/**
 * Copyright 2014 Netflix, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
 * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
 * the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
 * the License.
 */
package rx.internal.operators;

import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;

import rx.*;
import rx.exceptions.*;
import rx.functions.*;
import rx.internal.util.RxRingBuffer;
import rx.internal.util.atomic.SpscAtomicArrayQueue;
import rx.internal.util.unsafe.*;
import rx.observables.ConnectableObservable;
import rx.subscriptions.Subscriptions;

/**
 * A connectable observable which shares an underlying source and dispatches source values to subscribers in a backpressure-aware
 * manner.
 * @param <T> the value type
 */
public final class OperatorPublish<T> extends ConnectableObservable<T> {
    /** The source observable. */
    final Observable<? extends T> source;
    /** Holds the current subscriber that is, will be or just was subscribed to the source observable. */
    final AtomicReference<PublishSubscriber<T>> current;

    /**
     * Creates a OperatorPublish instance to publish values of the given source observable.
     * @param <T> the value type
     * @param source the source observable
     * @return the connectable observable
     */
    public static <T> ConnectableObservable<T> create(Observable<? extends T> source) {
        // the current connection to source needs to be shared between the operator and its onSubscribe call
        final AtomicReference<PublishSubscriber<T>> curr = new AtomicReference<PublishSubscriber<T>>();
        OnSubscribe<T> onSubscribe = new OnSubscribe<T>() {
            @Override
            public void call(Subscriber<? super T> child) {
                // concurrent connection/disconnection may change the state,
                // we loop to be atomic while the child subscribes
                for (;;) {
                    // get the current subscriber-to-source
                    PublishSubscriber<T> r = curr.get();
                    // if there isn't one or it is unsubscribed
                    if (r == null || r.isUnsubscribed()) {
                        // create a new subscriber to source
                        PublishSubscriber<T> u = new PublishSubscriber<T>(curr);
                        // perform extra initialization to avoid 'this' to escape during construction
                        u.init();
                        // let's try setting it as the current subscriber-to-source
                        if (!curr.compareAndSet(r, u)) {
                            // didn't work, maybe someone else did it or the current subscriber
                            // to source has just finished
                            continue;
                        }
                        // we won, let's use it going onwards
                        r = u;
                    }

                    // create the backpressure-managing producer for this child
                    InnerProducer<T> inner = new InnerProducer<T>(r, child);
                    /*
                     * Try adding it to the current subscriber-to-source, add is atomic in respect
                     * to other adds and the termination of the subscriber-to-source.
                     */
                    if (r.add(inner)) {
                        // the producer has been registered with the current subscriber-to-source so
                        // at least it will receive the next terminal event
                        child.add(inner);
                        // setting the producer will trigger the first request to be considered by
                        // the subscriber-to-source.
                        child.setProducer(inner);
                        break; // NOPMD
                    }
                    /*
                     * The current PublishSubscriber has been terminated, try with a newer one.
                     */
                    /*
                     * Note: although technically correct, concurrent disconnects can cause
                     * unexpected behavior such as child subscribers never receiving anything
                     * (unless connected again). An alternative approach, similar to
                     * PublishSubject would be to immediately terminate such child
                     * subscribers as well:
                     *
                     * Object term = r.terminalEvent;
                     * if (NotificationLite.isCompleted(term)) {
                     *     child.onCompleted();
                     * } else {
                     *     child.onError(NotificationLite.getError(term));
                     * }
                     * return;
                     *
                     * The original concurrent behavior was non-deterministic in this regard as well.
                     * Allowing this behavior, however, may introduce another unexpected behavior:
                     * after disconnecting a previous connection, one might not be able to prepare
                     * a new connection right after a previous termination by subscribing new child
                     * subscribers asynchronously before a connect call.
                     */
                }
            }
        };
        return new OperatorPublish<T>(onSubscribe, source, curr);
    }

    public static <T, R> Observable<R> create(final Observable<? extends T> source,
            final Func1<? super Observable<T>, ? extends Observable<R>> selector) {
        return create(source, selector, false);
    }

    public static <T, R> Observable<R> create(final Observable<? extends T> source,
            final Func1<? super Observable<T>, ? extends Observable<R>> selector, final boolean delayError) {
        return create(new OnSubscribe<R>() {
            @Override
            public void call(final Subscriber<? super R> child) {
                final OnSubscribePublishMulticast<T> op = new OnSubscribePublishMulticast<T>(RxRingBuffer.SIZE, delayError);

                Subscriber<R> subscriber = new Subscriber<R>() {
                    @Override
                    public void onNext(R t) {
                        child.onNext(t);
                    }

                    @Override
                    public void onError(Throwable e) {
                        op.unsubscribe();
                        child.onError(e);
                    }

                    @Override
                    public void onCompleted() {
                        op.unsubscribe();
                        child.onCompleted();
                    }

                    @Override
                    public void setProducer(Producer p) {
                        child.setProducer(p);
                    }
                };

                child.add(op);
                child.add(subscriber);

                selector.call(Observable.create(op)).unsafeSubscribe(subscriber);

                source.unsafeSubscribe(op.subscriber());
            }
        });
    }

    private OperatorPublish(OnSubscribe<T> onSubscribe, Observable<? extends T> source,
            final AtomicReference<PublishSubscriber<T>> current) {
        super(onSubscribe);
        this.source = source;
        this.current = current;
    }

    @Override
    public void connect(Action1<? super Subscription> connection) {
        boolean doConnect;
        PublishSubscriber<T> ps;
        // we loop because concurrent connect/disconnect and termination may change the state
        for (;;) {
            // retrieve the current subscriber-to-source instance
            ps = current.get();
            // if there is none yet or the current has unsubscribed
            if (ps == null || ps.isUnsubscribed()) {
                // create a new subscriber-to-source
                PublishSubscriber<T> u = new PublishSubscriber<T>(current);
                // initialize out the constructor to avoid 'this' to escape
                u.init();
                // try setting it as the current subscriber-to-source
                if (!current.compareAndSet(ps, u)) {
                    // did not work, perhaps a new subscriber arrived
                    // and created a new subscriber-to-source as well, retry
                    continue;
                }
                ps = u;
            }
            // if connect() was called concurrently, only one of them should actually
            // connect to the source
            doConnect = !ps.shouldConnect.get() && ps.shouldConnect.compareAndSet(false, true);
            break; // NOPMD
        }
        /*
         * Notify the callback that we have a (new) connection which it can unsubscribe
         * but since ps is unique to a connection, multiple calls to connect() will return the
         * same Subscription and even if there was a connect-disconnect-connect pair, the older
         * references won't disconnect the newer connection.
         * Synchronous source consumers have the opportunity to disconnect via unsubscribe on the
         * Subscription as unsafeSubscribe may never return in its own.
         *
         * Note however, that asynchronously disconnecting a running source might leave
         * child-subscribers without any terminal event; PublishSubject does not have this
         * issue because the unsubscription was always triggered by the child-subscribers
         * themselves.
         */
        connection.call(ps);
        if (doConnect) {
            source.unsafeSubscribe(ps);
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
    static final class PublishSubscriber<T> extends Subscriber<T> implements Subscription {
        /** Holds notifications from upstream. */
        final Queue<Object> queue;
        /** Holds onto the current connected PublishSubscriber. */
        final AtomicReference<PublishSubscriber<T>> current;
        /** Contains either an onCompleted or an onError token from upstream. */
        volatile Object terminalEvent;

        /** Indicates an empty array of inner producers. */
        static final InnerProducer[] EMPTY = new InnerProducer[0];
        /** Indicates a terminated PublishSubscriber. */
        static final InnerProducer[] TERMINATED = new InnerProducer[0];

        /** Tracks the subscribed producers. */
        final AtomicReference<InnerProducer[]> producers;
        /**
         * Atomically changed from false to true by connect to make sure the
         * connection is only performed by one thread.
         */
        final AtomicBoolean shouldConnect;

        /** Guarded by this. */
        boolean emitting;
        /** Guarded by this. */
        boolean missed;

        public PublishSubscriber(AtomicReference<PublishSubscriber<T>> current) {
            this.queue = UnsafeAccess.isUnsafeAvailable()
                    ? new SpscArrayQueue<Object>(RxRingBuffer.SIZE)
                    : new SpscAtomicArrayQueue<Object>(RxRingBuffer.SIZE);

            this.producers = new AtomicReference<InnerProducer[]>(EMPTY);
            this.current = current;
            this.shouldConnect = new AtomicBoolean();
        }

        /** Should be called after the constructor finished to setup nulling-out the current reference. */
        void init() {
            add(Subscriptions.create(new Action0() {
                @Override
                public void call() {
                    PublishSubscriber.this.producers.getAndSet(TERMINATED);
                    current.compareAndSet(PublishSubscriber.this, null);
                    // we don't care if it fails because it means the current has
                    // been replaced in the meantime
                }
            }));
        }

        @Override
        public void onStart() {
            // since subscribers may have different amount of requests, we try to
            // optimize by buffering values up-front and replaying it on individual demand
            request(RxRingBuffer.SIZE);
        }
        @Override
        public void onNext(T t) {
            // we expect upstream to honor backpressure requests
            // nl is required because JCTools queue doesn't accept nulls.
            if (!queue.offer(NotificationLite.next(t))) {
                onError(new MissingBackpressureException());
            } else {
                // since many things can happen concurrently, we have a common dispatch
                // loop to act on the current state serially
                dispatch();
            }
        }
        @Override
        public void onError(Throwable e) {
            // The observer front is accessed serially as required by spec so
            // no need to CAS in the terminal value
            if (terminalEvent == null) {
                terminalEvent = NotificationLite.error(e);
                // since many things can happen concurrently, we have a common dispatch
                // loop to act on the current state serially
                dispatch();
            }
        }
        @Override
        public void onCompleted() {
            // The observer front is accessed serially as required by spec so
            // no need to CAS in the terminal value
            if (terminalEvent == null) {
                terminalEvent = NotificationLite.completed();
                // since many things can happen concurrently, we have a common dispatch loop
                // to act on the current state serially
                dispatch();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Atomically try adding a new InnerProducer to this Subscriber or return false if this
         * Subscriber was terminated.
         * @param producer the producer to add
         * @return true if succeeded, false otherwise
         */
        boolean add(InnerProducer<T> producer) {
            if (producer == null) {
                throw new NullPointerException();
            }
            // the state can change so we do a CAS loop to achieve atomicity
            for (;;) {
                // get the current producer array
                InnerProducer[] c = producers.get();
                // if this subscriber-to-source reached a terminal state by receiving
                // an onError or onCompleted, just refuse to add the new producer
                if (c == TERMINATED) {
                    return false;
                }
                // we perform a copy-on-write logic
                int len = c.length;
                InnerProducer[] u = new InnerProducer[len + 1];
                System.arraycopy(c, 0, u, 0, len);
                u[len] = producer;
                // try setting the producers array
                if (producers.compareAndSet(c, u)) {
                    return true;
                }
                // if failed, some other operation succeeded (another add, remove or termination)
                // so retry
            }
        }

        /**
         * Atomically removes the given producer from the producers array.
         * @param producer the producer to remove
         */
        void remove(InnerProducer<T> producer) {
            // the state can change so we do a CAS loop to achieve atomicity
            for (;;) {
                // let's read the current producers array
                InnerProducer[] c = producers.get();
                // if it is either empty or terminated, there is nothing to remove so we quit
                if (c == EMPTY || c == TERMINATED) {
                    return;
                }
                // let's find the supplied producer in the array
                // although this is O(n), we don't expect too many child subscribers in general
                int j = -1;
                int len = c.length;
                for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                    if (c[i].equals(producer)) {
                        j = i;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                // we didn't find it so just quit
                if (j < 0) {
                    return;
                }
                // we do copy-on-write logic here
                InnerProducer[] u;
                // we don't create a new empty array if producer was the single inhabitant
                // but rather reuse an empty array
                if (len == 1) {
                    u = EMPTY;
                } else {
                    // otherwise, create a new array one less in size
                    u = new InnerProducer[len - 1];
                    // copy elements being before the given producer
                    System.arraycopy(c, 0, u, 0, j);
                    // copy elements being after the given producer
                    System.arraycopy(c, j + 1, u, j, len - j - 1);
                }
                // try setting this new array as
                if (producers.compareAndSet(c, u)) {
                    return;
                }
                // if we failed, it means something else happened
                // (a concurrent add/remove or termination), we need to retry
            }
        }

        /**
         * Perform termination actions in case the source has terminated in some way and
         * the queue has also become empty.
         * @param term the terminal event (a NotificationLite.error or completed)
         * @param empty set to true if the queue is empty
         * @return true if there is indeed a terminal condition
         */
        boolean checkTerminated(Object term, boolean empty) {
            // first of all, check if there is actually a terminal event
            if (term != null) {
                // is it a completion event (impl. note, this is much cheaper than checking for isError)
                if (NotificationLite.isCompleted(term)) {
                    // but we also need to have an empty queue
                    if (empty) {
                        // this will prevent OnSubscribe spinning on a terminated but
                        // not yet unsubscribed PublishSubscriber
                        current.compareAndSet(this, null);
                        try {
                            /*
                             * This will swap in a terminated array so add() in OnSubscribe will reject
                             * child subscribers to associate themselves with a terminated and thus
                             * never again emitting chain.
                             *
                             * Since we atomically change the contents of 'producers' only one
                             * operation wins at a time. If an add() wins before this getAndSet,
                             * its value will be part of the returned array by getAndSet and thus
                             * will receive the terminal notification. Otherwise, if getAndSet wins,
                             * add() will refuse to add the child producer and will trigger the
                             * creation of subscriber-to-source.
                             */
                            for (InnerProducer<?> ip : producers.getAndSet(TERMINATED)) {
                                ip.child.onCompleted();
                            }
                        } finally {
                            // we explicitly unsubscribe/disconnect from the upstream
                            // after we sent out the terminal event to child subscribers
                            unsubscribe();
                        }
                        // indicate we reached the terminal state
                        return true;
                    }
                } else {
                    Throwable t = NotificationLite.getError(term);
                    // this will prevent OnSubscribe spinning on a terminated
                    // but not yet unsubscribed PublishSubscriber
                    current.compareAndSet(this, null);
                    try {
                        // this will swap in a terminated array so add() in OnSubscribe will reject
                        // child subscribers to associate themselves with a terminated and thus
                        // never again emitting chain
                        for (InnerProducer<?> ip : producers.getAndSet(TERMINATED)) {
                            ip.child.onError(t);
                        }
                    } finally {
                        // we explicitly unsubscribe/disconnect from the upstream
                        // after we sent out the terminal event to child subscribers
                        unsubscribe();
                    }
                    // indicate we reached the terminal state
                    return true;
                }
            }
            // there is still work to be done
            return false;
        }

        /**
         * The common serialization point of events arriving from upstream and child-subscribers
         * requesting more.
         */
        void dispatch() {
            // standard construct of emitter loop (blocking)
            // if there is an emission going on, indicate that more work needs to be done
            // the exact nature of this work needs to be determined from other data structures
            synchronized (this) {
                if (emitting) {
                    missed = true;
                    return;
                }
                // there was no emission going on, we won and will start emitting
                emitting = true;
                missed = false;
            }
            /*
             * In case an exception is thrown in the loop, we need to set emitting back to false
             * on the way out (the exception will propagate up) so if it bounces back and
             * onError is called, its dispatch() call will have the opportunity to emit it.
             * However, if we want to exit regularly, we will set the emitting to false (+ other operations)
             * atomically so we want to prevent the finally part to accidentally unlock some other
             * emissions happening between the two synchronized blocks.
             */
            boolean skipFinal = false;
            try {
                for (;;) {
                    /*
                     * We need to read terminalEvent before checking the queue for emptiness because
                     * all enqueue happens before setting the terminal event.
                     * If it were the other way around, when the emission is paused between
                     * checking isEmpty and checking terminalEvent, some other thread might
                     * have produced elements and set the terminalEvent and we'd quit emitting
                     * prematurely.
                     */
                    Object term = terminalEvent;
                    /*
                     * See if the queue is empty; since we need this information multiple
                     * times later on, we read it one.
                     * Although the queue can become non-empty in the mean time, we will
                     * detect it through the missing flag and will do another iteration.
                     */
                    boolean empty = queue.isEmpty();
                    // if the queue is empty and the terminal event was received, quit
                    // and don't bother restoring emitting to false: no further activity is
                    // possible at this point
                    if (checkTerminated(term, empty)) {
                        skipFinal = true;
                        return;
                    }

                    // We have elements queued. Note that due to the serialization nature of dispatch()
                    // this loop is the only one which can turn a non-empty queue into an empty one
                    // and as such, no need to ask the queue itself again for that.
                    if (!empty) {
                        // We take a snapshot of the current child-subscribers.
                        // Concurrent subscribers may miss this iteration, but it is to be expected
                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                        InnerProducer<T>[] ps = producers.get();

                        int len = ps.length;
                        // Let's assume everyone requested the maximum value.
                        long maxRequested = Long.MAX_VALUE;
                        // count how many have triggered unsubscription
                        int unsubscribed = 0;

                        // Now find the minimum amount each child-subscriber requested
                        // since we can only emit that much to all of them without violating
                        // backpressure constraints
                        for (InnerProducer<T> ip : ps) {
                            long r = ip.get();
                            // if there is one child subscriber that hasn't requested yet
                            // we can't emit anything to anyone
                            if (r >= 0L) {
                                maxRequested = Math.min(maxRequested, r);
                            } else
                            // unsubscription is indicated by a special value
                            if (r == InnerProducer.UNSUBSCRIBED) {
                                unsubscribed++;
                            }
                            // we ignore those with NOT_REQUESTED as if they aren't even there
                        }

                        // it may happen everyone has unsubscribed between here and producers.get()
                        // or we have no subscribers at all to begin with
                        if (len == unsubscribed) {
                            term = terminalEvent;
                            // so let's consume a value from the queue
                            Object v = queue.poll();
                            // or terminate if there was a terminal event and the queue is empty
                            if (checkTerminated(term, v == null)) {
                                skipFinal = true;
                                return;
                            }
                            // otherwise, just ask for a new value
                            request(1);
                            // and retry emitting to potential new child-subscribers
                            continue;
                        }
                        // if we get here, it means there are non-unsubscribed child-subscribers
                        // and we count the number of emitted values because the queue
                        // may contain less than requested
                        int d = 0;
                        while (d < maxRequested) {
                            term = terminalEvent;
                            Object v = queue.poll();
                            empty = v == null;
                            // let's check if there is a terminal event and the queue became empty just now
                            if (checkTerminated(term, empty)) {
                                skipFinal = true;
                                return;
                            }
                            // the queue is empty but we aren't terminated yet, finish this emission loop
                            if (empty) {
                                break;
                            }
                            // we need to unwrap potential nulls
                            T value = NotificationLite.getValue(v);
                            // let's emit this value to all child subscribers
                            for (InnerProducer<T> ip : ps) {
                                // if ip.get() is negative, the child has either unsubscribed in the
                                // meantime or hasn't requested anything yet
                                // this eager behavior will skip unsubscribed children in case
                                // multiple values are available in the queue
                                if (ip.get() > 0L) {
                                    try {
                                        ip.child.onNext(value);
                                    } catch (Throwable t) {
                                        // we bounce back exceptions and kick out the child subscriber
                                        ip.unsubscribe();
                                        Exceptions.throwOrReport(t, ip.child, value);
                                        continue;
                                    }
                                    // indicate this child has received 1 element
                                    ip.produced(1);
                                }
                            }
                            // indicate we emitted one element
                            d++;
                        }

                        // if we did emit at least one element, request more to replenish the queue
                        if (d > 0) {
                            request(d);
                        }
                        // if we have requests but not an empty queue after emission
                        // let's try again to see if more requests/child-subscribers are
                        // ready to receive more
                        if (maxRequested != 0L && !empty) {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }

                    // we did what we could: either the queue is empty or child subscribers
                    // haven't requested more (or both), let's try to finish dispatching
                    synchronized (this) {
                        // since missed is changed atomically, if we see it as true
                        // it means some state has changed and we need to loop again
                        // and handle that case
                        if (!missed) {
                            // but if no missed dispatch happened, let's stop emitting
                            emitting = false;
                            // and skip the emitting = false in the finally block as well
                            skipFinal = true;
                            return;
                        }
                        // we acknowledge the missed changes so far
                        missed = false;
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                // unless returned cleanly (i.e., some method above threw)
                if (!skipFinal) {
                    // we stop emitting so the error can propagate back down through onError
                    synchronized (this) {
                        emitting = false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    /**
     * A Producer and Subscription that manages the request and unsubscription state of a
     * child subscriber in thread-safe manner.
     * We use AtomicLong as a base class to save on extra allocation of an AtomicLong and also
     * save the overhead of the AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.
     * @param <T> the value type
     */
    static final class InnerProducer<T> extends AtomicLong implements Producer, Subscription {
        /** */
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -4453897557930727610L;
        /**
         * The parent subscriber-to-source used to allow removing the child in case of
         * child unsubscription.
         */
        final PublishSubscriber<T> parent;
        /** The actual child subscriber. */
        final Subscriber<? super T> child;
        /**
         * Indicates this child has been unsubscribed: the state is swapped in atomically and
         * will prevent the dispatch() to emit (too many) values to a terminated child subscriber.
         */
        static final long UNSUBSCRIBED = Long.MIN_VALUE;
        /**
         * Indicates this child has not yet requested any value. We pretend we don't
         * see such child subscribers in dispatch() to allow other child subscribers who
         * have requested to make progress. In a concurrent subscription scenario,
         * one can't be sure when a subscription happens exactly so this virtual shift
         * should not cause any problems.
         */
        static final long NOT_REQUESTED = Long.MIN_VALUE / 2;

        public InnerProducer(PublishSubscriber<T> parent, Subscriber<? super T> child) {
            this.parent = parent;
            this.child = child;
            this.lazySet(NOT_REQUESTED);
        }

        @Override
        public void request(long n) {
            // ignore negative requests
            if (n < 0) {
                return;
            }
            // In general, RxJava doesn't prevent concurrent requests (with each other or with
            // an unsubscribe) so we need a CAS-loop, but we need to handle
            // request overflow and unsubscribed/not requested state as well.
            for (;;) {
                // get the current request amount
                long r = get();
                // if child called unsubscribe() do nothing
                if (r == UNSUBSCRIBED) {
                    return;
                }
                // ignore zero requests except any first that sets in zero
                if (r >= 0L && n == 0) {
                    return;
                }
                long u;
                // if this child has not requested yet
                if (r == NOT_REQUESTED) {
                    // let the new request value this (no overflow check needed)
                    u = n;
                } else {
                    // otherwise, increase the request count
                    u = r + n;
                    // and check for long overflow
                    if (u < 0) {
                        // cap at max value, which is essentially unlimited
                        u = Long.MAX_VALUE;
                    }
                }
                // try setting the new request value
                if (compareAndSet(r, u)) {
                    // if successful, notify the parent dispatcher this child can receive more
                    // elements
                    parent.dispatch();
                    return;
                }
                // otherwise, someone else changed the state (perhaps a concurrent
                // request or unsubscription so retry
            }
        }

        /**
         * Indicate that values have been emitted to this child subscriber by the dispatch() method.
         * @param n the number of items emitted
         * @return the updated request value (may indicate how much can be produced or a terminal state)
         */
        public long produced(long n) {
            // we don't allow producing zero or less: it would be a bug in the operator
            if (n <= 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cant produce zero or less");
            }
            for (;;) {
                // get the current request value
                long r = get();
                // if no request has been made yet, we shouldn't have emitted to this child
                // subscriber so there is a bug in this operator
                if (r == NOT_REQUESTED) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Produced without request");
                }
                // if the child has unsubscribed, simply return and indicate this
                if (r == UNSUBSCRIBED) {
                    return UNSUBSCRIBED;
                }
                // reduce the requested amount
                long u = r - n;
                // if the new amount is less than zero, we have a bug in this operator
                if (u < 0) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("More produced (" + n + ") than requested (" + r + ")");
                }
                // try updating the request value
                if (compareAndSet(r, u)) {
                    // and return the updated value
                    return u;
                }
                // otherwise, some concurrent activity happened and we need to retry
            }
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isUnsubscribed() {
            return get() == UNSUBSCRIBED;
        }
        @Override
        public void unsubscribe() {
            long r = get();
            // let's see if we are unsubscribed
            if (r != UNSUBSCRIBED) {
                // if not, swap in the terminal state, this is idempotent
                // because other methods using CAS won't overwrite this value,
                // concurrent calls to unsubscribe will atomically swap in the same
                // terminal value
                r = getAndSet(UNSUBSCRIBED);
                // and only one of them will see a non-terminated value before the swap
                if (r != UNSUBSCRIBED) {
                    // remove this from the parent
                    parent.remove(this);
                    // After removal, we might have unblocked the other child subscribers:
                    // let's assume this child had 0 requested before the unsubscription while
                    // the others had non-zero. By removing this 'blocking' child, the others
                    // are now free to receive events
                    parent.dispatch();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
