diff --git a/Lib/tempfile.py b/Lib/tempfile.py
index 6dac9ab3c41717..f0329ed841bb1c 100644
--- a/Lib/tempfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tempfile.py
@@ -117,11 +117,15 @@ def _sanitize_params(prefix, suffix, dir):
     output_type = _infer_return_type(prefix, suffix, dir)
     if suffix is None:
         suffix = output_type()
+    if _os.path.dirname(suffix):
+        raise ValueError("'suffix' can't contain a directory component")
     if prefix is None:
         if output_type is str:
             prefix = template
         else:
             prefix = _os.fsencode(template)
+    if _os.path.dirname(prefix):
+        raise ValueError("'prefix' can't contain a directory component")
     if dir is None:
         if output_type is str:
             dir = gettempdir()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py
index 0e00ff1d0cc366..d56c44c02ab001 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py
@@ -2054,5 +2054,49 @@ def test_delete_false(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(working_dir))
         shutil.rmtree(working_dir)
 
+
+class TestPrefixAndSuffix(BaseTestCase):
+    DATA = (
+        f"dir{os.sep}name",
+        f"{os.sep}abs_name",
+        os.fsencode(f"dir{os.sep}name"),
+        os.fsencode(f"{os.sep}abs_name"),
+    )
+    if os.altsep is not None:
+        DATA += (
+            f"dir{os.altsep}name",
+            f"{os.altsep}abs_name",
+            os.fsencode(f"dir{os.altsep}name"),
+            os.fsencode(f"{os.altsep}abs_name"),
+        )
+
+    def test_prefix_error(self):
+        MESSAGE = "'prefix' can't contain a directory component"
+
+        for value in self.DATA:
+            with self.subTest((value)):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    tempfile.mkstemp(prefix=value)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    os.rmdir(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=value))
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    tempfile.TemporaryFile(prefix=value)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(prefix=value)
+
+    def test_suffix_error(self):
+        MESSAGE = "'suffix' can't contain a directory component"
+
+        for value in self.DATA:
+            with self.subTest((value)):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=value)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    os.rmdir(tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix=value))
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    tempfile.TemporaryFile(suffix=value)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MESSAGE):
+                    tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=value)
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()