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<title>The Java&trade; Tutorials</title>

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<h1>Java Tutorials</h1>

<p>The Java Tutorials are a one stop shop for learning the Java

language. The tutorials are practical guides for programmers who

want to use the Java programming language to create applets and

applications. They also serve as a reference for the experienced

Java programmer.</p>

<p>Groups of related lessons are organized into "trails"; for

example, the "Getting Started" trail, or the "Learning the Java

Language" trail. This ebook contains a single trail. You can

download other trails via the link on the <a href=

"http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/">Java Tutorials</a> home

page.</p>

<p>To read an ebook file that you have downloaded, transfer the

document to your device.</p>

<p>We would love to hear what you think of this ebook, including

any problems that you find. Please send us your <a href=

"http://docs.oracle.com/javase/feedback.html">feedback</a>.</p>

<h2 style="page-break-before: always;"><a id="cpyr" name=

"cpyr"></a>Legal Notices</h2>

<p>Copyright &copy; 1995, 2012, Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates (&ldquo;Oracle&rdquo;). All rights reserved.</p>

<p>This tutorial is a guide to developing applications for the Java

Platform, Standard Edition and contains documentation

(&ldquo;Tutorial&rdquo;) and sample code. The &ldquo;sample

code&rdquo; made available with this Tutorial is licensed

separately to you by Oracle under the <a href=

"http://developers.sun.com/license/berkeley_license.html">Berkeley

license</a>. If you download any such sample code, you agree to the

terms of the Berkeley license.</p>

<p>This Tutorial is provided to you by Oracle under the following

license terms containing restrictions on use and disclosure and is

protected by intellectual property laws. Oracle grants to you a

limited, non-exclusive license to use this Tutorial for information

purposes only, as an aid to learning about the Java SE platform.

Except as expressly permitted in these license terms, you may not

use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license,

transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any

part, in any form, or by any means this Tutorial. Reverse

engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this Tutorial is

prohibited.</p>

<p>The information contained herein is subject to change without

notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any

errors, please report them to us in writing.</p>

<p>If the Tutorial is licensed on behalf of the U.S. Government,

the following notice is applicable:</p>

<p>U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and

related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S.

Government customers are "commercial computer software" or

"commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal

Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental

regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure,

modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions

and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract,

and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government

contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19,

Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle USA,

Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065.</p>

<p>This Tutorial is not developed or intended for use in any

inherently dangerous applications, including applications which may

create a risk of personal injury. If you use this Tutorial in

dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all

appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to

ensure the safe use.</p>

<p><b>THE TUTORIAL IS PROVIDED &ldquo;AS IS&rdquo; WITHOUT WARRANTY

OF ANY KIND. ORACLE FURTHER DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS AND

IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF

MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR

NONINFRINGEMENT.</b></p>

<p><b>IN NO EVENT SHALL ORACLE BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT,

INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, PUNITIVE OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OR DAMAGES

FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, REVENUE, DATA OR DATA USE, INCURRED BY YOU OR

ANY THIRD PARTY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION IN CONTRACT OR TORT, EVEN IF

ORACLE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

ORACLE&rsquo;S ENTIRE LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES HEREUNDER SHALL IN NO

EVENT EXCEED ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS (U.S. $1,000).</b></p>

<h2>No Technical Support</h2>

<p>Oracle&rsquo;s technical support organization will not provide

technical support, phone support, or updates to you.</p>

<p>Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.</p>

<p>The sample code and Tutorial may provide access to or

information on content, products, and services from third parties.

Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and

expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to

third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and

its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or

damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party

content, products, or services.</p>

<h2 style="page-break-before: always;"><a id="plat" name=

"plat"></a>Supported Platforms</h2>

<p>The <tt>mobi</tt> file format works best on the following

devices:</p>

<ul>

<li>Kindle Fire</li>

<li>Kindle DX</li>

</ul>

<p>The <tt>ePub</tt> file format works best on the following

devices:</p>

<ul>

<li>iPad</li>

<li>Nook</li>

<li>Other eReaders that support the <tt>ePub</tt> format.</li>

</ul>

<p>For best results when viewing preformatted code blocks, adjust the

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