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<div class="scale1" data-reactid="183"><div class="post__wrapper scale0 show-dropcap" data-reactid="184"><div class="mha container--m" data-reactid="185"><div class="post__content relative flex flex-items-start flex-justify-between" data-reactid="186"><aside class="post__sidebar hide flex flex-justify-center" data-reactid="187"><div class="post__sidebar__content" data-reactid="188"><div class="align-c mb075" data-reactid="189"><div class="sidebar__author" data-reactid="190"><a class="theme__accent-hover transition--color" href="/authors/jordana-cepelewicz/" data-reactid="191"><div class="sidebar__author__avatar mha mb1" data-reactid="192"><div class="image mx0 relative image--circle" data-reactid="193"><div class="image__inner absolute fit-x" data-reactid="194"><img class="absolute fit-x fill-h fill-v mxa" data-reactid="195"/></div><noscript data-reactid="196"><img class="absolute fit-x fill-h fill-v is-loaded" src="https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2017/08/QuantaTeam_Jordana.jpg"/></noscript></div></div><h3 class="mv05" data-reactid="197">Jordana Cepelewicz</h3><p class="h5 o8 mt05 mb1 theme__text" data-reactid="198"><em data-reactid="199">Staff Writer</em></p></a></div><hr class="mb075 o1" data-reactid="200"/><p class="h6 o6 mv1 pv025" data-reactid="201"><em data-reactid="202">December 13, 2017</em></p></div><div class="sidebar__actions" data-reactid="203"><hr class="mt075 mb1 o1" data-reactid="204"/><a href="https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2017/12/new-bird-species-arises-from-hybrids-as-scientists-watch-20171213.pdf" target="_blank" download="https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2017/12/new-bird-species-arises-from-hybrids-as-scientists-watch-20171213.pdf" class="h6 pangram uppercase mv05 pb1 bold kern flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between sidebar__pdf theme__accent-hover transition--color" data-reactid="205"><small data-reactid="206">Download as 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M16.7,8.4h16.7v16.5H16.7v-4h0V8.4z M4.2,25h8.3v8.3H4.2V25z M16.7,37.5L16.7,37.5L16.7,37.5l0-4.2h16.7v4.2H16.7z M45.8,33.3h-8.3V25h8.3V33.3z" data-reactid="213"></path><!-- react-text: 214 --> <!-- /react-text --></svg></h6></div><div class="mt1 pt05 sidebar__tag-wrap" data-reactid="215"><a class="sidebar__tag h6 pangram medium inline-block mb0 relative" href="/tag/abstractions/" data-reactid="216"><span class="absolute fit-x theme__text-background o1" data-reactid="217"></span><span class="theme__text theme__accent-hover transition--color relative" data-reactid="218">Abstractions</span></a><a class="sidebar__tag h6 pangram medium inline-block mb0 relative" href="/tag/biology/" data-reactid="219"><span class="absolute fit-x theme__text-background o1" data-reactid="220"></span><span class="theme__text theme__accent-hover transition--color relative" data-reactid="221">biology</span></a><a class="sidebar__tag h6 pangram medium inline-block mb0 relative" href="/tag/evolution/" data-reactid="222"><span class="absolute fit-x theme__text-background o1" data-reactid="223"></span><span class="theme__text theme__accent-hover transition--color relative" data-reactid="224">evolution</span></a><a class="sidebar__tag h6 pangram medium inline-block mb0 relative" href="/tag/species/" data-reactid="225"><span class="absolute fit-x theme__text-background o1" data-reactid="226"></span><span class="theme__text theme__accent-hover transition--color relative" data-reactid="227">species</span></a></div></div></aside><div class="outer mha js-router-anchors outer--content" data-reactid="228"><div class="flex-auto mha container--xs" data-reactid="229"><div class="post__content__section wysiwyg p theme__anchors--underline" data-reactid="230"><div class="post__content wysiwyg p theme__anchors--underline" data-reactid="231"><div id='component-5a68136346cb6'><script 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<p>It’s not every day that scientists observe a new species emerging in real time. Charles Darwin believed that speciation probably took place over hundreds if not thousands of generations, advancing far too gradually to be detected directly. The biologists who followed him have generally defaulted to a similar understanding and have relied on indirect clues, gleaned from genomes and fossils, to infer complex organisms’ evolutionary histories.</p>
<p>Some of those clues suggest that interbreeding <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/interspecies-hybrids-play-a-vital-role-in-evolution-20170824/">plays a larger role in the formation of new species</a> than previously thought. But the issue remains contentious: Hybridization has been definitively shown to cause widespread speciation only in plants. When it comes to animals, it has remained a hypothesis (albeit one that’s gaining increasing support) about events that typically occurred in the distant, unseen past.</p>
<p>Until now. <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/11/20/science.aao4593.full">In a paper published last month in <em>Science</em></a>, researchers reported that a new animal species had evolved by hybridization — and that it had occurred before their eyes in the span of merely two generations. The breakneck pace of that speciation event turned heads both in the scientific community and in the media. The mechanism by which it occurred is just as noteworthy, however, because of what it suggests about the undervalued role of hybrids in evolution.</p>
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<h2>Eyewitnesses to Speciation</h2>
<p>In 1981, <a href="https://eeb.princeton.edu/people/peter-grant">Peter</a> and <a href="https://eeb.princeton.edu/people/b-rosemary-grant">Rosemary Grant</a>, <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/watching-evolution-happen-in-two-lifetimes-20160922/">the famous husband-and-wife team</a> of evolutionary biologists at Princeton University, had already been studying Darwin’s finches on the small Galápagos island Daphne Major for nearly a decade. So when they spotted a male bird that looked and sounded different from the three species residing on the island, they immediately knew he didn’t belong. Genetic analysis showed he was a large cactus finch (<em>Geospiza conirostris</em>) from another island, either Española or Gardner, more than 60 miles away — too great a distance for the bird to fly home.</p>
<p>Tracking the marooned male bird’s activity, the Grants observed him as he mated with two female medium ground finches (<em>G. fortis</em>) on Daphne and produced hybrid offspring. Such interbreeding by isolated animals in the wild is not uncommon, though biologists have usually dismissed it as irrelevant to evolution because the hybrids tend to be unfit. Often they cannot reproduce, or they fail to compete effectively against established species and quickly go extinct. Even when the hybrids are fertile and fit, they frequently get reabsorbed into the original species by mating with their parent populations.</p>
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