/*

** Routines to represent binary data in ASCII and vice-versa

**

** This module currently supports the following encodings:

** uuencode:

** each line encodes 45 bytes (except possibly the last)

** First char encodes (binary) length, rest data

** each char encodes 6 bits, as follows:

** binary: 01234567 abcdefgh ijklmnop

** ascii: 012345 67abcd efghij klmnop

** ASCII encoding method is "excess-space": 000000 is encoded as ' ', etc.

** short binary data is zero-extended (so the bits are always in the

** right place), this does *not* reflect in the length.

** base64:

** Line breaks are insignificant, but lines are at most 76 chars

** each char encodes 6 bits, in similar order as uucode/hqx. Encoding

** is done via a table.

** Short binary data is filled (in ASCII) with '='.

** hqx:

** File starts with introductory text, real data starts and ends

** with colons.

** Data consists of three similar parts: info, datafork, resourcefork.

** Each part is protected (at the end) with a 16-bit crc

** The binary data is run-length encoded, and then ascii-fied:

** binary: 01234567 abcdefgh ijklmnop

** ascii: 012345 67abcd efghij klmnop

** ASCII encoding is table-driven, see the code.

** Short binary data results in the runt ascii-byte being output with

** the bits in the right place.

**

** While I was reading dozens of programs that encode or decode the formats

** here (documentation? hihi:-) I have formulated Jansen's Observation:

**

** Programs that encode binary data in ASCII are written in

** such a style that they are as unreadable as possible. Devices used

** include unnecessary global variables, burying important tables

** in unrelated sourcefiles, putting functions in include files,

** using seemingly-descriptive variable names for different purposes,

** calls to empty subroutines and a host of others.

**

** I have attempted to break with this tradition, but I guess that that

** does make the performance sub-optimal. Oh well, too bad...

**

** Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995.

**

** Added support for quoted-printable encoding, based on rfc 1521 et al

** quoted-printable encoding specifies that non printable characters (anything

** below 32 and above 126) be encoded as =XX where XX is the hexadecimal value

** of the character. It also specifies some other behavior to enable 8bit data

** in a mail message with little difficulty (maximum line sizes, protecting

** some cases of whitespace, etc).

**

** Brandon Long, September 2001.

*/

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN

#include "Python.h"

#include "pycore_long.h" // _PyLong_DigitValue

#include "pycore_strhex.h" // _Py_strhex_bytes_with_sep()

#ifdef USE_ZLIB_CRC32

# include "zlib.h"

#endif

typedef struct binascii_state {

PyObject *Error;

PyObject *Incomplete;

} binascii_state;

static inline binascii_state *

get_binascii_state(PyObject *module)

{

return (binascii_state *)PyModule_GetState(module);

}

static const unsigned char table_a2b_base64[] = {

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,62, -1,-1,-1,63,

52,53,54,55, 56,57,58,59, 60,61,-1,-1, -1, 0,-1,-1, /* Note PAD->0 */

-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11,12,13,14,

15,16,17,18, 19,20,21,22, 23,24,25,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,26,27,28, 29,30,31,32, 33,34,35,36, 37,38,39,40,

41,42,43,44, 45,46,47,48, 49,50,51,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

-1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,-1,

};

#define BASE64_PAD '='

/* Max binary chunk size; limited only by available memory */

#define BASE64_MAXBIN ((PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - 3) / 2)

static const unsigned char table_b2a_base64[] =

"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";

static const unsigned short crctab_hqx[256] = {

0x0000, 0x1021, 0x2042, 0x3063, 0x4084, 0x50a5, 0x60c6, 0x70e7,

0x8108, 0x9129, 0xa14a, 0xb16b, 0xc18c, 0xd1ad, 0xe1ce, 0xf1ef,

0x1231, 0x0210, 0x3273, 0x2252, 0x52b5, 0x4294, 0x72f7, 0x62d6,

0x9339, 0x8318, 0xb37b, 0xa35a, 0xd3bd, 0xc39c, 0xf3ff, 0xe3de,

0x2462, 0x3443, 0x0420, 0x1401, 0x64e6, 0x74c7, 0x44a4, 0x5485,

0xa56a, 0xb54b, 0x8528, 0x9509, 0xe5ee, 0xf5cf, 0xc5ac, 0xd58d,

0x3653, 0x2672, 0x1611, 0x0630, 0x76d7, 0x66f6, 0x5695, 0x46b4,

0xb75b, 0xa77a, 0x9719, 0x8738, 0xf7df, 0xe7fe, 0xd79d, 0xc7bc,

0x48c4, 0x58e5, 0x6886, 0x78a7, 0x0840, 0x1861, 0x2802, 0x3823,

0xc9cc, 0xd9ed, 0xe98e, 0xf9af, 0x8948, 0x9969, 0xa90a, 0xb92b,

0x5af5, 0x4ad4, 0x7ab7, 0x6a96, 0x1a71, 0x0a50, 0x3a33, 0x2a12,

0xdbfd, 0xcbdc, 0xfbbf, 0xeb9e, 0x9b79, 0x8b58, 0xbb3b, 0xab1a,

0x6ca6, 0x7c87, 0x4ce4, 0x5cc5, 0x2c22, 0x3c03, 0x0c60, 0x1c41,

0xedae, 0xfd8f, 0xcdec, 0xddcd, 0xad2a, 0xbd0b, 0x8d68, 0x9d49,

0x7e97, 0x6eb6, 0x5ed5, 0x4ef4, 0x3e13, 0x2e32, 0x1e51, 0x0e70,

0xff9f, 0xefbe, 0xdfdd, 0xcffc, 0xbf1b, 0xaf3a, 0x9f59, 0x8f78,

0x9188, 0x81a9, 0xb1ca, 0xa1eb, 0xd10c, 0xc12d, 0xf14e, 0xe16f,

0x1080, 0x00a1, 0x30c2, 0x20e3, 0x5004, 0x4025, 0x7046, 0x6067,

0x83b9, 0x9398, 0xa3fb, 0xb3da, 0xc33d, 0xd31c, 0xe37f, 0xf35e,

0x02b1, 0x1290, 0x22f3, 0x32d2, 0x4235, 0x5214, 0x6277, 0x7256,

0xb5ea, 0xa5cb, 0x95a8, 0x8589, 0xf56e, 0xe54f, 0xd52c, 0xc50d,

0x34e2, 0x24c3, 0x14a0, 0x0481, 0x7466, 0x6447, 0x5424, 0x4405,

0xa7db, 0xb7fa, 0x8799, 0x97b8, 0xe75f, 0xf77e, 0xc71d, 0xd73c,

0x26d3, 0x36f2, 0x0691, 0x16b0, 0x6657, 0x7676, 0x4615, 0x5634,

0xd94c, 0xc96d, 0xf90e, 0xe92f, 0x99c8, 0x89e9, 0xb98a, 0xa9ab,

0x5844, 0x4865, 0x7806, 0x6827, 0x18c0, 0x08e1, 0x3882, 0x28a3,

0xcb7d, 0xdb5c, 0xeb3f, 0xfb1e, 0x8bf9, 0x9bd8, 0xabbb, 0xbb9a,

0x4a75, 0x5a54, 0x6a37, 0x7a16, 0x0af1, 0x1ad0, 0x2ab3, 0x3a92,

0xfd2e, 0xed0f, 0xdd6c, 0xcd4d, 0xbdaa, 0xad8b, 0x9de8, 0x8dc9,

0x7c26, 0x6c07, 0x5c64, 0x4c45, 0x3ca2, 0x2c83, 0x1ce0, 0x0cc1,

0xef1f, 0xff3e, 0xcf5d, 0xdf7c, 0xaf9b, 0xbfba, 0x8fd9, 0x9ff8,

0x6e17, 0x7e36, 0x4e55, 0x5e74, 0x2e93, 0x3eb2, 0x0ed1, 0x1ef0,

};

/*[clinic input]

module binascii

[clinic start generated code]*/

/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=de89fb46bcaf3fec]*/

/*[python input]

class ascii_buffer_converter(CConverter):

type = 'Py_buffer'

converter = 'ascii_buffer_converter'

impl_by_reference = True

c_default = "{NULL, NULL}"

def cleanup(self):

name = self.name

return "".join(["if (", name, ".obj)\n PyBuffer_Release(&", name, ");\n"])

[python start generated code]*/

/*[python end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=3eb7b63610da92cd]*/

static int

ascii_buffer_converter(PyObject *arg, Py_buffer *buf)

{

if (arg == NULL) {

PyBuffer_Release(buf);

return 1;

}

if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {

if (PyUnicode_READY(arg) < 0)

return 0;

if (!PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(arg)) {

PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,

"string argument should contain only ASCII characters");

return 0;

}

assert(PyUnicode_KIND(arg) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);

buf->buf = (void *) PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(arg);

buf->len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(arg);

buf->obj = NULL;

return 1;

}

if (PyObject_GetBuffer(arg, buf, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {

PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,

"argument should be bytes, buffer or ASCII string, "

"not '%.100s'", Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);

return 0;

}

if (!PyBuffer_IsContiguous(buf, 'C')) {

PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,

"argument should be a contiguous buffer, "

"not '%.100s'", Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);

PyBuffer_Release(buf);

return 0;

}

return Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED;

}

#include "clinic/binascii.c.h"

/*[clinic input]

binascii.a2b_uu

data: ascii_buffer

/

Decode a line of uuencoded data.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_a2b_uu_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=e027f8e0b0598742 input=7cafeaf73df63d1c]*/

{

const unsigned char *ascii_data;

unsigned char *bin_data;

int leftbits = 0;

unsigned char this_ch;

unsigned int leftchar = 0;

PyObject *rv;

Py_ssize_t ascii_len, bin_len;

binascii_state *state;

ascii_data = data->buf;

ascii_len = data->len;

assert(ascii_len >= 0);

/* First byte: binary data length (in bytes) */

bin_len = (*ascii_data++ - ' ') & 077;

ascii_len--;

/* Allocate the buffer */

if ( (rv=PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, bin_len)) == NULL )

return NULL;

bin_data = (unsigned char *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(rv);

for( ; bin_len > 0 ; ascii_len--, ascii_data++ ) {

/* XXX is it really best to add NULs if there's no more data */

this_ch = (ascii_len > 0) ? *ascii_data : 0;

if ( this_ch == '\n' || this_ch == '\r' || ascii_len <= 0) {

/*

** Whitespace. Assume some spaces got eaten at

** end-of-line. (We check this later)

*/

this_ch = 0;

} else {

/* Check the character for legality

** The 64 in stead of the expected 63 is because

** there are a few uuencodes out there that use

** '`' as zero instead of space.

*/

if ( this_ch < ' ' || this_ch > (' ' + 64)) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

return NULL;

}

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Illegal char");

Py_DECREF(rv);

return NULL;

}

this_ch = (this_ch - ' ') & 077;

}

/*

** Shift it in on the low end, and see if there's

** a byte ready for output.

*/

leftchar = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);

leftbits += 6;

if ( leftbits >= 8 ) {

leftbits -= 8;

*bin_data++ = (leftchar >> leftbits) & 0xff;

leftchar &= ((1 << leftbits) - 1);

bin_len--;

}

}

/*

** Finally, check that if there's anything left on the line

** that it's whitespace only.

*/

while( ascii_len-- > 0 ) {

this_ch = *ascii_data++;

/* Extra '`' may be written as padding in some cases */

if ( this_ch != ' ' && this_ch != ' '+64 &&

this_ch != '\n' && this_ch != '\r' ) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

return NULL;

}

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Trailing garbage");

Py_DECREF(rv);

return NULL;

}

}

return rv;

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.b2a_uu

data: Py_buffer

/

*

backtick: bool(accept={int}) = False

Uuencode line of data.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_b2a_uu_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int backtick)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=b1b99de62d9bbeb8 input=b26bc8d32b6ed2f6]*/

{

unsigned char *ascii_data;

const unsigned char *bin_data;

int leftbits = 0;

unsigned char this_ch;

unsigned int leftchar = 0;

binascii_state *state;

Py_ssize_t bin_len, out_len;

_PyBytesWriter writer;

_PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);

bin_data = data->buf;

bin_len = data->len;

if ( bin_len > 45 ) {

/* The 45 is a limit that appears in all uuencode's */

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

return NULL;

}

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "At most 45 bytes at once");

return NULL;

}

/* We're lazy and allocate to much (fixed up later) */

out_len = 2 + (bin_len + 2) / 3 * 4;

ascii_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, out_len);

if (ascii_data == NULL)

return NULL;

/* Store the length */

if (backtick && !bin_len)

*ascii_data++ = '`';

else

*ascii_data++ = ' ' + (unsigned char)bin_len;

for( ; bin_len > 0 || leftbits != 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {

/* Shift the data (or padding) into our buffer */

if ( bin_len > 0 ) /* Data */

leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;

else /* Padding */

leftchar <<= 8;

leftbits += 8;

/* See if there are 6-bit groups ready */

while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {

this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;

leftbits -= 6;

if (backtick && !this_ch)

*ascii_data++ = '`';

else

*ascii_data++ = this_ch + ' ';

}

}

*ascii_data++ = '\n'; /* Append a courtesy newline */

return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, ascii_data);

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.a2b_base64

data: ascii_buffer

/

*

strict_mode: bool(accept={int}) = False

Decode a line of base64 data.

strict_mode

When set to True, bytes that are not part of the base64 standard are not allowed.

The same applies to excess data after padding (= / ==).

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_a2b_base64_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int strict_mode)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=5409557788d4f975 input=3a30c4e3528317c6]*/

{

assert(data->len >= 0);

const unsigned char *ascii_data = data->buf;

size_t ascii_len = data->len;

binascii_state *state = NULL;

char padding_started = 0;

/* Allocate the buffer */

Py_ssize_t bin_len = ((ascii_len+3)/4)*3; /* Upper bound, corrected later */

_PyBytesWriter writer;

_PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);

unsigned char *bin_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, bin_len);

if (bin_data == NULL)

return NULL;

unsigned char *bin_data_start = bin_data;

if (strict_mode && ascii_len > 0 && ascii_data[0] == '=') {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state) {

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Leading padding not allowed");

}

goto error_end;

}

int quad_pos = 0;

unsigned char leftchar = 0;

int pads = 0;

for (size_t i = 0; i < ascii_len; i++) {

unsigned char this_ch = ascii_data[i];

/* Check for pad sequences and ignore

** the invalid ones.

*/

if (this_ch == BASE64_PAD) {

padding_started = 1;

if (quad_pos >= 2 && quad_pos + ++pads >= 4) {

/* A pad sequence means we should not parse more input.

** We've already interpreted the data from the quad at this point.

** in strict mode, an error should raise if there's excess data after the padding.

*/

if (strict_mode && i + 1 < ascii_len) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state) {

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Excess data after padding");

}

goto error_end;

}

goto done;

}

continue;

}

this_ch = table_a2b_base64[this_ch];

if (this_ch >= 64) {

if (strict_mode) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state) {

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Only base64 data is allowed");

}

goto error_end;

}

continue;

}

// Characters that are not '=', in the middle of the padding, are not allowed

if (strict_mode && padding_started) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state) {

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Discontinuous padding not allowed");

}

goto error_end;

}

pads = 0;

switch (quad_pos) {

case 0:

quad_pos = 1;

leftchar = this_ch;

break;

case 1:

quad_pos = 2;

*bin_data++ = (leftchar << 2) | (this_ch >> 4);

leftchar = this_ch & 0x0f;

break;

case 2:

quad_pos = 3;

*bin_data++ = (leftchar << 4) | (this_ch >> 2);

leftchar = this_ch & 0x03;

break;

case 3:

quad_pos = 0;

*bin_data++ = (leftchar << 6) | (this_ch);

leftchar = 0;

break;

}

}

if (quad_pos != 0) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

/* error already set, from get_binascii_state */

} else if (quad_pos == 1) {

/*

** There is exactly one extra valid, non-padding, base64 character.

** This is an invalid length, as there is no possible input that

** could encoded into such a base64 string.

*/

PyErr_Format(state->Error,

"Invalid base64-encoded string: "

"number of data characters (%zd) cannot be 1 more "

"than a multiple of 4",

(bin_data - bin_data_start) / 3 * 4 + 1);

} else {

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Incorrect padding");

}

error_end:

_PyBytesWriter_Dealloc(&writer);

return NULL;

}

done:

return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, bin_data);

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.b2a_base64

data: Py_buffer

/

*

newline: bool(accept={int}) = True

Base64-code line of data.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_b2a_base64_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int newline)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=4ad62c8e8485d3b3 input=6083dac5777fa45d]*/

{

unsigned char *ascii_data;

const unsigned char *bin_data;

int leftbits = 0;

unsigned char this_ch;

unsigned int leftchar = 0;

Py_ssize_t bin_len, out_len;

_PyBytesWriter writer;

binascii_state *state;

bin_data = data->buf;

bin_len = data->len;

_PyBytesWriter_Init(&writer);

assert(bin_len >= 0);

if ( bin_len > BASE64_MAXBIN ) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

return NULL;

}

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Too much data for base64 line");

return NULL;

}

/* We're lazy and allocate too much (fixed up later).

"+2" leaves room for up to two pad characters.

Note that 'b' gets encoded as 'Yg==\n' (1 in, 5 out). */

out_len = bin_len*2 + 2;

if (newline)

out_len++;

ascii_data = _PyBytesWriter_Alloc(&writer, out_len);

if (ascii_data == NULL)

return NULL;

for( ; bin_len > 0 ; bin_len--, bin_data++ ) {

/* Shift the data into our buffer */

leftchar = (leftchar << 8) | *bin_data;

leftbits += 8;

/* See if there are 6-bit groups ready */

while ( leftbits >= 6 ) {

this_ch = (leftchar >> (leftbits-6)) & 0x3f;

leftbits -= 6;

*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[this_ch];

}

}

if ( leftbits == 2 ) {

*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[(leftchar&3) << 4];

*ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;

*ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;

} else if ( leftbits == 4 ) {

*ascii_data++ = table_b2a_base64[(leftchar&0xf) << 2];

*ascii_data++ = BASE64_PAD;

}

if (newline)

*ascii_data++ = '\n'; /* Append a courtesy newline */

return _PyBytesWriter_Finish(&writer, ascii_data);

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.crc_hqx

data: Py_buffer

crc: unsigned_int(bitwise=True)

/

Compute CRC-CCITT incrementally.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_crc_hqx_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, unsigned int crc)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=2fde213d0f547a98 input=56237755370a951c]*/

{

const unsigned char *bin_data;

Py_ssize_t len;

crc &= 0xffff;

bin_data = data->buf;

len = data->len;

while(len-- > 0) {

crc = ((crc<<8)&0xff00) ^ crctab_hqx[(crc>>8)^*bin_data++];

}

return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(crc);

}

#ifndef USE_ZLIB_CRC32

/* Crc - 32 BIT ANSI X3.66 CRC checksum files

Also known as: ISO 3307

**********************************************************************|

* *|

* Demonstration program to compute the 32-bit CRC used as the frame *|

* check sequence in ADCCP (ANSI X3.66, also known as FIPS PUB 71 *|

* and FED-STD-1003, the U.S. versions of CCITT's X.25 link-level *|

* protocol). The 32-bit FCS was added via the Federal Register, *|

* 1 June 1982, p.23798. I presume but don't know for certain that *|

* this polynomial is or will be included in CCITT V.41, which *|

* defines the 16-bit CRC (often called CRC-CCITT) polynomial. FIPS *|

* PUB 78 says that the 32-bit FCS reduces otherwise undetected *|

* errors by a factor of 10^-5 over 16-bit FCS. *|

* *|

**********************************************************************|

Copyright (C) 1986 Gary S. Brown. You may use this program, or

code or tables extracted from it, as desired without restriction.

First, the polynomial itself and its table of feedback terms. The

polynomial is

X^32+X^26+X^23+X^22+X^16+X^12+X^11+X^10+X^8+X^7+X^5+X^4+X^2+X^1+X^0

Note that we take it "backwards" and put the highest-order term in

the lowest-order bit. The X^32 term is "implied"; the LSB is the

X^31 term, etc. The X^0 term (usually shown as "+1") results in

the MSB being 1.

Note that the usual hardware shift register implementation, which

is what we're using (we're merely optimizing it by doing eight-bit

chunks at a time) shifts bits into the lowest-order term. In our

implementation, that means shifting towards the right. Why do we

do it this way? Because the calculated CRC must be transmitted in

order from highest-order term to lowest-order term. UARTs transmit

characters in order from LSB to MSB. By storing the CRC this way,

we hand it to the UART in the order low-byte to high-byte; the UART

sends each low-bit to hight-bit; and the result is transmission bit

by bit from highest- to lowest-order term without requiring any bit

shuffling on our part. Reception works similarly.

The feedback terms table consists of 256, 32-bit entries. Notes:

1. The table can be generated at runtime if desired; code to do so

is shown later. It might not be obvious, but the feedback

terms simply represent the results of eight shift/xor opera-

tions for all combinations of data and CRC register values.

2. The CRC accumulation logic is the same for all CRC polynomials,

be they sixteen or thirty-two bits wide. You simply choose the

appropriate table. Alternatively, because the table can be

generated at runtime, you can start by generating the table for

the polynomial in question and use exactly the same "updcrc",

if your application needn't simultaneously handle two CRC

polynomials. (Note, however, that XMODEM is strange.)

3. For 16-bit CRCs, the table entries need be only 16 bits wide;

of course, 32-bit entries work OK if the high 16 bits are zero.

4. The values must be right-shifted by eight bits by the "updcrc"

logic; the shift must be unsigned (bring in zeroes). On some

hardware you could probably optimize the shift in assembler by

using byte-swap instructions.

********************************************************************/

static const unsigned int crc_32_tab[256] = {

0x00000000U, 0x77073096U, 0xee0e612cU, 0x990951baU, 0x076dc419U,

0x706af48fU, 0xe963a535U, 0x9e6495a3U, 0x0edb8832U, 0x79dcb8a4U,

0xe0d5e91eU, 0x97d2d988U, 0x09b64c2bU, 0x7eb17cbdU, 0xe7b82d07U,

0x90bf1d91U, 0x1db71064U, 0x6ab020f2U, 0xf3b97148U, 0x84be41deU,

0x1adad47dU, 0x6ddde4ebU, 0xf4d4b551U, 0x83d385c7U, 0x136c9856U,

0x646ba8c0U, 0xfd62f97aU, 0x8a65c9ecU, 0x14015c4fU, 0x63066cd9U,

0xfa0f3d63U, 0x8d080df5U, 0x3b6e20c8U, 0x4c69105eU, 0xd56041e4U,

0xa2677172U, 0x3c03e4d1U, 0x4b04d447U, 0xd20d85fdU, 0xa50ab56bU,

0x35b5a8faU, 0x42b2986cU, 0xdbbbc9d6U, 0xacbcf940U, 0x32d86ce3U,

0x45df5c75U, 0xdcd60dcfU, 0xabd13d59U, 0x26d930acU, 0x51de003aU,

0xc8d75180U, 0xbfd06116U, 0x21b4f4b5U, 0x56b3c423U, 0xcfba9599U,

0xb8bda50fU, 0x2802b89eU, 0x5f058808U, 0xc60cd9b2U, 0xb10be924U,

0x2f6f7c87U, 0x58684c11U, 0xc1611dabU, 0xb6662d3dU, 0x76dc4190U,

0x01db7106U, 0x98d220bcU, 0xefd5102aU, 0x71b18589U, 0x06b6b51fU,

0x9fbfe4a5U, 0xe8b8d433U, 0x7807c9a2U, 0x0f00f934U, 0x9609a88eU,

0xe10e9818U, 0x7f6a0dbbU, 0x086d3d2dU, 0x91646c97U, 0xe6635c01U,

0x6b6b51f4U, 0x1c6c6162U, 0x856530d8U, 0xf262004eU, 0x6c0695edU,

0x1b01a57bU, 0x8208f4c1U, 0xf50fc457U, 0x65b0d9c6U, 0x12b7e950U,

0x8bbeb8eaU, 0xfcb9887cU, 0x62dd1ddfU, 0x15da2d49U, 0x8cd37cf3U,

0xfbd44c65U, 0x4db26158U, 0x3ab551ceU, 0xa3bc0074U, 0xd4bb30e2U,

0x4adfa541U, 0x3dd895d7U, 0xa4d1c46dU, 0xd3d6f4fbU, 0x4369e96aU,

0x346ed9fcU, 0xad678846U, 0xda60b8d0U, 0x44042d73U, 0x33031de5U,

0xaa0a4c5fU, 0xdd0d7cc9U, 0x5005713cU, 0x270241aaU, 0xbe0b1010U,

0xc90c2086U, 0x5768b525U, 0x206f85b3U, 0xb966d409U, 0xce61e49fU,

0x5edef90eU, 0x29d9c998U, 0xb0d09822U, 0xc7d7a8b4U, 0x59b33d17U,

0x2eb40d81U, 0xb7bd5c3bU, 0xc0ba6cadU, 0xedb88320U, 0x9abfb3b6U,

0x03b6e20cU, 0x74b1d29aU, 0xead54739U, 0x9dd277afU, 0x04db2615U,

0x73dc1683U, 0xe3630b12U, 0x94643b84U, 0x0d6d6a3eU, 0x7a6a5aa8U,

0xe40ecf0bU, 0x9309ff9dU, 0x0a00ae27U, 0x7d079eb1U, 0xf00f9344U,

0x8708a3d2U, 0x1e01f268U, 0x6906c2feU, 0xf762575dU, 0x806567cbU,

0x196c3671U, 0x6e6b06e7U, 0xfed41b76U, 0x89d32be0U, 0x10da7a5aU,

0x67dd4accU, 0xf9b9df6fU, 0x8ebeeff9U, 0x17b7be43U, 0x60b08ed5U,

0xd6d6a3e8U, 0xa1d1937eU, 0x38d8c2c4U, 0x4fdff252U, 0xd1bb67f1U,

0xa6bc5767U, 0x3fb506ddU, 0x48b2364bU, 0xd80d2bdaU, 0xaf0a1b4cU,

0x36034af6U, 0x41047a60U, 0xdf60efc3U, 0xa867df55U, 0x316e8eefU,

0x4669be79U, 0xcb61b38cU, 0xbc66831aU, 0x256fd2a0U, 0x5268e236U,

0xcc0c7795U, 0xbb0b4703U, 0x220216b9U, 0x5505262fU, 0xc5ba3bbeU,

0xb2bd0b28U, 0x2bb45a92U, 0x5cb36a04U, 0xc2d7ffa7U, 0xb5d0cf31U,

0x2cd99e8bU, 0x5bdeae1dU, 0x9b64c2b0U, 0xec63f226U, 0x756aa39cU,

0x026d930aU, 0x9c0906a9U, 0xeb0e363fU, 0x72076785U, 0x05005713U,

0x95bf4a82U, 0xe2b87a14U, 0x7bb12baeU, 0x0cb61b38U, 0x92d28e9bU,

0xe5d5be0dU, 0x7cdcefb7U, 0x0bdbdf21U, 0x86d3d2d4U, 0xf1d4e242U,

0x68ddb3f8U, 0x1fda836eU, 0x81be16cdU, 0xf6b9265bU, 0x6fb077e1U,

0x18b74777U, 0x88085ae6U, 0xff0f6a70U, 0x66063bcaU, 0x11010b5cU,

0x8f659effU, 0xf862ae69U, 0x616bffd3U, 0x166ccf45U, 0xa00ae278U,

0xd70dd2eeU, 0x4e048354U, 0x3903b3c2U, 0xa7672661U, 0xd06016f7U,

0x4969474dU, 0x3e6e77dbU, 0xaed16a4aU, 0xd9d65adcU, 0x40df0b66U,

0x37d83bf0U, 0xa9bcae53U, 0xdebb9ec5U, 0x47b2cf7fU, 0x30b5ffe9U,

0xbdbdf21cU, 0xcabac28aU, 0x53b39330U, 0x24b4a3a6U, 0xbad03605U,

0xcdd70693U, 0x54de5729U, 0x23d967bfU, 0xb3667a2eU, 0xc4614ab8U,

0x5d681b02U, 0x2a6f2b94U, 0xb40bbe37U, 0xc30c8ea1U, 0x5a05df1bU,

0x2d02ef8dU

};

#endif /* USE_ZLIB_CRC32 */

/*[clinic input]

binascii.crc32 -> unsigned_int

data: Py_buffer

crc: unsigned_int(bitwise=True) = 0

/

Compute CRC-32 incrementally.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static unsigned int

binascii_crc32_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, unsigned int crc)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=52cf59056a78593b input=bbe340bc99d25aa8]*/

#ifdef USE_ZLIB_CRC32

/* This was taken from zlibmodule.c PyZlib_crc32 (but is PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN) */

{

const Byte *buf;

Py_ssize_t len;

int signed_val;

buf = (Byte*)data->buf;

len = data->len;

signed_val = crc32(crc, buf, len);

return (unsigned int)signed_val & 0xffffffffU;

}

#else /* USE_ZLIB_CRC32 */

{ /* By Jim Ahlstrom; All rights transferred to CNRI */

const unsigned char *bin_data;

Py_ssize_t len;

unsigned int result;

bin_data = data->buf;

len = data->len;

crc = ~ crc;

while (len-- > 0) {

crc = crc_32_tab[(crc ^ *bin_data++) & 0xff] ^ (crc >> 8);

/* Note: (crc >> 8) MUST zero fill on left */

}

result = (crc ^ 0xFFFFFFFF);

return result & 0xffffffff;

}

#endif /* USE_ZLIB_CRC32 */

/*[clinic input]

binascii.b2a_hex

data: Py_buffer

sep: object = NULL

An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.

bytes_per_sep: int = 1

How many bytes between separators. Positive values count from the

right, negative values count from the left.

Hexadecimal representation of binary data.

The return value is a bytes object. This function is also

available as "hexlify()".

Example:

>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef')

b'b901ef'

>>> binascii.hexlify(b'\xb9\x01\xef', ':')

b'b9:01:ef'

>>> binascii.b2a_hex(b'\xb9\x01\xef', b'_', 2)

b'b9_01ef'

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_b2a_hex_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, PyObject *sep,

int bytes_per_sep)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=a26937946a81d2c7 input=ec0ade6ba2e43543]*/

{

return _Py_strhex_bytes_with_sep((const char *)data->buf, data->len,

sep, bytes_per_sep);

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.hexlify = binascii.b2a_hex

Hexadecimal representation of binary data.

The return value is a bytes object. This function is also

available as "b2a_hex()".

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_hexlify_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, PyObject *sep,

int bytes_per_sep)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=d12aa1b001b15199 input=bc317bd4e241f76b]*/

{

return _Py_strhex_bytes_with_sep((const char *)data->buf, data->len,

sep, bytes_per_sep);

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.a2b_hex

hexstr: ascii_buffer

/

Binary data of hexadecimal representation.

hexstr must contain an even number of hex digits (upper or lower case).

This function is also available as "unhexlify()".

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_a2b_hex_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *hexstr)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=0cc1a139af0eeecb input=9e1e7f2f94db24fd]*/

{

const char* argbuf;

Py_ssize_t arglen;

PyObject *retval;

char* retbuf;

Py_ssize_t i, j;

binascii_state *state;

argbuf = hexstr->buf;

arglen = hexstr->len;

assert(arglen >= 0);

/* XXX What should we do about strings with an odd length? Should

* we add an implicit leading zero, or a trailing zero? For now,

* raise an exception.

*/

if (arglen % 2) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

return NULL;

}

PyErr_SetString(state->Error, "Odd-length string");

return NULL;

}

retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (arglen/2));

if (!retval)

return NULL;

retbuf = PyBytes_AS_STRING(retval);

for (i=j=0; i < arglen; i += 2) {

unsigned int top = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(argbuf[i])];

unsigned int bot = _PyLong_DigitValue[Py_CHARMASK(argbuf[i+1])];

if (top >= 16 || bot >= 16) {

state = get_binascii_state(module);

if (state == NULL) {

return NULL;

}

PyErr_SetString(state->Error,

"Non-hexadecimal digit found");

goto finally;

}

retbuf[j++] = (top << 4) + bot;

}

return retval;

finally:

Py_DECREF(retval);

return NULL;

}

/*[clinic input]

binascii.unhexlify = binascii.a2b_hex

Binary data of hexadecimal representation.

hexstr must contain an even number of hex digits (upper or lower case).

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_unhexlify_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *hexstr)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=51a64c06c79629e3 input=dd8c012725f462da]*/

{

return binascii_a2b_hex_impl(module, hexstr);

}

#define MAXLINESIZE 76

/*[clinic input]

binascii.a2b_qp

data: ascii_buffer

header: bool(accept={int}) = False

Decode a string of qp-encoded data.

[clinic start generated code]*/

static PyObject *

binascii_a2b_qp_impl(PyObject *module, Py_buffer *data, int header)

/*[clinic end generated code: output=e99f7846cfb9bc53 input=bf6766fea76cce8f]*/

{

Py_ssize_t in, out;

char ch;

const unsigned char *ascii_data;

unsigned char *odata;

Py_ssize_t datalen = 0;

PyObject *rv;

ascii_data = data->buf;

datalen = data->len;

/* We allocate the output same size as input, this is overkill.

*/

odata = (unsigned char *) PyMem_Calloc(1, datalen);

if (odata == NULL) {

PyErr_NoMemory();

return NULL;

}

in = out = 0;

while (in < datalen) {

if (ascii_data[in] == '=') {

in++;

if (in >= datalen) break;

/* Soft line breaks */

if ((ascii_data[in] == '\n') || (ascii_data[in] == '\r')) {

if (ascii_data[in] != '\n') {

while (in < datalen && ascii_data[in] != '\n') in++;

}

if (in < datalen) in++;

}

else if (ascii_data[in] == '=') {

/* broken case from broken python qp */

odata[out++] = '=';

in++;

}

else if ((in + 1 < datalen) &&

((ascii_data[in] >= 'A' && ascii_data[in] <= 'F') ||

(ascii_data[in] >= 'a' && ascii_data[in] <= 'f') ||

(ascii_data[in] >= '0' && ascii_data[in] <= '9')) &&

((ascii_data[in+1] >= 'A' && ascii_data[in+1] <= 'F') ||

(ascii_data[in+1] >= 'a' && ascii_data[in+1] <= 'f') ||

(ascii_data[in+1] >= '0' && ascii_data[in+1] <= '9'))) {

/* hexval */

ch = _PyLong_DigitValue[ascii_data[in]] << 4;

in++;

ch |= _PyLong_DigitValue[ascii_data[in]];

in++;

odata[out++] = ch;

}

else {

odata[out++] = '=';

}

}

else if (header && ascii_data[in] == '_') {

odata[out++] = ' ';

in++;

}

else {

odata[out] = ascii_data[in];

in++;

out++;

}

}

if ((rv = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)odata, out)) == NULL) {

PyMem_Free(odata);

return NULL;

}

PyMem_Free(odata);