---
layout: documentation
title: Macros
---
# Macros

## Macro creation

A macro is a function called from the BUILD file that can instantiate rules.
Macros don't give additional power, they are just used for encapsulation and
code reuse. By the end of the [loading phase](concepts.md#evaluation-model),
macros don't exist anymore, and Bazel sees only the set of rules they created.

Native rules (i.e. rules that don't need a `load()` statement) can be
instantiated from the [native](lib/native.html) module, e.g.

```python
def my_macro(name, visibility=None):
  native.cc_library(
    name = name,
    srcs = ["main.cc"],
    visibility = visibility,
  )
```

If you need to know the package name (i.e. which BUILD file is calling the
macro), use the function [native.package_name()](lib/native.html#package_name).

## Examples

* [Macro creating rules](cookbook.md#macro).

* [Macro creating native rules](cookbook.md#macro_native).

* [Macro combining multiple rules](cookbook.md#macro_compound).

## Debugging

*   `bazel query --output=build //my/path:all` will show you how the BUILD file
    looks after evaluation. All macros, globs, loops are expanded. Known
    limitation: `select` expressions are currently not shown in the output.

*   You may filter the output based on `generator_function` (which function
    generated the rules) or `generator_name` (the name attribute of the macro),
    e.g.
    ```bash
    $ bazel query --output=build 'attr(generator_function, my_macro, //my/path:all)'
    ```

*   To find out where exactly the rule `foo` is generated in a BUILD file, you
    can try the following trick. Insert this line near the top of the BUILD
    file: `cc_library(name = "foo")`. Run Bazel. You will get an exception when
    the rule `foo` is created (due to a name conflict), which will show you the
    full stack trace.

*   You can also use [print](lib/globals.html#print) for debugging. It displays
    the message as a warning during the loading phase. Except in rare cases,
    either remove `print` calls, or make them conditional under a `debugging`
    parameter that defaults to `False` before submitting the code to the depot.

## Errors

If you want to throw an error, use the [fail](lib/globals.html#fail) function.
Explain clearly to the user what went wrong and how to fix their BUILD file. It
is not possible to catch an error.

```
def my_macro(name, deps, visibility=None):
  if len(deps) < 2:
    fail("Expected at least two values in deps")
  # ...
```

## Conventions

*   All public functions (functions that don't start with underscore) that
    instantiate rules must have a `name` argument. This argument should not be
    optional (don't give a default value).

*   Public functions should use a docstring following [Python
    conventions](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/#one-line-docstrings).

*   In BUILD files, the `name` argument of the macros must be a keyword argument
    (not a positional argument).

*   The `name` attribute of rules generated by a macro should include the name
    argument as a prefix. For example, `macro(name = "foo")` can generate a
    `cc_library` `foo` and a genrule `foo_gen`.

*   In most cases, optional parameters should have a default value of `None`.
    `None` can be passed directly to native rules, which treat it the same as if
    you had not passed in any argument. Thus, there is no need to replace it
    with `0`, `False`, or `[]` for this purpose. Instead, the macro should defer
    to the rules it creates, as their defaults may be complex or may change over
    time. Additionally, a parameter that is explicitly set to its default value
    looks different than one that is never set (or set to `None`) when accessed
    through the query language or build-system internals.

*   Macros should have an optional `visibility` argument.

## Full example

The typical use-case for a macro is when you want to reuse a genrule, e.g.

```
genrule(
    name = "file",
    outs = ["file.txt"],
    cmd = "$(location generator) some_arg > $@",
    tools = [":generator"],
)
```

If you want to generate another file with different arguments, you may want to
extract this code to a function.

The BUILD file will become simply:

```
load("//path:generator.bzl", "file_generator")

file_generator(
    name = "file",
    arg = "some_arg",
)
```

In order to keep BUILD files clean and declarative, you must put the function in
a separate `.bzl` file. For example, write the definition of the macro in
`path/generator.bzl`:

```
def file_generator(name, arg, visibility=None):
  native.genrule(
    name = name,
    outs = [name + ".txt"],
    cmd = "$(location generator) %s > $@" % arg,
    tools = ["//test:generator"],
    visibility = visibility,
  )
```

When you want to investigate what a macro does, use the following command to
see the expanded form:

```
$ bazel query --output=build :file
# /absolute/path/test/ext.bzl:42:3
genrule(
  name = "file",
  tools = ["//test:generator"],
  outs = ["//test:file.txt"],
  cmd = "$(location generator) some_arg > $@",
)
```

