diff --git a/doc/release/next_whats_new/mathtext_font_fallback.rst b/doc/release/next_whats_new/mathtext_font_fallback.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..208399be64ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/release/next_whats_new/mathtext_font_fallback.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Font fallback in mathtext
+-------------------------
+
+Mathematical text (``mathtext`` and ``$...$`` strings) now falls back to other
+fonts when a character is missing from the selected math font, mirroring the
+behavior of regular text.  Previously, characters absent from the math fonts --
+such as CJK characters -- were replaced by a dummy glyph; they now render using
+the configured fonts and their fallback chain (with the Last Resort font as a
+final fallback), just like regular text.
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_mathtext.py b/lib/matplotlib/_mathtext.py
index 9f23e5e3ab08..409dd90628a8 100644
--- a/lib/matplotlib/_mathtext.py
+++ b/lib/matplotlib/_mathtext.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 from . import cbook
 from ._mathtext_data import (
     latex_to_bakoma, stix_glyph_fixes, stix_virtual_fonts, tex2uni)
-from .font_manager import FontProperties, findfont, get_font
+from .font_manager import FontProperties, findfont, fontManager, get_font
 from .ft2font import FT2Font, Kerning, LoadFlags
 
 
@@ -683,6 +683,19 @@ def _get_glyph(self, fontname: str, font_class: str,
                 if (fontname in ('it', 'regular', 'normal')
                         and isinstance(self, StixFonts)):
                     return self._get_glyph('rm', font_class, sym)
+                # Before substituting a dummy glyph, fall back through the
+                # configured text fonts and their fallback chain (system fonts
+                # and the Last Resort font), mirroring the regular-text path, so
+                # characters the math fonts lack -- such as CJK characters --
+                # still render.  See
+                # https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/issues/29173.
+                text_font = get_font(
+                    fontManager._find_fonts_by_props(self.default_font_prop))
+                for fallback_font in [text_font, *text_font._fallbacks]:
+                    if fallback_font.get_char_index(uniindex, _fallback=False):
+                        _log.info("Substituting symbol %a from font %s.",
+                                  sym, fallback_font.family_name)
+                        return fallback_font, uniindex, False
                 _log.warning("Font %r does not have a glyph for %a [U+%x], "
                              "substituting with a dummy symbol.",
                              new_fontname, sym, uniindex)
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/ft2font.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/ft2font.pyi
index ea47811a1822..674163901221 100644
--- a/lib/matplotlib/ft2font.pyi
+++ b/lib/matplotlib/ft2font.pyi
@@ -249,13 +249,17 @@ class FT2Font(Buffer):
         features: tuple[str, ...] | None = ...,
         language: str | tuple[tuple[str, int, int], ...] | None = ...,
     ) -> list[LayoutItem]: ...
+    @property
+    def _fallbacks(self) -> list[FT2Font]: ...
     def clear(self) -> None: ...
     def draw_glyph_to_bitmap(
         self, image: NDArray[np.uint8], x: int, y: int, glyph: Glyph, antialiased: bool = ...
     ) -> None: ...
     def draw_glyphs_to_bitmap(self, antialiased: bool = ...) -> None: ...
     def get_bitmap_offset(self) -> tuple[int, int]: ...
-    def get_char_index(self, codepoint: CharacterCodeType) -> GlyphIndexType: ...
+    def get_char_index(
+        self, codepoint: CharacterCodeType, *, _fallback: bool = ...
+    ) -> GlyphIndexType: ...
     def get_charmap(self) -> dict[CharacterCodeType, GlyphIndexType]: ...
     def get_descent(self) -> int: ...
     def get_glyph_name(self, index: GlyphIndexType) -> str: ...
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_mathtext.py b/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_mathtext.py
index a8f9236b5208..02274886b562 100644
--- a/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_mathtext.py
+++ b/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_mathtext.py
@@ -474,6 +474,20 @@ def test_mathtext_fallback(fallback, fontlist):
     mpl.font_manager.fontManager.ttflist.pop()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("char", ['中', '한', 'あ'])  # Chinese, Korean, Japanese
+def test_mathtext_cjk_fallback(char):
+    # Characters that the math fonts lack -- such as CJK characters -- should
+    # fall back through the font's fallback chain (mirroring regular text)
+    # rather than being replaced by a dummy glyph.
+    # https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/issues/29173
+    fonts = _mathtext.DejaVuSansFonts(fm.FontProperties(), LoadFlags.NO_HINTING)
+    font, num, _ = fonts._get_glyph('rm', 'normal', char)
+    # The original code point is preserved (not the 0xA4 dummy currency sign)...
+    assert num == ord(char)
+    # ... and the returned font actually contains a glyph for it.
+    assert font.get_char_index(num, _fallback=False) != 0
+
+
 def test_math_to_image(tmp_path):
     mathtext.math_to_image('$x^2$', tmp_path / 'example.png')
     mathtext.math_to_image('$x^2$', io.BytesIO())
diff --git a/src/ft2font_wrapper.cpp b/src/ft2font_wrapper.cpp
index 771f1db5a191..9012a1467133 100644
--- a/src/ft2font_wrapper.cpp
+++ b/src/ft2font_wrapper.cpp
@@ -1922,6 +1922,9 @@ PYBIND11_MODULE(ft2font, m, py::mod_gil_not_used())
         .def_property_readonly(
           "fname", &PyFT2Font_fname,
           "The original filename for this object.")
+        .def_property_readonly(
+          "_fallbacks", [](PyFT2Font *self) { return self->fallbacks; },
+          "The fallback fonts used to find glyphs missing from this font.")
 
         .def_buffer([](PyFT2Font &self) -> py::buffer_info {
             return self.get_image().request();