package v006;

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import java.io.PrintWriter;

import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class DroppingBalls_UVa679 {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException

{

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);

int tc = sc.nextInt();

while(tc-->0)

{

int d = sc.nextInt(), idx = sc.nextInt() - 1, leafIdx = 0, offset = 1<<d-2;

for(int i = 0; i < d; ++i)

{

if((idx & 1) != 0)

leafIdx += offset; //right subtree

offset >>= 1;

idx >>= 1;

}

out.println(leafIdx + (1<<d-1));

}

out.flush();

out.close();

}

static class Scanner

{

StringTokenizer st;

BufferedReader br;

public Scanner(InputStream s){ br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));}

public String next() throws IOException

{

while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())

st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());

return st.nextToken();

}

public int nextInt() throws IOException {return Integer.parseInt(next());}

public long nextLong() throws IOException {return Long.parseLong(next());}

public String nextLine() throws IOException {return br.readLine();}

public double nextDouble() throws IOException { return Double.parseDouble(next()); }

public boolean ready() throws IOException {return br.ready();}

}

}