"""

Visualization of Death Rate Gap Over Time

Author: Javed Ali

Date: October 22, 2023

Description:

This script visualizes the growing gap in death rates between the wealthiest and poorest areas over a span of 40 years,

from 1980 to 2020. The data is plotted on a 2D chart, highlighting key points with annotations.

Key Components:

- Data: Years (`1980, 2000, 2015, 2020`) and death rates for both wealthiest and poorest areas.

- Visualization:

- Filled region between two lines representing the difference in death rates.

- Individual lines and markers for both death rates.

- Annotations indicating the difference in death rates at specific points.

- Dotted lines connecting the death rates to highlight the difference.

- Styling:

- Removal of top, right, and left spines for clarity.

- Horizontal grid lines for better readability.

- Custom x and y tick labels.

- Title, subtitle, and footer information for comprehensive understanding.

Sources:

Data for this visualization is sourced from the "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" and the "U.S.

Census Bureau", as referenced in the footer of the plot.

Usage:

To visualize the data, simply run the script. The matplotlib library is utilized to generate the plot,

which displays upon execution.

"""

# Import required libraries

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data

years = [1980, 2000, 2015, 2020]

death_rate_wealthiest = [600, 650, 675, 700]

death_rate_poorest = [688, 847, 1002, 1148]

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 7))

# Plot lines and fill

ax.fill_between(years, death_rate_wealthiest, death_rate_poorest, color="#E6E6FA")

ax.plot(years, death_rate_wealthiest, color="#C0C0C0", lw=2, marker="o")

ax.plot(years, death_rate_poorest, color="#8A2BE2", lw=2, marker="o")

# Annotations for the death rates and dotted lines

for y, w, p in zip(years, death_rate_wealthiest, death_rate_poorest):

diff = p - w

ax.text(y + 0.5, (w + p) / 2, f"{diff} more deaths", ha="center", va="center", fontsize=9, color="#8A2BE2")

ax.plot([y, y], [w, p], linestyle="--", color="#8A2BE2", linewidth=0.5)

# Additional texts

ax.text(1983, 805, "Death rate in \npoorest areas", color="#8A2BE2", fontsize=9)

ax.text(1985, 520, "Death rate in \nwealthiest areas", color="#C0C0C0", fontsize=9)

ax.text(

1995,

900,

"By 2000, the death rate gap\nhad grown so that people in the\npoorest areas were 27 percent\nmore likely to die each year.",

fontsize=8,

ha="left",

color="#8A2BE2",

)

ax.text(

2015,

1010,

"By 2015, people in the poorest\nareas were 49 percent more likely\nto die each year.",

fontsize=8,

ha="right",

color="#8A2BE2",

)

# Styling

ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False)

ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False)

ax.spines["left"].set_visible(False)

ax.spines["bottom"].set_color("#C0C0C0")

# Grid Lines

ax.grid(axis="y", linestyle="--", linewidth=0.5, color="#C0C0C0")

# Title and Subtitle

ax.text(1978, 1392, "Small death gap has grown wide", fontsize=15, fontweight="bold", ha="left")

ax.text(

1978,

1265,

"In the early 1980s, people in the poorest areas were 9 percent more likely to\ndie each year, with 88 more deaths per 100,000 people than their wealthy\ncounterparts. That gap has widened significantly over time.",

fontsize=10,

ha="left",

)

# Footer

footer = "Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Census Bureau"

ax.text(2000, -120, footer, fontsize=8, color="#C0C0C0")

# Adjusting y-axis limits and labels

ax.set_xlim(1978, 2022)

ax.set_ylim(0, 1200)

# Adjusting tick labels

ax.set_xticks([1980, 2000, 2015, 2020])

ax.set_yticks(range(0, 1201, 200))

ax.set_yticklabels([str(i) if i != 1200 else "1200 deaths per 100K" for i in range(0, 1201, 200)])

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()