diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8abea92..899f11b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## [0.11.9](https://github.com/humanwhocodes/config-array/compare/v0.11.8...v0.11.9) (2023-05-12)
+
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+* Config with just ignores should not always be applied ([#89](https://github.com/humanwhocodes/config-array/issues/89)) ([5ed9c2c](https://github.com/humanwhocodes/config-array/commit/5ed9c2c1a13afb42cd7e9d3b1b247761cb7aa040))
+
 ## [0.11.8](https://github.com/humanwhocodes/config-array/compare/v0.11.7...v0.11.8) (2022-12-14)
 
 
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 2b191a6..eed97a3 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
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+      "version": "0.11.9",
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@@ -2809,10 +2811,22 @@
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+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lilconfig/-/lilconfig-2.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-utWOt/GHzuUxnLKxB6dk81RoOeoNeHgbrXiuGk4yyF5qlRz+iIVWu56E2fqGHFrXz0QNUhLB/8nKqvRH66JKGQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "lint-staged": {
-      "version": "13.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lint-staged/-/lint-staged-13.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-pn/sR8IrcF/T0vpWLilih8jmVouMlxqXxKuAojmbiGX5n/gDnz+abdPptlj0vYnbfE0SQNl3CY/HwtM0+yfOVQ==",
+      "version": "13.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lint-staged/-/lint-staged-13.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8gfzinVXoPfga5Dz/ZOn8I2GOhf81Wvs+KwbEXQn/oWZAvCVS2PivrXfVbFJc93zD16uC0neS47RXHIjXKYZQw==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
+        "chalk": "5.2.0",
         "cli-truncate": "^3.1.0",
-        "colorette": "^2.0.19",
-        "commander": "^9.4.1",
+        "commander": "^10.0.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
-        "execa": "^6.1.0",
-        "lilconfig": "2.0.6",
-        "listr2": "^5.0.5",
+        "execa": "^7.0.0",
+        "lilconfig": "2.1.0",
+        "listr2": "^5.0.7",
         "micromatch": "^4.0.5",
         "normalize-path": "^3.0.0",
-        "object-inspect": "^1.12.2",
+        "object-inspect": "^1.12.3",
         "pidtree": "^0.6.0",
         "string-argv": "^0.3.1",
-        "yaml": "^2.1.3"
+        "yaml": "^2.2.1"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "chalk": {
+          "version": "5.2.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/chalk/-/chalk-5.2.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-ree3Gqw/nazQAPuJJEy+avdl7QfZMcUvmHIKgEZkGL+xOBzRvup5Hxo6LHuMceSxOabuJLJm5Yp/92R9eMmMvA==",
+          "dev": true
+        }
       }
     },
     "listr2": {
-      "version": "5.0.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/listr2/-/listr2-5.0.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-u60KxKBy1BR2uLJNTWNptzWQ1ob/gjMzIJPZffAENzpZqbMZ/5PrXXOomDcevIS/+IB7s1mmCEtSlT2qHWMqag==",
+      "version": "5.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/listr2/-/listr2-5.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-mC73LitKHj9w6v30nLNGPetZIlfpUniNSsxxrbaPcWOjDb92SHPzJPi/t+v1YC/lxKz/AJ9egOjww0qUuFxBpA==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
         "cli-truncate": "^2.1.0",
@@ -6859,7 +6866,7 @@
         "log-update": "^4.0.0",
         "p-map": "^4.0.0",
         "rfdc": "^1.3.0",
-        "rxjs": "^7.5.7",
+        "rxjs": "^7.8.0",
         "through": "^2.3.8",
         "wrap-ansi": "^7.0.0"
       },
@@ -7415,9 +7422,9 @@
       }
     },
     "object-inspect": {
-      "version": "1.12.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/object-inspect/-/object-inspect-1.12.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-z+cPxW0QGUp0mcqcsgQyLVRDoXFQbXOwBaqyF7VIgI4TWNQsDHrBpUQslRmIfAoYWdYzs6UlKJtB2XJpTaNSpQ==",
+      "version": "1.12.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/object-inspect/-/object-inspect-1.12.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-geUvdk7c+eizMNUDkRpW1wJwgfOiOeHbxBR/hLXK1aT6zmVSO0jsQcs7fj6MGw89jC/cjGfLcNOrtMYtGqm81g==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "object-keys": {
@@ -7750,22 +7757,12 @@
       }
     },
     "rollup": {
-      "version": "1.16.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rollup/-/rollup-1.16.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-oM3iKkzPCq9Da95wCnNfS8YlNZjgCD5c/TceKnJIthI9FOeJqnO3PUr/C5Suv9Kjzh0iphKL02PLeja3A5AMIA==",
+      "version": "3.20.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rollup/-/rollup-3.20.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-n7J4tuctZXUErM9Uc916httwqmTc63zzCr2+TLCiSCpfO/Xuk3g/marGN1IlRJZi+QF3XMYx75PxXRfZDVgaRw==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
-        "@types/estree": "0.0.39",
-        "@types/node": "^12.0.10",
-        "acorn": "^6.1.1"
-      },
-      "dependencies": {
-        "acorn": {
-          "version": "6.4.2",
-          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/acorn/-/acorn-6.4.2.tgz",
-          "integrity": "sha512-XtGIhXwF8YM8bJhGxG5kXgjkEuNGLTkoYqVE+KMR+aspr4KGYmKYg7yUe3KghyQ9yheNwLnjmzh/7+gfDBmHCQ==",
-          "dev": true
-        }
+        "fsevents": "~2.3.2"
       }
     },
     "run-parallel": {
@@ -7778,9 +7775,9 @@
       }
     },
     "rxjs": {
-      "version": "7.6.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rxjs/-/rxjs-7.6.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-DDa7d8TFNUalGC9VqXvQ1euWNN7sc63TrUCuM9J998+ViviahMIjKSOU7rfcgFOF+FCD71BhDRv4hrFz+ImDLQ==",
+      "version": "7.8.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rxjs/-/rxjs-7.8.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-F2+gxDshqmIub1KdvZkaEfGDwLNpPvk9Fs6LD/MyQxNgMds/WH9OdDDXOmxUZpME+iSK3rQCctkL0DYyytUqMg==",
       "dev": true,
       "requires": {
         "tslib": "^2.1.0"
@@ -8024,9 +8021,9 @@
       }
     },
     "tslib": {
-      "version": "2.4.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-2.4.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-tGyy4dAjRIEwI7BzsB0lynWgOpfqjUdq91XXAlIWD2OwKBH7oCl/GZG/HT4BOHrTlPMOASlMQ7veyTqpmRcrNA==",
+      "version": "2.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/tslib/-/tslib-2.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-336iVw3rtn2BUK7ORdIAHTyxHGRIHVReokCR3XjbckJMK7ms8FysBfhLR8IXnAgy7T0PTPNBWKiH514FOW/WSg==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "type-check": {
@@ -8199,9 +8196,9 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "yaml": {
-      "version": "2.1.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yaml/-/yaml-2.1.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-AacA8nRULjKMX2DvWvOAdBZMOfQlypSFkjcOcu9FalllIDJ1kvlREzcdIZmidQUqqeMv7jorHjq2HlLv/+c2lg==",
+      "version": "2.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yaml/-/yaml-2.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-e0WHiYql7+9wr4cWMx3TVQrNwejKaEe7/rHNmQmqRjazfOP5W8PB6Jpebb5o6fIapbz9o9+2ipcaTM2ZwDI6lw==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "yargs": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e76c1ad..1c77895 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@humanwhocodes/config-array",
-  "version": "0.11.8",
+  "version": "0.11.9",
   "description": "Glob-based configuration matching.",
   "author": "Nicholas C. Zakas",
   "main": "api.js",
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@
     "chai": "4.3.7",
     "eslint": "8.29.0",
     "esm": "3.2.25",
-    "lint-staged": "13.1.0",
+    "lint-staged": "13.2.1",
     "mocha": "6.2.3",
     "nyc": "14.1.1",
-    "rollup": "1.16.6",
+    "rollup": "3.20.4",
     "yorkie": "2.0.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/config-array.js b/src/config-array.js
index eb5bb32..7b6840f 100644
--- a/src/config-array.js
+++ b/src/config-array.js
@@ -225,12 +225,36 @@ function shouldIgnorePath(ignores, filePath, relativeFilePath) {
 
 }
 
+/**
+ * Determines if a given file path is matched by a config based on
+ * `ignores` only.
+ * @param {string} filePath The absolute file path to check.
+ * @param {string} basePath The base path for the config.
+ * @param {Object} config The config object to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if the file path is matched by the config,
+ *      false if not.
+ */
+function pathMatchesIgnores(filePath, basePath, config) {
+
+	/*
+	 * For both files and ignores, functions are passed the absolute
+	 * file path while strings are compared against the relative
+	 * file path.
+	 */
+	const relativeFilePath = path.relative(basePath, filePath);
+
+	return Object.keys(config).length > 1 &&
+		!shouldIgnorePath(config.ignores, filePath, relativeFilePath);
+}
+
+
 /**
  * Determines if a given file path is matched by a config. If the config
  * has no `files` field, then it matches; otherwise, if a `files` field
  * is present then we match the globs in `files` and exclude any globs in
  * `ignores`.
  * @param {string} filePath The absolute file path to check.
+ * @param {string} basePath The base path for the config.
  * @param {Object} config The config object to check.
  * @returns {boolean} True if the file path is matched by the config,
  *      false if not.
@@ -705,8 +729,20 @@ export class ConfigArray extends Array {
 		this.forEach((config, index) => {
 
 			if (!config.files) {
-				debug(`Anonymous universal config found for ${filePath}`);
-				matchingConfigIndices.push(index);
+
+				if (!config.ignores) {
+					debug(`Anonymous universal config found for ${filePath}`);
+					matchingConfigIndices.push(index);
+					return;
+				}
+
+				if (pathMatchesIgnores(filePath, this.basePath, config)) {
+					debug(`Matching config found for ${filePath} (based on ignores: ${config.ignores})`);
+					matchingConfigIndices.push(index);
+					return;
+				}
+				
+				debug(`Skipped config found for ${filePath} (based on ignores: ${config.ignores})`);
 				return;
 			}
 
diff --git a/tests/config-array.test.js b/tests/config-array.test.js
index 62cbdc0..29ea684 100644
--- a/tests/config-array.test.js
+++ b/tests/config-array.test.js
@@ -497,7 +497,6 @@ describe('ConfigArray', () => {
 
 			it('should calculate correct config when passed JS filename', () => {
 				const filename = path.resolve(basePath, 'foo.js');
-
 				const config = configs.getConfig(filename);
 
 				expect(config.language).to.equal(JSLanguage);
@@ -690,6 +689,94 @@ describe('ConfigArray', () => {
 				expect(config).to.be.undefined;
 			});
 
+			// https://github.com/eslint/eslint/issues/17103
+			describe('ignores patterns should be properly applied', () => {
+				
+				it('should return undefined when a filename matches an ignores pattern but not a files pattern', () => {
+					const matchingFilename = path.resolve(basePath, 'foo.js');
+					const notMatchingFilename = path.resolve(basePath, 'foo.md');
+					configs = new ConfigArray([
+						{
+							defs: {
+								severity: 'error'
+							}
+						},
+						{
+							ignores: ['**/*.md'],
+							defs: {
+								severity: 'warn'
+							}
+						}
+					], { basePath, schema });
+	
+					configs.normalizeSync();
+	
+					const config1 = configs.getConfig(matchingFilename);
+					expect(config1).to.be.undefined;
+	
+					const config2 = configs.getConfig(notMatchingFilename);
+					expect(config2).to.be.undefined;
+				});
+
+				it('should apply config with only ignores when a filename matches a files pattern', () => {
+					const matchingFilename = path.resolve(basePath, 'foo.js');
+					const notMatchingFilename = path.resolve(basePath, 'foo.md');
+					configs = new ConfigArray([
+						{
+							files: ['**/*.js'],
+							defs: {
+								severity: 'error'
+							}
+						},
+						{
+							ignores: ['**/*.md'],
+							defs: {
+								severity: 'warn'
+							}
+						}
+					], { basePath, schema });
+
+					configs.normalizeSync();
+
+					const config1 = configs.getConfig(matchingFilename);
+					expect(config1).to.be.an('object');
+					expect(config1.defs.severity).to.equal('warn');
+
+					const config2 = configs.getConfig(notMatchingFilename);
+					expect(config2).to.be.undefined;
+				});
+
+				it('should not apply config with only ignores when a filename does not match it', () => {
+					const matchingFilename = path.resolve(basePath, 'foo.js');
+					const notMatchingFilename = path.resolve(basePath, 'bar.js');
+					configs = new ConfigArray([
+						{
+							files: ['**/*.js'],
+							defs: {
+								severity: 'error'
+							}
+						},
+						{
+							ignores: ['**/bar.js'],
+							defs: {
+								severity: 'warn'
+							}
+						}
+					], { basePath, schema });
+
+					configs.normalizeSync();
+
+					const config1 = configs.getConfig(matchingFilename);
+					expect(config1).to.be.an('object');
+					expect(config1.defs.severity).to.equal('warn');
+
+					const config2 = configs.getConfig(notMatchingFilename);
+					expect(config2).to.be.an('object');
+					expect(config2.defs.severity).to.equal('error');
+				});
+
+			});	
+
 		});
 
 		describe('isIgnored()', () => {