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<b>Trail:</b> Learning the Java Language
<br /><b>Lesson:</b> Generics (Updated)
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<div class="linkLESSON"><a href="index.html">Generics (Updated)</a></div>
<div class="linkAHEAD"><a href="why.html">Why Use Generics?</a></div>
<div class="linkAHEAD"><a href="types.html">Generic Types</a></div>
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<div id="PageTitle"><h1>Restrictions on Generics</h1></div>
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<p>
To use Java generics effectively, you must consider the following restrictions:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#instantiate">Cannot Instantiate Generic Types with Primitive Types</a></li>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#createObjects">Cannot Create Instances of Type Parameters</a></li>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#createStatic">Cannot Declare Static Fields Whose Types are Type Parameters</a></li>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#cannotCast">Cannot Use Casts or <tt>instanceof</tt> With Parameterized Types</a></li>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#createArrays">Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types</a></li>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#cannotCatch">Cannot Create, Catch, or Throw Objects of Parameterized Types</a></li>
<li>
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="#cannotOverload">Cannot Overload a Method Where the Formal Parameter Types of Each Overload Erase to the Same Raw Type</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="instantiate">Cannot Instantiate Generic Types with Primitive Types</a></h2>
<p>
Consider the following parameterized type:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
class Pair<K, V> {
private K key;
private V value;
public Pair(K key, V value) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
}
// ...
}
</pre></div>
<p>
When creating a <tt>Pair</tt> object, you cannot substitute a primitive type for the type parameter <tt>K</tt> or <tt>V</tt>:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
Pair<<strong>int, char</strong>> p = new Pair<>(8, 'a'); // compile-time error
</pre></div>
<p>
You can substitute only non-primitive types for the type parameters <tt>K</tt> and <tt>V</tt>:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
Pair<<strong>Integer, Character</strong>> p = new Pair<>(8, 'a');
</pre></div>
<p>
Note that the Java compiler autoboxes <tt>8</tt> to <tt>Integer.valueOf(8)</tt> and '<tt>a</tt>' to <tt>Character('a')</tt>:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
Pair<Integer, Character> p = new Pair<>(Integer.valueOf(8), new Character('a'));
</pre></div>
<p>For more information on autoboxing, see
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="../data/autoboxing.html">Autoboxing and Unboxing</a> in the
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="../data/index.html">Numbers and Strings</a> lesson.</p>
<h2><a name="createObjects">Cannot Create Instances of Type Parameters</a></h2>
<p>
You cannot create an instance of a type parameter. For example, the following code causes a compile-time error:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public static <E> void append(List<E> list) {
E elem = new E(); // compile-time error
list.add(elem);
}
</pre></div>
<p>
As a workaround, you can create an object of a type parameter through reflection:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public static <E> void append(List<E> list, Class<E> cls) throws Exception {
E elem = cls.newInstance(); // OK
list.add(elem);
}
</pre></div>
<p>
You can invoke the <tt>append</tt> method as follows:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
List<String> ls = new ArrayList<>();
append(ls, String.class);
</pre></div>
<h2><a name="createStatic">Cannot Declare Static Fields Whose Types are Type Parameters</a></h2>
<p>
A class's static field is a class-level variable shared by all non-static objects of the class. Hence, static fields of type parameters are not allowed. Consider the following class:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public class MobileDevice<T> {
private static T os;
// ...
}
</pre></div>
<p>
If static fields of type parameters were allowed, then the following code would be confused:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
MobileDevice<Smartphone> phone = new MobileDevice<>();
MobileDevice<Pager> pager = new MobileDevice<>();
MobileDevice<TabletPC> pc = new MobileDevice<>();
</pre></div>
<p>
Because the static field <tt>os</tt> is shared by <tt>phone</tt>, <tt>pager</tt>, and <tt>pc</tt>, what is the actual type of <tt>os</tt>? It cannot be <tt>Smartphone</tt>, <tt>Pager</tt>, and <tt>TabletPC</tt> at the same time. You cannot, therefore, create static fields of type parameters.</p>
<h2><a name="cannotCast">Cannot Use Casts or <tt>instanceof</tt> with Parameterized Types</a></h2>
<p>
Because the Java compiler erases all type parameters in generic code, you cannot verify which parameterized type for a generic type is being used at runtime:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public static <E> void rtti(List<E> list) {
if (list instanceof ArrayList<Integer>) { // compile-time error
// ...
}
}
</pre></div>
<p>
The set of parameterized types passed to the <tt>rtti</tt> method is:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
S = { ArrayList<Integer>, ArrayList<String> LinkedList<Character>, ... }
</pre></div>
<p>
The runtime does not keep track of type parameters, so it cannot tell the difference between an <tt>ArrayList<Integer></tt> and an <tt>ArrayList<String></tt>. The most you can do is to use an unbounded wildcard to verify that the list is an <tt>ArrayList</tt>:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public static void rtti(List<?> list) {
if (list instanceof ArrayList<?>) { // OK; instanceof requires a reifiable type
// ...
}
}
</pre></div>
<p>
Typically, you cannot cast to a parameterized type unless it is parameterized by unbounded wildcards. For example:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
List<Integer> li = new ArrayList<>();
List<Number> ln = (List<Number>) li; // compile-time error
</pre></div>
<p>
However, in some cases the compiler knows that a type parameter is always valid and allows the cast. For example:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
List<String> l1 = ...;
ArrayList<String> l2 = (ArrayList<String>)l1; // OK
</pre></div>
<h2><a name="createArrays">Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types</a></h2>
<p>
You cannot create arrays of parameterized types. For example, the following code does not compile:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
List<Integer>[] arrayOfLists = new List<Integer>[2]; // compile-time error
</pre></div>
<p>
The following code illustrates what happens when different types are inserted into an array:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
Object[] strings = new String[2];
strings[0] = "hi"; // OK
strings[1] = 100; // An ArrayStoreException is thrown.
</pre></div>
<p>
If you try the same thing with a generic list, there would be a problem:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
Object[] stringLists = new List<String>[]; // compiler error, but pretend it's allowed
stringLists[0] = new ArrayList<String>(); // OK
stringLists[1] = new ArrayList<Integer>(); // An ArrayStoreException should be thrown,
// but the runtime can't detect it.
</pre></div>
<p>
If arrays of parameterized lists were allowed, the previous code would fail to throw the desired <tt>ArrayStoreException</tt>.</p>
<h2><a name="cannotCatch">Cannot Create, Catch, or Throw Objects of Parameterized Types</a></h2>
<p>
A generic class cannot extend the <tt>Throwable</tt> class directly or indirectly. For example, the following classes will not compile:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
// Extends Throwable indirectly
class MathException<T> extends Exception { /* ... */ } // compile-time error
// Extends Throwable directly
class QueueFullException<T> extends Throwable { /* ... */ // compile-time error
</pre></div>
<p>
A method cannot catch an instance of a type parameter:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public static <T extends Exception, J> void execute(List<J> jobs) {
try {
for (J job : jobs)
// ...
} catch (T e) { // compile-time error
// ...
}
}
</pre></div>
<p>
You can, however, use a type parameter in a <tt>throws</tt> clause:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
class Parser<T extends Exception> {
public void parse(File file) throws T { // OK
// ...
}
}
</pre></div>
<h2><a name="cannotOverload">Cannot Overload a Method Where the Formal Parameter Types of Each Overload Erase to the Same Raw Type</a></h2>
<p>
A class cannot have two overloaded methods that will have the same signature after type erasure.</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public class Example {
public void print(Set<String> strSet) { }
public void print(Set<Integer> intSet) { }
}
</pre></div>
<p>
The overloads would all share the same classfile representation and will generate a compile-time error.</p>
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