHON_VERSION=$pythonVersion",
"-DANDROID_SUPPORT_FLEXIBLE_PAGE_SIZES=ON",
)
testInstrumentationRunner = "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
}
ndkVersion = androidEnvFile.useLines {
for (line in it) {
"""ndk_version=(\S+)""".toRegex().find(line)?.let {
return@useLines it.groupValues[1]
}
}
throw GradleException("Failed to find NDK version in $androidEnvFile")
}
externalNativeBuild.cmake {
path("src/main/c/CMakeLists.txt")
}
// Set this property to something nonexistent but non-empty. Otherwise it'll use the
// default list, which ignores asset directories beginning with an underscore, and
// maybe also other files required by tests.
aaptOptions.ignoreAssetsPattern = "android-testbed-dont-ignore-anything"
compileOptions {
sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}
kotlinOptions {
jvmTarget = "1.8"
}
testOptions {
managedDevices {
localDevices {
// systemImageSource should use what its documentation calls an
// "explicit source", i.e. the sdkmanager package name format, because
// that will be required in CreateEmulatorTask below.
create("minVersion") {
device = "Small Phone"
// Managed devices have a minimum API level of 27.
apiLevel = max(27, defaultConfig.minSdk!!)
// ATD devices are smaller and faster, but have a minimum
// API level of 30.
systemImageSource = if (apiLevel >= 30) "aosp_atd" else "default"
}
create("maxVersion") {
device = "Small Phone"
apiLevel = defaultConfig.targetSdk!!
systemImageSource = "aosp_atd"
}
}
// If the previous test run succeeded and nothing has changed,
// Gradle thinks there's no need to run it again. Override that.
afterEvaluate {
(localDevices.names + listOf("connected")).forEach {
tasks.named("${it}DebugAndroidTest") {
outputs.upToDateWhen { false }
}
}
}
}
}
}
dependencies {
implementation("androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.6.1")
implementation("com.google.android.material:material:1.11.0")
implementation("androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.1.4")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.5")
androidTestImplementation("androidx.test:rules:1.5.0")
}
afterEvaluate {
// Every new emulator has a maximum of 2 GB RAM, regardless of its hardware profile
// (https://cs.android.com/android-studio/platform/tools/base/+/refs/tags/studio-2025.3.2:sdklib/src/main/java/com/android/sdklib/internal/avd/EmulatedProperties.java;l=68).
// This is barely enough to test Python, and not enough to test Pandas
// (https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/137186#issuecomment-3136301023,
// https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/pull/63405#issuecomment-3667846159).
// So we'll increase it by editing the emulator configuration files.
//
// If the emulator doesn't exist yet, we want to edit it after it's created, but
// before it starts for the first time. Otherwise it'll need to be cold-booted
// again, which would slow down the first run, which is likely the only run in CI
// environments. But the Setup task both creates and starts the emulator if it
// doesn't already exist. So we create it ourselves before the Setup task runs.
for (device in android.testOptions.managedDevices.localDevices) {
val createTask = tasks.register<CreateEmulatorTask>("${device.name}Create") {
this.device = device.device
apiLevel = device.apiLevel
systemImageSource = device.systemImageSource
abi = NATIVE_ABI
}
tasks.named("${device.name}Setup") {
dependsOn(createTask)
}
}
}
abstract class CreateEmulatorTask : DefaultTask() {
@get:Input abstract val device: Property<String>
@get:Input abstract val apiLevel: Property<Int>
@get:Input abstract val systemImageSource: Property<String>
@get:Input abstract val abi: Property<String>
@get:Inject abstract val execOps: ExecOperations
private val avdName by lazy {
listOf(
"dev${apiLevel.get()}",
systemImageSource.get(),
abi.get(),
device.get().replace(' ', '_'),
).joinToString("_")
}
private val avdDir by lazy {
// XDG_CONFIG_HOME is respected by both avdmanager and Gradle.
val userHome = System.getenv("ANDROID_USER_HOME") ?: (
(System.getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME") ?: System.getProperty("user.home")!!)
+ "/.android"
)
File("$userHome/avd/gradle-managed", "$avdName.avd")
}
@TaskAction
fun run() {
if (!avdDir.exists()) {
createAvd()
}
updateAvd()
}
fun createAvd() {
val systemImage = listOf(
"system-images",
"android-${apiLevel.get()}",
systemImageSource.get(),
abi.get(),
).joinToString(";")
runCmdlineTool("sdkmanager", systemImage)
runCmdlineTool(
"avdmanager", "create", "avd",
"--name", avdName,
"--path", avdDir,
"--device", device.get().lowercase().replace(" ", "_"),
"--package", systemImage,
)
val iniName = "$avdName.ini"
if (!File(avdDir.parentFile.parentFile, iniName).renameTo(
File(avdDir.parentFile, iniName)
)) {
throw GradleException("Failed to rename $iniName")
}
}
fun updateAvd() {
for (filename in listOf(
"config.ini", // Created by avdmanager; always exists
"hardware-qemu.ini", // Created on first run; might not exist
)) {
val iniFile = File(avdDir, filename)
if (!iniFile.exists()) {
if (filename == "config.ini") {
throw GradleException("$iniFile does not exist")
}
continue
}
val iniText = iniFile.readText()
val pattern = Regex(
"""^\s*hw.ramSize\s*=\s*(.+?)\s*$""", RegexOption.MULTILINE
)
val matches = pattern.findAll(iniText).toList()
if (matches.size != 1) {
throw GradleException(
"Found ${matches.size} instances of $pattern in $iniFile; expected 1"
)
}
val expectedRam = "4096"
if (matches[0].groupValues[1] != expectedRam) {
iniFile.writeText(
iniText.replace(pattern, "hw.ramSize = $expectedRam")
)
}
}
}
fun runCmdlineTool(tool: String, vararg args: Any) {
val androidHome = System.getenv("ANDROID_HOME")!!
val exeSuffix =
if (System.getProperty("os.name").lowercase().startsWith("win")) ".exe"
else ""
val command =
listOf("$androidHome/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/$tool$exeSuffix", *args)
println(command.joinToString(" "))
execOps.exec {
commandLine(command)
}
}
}
// Create some custom tasks to copy Python and its standard library from
// elsewhere in the repository.
androidComponents.onVariants { variant ->
val pyPlusVer = "python$pythonVersion"
generateTask(variant, variant.sources.assets!!) {
into("python") {
// Include files such as pyconfig.h are used by some of the tests.
into("include/$pyPlusVer") {
for (prefix in prefixes) {
from("$prefix/include/$pyPlusVer")
}
duplicatesStrategy = DuplicatesStrategy.EXCLUDE
}
into("lib/$pyPlusVer") {
// To aid debugging, the source directory takes priority when
// running inside a CPython source tree.
if (inSourceTree) {
from("$PYTHON_DIR/Lib")
}
for (prefix in prefixes) {
from("$prefix/lib/$pyPlusVer")
}
into("site-packages") {
from("$projectDir/src/main/python")
val sitePackages = findProperty("python.sitePackages") as String?
if (!sitePackages.isNullOrEmpty()) {
if (!file(sitePackages).exists()) {
throw GradleException("$sitePackages does not exist")
}
from(sitePackages)
}
}
duplicatesStrategy = DuplicatesStrategy.EXCLUDE
exclude("**/__pycache__")
}
into("cwd") {
val cwd = findProperty("python.cwd") as String?
if (!cwd.isNullOrEmpty()) {
if (!file(cwd).exists()) {
throw GradleException("$cwd does not exist")
}
from(cwd)
}
}
// A filename ending with .gz will be automatically decompressed
// while building the APK. Avoid this by adding a dash to the end,
// and add an extra dash to any filenames that already end with one.
// This will be undone in MainActivity.kt.
rename(""".*(\.gz|-)""", "$0-")
}
}
generateTask(variant, variant.sources.jniLibs!!) {
for ((prefix, abi) in abis.entries) {
into(abi) {
from("$prefix/lib")
include("libpython*.*.so")
include("lib*_python.so")
}
}
}
}
fun generateTask(
variant: ApplicationVariant, directories: SourceDirectories,
configure: GenerateTask.() -> Unit
) {
val taskName = "generate" +
listOf(variant.name, "Python", directories.name)
.map { it.replaceFirstChar(Char::uppercase) }
.joinToString("")
directories.addGeneratedSourceDirectory(
tasks.register<GenerateTask>(taskName) {
into(outputDir)
configure()
},
GenerateTask::outputDir)
}
// addGeneratedSourceDirectory requires the task to have a DirectoryProperty.
abstract class GenerateTask: Sync() {
@get:OutputDirectory
abstract val outputDir: DirectoryProperty
}