See pypa/manylinux#1225 - all muslllinux wheels are broken on Alpine 3.14; the version of Python used in Alpine 3.14 uses the wrong binary names inside the wheels (ending in -musl instead of -gnu) So any wheels produced on musllinux_1_1 do not work on Alpine 3.14.

The patch has not been accepted upstream; -gnu is the correct, musllinux name, and Alpine 3.14 is currently at fault. CPython 3.11 might change the name to -musl, but it probably will not happen for existing Pythons.

Also see:

• Workaround to fix BPO-43112 pip#10678
• https://discuss.python.org/t/a-mess-with-soabi-tags-on-musllinux/11688
• musllinux mess potential solution auditwheel#349
• Add image for musllinux_1_2 policy manylinux#1225
• https://bugs.python.org/issue43112
• bpo-43112: detect musl as a separate SOABI python/cpython#24502
• coverage 6.1.1 musllinux wheel performance issues coveragepy/coveragepy#1268 (comment)
• https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/aports/-/issues/13227

Current binaries produced:

psycopg_binary-3.0.4-cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl
 - _psycopg.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-gnu.so

What it should be (Alpine 3.14+ has the patched CPython):

psycopg_binary-3.0.4-cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl
 - _psycopg.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-musl.so

We hoped for a possible workaround, but this cannot be done, since wheels are zip files, and the zip module in Python has never supported symlinks:

psycopg_binary-3.0.4-cp310-cp310-musllinux_1_1_x86_64.whl
 - _psycopg.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-musl.so
 - _psycopg.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-gnu.so -> _psycopg.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-musl.so

Here's the current plan:

• ALPINE: Add a patch on top of the current patch to make CPython look for -gnu on top of -musl for Alpine 3.15 and 3.14. Reverting the patch would break every Alpine wheel previously locally compiled (like NumPy) and would require rebuilding all shipped packages that depend on Python.
• ALPINE: Revert the patch for CPython 3.10 in Alpine 3.16, due mid next year.
• CPYTHON: Take the existing patch (bpo-43112: detect musl as a separate SOABI bpo-43112: detect musl as a separate SOABI python/cpython#24502) targeting upstream CPython 3.11 and change search to include abi3-gnu on musl after looking for abi3-musl. The ability to install both binaries into a single folder would be a new "feature" of CPython 3.11.
• AUDITWHEEL: Optionally this could be checked and normalized by auditwheel (like changing -musl to -gnu on 3.9) if desired. ABI3 wheels targeting <3.11 could be normalized to -gnu. (Currently ABI3 wheels do not have platform tags in the filename, so they work everywhere, but can't be in a shared folder.)