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# Developer’s tips for documenting matplotlib

## Getting started

### Installing dependencies

The documentation for matplotlib is generated from reStructuredText using the Sphinx documentation generation tool. There are several extra requirements that are needed to build the documentation. They are listed in the file doc-requirements.txt as well as listed below:

1. Sphinx-1.3 or later(Version 1.5.0 is not supported)
2. numpydoc 0.4 or later
3. IPython
4. Mock
5. colorspacious
6. pillow
7. graphviz

Note

- You’ll need a minimal working LaTeX distribution for many examples to run.
- Graphviz is not a python package, and needs to be installed separately.

### General structure

All documentation is built from the `doc/` directory. This directory contains both `.rst` files that contain pages in the documentation, directories that contain more `.rst` files, and configuration files for Sphinx.

Note

An exception to this are the directories `gallery` and `tutorials`, which exist in the root directory. These contain Python files that are built by Sphinx Gallery. When the docs are built, directories of the same name will be generated inside of `docs/`. The generated directories `docs/gallery` and `docs/tutorials` can be safely deleted.

The configuration file for Sphinx is `doc/conf.py`. It controls which directories Sphinx parses, how the docs are built, and how the extensions are used.

### Building the docs

The documentation sources are found in the `doc/` directory in the trunk. To build the users guide in html format, cd into `doc/` and do:

    python make.py html

or:

    ./make.py html

There are many other flags you can pass to `make.py`, and you can see the full list inside that file. Here are two useful ones:

- `clean` will delete the built Sphinx files. Use this command if you’re getting strange errors about missing paths or broken links, particularly if you move files around.
- `latex` builds a PDF of the documentation.

In addition, these are useful flags:

- `--help` will (among other things) display the allowed commands for `make.py`.
- `--allowsphinxwarnings` will allow the docs to continue building even if Sphinx throws a warning. This is useful for debugging and spot-checking many warnings at once.

## Organization of matplotlib’s documentation

The actual ReStructured Text files are kept in `doc/users`, `doc/devel`, `doc/api` and `doc/faq`. The main entry point is `doc/index.rst`, which pulls in the `index.rst` file for the users guide, developers guide, api reference, and faqs. The documentation suite is built as a single document in order to make the most effective use of cross referencing, we want to make navigating the Matplotlib documentation as easy as possible.

Additional files can be added to the various guides by including their base file name (the .rst extension is not necessary) in the table of contents. It is also possible to include other documents through the use of an include statement, such as:

    .. include:: ../../TODO

### docstrings

In addition to the “narrative” documentation described above, matplotlib also defines its API reference documentation in docstrings. For the most part, these are standard Python docstrings, but matplotlib also includes some features to better support documenting getters and setters.

Matplotlib uses artist introspection of docstrings to support properties. All properties that you want to support through `setp` and `getp` should have a `set_property` and `get_property` method in the `Artist` class. Yes, this is not ideal given python properties or enthought traits, but it is a historical legacy for now. The setter methods use the docstring with the ACCEPTS token to indicate the type of argument the method accepts. e.g., in `matplotlib.lines.Line2D`:

    # in lines.py
    def set_linestyle(self, linestyle):
        """
        Set the linestyle of the line

        ACCEPTS: [ '-' | '--' | '-.' | ':' | 'steps' | 'None' | ' ' | '' ]
        """

Since matplotlib uses a lot of pass-through `kwargs`, e.g., in every function that creates a line (`plot()`, `semilogx()`, `semilogy()`, etc…), it can be difficult for the new user to know which `kwargs` are supported. Matplotlib uses a docstring interpolation scheme to support documentation of every function that takes a `**kwargs`. The requirements are:

1. single point of configuration so changes to the properties don’t require multiple docstring edits.
2. as automated as possible so that as properties change, the docs are updated automagically.

The function `matplotlib.artist.kwdoc()` and the decorator `matplotlib.docstring.dedent_interpd()` facilitate this. They combine python string interpolation in the docstring with the matplotlib artist introspection facility that underlies `setp` and `getp`. The `kwdoc` function gives the list of properties as a docstring. In order to use this in another docstring, first update the `matplotlib.docstring.interpd` object, as seen in this example from `matplotlib.lines`:

    # in lines.py
    docstring.interpd.update(Line2D=artist.kwdoc(Line2D))

Then in any function accepting `Line2D` pass-through `kwargs`, e.g., `matplotlib.axes.Axes.plot()`:

    # in axes.py
    @docstring.dedent_interpd
    def plot(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Some stuff omitted

        The kwargs are Line2D properties:
        %(Line2D)s

        kwargs scalex and scaley, if defined, are passed on
        to autoscale_view to determine whether the x and y axes are
        autoscaled; default True.  See Axes.autoscale_view for more
        information
        """
        pass

Note there is a problem for `Artist` `__init__` methods, e.g., `matplotlib.patches.Patch.__init__()`, which supports `Patch` `kwargs`, since the artist inspector cannot work until the class is fully defined and we can’t modify the `Patch.__init__.__doc__` docstring outside the class definition. There are some some manual hacks in this case, violating the “single entry point” requirement above – see the `docstring.interpd.update` calls in `matplotlib.patches`.

## Formatting

The Sphinx website contains plenty of documentation concerning ReST markup and working with Sphinx in general. Here are a few additional things to keep in mind:

- Please familiarize yourself with the Sphinx directives for inline markup. Matplotlib’s documentation makes heavy use of cross-referencing and other semantic markup. For example, when referring to external files, use the `:file:` directive.

- Function arguments and keywords should be referred to using the emphasis role. This will keep matplotlib’s documentation consistent with Python’s documentation:

      Here is a description of *argument*

  Please do not use the `default role`:

      Please do not describe `argument` like this.

  nor the `literal` role:

      Please do not describe ``argument`` like this.

- Sphinx does not support tables with column- or row-spanning cells for latex output. Such tables can not be used when documenting matplotlib.

- Mathematical expressions can be rendered as png images in html, and in the usual way by latex. For example:

  `:math:`\sin(x_n^2)`` yields: , and:

      .. math::

        \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{e^{i\phi}}{1+x^2\frac{e^{i\phi}}{1+x^2}}

  yields:

- Interactive IPython sessions can be illustrated in the documentation using the following directive:

      .. sourcecode:: ipython

        In [69]: lines = plot([1,2,3])

  which would yield:

      In [69]: lines = plot([1,2,3])

- Footnotes [1] can be added using `[#]_`, followed later by:

      .. rubric:: Footnotes

      .. [#]

  Footnotes

  [1] | For example.

- Use the note and warning directives, sparingly, to draw attention to important comments:

      .. note::
         Here is a note

  yields:

  Note

  here is a note

  also:

  Warning

  here is a warning

- Use the deprecated directive when appropriate:

      .. deprecated:: 0.98
         This feature is obsolete, use something else.

  yields:

  Deprecated since version 0.98: This feature is obsolete, use something else.

- Use the versionadded and versionchanged directives, which have similar syntax to the deprecated role:

      .. versionadded:: 0.98
         The transforms have been completely revamped.

  New in version 0.98: The transforms have been completely revamped.

- Use the seealso directive, for example:

      .. seealso::

         Using ReST :ref:`emacs-helpers`:
            One example

         A bit about :ref:`referring-to-mpl-docs`:
            One more

  yields:

  See also

  Using ResT Emacs helpers:

    One example

  A bit about Referring to mpl documents:

    One more

- Please keep the Glossary in mind when writing documentation. You can create a references to a term in the glossary with the `:term:` role.

- The autodoc extension will handle index entries for the API, but additional entries in the index need to be explicitly added.

- Please limit the text width of docstrings to 70 characters.

- Keyword arguments should be described using a definition list.

  Note

  matplotlib makes extensive use of keyword arguments as pass-through arguments, there are a many cases where a table is used in place of a definition list for autogenerated sections of docstrings.

## Figures

### Dynamically generated figures

Figures can be automatically generated from scripts and included in the docs. It is not necessary to explicitly save the figure in the script, this will be done automatically at build time to ensure that the code that is included runs and produces the advertised figure.

The path should be relative to the `doc` directory. Any plots specific to the documentation should be added to the `doc/mpl_examples/pyplots` directory and committed to git. Plots from the `examples` directory may be referenced through the symlink `mpl_examples` in the `doc` directory. e.g.:

    .. plot:: mpl_examples/pylab_examples/simple_plot.py

The `:scale:` directive rescales the image to some percentage of the original size, though we don’t recommend using this in most cases since it is probably better to choose the correct figure size and dpi in mpl and let it handle the scaling.

#### Plot directive documentation

A directive for including a matplotlib plot in a Sphinx document.

By default, in HTML output, `plot` will include a .png file with a link to a high-res .png and .pdf. In LaTeX output, it will include a .pdf.

The source code for the plot may be included in one of three ways:

> 1. A path to a source file as the argument to the directive:

>        .. plot:: path/to/plot.py

>    When a path to a source file is given, the content of the directive may optionally contain a caption for the plot:

>        .. plot:: path/to/plot.py

>           This is the caption for the plot

>    Additionally, one may specify the name of a function to call (with no arguments) immediately after importing the module:

>        .. plot:: path/to/plot.py plot_function1

> 2. Included as inline content to the directive:

>        .. plot::

>           import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>           import matplotlib.image as mpimg
>           import numpy as np
>           img = mpimg.imread('_static/stinkbug.png')
>           imgplot = plt.imshow(img)

> 3. Using doctest syntax:

>        .. plot::
>           A plotting example:
>           >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>           >>> plt.plot([1,2,3], [4,5,6])

##### Options

The `plot` directive supports the following options:

> format : {‘python’, ‘doctest’}
>   Specify the format of the input
> include-source : bool
>   Whether to display the source code. The default can be changed using the `plot_include_source` variable in conf.py
> encoding : str
>   If this source file is in a non-UTF8 or non-ASCII encoding, the encoding must be specified using the `:encoding:` option. The encoding will not be inferred using the `-*- coding -*-` metacomment.
> context : bool or str
>   If provided, the code will be run in the context of all previous plot directives for which the `:context:` option was specified. This only applies to inline code plot directives, not those run from files. If the `:context: reset` option is specified, the context is reset for this and future plots, and previous figures are closed prior to running the code. `:context:close-figs` keeps the context but closes previous figures before running the code.
> nofigs : bool
>   If specified, the code block will be run, but no figures will be inserted. This is usually useful with the `:context:` option.

Additionally, this directive supports all of the options of the `image` directive, except for `target` (since plot will add its own target). These include `alt`, `height`, `width`, `scale`, `align` and `class`.

##### Configuration options

The plot directive has the following configuration options:

> plot_include_source
>   Default value for the include-source option
> plot_html_show_source_link
>   Whether to show a link to the source in HTML.
> plot_pre_code
>   Code that should be executed before each plot.
> plot_basedir
>   Base directory, to which `plot::` file names are relative to. (If None or empty, file names are relative to the directory where the file containing the directive is.)
> plot_formats

>   File formats to generate. List of tuples or strings:

>       [(suffix, dpi), suffix, ...]

>   that determine the file format and the DPI. For entries whose DPI was omitted, sensible defaults are chosen. When passing from the command line through sphinx_build the list should be passed as suffix:dpi,suffix:dpi, ….

> plot_html_show_formats
>   Whether to show links to the files in HTML.
> plot_rcparams
>   A dictionary containing any non-standard rcParams that should be applied before each plot.
> plot_apply_rcparams
>   By default, rcParams are applied when `context` option is not used in a plot directive. This configuration option overrides this behavior and applies rcParams before each plot.
> plot_working_directory
>   By default, the working directory will be changed to the directory of the example, so the code can get at its data files, if any. Also its path will be added to `sys.path` so it can import any helper modules sitting beside it. This configuration option can be used to specify a central directory (also added to `sys.path`) where data files and helper modules for all code are located.
> plot_template
>   Provide a customized template for preparing restructured text.

### Static figures

Any figures that rely on optional system configurations need to be handled a little differently. These figures are not to be generated during the documentation build, in order to keep the prerequisites to the documentation effort as low as possible. Please run the `doc/pyplots/make.py` script when adding such figures, and commit the script and the images to git. Please also add a line to the README in doc/pyplots for any additional requirements necessary to generate a new figure. Once these steps have been taken, these figures can be included in the usual way:

    .. plot:: mpl_examples/text_labels_and_annotations/tex_demo.py
       :include-source:

### Examples

The source of the files in the `examples` directory are automatically included in the HTML docs. An image is generated and included for all examples in the `api` and `pylab_examples` directories. To exclude the example from having an image rendered, insert the following special comment anywhere in the script:

    # -*- noplot -*-

### Animations

We have a matplotlib google/gmail account with username `mplgithub` which we used to setup the github account but can be used for other purposes, like hosting google docs or youtube videos. You can embed a matplotlib animation in the docs by first saving the animation as a movie using `matplotlib.animation.Animation.save()`, and then uploading to matplotlib’s youtube channel and inserting the embedding string youtube provides like:

    .. raw:: html

       <iframe width="420" height="315"
         src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/32cjc6V0OZY"
         frameborder="0" allowfullscreen>
       </iframe>

An example save command to generate a movie looks like this

    ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, animate, np.arange(1, len(y)),
        interval=25, blit=True, init_func=init)

    ani.save('double_pendulum.mp4', fps=15)

Contact Michael Droettboom for the login password to upload youtube videos of google docs to the mplgithub account.

## Referring to mpl documents

In the documentation, you may want to include to a document in the matplotlib src, e.g., a license file or an image file from `mpl-data`, refer to it via a relative path from the document where the rst file resides, e.g., in `users/navigation_toolbar.rst`, we refer to the image icons with:

    .. image:: ../../lib/matplotlib/mpl-data/images/subplots.png

In the `users` subdirectory, if I want to refer to a file in the mpl-data directory, I use the symlink directory. For example, from `customizing.rst`:

    .. literalinclude:: ../../lib/matplotlib/mpl-data/matplotlibrc

One exception to this is when referring to the examples dir. Relative paths are extremely confusing in the sphinx plot extensions, so without getting into the dirty details, it is easier to simply include a symlink to the files at the top doc level directory. This way, API documents like `matplotlib.pyplot.plot()` can refer to the examples in a known location.

In the top level doc directory we have symlinks pointing to the mpl `examples`:

    home:~/mpl/doc> ls -l mpl_*
    mpl_examples -> ../examples

So we can include plots from the examples dir using the symlink:

    .. plot:: mpl_examples/pylab_examples/simple_plot.py

We used to use a symlink for `mpl-data` too, but the distro becomes very large on platforms that do not support links (e.g., the font files are duplicated and large)

## Internal section references

To maximize internal consistency in section labeling and references, use hyphen separated, descriptive labels for section references, e.g.,:

    .. _howto-webapp:

and refer to it using the standard reference syntax:

    See :ref:`howto-webapp`

Keep in mind that we may want to reorganize the contents later, so let’s avoid top level names in references like `user` or `devel` or `faq` unless necessary, because for example the FAQ “what is a backend?” could later become part of the users guide, so the label:

    .. _what-is-a-backend

is better than:

    .. _faq-backend

In addition, since underscores are widely used by Sphinx itself, let’s prefer hyphens to separate words.

## Section names, etc

For everything but top level chapters, please use `Upper lower` for section titles, e.g., `Possible hangups` rather than `Possible Hangups`

## Inheritance diagrams

Class inheritance diagrams can be generated with the `inheritance-diagram` directive. To use it, you provide the directive with a number of class or module names (separated by whitespace). If a module name is provided, all classes in that module will be used. All of the ancestors of these classes will be included in the inheritance diagram.

A single option is available: parts controls how many of parts in the path to the class are shown. For example, if parts == 1, the class `matplotlib.patches.Patch` is shown as `Patch`. If parts == 2, it is shown as `patches.Patch`. If parts == 0, the full path is shown.

Example:

    .. inheritance-diagram:: matplotlib.patches matplotlib.lines matplotlib.text
       :parts: 2

## Emacs helpers

There is an emacs mode rst.el which automates many important ReST tasks like building and updating table-of-contents, and promoting or demoting section headings. Here is the basic `.emacs` configuration:

    (require 'rst)
    (setq auto-mode-alist
          (append '(("\\.txt$" . rst-mode)
                    ("\\.rst$" . rst-mode)
                    ("\\.rest$" . rst-mode)) auto-mode-alist))

Some helpful functions:

    C-c TAB - rst-toc-insert

      Insert table of contents at point

    C-c C-u - rst-toc-update

        Update the table of contents at point

    C-c C-l rst-shift-region-left

        Shift region to the left

    C-c C-r rst-shift-region-right

        Shift region to the right