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<h1>Debugging - logging</h1>
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// Tags <a class="post-category" href="http://pythonclub.com.br/tag/python.html">python</a>
<a class="post-category" href="http://pythonclub.com.br/tag/debugging.html">debugging</a>
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<p>Achei algo interessante no livro que estou lendo (Automatize tarefas maçantes com Python) e resolvi compartilhar.</p>
<p>Trata-se do Logging, que ajuda no debug do programa.</p>
<p>Vejam o exemplo nesse programa, com falha:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basicConfig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">' </span><span class="si">%(asctime)s</span><span class="s1"> - </span><span class="si">%(levelname)s</span><span class="s1"> - </span><span class="si">%(message)s</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Start of program'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Start of factorial(</span><span class="si">%s%%</span><span class="s1">)'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'i is '</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">', total is '</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'End of factorial(</span><span class="si">%s%%</span><span class="s1">)'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">total</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">debug</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'End of program'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>O programa retorna:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">339</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">Start</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">program</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">Start</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">total</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">End</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">11</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">15</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">17</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">340</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">DEBUG</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">End</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">program</span>
<span class="mi">0</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Dessa forma, podemos ver o passo a passo que o programa está realizando e identificar onde está o erro. No caso, vemos que para corrigir o problema, devemos alterar o <strong>for i in range(n+1):</strong> para <strong>for i in range(1, n+1):</strong>.
Quando o desenvolvedor não quiser mais visualizar as mensagens de logging, basta chamar <strong>logging.disable(logging.CRITICAL)</strong> logo embaixo do <strong>import logging</strong>. Essa função faz com que não seja necessário alterar o programa removendo todas as chamadas de logging manualmente.</p>
<p>Também é possível gravar as mensagens de log num arquivo, ao invés de mostrá-las na tela. A função aceita o argumento <strong>filename</strong>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basicConfig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'myProgramLog.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DEBUG</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">' </span><span class="si">%(asctime)s</span><span class="s1"> - </span><span class="si">%(levelname)s</span><span class="s1"> - </span><span class="si">%(message)s</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Lado negativo do uso dessa função: a leitura do código fica difícil, por causa desse monte de logging.debug no meio do código. Para evitar isso, pode-se usar um decorator.</p>
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