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Adding example code from Think Python
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‎Card.py‎

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"""This module contains code from
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Think Python by Allen B. Downey
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http://thinkpython.com
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Copyright 2012 Allen B. Downey
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License: GNU GPLv3 http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
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"""
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import random
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class Card(object):
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"""Represents a standard playing card.
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Attributes:
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suit: integer 0-3
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rank: integer 1-13
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"""
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suit_names = ["Clubs", "Diamonds", "Hearts", "Spades"]
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rank_names = [None, "Ace", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7",
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"8", "9", "10", "Jack", "Queen", "King"]
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def __init__(self, suit=0, rank=2):
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self.suit = suit
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self.rank = rank
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def __str__(self):
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"""Returns a human-readable string representation."""
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return '%s of %s' % (Card.rank_names[self.rank],
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Card.suit_names[self.suit])
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def __cmp__(self, other):
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"""Compares this card to other, first by suit, then rank.
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Returns a positive number if this > other; negative if other > this;
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and 0 if they are equivalent.
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"""
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t1 = self.suit, self.rank
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t2 = other.suit, other.rank
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return cmp(t1, t2)
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class Deck(object):
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"""Represents a deck of cards.
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Attributes:
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cards: list of Card objects.
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"""
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def __init__(self):
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self.cards = []
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for suit in range(4):
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for rank in range(1, 14):
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card = Card(suit, rank)
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self.cards.append(card)
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def __str__(self):
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res = []
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for card in self.cards:
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res.append(str(card))
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return '\n'.join(res)
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def add_card(self, card):
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"""Adds a card to the deck."""
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self.cards.append(card)
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def remove_card(self, card):
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"""Removes a card from the deck."""
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self.cards.remove(card)
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def pop_card(self, i=-1):
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"""Removes and returns a card from the deck.
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i: index of the card to pop; by default, pops the last card.
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"""
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return self.cards.pop(i)
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def shuffle(self):
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"""Shuffles the cards in this deck."""
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random.shuffle(self.cards)
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def sort(self):
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"""Sorts the cards in ascending order."""
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self.cards.sort()
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def move_cards(self, hand, num):
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"""Moves the given number of cards from the deck into the Hand.
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hand: destination Hand object
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num: integer number of cards to move
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"""
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for i in range(num):
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hand.add_card(self.pop_card())
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class Hand(Deck):
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"""Represents a hand of playing cards."""
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def __init__(self, label=''):
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self.cards = []
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self.label = label
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def find_defining_class(obj, method_name):
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"""Finds and returns the class object that will provide
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the definition of method_name (as a string) if it is
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invoked on obj.
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obj: any python object
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method_name: string method name
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"""
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for ty in type(obj).mro():
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if method_name in ty.__dict__:
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return ty
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return None
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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deck = Deck()
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deck.shuffle()
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hand = Hand()
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print find_defining_class(hand, 'shuffle')
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deck.move_cards(hand, 5)
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hand.sort()
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print hand

‎Highway.py‎

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""" Code example from Complexity and Computation, a book about
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exploring complexity science with Python. Available free from
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http://greenteapress.com/complexity
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Copyright 2011 Allen B. Downey.
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Distributed under the GNU General Public License at gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html.
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"""
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import math
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import random
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from swampy.TurtleWorld import TurtleWorld, Turtle
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import color_list
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class Highway(TurtleWorld):
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"""A circular Highway with one lane that spirals down the canvas.
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Attributes:
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rows: the number of rows that spiral down the canvas.
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delay: time between steps in seconds
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colors: list of RGB strings
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"""
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def __init__(self):
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TurtleWorld.__init__(self)
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self.rows = 2.0
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self.delay = 0.01
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self.colors = color_list.make_color_dict().values()
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def random_color(self):
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"""Returns a random RGB string in #RRGGBB format."""
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return random.choice(self.colors)
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def get_length(self):
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"""Returns the total length of this highway."""
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return self.ca_width * self.rows
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def project(self, turtle):
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"""Project the turtle onto the highway.
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Reads the Turtle's position position and returns its
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x,y coordinates.
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"""
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p = 1.0 * turtle.position % self.get_length()
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x = p % self.ca_width
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y = p / self.ca_width * self.ca_height / self.rows
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return x, y
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def lane_heading(self):
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"""Returns the heading that aligns the turtle with the lane."""
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x = self.ca_width
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y = 1.0 * self.ca_height / self.rows
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angle = math.atan2(y, x)
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heading = angle * 180 / math.pi
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return heading
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def step(self):
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"""Performs one time step."""
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TurtleWorld.step(self)
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# compute average turtle speed
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total = 0.0
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for turtle in self.animals:
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total += turtle.speed
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print total / len(self.animals)
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def make_drivers(self, n, constructor):
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"""Make drivers at random positions.
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Args:
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n: number of Drivers
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constructor: function that returns a Driver
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Returns:
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a list of Drivers.
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"""
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t = []
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for i in range(n):
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turtle = constructor(self)
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t.append((turtle.position, turtle))
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# link up the drivers so each has an attribute (next) that
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# refers to the driver in front
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t.sort()
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turtles = [t[1] for t in t]
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for i in range(n-1):
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turtles[i].next = turtles[i+1]
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turtles[-1].next = turtles[0]
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return turtles
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class Driver(Turtle):
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"""A Turtle with a random position, speed and color."""
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def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
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Turtle.__init__(self, *args, **kwds)
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self.delay = 0
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self.color = self.world.random_color()
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self.position = random.randrange(0, self.world.get_length())
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self.speed_limit = 4
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self.speed = random.randrange(0, self.speed_limit)
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self.safe_distance = 30
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self.heading = self.world.lane_heading()
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self.next = None
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self.project()
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self.redraw()
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def project(self):
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"""Sets x and y according to position."""
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self.x, self.y = self.world.project(self)
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def accelerate(self, change):
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"""Speeds up the Turtle by the given amount, within bounds."""
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self.speed += change
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if self.speed < 0:
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self.speed = 0
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if self.speed > self.speed_limit:
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self.speed = self.speed_limit
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def brake(self, change):
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"""Slows down the Turtle by the given amount, within bounds."""
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self.accelerate(-change)
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def step(self):
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"""Checks the distance to the next driver, adjusts speed, and moves.
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This function enforces the rules for all drivers.
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Driver decision-making is in choose_acceleration().
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"""
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dist = self.find_distance()
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# get acceleration
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change = self.choose_acceleration(dist)
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self.accelerate(change)
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# if the resulting speed would cause a collision, jam on the brakes
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if self.speed > dist:
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self.speed = 0
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# move
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self.position += self.speed
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self.project()
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self.redraw()
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def find_distance(self):
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"""Finds the distance between this Turtle and the next."""
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dist = self.next.position - self.position
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# deal with wrap-around
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if dist < 0:
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dist += self.world.get_length()
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return dist
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def choose_acceleration(self, dist):
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"""Adjusts the speed of the Driver."""
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if dist < self.safe_distance:
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return -1
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else:
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return 0.3
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def make_highway(n, driver=Driver):
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"""Make the highway and drivers, then run the simulation.
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Args:
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n: number of Drivers
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driver: constructor
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"""
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# create the highway
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world = Highway()
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world.canvas.clear_transforms()
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world.setup_run()
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# create (n) drivers
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world.make_drivers(n, driver)
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# start the simulation, then wait for user events
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print len(world.animals)
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world.run()
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world.mainloop()
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def main(script, n=20):
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n = int(n)
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make_highway(n)
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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import sys
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main(*sys.argv)

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