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<b>Trail:</b> Learning the Java Language

<br /><b>Lesson:</b> Classes and Objects

<br /><b>Section:</b> Nested Classes

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<div id="PageTitle"><h1>Inner Class Example</h1></div>

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<!-- Inner Class Example -->

<p>To see an inner class in use, first consider an array. In the following example, you create an array, fill it with integer values, and then output only values of even indices of the array in ascending order.</p>

<p>The

<a class="SourceLink" target="_blank" href="examples/DataStructure.java" onclick="showCode('../../displayCode.html', 'examples/DataStructure.java'); return false;"><code>DataStructure.java</code></a> example that follows consists of:</p>

<ul>

<li>The <code>DataStructure</code> outer class, which includes a constructor to create an instance of <code>DataStructure</code> containing an array filled with consecutive integer values (0, 1, 2, 3, and so on) and a method that prints elements of the array that have an even index value.</li>

<li>The <code>EvenIterator</code> inner class, which implements the <code>DataStructureIterator</code> interface, which extends the

<a class="APILink" target="_blank" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Iterator.html"><code>Iterator</code></a><code>&lt;</code>

<a class="APILink" target="_blank" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html"><code>Integer</code></a><code>&gt;</code> interface. Iterators are used to step through a data structure and typically have methods to test for the last element, retrieve the current element, and move to the next element.</li>

<li>A <code>main</code> method that instantiates a <code>DataStructure</code> object (<code>ds</code>), then invokes the <code>printEven</code> method to print elements of the array <code>arrayOfInts</code> that have an even index value.</li>

</ul>

<div class="codeblock"><pre>

public class DataStructure {

// Create an array

private final static int SIZE = 15;

private int[] arrayOfInts = new int[SIZE];

public DataStructure() {

// fill the array with ascending integer values

for (int i = 0; i &lt; SIZE; i++) {

arrayOfInts[i] = i;

}

}

public void printEven() {

// Print out values of even indices of the array

DataStructureIterator iterator = this.new EvenIterator();

while (iterator.hasNext()) {

System.out.print(iterator.next() + &quot; &quot;);

}

System.out.println();

}

interface DataStructureIterator extends java.util.Iterator&lt;Integer&gt; { }

// Inner class implements the DataStructureIterator interface,

// which extends the Iterator&lt;Integer&gt; interface

private class EvenIterator implements DataStructureIterator {

// Start stepping through the array from the beginning

private int nextIndex = 0;

public boolean hasNext() {

// Check if the current element is the last in the array

return (nextIndex &lt;= SIZE - 1);

}

public Integer next() {

// Record a value of an even index of the array

Integer retValue = Integer.valueOf(arrayOfInts[nextIndex]);

// Get the next even element

nextIndex += 2;

return retValue;

}

}

public static void main(String s[]) {

// Fill the array with integer values and print out only

// values of even indices

DataStructure ds = new DataStructure();

ds.printEven();

}

}

</pre></div>

<p>The output is:</p>

<div class="codeblock"><pre>

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

</pre></div>

<p>Note that the <code>EvenIterator</code> class refers directly to the <code>arrayOfInts</code> instance variable of the <code>DataStructure</code> object.</p>

<p>You can use inner classes to implement helper classes such as the one shown in the this example. To handle user interface events, you must know how to use inner classes, because the event-handling mechanism makes extensive use of them.</p>

<h2>Local and Anonymous Classes</h2>

<p>There are two additional types of inner classes. You can declare an inner class within the body of a method. These classes are known as

<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="localclasses.html">local classes</a>. You can also declare an inner class within the body of a method without naming the class. These classes are known as

<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="anonymousclasses.html">anonymous classes</a>.</p>

<h2>Modifiers</h2>

<p>You can use the same modifiers for inner classes that you use for other members of the outer class. For example, you can use the access specifiers <code>private</code>, <code>public</code>, and <code>protected</code> to restrict access to inner classes, just as you use them to restrict access do to other class members.</p>

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