0:01 Our next category of Pythonic concepts and tips

0:03 is going to be around functions and methods.

0:06 Python is a multi-paradigm programming language,

0:09 we can write procedural code,

0:10 we could write object-oriented code,

0:12 we could write functional code and with things like decorators

0:15 we can even write aspect-oriented code.

0:17 Python's functional support is very strong,

0:20 you'll see the functions and methods are first class symbols and citizens in Python

0:25 and they are highly flexible and powerful.

0:28 When you define a function or method with a "def" keyword,

0:32 you're really instantiating a function object and you can pass that object around

0:37 just like you can pass a number or a string or an instance of a class.

0:41 You'll see that those function objects can even be changed at runtime

0:45 you could dynamically add a field to a function

0:47 just by saying "function.value=something".

0:50 Not saying that you should do that, but just considering the flexibility, right.

0:55 Functions even allow you create things called closures,

0:57 both inline functions as well as lambda expressions,

1:00 that's a very powerful programming technique often used in places

1:03 like Javascript for data hiding and encapsulation.

1:07 And finally with things like lambda expressions

1:09 we can even define small inline methods as little bits of executable code

1:14 that we can pass around in super concise and composable ways.